SX AN \ \< SS FLOWER-SPRECHER li | Eiarary rh A= mh This Book Is The Gift Of Bruce Widger, D.V.M. ee “" | CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY TT Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924084924475 THE FARMER’S VETERINARY ADVISER A GUIDE TO THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DISEASE IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS By JAMES LAW Professor of Veterinary Science in Cornell University ; Veterinary Alumnus of the Higk land and A gricultural Society of Scotland ; Fellow of the Royal College of Vetert- nary Surgeons of Great Britain; Consulting Veterinarian to the New York Agricultural Society; Member of the American Public Health Association, Former Professor in the Albert Vet- erinary College, London, and the New Veteri- nary College, Edinburgh; Author of General and Descriptive Anat- omy of the Domestic Animals, etc. WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS SEVENTH EDITION ITHACA PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 1885 i VEN ay aay a Lo [ess COpvRIGHT, 1876, By JAMES LAW. Right of Translation Reserves. TROW'S: PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY NEW YORK, PREFACE. This work is especially designed to supply the need of the busy American farmer who can rarely avail of the ad- vice of a scientific veterinarian. The Author is deeply sen- sible of the low estimate placed upon Veterinary Medicine and Surgery in the United States, and of the necessity of educating the public up to a better appreciation of its value. We have a property in live stock estimated at $1,500,000,000, and rapidly increasing in value, consisting of at least six different genera of mammals, besides birds, and therefore affording an almost unlimited field for the practical exercise of humanity, political economy and scientific research in the pursuit of Veterinary Medicine. In the Old World millions are saved yearly to each of the Western European Nations in the exclusion and extinction of animal plagues, and many instances can be adduced of an intelligent veterinary supervision saving at the rate of $30,000 per annum on a stud of 400 horses. But in the Western Hemisphere, apart from the larger cities, the great pecuniary interest in live stock is largely at the mercy of ignorant pretenders whose barbarous surgery is only equaled by their reckless and destructive drugging. Thd constantly recurring instances of absolute and painful poisoning, and cruel and injurious vivisections practiced under the name of remedial measures are almost sickening to contemplate. To give the stock owner such informa- iv Preface. tion as will enable him to dispense with the unprofitable and perilous services of such pretenders, and to apply rational means of cure when he happens to be beyond the reach of the accomplished veterinarian, is the aim of thie book, and this it is confidently hoped it will accomplish for all who will intelligently study its pages. To secure this object and yet to place the book within the reach of all, it was necessary to sacrifice all extended discussion of diseased processes, and questions in pathol- ogy, and therefore the reader who may discover deviations from current opinions is requested to suspend his decision until he has consulted the Author’s larger work, in which the reasons for these positions will be given. With this view of still further condensing the work, the doses of medicines for the different animals are rarely given in the text, but one or more agents are named as ap- plicable to every distinct stage or phase of the disease and species of patient, and the reader must turn to the list of drugs given at the end to find the amount required for each animal. In doing this he must note particularly for what purpose the agent is given and select the dose ac- cordingly, as the effect of large doses is usually essentially different from that of small ones. Thus common salt given in large doses to cattle is purgative and reducing, while in small ones it is alterative and tonic. Sulphur in large doses is laxative but in small ones alterative, expectorant and diaphoretic. Oil of turpentine in large doses is purgative, diuretic and vermifuge, in small ones stimulant and antispasmodic. Attention must also be given to the age and size of the patient as more fully set forth in the Appendix. Illustrations have been freely introduced to render the text more lucid, and, being selected from those prepared for the Author’s larger work, may be implicitly relied on. Preface. v Tn the list of contagious diseases are included not only those that are habitually developed on American soil and those already introduced from abroad, but also such as prevail in Europe, and are liable at any time to be brought into our midst by importation. It is no less imperative that the American farmer should be forewarned of pesti- lences that threaten him from abroad, than of those that beset him at home. For all such affections the principles that should guide us in preventing and extinguishing the disease are concisely but clearly set forth. All the important parasites are introduced and their conditions of life and individual metamorphoses in and out of the bodies of domestic animals referred to, as well as their migrations from man to animals and from animals to man wherever such exists. The vast importance of animal parasites is only beginning to be realized in con- nection with their frightful ravages in countries (England, Australia, Buenos Ayres, Egypt, Abyssinia, Iceland, India, etc.,) into which they have been introduced or where they have been allowed to increase unchecked, and a concise statement of their forms, habits and results is therefore imperatively necessary for the protection of the stock owner. This subject has accordingly been brought up to the date of present observations, and though short enough for the perusal of the busiest it will furnish a sound basis for the limitation and destruction of each of these noxious psts. JAMES LAW, Cornell University. fruaca, May, 1876. CONTENTS. ConTacious AND Eprzooric Diszasrs, - - 1 DIsINFECTION, - - - ‘ = PaRAsIrEs, - - - - - 51 DIETETIC AND ConsTITUTIONAL D1sEaszs, - 63 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS, - - 72 Heart, - - - 106 —_ BLOoD-VESSELS AND LyMPHaTics, 117 —_— DIGESTIVE ORGANS, = - - 125 —- Liver, - - - 182 — PANCREAS AND SPLEEN, - 199 —- URINary ORGANS, - - 201 —_——_ GENERATIVE ORGANS, - - 218 —- Mammary GLaNps (UDDER AND TEaTs), 236 — Eyz, - - - - 240 —_— Nervous System, - - 247 SKIN, - - - - 264 GENERAL DisEAsEs OF Bones, Jomnts anpD Muscizs, 293 SprcraL DisEases OF Bones, JOINTS AND MUSCLEs, 815 DIsEASES OF THE Foot, - - - - 365 DISEASED GROWTHS, - - - - 392 APPENDIX, Drugs AND DosEs, - - - 396 INDEX, - - - - : 407 THE FARMER’S VETERINARY ADVISER. CHAPTER IL CONTAGIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES. Their importance and classification. Disinfection. Horse-pox. Cows pox. Sheep-pox. Goat-pox. Swine-pox. Dog-pox. Bird-pox. Aphs thous fever, foot and mouth disease. Rinderpest, Russian cattle-plague. Lung-fever of cattle, contagious pleuro-pneumonia. Strangles. Influenza, Typhoid or bilious fever of horses. Distemper of dogs and cats. Malignant (Asiatic) cholerain animals. Intestinal fever in swine, hog-cholera. Texan fever incattle. Canine madness. Malignant anthrax. Glanders and farcy. Venereal disease of solipeds. Tuberculosis, consumption. These are among the most important of the whole range of diseases of animals, being the most destructive to the animals themselves and in many cases to man, and being at the same time, as a rule, preventible by a rigid adherence to sanitary laws. Of their devastations we have the most appalling accounts in the records of antiq- uity as well as in recent times. In the time of Moses they ravaged Egypt until, says the record, “all the cattle of Egypt died ;” nor was man spared, for “boils and blains” broke out on man and beast.—LHx. LX. 3. At the siege of Troy the Grecian army was decimated by a similar in- fliction, animals and men perishing in 2 common destruc- tion—Iliad. So it has been down through the ages, the great extension of the plagues being usually determined 2 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. by general wars and the accumulation of cattle drawn from all sources, (infected and sound), into the commis- sariat parks. In the first half of the eighteenth century, it is estimated that 200,000,000 head of cattle perished in Furope in connection with the Austrian wars. These plagues again entered Italy in 1793 with the Austrian troops and in three years carried off 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 cattle in that peninsula. More recently rapid railroad and steamboat traffic and extended commerce have taken the place of war in favoring their diffusion. Free trade between England and the Continent since 1842 has cost the former $450,000,000 in thirty years, and as much as $40,000,000 in 1865-6 during the prevalence of the Rinder- pest. A similar importation cost Egypt 300,000 head of cattle (nearly the whole stock of the country), in 1842, and others have caused ruinous but unestimated losses in Australia, Cape of Good Hope, and South America. On the other hand, some of the most exposed countries of Europe, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg, and Switzerland have long kept clear of these plagues by the simple expedient of excluding all infected animals or their products, and promptly stamping out the disease by the slaughter of the sick, fol- lowed by thorough disinfection, when they have been acci- dentally introduced. Exclusively breeding districts, in Spain, Portugal, Normandy, and the Scottish Highlands, into which no strange cattle are ever imported, also keep clear of nearly all of these destructive pestilences. It is unquestionable that the animal plagues are propa- gated, in Western Europe and America, only by the dis- ease germs produced in countless myriads in the body of a diseased animal and conveyed from that to the healthy. It follows that the destruction of the infected subjects and the thorough disinfection of the carcass, manure, buildings, etc., is the most economical treatment of all the more fatal forms of contagious disease in live stock. For the loss fatal forms, the most perfect separation and seclu- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 3 sion, and the thorough disinfection of all with which they have come in contact is still imperative. To the first class of exotic maladies beloug : Small-pox, in sheep and bigds ; the lung-fever or contagious plewro-pneu- monia of cattle; the Rinderpest or cattle-plaque ; the mo- lignant disease of the generative organs in solipeds ; and ma- lignant cholera in all animals. These demand separation, destruction and disinfection. To the second or less fatal class of exotic maladies belongs: the Aphthous fever or foot and mouth disease. This demands seclusion and disinfec- tion. Beside these maladies, that are foreign to our soil and which are not to be feared except as the result of impor- tation from abroad and subsequent transmission by conta- gion, there is a very important class which are apparently generated in America and thereafter spread by contagion. Among these may be named: Glanders and farcy, canine madness, contagious foot-rot, tuberculosis, malignant anthra.r, Texan-fever, intestinal fever of swine or hog-cholera, influ- enza, strangles, canine distemper, and perhaps the variola or pox of horse, cow, goat, pig, and dog. All of these down to intestinal fever of swine, like foreign contagious affections, demand separation, and disinfection, with destruction or not of the diseased, according to the severity and diffusibility of the particular malady. The remainder, from influenza onward, are either too mild to warrant such measures, or too easily spread to be satisfactorily controlled by them. It is beyond the purpose of this work to enter into the special legislative enactments necessary to prevent the importation of foreign plagues, or the spread of native or imported ones. For this the reader is referred to the author’s larger work. A few words on disinfection are, however, indispensable. DISINFECTION. The first and main object in disinfection is to secure perfect cleanliness. From the buildings, cars, loading: 4 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. banks, ships, quays, yards, manure-pits, drains, cess-pools, harness, clothing, utensils, etc., all decaying organic mat- ter should be removed, by scraping, washing, emptying, etc., as such decomposing organic matter is the food which sustains and preserves the disease germs out of the body. Kven the water and air must be carefully seen to, since in close places they are usually charged with invisible par- ticles of organic matter in a state of decay, the most suitable field for the growth of contagious principles. These, too, tend to purify themselves in a free circulation of air, and ventilation may be largely relied upon for this purpose, unless the deleterious supplies are too abundant from some adjacent putrid accumulation, as dung-heaps, cess-pools, leaky drains, or soil saturated with filth. Pu- rity of the surroundings kills many contagious elements on the principle of starvation. ‘ Of agents reputed to be disinfectants, some act merely by changing the physical condition of organic mat- ter, without any abstraction from, or addition to its con- stituents. Thus, heating to the boiling point (212° F.), co- agulates albuminous matters and destroys infectious prop- erties generally. But it must be prolonged for a variable time according to the size of the object to allow of the heat penetrating to all parts alike. Clothing may be heated in an oven to 300° F., or safer, boiled, and even the prolonged application of hot transparent steam di- rected from a hose, upon wood-work, ete., previously well cleaned, is found very effectual. _Some poisons, like that of Texas-fever, are destroyed by freezing, while others are unaffected. Other disinfectants act by changing the chemical re- lations of organic matter, and hence of contagious princi- ples, by uniting with them to form new compounds, by ab- stracting some of their constituent elements or by adding a new one. Thus the alotropic state of oxygen called ozone, produced abundantly during thunder-storms, is sup- posed to be one of nature’s most potent disinfectants, act- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 5 ing by hastening the oxidation of organic matter. Yet, at times, its excess seems to be without effect as in the in- fluenza of horses in 1872. Camphor and mary of the odor- ous essential oils are supposed to be of some slight use by reason of their developing ozone. Burning is an effectual mode of disinfecting organic matter, old rotten wood-work, clothing, fodder, manure, etc. It may even be used on the air by moving a plumb- er’s charcoal-stove from place to place over the entire in- fected building. It may be equally used over the open- ings of drains, or as a lamp in the ventilating outlets of in- fected buildings. Chlorine, set free from common salt, by adding oil of vitriol and a little black oxide of manganese, is an excel- lect disinfectant of the air, but can only be used in vaca- ted buildings, and is most effectual in a full light. Luchlorine, a compound of chlorine and oxygen, may be obtained by adding, at frequent intervals, a little chlorate of potassa to a glass of strong muriatic acid. It may be used in occupied buildings. Sulphurous acid is another excellent disinfectant for the air, and can easily be produced in any amount by burning flowers of sulphur on a slip of paper laid on an iron shovel. Like chlorine, it is most efficient in daylight. In occupied buildings it may be burned carefully pinch by pinch without inconveniencing the stock. Carbolic acid may also be used in occupied buildings, being allowed to evaporate from shallow basins, alone or mixed with ether or alcohol, from saturated rugs hung up at intervals, or from cloth-lined ventilating inlets, kept saturated with the acid, or, finally, it may be diffused through the air of a building by an atomizer. Carbolic and cresylic acids may also be used for disinfecting solids and liquids, being poured into drains or sprinkled on the floors, walls and other parts of the building. For the lat- ter purpose, the strong acid may be diluted with one hundred times its weight of water. The cheap impure 6 The Farmer's Vetermmary Adviser. acid is usually preferred for dung-heaps, yards and other outside purposes, but is disagreeable indoors. Coal-tar and wood-tar, from their contained carbolic acid and allied products, are also good for out-door uses. The following are especially applicable to solids and liquids : Chloride of lime sprinkled on floors, yards, dung-heaps, etc., or applied to walls, wood-work, etc., or poured into drains, as a solution of 1b. to a gallon of water. Chloride of zine is equally efficient but more expensive, and chloride of aluminium (choralum) is somewhat less po- tent. Sulphate of iron (copperas) is one of the most efficient and cheapest disinfectants for drains, manure, floors, yards, etc., and may be applied either in fine powder or in solution. The sulphates of copper and zinc and perchloride of iron are efficient but much more expensive. Saturated solutions of caustic potassa and soda are satis- factory for wood-work, harness and utensils, but they are useless if diluted. Lime is useful in graves by absorbing the water and uniting with the organic debris, but is very unsatisfactory as a general disinfectant. Permanganate of potassa promptly changes putrefying organic matter rendering it sweet and wholesome, but it is questionable how far it can destroy living organic germs of which many of the contagious principles are probably composed. The same remarks apply to charcoal, animal and vegetable, and to earth, especially that containing a considerable proportion of clay or marl. HORSE-POX, This is probably identical with cow-pox, being indis- tinguishable when inoculated on men or cattle. Tt most frequently attacks the limbs, but may affect the face or other parts of the body. There is usually some little fever which, however, passes unnoticed by the owner. Contagious and Epizvotic Diseases. 1 Then swelling, heat and tenderness supervene commonly in a heel, and firm nodules form, increasing to one-third or one-half an inch in diameter, the hair bristles up, and the skin reddens unless previously colored. On the ninth to the twelfth day, a limpid fluid oozes from the surface and agglutinates the hairs in yellowish scabs, on the re- moval of which a red, raw depression is seen with the scab fixed in its centre. In three or four days the secre- tion ceases, the scabs dry up and the parts heal sponta- neously. It is easily transmitted from horse to horse, to man or to the cow. No treatment is required. COW-POX. This is the same disease appearing in the cow. There is a preliminary slight fever, usually overlooked, succeeded by some diminution and increased coagulability of the milk and the appearance of the pox on the udder and teats. The-udder is hot and tender for a day or two, then little pale-red nodules, about as big as peas appear, growing to three-fourths to one inch in breadth by the eighth or tenth day, acquiring liquid contents, and often a central depression on the summit. The liquid in each pock is contained in several distinct sacs and cannot be all extracted without a succession of punctures on differ- ent parts. The liquid, at first clear, changes to yellowish white (pus) and soon dries up, the whole forming a hard crust which is gradually detached. On the teats the blis- ters are early ruptured and raw sores form, often proving very obstinate, and even leading to inflammation of the udder, abortion, or death. Treatment is scarcely ever demanded further than to obviate sores on the teats. A mild laxative of Epsom salts is, however, usually desirable. The teats may be smeared with an ointment formed of an ounce each of spermaceti and almond oil and half a drachm of myrrh. Milking tubes may be necessary to avoid injury by draw- ing the teats. 8 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. In many localities the disease appears to all newly- calved heifers on particular farms, in which case it would be well to purify the barns by a thorough disinfection. SHEEP-POX. Though unknown in America, there is no improbability of this disease reaching us, through importations of sheep, hides or wool. Like small-pox of man, it is only known as a contagious disease. The incubation or latent period of the poison after it enters the system, 1s from three to six days in summer, and from ten to twelve in winter. Then there is loss of appetite, dullness, dropping behind the flock, and stiffness of the hind parts. This is followed by trembling, increased temperature, very mani- fest on the bare and delicate parts of the skin on which the eruption usually takes place, loss of appetite and rumination, costiveness, red, weeping eyes, a discharge from the nose, and the appearance of red patches inside the limbs and along the abdomen. Soon minute red points appear and increase to papules with a firm base, extending into the deeper parts of the skin. These are flat on the summit, (rarely pointed or indented), and be- come pale or clear in the centre, from the effusion of liq- uid beneath the scurf skin, with a red margin. With the appearance of the eruption, the fever moderates, but in- creases again in three or four days with the development and irritability of the vesicles. These may remain indi- vidually distinct (discrete) in which case the attack is mild, or they may run together into extensive patches (conflu- ent) and the result is likely to be serious. The pocks will even appear on the digestive or respiratory mucous mem- brane. ‘The eruption passes through the same course of exudation, suppuration, drying and dropping off as in cow-pox. The duration of the disease is three weeks or a month. The mortality in the milder forms may not exceed seven per one hundred, in the more severe it may destroy almost the whole flock. But the losses of Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 9 lambs by abortion, of wool, sight, hearing, hoofs, digits, flesh, and general vigor often render recoveries anything but unmixed blessings. Treatment.—Keep in cool, dry, well-aired and littered sheds, shelter from rain, and feed roots, or, if very weak, oat and bean meal gruels, with a drachm of saltpetre tc cach sheep. Common salt may be supplied to be licked, and the drinking water may be slightly acidulated with vinegar. The bowels should be opened by injections of milk-warm soapsuds, or 30z. sulphate of soda if necessary. Avoid heating agents. In the advanced stages support by quinia, gentian, nitric acid, and nutritious gruels, even animal broths. The pustules may be treated with the ointment advised for cow-pox, or, if unhealthy, with weak solutions of chloride of zinc. Prevention.—Nothing short of general infection will justify the treatment of this disease. It should be ex- cluded from our country by the most stringent supervision ‘ over the importation of sheep and their products, and when it does appear should be promptly stamped out by the destruction and disinfection of the sick and the pu- rification of all with which they have come in contact. Inoculation as a measure of prevention is unwarrantable except in the case of wide-spread infection, a contingency which ought never to arise in this country. GOAT-POX. This is a rare and mild affection with an eruption on the udder and teats closely resembling that of Cow-por. It has been thought to be spontaneous in the goat but is known to be derived from sheep suffering from Sheep-pox. It follows a mild course and requires the same care as Cow pow. Seclusion or destruction and disinfection, are, how- ever, imperative when danger is likely to arise for sheep. SWINE-POX. This is more freqvent than Goat-Pox. It is communica- 10 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. ble to man and goat. Young pigs are thought to be most li- able. The eruption appears inside the forearm and thighs and is usually preceded by considerable fever. It is discrete or confluent like Sheep-pox and the severity corresponds. The duration of the mild forms is twelve to fifteen days. Treatment is similar to that of Sheep-pox and the same precautions should be taken to prevent its dissemination. DOG-POX. These animals sometimes contract Small-pox or Sheep-pox and have been supposed to have their own specific form besides. The young suffer most frequently and severely. There is the usual preliminary fever with an eruption on the sides and belly, passing from pimples to vesicles and pustules, and finally drying up into crusts which drop off. The eruption may be discrete or confluent, the latter being very fatal. Similar preventive measures are demanded as in the other forms of pow. BIRD-POX. Birds seem susceptible to different forms of variola, hay- ing contracted the disease from man in some cases, and in others conveyed it to the sheep. Chickens failed to con- tract Cow-pox in the experiments of Roll and myself. It has proved very fatal in chickens, but very slightly so in pigeons, turkeys and geese. The eruption appears mainly on the head, under the wing, on the tongue, or in the pharynx. In fatal cases death ensued in four or five days. Treatment would rarely be desirable, the great point being to stamp out the malady by destroying the diseased and disinfecting the place. APHTHOUS FEVER.—FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. A contagious eruptive fever, attacking cloven-footed ani- nals and communicable to other warm-blooded animals, including even man. Its special feature is the eruption of blisters in the mouth, on the udder and teats and on the Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 11 feet. It is only known as communicated by contagion, whether in western Europe, in Great Britain and Ireland, where it was introduced in 1839-42, or in North and South America, which it reached in 1870 by imported stock. Like the other animal plagues it follows in tho track of great armies and in the channels of commerce. The contagion does not readily spread on the air, a river or common road being often sufficient to limit it, but no poison is more certainly transmitted by contact, direct or through the medium of human beings, tame or wild ani- mals, fodder, litter, manure, clothing, drinking-troughs, etc., etc. Milk is one of the most frequent sources of con- tagion to pigs, dogs, and even to infants, producing the most dangerous intestinal irritation and diarrhea. Synyptoms.—The poison may remain latent in the sys- tem for one or two days, or, in exceptional cases, perhaps as many as six. Then there is roughness of the coat or shivering, increased temperature, dry muzzle, hot red mouth, teats, and interdigital spaces, lameness, inclination to lie, and shrinking from the hand in milking. The sec- ond or third day blisters arise, on any part of the whole interior of the mouth one-half to one inch in breadth, or on the teats and between the digits about one-half inch across. Saliva drivels from the mouth, collecting in froth around the lips, and a loud smacking is made with the lips and tongue. Swine champ the jaws. Sheep and swine suffer more especially in the feet, often losing the hoofs or even the digital bones, a contingency not unknown in neglected cattle. Among the consequences may be named the loss of milk, inflamed udders, blind teats, a habit.of vicious kick- ing, abortions, permanent lameness, aud a lengilened in- capacity for the dairy, for feeding or work. If well cared for, the disease passes in fifteen days, leaving no ill conse- quences, excepting the poison hidden away in the building The average loss in flesh is $5 to $10; in dairy cows, it is much more. 12 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Treatment.—A laxative (Epsom salts); astringent mouth-wash (Borax and tincture of myrrh, 1 oz. each; water 1 qt., or carbolic acid 1 dr., honey 2 oz., vinegar 1 pt., water 1 pt.); a lotion for the teats (carbolic acid + dr., glycerine 10 oz.); and a dressing for the feet (oil of vitriol 1 0z., water 4 0z., to be applied with a feather after clean- ing the space between the hoofs by drawing a cloth through it). After dressing, tie up the feet in a tar band- age. The hind feet are easily dressed if two men raise each separately with a long stout fork handle passed in front of the hock. In dressing the feet, all detached horn should be removed and a poultice applied if inflam- mation runs high. Soft cold mashes or thinly sliced or pulped roots are the best food throughout. Prevention—Importation of diseased animals should be sufficiently guarded against. Diseased stock should be rigidly secluded from all but the necessary attendants who ought to be disinfected on leaving the enclosure. Wild ani- mals, even birds, should be excluded. Every place where the diseased have been, should be closed for a winter or disinfected, the milk should be buried in a safe place, or boiled and given to pigs, manure, infected litter, ete., may be burned, or disinfected, removed and plowed under by horses. No diseased animal should be moved until fifteen days after full recovery, and it should first be sponged over with a carbolic acid wash. RUSSIAN CATTLE PLAGUE. RINDERPEST. A contagious fever of cattle communicable to other rumi- nants and characterized by a general congestion of the mucous membranes, but, above all, those of the stomach and intestines, and an excessive growth and shedding of the superficial layers of cells on the skin and mucous mem- branes. It is only propagated by contagion, at least, out of the Kirghiz Steppes and Kherson district in Southern Russia, but spreads further on the air than Aphthous Fever. Symptoms. Incubation lasts about two days until the Contagious and Epizootic Diseases, 13 temperature of the body is elevated, or four days until the appearance of outward signs of illness. By this time the mouth, inside the lips, on the dental pad of the upper jaw or around the gums of the lower front teeth, shows minute white elevations, like the aphtha of the mouths of children, calves and lambs suffering from thrush (muguet). This may be exceedingly slight and transient but is most characteristic. The other mucous membranes, (eye, vulva, rectum, nose,) show a more or less dark flush, and concre- tions may appear around these and on other parts of the skin, especially the teats. These are solid aggregations of epithelial cells, not vesicles nor pustules. In twenty- four hours they undergo fatty softening and are easily de- tached, leaving small pink erosions, and by the sixth day a great part of the mouth and muzzle may have become raw, and the surrounding mucous membrane of a deep red, About the fourth day, the skin feels greasy, and dullness, and impaired appetite and rumination appear. In cows the milk is diminished, richer in cream, and even slightly coagulable. Urine becomes scanty and of a high color and density. These signs increase until the sixth day, when the mouth is often raw, saliva drivels, appetite and rumination are gone, bowels relaxed, the dung passed with much straining and pain, the everted gut appearing of a deep red or port-wine hue, the ears are drawn back, head pendent, eyes half-closed and watery, back arched and often insensible to pinching, abdominal muscles tense and resistant, and there is a peculiar check in the act of expiration, the breath being suddenly ar- rested with a flapping sound and concussion of the entire body, to be exhaled a second or two later with a grunting noise. Sighing and whistling sounds are heard in the chest and it becomes unnaturally drum-like to percussion. A sudden lowering of temperature is usually the precur- sor of death, which happens on the seventh or eighth day, Nervous symptoms appear in some outbreaks, with de- lirium, butting, shivering, and tenderness of the loins, 2 ae 14 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. while in the milder cases the peculiar eruption may be almost altogether confined to the skin. The symptoms in other ruminants are essentially the same as in the ox, and in the peccary there is sufficient resemblance for recognition. The mortality out of its native habitat usually amounts to forty per cent. and upward. Treatment. The treatment of this plague should be legally prohibited under all circumstances. All the at- tempts of the different schools of medicine and of em- piricism have only increased its ravages, while nations and even countries and districts that have vigorously stamped it out and excluded it have saved their property. Prevention. The advent of this plague should be pre- vented by a sufficient Supervision of our ports and fron- tiers and a quarantine of stock. If admitted, the victims should be ruthlessly destroyed, deeply buried, and all places and things with which they have come in contact disinfected in the most perfect manner. THE LUNG-FEVER OF CATTLE. CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEU- MONIA. A specific contagious fever of cattle, with extensive ex- ' udations into the chest and lungs. Like the other plagues already noticed, this is only known in Europe and America as a contagious disease. Its importation into the different countries of Europe has always been traceable to the introduction of diseased beasts or their products. The assertion of the immortal Haller, more than a century ago, that it is propagated by contagion, has received the amplest confirmation in recent times. It invaded Ireland in 1839-40 by Dutch cattle, England in 1842 by Irish and Dutch cattle, Sweden and Denmark in 1847 by English stock, and later again by English and Dutch, Norway in 1860 by infected Ayrshires, Oldenburg in 1858, and Schleswig in 1859, in each case by Ayrshires, the Cape of Good Hope in 1854, Australia Contagious and E'pizootic Diseases. 16 in 1858 by an English cow, Brooklyn, L. I., in 1843 by a Dutch cow, and again in 1850 by an English one, New Jersey in 1847 by English stock, and Boston, Mass., by Dutch cattle in 1859. In Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Oldenburg, Schleswig, Massachusetts and New Jersey, it was stamped out, in the last case by the importer, Mr. Richardson, sacrificing his whole herd and voluntarily as- suming the loss, but in the other places named it was left to itself and spread disastrously. Symptoms. The period of latency of the poison in the system is from four to six weeks, and in exceptional cases perhaps two or three months or as short as ten days. In- creased temperature of the body usually appears a week or two before other symptoms. Then there is a slight cough, erection of hair along the back, sometimes shiver- ing and always tenderness of the back to pinching, the animal crouching and groaning. Soon breathing and pulse become accelerated, bowels costive, urine scanty and high- colored, milk diminished, appetite impaired, rumination irregular, nose alternately moist and dry, and legs and horns cold and hot. If in the field, the sick leave the herd. The cough increases in harshness, depth and painfulness, and all thesymptons are aggravated until the animal stands in one posture, with head extended on the neck, mouth open, and every breath accompanied by a loud moan. From the earliest stages the ear applied to the sides of the chest detects an absence of murmur over particular parts of the lung, or lungs, with a line of crepitation (fine crackling) around it, and occasionally rubbing, wheezing, and other unnatural sounds. On percussion over the si- lent parts the natural resonance is found to have given place to dullness, and the animal winces andgroans. Other peculiar sounds may follow later, into which we cannot en- ter here, and exhausting liquid discharges from the bowels and kidneys, tympanies and abortions are frequent results. Death may take place early, from suffocation, when both lungs are involved, or may be delayed six weeks or more. 16 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser The percentage of deaths and permanent destruction to health is fifty or sixty, or when all the more susceptible animals have perished it may be reduced much lower. Treatment. This disease is much more amenable to treatment than Rinderpest, but to preserve the sick is no less reprehensible, as the poison is more subtle, more dif- fusible through the atmosphere, is hidden unsuspected for a greater length of time in the body of its victim, and when manifested is far more liable to be mistaken for other diseases (pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis). No treatment should ever be allowed, except in perfectly secluded build- ings, far from roads, where no strange men or animals can get access, and in a constantly disinfected atmosphere. In the early stages, refrigerant and diuretic salts (liquor of the acetate of ammonia, nitre, bisulphite of soda) with aconite may be given; injections of warm water or mild laxatives (Epsom salts) used to regulate the bowels, and blisters applied to the sides of the chest (mustard and oil of turpentine). Later, when prostration sets in, stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre, wine, aromatic ammonia, etc.) and tonics (gentian, cinchona, cascarilla, boneset, sulphate of iron, or copper, mineral acids, ete.) are called for. Anti- septics are useful, especially such as can be inhaled in the air (sulphur fumes, carbolic acid vapor or spray) and thus reach the seat of disease. The hydropathic treatment, by a rug wrung out of water applied next the skin and covered by several dry ones kept closely applied by elastic surcingles for an hour and followed by a cold douche and active rubbing till dry, has proved very successful, but demands intelligence, enthusiasm and activity on the part of the attendants. The pack is repeated as often as the temperature rises. Prevention. Importation should only be allowed from countries free from the plague, in ships that have carried no suspected stock for at least three months, and after inspection and, if thought necessary, quarantine, at the port of entry. But the disease already exists in New - Contagious and Epizootie Diseases. 17 York, (Connecticut,) New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and District of Columbia. This ought to be rooted out by measures executed by the central goy- ernment and defrayed out of the public treasury. Little good must be looked for from isolated action by States, counties, townships, or individual owners; the danger threatens the entire country, and for the general safety all must pay. Itis absurd to expect the unfortunate possessor of sick animals to beggar himself for the public good. There should be destruction of the sick, partial remunera- tion of the owners, thorough disinfection under professional supervision, and the most perfect control and constant in- spection of all suspected herds and places until the malady has been eradicated from the land. This is the most in- sidious of all our animal plagues, the one which now most urgently presses for active interference, and which, if neg- lected, will bring a terrible retribution in the future. Inoculation, as a preventive, like medical treatment, is suicidal unless where a country is very generally infected. STRANGLES. DISTEMPER IN YOUNG HORSES. A specific fever of young solipeds usually attended with swellings and formations of matter between the bones of the lower jaw, or elsewhere in groups of lymphatic glands. Causes. Early age, change from field to stable, from grass to dry feeding, from idleness to exciting work, the irritation of teething, and, above all, change of locality and climate. Repeated attacks will occur in the same horse under the influence of the last named cause. Exposure to cold and wet, impure air, sudden thaws, etc., contribute to hasten its development. Lastly, contagion is a com- mon cause, and, in some cases, the malady may even be conveyed to man. Symptoms. The disease is often preceded by a period of unthriftiness, staring coat, loss of condition, dullness and. languor. Then there appear cough, redness of the nasal membrane, and watery flow from the nose and eyes; ox 18 Lhe Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. slavering, accelerated breathing and pulse, costiveness, scanty high-colored urine, and increased thirst. Soon a swelling rises between the bones of the lower jaw, hot, tender and uniformly rounded and smooth, at first hard with soft, doughy margins, later soft and fluctuating in the centre from the formation of matter. Water is often re- turned from the nose in drinking and food dropped after chewing. The throat may even be closed so as to make breathing laborious, difficult and noisy or quite impossible. With rupture of the abscess and escape of the matter, relief is obtained and a steady recovery may usually be counted on. Irregular Forms. The swelling may harden in place of softening, and maintain the disease for an indefinite time, or it may disappear and be followed by the formation of matter in other and more vital organs. Thus matter may form in the groups of lymphatic glands about the shoul- der, groin, the roots of the lungs, the mesentery, the brain, etc. Sometimes no swelling nor suppuration takes place beyond the discharge from the nose while at others a pustular eruption on the skin is the manifestation of the disease. The disease may be over in ten days, or, in cases of in- dolent action in the swelling, it may be protracted for months. If properly treated, the regular form generally does well, but the crregular is fatal in proportion to the vitality of the organ affected. In protracted cases and in those subjected to impure air and weakening treatment. dropsical and sanguineous swellings in the dependent parts of the body (purpura hemorrhagica) is a frequent result. Treatment. Sustain the strength of the patient by abundance of soft, nourishing mashes and pure air, and promote the formation of matter between the jaws by fo- mentations, poultices, and steaming of the nostrils. A poultice may be applied by a square of calico with holes for the ears and eyes, tied down the middle of the face and sewed up a little at the chin to prevent any from Contagious and Eprzootic Diseases 19 dropping out. Bran or oil meal may be used along with hot water. Steaming may be done by feeding hot bran mashes from a nose bag hung on the head. When matter points it should be freely evacuated with the lancet, and _the poultices continued to complete the softening. If sut- focation is threatened, the windpipe must be opened in the middle of the neck and a tube inserted to breathe through. Medicine is rarely required. Yet costiveness may be counteracted by warm water injections, and weakness by stimulants (muriate and carbonate of ammonia) and tonics (gentian, columba, willow-bark). Complications must be treated according to their nature. INFLUENZA. A specific epizootic fever of a low type associated with inflammation of the respiratory mucous membrane, or less frequently of other organs. It has prevailed at intervals over different parts of the world in man, horses, dogs and even cats. Causes. Nothing can be definitely stated as to the pri- mary cause of its development, as all peculiar conditions of soil, volcanic action, atmospheric electricity, serial moisture or dryness, density or levity, season, tempera- ture, winds, calms, ozone, and antozone fail to account for its appearance. The great American epizootic of 1872 was preceded and accompanied in Michigan by an excess of ozone, but the excess did not determine its appearance in other States, which it invaded by a gradual progress and with a rapidity proportional to the celerity of com- munication. Again insular and sequestrated places es- caped, as Prince Edward’s Island, (frozen out), Vancou- yer’s Island, (quarantined), Key West, Hayti, St. Do- mingo, Jamaica, La Paz, by the non-importation of horses (Cuba suffered through imported American horses). Tt stopped at Panama, where there is no horse traffic ow- ing to the state of the country. (See the author's report to Government, and report of New York Board of Health). 20 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Symptoms. The disease comes on suddenly with ex- treme weakness and stupor. ‘There is often pendent head, half-closed, lustreless eyes, great disinclination to move, with swaying gait, and cracking joints. Appetite is lost, mouth hot, clammy, bowels costive, urine scanty and. high-colored, pulse accelerated and weak (sometimes hard), a cough, deep, painful and racking comes on, crep- itation or harsh blowing sounds are heard in the chest, and the membrane of the nose assumes a bright pink or dull leaden hue. The ears and limbs are alternately cold and hot, the hair rough, the skin tender and frequently trembling. Soon the nose discharges a white, yellowish, or greenish matter, and the animal may recover, or an increasingly heavy breathing, depth and painfulness of cough, and changed or absent respiratory sounds in the chest, with dullness on percussion show that the lungs are seriously involved. Thus there may be the symptoms of pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis, hydrothorax, pericarditis, hydroperi- cardium, ete. Clots sometimes form in the heart, modify- ing the heart sounds and proving rapidly fatal. In other cases the abdominal organs suffer, and with great torpor, stupor, tension and tenderness of the abdom- inal walls there are colicky pains, ardent thirst, coated tongue, yellowness of the membranes of nose and eyes, yellow or reddish urine, costive bowels and dung in pellets thickly coated with mucus. Sometimes rheumatic swelling and tenderness take place in the muscles and joints of the limbs, and may even last for months. At others, paralysis or delirium will ensue, or, finally, severe inflammation of the eyes. Treatment. Overcome costiveness by injections of warm water, or by one-third the usual doses of linseed oil or aloes. Give mild febrifuge diuretics (liquor of acetate of ammonia, spirit of nitrous ether,) with anodynes (extract of belladonna), and when fever subsides or great prostra- tion comes on, stimulants (nitrous ether, aromatic am- Contagious and Epizootic Discases. a monia, carbonate of ammonia,) and even tonics, (gentian calumba, quassia). Counter-irritants (ammonia and oil, equal parts, mus- tard, etc.,) may be used from the first to the throat, sides, or abdomen according to the seat of the inflammation. Soft mashes, roots, or green food, pure air, without draughts, and warm clothing are essentials of treatment throughout. If the abdominal organs are the main seat of disease, supplement the medicines above named by demulcents (slippery elm, mallow, boiled linseed,) and anodynes (opium, hydrocyanic acid,) with, in some cases, a gentle laxative (olive oil). Nervous symptoms may demand wet cloths to the head, blisters to the sides of the neck, purga- tives, unless contra-indicated, and bromide of potassium. The rheumatic complication must be treated like ordinary rheumatism, with colchicum, propylamine, acetate of po- tassa, turpentine, warmth, counter-irritants, ete. TYPHOID, GASTRIC OR BILIOUS FEVER. This strongly resembles the abdominal form of influenza and sometimes occurs in the same place at the same time. Jt also appears independently in horses weakened by snedding their coats in spring and autumn, in those kept in a hot, close, impure and unwholesome atmosphere, fed insufficiently or on badly-preserved, musty or otherwise injured aliment, supplied with water containing an excess of decomposing organic matter, fed irregularly, subjected to overwork, etc. Finally it proves contagious in confined insalubrious buildings, and, to a less extent, in those that are wholesome and well aired. Some unknown generally acting influence makes it more virulent at one season than another. Symptoms. There are a few days of dullness and lassi- tude followed by the general signs of fever : —Staring coat, shivering, alternate heat and coldness of the surface, rest- lessness, hot dry mouth, and elevation of the internal tem- 22 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. perature of the body. There is a yellowish tinge of the mucous membranes, costiveness, colicky pains, full, tense, tender belly, passage of a few dark, hard pellets of dung covered with a mucous film, urine scanty, reddish and de- positing a sediment, pulse rapid and weak, and there may or may not be sore-throat, excited breathing and discharge from the nose. In the more favorable cases, signs of improvement are noticeable in eight or nine days, and a perfect recovery is made. In the unfavorable, the pulse becomes small, weak and rapid (eighty to ninety per min- ute), the mouth hotter, more clammy and covered by yel- lowish, brownish, or greenish blotches, the abdominal walls more tender, the bowels more irritable, sometimes with a foetid diarrhoea, and the strength is rapidly ex- hausted. The head is constantly pendent, the eye sunken, the expression of the countenance stupid and haggard, and the stupor or insensibility may become so great that pinching or even pricking of the skin may pass unnoticed by the animal. Death usually takes place from the tenth to the twentieth day. Treatment. English veterinarians rely much on calo- mel, and with a firm full pulse, not too rapid, a general warmth of surface and extremities, a bright eye, cheerful countenance, whitish foetid dung, and much yellowness of the eye, nose, or mouth, a few doses of calomel (10 ers.) and opium (80 grs.), repeated twice daily, may be useful in stimulating the liver and throwing off injurious agents from the blood. But it is to be avoided when there is a weak, rapid pulse and great prostration and debility, and in no case should it be given over two or three days, or until the system is saturated with the drug. Severe cos- tiveness may be obviated by 2 or 8 drs. of aloes and a drachm of calomel, or by a daily dose of 2 or 3 ozs. of Glauber salts until relaxation occurs. Soft feeding and copious injections of warm water must be continued to maintain the bowels in a healthy state. A drachm each of chlorate or nitrate of potassa and muriate of am- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 23 monia may be given three or four times daily with the water drunk, or in case of great dullness and debility an ounce of oil of turpentine, sulphuric ether, sweet spirits of nitre, or carbonate of ammonia may be given as well. Great tenderness of the belly may be met by persistent hot fomentations, and mustard poultices, and if necessary by half drachm doses of opium. Tympany is treated by hand rubbing and by aromatic ammonia or oil of pep- permint. During recovery 3 or 4 ozs. of tincture of gen- tian or cinchona may be given twice daily with muriate of iron and stimulants. Feed throughout on soft bran mashes, sliced roots, boiled oats or barley, green grass, oil-cake, ete., giving from the hand if necessary. Secure pure air and water, cleanliness, warm clothing and general comfort until restored to health. CANINE DISTEMPER. A specific fever of the young domestic carnivora, affect- ing the respiratory organs, and it may be the abdominal viscera, the brain, the muscular system and joints, or the skin. One attack usually protects from a second. Causes. Connected, like strangles, with domestication, it is most severe on pet dogs kept in hot, close rooms on spiced food, or confined in kennels. Change of climate, teething, and contagion are other causes. Symptoms. Dullness, peevishness, loss of appetite, dry nose, watery eyes, elevated temperature, increased pulse (110 to 120), sensitiveness to cold, shivering, cough and glairy or yellowish discharge from the nose. The cough becomes paroxysmal and often followed by vomiting, the matter not being licked up again, the breathing is dis- turbed, and the chest sounds on auscultation and percus- -sion imply disease there. The animal is weak, debil- itated and emaciated, and diarrhcea, ulceration of the mouth, and nervous symptoms usually precede death. The complications are marked by symptoms of bronchi- tis, pneumonia, enteritis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, phre. 24 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. nitis and skin-disease. Diseases of the brain (cramps, convulsions, chorea, paralysis,) and skin-eruption are ex ceedingly common in the advanced stages. The eruption is peculiar, consisting of small blisters, containing often a reddish or purple fluid. Treatment. A warm, comfortable bed, pure air, and a milk, or bread and milk diet are important. The diet should not be so exclusive in dogs having had animal food only. ji mild emetic, (antimonial wine), or a slight laxative, (castor oil), may be followed by tonics, (gentian, quinia,) febrifuges, (saltpeter), and expectorants, (ipecacuanha), with perhaps an anodyne, (belladonna). As fever subsides, tonics must be given freely (wine, quinia, sulphate of iron, Fowler’s solution). In all the various complications treat as for the different diseases, but avoid weakening reme- dies, and keep up tonics, stimulants, and a rich diet. MALIGNANT CHOLERA. ASIATIC CHOLERA. This attacks the domestic quadrupeds and birds simul- taneously with man, and has been produced experiment- ally by feeding the dried bowel discharges. These were found to increase in virulence from the first to the third day, and to decrease to the fifth day, after which they were harmless, (Sanderson). Symptoms. Muscular cramps, great prostration, partial loss of motor power and excitability, great lowering of the — body temperature (80° F.), deathly-cold bloodless ex- tremities, viscid tardily-flowing blood, and lastly, violent abdominal pains and fluid bowel dejections, often having the specific rice-water appearance. Treatment. The disease is mainly important as propa- gating a poison so fatal to the human being, hence the most perfect disinfection of all bowel dejections is imper- ative, together with the seclusion and burial of the sick and dead. Asan example of current treatment may be named, aromatics, (oil of anise, oil of cajeput, oil of juni- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 25 per, tincture of cinnamon,) stimulants, (ether), and acids, (sulphuric acid), mixed and given every quarter of an hour. In the early stages add opium to check diarrhea. To overcome surface coldness and collapse, use hot fo- mentations, rubbing, inhalation of nitrate of amyle; to sheath the intestines, demulcent drinks, (linseed tea, mallow, slippery elm,) and to meet other states according to indications. Every separate case would demand special treatment. In birds, change of the yard, and sulphate of iron and carbolic acid in the water are especially reliable to check. INTESTINAL FEVER IN SWINE. HOG-CHOLERA. A specific contagious fever of swine, attended by con- gestion, exudation, blood extravasation, and ulceration of the membrane of the stomach and bowels, by liquid fetid diarrhoea, by general heat and redness of the surface and by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of spots and patches of a scarlet, purple, or black color. It is fatal in from one to six days, or ends in a tedious, uncertain recovery. Symptoms. Incubation ranges from a week or fortnight in cold weather to three days in warm. It is followed by shivering, dullness, prostration, hiding under the litter, unwillingness to rise, hot, dry snout, sunken eyes, unsteady gait behind, impaired or lost appetite, ardent thirst, in- creased temperature (103.2° to 105° F.) and pulse. With the occurrence of heat and soreness of the skin, it is suf- fused with red patches and black spots, the former disap- pearing on pressure, the latter not. The tongue is thickly furred, the pulse small, weak and rapid, the breathing ac- celerated and a hard dry cough is frequent. Sickness and vomiting may be present, the animal grunts or screams if the belly is handled, the bowels may be cos- tive throughout but more commonly they become re- laxed about the third day and an exhausting fuetid diar- rhoea ensues. Lymph and blood may pass with the dung 3 26 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Before death the patient loses control of the hind limbs, and is often sunk in complete stupor, with muscular trembling, jerking, and involuntary motions of the bowels. Causes. It is mainly propagated by contagion, though faults in diet and management may serve to develop it. The poison will blow half a mile or more on the wind, and is with difficulty destroyed in hog-pens, fodder, ete. Treatment ought not to be permissible, unless in a con- stantly disinfected atmosphere. Feed, well-boiled gruel of barley or rye, or in case these raise the fever, corn- starch made with boiling water; give to drink fresh cool water, slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid. For the early constipation give a mild laxative (castor oil, rhu- barb,) and injections of warm water, following up with fever medicine (nitrate of potassa and bisulphite of soda). If the patient survives the first few days and shows signs of ulceration of the bowels (bloody dung, tender belly,) give oil of turpentine fifteen to twenty drops night and morning. Follow up with tonics, and careful soft feeding. Prevention. Kill and bury the diseased; thoroughly disinfect all they have come in contact with; watch the survivors for the first sign of illness, test all suspicious subjects with the thermometer in the rectum, and sepa- rate from the herd if it shows more than 103° F., destroy- ing as soon as distinct signs of the disease are shown. Feed vegetable or animal charcoal, bisulphite of soda, earbolic acid, or sulphate of iron to the healthy, and avoid all suspected food, places, or even water which has run near a diseased herd. All newly purchased pigs should be placed at a safe distance in quarantine under separate attendants until their health has been proved. TEXAN FEVER. A specific fever, rising in the low, malarious grounds of the States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and commu- nicable to the cattle of the elevated lands of the same and Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. at other States in a more fatal form. It is characterized by enlarged spleen, profound changes in the blood, escape of the blood elements into the substance of the various tissues and with the urine, causing bloody discharges from tha kidneys, yellowness of the mucous membranes and fat, ~great prostration and debility. Symptoms. ‘There seems to be an incubation of four or five weeks, ending in elevated temperature (103° to 107°) and followed in five to seven days by dullness, languor, drooping head till the nose reaches the ground, arched back, hind legs advanced under the belly and bent at the fetlocks, cough more or less frequent, muscular trembling about the flanks, jerking of the’neck muscles, heat of horns, ears and general surface (limbs cold—in exceptional cases) and impaired appetite and rumination. Soon weak- ness compels lying down, by choice in water, eyes are glassy and fixed, secretions lessened, dung hard and coated with mucus, or with clots of blood, and the urine changes to a deep red or black and coagulates on boiling. The mucous membranes are of a deep yellow or brown, that of the rectum seen in passing dung is of a dark red, as in Rinderpest. All these symptoms become aggravated, weakness be- comes extreme, and the patient dies in a state of stupor, or sometimes in convulsions. The disease usually passes unnoticed in the Texan cat- tle, but is exceedingly fatal in northern beasts. Contagion takes place through the bowel discharges, and roads, pastures, water-courses, etc., become efh- cient bearers of the virus. It is destroyed at once by frost, and has never been satisfactorily demonstrated to be conveyed from one northern animal to another. Sucking calves rarely suffer. One attack does not protect against another. ‘Prevention. Itshould be enforced by United States law that no Gulf-coast cattle should be moved north excepting after the first frosts of autumn, or before the last frosts of 28 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. spring. Then would the traffic be safe for all the North. The time would vary for the different States, but the ear- lier or later traffic for the extreme north should be by di- rect route without intermediate unloading. A general re- striction of this sort, with the expense levied on all the States, would be more economical and satisfactory than a supervision by each State of its own frontier. Treatment should never be called for. It may, however, be resorted to with less danger than in the case of a true plague. In some cases emollient drinks and enemas, soft food, and stimulating fever medecines have been followed by recovery. Chlorate of potassa, nitre, iodide of potassi- um, and carbolic acid have evidently been of advantage. Wet-sheet packing, as for Lung-fever, should be beneficial, and refrigerant or stimulating diuretics (digitalis, nitre, or nitrous ether,) according to the indications of the partic- ular case. Peculiarities in different cases would demand a variation of treatment. The diet throughout should be of soft mashes, and a return to ordinary fibrous aliment made slowly and carefully, as being lable to cut off by gastro-entritis. CANINE MADNESS. RABIES. (HYDROPHOBIA). A specific disease supposed to arise spontaneously in the genus canis (dog, wolf, fox,) and in the cat, but transmis- sible by inoculation to all the domestic animals and to man. It is marked by disorders of intellectual, emotion- al, and nervous functions, altered habits, irritable temper, optical delusions, spasms of the muscles of the eyeballs and throat, paralysis, and more or less fever. Causes. Ynoculation by bite is the usual (almost inva- riable) cause, yet cases manifestly arise spontaneously in most countries. Season, climate, abuse, privation of wa- ter, improper food, muzzling, etc., have no effect further than they serve to produce a febrile state and hasten the development of the disease when the seeds are already implanted in the system. A constantly increasing mass Contagious and Ivpizootic Diseases. 29 of testimony points to the conclusion that the restraint of an ungovernable sexual desire is one cause of the genera- tion of the malady, and it is even supposed that the ma- ternal instinct has had a similar effect after the puppies have been removed. Males chiefly suffer, partly, no doubt, from their special lability to natural exciting causes, but mainly because the rabid dog is far more likely to bite a male than a female. The poison is resident in the saliva and blood, but not in the milk. The saliva of rabid herbivora, omnivora, and men is equally virulent with that of carnivora, though in all animals it varies in intensity according to the stage of the disease. Of animals bitten by a violently rabid dog nearly all contract the disease, whereas among men the proportion is five to fifty-five per cent. This apparent immunity is largely due to the cleaning of the teeth on the dress before they reach the skin. Incubation varies in dogs from five to eighty days, the majority showing symptoms thirty to forty days after the bite ; in the horse fifteen to ninety days (usually thirty) ; in cattle twenty to thirty days; sheep twenty to seventy- four days; swine twenty to forty-nine days. In man it ranges about the same, exceptional cases extending over years being manifestly instances of disease resulting from fear, a common occurrence in the human being. Symptoms. In the Dog. Any sudden change of habits, or instincts—dullness, restlessness, watchfulness, tenden- cy to pick up and swallow straws and other small objects constant desire to smell or lick the anus or generative or gans of themselves or others, to lick a stone or other smooth, cold object, to rub the throat or chops with the fore paws, silent endurance of pain, rubbing or licking of a scar, the seat of the bite, liability to sudden passion and attempts to bite at sight of another dog or cat, may be looked on as very suspicious, if rabies exists in the country. ‘Soon the characteristic howl is omitted. The voice is hoarse, low and muffled, and there is one loud howl followed by three Qe 30 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. or four more successively diminishing in force and uttered without closing the mouth. Some dogs appear unusually fond of their owners and fatally inoculate them by licking their hands and face. Others turn the head and eyes as if following imaginary objects and snap as if at flies. Barking without object, a constant searching, or tearing of wood, ete., to pieces, a seeking of darkness and seclu- sion and a disposition to resent disturbance, or a pilgrim- age of several days’ absence from home are among the most common precursors of the disease. Furious Rabies. Following some of the above symptoms there is a redness and fixed glare in the eyes, squinting, yolling of the eyes after fancied objects, more frequent howling, and increasing irritability with a tendency to worry all animals that come in their way, the respect for, and immunity of former friends being lost in the violence of a paroxysm. The victim can no longer rest, but under- takes long journeys at a slouching trot, ready to fly at all that cross his path, especially if they make any noise or outcry. He may die during one of these journeys, or re- turn dirty, careworn and sullen, with the rabid glare in his eye and ready to resent any inteference. Each parox- ysm of violence or wandering is followed by a period of depression and torpor proportionate to the preceding es- citement, during which dark and seclusion are preferred, though any disturbance will arouse to violence. From the fourth to the cighth day paralysis sets in, first in the hind limbs then in the jaw and the whole body, the certain pre- cursor of approaching death. Paralytic Rabies. In this case paralysis with dropping of the lower jaw is shown at the outset, and gradually ex- tends to the whole body. The animal cannot bite, eat, nor drink, rarely barks, and dies early. Lethargie (Tranquil) Rabies. Palsy of the jaw is:less marked, but there is complete apathy, the patient remaining curled up in one position, and is not to be roused by any effort. He becomes daily more emaciated and dics‘in ten to fifteen days. Contagious and Epizootic Diseascs. 31 In addition to these typical forms there are others hold ing an intermediate place. The furious form is especially common in bulldogs, hounds, and the less domesticated varieties, the paralytic and tranquil in the house and pet dogs. Popular Fallacies. I name these because of the evil re- sults of entertaining them. 1. Mad dogs have no fear of water (hydrophobia). On the contrary, they swim rivers, plunge their noses in water or lap their urine with- out hesitation. 2. Appetite is not lost, only depraved, and the stomach after death is found to contain an endless va- riety of improper objects. 3. There is rarely froth at the mouth, though saliva may run from it when the jaw is par- alyzed. 4. The tail ts not carried between the legs but is rather held erect during a paroxysm. Foxes and wolves have symptoms like those of the dog, the animals losing their natural shyness or fear, and at- tacking man and beast indiscriminately. Cats attack with claws and teeth, flying at the face and hands, and utter hoarse loud cries as in heat. The horse bites, kicks, neighs, draws his yard, rolls his eyes, jerks his muscles, and dies paralyzed. The mischievous propensity distinguishes from delirium. The ox is restless, excitable, everts the upper lip, grinds his teeth, bellows loudly and as if in ’ terror, scrapes with his fore feet, and butts and kicks all who approach. There is jerking of the muscles and finally paralysis. Sheep are similarly excited, show sexual appetite, stamp, butt, and bleat hoarsely. They die para- lytic. Swine are excitable, restless, grunt hoarsely, champ the jaws, bite intruders, tear objects to pieces, gape, yawn, become weak and die para‘ytic. Recoveries are so rare as to be extremely questionable. Treatment. This can only be warranted in the lower animals in hope of discovering a curative method for man, and then with extreme precautions and in iron cages. Theoretically, vapor baths, with sulphites and antispas- modics (datura, atropia, chloral-hydrate, etc.,) would 32 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. promise the best results. The boasted curative agents have all broken down when tried on well-marked cases in the lower animals, in which diseases of the imagination are not to be looked for. Prevention. When bitten, at once check the flow ot blood from the part, in the limb by a handkerchief or cord with a piece of wood through it twisted tightly around the member a little higher than the wound,—in other parts by sucking, or by cutting open the wound to its depth and squeezing or wringing as if milking to keep up a free flow of blood, soaking it meanwhile in warm water if available. Drinking liquids to excess will also retard absorption. But as soon as caustics can be had apply them thoroughly to all parts of the wound, making sure that its deepest recesses are reached. The compres- sion by handkerchief or fingers should not be relaxed until this operation is completed. A hot skewer, nail or poker, serves admirably, and if at a white heat is less painful. But oil of vitriol, spirit of salt, nitric acid, caus- tic potassa or soda, butter of antimony, chloride of zinc, nitrate of silver, blue stone, copperas, indeed any caustio at hand should be at once employed. The wound should be thoroughly cauterized, though some time has elapsed since the bite, as absorption does not always take place at once. All dogs should be registered, taxed, and furnished with a collar bearing their own and their owner’s names and that of their residence. During the existence of rabies in a country all dogs found at large unmuzzled should be de- stroyed. Suspected dogs should be shut up under super- vision for three months unless rabies is developed earlier. Dogs that have bitten human beings should be similarly shut up for a week to test the existence of the disease or otherwise. MALIGNANT ANTHRAX. A constitutional disorder, arising in rich, damp lo Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 38 calities, in herbivora, swine and birds, and communica- ble by inoculation to other animals and to man. It shows itself by many different forms, all characterized by extreme changes in the chemical and vital properties ot the blood, breaking down of the blood-globules, extrava- sations of blood or albuminous fluids in different parts of the body, with a tendency to gangrene, yellow or brown mucous membranes, enlargement or even rupture of tho spleen (milt), and a very high mortality. Causes. It is propagated by contagion but tends to die out when produced in this way only. It is transmitted by contact with the blood, liquid exudations, portions of the diseased carcass, fat, skins, hair, wool, bristles, feathers, and bowel evacuations, and rarely or not at all through the atmosphere. Simple contact of these matters with the healthy skin of a susceptible subject is enough to produce the disease. The virus is most potent when received from an animal still living or only recently dead, and yet may be preserved for months in all conditions of climate, tem- perature and humidity. Eating of the flesh of animals killed while suffering in this way has often conveyed the disease in spite the cook- ing to which it was subjected. Fifteen thousand of the inhabitants of St. Domingo once perished in six weeks from this cause, and a whole family was poisoned a few years ago in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The Tartars perish in great numbers from eating their anthrax horses. Mos- quitoes and other insects with perforating apparatus to the mouth probably help to communicate it as nearly all cases in man occur on exposed parts of the body. Its development in a locality is determined: 1. By the rich surface soil abounding in organic matter, and the im- pervious subsoil preventing natural drainage. 2. The fre- quent inundations of banks of rivers flowing through level countries and the drying up of ponds and lakes leaving much organic deposit in their basins. 3. A continuation of warm, dry weather which favors organic emanations fror 34 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. such places as the above. 4. A condition of the sys- tem of the animal predisposing to the reception and erowth of the poison, and consisting in the loading ot the blood with plastic or waste organic matter, as in over- fed plethoric animals, in those making flesh most rapidly, in the young and rapidly growing, in those rendered un- healthy by overwork, impure air, unsuitable food or water. 5. Sudden chills when the poison is already pres- ent; hence, extreme variations in the temperature of night and day. 6. A close, still atmosphere. General characters. In the typical cases the blood is black, tarry and incoagulable, and in all it shows broken- up globules, and microscopic rod-like bodies and clear, re- frangent spherules (bacteria) such as appear in putrefying liquids. The spleen, lymphatic glands and liver are en- larged, the mucous membranes of the stomach and intes- tines are usually reddened, thickened, and softened, and any other part of the body may be the seat of bloody or albuminous effusion with a tendency to death, decomposi- tion, the extrication of gases in the tissues and a crackling sound when handled. When it commences in one point on the surface (malignant pustule) there is first an un- healthy eruption of minute blisters which burst, dry up and become gangrenous, while new blisters appear around as the unhealthy action spreads. Divisions. The malignant anthrax may be manifested by external disease, or swelling, or without such appear- ances. To the first class belong the carbuncular erysip- elas of sheep and swine, malignant sore-throat of hogs, gloss-anthrax or black-tongue, black-quarter or bloody murrain, the boil plague of Siberia, and the malignant pus- tule of man. To the second belong all those forms of the disease in which there are the specific changes in the blood, with engorgement of the spleen, blood-staining and exu- dations into internal organs, only. Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 35 Malignant Anthrax with External Lesions. (A) In Horsrs.—(1) Siberian Boil Plague. This is un. questionably an anthrax disease, and though named from Siberia is not unknown in other lands. A slight shiver ing and fever are followed by a swelling on the udder, sheath, breast, throat, or elsewhere, which rapidly in- creases sometimes to the size ofaninfant’shead. Atfirstsoft, it hardens, assuming a yellow, bacon-like appearance, with red streaks and spots. The animals die in twelve or twenty- four hours, rarely surviving three days. The blood is in the state so characteristic of anthrax, with bacteria, enlarged spleen and sanguineous effusions. In cattle similar tumors appear, mainly on the throat, neck, or dewlap, in sheep and goats on the bare surfaces and in pigs around the throat. In all cases the disease, when conveyed to man, produces the blue-pox (malignant pustule). At the outset all cases prove fatal, later recoveries occur under the local use of cold water, or the hot iron or other caustics pushed to the depth of the tumor, and mineral acids internally. (2) Malignant Anthrax with Diffused Local Swellings. Typhus. This is usually confounded with the propura hem- orrhagica, which is in no sense a contagious affection, but occurs in weak conditions of the body, as a sequel of de- bilitating diseases (influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.) Our limits forbid extended treatment, hence the general symptoms will be named, and the observer left to distin- guish the two diseases according to their origin, commu- nicability and prevalence. Symptoms. Shivering, lassitude, stupor, impaired appe- tite, whitish discharge from the nose, accelerated pulse and breathing, costiveness with slimy dung or scouring, high-colored, odorous or bloody urine, swellings the size of a walnut or closed fist on different parts of the body, or a continuous swelling beneath the chest and belly, or extreme engorgement of the limbs or head. These are at first hot and tender, and easily indented with the finger, but soon become hard, ihe skin gets rigid and exudes drops of a 36 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. yellow serum or pure blood. They may render the patient unable to walk, see, feed, drink, urinate, or breathe ac- cording to situation. The mucous membranes become swelled, puffy, dusky or yellow, with red spots and streaks, and a viscid, bloody and finally foetid discharge flows from the nose. Breathing may become labored and quick in connection with exudations into the chest, or violent colics may supervene from effusions in the abdomen. With inter- nal effusions death ensues in forty-eight hours, with exter- nal only, the effects may last for weeks or months before ending in recovery or death. In the latter case the swellings may suddenly disappear to reappear elsewhere, they may subside permanently in connection with free action of the bowels or kidneys, or they may slough, leaving extensive and sluggish sores and scars. (B) In tue Ox.—(1) Black Tongue. Also in the Horse. This is manifested by the eruption of blisters, red, purple or black, on the tongue, palate and cheeks, increasing in- dividually often to the size of a hen’s egg, bursting, dis- charging an ichorous irritating fluid, and forming un- healthy sores with more or less tumefaction. There is a bloody discharge from the mouth, active fever sets in and death ensues in twenty-four to forty-eight hours. (2) Black-Quarter. Bloody Murrain. This is malig- nant anthrax, with extensive engorgement of a shoul- der, quarter, neck, breast or side. It is most frequent in young and rapidly thriving stock, attacking first the finest of the herd or those thriving most rapidly, and runs its course so quickly that its victims are usually found dead in the field as the first indication of anything amiss. It seen during life there are the general symptoms of pleth- ora, fever, with halting on one limb, stiffness, and excessive tenderness of some parts of the skin, to be promptly fol- lowed by swelling of such parts, with yellow or bloody oozing from the surface, and crackling when pressed. These swellings become firm, tense, insensible-and even cold, and if the subject survives may finally slough open Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 37 and leave large, unsightly and inactive sores. Recoveries are the exception and too often slow and tedious. (C) InSsrep. Carbuncular Erysipelas. This strongly resembles black-quarter of cattle. Like that it attacks the finest of the flock and the bodies of its victims are found dead in the field. There is first halting on a limb, then a red or violet swelling beginning inside the leg and rapidly extending over the body. The feeling, appearance and course of the swelling agree with those of black-quarter and death occurs in a few hours, or in exceptional cases in two days. (D) InSwinz. These suffer from Anthrax of the Mouth, comparable to black-tonque, carbuncular erysipelas, like that of the sheep, pharyngeal anthrax and tumors about the throat, which sometimes at least have the anthrax characters. (1) The Carbuncular Evrysipelas has been constantly con- founded in systematic veterinary works with intestinal fe- ver but is a distinct disease, being derivable from other anthrax patients and communicable to other genera of an- imals and to man, whereas hog-cholera is absolutely con- fined to swine. (2) Malignant Sore-throat. Pharyngeal Anthrax. This is perhaps the most frequent form of the disease in swine, often appearing to arise from eating the carcasses or excretions of other anthrax animals. There is active fever with redness and swelling of the throat, neck, breast and even the fore limbs. This is at first hard, elastic, warm and tender, but becomes purple, cool, insensible and pits on pressure. There is loss of appetite, retching, vom- iting, purple patches and black spots on the eyes, snout and skin, difficult breathing through the mouth, livid tongue, decreasing temperature, great weakness and death in one or two days. (3) In the guttural tumors the swelling is circumscribed to the size of a kidney-bean or egg, on one or both sides of the throat, extending to involve the throat generally, causing vomiting, difficult breathing and swallowing, the 4 38 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. gencral symptoms of anthrax, and death from suffocation often under twenty-four hours. It attacks pigs of five or six months. (E) Docs anp Cats. These suffer when they have eaten the carcasses of anthrax victims. The disease usually lo- calizes itself in the mouth, throat and digestive organs, giving rise to bloody vomiting and purging, with high fe- ver and often death. (F) Bmps—Suffer from the primary disease and more frequently from eating the debris of anthrax victims. In addition to the fever, characteristic swellings appear mainly on the comb, beak and feet. (G) Man. Malignant Pustule. There is itchiness of the affected part, with a minute red spot, increasing in twelve or fifteen hours to the size of a millet-seed, bursting and drying with a livid appearance in thirty-six hours. Next day a new crop of vesicles surround the seat of the first and pass through the same course to be succeeded by an- other and still wider ring. The whole is surrounded by a puffy, shining swelling, the central dry part passes through the shades of red, blue, brown and black, becomes gan- grenous and insensible and in case of recovery is sloughed off. At first the disease is quite local, but as it advances a violent fever sets in, which too often proves fatal. Malignant Anthrax without External Swellings. Apoplectic Form. In all animals there is a form in which the victim is cut off after a few minutes’ illness with or without discharge of blood from the natural openings of the body and before time has been allowed for any of those changes in the blood and internal organs which characterize the disease. These are often to be distin- guished from apoplectic seizures and sunstroke only by their occurrence simultaneously with other forms of an- thrax and in the same places. Anthrax Fever in Horses. Vigorous health is replaced by dullness, muscular weakness, stupor, hanging on the Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 39 halter, leaning on the side of the stall, if at work unsteady movement, colicky pains, lying down and rising, turning the head towards the flank. The hair is dry and erect, the hide tense, and may even crepitate on handling; it trembles or sweats about the ears, elbows or thighs. The eyes and nose assume a yellow or reddish or brownish- yellow tinge, with oftentimes dark red or black spots. The pulse is weak, the heart’s impulse behind the left elbow strong, breathing labored or quick and catching. A frothy, bloody fluid may appear at the nose. The bowels are costive, the dung covered with mucus, or loose with streaks of blood. The rectum, everted, is of a dark red and puffy. Great weakness comes on and the patient dies in convulsions or during the subsequent calm. Death usually occurs in twelve to twenty-four hours. Anthrax Fever in Oxen. Splenic Apoplexy. The patient ceases feeding and ruminating or does so irregularly, trembles, has partial sweats, staring coat, varying heat of the body, arched back, quarters rested on the stall or fence, or lies with the head turned to the flank. A high temperature (105° to 107°) precedes the outward symp- toms by hours or days. The eye is sunken, dull, watery with the shades of brown and yellow, and dark spots, re- marked in the horse; breathing hurried, heart’s action violent, pulse weak, loins and back tender or even crepi- tating, urine bloody, bloody liquids escape from nose, anus or eyes, and the dung is streaked with blood. As the disease advances the temperature of the body decreases and the patient dies in convulsions or quietude, or makes a rapid recovery. The fatal result usually takes place in from twelve to twenty-four hours. Anthrax Feverin Sheep. Blood-Striking. Braxy. Isvery promptly fatal, the dead and already foetid carcasses being usually found in the morning taough the flock was appar- ently wellat night. The black, tarry blood brightening very slowly on exposure, the enlarged spleen and mesenteric glands, the red, puffy, softened membrane of the bowels and * 40 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. the bloody and gelatinous exudations show the true nature of the disease. When seen during life there are signs of plethora, fever, red eyes, costiveness, bloody, mucous dung, bloody urine, colicky pains, unsteady gait, breath- lessness when driven, flattened fleece, deep-sunken eyes, stupor, convulsions and speedy death. Many cases of so- called braxy are not communicable to other animals, hence not genuine anthrax. Anthrax Fever in Swine. There are dullness, thirst, in- appetence, a tardy, unsteady gait, hot, pendent ears, drooping tail, deep, dull brownish-red eyes, hurried breathing, small pulse, violent heart’s action, and tense, tender abdomen. Nervous tremors, twitching or cramps come on, the body cools, bloody urine is passed and some- times bloody dung. Dark or black spots appear on the skin and mucous membranes, as in hug-cholera, and if the animal survives, these are sloughed off, often leaving sores If swelling appears externally it is often a herald of im- provement. Anthrax Fever in Birds. There is inappetence, ruffling of plumage, sinking of the head in the shoulders, foetid diarrhoea, drooping, trailing wings, tenderness to the touch, muscular weakness, unsteady walk, inability to perch, livid or black comb and wattles. Sometimes the feathers drop off and swellings appear about the head, throat or feet. Treatment of Malignant Anthrax. This is unsatisfactory owing to the rapidly fatal action of the poison. The first cases usually die, the later ones may often be treated with fair success. General Treatment. In very plethoric subjects bleeding may prove beneficial at the outset, but in advanced stages, in poor and weak subjects, and in those with feeble con- stitutions, like sheep, it is to be strongly condemned. Act on the bowels, kidneys and skin to eliminate the poison (sulphates of soda, or magnesia, acetate, nitrate, or tar- Contagious and [pizootic Diseases. 4] trate of potassa, common salt, oil of turpentine). Sponge with cold water and rub actively till dry. Rub with cam- phorated spirit or oil of turpentine. Give tonics (quinia, salacin, etc.,) antiseptics (mineral acids, nitro-muriatic acid, tincture of the muriate of iron, chlorate of potassa, carbolic acid, bisulphite of soda, tincture of iodine, iodide of potassium, bichromate of potassa). In the Genesee out- break of 1875, I had admirable results from the use of nitro-muriatic acid sixty drops, bichromate of potassa three grs., and chlorate of potassa two drachms, twice daily by the mouth, and two or three drachms of a saturated solution of sulphate of quinia, iodide of potassium and bi- sulphite of soda injected at equal intervals beneath the skin. Of fifty very sick oxen only four died. In the advanced and weak conditions stimulants (alco- hol, turpentine, ether, valerian, angelica, camphor, etc.,) are useful. Local Treatment. This is very successful with inocu- lated forms of the disease, (malignant pustule, boil-plague, gloss-anthrax, malignant sore-throat) if employed before the poison has passed into the system and produced fever. For these, free cauterization and especially with the anti- septic caustics (crystallized carbolic acid, the mineral acids, chloride of zine, chloride of iron, sulphate of iron or cop- per) is successful. But the whole diseased tissue must be reached, and in the case of the tongue the blisters must be first laid open and the agent applied in small quantity with a brush, or more freely in a diluted condition. In some external cases the hot iron is used with advantage. Such treatment may still be applied to circumscribed tumors ac- companied by the fever, being followed by poultices to en- courage suppuration. For extensive engorgements use astringents (cold water, vinegar, etc.,) weak antiseptic lotions, and, above all, in- jections with a hypodermic syringe of antiseptics (diluted tincture of iodine, diluted carbolic acid—1-100, etc.) The hypodermic treatment is equally applicable to the circum- 4* 42 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. seribed tumors, but we must saturate their whole sub- stance, otherwise absorption of the poison will lead to gen- eral disorder. Prevention. 1. Drain the soil thoroughly. 2. When a soil cannot be drained, soil the stock in-doors or on other pastures rather than graze them. 3. Remove the stock from pastures known to be dangerous as soon as summer heat and dryness of the soil favor malarious emanations, (late summer and autumn). 4. Shelter the stock at night and secure the shade of trees or sheds during the day, when, after a hot, dry season, there comes an extreme difference between the day and night temperature. 5. Secure abundance of pure water, avoiding such as is stag- nant or putrid. 6. Keep always in good thriving condi- tion, and avoid sudden accessions of plethora. Artificial feeding in dry times is often necessary to secure this, or in case of an over-luxuriant pasture, seclusion in a barn- yard for four or five hours a day. Sheep may be shut up on moonlight nights, to prevent feeding, in dangerous localities. 7. Overwork, exhaustion, close-aired build- ings, ill-health, or whatever tends to load the blood with waste matter should be avoided. 8. Exposed animals may have a little nitro-muriatic, sulphuric or carbolic acid daily in the water or food. 9. Diseased animals must be separated from the healthy. 10. Carcasses, secre- tions, dung, litter, etc., of diseased animals should be deeply buried or otherwise perfectly destroyed. Build- ings, yards, sheds, etc., occupied by the diseased should be thoroughly disinfected. Pastures should be aban- doned for that season, and graves fenced safely from tres- pass for two years. 11. None but the attendants should approach the diseased. 12. Before handling, cauterize all raw sores on hands or face with lunar caustic and wash the hands in a weak solution of carbolic acid both before and after. 13. Shut up all dogs, cats and pigeons. 14 Never allow the flesh or milk to pass into consumption. Contagious and Eipizootic Diseases. 43 GLANDERS AND FARCY. A specific febrile disorder originating in solipeds, and transmissible by contagion or inoculation to dogs, goats, sheep and men. Glanders is characterized by a peculiar deposit with ulceration, on the membrane of the nose, and in the lungs, etc., and farcy by deposits of the same material and ulcerations of the lymphatics of the skin. Hach has its acute and chronic form. The acute form usually results from inoculation, or in weak and worn-out systems. Besides the common cause—contagion, over- work, exhausting diseases, and impure air are especially injurious. Symptoms- of Acute Glanders. Languor, dry, staring coat, red, weeping eyes, impaired appetite, accelerated pulse and breathing, yellowish-red or purple streaks or patches in the nose, watery nasal discharge, with some- times painful dropsical swellings of the limbs or joints. Soon the nasal flow becomes yellow and sticky, causing the hairs and skin of the nostrils to adhere together, and upon the mucous membrane appear yellow elevations with red spots, passing on into erosions and deep ulcers of irregular form and varied color and with little or no tendency to heal. The lymphatic glands inside the lower jaw where the pulse is felt, become enlarged, hard and nodular, like a mass of peas or beans, and are occasion- ally firmly adherent to the skin, the tongue, or the jaw- bone. The lymphatics on the face often rise as firm cords. An occasional cough is heard and auscultation dutects crepitation or wheezing in the chest. The ulcers increase in number and depth, often invading the gristle or even the bone, the glands also enlarge but remain hard and nodular, the discharge becomes bloody, fcetid and so abundant and tenacious as to threaten or accomplish suf- focation, and the animal perishes in the greatest distress. Symptoms of Chronic Glanders. This is characterized by the same unhealthy deposits and ulcers in the nose, varying extremely in size and number, often indeed situ- 44 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. ated too high to be seen; by the same viscid discharge, but usually much less tenacious than in the acute form ; by the same hard, comparatively insensible nodular glands on the inner side of the jaw-bone; and a cough, which, however, is much more rare. Excepting at the very out- set, the animal usually appears to be in the best of health, with the apparently insignificant drawback of the nasal discharge, and hence he is often kept and used till he con- taminates a number of horses or even men. The case is easily recognized unless where the ulcers are invisible or the enlarged glands removed. It is sometimes needful to inoculate a useless animal to decide as to the nature of the malady. It usually proves fatal to the inoculated animal in about ten days. Symptoms of Acute Farcy. The premonitory symp- toms resemble those of acute glanders, of which it is but another manifestation. The local symptoms consist in thickening of the lymphatic vessels, which feel like stout cords, painful to pressure ; and the formation of rounded inflammatory swellings (farcy-buds) along the course of these corded lymphatics. There follow ulceration of these buds, raw sores, discharging a glairy, unhealthy pus, and dropsical engorgement of the limb or other part affected. It is usually seen to follow the line of the veins on the inner side of the hind or fore imb, but may appear on any part. The cording usually extends from the feet toward the body, and is most likely to be confounded with lym- phangitis in which the swelling begins high up in the groin. It usually proves fatal, becoming complicated with glanders before death. Symptoms of Chronic Farcy. This may follow the acute form or come on insidiously. First there is some swelling of a fetlock, usually a hind one, and a round, hard, nut-like mass may be felt which gradually softens, bursts and dis- charges the characteristic serous or glairy matter. The lymphatics leading up from it meanwhile become corded, and farcy-buds appear along their course. Or the round, Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 45 pea-like buds appear first on the inner side of the hock, or on some other part of the body, soften, burst and dis- charge before any cording of the lymphatics can be felt. By-and-by, dropsical swellings appear in the limbs and elsewhere, at first soft and removable by exercise, later, hard and permanent. Sometimes the farcy-buds fail to soften but remain hard and indolent for months. Glanders in the dog is a comparatively mild affection, but as deadly if it is conveyed back to the horse or to man. Glanders in man presents the same general symp- toms as in the horse, and need not be further described. Treatment of Glanders. The acute disease is fatal. The chronic form occasionally appears to recover, though more commonly the symptoms are covered up to reappear whenever the animal is put to hardwork. The treatment ot glanders in all its forms and of acute farcy with open sores should be legally prohibited because of the danger to man as well as animals. For glanders the most successful agents have been ar- seniate of strychnia (5 grs.), bisulphite of soda (2 drs.), biniodide of copper (1 dr.), cantharides (5 grs.) with veg- etable tonics, sulphate of copper (6 drs. in mucilage), sul- phate of iron (4 drs.), chloride of barium, copaiva, cubebs, ete. Pure air and rich food are perhaps even more important. To the nose may be applied sulphur fumes, fumes of burning tar, carbolic acid solution in spray, etc. The enlarged glands may be treated with as- tringent solutions, and later with iodine injections, or may even be excised with the knife. Treatment of Chronic Farcy. Active local inflammation may demand purgatives (aloes), diuretics (iodide of potas- sium) with warm fomentations or astringent lotions, exer- cise and a soft non-stimulating diet. In the absence of such indication use the tonics advised for glanders, choos- ing in the order named. The corded lymphatics and un- broken farey-buds may be blistered or rubbed with iodine or mercurial ointment. The raw sores should be treated 46 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. with caustics (carbolic acid, nitrate of silver, corrosive: sublimate, chloride of zinc, or even the hot iron). Use iodine, diuretics, exercise, rubbing, etc., to reduce the swelling, and feed liberally. Prevention. 1. Destroy all glandered horses, and all with acute farcy and open sores, and bury deeply. 2. There should be a high penalty attached to the exposing of glandered horses in public places. 8. Suspected ani- mals should be secluded under veterinary supervision un til they can be pronounced sound, or destroyed. 4. The stable, manure, litter, harness, clothing, utensils, etc., with which the diseased has come in contact should be thor- oughly disinfected. 5. Neither strange animals nor men should be admitted, and attendants should disinfect before leaving. 6. Horses should be protected as far as possible from exhausting work, chronic wearing-out affections and above all impure and rebreathed air. VENEREAL DISEASE OF SOLIPEDS. This is a curious disease of unknown origin, existing in Arabia, North Africa and Continental Europe, bearing a strong resemblance in many points to Syphilis, and pro- pagated by copulation. I name it here because of the probability of its importation with European or Arabian horses. Symptoms. From one to ten days after copulation, or in the stallion sometimes after some weeks, there is irri- tation, swelling, and a livid redness of the external organs of generation, (in stallions the penis may shrink) followed by unhealthy ulcers which appear in successive crops, of- ten with considerable interval. In mares these are near the clitoris, which is frequently erected, with switching and rubbing of the tail; in horses on the penis and sheath. In the milder forms there is little constitutional disturb- ance and the patients recover in a time varying from a fortnight to two months. In the severe forms the local swelling increases by intermittent steps. The vulva is the Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. Aq seat of a deep violet congestion and extensive ulceration, pustules appear on the perineum, tail and between the thighs, the lips of the vulva are parted, exposing the irreg- ular, nodular, puckered, ulcerated and lardaceous-looking mucous membrane, abortion ensues, with emaciation, lame- ness, paralysis and death after a wretched existence of five months to two years. In horses swelling of the sheath may be the only symptom for a year, then there may follow dark spots of extravasated blood, or swellings of the penis, the testicles may swell, a dropsical engorgement extends forward beneath the abdomen and chest, the lymphatic glands in different parts of the body may swell, pustules and ulcers appear on the skin, the eyes and nose run, a weakness and vacillating movement of the hind limbs gradually increases to paralysis, and in a period varying from three months to three years death puts an end to the suffering. It is needless to speak of treatment. Should this dis- ease ever reach America it ought to be stamped out at once as its insidious nature would enable it to spread to the great destruction of stock. TUBERCULOSIS. CONSUMPTION. PINING. This is a hereditary constitutional affection, character- ized by a specific deposit of cells, large and small, in a special network, but without blood-vessels. It is situated by preference in the groups of lymphatic glands, or in the microscopic gland-like tissue of the different organs, and may be seen in all stages from the simple redness and con- gestion in which the deposit is only commencing, through ‘the solid grayish tubercle to the soft yellowish, cheese-like mass resulting from the softening of the latter. There are also the open cavities (vomice) resulting from their rup- ture and the discharge of the tuberculous matter, and chalky masses from the deposit of earthy salts within them. They may be no larger individually than a millet- seed (miliary tuberculosis), or in the chest of cattle one 48 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. may measure a foot long and five or six inches in thickness, They are most common in cattle, especially heavy milkers, with long legs, narrow chest, attenuated neck and ears, and horns set near together. Sheep and swine with a corresponding conformation are next in order of liability, while horses, dogs and fowls are comparatively exempt. Oft-repeated experiment has shown that tubercle is com- municable to healthy animals by inoculation, or by eating the raw, diseased product, and that it is superinduced in any predisposed individual by setting up a local inflamma- tion. It has also been transmitted by the warm, fresh milk, but probably only when the disease has invaded the mammary glands; in many experiments, including those conducted by the author, the milk has proved harmless. Close, badly-aired buildings (as town cow-sheds) are among the most prolific causes of the disease, as are also changes to a colder climate, to a cold, exposed locality, or from a dry to a low, damp, undrained region. Finally, any cause which tends to wear out the general health tends to tuber- culosis in a predisposed subject. Tubercles may be developed in any part of the body as the lungs, their serous covering, the membrane supporting the bowels, the coats of the intestines, the throat, the spleen, the liver, the pancreas, the ovaries, the kidneys, the bones, especially the ends of long bones, and in rare cases, the muscles and connective tissue. Symptoms vary according to the seat of the deposit, yet there is a constitutional condition common to all, and the lungs are almost always involved in the later stages, giving rise to a great similarity of symptoms. The disease may be acute but is usually chronic. The onset is insidious and easily overlooked, tubercles being often found in ani- mals killed in prime condition, and I have seen them in parturition fever, which is always attributed to plethora. ‘There is some dullness, loss of vivacity, tenderness of the withers, back and loins, and of the walls of the chest, oc- casional dryness of the nose, heat of the horns and ears, Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 49 want of pliancy in the skin, slightly increased tempera- ture (102°), weak, accelerated pulse, mawkish breath, stiff- ness of the limbs, wandering perhaps from one to another, slight, infrequent, dry cough, and blue, watery milk, often abundant but with cheesy matter, fat and sugar decreased and soda and potassa in excess. The lymphatic glands about the throat are often manifestly enlarged. Swellings of the joints may appear, or a murmur harsher than natu- rai may be heard over the lower end of the windpipe or in the chest. With deposits in the abdomen and especially in or near the ovaries of cows the desire for the male is often constant (bullers) though conception and the completion of gestation are usually impossible. Working oxen are easily overdone and become visibly emaciated from day to day. As the disease advances the eyes sink in their sockets and lose all animation, the skin is hidebound, harsh, dry and seurfy, the hair dull, dry and erect, the membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth of a pale, yellow, bloodless aspect, though often streaked with pink vessels, a whitish discharge often takes place from the nose, and with it an increased repulsiveness and often distinct foetor of the breath ; if the bowels are involved scouring is common, and if the bones, swelling and lameness increase. Tixhaustion with profuse perspiration and labored breath - ing occur on the slightest exertion, the appetite fails, tym- pany follows each meal, and the milk is at once poorer and lessened in quantity. The cough increases, becomes rattling, the discharge profuse, foetid, mixed with cheesy- like or chalky particles, crepitating, wheezing, gurgling and other abnormal noises are heard in the chest, and "percussion shows dullness in particular parts with winc- ing. All of the symptoms become steadily aggravated and the animal usually perishes from the difficulty of re- spiration or the profuse foetid diarrhoea. In cases affect- ing the bones, the patient may be unable to stand and the bony prominences may make their way through the skin or even crumble under the pressure thrown upon 5 50 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. them. If the tubercle is deposited in liver, pancreas oy kidneys, there are symptoms of disease of these respec- tive organs. Recoveries sometimes ensue in connection with healing of vomice or calcification of the tubercles in strong sub- jects, but more frequently the disease progresses to a fatal issue. Treatment. This is unsatisfactory as being rarely suc- cessful and even then in preserving an animal which is dangerous as a breeder for producing a progeny predis- posed to this disease, and for slaughter and dairy pur- poses as possibly conveying the malady to man. The most promising course is to secure dry, pure air, sunshine, a genial temperature, rich and easily digestible food, containing abundance of fat, (linseed, corn, beans, peas, potatoes,) a course of tonics, (linseed or cod-liver oil in small doses, sulphate of iron, hypophosphite of iron, quinia, gentian, etc.,) and antiseptics, (fumes of burning sulphur, bisulphite of soda, sulpho-carbolate of iron, etc.) Prevention. This would include drainage, shelter of pastures by trees, avoidance of changes to cold or damp localities, a warm, sunny location for farm buildings, suit- able feeding and watering, the prevention and cure of all debilitating, and especially chronic diseases, protection against overwork, or excessive secretion of milk on a stimulating but insufficiently nutritious diet, securing young, undeveloped animals against breeding and milking at the same time, rejection of tuberculous subjects from breeding, the prompt removal of all such animals from pastures or buildings used for the healthy, and the thor- ough disinfection of all places where they have been kept The flesh and milk of tuberculous animals are always to be viewed with suspicion, but this poison, like others, can be destroyed by the most thorough cooking. CHAPTER IL. PARASITES. Parasites—their numbers. Tapeworms. Tzenia Coenurus. Ccenurus Cer- elralis and their effects, Staggers, Turnsick, Gid, Sturdy, Water-brain in calves and lambs. Tenia Echinococcus, Echinococcus Veterinorum (Hom- inis), Echinococcus disease. Tzenia Solium. Cysticercus Cellulosa, Para- sitic measles in swine. Teenia Mediocanellata, Cysticercus Mediocanellata, Parasitic Measles in cattle. Tzenia Expansa, tapeworm in shecp and cattle. Lard Worm, Kidney Worm of hogs. Eustrongylus Gigas, Kidney Worm. Trichina Spiralis, Trichinosis. PARASITES. The domestic animals harbor no less than two hundred species of parasites which will be found treated in the au- thor’s larger work, but the limits of the present book will restrict us to a few of the more injurious. For convenience of reference most of these are noticed in connection with the organs (skin, bowels, liver, air-passages,) which they infest, and here we will only name such as having a more general diffusion through the body cannot well be referred to any one organ. TAPE-WORMS. These are flat-bodied worms made up of small segments joined end to end, and when full grown varying in length from one inch to one hundred feet. The narrow end ter- minates in a small globular head furnished with circular sucking discs, and a proboscis usually encircled by one or more rows of hooklets. From the other end the ripe seg- ments are continually detached and expelled from the body, and may be recognized as little, white, flattened, 52 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. oblong objects progressing over soil and vegetables by a worm-like movement, and depositing an endless number of microscopic eggs with which they are literally filled. Some tape-worms are estimated to lay as many as 25,000,- 000 eggs. Taken with the food or water into the body of a suitable host these eggs open and set free an ovoid six- hooked embryo, which bores its way through the tissues until it reaches that organ or tissue which is the natural habitat of its species in the young or larval state and there encysts itself. It may survive indefinitely or even die in this situation or if its host is eaten by a carnivorous ani- mal it may develop in its bowels into a mature tape-worm and reproduce its species as before. Fortunately nearly all the eggs perish from failing to be taken into the body of a suitable animal in which they can develop into the cystic form, or this peril escaped, because the first animal host is not devoured by the right species of animal in which the young cystic worm can grow into its mature tape-worm form. But from the enormous fecundity of these tape-worms in eggs it is manifest that there may be scarcely any limit to their increase when the different ani- mals which form their hosts in the cystic and mature con- dition abound together in the same locality. STAGGERS. TURN-SICK. GID. STURDY. WATER-BRAIN IN LAMBS AND CALVES. The Tenia Ceenwrus of the bowels of the dog, a tape- worm of one to three feet long, has its cystic form—Cenu- rus Cerebralis—in the brain and spinal cord of sheep and cattle, giving rise to nervous disease, varying much in character according to the exact site of the cyst. Symptoms. Great nervousness and fear without appar- ent cause, or dullness, stupor and aberration of the senses, and disorderly muscular movements. The sheep is found apart from the flock with red eyes, dilated pupils, blindness and unsteady gait, but with a tendency to move restlessly in one direction. Left to itself, it neglects to Parasites. 53 eat or drink and wastes daily. But, if well-fed and ex- citement avoided, it may even gain flesh. If the cyst is situated on one side of the brain, the lamb turns to that side, moving in a circle and making a beaten track. The limbs on the opposite side of the body act in a disorderly manner, being partially paralyzed. If there is one on each side of the brain, the sheep will turn to one side or the other, according to the relative activity of the para- sites at any given moment. When the cyst is directly in the median line, the sheep elevates its nose and advances in a straight line until stopped by some obstruction. When located in +he back part of the brain, (cerebellum), Fig. 1. Fig. 1—Ccenurus Cerebralis. Showing the sac with its many heads (re- duced). Also a single head magnified. the host lifts its limbs in a jerking, uncertain manner, sets them down in a hesitating way, stumbles perpetually, falls and struggles for some time ineffectually in its efforts to rise. If situated in the spinal cord, difficult breathing and paralysis are marked symptoms. The disorders are often extreme at first, and afterwards undergo a temporary im- provement, the rémissions and aggravations being proba- bly due to the varying activity of the parasite at different periods. Simple tumors, maintaining a steadily increasing pressure rarely give rise to such intermittent symptoms. The ccenurus mostly affects sheep under two years old 5* 54 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. and those that are out of condition. Yet the finest ani- mals, kept for show, will sometimes suffer. So it is in cattle, the young, weak and ill-thriven are the most ex- posed, but all may suffer. For the same reason, poor, damp and exposed localities suffer more than the rich, dry and sheltered. Prevention. Destroy the dogs, or, if they must be kept, deny them sheep’s heads until cooked. Examine them at frequent intervals and expel all tape-worms by vermifuges, (oil of turpentine, male-fern, kousso, areca nut, etc.) Keep the young sheep at all times in good, thriving con- dition. Drain all wet pastures, shelter exposed ones. Treatment. In rare cases, spontaneous recovery may follow rupture of the cyst in connection with a blow on the head or a fall. Hogg passed a long knitting wire through the nose into the brain, and Youatt advises a small trocar for the same purpose. But the cyst is more easily punctured and extracted through the upper part of the skull. In advanced cases, the internal pressure of the cyst has sometimes caused absorption of the bones and the formation of a soft spot on the upper part of the skull. This should be laid open with a sharp lancet or penknife, just enough to introduce a trocar and cannula one-eighth inch in diameter, through which the liquid may escape slowly. The animal may be turned on its back to complete the evacuation, but held firmly so that no struggling can take place. As the cyst is emptied, a membrane will be found projecting through it, and should be slowly drawn out. This is the parasitic cyst, and from its inner surface will be found projecting one hundred to two hundred little elevations like pin-heads, each representing the head of a tape-worm and being ca- pable of development into the mature parasite if swal- lowed by a dog. The wound should be covered with a pitch plaster and a leather hood, and the patient placed in a dark, quiet, secluded box, on soft, laxative diet for a week. Parasites. 55 If the bones are not softened the point to be perforated must be ascertained from the symptoms. If the sheep turns to one side, open a little in front of the correspond- ing ear and about half an inch from the median line of the skull. Ifthe head is elevated and the walk straight forward without much terror or disorderly movement, open at the same level but in the median line. 1f there is awk- ward, hesitating movement, much terror, flurry and stumbling, open in the median line further back. A flap of skin is to be dissected up from the bone, large enough to admit a trephine one-eighth inch in diameter (in an emergency a gimlet will do) with which the bone is to be perforated. After this the cannula and trochar is used as above advised. If more than one cyst should be present the operation may require repetition, and with care recoveries often ensue. ECHINOCOCCUS DISEASE. The Tenia EL hinococcus, a tapeworm of the dog, not ex- Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 3—Portion of cyst and heads of Echinococcus. ceeding one inch in length, lives in its cystic form as 56 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Echinococcus (E. Hominis, E. Veterinorum), in the most varied internal organs of men and animals. As the cystic form of this parasite has the power of increasing its num- bers almost indefinitely, and growing into enormous mul- tilocular cysts, it becomes extremely injurious and even deadly to its brute, and, above all, to its human victims, One-sixth of the human mortality in Iceland has been at- tributed to this parasite, and a fatal case in a child has re- cently come under my notice in Tompkins Co.,N.Y. Many of the cysts of water found in the liver and other internal organs of the domestic animals are specimens of echino- corcus, and that they are not more frequently fatal may be attributed largely to the shortness of the lives of animals raised for slaughter. They may inhabit almost any organ (liver, lungs, spleen, abdominal walls, kidneys, brain, eye, etc.,) and the symptoms will vary accordingly. Treatment. Spontaneous recovery may take place from death or rupture of the sac. Otherwise the true nature of these fluctuating tumors can rarely be recognized, but if they should, they may be punctured with a very fine needle-shaped nozzle, the liquid evacuated with a syringe, and compound tincture of iodine injected into the sac. Prevention. Destroy all superfluous dogs. Keep others from slaughter-houses and deny raw flesh and especially offal. Examine frequently and if segments of tape-worm are passed, clear them away with vermifuges (see gid). Burn the dung of all dogs suffering from tape-worms, the contents of evacuated hydatids and all offal containing cysts. MEASLES IN SWINE. The bladder-worm of pork, (Cysticercus Cellulosa, Fig. Parasites. 52 5), is the immature form of a tape-worm of man, ( Tvenia solium), and is only caused by pigs having access to hu- Fig. 5. Fig. 5—Cysticercus Cellulosa, magnified. man excrement, or to places near privies, etc., from which the segments of the human tape-worm may travel. The cysts, respectively about the size of a grain of barley, are found in the muscles, in the loose connective tissue be- tween them and under the skin, in the serous membranes, in the eye, under the tongue, in the brain, etc., of swine. They are also found in this undeveloped form in the mus- cles, brain, etc., of man, causing disease and death. To man the parasite is usually conveyed by eating under- done pork, or in the cystic form he receives it as the egg in his food (salads, etc.,) and water. Symptoms. In pigs the cysts can usually be seen under the tongue or in the eye. In man there are the general symptoms of intestinal worms and the passage of the ripe segments. Other symptoms may attend the presence of the cysts according to the organ which they invade. Thus when passing into the muscles there are pains and stiffness resembling rheumatism, when into the brain, coma, stupor, imbecility, delirium, but when they have once become en- cysted they may continue thus indefinitely without further injury. Treatment. The cysts scattered through the body are beyond the reach of medicine. Prevention. Human beings harboring tape-worms should be compelled to take measures to expel them. Their stools should be burned or treated with strong mineral acids. Swine should be kept far apart from all deposits of human excrement; no such manure should be used as a top-dress- 58 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. ing on pastures open to swine, or on land (market gardens, orchards, etc.,) devoted to the raising of vegetables to be eaten raw. Avoid raw meat, especially pork, even if salted and smoked, and underdone meat and sausages, also well-water from gravelly soils in the vicinity of habi- tations. MEASLES IN CATTLE. This consists in the presence in the muscles of cattle, especially young ones, of a cystic parasite two to four lines in length, ( Cysticercus Mediocanellata) which as a mature tape-worm (Tenia Mediocanellata) inhabits the human Fig. 6. Fig. 6—Head of Tzenia Mediocanellata, magnitied. bowels. When the eggs were given experimentally to calves they caused stiffness, wasting and death in three weeks. Or improvement began at the end of a fortnight and ter- minated in apparent recovery, the live cysts of course re- maining in the muscles and ready to develop into their adult form when eaten by man. Under prevention and treatment might be repeated what is stated under measles of swine, merely substituting the word cattle for pigs. The current practice of eating raw beef ham is especially reprehensible. TAPE-WORM OF SHEEP AND CATTLE. Tenia Expansa is the name of this worm, which causes great loss in some localities in America, as well as in Aus- tralia, Germany, etc. Its cystic form is unknown, there- fore we can only check its increase by watching what Parasites. 59 sheep pass the ripe, detached segments, shutting them up, expelling the worm by vermifuges (oil of turpentine in milk, male-fern, etc.,) and burning both it and the sheep’s droppings. LARD-WORM OF THE HOG. This worm (Stephanurus Dentatus) is from one to one and Fig. 7. Tig. 7—Stephanurus Dentatus ; a, male; d, female; ¢, head, magnified. Ver- rill, three-fourths inches long by one-thirteenth inch broad, and is found in almost all parts of the body of swine. It Fig. 8. Fig. 8—Eustrongylus Gigas. Cuvier. is frequent in the liver, kidney and the fat about the spare- > 60 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. rib, but has been found in the air-passages, the heart, the veins, the mesentery and elsewhere. In many cases no impairment of the health is observed. But irritation of important organs like the kidney or liver may lead to weak- ness of the hind parts, diarrhcea, or even blood-poisoning and sudden death. It seems not improbable that the at- tacks of this worm in the liver may produce a disorder which is confounded with Hog Cholera. Its presence in the kidney may sometimes be recognized by the existence of microscopic eggs in the urine. The same results from another worm—Lustrongylus Gigas. But without the ob- servation of such eggs weakness of the hind parts cannot be ascribed to the kidney-worm. Treatment is unsatisfactory. Small doses of salt and oil of turpentine may be given with no great hope of success. The favorite dose of arsenic only escapes killing the hog because he rejects it all by vomiting. If beneficial at all it must be in small doses, one-eighth to one-sixth grain, so that it may be taken up into the system. Prevention is to be sought by keeping the healthy and diseased apart, and especially by raising young pigs apart from the ground occupied by the old. TRICHINA SPIRALIS. This worm, which is capable of being reared in all the domestic animals, is especially common in man, the hog Fig. 9. Fig. 9—Adult Intestinal Trichina Spiralis, magnified. and the rat. Trichine are almost microscopic, vary- Parasites. 61 ing from one-eighteenth to one-sixth inch in length, yet they are among the most deadly worms known. The ma- ture and fertile worm lives in the intestines of animals, the immature in minute cystsin the muscle. The latter can only Fig. 10. Fig. 10—Muscle Trichina encysted, magnified. reach maturity and reproduce their kind when the animal which they infest is devoured by another and they are set free by the digestion of their cysts. When thus introduced into the bowels they grow and propagate their kind, giy- ing rise to much irritation for the first fortnight, diarrhea, enteritis or peritonitis. The symptoms caused by their bor- ing through the bowels and into the muscles last from the eighth to the fiftieth day. There are violent muscular pains like rheumatism but not affecting the joints, a stiff, semiflexed condition of the limbs and sometimes swellings on the skin. In man the affection is often mistaken for rheumatism or typhoid fever, in the lower animals the symptoms are usually less marked but are the same in kind. There are loss of appetite, indisposition to move, pain when handled and stiffness behind. If the patient sur- vives six weeks recovery may be expected because the worms no longer irritate after becoming encysted in the niuscle. Treatment. In the first six weeks, but especially for the first fortnight, use laxatives and vermifuges. Glycerine, benzine, Duippel’s animal oil, chloroform, alcohol and pic- ric acid are fatal to them in about the order named. Prevention. Never eat underdone meat. Trichina sur- i . 62 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. vive 140° F. Hams thoroughly smoked are safe. Slightly- smoked hams and those steeped in creosote or carbolic acid are most dangerous. Pigs should not be kept near slaughter-houses and especially should the waste of these places be forbidden them. Such hog-pens, indeed all pig- geries, should be kept scrupulously clean and clear of rats and mice. Thecarcasses of swine fed near slaughter-houses or where rats abound should be subjected to a thorough microscopic examination before passing into consumption. Whenever a case of trichinosis occurs in a human subject the pork should be traced to its source if possible, and the pigs reared in the same place killed and subjected to pro- longed boiling. The rats and mice should be eradicated and the hog-pens and manure burned. CHAPTER III. DIETETIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. Ergotism. Goitre. Rheumatism. Acute Anasarca. Purpura Hemor- rhagica. Anzemia. ERGOTISM. From time immemorial animals and men have suffered from eating the cereal grains which have been attacked with ergot. This was especially the case when agriculture was in its infancy, for then a damp, cloudy season would cause this affection to spread after the manner of a plague. The same holds still to a less extent, and in the New World as well as the Old. Not only the ergot but even the smut of maize will bring about untoward effects. These results may be divided into three categories according as the poison acts on the brain producing convulsions, paraly- sis or profound lethargy ; on the womb tending to abortion ; or on the extremities causing dry ganqrene. Symptoms of the Nervous Form. Unsteady gait, a great tendency to lie down and to remain in a torpid state little conscious of what is passing around, loss of lustre of hair or feathers, coldness of skin, dilatation of the pupils of the eyes, and dullness of the special senses mark the early stages. This may go on to paralysis or deep lethargy without any active nervous excitement. Or paroxysms supervene, during which the special senses become more acute, the animal very excitable, and twitching of the mus- cles or spasms like those of lockjaw or epilepsy convulse the patient. Then there is a relapse into the former stupor and drowsiness, with palsy of the hind limbs or knuckling 64 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. forward at the fetlocks. Death may ensue in a few hours or days, or the affection may become chronic, the patient remaining with variable appetite, but getting no good of his food, with spasms of the pharynx, vomiting or diar- rhoea. He usually passes off in a convulsion. Symptoms of the Abortion Form co not differ from those af wbortion from other causes. (See Abortion). Symptoms of the Gangrenous Form. Nervous symptoms may or may not usher in the disease. Then follow swell- ing, heat and tenderness of the extremities, usually the hind feet but sometimes the fore, or the tail, ears or roots of the horns. Lameness usually first draws attention to this condition. Soon the extremity becomes cold, insen- sible, of a deep brownish-red appearance and dry, hard or almost horny. The swelling, heat and tenderness persist higher up, but the lower part is dead including even the bone up to a given point, At this level a red, circular crack appears in the skin separating the dead from the living, and if the patient should survive long enough the whole gangrenous part drops off. It usually occurs in winter from the dry hay fodder but is distinguished from frost-bite by implicating the deep as well as the superficial parts and attacking the feet in pref- erence to the more exposed tail and ears. Treatment is only successful in the mildest cases, and the earliest stages. Change to wholesome diet, including plenty of roots or potatoes. Clear offensive matter from the bowels by laxatives, and give tonics (cinchona, gen- tian,) stimulants (ammonia, valerian, angelica, musk,) and antispasmodics (opium, chloral-hydrate, chloroform, or nitrite of amyle). Use soft, warm poultices containing camphor. Prevention. Ergoted hay, known by the black, spur-like growths out of the husks, should be withheld, or fed only in limited quantity in conjunction with roots and potatoes. Be careful in selecting seed clear of ergot. Seed may be protected to a large extent by sprinkling with a strong Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases. 65 solution of blue-stone or bisulphite of soda before sowing, and drying with quicklime. Contaminated soil should be used for other crops. Drainage, and cpen sunshine are conducive to healthy growth. Hay from affected pastures must be cut early, before it has run to seed. GOITRE. This is a diseased enlargement of the thyroid body, sit- uated beneath the throat, and is common in animals and in man wherever the water is charged with the products of magnesian-limestone. Hence, its frequency on the limestone formations of New York and Pennsylvania. Weakness, from any disease, poor feeding, abuse, over- work, etc., aggravates the affection. In solipeds there are two distinct swellings, one on each side, but in other animals and, above all, in swine, the swelling is single and in the median line. At first it is soft and even doughy, but afterwards it is firm, tense and resistant, and if cut into may even be gritty. In lambs it may form a great en- gorgement from the jaw to the breast-bone, and the whole produce of the year may be still-born or die soon after birth. Treatment. Give rain-water and use iodine freely, both internally, on an empty stomach, and over the swell- ing. Persist in this for months. Weak solutions of iodine may be thrown into the tumor by a hypodermic syringe, or the nutrient blood-vessels may be tied. The destruction of lambs by goitre may be obviated by giving the ewes rain-water, good feeding and plenty of ex- ercise in the open air during the winter. RHEUMATISM. This is a peculiar form of inflammation attacking the fibrous structures of the body (muscles, tendons, joints, burse, etc.,) and dependent on a constitutional predispo- sition transmitted from parent to offspring. It often shifts from place to place, rarely results in suppuration, Ce 66 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. and shows a great tendency to implicate fatally the valves and other fibrous structures of the heart. Besides the constitutional predisposition, it owes its development to accessory causes, such as cold and wet, cold draughts, and disorders, especially those of the digestive or respiratory organs which load the blood with abnormal and probably acid elements. Symptoms. Acute Form. Dullness, languor or indispo- sition to move is followed by extreme lameness in one or more limbs, and heat, swelling and tenderness of a joint, tendon or group of muscles. If this tenderness moves from joint to joint or muscle to muscle it is very charac- teristic. The swelling is at first soft and afterward hard and resistant ; it may fluctuate from excess of synovia in a joint, but rarely from the formation of matter. With the onset of the inflammation comes active fever, with full, hard pulse, increased temperature, hot, clammy mouth, dry muzzle, hurried breathing, costiveness, and scanty, high-colored urine, sometimes with a neutral or even acid reaction. Cattle often remain down and refuse to rise. If the disease extends to the heart, the pulse has a sharp, often intermittent or irregular beat, and one or other of the heart sounds may be accompanied by a hissing or sighing murmur. (See diseases of the heart.) Chronic Form. This resembles the acute, excepting that it is less severe, usually unattended by fever, and may even appear only on exposure, and disappear in the warm sunshine. It is liable to induce fibrous and even bony en- largements, and in cattle suppuration, especially about the joints, and in such cases the disease is more stable and less inclined to shift from place to place. Treatment. Give a laxative (horse, aloes; ox or sheep, Epsom salts; pig or dog, castor oil,) with anodynes (opium) if pain is extreme, and follow up with alkalies (bicarbonate of potassa or soda; acetate of potassa or ammcnia ; cream of tartar,) and diuretics (coichicum, mu- riate of ammonia, nitrate of potassa). Sudorifics (hot Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases. 67 room; warm clothing; rugs wrung out of boiling water closely applied to the skin and covered with dry ; bags of dry grain, bran or sand ; rubbing with hot smoothing-irons over a thin covering; hot air or steam baths; aconite; acetate of ammonia; guarana, etc.,) are in the highest de- gree beneficial. Some agents, like propylamine and muri- ate of iron, have “been very serviceable in certain hands. Local treatment consists in the application of warmth, etc., as above indicated, and also blisters (strong aqua ammonia and olive oil) which may be applied several times a day and the inflammation followed up as it re- cedes from structure to structure. ACUTE ANASARCA. PURPURA HASMORRHAGICA, The affection to be described here is altogether different in its nature from the dropsies which result from obstruc- tion of veins, in phlebitis, or because of pressure by a dis- eased structure, as also from those dependent on suppres- sion of the secretion of urine, on heart-disease or a watery state of the blood with deficiency of blood globules. It is not at all inflammatory nor of the nature of malignant an- thrax as is generally assumed. It is exceedingly common after influenza and other affections of the respiratory organs, in ill-ventilated stables where animals are compelled to use rebreathed air, and in very open, cold barns where they are liable to be chilled after being heated at work. Sud- den excessive lowering of temperature or exposure to cold rain or wind storms, especially when hot and perspiring, are efficient causes by reason of the sudden check to the secretions of the skin. The disease is much more fre- quent under the extreme vicissitudes of temperature of the Northern States than in the more equable climate of the British Isles. Symptoms. The disease is manifested abruptly by ap- pearance of tense, painful, rounded or diffuse swellings on the nose, lips, face, neck, inner sides of the limbs, belly or indeed anywhere over the body. These tend to enlarge, 68 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. to run together and to gravitate downwards into the limbs and the lower parts of the trunk, where they form extend- ed, tolerably smooth swellings, pitting on pressure and subsiding abruptly into the sound skin at their upper mar- gins. The membrane lining the nose usually shows dark blood spots and patches, ineffaceable by pressure, even at this early stage, sometimes indeed before any swelling of the skin, but always asthe disease advances. Similarspotsmay be seen on the skins of white animals. The urine is usu- ally dense, thick, ammoniacal and often brownish-red. Shivering often marks the period of effusion but there is at first little change of pulse, temperature, breathing or appetite. As the swellings increase, the animal becomes unable to see, to eat, or even to move, almost, and breath- ing may be carried on only with the greatest difficulty, through the swollen and closed nostrils. Transverse cracks and yellowish liquid oozing, appear in the bends of the joints; little blisters with yellowish or bloody con- tents rise, especially in the hollow of the heel behind the pastern, and, bursting, continue to discharge. Yellowish serum or dark blood may ooze from the general surface of the swelling; patches of skin die, drop off and leave un- healthy, weak sores with a serous discharge; the exuda- tions may even soften the muscles, and loosen and detach the tendons from the bones leading to turning up of the toe or other distortions. Sometimes the superficial swell- ings suddenly subside, and unless a critical diarrhcea or diuresis occurs, serous infiltration of some internal organ like the lungs or bowels is apt to ensue, cutting off the pa- tient suddenly, with great oppression of breathing or vio- lent and persistent colicky pains, and, at times, a bloody foetid diarrhcea. The symptoms and dangers vary with the seat of the effusion. The result is most favorable when this is under the skin, the main danger then being from suffocation, ex- tensive death and sloughing of skin, and softening and de- tachment of tendons and ligaments. Unless improvement Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases. 69 is shown by the third or fourth day the disease will usually last over twelve or fourteen days, and the resulting sores even for months. Prevention. Keep in strong, vigorous health, and avoid the various causes (exposure, etc.,) known to precipitate the malady. Drainage of damp localities is not without its influence. Lastly, avoid weakening treatment in dis- eases of the respiratory organs, especially such as are at- tended with a low type of fever like influenza, and, above all, avoid exercising such animals to fatigue, or exposing to inclement weather. Treatment. Give a mild laxative (olive oil, linseed oil, aloes,) and follow up by diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, oil of turpentine, buchu, nitrate of potassa,) carefully gradua- ted in amount to the strength of the patient, and use freely agents calculated to increase the viscidity of the blood (tincture of muriate of iron 1 dr., chlorate of potassa 2 to 4 dr., bichromate of potassa 1 grain,) with bitter tonics (quinia, cascarilla, camomile,) and, if necessary to moderate suffering, anodynes (belladonna) or in very pros- trate conditions stimulants (alcoholic liquors, oil of tur- pentine). Locally, the swellings should be often bathed with tepid lotions of tincture of muriate of iron, carbolic acid, or chloride of zine diluted so as to be non-irritating. Astringent solutions should be assiduously employed about the head, and, if suffocation is threatened, tubes of gutta-percha may be inserted in the nostrils to keep them open. 'Tracheotomy is to be avoided if possible, together with scarifying of the swellings, because of the risk of un- healthy sores resulting. Modified Forms. The mild forms of this affection have been described as scarlatina, the distinction being based on the punctiforn vature of the blood-staining, the sever- ity of the sore-throat and the more moderate exudation. But there is no contagion nor, indeed, anything that seems to warrant the distinction claimed. This form may be es- pecially benefited by poultices and counter-irritants to the 70 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. throat, by the inhalation of warm water vapor, and by as- tringent electuaries (chlorate of potassa, 2 02. ; vinegar, 2 oz.; linseed meal, 5 oz.; syrup, sufficient to form a pasty mass. Smear one-eighth of the mass on the back teeth twice a day). Otherwise, the treatment is the same as for purpura. ANAIMIA. This term is used to imply a deficiency of red globules in the blood, a result which may be determined by a vari- ety of causes described in other parts of this work. Among these may be named: profuse bleeding, excessive secretions from the udder, kidneys, bowels, etc., chronic diseases of digestion, or of the mesenteric glands, feeding on aliment deficient in some essential element, on what has been grown on poor, sandy soils, restriction for a length of time to one kind of food, starvation, diseases of the jaws or teeth, damp, dark, badly-aired buildings, seclusion from sunlight, etc. Some cases, however, are not traceable to any defi- nite cause, and it appears that they set in and progress, in spite of good hygienic arrangements, and in the absence of any obvious disease of structure. Symptoms. Great and increasing paleness of the mu- cous membranes, and in white animals of the skin (paper skin); lack of fullness or roundness of the veins; slow, weak pulse; heart’s beat slow and heard with difficulty, but excited to palpitation when the patient is subjected to violent exertion; there is great lack of life and energy, and hurried breathing, perspiration and fatigue are easily induced. As the blood becomes poorer all these symp- toms are aggravated, movement becomes unsteady, the hair or wool is easily detached, appetite fails, the dung is passed in small quantities and very hard, and a very clear urine of a low density is secreted in excess. In the ad- vanced stages the pale, dull, sunken eye, the puffy appear- ance of the membrane of the eyelids, the dropsical swell- ings beneath the jaws or body or in the limbs, the inability Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases. 71 or disinclination to rise, the staggering gait, the hurried breathing becoming quick and wheezing on the least exer- tion, and the palpitations are highly characteristic. Towards the end the urine may pass involuntarily or diarrhoea may supervene. Death sometimes occurs early, before there is much emaciation, and horses will even die in harness. Prevention. Avoid everything calculated to reduce the sys- tem unduly. Severe depletive treatment of disease (bleed- ing, purging, diuretics,) should only be resorted to under necessity. Hard work, excessive yield of milk, etc., can only be warranted under a rich, abundant food, and in an animal of great powers of digestion and assimilation. Regularity in feeding, watering and work are essential. The effect of a spare diet, even in idleness, must be care- fully watched, as well as a long-continued feeding on one variety of plant. If evil effects are shown there should be a prompt change to natural hay or grass, consisting of a variety of plants grown on a dry soil, and a liberal supply of grain. in cases due to parasites or other removable cause, atten- tion to these is manifestly the first step to prevention. Treatment. Atter removal of the causes, support by nour- ishing, easily-digested food in small bulk to avoid exhausting the powers of the stomach. Ground oats, barley, oil-cake, and a little natural hay may be especially mentioned, though, for weak subjects, thick, well-boiled gruels and beef tea (even for herbivora) nay be resorted to. Tonics are all-im- portant (iron, gentian, quassia, cascarilla, cinchona, common salt, pepsin,) but should be given in small doses to the weaker subjects. Iron and gentian, given as tinctures, are espe- cially useful. In extreme cases, health may be speedily re- vived by the transfusion of blood from a healthy animal. In all cases, the patient should be allowed rest in a dry, warm, well-aired place, and should have light, sunshine, and groom- ing. CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. General causes of diseases of the breathing organs. Physical examination of these organs :—Auscultation, percussion. Bleeding from the nose. Nasal Catarrh. Cold in the head. Collection of matter in the nasal sinuses, Abs scess of the false nostril. Abscess in the guttural pouches, Tumors in the nose, Malignant catarrh of cattle. Sore-throat. Croup. Roup. Diphthe- ria. Chronic roaring, Bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis, Glander heaves. Acute congestion of the lungs. Pneumonia. Inflammation of the lungs. Pleurisy. Inflammation of the membrane lining the chest. Pleuro-pneu- monia, Broncho-pneumonia, Broncho-pleuro-pneumonia. Hydro-thorax, Water in the chest. Pneumo-thorax. Air or gas in the chest, Abscess of the intercostal spaces. Dropsy of the lung. Apoplexy of the lung. Pleu- ro-dynia. Rheumatism of the walls of the chest. Asthma in dogs, Heaves. Broken-wind. Bleeding from the lungs. Hzemoptysis, Parasites in the upper air-passages, Grub in the head, Larva of Céstrus Ovis, Pentasto- ma Teenioides. Parasites in the lower air-passages. Lung-worms of sheep, etc. Lung-worms of horses and cattle, Gape-worm of fowls, Verminous bronch.tis in calves, sheep, swine and birds. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. These are of the first importance in domestic animals alike as regards their frequency and the mortality and other serious consequences they entail. In young horses especially they are far more common and more destructive than any other class of diseases. Among the general causes of diseases of this class of organs the following may be stated in brief: 1. The great extent of the respiratory surface in the lungs = 200 to 500 square feet. 2. The ex- treme tenuity and delicacy of the membrane covering this surface, protective cells (epithelium) being almost wanting in the air cells, contrary to what exists on every other mu- cous surface in the body. 38. The extraordinary work te Discases of the Respiratory Organs. Ts which the lungs are subjected in the rapid paces and se- vere efforts made by the horse. 4. The close, impure air of the stable in contrast to the clear bracing air of the fields to which the colt has been accustomed. 5. The effect of the hot relaxing air of the stable is not only on the lungs directly but on the skin with which the lungs and all in- ternal organs so closely sympathize. 6. The heats and chills, and violent nervous excitement to which young horses are subjected in passing into training and work. 7. The changes of locality, feeding and management to which young horses are subjected on leaving the breeder. 8. The variable weather and sudden, extreme changes of spring and autumn. 9. The susceptibility which results from the want of habitude of bearing extreme heat and cold, and which tells especially at the above seasons. 10. The draughts of cold air to which animals are often sub- jected, and particularly when warm and perspiring. 11. The frequent exposure to cold drenching rains, night dews and the like, after the excitement and relaxation consequent ona hard day’s work. 12. The arrest of circulation through the lungs owing to imperfect wration of the blood when an animal out of condition is driven at a pace beyond his power of endurance. Modes of Physical Exploration of the Respiratory Organs. Auscultution and percussion are the most essential. The first is the application of the ear alone or with a stetho- scope to the surface over some part of the respiratory or- gans (nose, throat, windpipe, chest,) to listen to the natural sounds of breathing and to detect any unnatural change or absence of these sounds. The natural sounds must be studied on the healthy animal, and then the different mod- ifications followed on the diseased. In general terms there is a blowing sound to be heard in health over the nose, throat, windpipe, and between the upper and middle thirds of the chest. In the rest of the chest is a soft, rus- tling murmur which has been compared to the gentlest zephyr stirring dry leaves. Just behind the left elbow is 7 74 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. horses this murmur is absent and replaced by the sounds of the heart. Between the upper and middle thirds of the chest it mingles with the blowing sound anteriorly, but is unaccompanied by that over the few last ribs. Percussion consists in drawing out the resonance of any part by strik- ing it gentle taps with a hard object, the blows falling per- pendicularly to its surface, and of a force proportioned to the depth of the organ itis meant tosound. Thus, for the surface, the gentlest taps with the tip of the finger are wanted, while for the centre of the chest in large animals, the closed fist may be advantageously used. For inter- inediate depths the four fingers and thumb may be brought together, in a straight line at their tips, and the surface tapped with this. When a cavity, enclosed by a hard bony surface, such as the nose, is being sounded, it is well enough to tap this direct, but if the surface is soft, as in the chest of fat and fleshy animals, a hard, solid body should be pressed firmly upon it and the taps delivered upon this. As the different parts of the right hand may be used for delivering the taps, so may the two middle fin. gers of the left hand be employed to compress the soft parts and receive them. The front of the fingers should be applied against the surface and the hard bony backs turned out to receive the taps. If percussion is made over a hollow space, like the nose or windpipe, the sound is drum-like ; if over an open, spongy tissue, like the lung, it is much less so but still full and clear, but if over a solid body, like the thigh, it is dull, dead, or quite wanting in resonance. Behind the left elbow such dull sound is met with in the horse and, to a less extent, in cattle; and on the last ribs on the right side in cattle, sheep and pigs a sumilar dullness is found in accordance with the position of the liver. Any increase, diminution or loss of reso- nance over particular parts thus becomes of great value as indicating the healthy or unnatural state of the parts. But the observer must learn this matter by experience on the healthy and diseased. These hints are merely thrown out to inake what will follow intelligible. =I Reid Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. Bleeding from the nose is rather rare in animals, an* csually results from disease or injury to the mucous mem brane or to violent exertions in coughing, sneezing, draw- ing heavy loads uphill, or with a tight collar, and espe- cially in animals with a plethoric habit. Symptoms. Bleeding in drops (rarely in a stream) from one nostril only, accompanied by sneezing, and without frothing or sour odor. Bleeding from the lungs comes from both nostrils, is bright-red, frothy and accompanied by acough. Bleeding from the stomach also comes from both nostrils, and is black, clotted, sour, and attended by retching. Treatment. Tie the head short up to a high rack or beam sover head and neck with bags of ice or rugs wrung out of cold water, and blow matico powder or strong alum water in spray into the nose during inspiration. In obstinate cases, the nose may be plug: aed with pledgets of tow, tied with a soft cord by which they may be withdrawn when the bleeding subsides. Both nostrils must not be plugged in horses unless tracheotomy has first been performed. Internally, may be given gallic acid, acetate of lead, per- chloride of iron or ergot of rye. NASAL CATARRH. COLD IN THE HEAD. This results from the general causes above mentioned and from irritant gases, vapors, etc. Symptoms. Sneezing, redness and watering of the eyes, and redness of the membraxe of the nose which is at first dry, afterwards discharges a clear watery fluid and finally a yellowish-white muco-purulent matter. In mild cases there is little or no fever, in the more severe fever may run high. Treatment. In mild cases rest in a clear, airy, warm building with suitable clothing and warm bran mashes is all that is necessary. In the more severe steam the nose as for strangles, and slightly charge the air with the fumes 76 Lhe Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. of burning sulphur, give warm water injections or even a mild laxative, (horse, ox or sheep, Glauber salts; dog or pig, castor oil), followed by refrigerant diuretics (nitre, acetate of potassa, etc.). If debility ensues feed well and Fig. 11. Fig. 11—Syphon for injecting the nose. give tonics (gentian, etc.,) and stimulants (spirits of nitrous ether). Chronic discharges may usually be promptly checked by injecting the nose with a weak astringent solution (sulphate of zinc }$ dyr., glycerine 1 oz., tepid water 1 qt.) This is thrown in with a syphon having one arm sixteen inches long and the other leaving that at an angle of 45°, three and a half inches long and narrowing to half an inch at the point. The short limb is inserted into the nostril, having first been passed through a hole in the centre of a piece of sole leather intended to prevent the return of the fluid from the nose. The adaptation is perfected by pledgets of tow, and the head being brought into a vertical position the liquid is poured into the long end of the syphon until it rises in that nasal chamber and escapes by the opposite nostril. One or two such in- jections are usually sufticient. COLLECTION OF MATTER IN THE NASAL SINUSES. This is common after severe colds in the horse; and as the result of blows on the forehead or horns in oxen, of . injuries from the yoke, etc.; in sheep from grub in the bead (larva of @strus Ovis); in dogs and horses from the pentastomata, and in all animals from diseases of the upper back teeth. Symptoms. A more or less constant discharge from Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. TT the nose, foetid if long retained, and above all if from a dis- eased tooth, a dullness on percussion on that side of the face between the eyes or just beneath the eyes, and occa- sionally heat, tenderness and even swelling of these parts, " especially below the eye. Treatment. Trephine the bone to one side of the median line of the forehead, in the interval between the eyes, and again, an inch above the end of the bony ridge which extends down beneath the eye, and wash out daily, at first with tepid water and finally with the injection recommended for the nose. In the case of parasites these must be rinsed out. Sometimes a slight collection of this kind will recover under injections for the nose and the persistent use of sulphate of iron or copper, or other tonic. If there is a diseased tooth it will be recognized by the dropping of food half-chewed, by the swelling and tenderness around the fang of the tooth and by the intolerable foetor which clings to the fingers when a balling iron has been placed in the mouth and the tooth examined with the hand. Such a tooth must be extracted with large forceps, if already loosened, or if not, an opening should be made upon its fang with a trephine and the offending tooth driven out with a punch and mallet. But there is much danger of injuring impor- tant vessels and nerves unless the operator is thoroughly conversant with anatomy. ABSCESS OF THE FALSE NOSTRIL. This is common in young horses and appears as a slowly increasing, inactive, tense, round swelling in the outer part of the nostril. It is so firm as to feel solid but col- lapses at once when opened. It should be laid open from within the nose along its whole length and plugged with tow till the raw edges have skinned over. ABSCESS IN THE GUTTURAL POUCHES. These are two cavities situated above the throat and pe- T* 78 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. culiar to solipeds. Each has a small opening at its ante- rior part through which any liquid within them can escape only when the head is depressed. Hence a collection of matter in these sacs, consequent on a sore throat, escapes and is discharged through the nose intermittently when the head is down drinking, or still more in grazing or nib- bling roots. The discharge comes from both nostrils and there may or may not be swelling beneath the ear. Many such cases will recover if sent to grass or fed from the ground and treated with some of the tonics recommended for chronic catarrh or glanders. But should these fail the sac must be laid open, setoned and washed out daily with a weak astringent lotion. This operation requires the most accurate knowledge of the parts to avoid the many important structures in the region. (See tbe author’s lar- ger work.) TUMORS IN THE NOSE. Tumors of almost every kind grow in the nose and must be removed by surgical means. MALIGNANT CATARRH OF CATTLE. This appears mainly in cold, damp, marshy situationg where the vitality is impaired, or in unusual seasons. Iz the cold early summer of 1875 I met with it in cows in several marshy places. Low, damp river-bottoms are most subject to it and probably it is due to deleterious agents taken in with the food and water as well as to chills and exposure. Symptoms. A slight diarrhoea may be followed by cos- tiveness, the dung being black, firm and scanty. The hair is rough and erect, shivering ensues, the head is de- pressed, the roots of the horns and fcrehead hot, eyes sunken, red, watery, with turbidity in the interior and in- tolerance of light, muzzle dry and hot, mouth hot with much saliva, the membranes of mouth, nose and vagina bluish-red, pulse rapid, impulse of heart weak, breathing Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 79 hurried, cough, urine scanty and high-colored anid surface of the body alternately hot and cold. In twenty-four hours all the symptoms are aggravated, the nose discharges a slimy fluid, the forehead is warmer, and duller on percus- sion, the mouth covered with dark-red blotches from which the cuticle soon peels off leaving raw sores, appetite is completely lost, dung and urine passed with much pain and straining and there is general stiffness and indisposi- tion to move. From the fourth to the sixth day ulcers appear on the nose and muzzle, swellings take place be- neath the jaws, chest and abdomen, and on the legs, the skin may even slough off in patches, a foctid saliva drivels from the mouth and a stinking diarrhcea succeeds the cos- tiveness. Death usually ensues from the eighth to the tenth day, preceded perhaps by convulsions or signs of suffocation. The disease strongly resembles the Russian Catile Plague but is rarely contagious. Treatment. Clear out the bowels by a laxative (olive oil and laudanum), following this up by slightly stimulat- ing diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, liquor of acetate of ammonia,) with antiseptics (chlorate of potassa, bichro- mate of potassa, hydrochloric acid). Wet cloths may be kept on the head, the mouth and nose sponged with very weak solutions of carbolic acid, and only soft mashes and sliced or pulped roots allowed. SORE-THROAT. This may be confined to the larynx or upper end of the windpipe (laryngitis), or the pharynx or membranous pouch through which air and food both pass at the back of the mouth (pharyngitis), or the whole may be involved (laryngo-pharyngitis). There are, besides, the sore-throats connected with specific diseases (croup, diphtheria, in- tuenza, strangles, distemper and purpura). The causes of simple sore-thrvat are the same as those of nasal catarrh. Bots in the throat may cause it ip horses, 80 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Symptoms. The nose is raised and protruded, the head being carried stiffly and more in a line with the neck than usual, and there is swelling of the throat or beneath the roots of the ears. There is cough, hard in laryngitis, and dry and husky in pharyngitis, and, later, loose and gur- gling in both diseases. With laryngitis there is much ten- derness to touch, and, in the early stages, a loud, harsh blowing sound which may become loose and rattling as the disease advances. With pharyngitis there is a little tenderness, but difficulty in swallowing, chewed morsels being often dropped again and water rejected through the nose. The discharge from the nose is more glairy than in nasal catarrh or bronchitis, and on its appearance the act- ive fever usually subsides in great part. If there is much redness of the membrane of the nose, and high fever, the case is likely to be severe, and the same is true of cases with a painful, paroxysmal cough. In Chronic Sore-throat there may appear to be general good health, but a cough comes on in paroxysms when the patient comes into the cold air, drinks cold water, eats dry oats or dusty hay or undergoes active exertion. There are also more or less tenderness and wheezing or rattling in the throat, and sometimes slight swelling. Treatment. Rest in a clean, dry, airy stable or box. Clothe warmly and flannel bandage the legs if cold or tending to shiver. Tie a rug or sheep-skin with wool in around the neck. Steam the nose as for strangles. Unless the fever and pulse are low or the affection of an influenza type, a laxative is usually beneficial (horse, aloes; ox and sheep, Glauber salts; dog and pig, castor oil ;) following up with nitre or acetate of potassa in the water, and ano- dynes as electuaries. Solid extract of belladonna 4 drs. ; tannic acid 1 dr.; bisulphite of soda 4 drs.; honey or syrup 5 oz.; mix. Dose—horse and ox a piece as large as a hickory nut; sheep one-fourth, dog one-tenth of this bulk, thrice daily. To be smeared on the back teeth and swal- lowed at leisure. Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 81 In most cases, a thin pulp, made with mustard and water, should be well rubbed in around the throat as soon as the bowels respond, and covered up for two hours, but, in the most severe, this may be preceded for a day or twc by a linseed poultice. The diet throughout must be green, soft mashes or roots. CROUP. Especially seen in young animals (calves, lambs, foals,) in cold and damp or high exposed localities. The symp- toms are those of severe sore-throat (laryngitis) coming on very suddenly with hard croupy cough and dry wheezing breathing, worse at one time than another or heard only at particular times of the day (morning, night,) when spasms of the larynx come on. But the most characteris- tic symptom is the formation of albuminoid false mem- branes as white films or pellicles in the throat, and which are discharged in shreds on the second or third day. Fever runs very high, pulse ninety to one hundred, tem- perature 107°, and even higher. Treatment. Give a warm, well-aired building, with water-vapor set free in the atmosphere, if possible; warm clothing, a laxative (sulphate of soda) with antispasmodic (laudanum, aconite, chloral-hydrate, lobelia); follow up with small doses of sulphate of soda, chlorate of potassa and antispasmodics, giving each dose in well-boiled linseed tea, slippery elm or marsh-mallow. Blister the neck ac- tively (mustard, with or without oil of turpentine,) and, if necessary, swab out the throat with a solution of nitrate of silver ten grs., water one oz., applied by a small sponge immovably tied on a piece of whalebone. In the worst eases suffocation must be obviated by opening the wind- pipe in the middle of the neck and inserting a tube to breathe through. In horses a ring must not be completely cut across, but a semicircular piece cut out of each of two adjacent ones. Sometimes stimulants (wine whey, car- bonate of ammonia,) and tonics (gentian, cinchona,) must be used to sustain the failing strength. 82 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. CROUP OR ROUP IN FOWLS. Causes. Probably similar to those acting on quadru- peds. Exciting diet (wheat, buckwheat, oats,) seems at times injurious. Newly-arrived fowls are most liable to contract it, yet it does not seem contagious in the ordi- nary sense, but rather inherent in soil, locality or condi- tions of life. Symptoms. Dullness, sleepiness, neglect of food, ruffled feathers, unsteady walk, quickened breathing, with a hoarse wheeze, and an occasional loud crowing noise. On the tongue, at the angle of union of the beak, or in the throat appear yellowish white films (false membranes) firmly adherent to a reddened surface, and raw sores where these have been detached. The nostrils may be completely plugged with swelling and discharge so that breath can only be drawn through the open bill. The in- flammation may extend along the windpipe to the erial cavities and lungs, or along the gullet to the intestines. In the first case, death may take place from suffocation, and in the second, from diarrhcea, and as early as in twenty-four hours. Toward the end of an outbreak, the malady may last twenty days and still prove fatal. False membranes may form on other distant parts of the body, but espe- cially the comb, wattles, eye, or on accidental sores. Treatment. Disuse raw grain, and feed on vegetables, and puddings made of well-boiled oat, barley or Indian meal. Dissolve carbonate or sulphate of soda, or chlo- rate of potassa freely in the water drunk, remove the false membranes with a feather or forceps and apply to the surface with a feather the nitrate of silver lotion ad- vised for croup in quadrupeds. If diarrhoea supervenes, give a teaspoonful of quinia wine thrice a day. It is all- important to change the run of the chickens for a time at least. DIPHTHERIA. This is seen in pigs and it is even claimed to occur in aorses, but the false membranes in the latter animals rarely amount to more than thickened mucus. It appears Diseases of the Respiratory Orguns. 83 to be due to the locality rather than contagion. Close, filthy pens, and want of care have appeared injurious in some cases. Symptoms. Sudden illness, with sore-throat and ex- treme weakness and stiffness of back and loins. The pig moves slowly and crouchingly with raised head, open dry mouth, hoarse nasal grunt, livid tongue, and red swollen throat with grayish-white patches of false membranes. The eyes are dull and sunken and the appetite gone. In a few hours all the structures of throat and nose are in- volved, there is much swelling and threatened suffocation and shreds of false membrane are coughed up. The pa- tient remains down, sits on his haunches, or leans on the fence and usually perishes in a fit of coughing. Treatment. Must be early to succeed, hence, examine the throat for false membranes in all cases of sore-throat in pigs, holding the animal with a noose around the upper jaw. If white patches are seen, apply at once and freely the nitrate of silver lotion advised for croup, and repeat as often as may seem necessary to keep the diseased growths in check. The bowels may be freely opened by a purgative (jalap) and twenty drops of tincture of the mu- riate of iron, and ten grains nitre given thrice a day ina table-spoonful of cold water. Great attention must be given to the comfort and to secure soft, easily-digestible food for some time. CHRONIC ROARING IN HORSES. This is a wheezing, whistling or hoarse rasping sound made in the upper part of the windpipe (larynx) in breath- ing and especially when excited. It is usually due to paralysis and wasting of the muscles on the left side ot the larynx and which open the channel for the air, and in such eases the noise is only made in drawing air in. But any obstruction in the large air tubes will give rise to roaring, heard most commonly in both inspiration and expiration. Thus palsy of the nostrils, fracture and de- 84 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. pression of the bones of the nose, tumors in the nose, throat, windpipe or bronchi, false membranes extending across the air passages, dropsical swelling about the throat, and in stallions undue accumulations of fat, may give rise to it. In the typical form with palsy of the laryngeal muscles the animal grunts (groans) when led up to a wall and a feint is made to strike him on the ribs. If galloped up a steep hill or over a newly-plowed field, or even for some distance on level ground, the roaring is strikingly brought out. The same holds good if made to draw a heavy load or one with the wheels dragged. Treatment. In incipient cases with simple thickening of the mucous membrane, benefit may arise from swabbing out the larynx with nitrate of silver solution, as recom- mended for crowp, or firing the skin over the throat with a red-hot iron. But if the muscles are wasted and fatty these means will be fruitless, and we must look to mechan- ical or surgical measures for help. Pads attached to the nose-band of the bridle and so arranged that they will lie on the false nostrils and check somewhat the ingress of air will enable many roarers to do moderate work with comparative comfort. In the worst cases, in which the animal is rendered useless, tracheotomy may be per- formed and the animal made to breathe through a tube inserted in the middle of the neck. Or finally, the larynx may be laid open with the knife, and the flap of gristle (arytenoid), which is drawn in, valve-like, over the opening by the current of air, cut off. Some cases of roaring due to feeding on vetches, (Lath- yrus Sativa or Cicera) may be cured by changing the feed, and giving some doses of nux vomica. Others due to dropsical effusions appear intermittently and may be benefited by tonics and iodide of potassium, with hard, dry feeding and exercise. Tumors and other mechanical obstructions must be removed with the knife. Finally roaring is often hereditary in horses with a nar- row space between the jaws and thick short neck, witk Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 85 badly set on head, and such should be rejected for breed- ing purposes. BRONCHITIS. Inflammation of the large air tubes within the lungs St may be looked upon as an extension downward of nasal catarrh or sore-throat and frequently supervenes on one or the other of these. Otherwise it owns the same gen- eral causes with these affections. It may also attend on influenza, strangles, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, dis- temper in dogs, tuberculosis, and parasitic diseases of the lungs. Symptoms. In mild cases there are dullness, impaired ap- petite, hot dry mouth, red membrane of nose, accelerated pulse and breathing, and a cough at first hard but becom- ing soft and rattling as discharge is established from the nose. Such may recover in a few days without treatment. In severe cases there is dullness, inappetence, hot dry mouth, increased temperature, rapid pulse, labored breath- ing with loud blowing sounds over the lower end of the windpipe and behind the middle of the shoulder-blade. The cough is dry, hard, sonorous and painful (barking), often occurring in fits and seeming to come from the depth of the chest. Percussion detects no change of resonance at any part of the chest, as in prewmonia. The membrane of the nose has a dark red or violet hue, varying in pro- portion to the general implication of the bronchial tubes and especially the smaller ones, and there is drowsiness and drooping of the head in the same ratio. From the second to the fourth day a whitish discharge sets in from the nose, the cough becomes soft and rattling, the noise over the windpipe and behind the shonalder- blade less harsh and blowing, but with a slight rattle from bursting bubbles, and the symptoms of fever abate. From this time improvement dates, and recovery may be com- plete in two or three weeks. 8 86 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Solipeds stand obstinately throughout the disease, other animals may lie. There is no tenderness on punch- ing the ribs, as in pleurisy. Treatment. Rest in a warm, dry, airy building, clothe warmly, bandage the limbs in cold weather and give warm sloppy mashes of wheat bran. A laxative is often useful but if there is weakness, small pulse, prostration or any yellowish tinge of the mucous membranes, is to be rejected and warm water injections used in place to move the bowels. Give frequent diuretics (nitre, sweet spirits of nitre,) anodynes (belladonna, lobelia, aconite,) and expec- torants (liquor ammonia acetatis, oxymel of squill, guaia- cum, ipecacuanha, antimony). The nose should be fre- quently steamed, as if for strangles, and inhalations of sul- phur fumes mixed with the air, and not too strong, may be added. Mustard or other blisters should be applied to the sides of the chest, and repeated if any renewed access of disease seems to demand it. When fever has nearly subsided and there is left only a white discharge from the nose tonics should be used. (See those recommended for glanders. ) When there is much prostration and weakness, stimu- lants (aromatic ammonia, carbonate of ammonia, wine, etc.,) may be required, even in the early stages. GLANDER HEAVES. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS IN HORSES. This arises from the same causes as the acute disease and often follows it. It is characterized by a frequent weak wheezing, husky, almost inaudible cough, often oc- curring in fits; a white discharge from the nose, with white floceuli, like buttermilk ; great shortness of breath in exertion ; and a mucous rattle in the lungs. Percussion shows increased resonance over the lower and posterior borders of the lungs. The right side of the heart may be enlarged and easily felt beating behind the right elbow. Treatment is not very satisfactory in cases of old stand- ing. Feeding should be mainly of soft mashes, roots and Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 87 other laxative agents, but never bulky. Linseed, oat, bar- ley or corn meal may be given wet and hay replaced by zorn-stalks or good fresh grass. Finally give tonics, mainly arsenite of strychnia, or sulphate of iron or copper and tannic acid. ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS IN HORSES. This is always the first stage of Pnewmonia but may oc- cur in a sudden and fatal form from overexertion in fat or otherwise ill-conditioned horses. An animal that has stood idle in the stable or has been rapidly fattened for sale, when taken out and driven or ridden at the top of his speed soon hangs heavily on the bit, slackens his speed, and if not stopped, staggers and falls; or the exertion is passed through but the animal is seized when returned to the stable. He then stands with dilated nostrils, quick, labored, convulsive, wheezy breathing, extended head, staring bloodshot eyes, agonized expression, deep red or blue nasal membrane and rapid, weak pulse often almost imperceptible at the jaw. Auscultation detects a loud respiratory murmur and the finest possible crepitating sound. The heart is felt behind the left elbow beating tumultuously and the limbs are cold, though perspiration may break out at different parts of the body. If blood is drawn it flows in a dark, tarry-looking stream and the lungs after death might be compared to a dark-red jelly. Treatment. Remove girths, saddles and whatever may hamper breathing, turn the head to the wind, give an act- ive stimulant (alcohol or alcoholic liquors, ammonia or any of its compounds, oil of turpentine, ether, sweet spir- its of nitre, ginger, pepper,) the first that comes to hand, in a full dose, following wp with warm water injections and active hand rubbing. In extreme cases prompt relief may often be obtained by bleeding from the jugular, but this should not replace the measures already advised but should be added to them. An excellent resort when avail- able is to wrap from head to tail in rugs wrung out of hot 88 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. water and cover thickly with dry ones, the limbs being meanwhile actively hand-rubbed to bring the blood to this part of the skin which the rug cannot reach. If the patient survives and does not at once entirely re- cover the case becomes one of pneumonia. PNEUMONIA. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. Causes. The same as in other acute diseases of the chest. Also the result of overexertion and acute conges- tion, or of parasites in the lung. Symptoms. Tf not following an acute congestion as above described there is shivering, more or less severe ac- cording to the gravity of the attack, and usually a dry cough. This is followed by hot skin, with increased tem- perature, quick but deep labored breathing and a full but oppressed rolling pulse, redness of the membranes of the eye, nose and mouth; the cough is deep as if from the depth of the chest but not so hard nor so painful as in bron- chitis. The horse always, and the ox, in bad cases, obstinate- ly stands with legs apart, elbows turned out, nose extended andusually approached to a door or window. In cattle expi- ration is generally accompanied by amoan. With the fever there is costiveness, high-colored, scanty urine, in cattle, heat of horns and ears and dryness of muzzle, and hide- bound. Auscultation detects a very fine crackling (crepi- tation) over the affected part of the lung or there may be an area of no sound encircled by a line of crepitation and beyond that by the normal murmur slightly increased. Or over the dull spot the blowing sounds from the larger tubes or the beating of the heart may be detected. Per- cussion causes flinching or even groaning when the affected part is reached; the space where sound was wanting in auscultation sounds dull and solid and the remainder of the chest retains its healthy resonance. There is no ten- derness on merely pinching the spaces between the ribs. By auscultation and percussion the increase or decrease of solidification (hepatization) of the lung may be followed Diseases of the Respiratory Organs 89 from day to day excepting in the parts covered by the thick, muscular shoulder. In this way aggravation and improvement can be noticed. A yellowish or whitish dis- charge from the nose comes on as the disease advances. Lreatment. Give a pure, dry, airy box with windows or doors turned to the sun or away from the direction of prevailing winds, clothe warmly, and flannel-bandage the limbs, or even rub them with ammonia and oil. The hot rugs advised for congested lungs may be applied, and when removed let it be done a little at atime, and the part rubbed dry and covered by a dry blanket. Or a mustard poultice may be applied to the sides of the chest. Large injections of warm water and drinks of warm gruel may also be given. A laxative is often beneficial in the more active forms of the disease, but should be given cau- tiously as in bronchitis, and rejected when there is low fever, and much depression. Neutral salts (nitre, acetate of potassa, bicarbonate of soda,) should be given with sedatives (belladonna, henbane, tincture of aconite, digi- talis or white hellebore ; in pigs and dogs, tartar emetic,) or if there is much prostration, or when the fever has in the main subsided, stimulant diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, liquor of acetate of ammonia,) repeated three or four times a day. The sides should be blistered with a pulp of the best ground mustard in water, or Spanish flies, or in cattle and swine, mustard and turpentine, and the blis- ter may be repeated with advantage in protracted cases. When in severe cases the blister refuses to rise, the skin may be first warmed with rugs wrung out of boiling water and then the application of the blister made. Or a hot shovel held near the blistered surface may determine an active flow of blood to the skin and the rising of the blis- ter. When well risen the surface must be kept soft by sweet oil or fresh lard to favor healing. In chickens it is advised to open the bowels by a teaspoonful of castor-oil, and shake one-twelfth grain of tartar emetic on the tongue twice a day. If very weak or prostrate give a teaspoonful of sherry thrice a day. 90 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. PLEURISY. INFLAMMATION OF THE MEMBRANE LINING THE CHEST AND COVERING THE LUNGS. This is common in all domestic animals and particularly in cold, exposed localities, which suffer at the same time from rheumatism. Otherwise it owns the general causes of chest disease. Symptoms. Shivering, followed by heat of the skin and even of the limbs, and partial sweats of the surface, un- easy movements, pawing and sometimes looking at tha flanks, lying down and rising. If one side of the chest only is involved that fore limb is often advanced in front of the other. The pulse is rapid, hard and incompressible, and the breathing highly characteristic. It is hurried, carried on chiefly by the abdominal muscles, and has the inspiration short and suddenly checked, while the expira- tion is slow and prolonged. This character of the breath- ing may be well observed with the ear placed on the false nostril, on the windpipe or on the side of the chest. There is a prominent ridge on the abdomen from the outer angle of the hip bone to the lower ends of the last ribs. By handling the spaces between the ribs a point is reached which is exceedingly tender, the patient flinching and even groaning when it is touched. The ear applied to the same spot detects a soft, rubbing sound during the movements of inspiration and expiration. There is at first no other change in auscultation or percussion. The animal often changes his posture or place as if seeking an easier position, and emits a short, hacking, painful cough. There is much less redness of the nose than in pneumonia or bronchitis, less heat of the expired air and no nasal discharge. In twenty-four to thirty-six hours effusion ensues in the cavity of the chest, the rubbing sound ceases, the catching breathing and ridge on the belly disappear, the pulse becomes soft, the anxiety of countenance passes away, and the patient may begin to feed as if well. But soon the pulse loses its fullness, and gains in rapidity, Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 91 breathing becomes labored and attended with a lifting of the flank and loins, the nostrils are widely dilated, the nose protruded, the elbows turned out, the skin sweats, and there may be signs of imminent suffocation. Auscul- tation detects no sound over the lower part of the chest up to a given horizontal line, and up to the same level there is dullness on percussion. This shows the extent of wa- tery effusion. The pulse becomes weak, with a peculiar thrill at each beat, the limbs and lower aspect of the chest swell, the patient moves unsteadily and falls sud- denly to die. In other cases the effusion is re-absorbed and a good recovery is made. In others it ceases to increase but fails to be taken up and remains as a cause of short wind; it may even give off gases, in which case a gurgling sound may be heard in the chest, or a sound as of drops falling into a half-empty barrel, after the patient rises from the recumbent position. In other cases still there remain false membranes attaching the lung to the inner sides of the ribs, or enveloping the lung in whole or in part, and in either case impairing respiration. Treatment. Give the same general care as in bronchitis and pneumonia. In the early stages of chill treat as for congested lungs. Later give a laxative (horse, aloes ; ox and sheep, Glauber salts ; swine and dogs, eastor-oil,) following it up with neutral salts (nitre, acetate of potassa, liquor of the acetate of ammonia,) in full doses, and ano- dynes (digitalis, aconite). These may be used in the fullest doses after effusion has taken place, and in weak subjects stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre, ether, alcoholic liquids, tincture of gentian,) should be added. Iodide of potassium may also be given internally and tincture of iodine rubbed on the chest. In very severe cases, a large linseed poultice may be applied over the chest, or it may be shaven and subjected to dry cupping, or an active blister may be applied as for pneumonia. 92 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. If there is extreme effusion threatening suffocation the liquid must be drawn off by a small cannula and trocar (see Tympany) inserted at the anterior border and near the lower end of the ninth rib, the skin having first been drawn aside to form a valvular wound, and great care being taken to prevent the entrance of air. The liquid should be drawn off only in part at first to avoid shock, and the operation repeated in a day or two. Itshould be followed by tonics (sulphate of iron, tincture of gentian,) stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre) and diuretics (iodide of potassium), PLEURO-PNEUMONIA, BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA, AND BRONCHO- PLEURO-PNEUMONIA Are common complications of the three diseases, bronchitis, pneumona and plewrisy and their respective symptoms and treatment may be inferred from the description of the uncomplicated affections. HYDROTHORAX. WATER IN THE CHEST. Beside the effusion of liquid into the cavity of the chest in pleurisy, dropsical effusions may take place into it in connection with weak, bloodless conditions, as in flukes in the liver, disease of the heart, enlarged bronchial lym- phatic glands and other morbid states. The symptoms re- semble those of hydrothoraa following pleurisy, only there is no fever, and there are the indications of those other diseases on which it is dependent. The treatment is es- sentially the same after the morbid condition which has caused the effusion has been removed. If that is incur- able neither can this be remedied. PNEUMOTHORAX. AIR OR GAS IN THE CHEST. This often attends on hydrothorax when the contained liquid has undergone some decomposition. More fre- quently it is the result of a wound penetrating the walls of the chest with its edges pressed inward so that they ad- Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 93 mit the air from without while the chest is dilating, but close like a valve when it is contracting. A little thus entering with each breath and none escaping, the lung is soon compressed into a small solid mass against the lower end of the windpipe. The same may happen from a broken rib having torn the surface of the lung even without any external wound. A little air escaping from the lung with each respiration the cavity soon becomes filled and the lung compressed and collapsed. Treatment is limited to the prevention of the introduc- tion of air through an external wound, should such exist ; the relief of pain by opium and other anodynes ; the man- agement of the resulting pleurisy on ordinary principles; and the drawing off of the accumulated air by a needle- like tube and aspirator, or even by a small cannula and trocar. Spontaneous recovery often takes place, the wound being closed by inflammatory exudation and the air absorbed. In cases dependent on decomposition of the products, both gas and liquid should be drawn off and a weak solution of carbolic acid (one part to two or three hundred water) thrown in, in small quantity. ABSCESS OF THE INTERCOSTAL SPACES. This occurs especially in the horse as a result of pleu- risy, a diffuse swelling appearing at some part of the walls of the chest, tender and pitting on pressure, and, finally, softening in the centre, bursting and discharging a yellow- ish or whitish matter. The patient should be well fed, and poultices or warm fomentations continuously applied to the part until there is softening in the centre, when it may be freely laid open. Continue to support the patient by nourishing food, stimulants and tonics. DROPSY OF THE LUNG. This is mainly a result of valvular and other diseases of the heart. To percussion and auscultation it gives nearly the same symptoms with pneumonia, but there is an entire 94 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. absence of fever. The coexisting heart-disease alse serves to reveal its true nature. Its cause being usually incurable, it terminates fatally in the majority of cases. Treatment must be altogether directed to the disease of the heart. APOPLEXY OF THE LUNG. In the lower animals extravasation of blood into the substance of the lung is usually the result of profound al- terations in that liquid as in Malignant Anthrax, Purpura Hemorrhagica, Typhoid Fever or Intestinal Fever. A por- tion of the lung tissue gives way and the blood escaping raises the membrane covering it (pleura) from a half to three inches above the natural level. The extravasation has the appearance ofa fine jelly and often preserves the shape of the pulmonary lobules—a cone with the apex turned in. Being usually a complication of another dis- ease, treatment must be directed to that rather than the lucal lesion. PLEURODYNIA. This is a term applied to rheumatism of the muscles be- tween the ribs, which bears a strong resemblance to pleu- risy. It may be distinguished by the coexistence of rheu- matism in other parts and by the comparative absence of fe- ver, cough, rubbing sounds and effusion. Treat it like other forms of rheumatism. ASTHMA IN DOGS. A spasmodical affection of the circular muscular fibres of the bronchial tubes, occurring in paroxysms with irreg- ular intervals and associated with corpulence and disordered digestion, distended or ruptured air-cells, mucous dis- charges from the air-passages and dilatation of the right side of the heart. Causes. Usually in pet dogs pampered with highly sea- soned articles of food, in excessive quantity, and deprived Discases of the Respiratory Organs. a6 of exercise. A change of food or temperature, a smart walk or run or indeed any exercise will bring it on. Symptoms. Corpulence is a constant condition at the outset though the subject may be emaciated and worn out in the advanced stages. A slight cough becomes frequent, hard and sonorous, with habitually labored breathing ag- gravated at intervals so as to threaten suffocation. Then the patient stands with open mouth, pendent tongue and staring eyeballs panting for breath and having his condi- tion rendered still more threatening by every change of position or cause of excitement. The frequency and se- verity of the attacks serve as a means of estimating the danger of the patient. In the intervals between these paroxysms may be noticed signs of indigestion, in a varia- ble appetite, perhaps vomiting, a tumid tympanitic (bloated) abdomen, constipation and piles. The skin is dry, harsh and bald in patches, the teeth covered with tartar and the breath foetid. Treatment. 1. During a paroxysm. Cause to inhale ether, chloroform, the fumes of burning stramonium or of burning paper which has been steeped in a strong so- lution of nitre ; or one or two teaspoonfuls of landanum with 2 oz. castor-oil may be thrown into the gut as an in- jection. Or if there is reason to suspect overloading of the stomach shake a grain of tartar emetic on the tongue. 2. In the intervals between the paroxysms. Check any ex- isting bronchitis or pneumonia as advised in the eavrlier pages of the book, and restrict to a very moderate diet of oat meal or corn meal mush, with skim-milk or buttermilk. Exercise well but in no case for three hours after feeding. Give a laxative of castor-oil twice a week. Wash fre- yuently with soap, drying afterward by rubbing, and brush daily. A daily sedative (stramonium, tartar emetic,) is beneficial, but in advanced stages and weak conditions, vegetable tonics (quinia, gentian,) will be demanded. 96 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. HEAVES. BROKEN WIND. This is closely allied to asthma, but is more continuous in its symptoms, and less paroxysmal. Causes. Overfeeding on clover hay, sainfoin, lucern and allied plants: on chaff, cut straw and other bulky and in- nutiitious food. In Arabia, in Spain, and in California where there is no long winter feeding on hay, and in our Territories where lower is not one heaves is virtually unknown; it has advanced westward just in proportion as clover hay has been introduced as the general fodder for horses, and it has disappeared in England and New En- gland in proportion as the soil has become clover sick and as other aliment had to be supplied. The worst condi- tions are when a horse is left in the stable for days and weeks eating clover hay, or even imperfectly cured, dusty hay of other kinds, to the extent of thirty pounds and up- wards daily, and is suddenly taken out and driven at a rapid pace. Violent exertions of any kind, and diseases of the lungs are also potent causes. It is mainly a disease of old horses but may attack the colt of two years old. Finally, horses with small chests are most liable and thus the disease proves hereditary. Symptoms. There is a double lift of the flank with each expiratory act, there being first a falling in of the abdom- inal walls and then, after a perceptible interval, a rising of the posterior part of the belly to complete the emptying of the chest; also a short, dry, weak, almost inaudible cough, followed by wheeze in the throat, and occurring in paroxysms when violently exercised, when brought from the stable into the cold air, or after a drink of cold water. The breathing is accompanied by a wheezing noise above all evident when the patient is excited by work, or when the ear is applied on the side of the chest. In- digestion is also a prominent symptom and manifested by a ravenous appetite, even for filthy litter, by the fre- quent passage of wind from the bowels, and often by swelling and drum-like resonance of the abdomen. When The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 97 starting on a journey the subjects pass dung very frequently at first and after traveling some distance may go much better. Their muscular systems are soft and flabby and they run down rapidly in active work. Frequent aggrava- tions of the symptoms may be seen in connection with overloaded stomach, costiveness, a hot close stable, a thick muggy atmosphere, or a very severe day’s work. The symptoms may be temporarily masked or hidden by restriction in diet, abstinence from water and the use of sedatives, but there remains an unnatural action of the nostrils, and a full drink of water, and above all a free supply of water and hay will bring back the symptoms in all their intensity. Treatment. Turning out on natural pastures or feeding cornstalks or other laxative food will relieve, and even cure mild and recent cases. Feeding on dry grain with carrots, turnips, beets, or potatoes and a very limited supply of water will enable many broken-winded horses to do a fair amount of work in comfort. Hay should never be allowed except at night and then only a handful clean and sweet. The bowels must be kept easy by laxatives (sulphate of soda 2 or 3 oz.), the stable well aired, and sedatives (digitalis, opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus, stra- monium, lobelia,) used to relieve the oppression. If a white discharge from the nose coexists tonics should be given as for chronic bronchitis, to which wild-cherry bark may be added. ‘Tar water as the exclusive drink is often useful and a course of carminatives (ginger, caraway, cardamoms, fennel, foenugrec,) may be added with advan- tage. But nerve tonics and above all arsenic in 5 grain doses daily, and continued for a month or two, are espe- cially valuable. No broken-winded horse should have food or water for from one to two hours before going to work. BLEEDING FROM THE LUNGS. May occur in any of our domestic animals as a result of 9 98 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. excessive plethora, overexertion, disease of the heart or tuberculosis. If in limited quantity, the blood comes from the nostrils and mouth of a light red and frothy and with coughing. If in greater amount it may fill the bronchial tubes and cause death suddenly by stffocation without much escape by the nose. Treatment. When brought on by severe exertion per- fect rest and quiet will check. Keeping the head elevated, cold applied to the head and neck, iced drinks acidulated with vinegar or mineral acids, are useful. Opium benefits by checking the cough, and in obstinate cases acetate of lead, ergot of rye, matico, tincture of muriate of iron, or oil of turpentine may be given internally three times a day. Remove costiveness with Glauber salts and keep in a cool airy place at rest for at least a fortnight. PARASITES IN THE UPPER AIR PASSAGES. The Grup IN THE Heap of Sheep is the larva of a small gadfly (distrus Ovis) which deposits the live embryo on the Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 12—Céstrus ovis, Clark. Fig. 13—Larva of ditto. margin of the nostril, whence it creeps up into the nasal si- nuses. It stays there during the winter and spring, often proving harmless but sometimes causing much irritation, redness of the nostrils, and a white, muco-purulent dis- charge, with dullness and stupor from sympathetic disease of the brain. To prevent the attacks of the fly the sheep should be fed salt from two-inch augur holes bored in a log, the surface of which is smeared with tar, so that they get a dressing every time they partake. A less satis- Diseases. of the Respiratory Organs. og factory method is to turn up a furrow in the pasture so that the sheep may push their noses into the ground when attacked. Treatment. Place in a warm building to tempt the larvee from the sinuses and introduce snuff, solutions of galt, vinegar or tobacco, weak solutions of turpentine, etc., into the nose to kill them or cause their expulsion by sneez- ing. For such as remain in the sinuses the only success ful treatment is to trephine the bones of the face between the front of the eye and the median line of the face, or just in front of the root of the horn should that be present. The sinus is then to be syringed out freely with tepid water until the parasites are washed out. The PENTASTOMA TANIOIDES is a species of acarus which Fig. 14. Fig. 14—Pentastoma Tenioides, lives in the nasal sinuses of horses and dogs, and in the mesenteric glands of sheep and other herbivora. If pro- ductive of much irritation in the nose it must be expelled by a current of water after trephining the sinus. PARASITES IN THE LOWER AIR PASSAGES. The most common are the different forms of round worms which in certain animals (lambs, calves, pigs, birds,) may assume the dimensions of a plague and cause enormous yearly losses to a country. The sheep, goat, dromedary and camel harbor two round worms in their air passages and lungs: the small Stron- gylus Fila ia, a thread-like worm of one to three and one- 100 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. half inches long, and S. Rufescens of considerably greater length. The calf, horse, ass and mule have the Strongylus Micrurus of from one and one-half to three inches long. The pig, the Stronyylus Elongatus of eight lines to one and one-half inches long. Finally the bird (hen, turkey, pheasant, black stork, magpie, hooded crow, green wwood- Fig. 15. D [=e Fig. 15—Strongylus Filaria, male, enlarged, Thudicum. When adult, should be at least five times the length for this thickness. pecker, starling, swift, etc.,) have the Syngamus Trachealis, male one-eighth inch, and female one-half to five-eighths inch in length, always found united together, so that the male appears like a process from the neck of the female. The Strongyli in their mature condition inhabit the air passages within the lungs but they may be reproduced either in or out of the body. In the first mode the female worm creeps into an air cell and there encysts her- self and produces eggs or young worms already hatched, or she dies and the myriad eggs, hatching out amid the debris, the young worms finally migrate into the adja- cent air passages, grow to maturity and reproduce their kind. In the second mode the impregnated female worm is expelled by coughing, and perishes in water or in moist earth or on vegetables, and the eggs, escaping from her decomposing remains, may lie unhatched for months or even a year, or, in genial weather, may rapidly open and allow the. escape of the almost microscopic embryo worms. These, in their turn, may live an indefinite length of time in the water, or moist soil, or on vegetables, and only begin to grow to their mature condition when taken in by a suitable host with food or water. This is true of those of the sheep, goat and camel, of that of the ox, horse and ass, and of that of the pig. Only those of Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 101 the sheep, once introduced into the system, will maintain their place in the lungs for the whole lifetime of the host, though no more young worms should be taken in. That of the ox, ete., on the other hand, is more likely to be ex- pelled, and, therefore, often infests its host but for a lim- ited period. The Syngamus of the bird has probably the same history out of the body, but this has not been so carefully studied. Within the chest the Strongyli live in the small terminal air passages in their young or embryo state, in the larger air tubes when mature, and in cysts in the lung substance when laying their eggs or when about to die that the eggs may be set free and hatched. In the air passages they give rise to bronchitis, in the lungs to pneumonia and deposits resembling tubercles but distinguishable under the microscope by the presence of the elliptical eggs and the embryo worms. The Syngamus of birds inhabits the air passages and gives rise to bronchitis. In all cases the parasites are most fatal to the young. Although old animals continue to harbor them they prove much less destructive and are often unsuspected. SYMPTOMS IN CALVES AND FOALS. VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS. HOOSE. HUSK. These are essentially those of bronchitis, with the dif- ference that the whole herd is affected and mucus coughed up, containing worms either singly or rolled up in bundles. There is at first only a slight rather husky cough repeated at irregular intervals.s There follows dry staring coat, embarrassed breathing and advancing ema- ciation. Soon the cough becomes frequent, paroxysmal and suffocating, with expectoration of mucus and worms. Or the cough is soft, loose and wheezing, and the patient is weak, hide-bound, with sunken eyes and pale, thin or puffy membranes, dropsical swellings beneath the jaws, chest or belly, and no appetite; the sufferer may be found 102 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. — apart from its fellows in a corner or under a tree, covered with flies and sinking rapidly into extreme debility and death. Intestinal worms (in cattle, Strongylus Radiatus, Sclerostomum Hypostomum, Ascaris Lumbricoides, Teenie Expansa, ete., in foals, Sclerostomum Equinum, S. Tetra- canthum, Ascaris Megalocephala, Oxyuris Curvula, etc.,) usually coexist to a most injurious extent, causing diar- rhcea and other irregularities of the bowels. In the worst cases death may result ten or fifteen days after the onset, though more commonly it is delayed two or three months and recovery may take place. Prevention. In localities and countries to which the disease is new the parasites should be killed out by the continuous medical treatment of the diseased animals, or if necessary their destruction, and the separation of all horses, asses, mules and cattle, from the infested pasture or its vicinity and from any stream of water running through or close to it; as well as from all fodder, roots, grain, etc., grown on such land, for several years after. In infested localities calves and foals should never be pastured on land recently occupied by older stock of the same kind or allowed access to water used by such stock. Sheep, goats or pigs may be safely fed on such land. Avoid overstocking. Drain the land to clear off pools or wet spots. Keep the young stock from infested or sus- pected pastures while wet with dew and rain, and from clover and allied plants which by their moisture are liable to harbor the worm. Suspected beasts should be kept apart from the healthy and from healthy pastures until subjected to thorough and continuous treatment. The carcasses of the dead should be very deeply buried, or better, the lungs and windpipe removed and burned to ashes. All exposed animals should be well fed on a diet including dry grain, and should be allowed salt to lick at will, this being destructive to the young worms. Treatment. Feed liberally on linseed cake, rape cake, cotton cake, roots, maize, oats, beans or other sound nu- Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 103 tritious diet to which may be added a mixture in equal parts of sulphate of iron, gentian and ginger, in proportion of four ounces to every ten calves of three months. To destroy the intestinal worms, give every morning, fasting, a tablespoonful of table salt or an equal amount of oil of turpentine shaken up with milk. For the lung parasites, place the affected animals in a close building and burn pinch after pinch of flowers of sulphur on a piece of pa- per laid on an iron shovel, until the air is as much charged with the fumes as they can bear without coughing vio- lently. The administrator must stay with them-in the building to avoid accidents and keep up the application for half an hour at a time. It should be repeated several days in succession, and at intervals of a week for several weeks, so as to kill the young worms as they are hatched out in successive broods, and not until all cough and ex- citement of breathing have passed should the animal be considered as safe to mix with others or to go on a healthy pasture. SYMPTOMS IN SHEEP, GOAT AND CAMEL. VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS. These are the exact counterpart of those in the calf. There is a short, dry, sonorous cough, with a frothy dis- charge from the nose containing worms or their eggs, loss of appetite, rapid wasting, diarrhoea, shedding or drying and flattening of the wool, excessive thirst and irregular or depraved appetite, there being a disposition to eat earth. In the advanced stages the cough becomes very harassing and death may ensue from suffocation. Intes- tinal parasites (Strongylus Contortus, S. Radiatus, S. Filr- colis, Sclerostomum Hypostomum, Tenia Expansa, and per- haps Sclerostomum Duodenale,) are even more numerous and injurious than in calves. ; Prevention. All the measures advised for the disease In calves will apply equally well here, with this proviso, that the parasites only affect sheep, goat, dromedary and camel, so that they only must be kept apart, while infested past- 104 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. ures may be safely grazed by cattle, horses, asses ot mules. Nathusius obviated the attacks by keeping the early lambs in sheds and boxes until May, and the late ones until autumn, and by feeding in the same places on roots and hay in wet weather. Abundant dry feeding and a free access to salt are especially desirable. Treatment. This is precisely the same as for calves. The tonic mixture (iron, ginger and gentian,) may be giv- en to the extent of two ounces to every ten three months lambs daily. For the intestinal parasites, a teaspoonful each of salt and oil of turpentine may be given in milk every second day, before eating if possible. Fumigate precisely as for the calf. SYMPTOMS OF VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS IN PIGS. Rayer and Bellingham supposed these parasites to be harmless to pigs, but my experience agrees with that of Deguileme, that they will accumulate in such numbers as to cause bronchitis and death. The symptoms are essen- tially the same as in other animals—the coughing up of worms and eggs being the only reliable evidence of the disease. Privention and treatment are essentially the same as for lamhs and calves. SYMPTOMS IN BIRDS. GAPES. Young turkeys or chickens a few days old frequently open the mouth wide and gasp for breath, sneeze and make efforts at swallowing. These movements become more :onstant and severe, breathing is oppressed and wheezing, and the little patients grow languid and dispir- ited, droop and die. It is especially prevalent on old-es- tablished farms with large flocks of fowls. Treatment. The worms may be partly removed by a feather stripped of all its plumes except at the tip, or still better by a horse-hair twisted up so as to have a very fine loop. The mouth being opened the feather or hair is Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 105 passed into the opening seen in the middle of the tongue. pushed to the lower end of the windpipe, turned round several times and withdrawn, when a few worms will be found attached. It may be repeated at intervals and is still more effectual if the instrument is first dipped in oil, salt water, or a weak solution of carbolic acid, tobacco or sulphurous acid. The treatment is only partially success- ful as it fails to remove worms lodged in the bronchial tubes or air sacs. Cobbold made an incision in the wind- pipe and extracted the worms with forceps, while Bartlett succeeds with turpentine smeared on the neck and which Fig. 16. Fig. 16—Syngamus Trachealis. Gape-worm, nat. size, and enlarged. is of course inhaled. A removal from the contaminated ground, the supply of pure water (boiled if necessary) and an abundance of nourishing diet are essential elements of treatment. Prevention. Burn all the worms extracted from the air passages. Keep fows from ground and houses which are known to be infested, until they have been soaked in a strong solution of salt or with crude carbolic acid or pe- troleum. Suspected water must be withheld or boiled. Avoid all green food from an infested locality. The car- casses of the dead must be burned. Young fowls may be raised safely indoors on the worst infested farms. CHAPTER V. DISEASES OF THE HEART. Frequency in different animals. General symptoms. Palpitation, thumps Displacement of the heart. Cyanosis. Enlargement, hypertrophy. Wast- ing, atrophy. Dilatation. Pericarditis, inflammation of the heart-sac. En. docarditis, inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart. Carditis, in- fJammation of the structure of the leart. Chronic disease of the valves. Fatty degeneration of the heart. Tumors and parasites of the heart. Rupt- are of the heart. These are much more common in domestic animals than is generally supposed. Though protected in animals from the strain consequent on the upright position of man and excessive mental efforts, the heart suffers from the severe physical exertions of dogs and horses and in all animals from its contiguity to diseased lungs and pleura, from the increased force necessary to propel the blood through the lungs or general circulation when disease offers mechan- ical obstructions, and above all from the settling of rheu- matism on its valves and other fibrous textures. Dairy cows suffer greatly from pins, needles and other sharp- pointed bodies swallowed with the food and afterward di- rected toward the heart by its movements. High-bred oxen, sheep, pigs and even pampered horses are very sub- ject to fatty degeneration of the muscular substance of the heart and consequent dilatation of its cavities. GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF HEART-DISEASE. 1. The pulse in full grown animals at rest may be set lown as follows per minute :—horse 36 to 46; ox 38 to 42, yw in a hot building or with full paunch, 70; sheep, goat Diseases of the Heart. 107 and pig 70 to 80; dog 80 to 100; cat 120 to 140; goose 110; pigeon 136; chicken 140. In old age it may be five less in large quadrupeds and twenty or thirty in small ones. Youth and small size imply a greater rapidity : The new-born foal has a. pulse three times as frequent as the horse, the six-months colt double and the two-year old one and a quarter. It is increased by hot, close build- ings, exertion, fear, a nervous temperament and pregnancy. In large quadrupeds there is a monthly increase of four to five beats per minute after the sixth month. Independently of such conditions a rapid pulse implies fever, inflamma- tion or debility. The fore of the pulse varies in the dif- ferent species in health, thus it is full and moderately tense in the horse; smaller and harder in the ass and mule; full, soft and rolling in the ox; small and quick in sheep ; firm and hard in swine; and firm and with a sharp (quick) beat in dogs and cats. Jn disease it may become more /re- quent, slow, quich (with sharp impulse), tardy (with slow, rolling movement), /wll, strong, weak, small (when thread- like but quite distinct), hard (when with jarring sensation), soft (when the opposite), oppressed (when the artery is full and tense but the impulse jerking and difficult as if the flow were obstructed), jerking and receding (when with empty, flaccid vessel it seems to leap forward at each beat), intermittent (when a beat is missed at regular intervals), unequal (when some beats are strong and others weak), ir- regular (when without any distinct intermission for a pe- riod equal to an entire beat the intervals between success- ive beats vary in length). Beside these a peculiar thrill is usually felt with each beat in very weak, bloodless states. 1The pulse may be felt wherever a considerable artery passes over a super- ficial bone: thus on the cord felt running across the border of the lower jaw just in front of its curved portion: beneath the bony ridge which extends up- ward from the eye: in horses inside the elbow: in cattle over the middle of the first rib or beneath the tail: in dogs in a groove running down the inne side of the thigh. 108 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. Of these the jerking, intermittent, unequal and irregular pulses are especially indicative of heart-disease. The jerking pulse is associated with disease of the valves at the commencement of the great aorta which carries blood from the left side of the heart, and is accompanied by a hissing or sighing noise with the second heart sound. The intermittent pulse implies functional derangement of the heart but not necessarily disease of structure. The unequal and irregular pulse is met in cases of fatty degen- eration, disease of the valves on the left side, cardiac dila- tation, ete. A retarded pulse in which the beat of heart and pulse follow each other with a perceptible interval implies imperfect closure of the valves at the commence- ment of the aorta, or an aneurism on the aorta. A venous pulse seen in the jugular veins in the furrow near the lower border of the neck attends imperfect valves between the auricle and ventricle on the right side of the heart, or congested lungs but may exist in health. Palpation. The application of the hand over the chest behind the left elbow will detect any violent and tumultu- ous beating, irregularity in the force of successive beats, etc. Auscultation. The ear applied to the same part will detect a slight rubbing sound with each heart-beat in the early stages of pericarditis. It will also detect any mod- ification of the heart sounds. In health each beat of the heart is characterized by two distinct successive sounds, the first somewhat dull and prolonged, the second short, sharp and abrupt. The first sound is simultaneous with the contraction and emptying of the ventricles, the closure of the valves between the ventricles and auricles and the flow of blood into the arteries. The second corresponds to the completion of these acts, the recoil of blood in the arteries and the closure of the valves between them and the heart. The following table will show the significance of the various superadded sounds (blowing, sighing, purr- ing or hissing murmurs,) to any one who will acquaint himself with the course of blood through the heart : Diseases of the Heart. 109 BLOWING. HEART SOUNDS. Narrowing of the Blowing murmur auriculo - ventricular before the first > orifice. Clots or sound, growths on _ the valves. the heart. Heard along the< opening of the aorta. 1 Strongest toward the base of { Narrowing of the large arteries. Blowing murmur { Narrowing of the with the first sound. Strongest toward the left of | pulmonary artery, or the heart. Not heard over the) imperfect action of great arteries. the auriculo-ventric- q ular valves. with the second over the great arteries at each of the valves at the sound. heart beat. opening of the aorta. Blowing murmur [irc rushing sound in the { Aneurism (dilata- Blowing murmur { Double rushing sound heard { Imperfect action after the second arteries with each beat of the¢ tion) of the aorta. sound. heart. Besides these the second sound may be doubled in hy- pertrophy of one ventricle of the heart. The sounds are like whispered who, awe, ss, or 7, very low but exceedingly characteristic. Other Symptoms. Besides the fever attendant on in- flammatory affections there are characteristic phenomena present in the chronic form of heart-disease. These are shown at rest or only developed under exercise. There are habitually cold extremities, dropsies in the limbs, and be- neath and within the chest and abdomen, difficult breath- ing especially during exertion, unsteady gait when hurried, vertigo, partial paralysis or cramps of thelimbs. In most cases there is sluggishness, dullness and a tendency to lay on fat. Patients may be lively when at rest, but flag at work and are liable to sudden fainting or death. PALPITATION. THUMPS. This is sudden violent convulsive beating of the heart not connected with structural disease. Palpitations also accompany most acute diseases of the heart. The func- tional disorder comes on very abruptly, usually under 10 110 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. some excitement, has perfect intermissions, is manifested by abrupt knocking and visible jerking of the abdomen with the heart-beats, by regularity in force and intervals of successive beats, and by the absence of redness of the mucous membranes, abnormal sounds of the heart and dropsy of the limbs. If connected with structural heart (lisease it comes on more slowly, is. constant though ag- gravated at intervals, with a heavy, prolonged or irregular and unequal impulse of the heart, with red mucous mem- branes and dropsy of the limbs. The first form is bene- fited by gentle exercise, stimulants and tonics, the latter aggravated by them. Some excitable horses and dogs suffer under any cause of fear, and pigs as a result of many acute diseases, (inflammations, intestinal worms, etc.) Treatment. Quiet, avoidance of all excitement, and sedatives (digitalis) thrice a day will usually arrest. Then the weak excitable condition should be overcome by exer- cise, tonics and substantial feeding. In structural dis- eases these must be attended to as well. DISPLACEMENTS OF THE HEART. These are not very infrequent in the newly-born, the heart being sometimes lodged altogether out of the chest. There is no remedy. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE TWO AURICLES. CYANOSIS. This is the natural condition before birth, but some- times the directing of the blood through the lungs fails to secure its closure, or some obstruction to the circulation in these organs (tuberculosis, congestion, ete.,) leads to its reopening and the arterial and venous blood mix. The blood being equally unfit for nutrition and the mainte- nance of animal heat, there is surface coldness, staring coat, puny growth, blue mucous membranes, and op- pressed breathing and irregular heart’s action when sub- jected to exertion. A murmur usually precedes the first heart sound. The subjects die young or prove worthless Diseases of the Heart. 11) when mature. Nothing can be done to remedy unless the disease is due to some remediable affection of the lungs. ENLARGEMENT (HYPERTROPHY) OF THE HEART. This is a simple increase of the muscular substance and may be confined to one side of the heart or to one ventri- ele. It is usually caused by some obstruction to the cir- culation through the arteries, or in horses or dogs by-ha- bitual violent work. Symptoms. The heart’s beats are more forcible and prolonged and the interval of silence shortened ; the pulse is full and rolling; the first sound is low, muffled and pro- longed, the second sound unnaturally loud, and sometimes repeated if one ventricle only is affected ; the heart sounds may be heard over an unusually large area, the lungs be- ing sound, and the dullness on percussion is equally ex- tended. The pulse is usually regular and if excited to ir- regularity or intermission soon returns to its normal stand- ard if the patient is left at rest. Pure hypertrophy rarely implies imminent danger and many hard-worked horses survive to an old age with greatly enlarged hearts. Butif associated with dilatation, impaired strength, livid mucous membranes, blowing mur- murs with the first heart sound, and paroxysms of difli- cult breathing it may prove fatal at any time. Treatment. Tf possible remove the obstacle to the cir- culation. Then adopt a restricted, gently laxative diet, perfect rest in fattening animals or only light work in horses, and the daily use of digitalis or aconite, unless there is extreme dilatation. Arsenic is also given with benefit, but in advanced cases, or those due to irremedi- able obstruction, no treatment is of any avail. WASTING (ATROPHY) OF THE HEART. This is much less frequent than hypertrophy. It may be due to compression of the heart and its nutrient vessels hy effusion into the pericardium, or the formation of false 112 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. membranes, or it may coexist with a general wasting ana imperfect nutrition of the body. The Symptoms are the opposite of those of hypertrophy. There are the general signs of chronic heart-disease, but percussion which gives satisfactory results only over the breast-bone and in carnivora gives almost the sole reliable symptom—a decreased area of dullness. Little can be done to relieve, and that little directed to the removal of its causes. By keeping fattening animals quiet they may be preserved for slaughter. DILATATION OF THE HEART. This like hypertrophy usually results from some ob- struction to the circulation, but especially from a sudden extreme obstruction, whereas hypertrophy results from a slowly increasing obstacle. It is also exceedingly common in cases of fatty degeneration in overfed stock (cattle, sheep, pigs). Symptoms. Loss of appetite, spirit and endurance, faintness and difficulty of breathing on the slightest exer- tion, habitual coldness of the limbs, dropsy, unsteady gait, venous pulse, palpitations, weak tremulous heart impulse, murmur with the first sound, small weak irregu- ular and often intermittent pulse, and lividity of the membrane of the nose, Treatment. Unless the causes can be put a stop to in the early stages no treatment will be satisfactory. Ar- senic is sometimes useful in horses. Fattening animals should be kept very quiet and their progress hastened if possible. PERICARDITIS. This is inflammation of the fibrous covering of the heart and its reflection on the pleurs, and is due to similar causes with diseases of the lungs. It is also induced by influenza, pleuro-pneumonia, rheumatism, and wounds with sharp-pointed bodies (pins, needles, nails, broken ribs, ete.) Diseases of the Heart. 113 Symptoms. General fever, staring coat, hot dry mouth (muzzle, snout,) dilated nostrils, excited, difficult breath- ing, double lifting of the flank with each expiration, the formation of a ridge on the abdomen as in pleurisy, ten- derness when pinched or percussed behind the left elbow (in ruminants and small quadrupeds over the breast-bone), a rubbing sound with each beat of the heart and the im- pulse of the heart strong. Soon, effusion takes place, the rubbing sound is lost, the impulse of the heart and its sounds are weakened and the area of dullness in percussion is increased. This dullness does not maintain a horizontal line along the chest as in hydrothorax, but is like an in- verted cone and changes its position with a change of pos- ture which is easily effected in small animals. Difficulty and oppression of breathing, protruded nose, staring eye- balls, pinched, haggard countenance, venous pulse and obstinate standing mark the advanced stages. Dropsies of the limbs and other dependent parts are also frequent. A painful cough is sometimes though not constantly pres- ent throughout the disease. Death may ensue in five days to three weeks, or the disease may become chronic or end in recovery. The chronic form is seen in the ox without any preced- ing acute attack. There is slight fever, oppressed breath- ing aggravated by exertion, weak, irregular, intermittent pulse, distant heart sounds, absence of respiratory mur- mur, dullness on percussion over an increased, cone-like area behind the left elbow, venous pulse and general dropsy. Treatment. In the preliminary shivering, treat as for congested lungs. Later, bleeding may sometimes be ben- eficial in strong subjects by relieving extreme difficulty of breathing and high nervous excitement. Usually it would be injurious. Give a purgative (horse, aloes; ox and sheep, Glauber salts; dog and pig, castor-oil ) foment the walls of the chest and envelop in a large mustard poultice until the skin is well thickened, moderate the heart’s ac- 10* 114 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. tion by digitalis four times a day: and follow the action of the purgative by diuretics (nitre, acetate of potassa, etc.) Ointment or tincture of iodine may be applied to the walls of the chest. In cases of extreme danger from effusion the liquid should be drawn off with cannula and trocar or needle-like tube, as in hydrothorax, the puncture in the horse or ox being made between the cartilages of the fifth and sixth ribs. In case of rheumatic complication use alkalies, colchi- cum, acetate of potassa and other agents advised for rheu- matism. ENDOCARDITIS. Inflammation of the serous membrane lining the cham- bers and covering the valves of the heart. Causes. Inflammation of the valves in connection with undue strain in severe exertions or obstructions to the flow of blood, the rheumatic constitution or certain other un- healthy states of the blood. Symptoms. The general symptoms resemble those of pericarditis. There are besides, violent but unequal im- pulse of the heart against the left side, accompanied by a metallic tinkling, a blowing murmur with the first, or even the second sound, as soon as the contraction of the valves, or the clots formed on them, render them insufficient to close the orifices, and, if the disease exists on the right side of the heart, venous pulse, general venous congestion and dropsical swellings. The pulse, at first strong and sharp, becomes weak with the imperfection of the valves, in marked contrast with the continued strong impulse of the heart. The patient may perish from obstruction to she heart’s action by clots on the valves, or from such clots carried on with the circulation and blocking arteries at a distance ; or diseases of other organs may supervene from the latter cause, or a recovery may take place with or without permanent alterations which render the valves unable to close their respective orifices. Diseases of the Heart. 115 Treatment is in the main the same as for pericarditis, rest, laxatives, sedatives and blisters being mainly relied upon. As there is less danger from effusion diuretics need not be pushed to the same extent. In rheumatic cases, adopt antirheumatic treatment, and in case of clots on the valves use iodide of potassium and alkalies. CARDITIS. Inflammation of the muscular substance of the heart can only take place to a limited extent in connection with endocarditis and pericarditis, or with punctures from sharp bodies and the like. Were the entire organ involved death would be prompt. The symptoms are those of acute heart-disease generally, modified by the exact seat of the injury, and treatment need not differ materially from that adapted to the two diseases just described. CHRONIC VALVULAR DISEASE. With the general symptoms of chronic heart-disease, there are blowing murmurs as described in the table under auscultation of the heart. This is a very common result of endocarditis and is irremediable. Yet affected cattle, sheep and pigs may often be prepared for the butcher by liberal feeding and perfect quiet. FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART. This is most frequent in high-bred stock (Shorthorns, Berkshire and Essex pigs, Leicester and Southdown sheep,) but may exist in any pampered animal. Some- times it is complicated by degeneration of the entire muscular system, especially in pigs. There are the gen- eral phenomena of chronic heart-disease and dilatation, and the condition is irremediable, though it rarely kills animals kept in perfect quiet. RUPTURE OF THE HEART. If from severe exertion this usually takes place througl. 116 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. the fibrous structure at the base of the ventricles connect- ing them with the large arteries. If from a fall or violent concussion the muscular walls usually give way, when found in a relaxed condition, or the laceration happens at the point of connection with the veins (vena azygos). Perfo- ration from ulceration is seen in cows in connection with sharp-pointed bodies that have been taken into the stom- ach. Death is sudden in all such cases. OTHER HEART-DISEASES. The heart is further subject to a great variety of dis- eased growths and deposits and to parasites—Echinococcus, Cysticercus Tenuicollis (sheep and calf), Cysticercus Cellulosa and Trichina Spiralis (pig), Rainey’s Cysts (cattle), and Filaria Immitis (dog). CHAPTER VL DISEASES OF BLOOD-VESSELS AND LYM- PHATICS. Wounds of arteries—punctured, cut, torn. Arteritis, inflammation of ar. teries. Embolism, plugging. Aneurism, dilatation. Wounds of veins. Phlebitis, inflammation of veins—circumscribed, diffuse. Varicose—dilated veins. Lymphangitis, inflammation of lymphatics. Weed. Poisoned and irritated wounds. DISEASES OF ARTERIES. WOUNDS OF ARTERIES. Punctured wounds are rarely dangerous, as the walls quickly close and the few drops of blood which escape help to plug the orifice ; but there is danger of inflamma- tion and plugging of the vessel, and cold or warm fomen- tations with rest are desirable. Cut wounds, if only implicating the outer coats, soon ‘heal and are rarely followed by dilatations as in man. If all the thickness of the wall is incised the result will be according to the direction. If in a line with the course of the vessel there is little risk and slight pressure will usu- ally check bleeding. If transverse or oblique the elastic- ity of the walls of the vessel holds the orifice open and bleeding is severe, the blood flowing in jets and of a bright rcd color. If cut completely across, the arterial coats re- tract and curl within themselves and in small vessels will often close the opening. To check bleeding the end of the vessel may be sought and tied, or a piece of silver wire may be passed through to the soft parts beneath it by the aid of a curved needle, 118 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. and tied over a cork placed on the surface of the skin. It may be untwisted and drawn out in twenty-four hours. Or a pad of tow may be made with a sharp firm point and gradually increasing to a considerable bulk (graduated compress) and tied over the wound with the narrow point pressing on the vessel. Or the orifice may be seared with an iron at a dull red heat. Tearing, stretching, twisting, aud scraping through arteries usually lead to retraction of their coats and complete clos- ure and these measures are sometimes adopted to check hemorrhage. ARTERITIS. Inflammation of an artery may be external or internal according as it affects the fibrous sheath or the inner lin- ing membrane. In the external inflammation there may be little danger, even if matter is formed, as the vessel will continue to transmit the blood so long as its inner coat is sound. But in internal inflammation the blood coagulates, layer after layer, on its inner surface until the channel be- comes impervious. This may cut off the blood entirely from the part to which the artery was distributed, leading to loss of power and substance, and in the case of the limbs to a lameness, which comes on whenever the animal is exercised, and increases with the exertion, but disap: pears with a short rest of ten or twenty minutes. Or small clots may be loosened from the mass and passing on block smaller trunks, causing circumscribed inflamma- tion at distant parts. Causes. Over-stretching of arteries. Plugging by clots from the heart in endocarditis, or from inflamed veins. Wounds, parasites, etc. Symptoms. Loss of muscular power and coldness of the parts beyond the seat of plugging, extreme tenderness over the line of the vessel at the inflamed point, and sometimes general fever. Treatment. Perfect rest, warm fomentations, laxatives, Diseases of Blood-vessels and Lymphatics 119 ‘horse, ox and sheep, linseed oil or Glauber salts; pig and dog, castor oil,) and afterward diuretics and sedatives. The persistence of the plugging and lameness must be met by patience, the animal being turned into a small yard or paddock where he can take gentle exercise and live well, until the collateral vessels have had time to en- large and carry on the circulation. Three or four months will sometimes secure a tolerable recovery. DILATATIONS OF THE ARTERIES. ANEURISMS. These are mostly seen in the horse among domestic an- imals, and even in him much more rarely than in man. The causes are generally severe strains in the vicinity of an artery, or over-stretching of the vessel itself. They are also common in the mesenteric arteries of horses from the presence of immature worms (Sclerostomum Lquinnne) in the circulating blood. Injuries to the walls of the ves- sels are much less liable to be followed by aneurism than in man, because of the greater plasticity of the blood, and the speedy formation of a covering of coagulable lymph. They are soft, fluctuating, pulsating tumors, effaceable by pressure, but reappearing at once. Being usually situated internally, treatment can rarely be adopted. But when superficial, compression has been most successful alike in the horse and dog. It is needless to recount the many other modes of treatment for such an unusual affection. DISEASES OF VEINS. WOUNDS OF VEINS. These give rise to the escape of a dark red blood in a steady stream. This-is commonly to be arrested by pin- ning up the lips of the wound evenly, taking hold of each by one-eighth inch and tying them together by a little tow, twisted round the two ends of the pin in the form of the figure 8. Or several pins may be placed near each other and the tow twisted round them and from pin to pin in the same manner. Veins may be tied but this risks the 120 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. occurrence of dropsy unless you know that there is a free circulation by other collateral trunks. They may be com- pressed for a time until the wound is closed with lymph, a simple pad and compress being used, or the silver wire and cork as advised for arteries. PHLEBITIS. INFLAMMATION OF VEINS. This usually results from opening a vein with a rusty fleam or lancet, making the incision at the dilated part, just above a valve, pulling out the skin in inserting the pin so as to cause a flow of blood into the tissues beneath, leav- ing hairs or other iritants in the wound, or pinning the lips awry. Symptoms. Swelling of the wound, gaping and redness of the lips, and the formation of a hard painful cord along the line of the vein in an upward direction where the blood is necessarily stagnant and in contact with the clot al- ready formed. The exudation may be fibrinous with a tendency to contraction and obliteration of the vein, or suppuration may occur, in which case the matter must es- cape externally. Clots may be detached and washed on to plug the arteries in the lungs, and rouse pneumonia. or perfect recovery may take place with loss of the vein, and a tendency to swelling of the part from which it comes, when that is in a dependent position. Treatment. If from an inflamed wound after bleeding, take out the pin, remove hair, pus, clotted blood or other irritant, and foment with warm water. Then rub in, at an inch distant from the wound and along the course of the hardened vein, an active blister (Spanish flies 2 drs., lard 1 oz.,) and tie the animal to the two sides of the stall, so that he cannot rub the part. If a vein is lost in the neck, never again turn out to grass. DIFFUSE PHLEBITIS Resulting from an irritated or poisoned external wound, or in the womb after parturition, is usually fatal, the clots Diseases of Blood-vessels and Lymphatics. 121 forming on the inflamed lining membrane being washed on in greater or less amount, to set up inflammation in the lungs and elsewhere. DILATED (VARICOSE) VEINS. These are common over the distended hock joint in bog spavin and I have seen them in the posterior tibial and other veins but they are rarely or never injurious. ENTRANCE OF AIR INTO VEINS. If veins are opened in the lower part of the neck or else- where in the vicinity of the chest the suction-power may draw in air in such quantity as to work the blood in the heart into a frothy mass, and block the minute vessels in the lungs, causing sudden death. There is heard a gurg- ling sound as it enters the vein and afterward tumultuous heart’s action and a fine squeaking sound in the lungs, while the animal falls in a faint. The danger is not so great as is usually supposed, as it takes several quarts suddenly introduced to kill a horse. Care is requisite, however, to close promptly all large veins opened in the vicinity of the chest. DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATICS. LYMPHANGITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE LYMPHATICS. This occurs in two forms, one a constitutional disease and the other a simple local affection due to irritation of a wound or the absorption of poisonous matter. CONSTITUTIONAL FORM. WEED. SHOT OF GREASE. This is seen mainly in heavy lymphatic fleshy-lcgged horses, kept at hard work on heavy feeding, and in the midst of this left in the stall for two or three days without any exercise or change of feed. Thus it is common on Monday morning or after one or two stormy days that have kept the horses indoors. It is the result of a sudden access of plethora, but it may occur in similar 11 122 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. circumstances in over-worked and rather reduced horses. In either case it is due to an accumulation in the blood of deleterious products that should have been worked off by exercise. Symptoms. There is shivering to a variable extent, but very severe in the worst cases, greatly accelerated breath- ing, rapid hard pulse, general fever and stiffness in one or both limbs. Examination high up in the groin, by the side of the sheath or udder, detects enlargement and great tenderness of the inguinal glands, the patient usu- ally raising and drawing out his limb till he seems ready to fall over on the other side. Soon the shivering gives place to the hot stage, the surface burns and sweats, and the limb swells, the swelling extending cord-like down the course of the vessels on its inner side, and its lower part becoming the seat of an excessive exudation, which may fill it up to the body, and of two, three, or four times its natural size. If allowed to go on, abscess, sloughing and unhealthy sores may result, the patient may perish, or the fever may subside leaving the limb permanently thickened to almost any extent, and correspondingly liable to future attacks. Treatment. Mild cases may be entirely restored by giving the animal a fair amount of exercise. In those that are somewhat more severe, a smart purgative (aloes 6 to 8 drs.) must be given, warm fomentations applied continuously to the limb, and walking exercise enforced as soon as the patient can be made to move. The purgation should be followed up by active diuretics (nitre, iodide of potassium,) and when the inflammation has somewhat subsided tincture of iodine may be applied over the swol- len glands. In the worst cases in vigorous plethoric subjects a prompt effect should be secured by a free bleed- ing from the jugular, until the pulse is softened, and the same treatment followed out as in other cases. Diet should be light and laxative (bran-mashes, roots, scalded hay, ete.,) and the water given with the chill off. For the chronic thickening of the leg, regular feeding Diseases of Blood-vessels and Lymphatics. 128 and exercise, a bandage smoothly applied from the foot up when in the stable, the application of tincture of iodine every four days to the limb, and the internal use of tonics (iron, Peruvian bark, columba, gentian, nux vomica, etc.,) and diuretics (iodide of potassium, liquor of acetate of ammonia,) will be beneficial. Some use veratrum. LOCAL FORM. This results mainly from wounds, bruises (saddle or shoulder scalds), from injuries of unyielding parts (pricked foot, tendon or fascia,) and above all from the absorption of putrefying animal matter or other poison by these ves- sels. The same occurs from the specific poisons of gland- ers, farcy, etc. There are slightly swollen cords (red in white skins) extending along the course of the lymphatics and veins from the point of irritation or poisoning; nod- ular, painful enlargement of the lymphatic glands along their course, and more or less surrounding pasty swelling, or even erysipelas. It may go on to abscess or diffuse suppuration, it may leave induration of the glands, or even the vessels and surrounding parts, or a perfect re- covery may be made, Treatment. Rest, a purgative, and astringent lotions (acetate of lead 1 dr., opium } dr., carbolic acid 1 dy., wa- ter 1 qt.) If the inflammation runs very high it may be expedient to use warm poultices to hasten suppuration. In case it arises from a poisoned wound, cauterize the sore thoroughly with lunar caustic or crystallized carbolic acid, and keep the affected parts wrapped in cloths con- stantly wet with a saturated solution of bisulphite or hy- posulphite of soda, and enough carbolic acid to give a sweetish taste. The bisulphite may also be taken inter- nally. In case of suppuration, open early and freely with the lancet. If the affection becomes chronic and threat- ens permanent induration use iodine ointment or tincture, well applied bandages, giving an equable pressure, and aven blisters. Iodide of potassium, or in weak subjects, iodide of iron may be given internally. CHAPTER VII. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. Their frequency and gravity in different animals. Stomatitis. Inflamma- tion of the mouth,—of the palate,—of the gums,—of the tongue. Thrush, Aphthous Stomatitis. Mercurialism. Warts on the lips. Laceration of the tongue. Cysts under the tongue. Tumors of the mouth. Cancroid of the lips. Cancer of the tongue. Supernumerary teeth. Wolf-teeth. Parrot- mouth. Crib-biting, wind-sucking. Displaced teeth. Overgrown and une- ven teeth. Carious teeth. Disease of the membranes of the teeth. Tartar on teeth. Dentition-fever. Salivation, slobbers. Salivary calculi. Salivary fistula. Inflammation of the parotid gland. Choking. Stricture and dila- tation of the gullet. Impaction of the crop. Tympany in cattle. Hoove. Bloating. Overloaded paunch. Impaction of the third stomach. Gastritis in cattle. Indigestion in oxen. Indigestion in calves, lambs and foals. White scour. Acute gastric indigestion in the horse. Acute intestinal indi- gestion in the horse. Windy colic. Impaction of the large intestines in horses. Chronic indigestion—catarrh of the stomach and bowels in horses. Vomiting. Depraved appetite. Foreign bodjes in the stomach and intes- tines. Spasmodic colic. Acute hemorrhagic enteritis. Acute muco-enteri- tis. Croupous enteritis. Inflammation of the rectum. Diarrhoea, scour- ing. Dysentery. Obstruction of the bowels,—impaction, invagination, volvulus, etc. Hernia,—diaphragmatic, mesenteric, umbilical, inguinal, fem- oral, ventral, vaginal. Eversion of the rectum. Piles. Fistula in anus. Imperforate anus. Peritonitis. Ascites. Gastric and intestinal parasites. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. The importance of these diseases in the domestic ani- mals follows an ascending series from the carnivora, through the omnivora and solipeds to the rummants. The small capacity of the digestive organs in carnivora (dog and cat), the completion of the greater part of the digestive process in the stomach, and the facility with which vomiting is accomplished sufficiently account for their comparative immunity. Pigs stand next in these re- Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 125 spects and last come the herbivora with their enormously long and capacious digestive organs, the slow digestion as the food passes through the bowels and the difficulty o1 impossibility of getting quit of irritating agents by vomit- ing. In the ox and sheep there is the further complica- tion of the four stomachs, the first three of which are lit- tle more than macerating and triturating cavities, and in which an enormous bulk of food is continually stowed away. From their rapid collection and swallowing of food poisonous, irritating and unnatural objects appear more liable to be taken in by oxen, while horses suffer more from hurried feeding and from hard work immediately after feeding. Horses, too, suffer much from faults in wa- tering, as excess of cold water when hot and fatigued, causing stomachic and intestinal congestions, an excess after feeding grain, washing that on undigested to ferment in the bowels, ete. Again, all of the herbivora are espe- cially subject to digestive disorders from food that is un- naturally grown, or spoiled in harvesting, so that in unfa- vorable seasons affections of the stomach and bowels may spread like an epizootic. INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. Causes. Mechanical and chemical irritants. There may be wounds, bruises, injuries with bit or twitch, irri- tant vegetables, scalding food, snake and leech bites, stings of insects, injuries from ropes tied round the lower jaw and tongue, from giving “weak lye” and other irritants, especially to the horse, which can resist swallowing liquids as long as he chooses, from pricks with thorns, needles and other sharp-pointed bodies, from cutting, decay, over- growth or irregularity of the teeth, from rough dragging upon the tongue, from the use of mercury and other sali- yating drugs, from parasitic growths, and from some spe- cific fevers (aphthous fever, Rinderpest, etc.) Symptoms of General Inflammatior of the Mouth. Diffi- ulty in taking in food and water; swollen, rigid tender 11* 126 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser lips and cheeks ; red membrane of the mouth; slavering ; saliva often foetid; swelling between the bones of the lower jaw; the formation of blisters or sores inside the mouth ; and sometimes swelling of the glands beneath the ears. Abscess or even gangrene may result. Treatment. Remove the cause whether irritants in food, drugs, sharp bodies lodged in the tissues, injuries by the bit, twitch or otherwise. If injured by lye, wash with weak vinegar; if by acids, with calcined magnesia, lime water or bicarbonate of soda; if by caustic salts, white of egg, boiled linseed, slippery elm or the gluten of wheat flour. Give the same agents as a draught. If from the bite or sting of venomous animals apply ammonia to the part and give it internally. In all the severer animal poisons the wound should be cauterized (see ca- nine madness). In simple inflammations open the bowels by injections of warm water with soap or other laxa- tives, or, if it can be done, give a mild laxative (olive oil). Wash the mouth frequently with cool astringent lotions (vinegar and water; vinegar and honey; borax, alum or tannic acid, honey and water; water slightly sweetened with carbolic acid, etc.) Have fresh cool water constantly present to drink at will, and feed with boiled gruels, or soft mashes cold, or pulped or thinly sliced roots. Poultices beneath the throat and lower jaw are often very useful. If erosions and ulcers appear touch them repeatedly with a feather dipped in a solution of 10 grains lunar caustic to 1 oz. distilled water. If fluctua- tion shows the presence of matter lance at once. If sloughing takes place wash with a solution of permanga- nate of potassa 1 dr., water 1 pint. If there is much swell- ing keep the head tied up. CONGESTED PALATE. JAMPAS. A red swollen state of the soft parts behind the upper front teeth, attendant in young animals on shedding of the teeth, or in older ones on digestive disorder. The taking Diseases of the Digestive Oryans. 127 in of food may be painful and awkward from the tender palate projecting beyond the teeth. Treatment. Feeding hard unshelled Indian corn has often a good effect. Scarify shghtly with knife or lancet, for half an inch back from the teeth. Follow with astrin- gent lotions if necessary. If with costiveness or disorder of the stomach give a dose of physic. INFLAMMATION OF THE GUMS. If connected with the shedding and cutting of teeth, re- move those that hang partly detached and scarify the gums. For the other causes—diseased teeth and mercurial poisoning—see below. INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. There are the signs of general inflammation of the mouth, with great difficulty in taking in food, chewing and drinking, and a swollen red tender state of the tongue which often hangs out of the mouth. Treatment. Search carefully for any sharp irritant body that may have penetrated the organ and remove it. Support the tongue within the mouth in a bag with tapes tied behind the ears. Otherwise treat as for general in- flammation of the mouth. THRUSH OF THE MOUTH. APHTHOUS STOMATITIS. MUGUET Is mostly seen in sucking animals. In addition to the signs of ordinary inflammation, there appear on the lips, cheeks and tongue, firm white patches, which on micro- scopic examination show the presence of a vegetable growth (oidium albicans). Wash the mouth frequently with a solution of bisulphite of soda or even of borax. MERCURIALISM. Inflammation of the mouth, ulceration of the gums, loosening of the teeth and free salivation were formerly common results of the abuse of mercurials but are now 128 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. fortunately rare. There is likely to be disorder of stomach and bowels, loss of appetite, bloating, rumbling in the belly, badly digested, foetid stools and great languor and depression. Use washes containing tincture of iodine or chlorate of potassa, and iodide of potassium internally. WARTS ON THE LIPS Are very common in dogs. Remove with scissors and cauterize the roots thoroughly with a pointed stick of lunar caustic. LACERATION OF THE TONGUE. Causes. Especially common in horses from hard bits, nooses of ropes, or rough dragging with the hand. The lacerated tongue may hang from the mouth. Sew up the wound with catgut previously softened in water; feed thick gruels only, and wash out the mouth frequently with a lotion of permanganate of potassa. Any dead por- tion must be removed with the knife, but it must not en- croach on the living. The whole organ may often be saved when almost entirely torn off. CYSTS UNDER THE TONGUE. These are tense elastic rounded swellings and are easily remedied by a free incision with the knife. TUMORS IN THE MOUTH. These mostly grow from the gums and tongue, and may attain the size of the closed fist in the horse. Small ones may be removed with scissors, the larger with the ecraseur’, CANCROID OF THE LIPS. CANCER OF THE TONGUE. The former of these attacks the angle of the mouth in horses and cats as an eroded unhealthy sore with hard thickened margins; the latter appears in horses and cattle as an increasing hard swelling with unhealthy open sore and giant cells. It should be excised when very limited. Later it is inenrable. Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 129 SUPERNUMERARY TEETH. Tn the case of nippers or grinding teeth these should be extracted or pinched out as they are liable to injure the gums, palate, cheek or tongue. Wolf-teeth cannot be looked on as superfluous, being natural and harmless. They are insignificant teeth situ- ated directly in front of the upper, and less frequently of the lower grinders. Being present during the shedding and cutting of the teeth, when recurring inflammation of the eyes is most frequent, they are in very bad odor with people who cannot see the distinction between the mere coincidence and the cause and effect. They are useless, however, and may be extracted without injury, though if broken they may irritate the gums. PARROT MOUTH. Abnormal length of the upper jaw may lead to inordi nate length of the upper front teeth which project over the lower like a parrot’s bill. If this interferes with graz- ing the extra length should be removed with a saw or with tooth-shears. But parrot-mouthed horses usually do well fed in-doors. CRIB-BITING. This is a distortion rather than a disease of the teeth, these being worn away on their anterior edge so as to show more or less of the yellow dentine in place of the clear pearly enamel. It is associated with the serious vice of wind-sucking (swallowing), and eructation, which leads to tympany, digestive disorder, and rapid loss of condi- tion. The horse seizes the manger or other solid object with his teeth, arches and shortens the neck and makes a grunting noise. The wivd-sucking may, however, exist without crib-biting. It may be learned by standing idle near a crib-biter, and alway goes on to disease and loss of condition. Treatment. Smear the front of the manger with aloes 130 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. or other bitters. Cover all exposed woodwork with sheet- iron. Place a small revolving roller above the front of the manger so that the teeth may at once slide off. Apply the muzzle shown in the adjoining cut. In pure wind- Fig. 17. Fig. 17—Muzzle for crib-biter. suckers a strap may be tied tightly round the upper part of the neck, though at the risk of inducing roaring. DISPLACED TEETH. Though loosened and partially displaced, teeth will often grow firm if at once replaced in their sockets and the animal fed for some time on soft mashes. If they cannot be returned to their natural situation they should be at once extracted, as any faulty direction will be a source of after trouble. OVERGROWN AND UNEVEN TEETH. The teeth of herbivora are liable to become overgrown into sharp hurtful processes along the outer margin of. the upper grinders or the inner border of the lower, because the lower jaw is always narrower than the upper. In old animals aud those having broken teeth, extensive over: Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 131 growth will ensue from the absence of wear. In other cases a tooth is displaced and failing to meet with a tooth in the other jaw gets overgrown, cuts the soft parts and sets up disease of these or of the jaw-bone. There ensue the usual symptoms of disease of the teeth, with swelling of cheek or tongue, tumefaction of the jaw or evea run- ning sore, or a foetid discharge from the nose. The over- grown teeth must be reduced with the tooth-rasp, cut with Fig. 18. Fig. 18—Tooth-rasp. tooth-shears, or with a guarded tooth-chisel. CARIOUS TEETH. Caries is quite common in the grinding teeth but rare in the incisors. Symptoms. Slow, careful mastication, and dropping from the mouth of half-chewed food (hay, green fodder,) which, impelled by hunger, the animal takes in but fails to swallow. Greedy swallowing of soft food, indigestions and colics from imperfectly chewed aliment irritating the stomach and bowels. The presence in the dung of undi- gested grain which has been swallowed whole. Un- thrifty, staring coat, hide-bound, pale mueous membranes, weak pulse, weakness, emaciation, and liability to sweat- ing, and swelling of the legs are marked features. The more specific symptoms are: swelling of the jaw-bone over the diseased fang or even a running sore if in the lower jaw, the accumulation of partially chewed food around the tooth, and especially between it and the cheek, tenderness of the tooth when touched or gently tapped with the finger, the presence of a black spot on some part of its surface, or of an excavated channel, leading from the wearing surface down to the fang, or between the 132 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. tooth and the jaw-bone, this cavity being filled with putrid elements and giving out a most offensive and persistent odor. In some cases the tooth is broken in pieces. In examining the mouth draw out the tongue and turn it up between the jaws, or better keep the jaws apart with a balling iron. If the diseased tooth belongs to the upper jaw and is behind the first grinder there may be a very feetid discharge from the nose, which with its attendant nodular enlargement of the glands beneath the jaw have led to the destruction of many such horses as glandered. Treatment. When there is much inflammation of the gums clear out the cavity of the tooth with the aid of a bent flattened wire and a syringe with bent nozzle, feed soft bran mashes only, and give a dose of laxative medi- cine (horse, aloes; ox or sheep, sulphate of magnesia; dog and pig, jalap ;) lance the gums and protect from cold for a few days. When inflammation is less severe, scrape from the diseased cavity all black, softened or diseased tooth, and plug it with gutta-percha softened by heat, moulded into the cavity and hardened by a stream of cool water. If there is a tender spot from exposure of the nerve this should first be deadened by caustic (crystallized carbolic acid and powdered opium). Where the destruc- tion is too great to allow of success by stuffing, the tooth must be extracted, and the cavity syringed out after each meal, until it heals up, and then filled with gutta-percha to prevent the adjacent teeth deviating from their proper di- rection. If very loose, the grinding teeth of large quadru- peds may be extracted with large tooth forceps, but if at all firm an opening must be made over the fang and the tooth driven into the mouth with a mallet and punch. This oper- ation requires accurate anatomical knowledge, especially in young animals. In small animals the teeth may be re- anoved by ordinary dentist’s forceps. After the removal of a tooth in herbivora the opposing teeth on the other jaw must be occasionally cut or rasped down to prevent injury from overgrowth. Diseases of the Digestive Orguns. 133 DISEASE OF THE MEMBRANES OF THE TEETH. The membrane surrounding the fang or that lining the pulp cavity may become the seat of disease. There may be loosening, suppuration or shedding of the tooth, devia- tion from its true direction so that the outer edge of the upper grinder or the inner edge of the lower may get overgrown and injurious, or a hard deposit may fill up the pulp cavity, or surround the fang wedging it into its socket and setting up disease and swelling of the adjacent jaw- bone. These conditions may often be relieved in the early stages by soft feeding, protection from cold, lancing the gums, a dose of physic, and daily sponging of the gums with tincture of myrrh. DENTINAL TUMORS. These occur from the action of any irritant applied to the tooth ivory. Some years ago I removed a large mass of this kind attached to the second upper temporary grinder of the horse. It is usually necessary to remove the teeth from which they grow. TARTAR ON TEETH. This is common in dogs and may be removed by a wooden probe with a small pledget of tow dipped in water rendered slightly acid with spirit of salt. DENTITION FEVER. Considerable irritation and fever often attend on the cutting of the teeth in animals. Horses are most liable to suffer in the third year when they cut four front teeth and eight back ones, and in the fourth year when they cut four front, eight back, and four tushes. Cattle suffer less and mainly from the second to the third year. One of the first grinders which come up at this period is some- times entangled with the crown of its predecessor, causing much loss of appetite and condition and foetid breath, Pigs usually cut thirty-six teeth from the sixth to the 12 134 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. twelfth month and are most liable to suffer at this age. Puppies and kittens suffer even to convulsions, between the third and the sixth months. The temporary tushes should always be extracted if not shed before the perma- uent ones come up. The redness, swelling and tenderness of the gums in such cases may extend to the throat, causing fits of cough- ing, and retained temporary teeth are to be sought for and removed. Otherwise treatment consists in a slight lancing of the gums, washing with tincture of myrrh, using soft food, keeping the bowels open, and avoiding hard work in horses and dogs. SALIVATION. SLOBBERS. This is often a symptom of some other affection (aph- thous fever, dumb rabies, epilepsy, stomatitis, pharyngitis, dentition, caries and other diseases of the teeth, wounds and ulcers of the mouth, gastric catarrh, etc.,) or caused by irritant food and drugs (rank aqueous rapidly-grown grass, musty mow-burnt fodder, lobelia, wild mustard, colchium, pepper, garlic, ginger, irritants, caustic alkalies, acids and salts, and the compounds of mercury used in- ternally and externally). Mercurials are especially hurtful to cattle. Paralysis of the lips will cause a free flow of saliva, as will also irritation with the bit, and especially from chemical agents attached in bags to the bit. Symptoms. Free discharge of saliva in stringy filaments or frothy masses, frequent deglutition, increased thirst and disordered digestion. For mercurial salivation see stomatitis. Treatment. Discover and remove the cause, use astrin- gent washes as advised for stomatitis, and give access to cold water. In obstinate cases give a course of tartar emetic, opium, chlorate of potassa, or iodide of potassium. Rub the glands beneath the ears and between the jaws with iodine ointment. Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 135 SALIVARY CALCULI. These are small concretions of earthy and organic mat- ter usually around some foreign body (a grain of oats or barley, or a particle of sand) which has accidentally en- tered the canal. They obstruct the ducts and give rise to the feeling as of a tense elastic cord extending round the border of the lower jaw and upwards on the side of the cheek, or forward along the inner side of the jaw-bone. The pea-like concretion may be felt at the anterior end of the cord, and if there is more than one they may be made to rattle on each other. Sometimes matter forms and bursts and the concretion may be felt in the depth of the wound. Difficulty in chewing and swallowing, and indigestions arise from the lack of saliva. Treatment. Pass the calculus onward to the mouth by manipulation with the fingers, or this failing lay open the duct and extract it from within the mouth if possible. If it must be opened through the skin, first shave the part, make a small incision with a sharp knife, extract the mass and cover the wound with layer after layer of collodion, allowing as little exposure to the air as possible. Allow no food whatever for twelve hours and then only soft mashes and gruels until healing is completed. SALIVARY FISTULA. This is found wherever a wound penetrates a duct of any of the salivary glands. It is especially lable to oc- cur from opening abscesses in strangles and from wounds about the lower jaw. Symptoms. A free discharge from the wound during feeding, of a clear, slightly glairy liquid, especially abun- dant where the food is dry and fibrous. Chewing is slow, difficult, and carried on on the opposite side of the mouth only. Digestion and general health are gradually im- paired. Treatment. If recent, shave the edges of the wound, bring accurately together and cover with collodion, layer 136 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. after layer, until strong enough to prevent it from burst- ing open. If of older standing, a smart blister over and around the wound will often close it. Should this fail, the edges must be made raw by paring and the wound firmly closed by carbolated catgut or twisted suture. If the channel between the wound and the mouth has be- come impervious, a new one must be made and kept open > by a thread passed through it and retained by being fixed to a flat button outside and in, until the walls are no longer raw and likely to adhere. Then the thread is to be withdrawn and the external wound closed by stitching, blister or collodion. In all such cases the patient must be tied to both sides of the stall, high up, so that he cannot possibly rub the wound, and diet must be restricted absolutely to soft mashes and gruels. In obstinate cases a forcible injection into the duct of the gland of a solution of 2 grs. lunar caustic in 1 oz. of alcohol, will usually destroy its secreting power. INFLAMMATION OF THE PAROTID GLAND. This gland, situated behind the ear, is liable to inflam- mation from mechanical injury and obstruction of its duct, as well as in strangles and other specific diseases. Symptoms. A hard but painful tumefaction beneath the ear, with more or less soft doughy feeling at its mar- gins, stiff carriage of the head, slow difficult chewing, and more or less general fever. Treatment. First remove any obstruction in the duct or mechanical cause of irritation, then purge (Glauber salts), wash the mouth with weak solutions of vinegar or chlorate of potassa, and cover the affected gland with a soft poultice, with a little sugar of lead added. Feed soft cool mashes and sliced or pulped roots only, and when the bowels have settled give cooling diuretics (nitrate of potassa). If matter forms let-< approach the surface and point before opening, to avoid cutting any of the ducts Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 137 and establishing a fistula. If it gets hard and insensible use iodine externally and internally. CHOKING. This is especially common in cattle feeding on rovts, potatoes, apples, pears and the like, because of the habit of jerking up the head to get the object back between the grinders. Pieces of leather, bone, etc., chewed wantonly often slip back in the same way. Horses suffer mainly from badly shaped balls or sharp-pointed bodies, dogs from bones. Ravenous feeders will choke on dry chaff, cut hay, etc., being imperfectly mixed with saliva, and the same will happen in cases of diseased teeth or salivary fistula or calculus. Symptoms of pharyngeal and cervical choking. When the object is arrested in the throat or neck there is great dis- tress, staring eyes, slavering, violent coughing with expul- sion of dung or urine, continuous efforts at swallowing, and in cattle tympany of the first stomach, which may suffocate the animal in fifteen or twenty minutes. I have seen an animal die in five minutes when the object was lodged directly over the opening of the windpipe. In horses there is in addition an occasional shriek, and wa- ter returns by the nose when drinking is attempted. In omnivora and carnivora retching and vomiting are promi- nent symptoms. A careful examination along the furrow on the left side of the neck will usually detect the offend- ing object. Symptons of thoracic choking. If the object is lodged in that part of the gullet which hes within the chest, cough, slavering and gulping may be absent, but there are efforts at regurgitation and the discharge of liquids by the mouth (in horses the nose). This, with the inabil- ity to swallow solid food, is very characteristic. Tympany is usually slight, and there may be tremors at intervals. Symptoms of choking withyinely divided dry food. These are the same as for solid masses, according to the situa- 125 1338 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. tion, but in addition there is in the groove on the left side of the neck, a diffuse soft yielding swelling, provided the obstruction is situated above the chest. Treatment. Sharp-pointed bodies lodged in the throat must be carefully sought for and extracted. Solid objects in this region can usually be withdrawn with the hand. Have the animal held with the head elevated into a line with the neck and the mouth held open with a balling iron; then the tongue being drawn out with the left hand, the right is passed through the mouth into the throat and the middle finger hooked over the offending body so as to withdraw it. If lodged still lower it may often be worked up into the throat by pressure beneath it with one hand in each furrow along the lower border of the neck. A vigorous jerk at the last seconded by the action of the pharynx will often lodge it in the mouth, but if not it is easily extracted as above advised. Should this fail and tympany prove threatening lose no time in gagging the animal. A smooth roller of wood two inches in diameter is tied into the mouth by cords carried from its ends around the top of the head—behind the horns in cattle. Swelling never increases dangerously with this applied, and in a few hours the obstruction usually passes on. More prompt relief may be obtained by using a probang of leather or other material with a spiral spring wire in- ternally, the whole two-thirds of an inch in diameter, six feet long, and with one end enlarged to one and a half inches in diameter and cup-shaped. This is oiled and the head having been brought into a line with the neck, the balling iron introduced and the tongue drawn out, the cup-shaped end is introduced and pushed on until the obstruction is reached. Steady pressure must be kept up on this for a few seconds, when it will yield and should be passed into the stomach by introducing the probang to its whole length. Ifit resists leave the animal for an hour or two gagged, and try again. In the horse the probang Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 189 cannot be safely passed without casting, and it should never be passed on until by examination in the furrow on the side of the neck, the operator has ascertained that it has entered the gullet and is clear of, and above the windpipe. For the small animals the probang must be made correspondingly small. The use of whips and such like objects is very repre- hensible as being lable to tear the gullet. An effective probang may be constructed out of a piece of stiff new rope, a few of the bundles of the end of which have been opened out and tied back so as to form a cup-shaped extremity. After being used this may be hung up straight on several nails driven into the wall and will be ready for the next occasion. In choking with finely divided food the probang only packs it firmer, and gagging and time will rarely dislodge it. Pour water or well-boiled gruel down, and seek by manipulation to break up the mass and allow it to pass on little by little. Instruments have also been devised for extracting the obstructing mass. Failing otherwise, the gullet must be laid open, the offending matter extracted, the wounds sewed up, and the animal fed for a time on liquids only. Horses are sometimes choked by eggs given by foolish grooms. These may be punctured with a needle and then crushed between two solid bodies on different sides of the neck. Prevention. Besides the more obvious resort of with- holding dangerous articles, the mere tying down of the head will prevent choking in cattle feeding on turnips, apples, ete. A loop of rope fixed to the ground is to be hung over the horn when such food is supplied. Solid food should be to a large extent withheld for a week after the relief of choking, until the slight irritation or inflam- mation has subsided. 140 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. STRICTURE AND DILATATION OF THE GULLET. These usually coexist, the first giving rise to the second, because of habitual accumulation of food above the nar- row part. The narrowing results from mechanical injury in choking, etc., or from the presence of a worm (spirop- tera) which lives in galleries on the mucous membrane. The symptoms are the formation of an extended diffuse soft swelling along the furrow on the left side of the neck, when the animal feeds or drinks, and the subsidence of this swelling during abstinence. The only permanent treatment is by bougies or probangs passed daily, begin- ning with those that will just pass the stricture, and using them larger as the former ones begin to pass easily. The food must be restricted to soft mashes and gruels. Cattle are usually slaughtered when attacked in good condition. IMPACTION OF THE CROP IN BIRDS. Symptoms. Want of appetite, dullness, sinking of the head between the wings, ruffled plumage, and enormous and firm distension of the crop, easily recognized when the bird is handled. Treatment consists in pouring down tepid water and moulding the crop so as to force its contents a little at a time back into the mouth. This failing, cut the crop open, empty it, sew up the wound, and feed gruels or soft mush for a few days, TYMPANY OF THE IFIRST STOMACH IN RUMINANTS. HOOVE. BLOATING. Causes. It is especially common in weak, ailing, or under- fed stock when put on rich luxuriant food, especially green food, in spring. Some food is dangerous, such as clover (white and red) ; green food covered with dew or hoar frost, soaked by inundations or drying after a shower; diseased or frosted potatoes or turnips (roots or tops) ; partially ripened but uncured grain and crowfoots and other acrid Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 141 plants. It may be caused by overloading the stomach with sound fodder, by the presence of hair-balls and other foreign bodies in the stomach, by fever, choking, stricture or parasites in the gullet, tuberculosis, ete. Symptoms. Swelling of the whole left Fig. 19. side of the belly, often rising above the level of the hips and backbone, tense and elastic recoiling at once when pressed in, and drum-like on percussion. There is great difficulty of breathing, distended nos- trils, bloodshot eyes, open mouth, driveling of saliva, occasional belching of gas with loud noise, and frequent passage of dung and urine. The patient stands to the last and falls to die with ruptured diaphragm, or stomach, congested lungs and profound nervous shock. Treatment. Gagging is alleged to suc- ceed as in choking, but I have not tried it. Dashing a bucket of cold water on the body may give temporary relief by condens- ing the gas and favoring eructation. The hollow probang passed into the storaach as for choking will allow the escape of the gas. In urgent cases the paunch must be punctured with the first instru- ment that comes to hand, and the open- ings in the stomach and the skin kept in apposition until the gas flows out. The most suitable instrument is a cannula and trocar at least six inches long which may be plunged without fear into the left sideina downward and inward direction, from a Fig. 19 -Trocar and point equidistant from the hip bone, the eanmila: last rib and the lateral processes of the backbone. The trocar being withdrawn the cannula may be tied in and left for hours or days. In the absence 142 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. of these a pocket-knife may be used, and should be kept in the wound until a large quill can be obtained and held in its place. A smaller trocar like that used for hydro- thorax in horses is suitable for sheep and goats. When urgent cases have been relieved in this way, and in milder cases without any such surgical resort, antifer- ments and antacids must be given; aromatic spirit of am- monia, (ox 3 oz., sheep 1 oz.,) crystalline sesquicarbonate of ammonia (ox 1 oz., sheep 3 drs.,) oil of turpentine, (ox 2 oz., sheep % oz. in oil, milk or eggs well mixed,) whisky, brandy or gin, (ox 1 to 2 pts., sheep 1 pt.,) ether, pepper, ginger, oil of peppermint, etc., in full doses, wood tar (ox 2 oz., sheep }$-0z.,) carbolic acid or creosote, (ox 2 drs., sheep $ dr. in a pint of water,) sulphite, hyposulphite or bisulphite of soda, (ox 1 oz., sheep 2 drs.,) chloride of lime or chlorate of potassa. Antacids (potassa, soda, ammonia, and their carbonates ; soapsuds and lime-water,) check the fermentation by neutralizing the acidity. Care should be taken to see (by tasting) that they are not used in too strong and irritating solutions. A dose of physic is usually necessary to clear off the offensive food, and should be accompanied by a stimulant (sulphate of soda and ginger). Chronic tympany due simply to indigestion may be remedied by careful dieting and a course of tonics, (foenu- grec, oxide of iron, carbonate of soda and common galt in equal parts, nux vomica 2 drachms to every pound of the inixture. Dose: ox 1 oz., sheep 2 drs., daily in food). Por chronic tympany due to foreign bodies in the paunch gee below. OVERLOADED PAUNCH. This differs from the last in that the paunch is over- loaded, overstretched and paralyzed by excess of solid food, rather than gas. Rich, tempting and unusual food (lus- cious grass, clover, lucern, vetches, tares, beans, peas, grain,) is especially dangerous, as is food which ferments Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 143 with the formation of a fine frothy mass, (potatoes, espe- cially diseased or frosted ones,) food containing a narcotic or paralyzing principle, (green Indian corn, partially ripened wheat, barley, oats, beans, peas, tares and grasses,) bulky, dry, fibrous, innutritious aliments, (aftermath mixed with old withered stems of a former growth, hay that has ripened before being cut, dried sedges and rushes, stalks of ripened beans, peas, etc.,) and finally musty, rusty or otherwise injured hay. Salivary fistula or obstruction and worn or diseased teeth may contribute to it. Symptoms. Develop more slowly than in tympany. There is dullness, sluggishness, raised back, hurried breath- ing, and frequent moaning. The abdomen swells, espe- cially the left side, but it hangs downward, has no absolute drum-like resonance on tapping, and pressure leaves a temporary indentation. As the disease advances there is the same difficult breathing as in tympany, frequent pas- sage of dung and urine, stupor and finally suffocation or death from nervous shock. If due to green food, diarrhcea usually precedes death, and a spontaneous cure may be effected by this or by vomiting, but only in rare cases. Ticatment. In the first stages give stimulants and anti- ferments, as for tympany, with active but not irritating purgatives to unload the stomach. A pound each of Epsom and Glauber salts, 2 oz. oil of turpentine, and $ drachm of nux vomica will be a suitable dose for an ox, to be followed up by stimulants, and in seven hours, if no relief, by a second dose of the same strength. If drum-like resonance at the upper part of the left side shows the pressure of free gas, draw it off by puncturing, and dash cold water over the body to encourage contraction of the paunch. Give active stimulants every two or three hours. If there is no sign of improvement but rather stupor and sinking, the only hope is in opening the stomach in the left side where it is punctured in tympany, enlarging the opening until the hand can be introduced, having two assistants hold the edges of the wound in the stomach 144 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. against those in the skin, taking out at least two-thirds of the contents of the paunch, sewing up the wound in the stomach with the edges turned in, and that in the skin, and keeping on a little gruel and soft mashes for a week. This operation can be performed standing, the right side of the animal applied against a stone wall, and the nose held by bull-dog pincers or even by the fingers. It usually succeeds if resorted to early enough. . IMPACTION OF THE THIRD STOMACH. DRY MURRAIN. GRASS STAGGERS. A dry baked state of the contents of the manifoldsis found in all feverish conditions, in torpid or inactive states of the paunch, with impaired or suspended rumination, in case of feeding on dry, fibrous, indigestible elements (bleached withered hay or that which has been over-ripened, or a mixture of fresh and dry grass in autumn,) on a sudden change to the over-stimulating fresh grass of spring, on smutty maize, cornstalks or wheat, on a deficiency of water, or a sudden change from soft to hard water, or on taking lead into the system in a metallic condition or otherwise. The most rapidly fatal cases result from green food, over-ripe but uncured grain, vetches, or rye-grass, and from lead poisoning. Symptoms. Slight cases may be marked by failure to chew the cud regularly when recovering from a fever, a poor appetite, dry muzzle, dull eyes, spiritlessness, quickened breathing with a moan at intervals roused at any time by forcibly punching the closed fist beneath the short ribs on the right side. Ifit has lasted several days the fist pressed into the left side may detect the contents of the paunch col- lected in hard masses, and tympany is likely to be present. The «lung is usually scanty and hard, but in cases occurring from fibrous or irritating food, this costiveness is preceded by more or less diarrhoea. The beast leaves its fellows, reclines on its left side, with the head in the right flank, and tends by-and-by to show palsy of the hind limbs, drowsiness and stupor, or delirium and convulsions. Diseuses of the Digestive Organs. 145 In the more acute cases, death may ensue in six hours. The animal is found apart, lyimg with his head in his right flank, with red fixed eyes, eyelids half closed, and much drowsiness and stupor though he may still feed when raised, pulse and breathing accelerated, bowels loose o1 torpid, hardness and tenderness under the right short ribs, and muscular tremors. Later the eyes glare, the patient seeks relief in motion, in a straight line or to one side regardless of obstacles, and pushing against obstructing walls or fences till teeth or horns are broken, bellowing loudly and in a terrific manner all the time. Treatment. For the simpler forms give strong purga- tives, (sulphate of soda, ox 1 lb., sheep 6 oz. with common salt, molasses and croton,) stimulants (ginger, carbonate of ammonia,)and abundance of water or watery fluids. The stimulants may be repeated at intervals of Lhree hours, and accompanied by injections of warm water. If no re- lief is obtained in twelve hours, repeat the purgative and if any tenderness of the right side exists, blister it with mustard and turpentine (for sheep use ammonia and oil). Tf the kidneys act profusely, change the purgative, giving castor or linseed-oil. Even after free action of the bowels itis usually necessary to feed green food, roots or soft mashes, to give all the water that will be taken, and even to add slight laxatives to insure the perfect breaking up of all the impaction. In the acute forms of the disease with irritation of the stomach the blandest purgatives only (linseed, olive, or castor-oil,) must be used with nux vomica, injections and a blister on the right side over the short ribs, and cold water or ice-bags to the head. Should the victims become deliri- ous, fasten to a strong post round which they can move, or to a ring fixed in the ground. When recovery ensues, fol- low up with a course of bitt wr tonics, (gentian, willow bark nux vornica, boneset, etc.) 13 146 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. GASTRITIS IN OXEN. The acute impactions of the manifolds are usually conn- plicated with congestion, and the chronic impactions lead to it. Inflammation also results from over-stimulating food, (spring grass, clover, tares, green corn, etc.,) from dry heating aliment, (excess of corn meal, linseed cake, rape cake, cotton cake,) from wild mustard and other it- ritants, from poor, hard, fibrous food, from suspension of rumination during prolonged hard work, and from min- eral and vegetable irritants. Symptoms. In mild cases, from heating or poor food, there are dullness, moaning, trembling, straining and fre- quent passage of dung in small quantities, hot, clammy, slightly reddened mouth, dry muzzle, sharp accelerated pulse, fullness and tenderness of the belly, and the pres- ence of solid masses of food in the paunch as felt on the left side when pressed with the fist. The more active forms, resulting from green food or ir- ritants, are manifested by the same symptoms as acute impaction of the third stomach, with the addition of a tense abdomen, not dependent on the paunch, increasing tenderness, and increased temperature of the body. There may be diarrhosa or costiveness or one after the other, and it may end in stupor or convulsions. Treatment. In the milder forms give a quart of linseed or olive-oil and 2 drs. Dover’s powder. Even Epsom or Glauber salts may be used with drachm doses of hyoscy- amus or belladonna as often as may be requisite to keep down violent suffering. Give all the water the patient will drink, adding a little decoction of linseed, slippery elm or mallow; also frequent injections of warm water, and warm fomentations to the abdomen followed by a blister. Brain symptoms must be treated as advised under impaction of the third stomach. Follow up with a course of tonice alter relief is obtained. Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 147 INDIGESTION {N WORKING OXZN FROM DRINKING COLD WATE This occurs in hard-working oxen, coming from a dusty road in a hot day and drinking to excess. There are vio- lent colicky pains, uneasy shifting of the hind limbs, lying down and rising, looking at the flanks, and a fullness and gurgling on the right side of the abdomen. It may pass in half an hour to an hour with a free watery diarrhea. T'reatment consists in exercise, walking or trotting, and a stimulating draught—pepner, ginger, fennel, caraway, peppermint, ammonia, alcohol and the like. INDIGESTION IN CALVES, LAMBS AND FOALS. WHITE SCOUR. This may result from a great variety of causes, such as withholding the first (laxative) milk after parturition, feeding new-born calves on the milk of old calved cows, bringing up foals or lambs on cow’s milk, working, over- driving or otherwise exciting the dams, feeding unwhole- some food to the dams, allowing too long intervals be- tween the meals of the young, bringing up on hand on cold or soured milk or farinaceous food, keeping in damp unwholesome pens, or the accumulation of pellets of hair in the stomach. Symptoms. Trregular (impaired or even ravenous) ap- petite, swollen, tender, drum-like abdomen, sour eructa- tions, profuse foetid white watery diarrhoea, white-or gray- ish fur on the torgue, dry, scurfy, unthrifty skin, and rapid emaciation. Treatment. Give a dose of 1 to 2 ozs. castor-oil (4 for lambs) with a teaspoonful of laudanum. Then with each meal give a tablespoonful from a bottle of sherry in which 4 of the fresh fourth stomach of a calf has been steeped. Or with this give a carminative (1 oz. tincture of cinna- mon) with an antacid (prepared chalk or magnesia 1 dr.) and soothing or anodyne agents (gum Arabic, bismuth,) with, it may be, an astringent (tincture of kino or catechu 1dr.) If there is much tenderness of the abdomen ap- ply a pulp of mustard and water. If yellowness of the 148 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. mucous membranes and white, very foetid dung, give 2 grs. calomel and 5 grs. chalk twice daily. In all cases give fresh, warm, wholesome milk thrice a day, with sey- eral spoonfuls of lime-water added to each meal. In -gome instances the tone of the stomach may be greatly restored by a tablespoonful of tincture of gentian twice a day. es should be sought in breeding only vigorous families, sheltering properly, and feeding the milk of the dam or of a healthy nurse unaltered by faulty feeding or excitement, or by standing. When a foal must be brought up on cow’s milk, dilute with one-third its bulk of warm water, sweeten with sugar and add lime-water. For the carnivora use only the upper third of cow’s milk. ACUTE GASTRIC INDIGESTION IN THE HORSE. TYMPANY. This results from sudden filling of the stomach to excess, from suspended digestion in connection with hard work immediately after a meal, from the washing on of un- digested food, from a full drink after a feed of grain, from certain indigestible and easily fermented aliments, such as cause tympany in the ox, from irritant plants, and from nurried swallowing of hot cooked food. Symptoms. These appear just after feeding and are at first those of simple colic, (see Spasmodic Colic) soon followed by fullness and tension of the belly, a drum-like sound when it is percussed, quickened, deep, oppressed breathing, dullness and increasing stupor. The pain is continuous though of varying intensity, there is no dispo- sition to eat or drink, draughts administered tend to aggravate the symptoms, the sufferer yawns, places his fore feet apart, arches the neck drawing in the nose toward the breast, and in exceptional cases, may obtain relief by belching gas, or even by vomiting, the food escaping mainly through the nose. More commonly the occurrence of vomiting implies rupture of the stomach and presages death. The pulse then becomes rapid, weak and soon Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 146 imperceptible, and the countenance very haggard and de- jected. In the advanced stages the animal is usually sunk in stupor, and rests his head on the manger or pushes it against the wall, while in some instances nervous more- ments of the lips and limbs occur. Treatment. Give early, full doses of aromatics, stimu- lants and tonics, (tincture of pimento or ginger, oil of peppermint, aqua ammonia, ether, alcohol, peppers, nux vomica, etc.,) rub the belly, and if relieved, follow up with a dose of physic. Alkalies are sometimes useful, as in the ox. Warm water injections and walking exercise should also be given. The stomach of the horse cannot be sately punctured, hence the affection is too often fatal. When relieved give easily digested food frequently in small quantity, until the stomach has regained its tone. When horses bolt their food give a little hay to appease hunger before allowing grain. ACUTE INTESTINAL INDIGESTION IN THE HORSE. TYMPANITIC COLIC. Due to the same causes as gastric tympany, this often complicates that, and is complicated by it, the disease being named according to the predominance of the gaseous evolution in stomach or bowels. When the bowels are mainly implicated, there is greater hope, as medicines may be passed through the stomach and taken up from the gut so as to affect the system, and the gas may even be drawn off with a small cannula and trocar from the large intestines which occupy the lower part of the abdomen. The puncture should be made where the resonance is clearest and most drum-like. The symptoms closely resemble those of tympanitic stomach, only there is more passage of dung and flatus, and tle treatment only differs in the greater freedom with which liquids may be poured into the stomach and the possibility of drawing off the gas through a cannula. 13* 150 The Farmer's Veterinary Adwiser. IMPACTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINES IN HORSES. This results from overfeeding, especially on grain, (Indian corn, wheat,) from hard, fibrous, indigestible food taken in excess to make up for the deficiency of quality ; from imperfect preparation of the food in diseases of the teeth, jaws or salivary glands ; from insufliciency of water, and eminently from want of exercise. Symptoms. Considerable impaction may last for a time without any sign, and the disease finally shows itself sud- denly as a violent colic. More commonly transient colics come on after meals for several days in succession. There are pawing with the fore feet, uneasy movements, or kicking of the belly with the hind, lying down and rising at short intervals, turning of the nose toward the flank, and the frequent passage of wind and of dung, the latter a few small pellets at a time. There is special fullness and tension of the right side of the belly, dullness on per- cussion, solid resistance when pressed, and if the soaped hand is introduced through the last gut the solidly im- pacted bowels are usually to be felt. The pressure of these on the bladder often causes frequent discharges of urine. A favorite position is one with the fore limbs stretched forward and the hind backward. Treatment. In mild cases and in the early stages give a laxative diet (roots, soft bran mashes, oil meal, corn- stalks,) and two or three ounces of Glauber salts daily in the food. In the more severe, give aloes, gentian and nux vomica, and in case of tympany, carbonate of ammonia or peppermint; relieve pain by hyoscyamus or belladonna, and follow up with frequent injections of warm water, and frictions aud fomentations of the abdomen. The aloes should not be repeated under twenty-four hours, but if there is evidence of their having passed off by the kidneys they may be replaced by linseed or olive-oil. The action of the bowels may be deferred three or four days without a fatal result whereas too much medicine will often cause rupture of the gut in front of the impaction. Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 151 Prevention should be sought by a more laxative diet, by a liberal supply of water, by exercise, or even by daily doses of 1 or 2 oz. of sulphate of soda in the food. The addition of 2 drachms of powdered gentian and 10 gars. of nux vomica will often restore lost tone to the bowels. CATARRH OF THE STOMACH AND BOWELS IN HORSES. This is a form of chronic indigestion resulting from faults in diet, as regards quality, quantity and regularity: from a habit of bolting food; from starvation and hard work ; from a sudden access of rich food; from the irrita- tion of worms; from congested or torpid liver; from impaction of the bowels or from any irritant in the food. Symptoms. Unthrifty appearance, rough coat, hide- bound, irregular or capricious appetite, dullness at work, emaciation, tucked up belly, clammy, furred tongue, irreg- ularity of the bowels, diarrhcea alternating with constipa- tion, hard balls of imperfectly digested dung covered with a film of mucus, foetid sour odor of stools, and an inclina- tion to lick the white walls or fresh earth. Treatment. A carefully regulated and easily digested diet, (green food, sound hay, ground oats, roots,) moderate regular exercise, a clean, warm, comfortable stable, rock salt to lick at will, and a course of tonics, (gentian with nux vomica, white bismuth, and sulphate of soda,) morning and evening. Change from one tonic to another as they seem to lose their effect. Slippery elm, boiled linseed, mallow, etc., are often useful in checking irritation. VOMITING. This is common in carnivora and pigs but exceedingly rare in cattle, and still more so in horses, asses and mules. It may be due to a gréat variety of causes, as di- rect irritation of the stomach by food, poison, congestion or inflammation, disease of the brain, or of some other organ, which profoundly affects the system, or which like the throat or gullet has intimate nervous relations with the 152 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. stomach. It is therefore mostly a symptom of other dis- eases, and in many cases of gastric irritation is a means of relief. When due to direct irritation of the stomach favor it by giving tepid water freely. When emptied, the stomach may be soothed by ice, iced water, prussic acid, creosote, carbolic acid, bismuth, nux vomica, lemon-juice, camphor, etc. Gum and albumen may often be given to sheath the irritated organ, and a blister may be placed on the pit of the stomach. DEPRAVED APPETITE. Seen in dyspeptic horses, eating earth, lime, etc., in rabid dogs swallowing all sorts of things, and in cows eating chalk, earth, sand, gravel, wood, leather, iron bolts, and articles of clothing, hair, bones, lead, etc. In many cases what is begun as a habit is continued as a disease, the foreign bodies in the stomach deranging the digestion and keeping up a morbid craving. Pregnancy, tuberculosis, and a deficiency of phosphates in the soil and food are occasional causes in cows. The habit should be checked by keeping tempting objects out of reach, dealing with tuberculosis and chronic gastric catarrh as advised under those heads, with a deficiency of phosphates, by an abundant artificial feeding on sound grains and a course of tonics, and with indigestible bodies in the stomach, by a careful feeding to prepare the beast for slaughter, or that» failing by opening the paunch on the left side and remov- ing the offending agent (see impacted paunch). FOREIGN BODIES IN STOMACH AND INTESTINES. These may be taken in by accident with the food or may be deposited from it in the form of calculi or con- cretions. Cattle suffer much from sharp-pointed bodies like nee- dles, pins, nails, etc., taken with the food, and afterward making their way to the heart which they penetrate, causing sudden death, or in more favorable cases making their way Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 153 through the walls of the abdomen and escaping. Blunt objects remain in the paunch and honeycomb-bag, causing rouch or little irritation according to size or number. The uost varied objects are often found in cattle slaugh- tered for beef and in good health, nails, coin, shot, solder, buttons, and hair-balls, are among the most common. I have known fifteen hair-balls from three to six inches in diameter in the paunch of a healthy fat heifer. In sucking calves, in which they form in the true stomach, they cause dyspepsia, diarrhoea, and emaciation. Sheep suffer from wool-balls, from the fine hairs of clover and other aliments, and from collections of sand and gravel when fed turnips from damp soil. Swine have balls of bristles in the stomach and large intestines. Horses have concretions of phosphate of lime, with smooth stony surface; of ammonia-magnesian phosphate with rough crystalline structure; of the fine hairs from the surface of the oat with a fine velvety surface; and of two or more of those mixed in one calculus. These are formed equally in the stomach and large intestines. Dogs have hair-balls mainly in the large intestines, as well as marbles and other objects picked up in play. These foreign bodies may exist without any manifest result, or they may cause tympany in cattle and sheep after every meal, vomiting in dogs and pigs, acute indiges- tion in the horse, and in all animals in which they are lodged in the intestines, obstruction of their passage, and violent colics which recur frequently, and usually cut the animal off sooner or later. In ruminants the offending bodies may be removed from the stomach by a surgical operation, but in others little can be done beyond giving anodynes (opium, belladonna, stramonium, ete.,) to relieve pain and spasin and await the result. A dose of physic would carry off the smaller calculi but would be dangerous in the large. But these cases can rarely be recognized until after death, and are 154 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. necessarily classed with a number of others, (invagination, constriction, etc., of the bowels,) in which there is irreme- diable obstruction, and which end sooner or later in death. SPASMODIC COLIC. BELLY-ACHE. This term is loosely used to designate all conditions in which there is pain in the belly, whether from disease of liver, pancreas, urinary organs, generative apparatus, stomach or bowels, and whether caused by nervous irrita- tion, inflammation, improper position, strangulation or compression by adjacent organs, obstruction by foreign bodies, etc., etc. The present remarks will be confined to that which is more purely nervous and which results from spasmodic contraction (cramps) of the bowels. : In certain susceptible states of the system a slight indi- gestion, without impaction or tympany, the taking of indi- gestible matters that would have been harmless at another time, a drink of ice-cold water when perspiring and exhaus- ted, a chill rain or dew will cause spasms and the most excruciating agony. Symptoms. The attack is sudden, the horse paws, moves uneasily, kicks at the belly, looks at the flanks with anxious countenance, dilated nostrils and glaring eye, crouches with semi-bent limbs for a few seconds and then throws himself down with a prolonged groan. He rolls, lies on his back, sits on his haunches and may get up, shake himself, take to feeding and appear quite well. Another fit comes on in ten, fifteen, twenty or thirty min- utes, and after each there is a period of freedom from pain, with natural pulse and breathing. This with the reckless manner in which he lies down, and the entire absence of tenderness of the abdomen, or of elevated temperature, serve to distinguish from other bowel diseases, especially inflammation. Each succeeding attack may be less severe until they cease, or they may increase in severity and the disease merge into acute tympanitic indigestion or enteritis. In cattle there are similar symptoms with uneasy shift: Diseases of the Digestive Organs 155 ing of the hind limbs, kicking with the upper one when down, twisting of the tail and moaning. It rarely lasts over an hour or two. Dogs curl themselves up to rest, but move uneasily or moan, and with the more violent pains start up with a sudden yelp, move around for some time and lie down until the next spasm comes on. The eye is bright, the nose cool and moist, the pulse natural, and the appetite retained. Treatment. Yn all animals alike, a laxative (aloes, horse; linseed-oil, cattle and sheep ; castor-oil, pigs and dogs,) is the safest treatment as it soon relieves the spasm and carries off any irritant that may have contributed to main- tain it. It is usually desirable to add an anodyne (bella- donna, hyoscyamus, opium, aconite, chloral-hydrate,) to relieve the pain until the laxative is absorbed, and a stimulant anti-spasmodic (carbonate of ammonia, sweet spirits of nitre, ether,) to quiet the nervous excitement. Copious injections of warm water with or without anodynes and anti-spasmodics are not to be neglected, neither is quiet walking exercise. If the affection appears purely spasmodic the laxative may be withheld until two doses of anodynes and anti-spasmodics have been given at in- - tervals of half an hour, but should these fail, give the opening medicine at once, and then only enough of the other agents to moderate excessive pain until it has had time to be absorbed. Complete relief may be looked for in three or four hours. ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS. This is very common in hard-working horses in some localities and is also seen in cattle, sheep, swine and dogs. It may follow unrelieved obstruction of the bowels, espe- cially if these have been treated by powerful opiates and stimulants or dangerously irritant purgatives. To these must be added excessive fatigue, heavy, hurried feeding, and drinking iced water, exposure to a cold draught, chil) 156 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. =y rain, or cold sponge when exhausted, a sudden change toa dry grain feeding, to new oats or hay, to rank, rapidly- grown clover or grasses, or to musty food. Symptoms. When not supervening on indigestion or ob- struction of the bowels its onset is sudden. The patient stamps, paws, looks at his flank, moves from place to place, walks crouchingly, lies down, rolls, acts in short as in spas- modic colic, but there is a more careful lying down, there is no intermission to the pain, the face continues pinched and anxious even if the beast stands quiet for a few seconds, the eye remains fixed and glazed, the pupils dilated, the breathing hurried and catching, the pulse rapid, and be- coming smaller and weaker, the temperature unnaturally high, the surface covered with sweat and often cold, and the limbs and ears deathly cold. The abdomen is usually tender. As the disease advances the animal may become still but all the other signs are worse. Others become reckless and dash about peeling and injuring themselves and imperiling those about them. The bowels are confined and in the advanced stages the pellets passed may be stained with blood. Death may ensue in from three to twenty-four hours after the onset. Treatment. If seen at the outset give a mild laxative (olive-oil) with an anodyne (hyoscyamus). Bleediffg from the jugular vein may give prompt relief if the pulse is still full and strong. But neither of these can be ventured upon except at the very outset, and therefore in the great majority of cases are to be avoided. Apply hot fomenta- tions to the belly by a blanket wrung out of water nearly boiling, rub the limbs with ammonia, mustard or turpen- tine, and give injections of warm water containing ano- dynes (belladonna, hyoscyamus, opium, aconite, tobacco, etc.) If the soft, weak, rapid pulse bespeaks already existing effusion, avoid bleeding and laxatives, give one or two drachms of opium by mouth, or better one or two grains sulphate of morphia injected under the skin, repeating as Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 157 often as may be requisite to moderate suffering and keep the bowels inactive, accompanying this by hot fomentations and counter-irritants. In case of improvement feed linseed or oatmeal gruels, boiled linseed, or very sloppy bran mashes only, and in small amount, for several days. If the bowels continue confined give four or five ozs. olive-oil, or three or four ozs. Glauber salts once or twice a day. But prevention is especially to be sought in such a rap- idly fatal disease. Regularity and sufficient frequency of feeding, in moderate quantities at a time and of good quality, and a gradual instead of a sudden change of diet, are important. When new hay or grain, or heating agents like maize or wheat are fed, one feed daily should be replaced by a sloppy bran mash, or one or two ounces of common or Glauber salts added. Avoid full draughts of cold or iced water when sweating and exhausted, and of any water after a meal of grain. ACUTE MUCO-ENTERITIS. All the domestic animals are subject to this form of in- flammation, chiefly of the mucous membrane of the bow- els. The causes are mainly the same as those of hemor- rhagice enteritis acting on a less susceptible subject, or with lessened force. These may be named exposure, sud- den extreme changes of weather, coarse, dry, fibrous, musty or otherwise irritant indigestible food, abrupt changes of diet, impure, stagnant or putrid water, too much water after feeding, or iced water when fatigued and perspiring, drastic or oft-repeated purgatives, suppressed perspiration, sand in the food, parasites and the various mechanical obstructions (calculi, impactions, invagina- tions, hernia). Cattle, sheep and swine especially suffer during the vicissitudes and extremes of spring, summer and autumn, and the latter from want of water to drink and wallow in. Among dogs the young suffer most and those kept on animal food, or that bathe in rivers when 14 158 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. heated with the chase. Chickens contract it from faulta in feeding and watering, but especially from exclusive feeding on grain and deficiency or impurity of the water. Symptoms. Tn the mildest forms are fever, increased temperature, thirst, scanty, high-colored urine, costive bowels, the small masses of dung covered with a film ot mucus, tender belly, small, quick, hard pulse, yellowish- red eyes, hot clammy mouth, furred tongue with redness along the edges, tip and lower surface, impaired appetite, dull sluggish habit, loss of flesh, unthrifty skin, and slight colics after meals. In the more severe forms all these symptoms are in- creased in severity, appetite gone, dullness and depres- sion extreme, head carried low, gait unsteady, breathing excited, a ridge on the tender abdomen as in pleurisy, and more frequent colic, with pawing, uneasy shifting of the limbs, kicking at the abdomen, looking at the flanks and lying down and rising. Diarrhoea may set in and herald recovery, or it may become profuse, bloody and fatal. In addition to these general symptoms cattle and sheep have impairment or loss of rumination, frequent belch- ing of gas, foetid breath and tenderness mainly of the right side of the abdomen. When due to acrid and irri- tant plants, the back is arched, abdomen tense and tucked up, constipation obstinate, tongue often purple, and the urine high-colored or even bloody. It may prove fatal after a fortnight’s sickness. In szwine the affection is usu- ally mistaken for Intestinal Fever which indeed it strongly resembles, but without the ineffaceable black spots on the skin and mucous membranes, and without a contagious principle. In dogs much dullness, drowsiness, restless- ness, with tucked up, tense, very tender abdomen, violent constipation and very painful and difficult passage of dung are added to the general symptoms. Vomiting is common in dogs and pigs. Chickens lose appetite and vivacity, droop the head, raise the feathers, move slug- Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 15S gishly, scour, strain violently, and show much tenderness of the abdomen when handled. Treatment. At the outset give a laxative (horse, aloes ox or sheep, Glauber salts; or for all animals olive-oil ;) with anodynes (belladonna, hyoscyamus, Indian hemp,) in a mucilage of slippery elm or gum Arabic, and repeat these mucilages and anodynes as may be needful to quiet the suffering. Mild cases may be successfully treated by small daily doses of sulphate of soda with abundance of mucilage, and tonic doses of gentian and nux vomica. Give injections of hot water, with anodynes, and apply fo- mentations, or in small animals poultices, followed by mustard or other counter-irritants to the belly as in heem- orrhagic enteritis. When profuse diarrhcea sets in give freely of mucilaginous and starchy drinks, with quinia, gentian, nux yomica or other bitter and opium. The diet must be restricted to well-boiled mucilaginous gruels, and in the case of herbivora, sloppy warm bran mashes. The treatment of diseased chickens is not always satis- factory, but the whole flock should have mush, vegetables and boiled potatoes, with clear pure drinking water to which may be added cream of tartar or Glauber salts, 1 oz. to every quart. CROUPOUS ENTERITIS. This occurs in cattle, horses, sheep and dogs, and may be considered as a modification of the other forms of en- teritis and produced by similar causes. The symptoms may approach those of either of the two forms of the dis- ease already described, the suffering being extreme and lasting, or violent but short, and followed by dullness, de- pression, fever, and tenderness of the belly. If the ani- mal survives long enough the false membranes are passed in great, white, friable masses or shreds. In its earliest stages a laxative will often alter the condition of the mem- brane and contribute to a prompt recovery. Later treat as in enteritis. Saline laxatives (sulphate of soda or mag- td 160 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. nesia) and bitters (nux vomica, gentian, quassia, quinia,) are especially indicated when the membranes are separat- ing. If resulting from mercurial poisoning, give chlorate of potassa and iodide of potassium. INFLAMMATION OF THE RECTUM. The last or straight gut often suffers exclusively in horses and dogs in connection with the impaction of hardened dung, or calculi, and in oxen with a certain conformation from the introduction of air. Dung is passed in long eyl- indroid masses with great straining and pain, or cannot be passed at all. In the dog it is covered with mucus, pus or even blood. The everted gut is of a deep red color, thickened, infiltrated and hot. Rupture may ensue if it is notrelieved. Treat by emptying the gut with the oiled hand or. finger, give a spare laxative diet (bran mashes, roots, ' gruels,) frequent injections of warm water containing some mucilage and olive-oil, and an occasional pyrgative (olive or linseed-oil). In high-rumped oxen, cut the muscles on the upper surface of the tail and tie it down until healed. r DIARRHGA. SCOURING. This is a frequent discharge of semi-liquid or liquid dung from the bowels without griping or violent straining. It is a symptom of disease rather than an independent malady, as it may arise from almost any irritant in the bowels. Among its common causes may be named a full drink followed by active exertion ; feeding soft, aqueous, rapidly-grown green food ; cooked food for hard-working horses; many irritant and acrid plants; spoiled potatoes, turnips, apples, ttc. ; stagnant, putrid water; undigested matters in the bowels from imperfect mastication or di- gestion ; impaction of some part cf the bowels; worms, ete. It may occur from irritants secreted from the blood, as in the case of purgative agents accidentally taken in with food or water, and the morbid elements of certain Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 161 fevers (Rinderpest, Texan-fever, hog-cholera, lung-fever.) Lastly, a reflex irritation from the skin as in exposure ta chilling rains, night-dews, or damp stalls, or to hot damp buildings, seasons or localities. Horses are especially liable to superpurgation if worked or supplied with ice-cold water during the operation of a dose of physic. Symptoms. These may be slight as in the frequent pulpy evacuations of animals fed exclusively on roots, or severe, as in the excessive and almost constant discharge of a dark-colored liquid mixed with mucus. Slight diar- rhoea does not affect the appetite, nor interfere with improvement in condition, but in the severer forms there is loud rumbling in the abdomen, loss of appetite and condition, rapid, small, weak pulse, hurried breathing, pallid mucous membranes and weakness even to unsteady gait. Distension of the belly, with pawing and other signs of abdominal pain may appear in bad cases. In horses it is often followed by inflammation of the feet. Treatment. Unload the bowels by linseed, olive, or eastor-oil according to the patient, adding laudanum, and follow up by mucilaginous (linseed, gum Arabic, slip- pery elm,) or starchy draughts or even injections with or without landanum as may seem required. In prolonged and obstinate cases astringents (kino, catechu, oak bark, tannic acid, nitrate of silver,) with tonics (gentian, cin- chona, salicine, nux vomica,) and carminatives (campho- rated spirit, ginger, peppers, caraway, fennel, etc.,) may have to be employed. But in no case should astringents or opiates be used until the irritant has been carried off by a laxative, and usually a change of diet is needful to prevent a second attack. In acute or obstinate cases dry rubbing or a blister to the belly may be useful, and perfect rest must be enjoined. DYSENTERY. BLOODY-FLUX. This is a morbid process approaching inflammation of the mucous membranes of the large intestines, and leading 14* , 162 The Farmer's Vetermary Adviser. to the formation of ulcers. It occurs in cattle, horses, swine and dogs, may be enzootic on certain rich impervi- ous soils, or even epizootic. Causes. Those of diarrhoea acting with greater energy ; the emanations from marshy inundated soils, or from carcasses; putrid, stagnant or iced water; musty, putrid or otherwise altered food; overexertion in excessive heats ; or even a contagium. Symptoms. The acute form comes on suddenly with symptoms of acute intestinal catarrh. The dungis passed fre- quently with straining and is semi-liquid and feetid. Later itis quite liquid with mucus, blood and shreds of false mem- branes or sloughs, intolerably offensive, and passed with still more pain and straining. Later still, the same painful straining fails to bring away. anything, though the red, infiltrated and excoriated rectum may protrude. At length the discharge again reappears more repulsive than ever and passes involuntarily. Appetite is gradually lost, but thirst increases. Fever exists at first with staring coat and even shivering, hot fevered mouth and accelerated pulse, but this is less marked as the disease becomes chronic. Then there is extreme emaciation, cold limbs, dry, cracked muzzle, hide-bound, scurfy, unhealthy, lousy skin, often covered with flies, deeply-sunken pallid eyes, and involuntary liquid putrid discharges. Death may occur in three or four days or the disease may be pro- tracted for months. Treatment. Bub the belly actively and apply mustard, or in small animals give a warm bath. Give a mild laxa- tive (olive-oil, Glauber salts,) with calmative (Dover's powder, laudanum). After the laxative has operated give daily Dover’s powder with ipecacuanha, or sal ammoniac, or should these fail to improve the discharge, astringents {kino, catechu, gall-nuts, oak bark, black currant bark, walnut leaves, tormentilla, rhatany, ete.,) with tonics (quinia, nux vomica, salicine, cascarilla, carbonate or sulphate of iron, sulphate of copper, nitrate of silver). Small doses Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 168 of oil of turpentine, copaiva, creosote or carbolic acid often act beneficially on the diseased mucous membrane. The same agents may be given as injections in mucilagi- nous fluids. Diet must be bland, easily digested, and fed little at a time. Mashes of wheat bran, or flour from the whole grain of wheat, barley or oats, and fresh pulped or cooked roots may be given to the herbivora; and farinas made into puddings, with just enough juice of meat to in- sure their being eaten, to the carnivora. Fresh raw meat without fat, beaten to a pulp in a mortar will often agree when nothing else will, The drink should be mixed with a little boiled linseed, gum, slippery elm or barley water. OBSTRUCTION OF THE BOWELS. Under this head may be considered all cases of com- plete obstruction of the bowels excepting those of the na- ture of hernia or rupture. It will include blocking of the gut by hardened dung, calculi, and foreign bodies swal- lowed; invagination or the slipping of a portion of gut into what is adjacent, like the drawing of a finger of a glove into itself; volvulus, or the rolling on itself of a por- tion of intestine with its connecting membrane until noth- ing can pass through it; strangulation of an intestine by another rolled round it, by a tumor hanging by a long pedicle, or by a band of false membrane formed in some pre-existing inflammation and gradually contracting; tu- mors formed within a gut; and in steers the strangulation of a loop of intestine in a pouch in the right flank formed by contraction on the spermatic cord in castration. The syinptoms of complete obstruction are those of se- vere spasmodic colic, but without the intervals of complete freedom from pain. It differs also from enteritis in that there is no rise of temperature at first. The dung may ve abundant at the outset but as the disease advances is more or less completely suppressed, the portion of intes- tine behind the obstruction having been emptied. The horse often seems to obtain a partial temporary relief by 164 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. sitting on his haunches or lying on his back, and will etch, though vomiting is rare, unless the stomach is rupt- ured. If the obstruction is in the pelvic flexure of the large bowels it may be felt by the hand introduced through the rectum. In ruminants the preliminary colics may be followed by quietude, but there remain extreme lassitude, depression, sunken eye and dry hot muzzle, and even stupor or coma. In cattle the hand introduced into the rectum will detect the mass of the overdistended bowel above the obstruc- tion. It may also ascertain the existence of a pouch im- prisoning the gut in the right flank and may even pull it out and relieve. In dogs violent colic may be absent, but there is much depression, inappetence, vomiting of bile or fieces, arch- ing of the back, tucking up of the belly, the passage with much pain and straining of mucus-covered feces, and lat- er, straining without any passage, while the overloaded gut may easily be felt through the walls of the belly. Treatment. In most cases of absolute obstruction noth- ing can be done except to relieve the pain by anodynes (opium, belladonna, stramonium, Indian hemp, etc.,) and leave to nature. Invagination, volvulus or gut-tie, when their presence is ascertained in ruminants, pigs or dogs, would warrant an incision through the walls of the abdo- men and an attempt to rectify with the hand. In cattle the opening must always be made in the right flank, the left being occupied by the paunch. The wound must be afterward carefully sewed up and the animal prevented from rubbing it. Gut-tie may often be remedied by man- ipulation with the hand in the rectum, or even by the sim- pler expedient of jumping from a bank about two feet high, though if due to adhesion of the cord to an intestine the abdomen must be opened and the band cut. HERNIA. RUPTURE. BURST. Hernia is understood to mean the displacement of some Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 165 internal organ through a natural or unnatural opening. Of abdominal organs the bowels and omentum are those that most commonly protrude, though the womb often es- capes in bitches. According to the structure through which the organ passes the hernia is named :—into the chest, diaphragmatic or phrenic ; through the omentum or mesentery, omental, mesenteric ; through the navel, umbilical; into the scrotum, inguinal or scrotal; through the femoral arch to the inner side of the thigh, femoral; through an artificial opening in the walls of the abdomen, ventral, through the relaxed walls of the vagina, vaginal. Diaphragmatic Hernia may occur from violent muscular efforts, from the violent shock of a heavy abdominal organ on the midriff in leaping or from laceration with a broken rib or other offending body. The worst cases are sud- denly fatal from suffocation. In others there is a sudden access of difficult breathing with gurgling sounds on aus- cultating the chest. In still others, with a smaller rupture, the rumbling in the chest may be absent but there is vio- lent, continuous colic and rapid prostration as in obstruc- tion. In the slightest forms there is only an extra lifting of the flanks as in heaves. Treatment is useless, though rest and anodynes will allow a slight case to merge into the chronic form. Mesenteric and Omental Hernia give rise to complete ob- struction of the bowels and can rarely be recognized nor remedied. Umbilical Hernia is common in horses, dogs and very young ruminants. It is usually congenital but may result from violent straining, running or jumping. The swelling is very manifest and when handled its contents are found to move on each other, to gurgle and to pass back in a mass when pressed. Treatment is often needless, the sac becoming effaced with growth. If not, make a soft pad for the navel and attach it to elastic bands passing round the body and fixed jo their turn to others extending back from a collar round 166 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. the neck. Or in slight cases blister the sac severely and repeatedly ; or apply wooden clamps over the skin close up to the belly, having first perfectly returned tho protru- sion, and let them be worn until they drop off. Inguinal Hernia occurs in the male quadruped of any age, as the sac containing the testicle remains continuous with the abdomen throughout life. It is rare but by no means unknown in the castrated animal. It may exist without any other symptom than an unnatural swelling of the scrotum, the contents movable on themselves, the thickening extending up to the abdomen, and the whole disappearing suddenly and in a mass when pressed. Or these signs may be associated with the violent and contin- uous colicky pains of obstruction. In all cases of colic in entire males the possibility of hernia should be borne in mind and an examination made. Treatment is very varied, in difficult cases requiring an- atomical knowledge and attention to many minutiz which cannot be given here. Yet in many cases the hernia may be returned by simple pressure with the hand, with or without the other hand inserted into the last gut and car- ried down to the internal inguinal ring. If the patient is thyown on his back with his hind parts well raised the re- turn will be greatly facilitated. In pigs and dogs castra- tion should be resorted to, the gut being first returned and held back by pressing upon the canal in front of the testi- cle, and finally the wound in the skin sewed up. For par- ticulars of treatment of the various forms of inguinal her- nia see the author’s larger work. Femoral Hernia in bitches rarely demands or receives treatment. Ventral Hernia is easily distinguished from other swell- ings of the abdominal walls by the movable gurgling con- tents entirely returnable into the abdomen by pressure. Though often masked by surrounding inflammation these characters can usually be recognized. Treatment is most successful just after the injury is sustained, as after the Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 167 margins of the wound have become insensible they will not contract and heal. Return the protrusion, throwing the animal on its back and quieting with opium, ether or chloral if necessary. Then cover the opening with pads and cover with a strong sheet wound round the abdomen and laced tightly along the back. Keep the sheet in posi- tion by bands carried from its anterior border to a collar round the neck. Adjust and pad it carefully day by day until all swelling and tenderness subside. Vaginal Hernia must be treated like eversion of the va- gina. EVERSION OF THE RECTUM. The rectum protrudes naturally in passing dung but re- turns immediately. If it remains and swells it demands interference. Poorly-kept animals (dogs, pigs,) are liable and it may be caused in all from violent straining in work, parturition, constipation, diarrhcea or dysentery. The protrusion may be confined to a mucous fold at one side of the anus or the entire gut may protrude to the length of several feet. If recent it is little altered, but if old, is red, thick, softened or even ulcerated. The protrusion must be emptied, cleaned and returned, the oiled finger or arm (according to size) ‘being introduced into the gut and through the constriction of the anus and. the other hand used to strip it off from this. The head of the patient should be turned downhill and straining prevented by pinching the back. In small animals with old protrusions the part may have to be cut off close to the anus and a few stitches passed through the edges to keep them in ap- position. When returned a truss should be applied as for everted uterus or vagina and a spare, laxative diet allowed, nourishing or not according to the needs of the patient. PILES. These are dilatation of the veins on the inner and outer sides of the anus, with exudation and fibrous thickening 168 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. of the surrounding connective tissue to form rounded swellings. They are reported in all domestic animals but are especially common in dogs. Melanotic tumors in horses are often confounded with them. They are gener- ally connected with torpid, inactive liver and an aggra- vated costiveness, straining and the presence of irritants in the large intestines. Dogs draw the anus along the ground as in intestinal worms, pass hardened, blood- streaked dung, with much straining, pain and sharp cries, and present around the anus bluish tumors which bleed freely if wounded and are connected with the terminal end of the gut that hangs out through the opening. The gen- eral health rarely suffers much. In other animals there is itching, switching and rubbing of the tail with the char- acteristic tumors and much straining and difficulty in pass- ing dung. Treat by mild laxatives (sulphate of soda and common salt, 3 ozs. daily for the large and 20 to 30 grains for the small quadrupeds ; or podophyllin in one-fifth the usual doses, daily). Give moderately of laxative, easily- digested food and maintain tone by bitters (nux vomica). Locally bathe with tepid solutions of opium, stramonium and astringents (sugar of lead, alum, tannin, sulphurous acid, benzoated oxide of zinc ointment). Check bleeding by solutions of sulphate of iron or matico. It is sometimes necessary to remove with the ligature. FISTULA IN ANUS. This is a communication between a suppurating sore and the terminal part of the rectum. There are usually two openings, one into the gut and the other close beside the anus. The rational treatment is to remove any foreign body or other cause of irritation and then passing an india rubber cord through the canal, to bring the end from the internal wound out through the anus and, stretching the rubber, to tie both together after which by its elasticity it slowly cuts its way through, while the wound steadily heals behind. Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 169 IMPERFORATE ANUS. This is not uncommon in young animals and may be relieved by a free incision as soon as the accumulation of dung in the end of the rectum furnishes a firm pad on which to cut. The incision must be made in the centre of the firm muscular ring that should have encircled the opening, and which may be easily felt. In mares sponta- neous relief is often obtained by a rupture into the vagina. If the gut as well as the opening is wanting, there is no remedy. PERITONITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING MEMBRANE OF THE ABDOMEN. This occurs in all domestic animals and may be limited to a particular part or may be general. It is mostly caused by mechanical injuries, as wounds of the abdom- inal walls—surgical or otherwise, or by rupture of an ab- scess, of the stomach, intestine, bladder or womb. It may also result from sudden changes of weather, chills from exposure to excessive cold, to frigid showers or dews or to a wet bed after perspiration and fatigue. This is of course most frequent in horses and oxen. Similar expos- ure to cold is a common cause of peritonitis after wounds of the abdomen, as in castration. Symptoms. If very circumscribed there may be simply slight colic, worse at one time than another, with acute pain when the affected part is pressed. When more gen- eral there is shivering followed by a hot stage, colic, stiff- ness of the hind limbs, especially in the smaller animals, swelling, tension and great tenderness of the abdomen, constipation, or in rare cases, watery or even bloody diar- rhea, complete loss of appetite, vomiting in animals capa- ble of this act, quick, catching breathing and rapid hard pulse, becoming softer, weaker and smaller when serous effusion takes place. Effusion is further attended by a relief from the colics and tenderness, a more sunken eye, pallid mucous membranes, deeper breathing, and a more 14 170 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. pendent belly with a sense of fluctuation when it is hand- led. In ruminants the right side is especially tender and the animal stands crouching with its four feet near to- gether. The wound of the abdomen usually completes the list of symptoms. Treatment. The abdomen may sometimes be cupped or leeched with advantage, though warm fomentations or poultices, (or even warm baths for small animals) followed by mustard poultices, are more generally applicable. Then the preparations of opium may be given in full and frequent doses to allay pain and keep the bowels inactive. Well-boiled gruels may be given frequently as injections, as what is thrown on the stomach is usually vomited or lies unabsorbed. During recovery great care must be exercised in feeding. Decoctions of linseed, or well-boiled gruels of oat, barley or rye-meal should gradually give place to soft warm bran mashes and finally to hay and ordinary food. The carnivora may have beef tea. Ano- dynes (opium, prussic acid,) may be given to relieve pain and diuretics (nitre, digitalis, sweet spirits of nitre, etc.,) employed to remove.the effusion. Tonics (oxide of iron, gentian, cinchona, etc.,) may be demanded and occa- sionally mustard poultices to remove tenderness. ASCITES. DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN. This may be a result of peritonitis, of obstruction to the flow of blood through the intestinal (portal) veins as in diseased liver, spleen, pancreas, mesenteric glands, valves of the heart, etc., or finally it may depend on an unduly watery state of the blood as in certain parasitic aud other disorders. Symptoms. Distended (pot) belly, loose and pendulous, with hollow flanks, or if the liquid is more abundant, rounded and tense. Fluctuation is easily felt if pressure is made at two different points, and percussion elicits a dull dead sound in place of the normal drum-like reso- nance of the bowels. The urine is scanty, appetite and 471 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. digestion impaired, breathing deep and excited, condition poor and getting worse, hair dry, rough, erect and often shedding, and swellings appear along the lower part of the body into the limbs and chest. Treatment. Find out and remove if possible the true primary cause. When that has ceased to act employ purgatives, but especially diuretics (digitalis, oil of tur- pentine, iodide of potassium, squills, colchicum, nitre, ete.,} in as full doses as the strength will permit, with tonics (sulphate of iron, gentian, nux vomica,) and apply tinct- ure of iodine over the abdomen. The liquid may be drawn off with a fine cannula and trocar, one-half only being extracted at a time, and the flaccid walls at once sup ported by a tight bandage encircling the body. GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL PARASITES. Larva or Insrcts.—Bots. These are the larva of four different species of gadfly that pester horses in summer Fig. 22. Fig. 20—Bot-fly. Céstrus Equi. Fig. 21. Fig 22—Bots hooked on the mucous Fig. 21—Bot. Larva of Géstrus. membrane of the stomach. and autumn, gluing their little white ovoid eggs on the long hairs beneath the jaws, on the breast, shoulders and fore limbs on which the empty shells may be carried through the winter. When the horse licks himself the live smbryo is extracted from the egg and swallowed or in the 172 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. case of those beneath the jaws they fall into the food and are devoured with it. By the aid of the hooks around their heads they attach themselves to the mucous mem- brane mainly of the left half of the stomach but often also of other parts such as the right side of the stomach, the duodenum or small gut leading from the stomach, and the throat. There they steadily grow in the winter and in spring pass out with the dung, burrow in the soil and are transformed into the gadfly. The disturbance they cause depends on their numbers and the portions of the canal on which they attach themselves. In the throat they produce a chronic sore-throat and discharge from the nose which continues until the following spring, unless they are previously extracted with the hand. In the left half of the stomach which is covered with a thick insensible cuti- cle they do little harm when in small numbers, hence Bracy Clark supposed them to be rather beneficial in stimulating the secretion of gastric Juice. When very numerous and above all when attached to the highly sensitive right half of the stomach or the duodenum they seriously interfere with digestion, causing the animals to thrive badly, to be weak and easily sweated or fatigued, and even determining sudden and fatal indigestions. This last result is especially liable to occur in spring or early summer, when the bots are passing out in great numbers and hooking themselves at intervals to the coats of the sensitive bowels in their course. They will sometimes accumulate in such numbers as actually to block the pas- sage. They even attach themselves to the skin outside {he anus causing the animal to go awkwardly, to switch his tail and give other signs of extreme discomfort until the tail is raised and the offender discovered and removed. Alleged perforations of the stomach by bots are usually ruptures, the result of indigestion. The irritation caused by their presence is not easily distinguished from other forms of indigestion and colic. It may be tympanitic or not, accompanied or not witb Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 173 diarrhcea, and of the most variable intensity. If occurring after a period of abstinence when the worms are presum- ably hungry, or if in spring or early summer, if the bots are found passing with the dung, if the horse turns up his lip as if nauseated, and if the margins of the tongue are red and fiery there will be so much more corroborative evi- dence. Treatment. In cases of irritation following abstinence give potato juice, gruels, etc., to feed and quiet the bots, adding some anodyne (opium, hyocyamus,) or mucilagin- ous agents (gum Arabic, boiled linseed, mallow, slippery elm,) if it appears necessary. We cannot certainly kill the bots in the stomach, as they will resist the strongest acids and alkalies, the most irrespirable and poisonous gases, the most potent narcot- ics and mineral poisons, empyreumatic oils, etc. Oil of turpentine, bryony, ether and benzine have been relied on by different practitioners but none of them are quite sat- isfactory. It seems probable that these like other vermi- fuges will act best in autumn or early winter before the larva has acquired his hard, horny coat of mail, and at this time accordingly they may be given with more con- fidence. The azedarach (pride of China) grown around stables in the South to protect from bots, probably acts in this way, if at all, being cropped and swallowed by the an- imals while the bots are still white, soft and permeable to liquids. The colics are to be treated by anti-spasmodics (tobac- co, stramonium, laudanum, etc.,) and mild laxatives, and the animal must be well fed to support him under the drain and to keep the parasite gorged, lazy and non-irri- tating. In summer when the bots are coming away their exit may be precipitated by a good dose of physic. Prevention. Trim off the long hairs of the jaws, breast, shoulder and fore limbs and apply a litéle oil daily to pre- vent the eggs from adhering. Or brush off the eggs with soap-suds daily before they have had time to hatch in the 15* 174 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. sun. A piece of cloth extended across beneath the jaws is often employed to protect this part. Rat-TAILED MAGGOTS the larvee of helophilus are also found in horses’ intestines but are not known to be injurious. Fig. 23. Soe a Fig. 23—Helophilus. INTESTINAL WORMS. These are arranged in four classes: 1. The tape-worms, consisting of flat bodies made up of a succession of seg- ments or links, with a narrow neck and small head, and divided into tape-worms proper, which are round-headed, and bothriocephali, which are flat-headed with lateral openings ; 2. the flukes, soft-bodied, flattened, leaf-like or ovoid worms, with digestive organs and a variable num- ber of sucking dises ; 3. the thorn-headed worms, with long rounded bodies and retractile snouts furnished with hooks by which they attach themselves to the mucous membrane, but neither mouth nor digestive canal; 4. lastly, the round worms which differ from the last in the absence of a protractile, hooked snout and the pos- session of mouth and digestive canal. The horse harbors in his intestinal canal at least three tape- worms and seven round worms; the ox, two tape-worms, two flukes and five round worms; the sheep, one tape- worm, one fluke and seven round worms; the pig, one thorn-headed worm and five round worms; the dog, thir- teen tape-worms, one fluke and five round worms; the cat, five tape-worms, three flukes and three round worms; the rabbit, one tape-worm and three round worms; the goose and duck, nine tape-worms, seven flukes, one thorn-headed worm and seven round worms; the chicken, four tape- worms, two flukes and seven round worms; and the tur- key and pigeon, at least two round worms each. Of these Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 175 eighty-eight worms of the digestive organs it is useless to attempt any description in a work of the present limits, so that our attention must be mainly confined to their symp- toms and treatment. For further information the reader is referred to the author’s larger work or to those of Leuckhart, Diesing, Dujardin, Baillet, Cobbold and othe helminthologists. The transformations of tape-worms have been already referred to under parasites, and those of flukes under dir Fig. 24. Fig. 25. Fig. 24—Sclerostomum Equinum. Fig. 25—Oxyuris Curvula. Mature and young forms, nat. size. 1 Female; 2 male, nat. size. eases of the liver. The thorn-headed worms lay their egg: within the body of their host, and these being passed with {he dung are swallowed by crustaceans in which they en- eyst themselves and develop the characters of the adult worm in miniature, but remain very minute and fail to at- tain their full size till their host is swallowed by another animal. Among domestic animals ducks and pigs harbor these, probably because of their carnivorous appetite. The round worms mostly live in their young and immature con- dition, out of the body, in water or moist earth or on, veg: 176 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. etables (see lung-worms, verminous bronchitis,) but some are exceptions, like the common pin-worm of the horse (Scler- ostomum Equinum) which lives in pill-like masses of dung, in little pouches and closed cysts of the mucous Fig. 26. Fig. 27. Fig. 27—Trichocephalus Affinis, nat. size. ig. 26—Ascaris Megalacephala. Fig. 28—Head of Tenia Expansa. membrane of the large intestine and in dilatations of the blood-vessels, especially the arteries of the bowels. This, with two other common pin-worms of the horse (Scleros- tomum Tetracanthum, Oxyuris Curvula,) are each ahaut Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 177 an inch in length and all inhabit the large intestine in their adult condition, sometimes becoming so numerous in a district as to cause an epizootic. Another round worm (Ascaris Megalacephala) about six inches long is very com- mon in the horse’s small intestine. Cattle suffer less from intestinal worms, but the follow- ing are not infrequently injurious, especially to calves. The long tape-worm (Tenia Expansa), Ascaris Bovis (like a common earth-worm), the hair-headed worm (‘Tricoceph- Fig. 29. ; Fig. 31. Ffg. 29—Head o Gigas. Fig. 30—Spiroptera Strongylina; Fig. 31—Ascaris Suilla. a, nat. size; 4, tail enlarged. alus Affinis), the Sclerostomum Hypostomum and Stron- gylus Radiatus. Sheep suffer severely, especially from the long tape- worm, Sclerostomum Hypostomum, Strongylus Fillicollis, S. Contortus, Dochmius Cernuus and Tricocephalus Affinis. The thick portion of the body of the last is about an inch long, the other round worms are mostly under an inch and a half. The tape-worm is usually three feet or under, but is alleged to gain a length of twenty, thirty and even one hundred feet. 178 Lhe Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Swine suffer severely from a thorn-headed worm (Kchin- orynchus Gigas) from three to eighteen inches long; a hair-headed worm (Tricocephalus Crenatus) a little smaller than the ruminant’s; an ascaris (A. Suilla) like that of ruminants ; the Sclerostomum Dentatum, three to five lines in length, and the Trichina Spiralis, one-eight eenth to one-sixth inch long. Hig. 82. Fig. 34. Fig. 36. Fig, 32—Head of Dog’s Tape-worm (T. Cucumerina). Larval form in the dog-louse (Trichodectes Cani). Fig. 33—Head of Dog’s Tape-worm (T. Marginata). Fig. 34—Cyst of same (Cysticercus Tenuicollis) infests rumi- nants, omnivora, etc. Fig. 35—Ascaris Marginata, nat. size. Fig. 36-- Ascaris Mystax, nat. size. In addition to the tape-worms mentioned in the general articles on parasites, the dog suffers much from others, as from the following round worms: Ascaris Marginata, two to four inches long; Spiroptera Sanguinolenta, one and one-half to three inches long; Strongylus Trigonocepha- Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 179 lus and Dochmius Trigonocephalus, each under one-half inch; and Tricocephalus Depressiusculus, the thick part of which is about one-half inch. One worm of the cat, Ascaris Mystax, one to three inches long, deserves men- tion because of its being harbored also in the human intes- tine. General Symptoms of Intestinal Worms. These are shown when worms are present in large numbers, when they attach themselves to the mucous membranes or when they bore through these to reach other parts. There are general signs of ill-health, poor condition, pot-belly, hide- bound, a scurfy, dry state of the skin, often with itching, irregular and usually voracious appetite, foetid breath, di- arrhcea alternating with costiveness, the passage of mu- cus with the dung, slight, colicky pams with tympany, es- pecially in the morning before feeding, a puffy swelling and itchiness of the anus, which is often surrounded with a fur of dried mucus, and above all, the passage of the worms or their eggs. In the horse there is often a tendency to elevate the up- per lip and to rub it against wall or manger, to lick earth or lime, or to shake the tail or rub out the hair about its root. There may, though rarely, be severe flatulent or spasmodio colic, enteritis or peritonitis. In cattle there are advancing emaciation, depraved or va- _ riable appetite, impaired rumination, colics, tympanies and foetid breath. Sheep lose appetite, scour, suffer from thirst, wasting, bloodless eyes, clapped, unhealthy or shedding wool, a desire to eat earth, itching anus shown by frequent shak- inz of the tail, and finally dropsical effusions in the chest and belly and beneath the lower part of the body. They become dull, hopeless-looking and leave the flock. Swine beside the general symptoms have unusual vorac- ity, and yet lose flesh, cough, scour, start from rest or sleep with a sharp cry, scream excessively just before feeding, have colicky pains, tender abdomen and vomiting, 180 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. and many even suffer from palpitations (thumps), vertigo or convulsions. Dogs sutter from inordinate appetite, wasting, itchy skin, staring coat or loss of hair, indigestions, colics, oc- casional scouring or vomiting, foetid breath, and itching anus shown by their frequently licking it or drawing it along the ground. Like swine they may show irritable temper, starting without cause, palpitations, vertigo or convulsions. Treatment. This may be divided into the administration of agents to kill the worms, of purgatives to carry off them and their eggs, and of tonics to overcome the weakness and the accumulations of mueus in which they live and thrive. The diet for herbivora should be grain in summer, or in winter sound natural hay salted, with carrots, turnips or beets, and, in the horse at least, some of the more nutri- tive grains (oats, barley, beans, corn, linseed cake, etc.,) ground or unground. Pigs may also have green food, roots, a liberal supply of grain, and if available, buttermilk. Dogs may have salt meat with soups and milk. Before giving a vermifuge let the bowels be cleared out by a purgative (horse, aloes; ox or sheep, Glauber salts; swine, dog or chicken, castor-oil). It should also be given fasting before the morning’s feed and, if the worms exist in the large intestines, by injection as well as by the mouth. A great list of vermifuges may be mentioned, some de- structive to intestinal worms in general; others particu- larly adapted to specific parasites; while some that are safe and efficacious for one class of patients would prove poisonous to another. One class destroys worms by the mechanical irritation of their skin and perhaps their intestinal canal. It includes iron filings, granulated tin or tin filings, very finely pow- dered glass, and cowhage. These are given in doses of 1 oz. to the large quadrupeds, 1 dr. to sheep and swine, or 1 scr. to dogs, made into a ball with linseeed meal Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 181 and syrup. They may be repeated daily for a week and followed by a smart purge. Bitters (quassia, cinchona, gentian, wormwood,): are often beneficial though mainly acting as tonics. For worms in the last gut a concentrated solution ag an in- jection acts well. Among the more direct vermifuges are: Common salt allowed to be licked at will (must not be mixed in large amount in the food of swine or chickens); oil of turpen- tine ; calomel; tartar emetic with sulphate of iron, for six mornings running, and followed by a purge; empyreu- matic oils, and especially those coming off at a slightly lower temperature than creosote and carbolic acid; azed- arach; Spigelia marilandica (pinkroot); santonine; sul- phuric ether; asafcetida; tansy; savin, etc. These are general vermifuges and may be used especially for the round worms. For tape-worms use areca nut; kousso; root of male shield-fern ; pomegranate root bark; kameela; pumpkin seeds; ailanthus glandulosa; or oil of turpentine. In every case the agent should be given fasting, it may even be repeated at the end of four hours and should be followed by a smart purge. For weak animals areca nut is especially suitable. A course of tonics (sulphate of iron, gentian, columba,) should follow with sound nourishing diet and pure water. In the case of the Sclerostomum Equinun, it will usually be needful to repeat the treatment at short intervals to kill the young worms which have escaped because of their being buried in the mucous membrane. Prevention is to be sought by measures advised under lung-worms, especial attention being given to sound rour- ishing food and pure water. 16 CHAPTER VII DISEASES OF THE LIVER. Effects of deranged functions of the liver. General symptoms and causes, Saccharine urine, Diabetes Mellitus. Blood-poisoning from imperfect oxida. tion of albuminoids, Azotemia, Azoturia, Enzootic Hzematuria, Spinal Meningitis. Red-water in cattle, sheep and pigs. Wood Evil. Jaundice, Icterus, the Yellows. Congestion of the liver. Rupture of the liver. In- flammation of the liver, Hepatitis. Chronic inflammation of the liver. Results of hepatitis. Gall-Stones, Biliary Calculi. Fatty degeneration. Tubercle. Cancer. Hypertrophy. Atrophy. Parasitic diseases of the liver. Liver-rot, Fluke-disease. Fasciola Hepatica. Distomum Lanceo- latum. Only now, when the functions of the liver are being more fully discovered, do we begin to apprehend the full importance of its various disorders. Formerly this organ was supposed to have exhausted its functions in the secre- tion of bile, and the various modifications and impaired discharge of this product together with inflammation, morbid growths and degenerations circumscribed the list of hepatic diseases. But the recognition of the formation of glycogen and cholesterine in the liver, together with urea and other less perfectly oxidized nitrogenous bodies which pass into the blood in place of being discharged with the bile, points to the liver as the chief local seat of various disorders such as diabetes, cholesterine plugging of ves sels, blood-poisoning from imperfectly oxidized albumi- noids, and urinary calculi. General Symptoms. These may be stated shortly as follows: obesity, sluggishness, irregular bowels, the dung being abundant, liquid and deep yellow or orange from Diseases of the Liver. 183 excess of bile in active congestions of the liver, or on the contrary there may be costiveness, with light-colored, foetid, imperfectly digested stools in cases in which bile is not secreted or is debarred from entering the bowels by some mechanical obstruction ; lameness in the right fore limh, or even in one or more of the remaining members, without any observable local cause; cramps and even paralysis in the severer cases with poisonous products thrown into the blood ; a tardy pulse sometimes not more than half its natural number; yellow or orange color of the eyes and other visible mucous membranes, and of the urine in cases of obstructed bile-ducts or intestines with reabsorption of bile, or in destruction of blood-cells by taurocholic acid and other products abnormally present in the blood; tenderness or groaning when the last ribs are pinched or struck with the closed fist; a yellow or orange fur may sometimes be seen universally diffused or in cir- cumscribed spots on the upper surface of the tongue ; the presence in the urine of deep brown or reddish granular deposits replacing urea is another sign of liver disorder. Obstructed circulation in the liver causes congestion of the portal vein, engorged spleen, intestinal catarrh, effusion of blood on the bowels, piles, dropsy of the abdomen, and swelling of the hind limbs. These may therefore be at- tendant symptoms. The conditions in which animals live may further assist our decision in suggesting an eflicient cause. The fat, idle, overfed and pampered stock are especially subject to liver disease, and more particularly if kept in close, hot, damp buildings or climates, or supplied with putrid water or unwholesome food. Thus the pampered family horse, the idle farm horse during our long winters, the high-bred ox, sheep, and pig in which everything has been sacrificed to secure excellence as meat producers, the pet dog, and the Brahmas, Cochins and other plump hens of Asiatic ex- traction, present frequent examples of liver disease. The stabled animal is more subject to it than those running af 184 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. pasture, and the subject liberally fed on dry fodder than that nourished on succulent green food. Then the deni- zen of the warm latitude and damp miasmatic soil is more liable than others. SACCHARINE URINE, DIABETES MELLITUS. Very rare in the lower animals but has been seen in carnivora (dogs), omnivora (monkeys), cattle and even in the horse. Temporary sweetness of the urine is not dis- ease, but if permanent it may be referred to excessive production of glycogen in the liver which is probably always enlarged (Bernard) ; or less frequently to the fail- ure of the liver to transform the sugar of the food into glycogen ; or it may be from disease of the medulla oblon- gata (apoplexy) or of some part which exerts an irritant reflex action on the base of the brain. It has been pro- duced experimentally by giving alcohol, ether, chloroform, quinia, ammonia, arsenic, phosphoric acid, and eroorali. Symptoms. Rapid loss of condition, scurfy, unthrifty skin, costive bowels, indigestion, ardent thirst, and exces- sive secretion of urine of a high specific gravity—horse and ox, 1060; pig, goat and sheep, 1030 and upward. The tests for sugar are: 1. taste; 2. fermentation when yeast is added and the whole allowed to stand in a warm temperature ; 3. the addition to a little of the urine in a test-tube of a few drops of solution of blue vitriol, and a considerable excess of potassa, and boiling the liquid foz a moment when if sugar‘is present there is a deposit of the yellowish-brown suboxide of copper. Treatment. Rarely successful. The best results are to be expected in cases in which an active cause, such as dis» ease of the liver, lungs or brain, can be recognized and kept in check or cured. Thus with liver disease, laxatives, alkalies, pure air and water, green or otherwise laxative food, and cupping, mild blistering or even leeching over the spare-ribs, may be beneficial. In lung disease the treatment must correspond to its nature, whether inflam- Diseases of the Liver. 185 matory, tuberculous or otherwise. Tonics and stomachics are almost always demanded. All the bitters, tincture of iron, the mineral acids and carbonate of soda have been used with profit. Opium, which checks the excretion of sugar, is injurious by impairing digestion. Lactic acid has repeatedly succeeded at the expense of a severe attack of rheumatism. Free secretion from the skin is beneficial and should be encouraged by warm clothing, baths and climate. Diet should be mainly albuminous, such as bran mashes and gruels, peas, beans, vetches, flesh deprived of fat, ete. BLOOD-POISONING FROM IMPERFECT OXIDATION OF ALBUMINOIDS. AZOTG@:MIA. AZOTURIA. ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA. SPINAL MENINGITIS. Variously described in the books as disease of the kid- neys and spinal cord, this is really due to disease of the liver which fails to effect the transformation of albumi- noids into urea, and entails an accumulation in the gland and in the circulating fluid of partially oxidized products, such as leucin and tyrosin, which pass off in variable amount by the kidneys. It attacks almost exclusively horses which have stood idle in the stable for a few days, on good diet, and are then taken out and subjected to ac- tive exertion. Symptoms, ete. These are very variable. In the mild- est forms there is only some lameness and muscular trem- bling in a particular limb, without apparent cause, brought on by sudden exertion and attended by a dusky-brown color of the membranes of the eye and nose and some signs of tenderness when the short ribs are struck. This may be entirely cured by a course of gentle laxatives (pod- ophyllin, 1 scr.) and diuretics (colchicum, muriate of am- monia, taraxacum, nitre,) and a gradual inuring to work, beginning with the slightest exertion and increasing day by day as the condition improves. The worst forms come on during or after driving, it may be not more than one 16* 186 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. hundred yards, the fire and life suddenly giving place tc anxiety and despondency, the subject seems to be in vio- lent pain, the flanks heave, the nostrils are dilated, the face is pinched, the surface is drenched in perspiration, the body trembling violently, the limbs weak, so that they sway and bend, while the animal walks crouchingly behind and soon goes down unable to support himself. If urine is passed it is high-colored, dark brown, red or black, and is usually thought bloody, but it contains neither clots nor blood-corpuscles, its color being due to the imperfectly oxidized albuminoids mixed with an excess of urea. When the patient is down the limbs and whole body are still convulsed at intervals, but are beyond the control of the animal, showing the poisonous effect on the nervous sys- tem. The pulse is variable but high and the temperature of the body normal at first, though it rises slightly if the animal survives. Death may ensue ina few hours or days, or improvement manifested at any period may go on to complete recovery. The blood is dark, diffluent, clots loosely if at all, and smells strongly. In some cases of re- covery a partial paralysis of the hind limbs or wasting of the crural nerve and muscles above the stifle will some- times persist for a time, showing structural nervous disease. Prevention is to be sought by regular daily exercise. In the case of horses which have had a period of absolute repose, submit to walking exercise only, at first, and in- crease this day by day until they have attained good, hard condition. Treatment. Clear out the bowels and unload the por- tal vein and liver by active purgatives. Podophyllin $ drachm, aloes 4 drachms, may be given by the mouth, and copious injections of soap-suds with oil or salts by the anus until the bowels respond, in which case a favorable termination may be hoped for. Dyrachm doses of bromide of potassium may be given frequently to calm nervous dis- order, and when the bowels have responded half drachm doses of colchicum and drachm doses of muriato of Diseases of the Liver. 187 ammonia three times a day. Warm fomentations to the body, but especially to the loins, are beneficial, alike in soothing irritation in the liver, spinal marrow and kid- neys, and in securing a free perspiration and the elimina- tion of morbid matters by the skin. They may be replaced by a newly removed sheep-skin applied with the fleshy side in, and followed by a mustard poultice. When the appetite returns the diet must be of sloppy mashes anid moderate in quantity. In case the paralysis persists after the acute symptous have subsided, treat as for functional paralysis. WOOD EVIL. RED WATER OF CATTLE, SHEEP AND PIGS. Under this name we designate a malady generally de- scribed as bloody urine (hematuria), but as the liquid does not usually contain blood globules or clots, and as the liver is almost invariably enlarged and softened and the blood elements are largely destroyed, it must be conceded that the affection is more intimately associated with disor- der of the hepatic functions than of any other. The cause, which may be stated as feeding on irritant and unwhole- some food, is such as is calculated to disorder the digest- ive organs and liver. The blood seems to suffer second- arily, though it is by no means disproved that other blood- forming functions beside those of the liver are involved. The blood itself is usually thin, watery and comparatively incoagulable, with a deficiency of fibrine, albumen and red globules—the last named elements being smaller than nat- ural and irregularly notched around their margins. The urine varies in color from a simple reddish tinge through the various shades of red and brown to black. It contains albumen and various albuminoid agents, excess of urea, cholesterine and phosphates, implying hepatic disturbance and destructive changes taking place in the blood. This is essentially a disease of unimproved localities and attacks animals fed too exclusively on products of such land, which are naturally stimulating to the digest- 188 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. ive organs and liver. Turnips and other saccharine roots, though perfectly safe from ordinary soils, are dangerous from these, and in the natural meadows and woods the young shoots of resinous trees (conifer) and the acrid plants of the ranunculus, colchicum and asclepias families, etc., are held to produce it. Its prevalence in woods and uncultivated meadows has procured for it in almost all European countries some name equivalent to wood disease. An important element in the causation is the existence of soil rich in organic matter and soured by the stagnation of water owing to a clay or otherwise impervious subsoil. Cows are very susceptible just after calving’and often per- ish. Symptoms. Dullness, languor, weakness, especially of the hind limbs, trembling, surface coldness, staring coat, dry muzzle, hot mouth and horns and diminution of the milk which is white and frothy and may throw down a red- dish sediment. Appetiteis lost, thirst ardent, pulse small and weak, beats of the heart tumultuous, amounting to palpi- tation in the parturient cases, bowels at first relaxed after- ward costive, abdomen tender, urine passed frequently in small quantity and often with suffermg. Colicky pains are often a marked symptom when the irritation of the bowels is extreme. Delirium even will set in in bad cases and death usually supervenes on a state of extreme pros- tration. Prevention may be sought in thorough drainage; in restricting the allowance of objectionable food and supple- menting it with sound dry grain and fodder; in the avoid- ance of damp, woody and natural meadows in spring until there is a good growth of grass, and in the rejection of hay from faulty pastures containing an excess of acrid plants. Treatment. At the onset of the disease nothing succeeds better than a free evacuation of the bowels and depletion of the portal vein and liver by an active purgative. When there is no abdominal pain or other sign of inflammation of the bowels, salts or any other active purgative will suf- Diseases of the Liver. 18S fice, but with colic and tenderness of the abdomen, we must restrict our choice to olive-oil, and other bland ma- terials. In advanced and weak conditions, decoctions of linseed should be resorted to. The animal is to be sup- ported by diffusible stimulants and iron tonics, with chlo- rate of potassa, and the bowels sheathed and protected by infusions of slippery elm, or mallow, decoctions of linseed, eggs, milk or mucilage ; diet should consist of linseed decoc- tions, well-boiled gruels, bran mashes, and other nutritive and easily digested food. JAUNDICE. ICTERUS. THE YELLOWS. This name is given to that condition in which the visi- ble mucous membranes, the skin—if white—the urine and the tissues are stained yellow, orange or brown by: bile coloring matter. It is only a symptom of various disor- ders, but is so specific in its characters that the name bids fair to be retained for the state. It is not caused as once supposed by the non-secretion of bile from the blood, but by the re-absorption of bile already secreted. This absorption may be determined by various cases. 1. Obstruction of the bile duct, by gall-stones, parasites, foreign bodies entering from the gut, fibrous or spasmodic stricture of the duct, inflammation or ulceration and swell- ing of the mucous membrane of the canal, or the intestine near the opening, tumors or overloaded intestines. 2. Obstruction of the bowels which hinders the discharge of the bile. 3. Diminished fullness of the capillary ves- sels of the liver from partial mechanical obstruction of hepatic artery or aorta. 4. Excessive secretion of bile in congested states of the liver. Jaundice may also result from imperfect metamorpho- sis of the re-absorbed bile, as in certain fevers (anthrax, Texan-fever, hog-cholera, purpura hemorrhagica,) in blood-poisoning, (septic matter, snake venom, phospho. rus, mercury, copper, antimony, chloroform, ether, car- bonic acid). It may farther result from the breaking down 190 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. of red blood-globules and liberation of their coloring mat- ter to stain the blood and textures. This may be caused by excess in the blood of water, bile acids (taurocholates) alkalies, nitrites, ether or chloroform. It may result from freezing, burning, (140° F.) and frictional and induction currents of electricity. It is noticeable that the coloring matter in the blood of solipeds is very easily dissolved and that of carnivora only with difficulty. Hence the frequency of a dusky or jaundiced appearance of the mem- branes in horses and its comparative harmlessness, as contrasted with similar conditions in the dog. It is further probable that the re-absorbed bile acids are transformed into bile pigment in certain states of the blood. Symptoms. General coloration of all the tissues, but especially the mucous membranes of a yellow, or over large veins of a greenish hue, and also of the urine. When there is obstruction of the bile duct, the dung is devoid of bile, foetid and often clayey in appearance, but if from other causes it may retain its natural color and odor. Other symptoms may appear dependent on the nature of the attendant disease, or the poisonous action of the bile acids, and of various diseased products on the blood, while the coloration itself seems to be comparatively harm- less. Treatment. This will depend on the nature of the cause. As a general rule what favors the action of the bowels, the free elimination of the bile, and depletion of the portal vein and liver will counteract the jaundice. Small daily doses of podophyllin, (horse and ox 1 ser.) with one or more ounces each of Glauber, Epsom, and common salt, as may be needful, will often act very efficiently. Or aloes, jalap or calomel, may replace the podophyllin. Taraxa- cum may be given either in diuretic or purgative doses, or a herbivorous patient may be turned out on a pasturage of dandelion; succulent spring grass indeed is sometimes all that is needed. Diuretics are useful in effecting efim- ination of the pigment, the carbonates and acetates of po- Diseases of the Liver. 191 tassa, soda and ammonia being especially good. Bittez and other tonics are often valuable in conteracting that in- pairment of tone which favors congestion and swelling of the stomach, intestine and liver, otherwise the treatment must correspond to the nature of the cause when that can be ascertained. CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. This is common in horses in warm climates, where luxuriant grasses (plethora) and hot seasons strongly pre- dispose. Hence, in the Southern States, and especially in localities which are moist as well, and where malarious emanations exist, it may be looked for, but it is also seen in pampered idle animals kept in hot close stables any- where. Rich food and the comparative absence of waste by exercise and breathing throw too much labor on the liver, which is rendered liable to clogging and congestion. Among the immediate exciting causes may be named sudden changes of temperature, emigration from a cold to a warm damp region, chills in cold dewy nights after hot days, sudden exertion when unfitted for it by long rest and bad condition, exertion under intense heat of the sun, and blows on the region of the liver, particularly on the young. Venous congestion from imperfect action of the heart valves is a cause of hepatic congestion, at once predispos- ing and exciting. Symptoms. These strongly resemble the severe forms of poisoning, by imperfectly elaborated liver products, the two conditions being often coexistent and mutually de- pendent on each other. There are the sudden prostration, dull sunken eyes, pinched anxious face, excited breathing and pulse, trembling, swaying limbs, perspiration, sighing, and violent colicky pains with frequent looking at the flank, lying down and rising. Striking the last ribs with the fist causes flinching, groaning, or even attempts to lick or bite, and some jaundice and furring of the tongue are often seen. When fainting ensues, this with the pallid mucous 192 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. membranes and quick, weak pulse, imply rupture of the liver and extensive loss of blood. In the slighter attacks the symptoms are correspondingly mitigated. The attack may subside and end in complete recovery, or blood effused into the substance of the liver may be slowly absorbed, or organized into fibrous material, or may determine extensive and fatal softening of the liver, or finally the patient may perish in a fainting fit from rupt- ure of the liver and loss of blood. Treatment. At the outset a free bleeding will often ob- viate effusion of blood and rupture and check the disease. It must never be resorted to, however, when faintness, a weak, small pulse or a small stream from the orifice im- plies already existing effusion. Quiet, mustard poultices or other derivatives applied to the limbs and saline pur- gatives (1 lb. sulphate of soda) by the mouth, and as in- jections will prove valuable in directly depleting the portal system and liver. Cold water or ice to the last ribs will often serve to check effusion already begun. The sulphate of soda may be kept up in small doses (1 to 4 ozs. daily) and a mustard or other blister may be applied over the region of the liver. During treatment the animal must have the purest air and, as food, soft bran mashes and roots. After recovery feed moderately on sound, eas- ily digested food, keep in pasture or airy stable and never neglect moderate exercise even for a day. INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. HEPATITIS. Due to the same causes as congestion but much less fre- quent. In dogs, beside the general causes we must ac- knowledge the influence of sharp-pointed bodies swallowed in wantonness, and splinters of bones which perforate the stomach and liver. Symyptoms. At first those of slow congestion already referred to. As active inflammation sets in there is less violent pain and excitement and more fever. The pulse is accelerated, the breathing quickened, especially in in- Diseases of the Liver. 193 flammation of the liver capsule, the region of the last ribs is very tender to a blow (on the right side only in 1umi- nants), the mouth hot and clammy, tongue furred, mucous membranes more or less dusky or yellow and the heat of the body raised by 2° or upwards. The bowels may be at first loose, yellow and bilious but soon are confined, the small pellets of dung being covered with a yellowish mucus and this state may again give place to a mucous diarrhoea. Appetite is usually completely lost, emaciation advances rapidly, blood spots and patches appear on the visible mucous membranes, and the legs, especially the hind ones, swell or stock. Great nervous atony, convul- sions or even delirium may appear toward the last. In dogs there is great dullness and muscular weakness, inclination to lie constantly, unsteady gait, dusky or yel- low membranes, furred tongue, prominence of the last ribs on the right side and tenderness along them and their cartilages. When the disease is fully developed the tumid edge of the liver may be felt behind the last rib and the costal cartilages. A brownish, mucous diarrhoea succeeds to the preliminary constipation. Great nervous prostra- tion and stupor usually precede death. The disease is very fatal in dogs but may merge into the chronic form with ascites or end in a perfect recovery. Fouls, especially the less lively birds, suffer much from hepatitis when well fed and kept in a small poultry-yard. They may die suddenly of effusion of blood on the liver without any previous signs of illness, or they may droop for some days or even weeks prior to death. Any change in the habits of closely confined, plethoric fowls should lead to suspicion of liver disease. Ruffled feathers, sink- ing of the head between the wings, sluggishness in run- ning or feeding, drooping in a corner alone, with a with- ered brownish appearance of the comb and jaundice of the skin are especially to be noted. Treatment. Bleeding is rarely beneficial and we must rely mainly on depletion from the portal system and liver 17 194 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. by purgatives, or counter-irritants and change of habits. A pound of sulphate of soda may be given at once to the larger animals, or an ounce to a shepherd’s dog and an equivalent amount by injection. Podophyllin, aloes, etc., may be used instead. Friction, with loose bandaging of the limbs, with or without excitation with mustard or am- nonia and cupping, or in small animals leeching over tho region. of the liver or mustard poultices are demanded. After the bowels have been freely opened smaller doses of Glauber salts or cream of tartar may be given daily to keep up a free action of the bowels, and throughout the diet must be soft (mashes, roots, green food,) and restricted in quantity. Taraxacum with bitter tonics (Peruvian bark, gentian, columba, gelsemium, etc.,) will be useful during convalescence, and when the herbivorous patient is well enough to be pastured in a field well stocked with dandelion this may be resorted to. In carnivora and swine ipecacuanha and guaiacum are useful in favoring free elimination by the bowels and skin. Fouls attacked usually die, but the morbid state in which the disease takes its origin may be counteracted in the re- maining fowls by a free range, by cabbage, cooked pota- toes, turnips and other vegetable food in place of grain, and a small quantity of salt and Glauber salts in the food or water. Excess of common salt is poisonous. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. This is seen especially in horses and dogs, the liver often attaining an enormous size or undergoing fibrous degen- eration (cirrhosis). It is attended by the same symptoms as the acute form, but these are less urgent and dropsy of the belly and legs is a common result. It is to be treated in the same manner as the acute form but less energetically, mild laxatives with bitters daily and above all a free range in the open air; for herbivora, sound, juicy pastures and in case of malarious soil or im- pure water, a change even for a few miles to a higher lo- cality. Diseases of the Liver. 195 — RESULTS OF INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. Beside recovery there may be effusion of blood with soft- ening, granular softening, abscess and fibrous induration. These if not promptly fatal give rise to wasting diseases with general symptoms of liver disorder, but into these our space will not permit us to enter. (See the author’s large work.) GALL-STONES. BILIARY CALCULI. These are especially common in oxen when subject to the dry feeding of winter but are found in all domestic animals, often in great numbers. They occur as round masses, angular masses when they have lain in contact, or as incrustations on the walls of the ducts of which they form distinct casts. They often fail to cause manifest disorder, but if they obstruct the ducts there is acute spas- modic pain in the abdomen, with all the signs of colic, tenderness over the last ribs, and more or less jaundice. The attacks are liable to recur as new calculi are displaced, and the general health suffers. Carnivora vomit, and in all diarrhcea may set in if relief is not obtained. Sheep generally have incrustations when affected with flukes (liver rot). The formation of these calculi may usually be prevented in herbivora by allowing a fair amount of exercise and succulent food, and they nearly always disappear in cattle turned outon therich grasses of spring. Beside these meas- ures their removal may be sought by the daily use of carbon- ate and sulphate of soda and common salt, with abundance of good water and exercise. During the attacks give anti- spasmodics, lobelia, belladonna, hyoscyamus, chloral-hy- drate, etc., and keep up hot fomentations perseveringly to the loins and abdomen. Chloral-hydrate and chloroform dissolve cholesterine calculi. OTHER AFFECTIONS OF THE LIVER, fatty degeneration, tuber- cle, cancer, hypertrophy, atrophy, are manifested by the general symptoms of hepatic disorders, but space turhids further notice of them here. 196 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE LIVER. LIVER-ROT. FLUKE DISEASE. This affection is most destructive to sheep, of which it has destroyed as many as from one to two million head in England alone in certain years. It is immediately determined by the presence in the gall ducts of two flat leaf-like parasites—the Fasciola Hepatica and the Disto- mum Lanceolatum—the first ? to 1 inch in length, the Fig. 37. Fig. 38. Fig. 37—Fasciola Hepatica. Fig. 38—Distomum Lanceolatum. second 4 lines. These inhabit the gall ducts of all the domestic animals, of many wild animals and even of man, but in most of these they do little harm. The eggs of these parasites laid in the gall ducts cannot be developed there, but pass out with the bile and dung, hatch in pools of fresh water in which the embryo floats until it finds a moliusk, in which it encysts itself and becomes a brood capsule developing many new embryos. within it; these embryos may form new brood capsules and thus increase their numbers materially, or if swallowed by a mammal along with its food or water they develop into the mature Diseases of the Liver. 197 flukes, inhabiting the bile ducts and reproducing them- selves only by eggs. The necessity for these intermediate generations, and the fact that they can only take place in fresh water and in fresh water mollusks, points to thorough drainage as the most efficient means of limiting the ravages of the parasites. In small numbers they do little harm and as they can- not multiply within the body their presence may be of no consequence, but when present in large numbers they be- come most destructive. In certain damp lands stocked with these parasites sheep cannot live, no matter how well fed, and cattle often perish as well. A single in- fested sheep brought on such damp lands will speedily stock them, as infested German rams did the colony of Victoria in 1855. Symptoms. Sheep may thrive unusually for a month or two, but soon they begin to lose flesh and waste with a rapidity that is surprising. The skin and the membranes of the nose and eyes become soft and puffy, the naturally bright pink vessels of the eye become yellowish, dark, or even quite imperceptible, the whole eye assumes a yellow tinge, the skin is pale, bloodless, deficient in yolk or oil, dry and scurfy. The wool loses its brilliancy and comes out easily when pulled. The muscles waste, the animal is razor-bached, the hip-bones project, and the flank becomes sunken, the belly pendent and the back drooped from dropsical effusion. Similar effusions take place in the chest beneath the abdomen and breast-bone and under the lower jaw. The head is no longer carried erect, the expression of the face is haggard and hopeless, the appe- tite capricious, thixst ardent, and there is occasional diarrhea. Examination of the dung detects myriads of microscopic eggs ; fy inch in diameter. Treatment. Almost all the tonics of the pharmacopeia have been employed with more or less effect, but all usu- ally fail when many parasites have gained access to the 198 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. system. The following is a good example of a tonic mixt- ure: Linseed, rape, pea, oat, barley, or unbolted wheat flour, 40 lbs, Powdered gentian or anise seed, 4“ Common salt, 4“ Sulphate or oxide of iron, 1. Give half a pint daily to each sheep. In all treatment it is essential to remove from the in- tested meadow to a perfectly dry pasture or salt marsh on either of which the eggs of the fluke will perish. To turn on a wet fresh pasture is merely to stock that with the parasites. Prevention. Keep sheep on high dry pastures or salt marshes where the fluke cannot live out of the body. Feed salt daily if flukes exist to however limited an extent; this is fatal to the young flukes and will destroy most of them as they are takenin. Thorough drainage of infested pastures will make them wholesome. This may fail when land is subject to inundations, and in this case such land should be devoted to raising hay or other crops. Keeping the sheep off the infested fields at nights and until the dews leave the grass in the morning will go a long way towards protecting them. In some instances of the intro- duction of this parasite into a new country the contami- nated sheep should be destroyed and the infested pasture with a wide area around it proscribed from being grazed. For other parasites of the liver, see general article on ‘« PARASITES,” CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS AND SPLEEN, Diseases of the pancreas: inflammation, degeneration, calculi, etc. Dis eases of the spleen: tuberculous, cancerous, glanderous, inflammatory, con gestive, apoplectic. Hypertrophy, Atrophy, Lymphadenoma, Leukzemia. DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS. Though subject to a variety of diseases as shown by the existence of abscess, tuberculosis, sarcoma,melanosis, can- cer, calculi and worms (Sclerostomum Equinum) after death, this organ is so deeply seated and the result of its disorder so little manifest, that its pathological states usu- ally pass without recognition during life. One symptom only is characteristic—the passage of much undigested fat with the dung. The fatty aliment is mainly emulsionized by the pancreatic juice, and its presence in the stools un- changed may be held to imply suppression of that secre- tion. If this condition coincides with general fever, col- icky pains, and tenderness behind the last rib on the right side, inflammation of the gland may be suspected ; if with sharcer colic but without fever, obstruction of the wincreatic duct by calculi will be suggested. Inflammation should be treated on general principles by Jaxatives, blisters to the right side of the abdomen an¢ spare diet; Calculi by antispasmodics and fomentations as for gall-stones; and simple suppressed secretion by sul- phuric ether. DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN (MILT). These are if possible even more occult than those of the 200 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. pancreas. And yet this organ is involved in nearly all diseases of the liver, in specific fevers due to a poison in the blood, and in disorders of the lymphatic vessels. Ob- structed circulation through the liver sends the blood back on this organ and over-distends it almost to rupture. Advanced tuberculosis and cancer rarely fail to show secondary deposits here. Glanders sometimes shows the same tendency. Anthrax and anthracoid affections and, to a less extent, other specific fevers, lead to enlargement and even rupture of the spleen, in connection with the long retention of the blood and disease poisons in its ve- nous cavities. Of particular diseases the spleen suffers from wasting in starved animals, from extraordinary in- crease in the highly fed, and from changes of structure such as alandular degeneration and enlargement (lymphade- noma). i. of these diseases, and notably the latter, are associated with an excess of white globules in the blood, (leukcemia) which condition revealed by the micro- scope may assist in diagnosis. We can do little for these affections besides giving at- tention to the general health, by tonics and a sound hy- giene. CHAPTER X. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. General causes and symptoms. Examination of the urine. Diuresis, Di abetis Insipidus, Polyuria. Bloody urine, Heematuria. Simple inflamma. tion of the kidneys, Nephritis. Bright’s disease, Desquamative Nephritis Albuminuria, Albuminous urine. Spasm of the neck of the bladder. Paraly- sis of the bladder. Inflammation of the bladder, Cystitis. Inflammation of the Urethra, Gonorrhcea, Gleet. Stricture of the Urethra. Eversion of the bladder. Urinary Calculi, and gravel, Stone in the kidney, ureter, blad- der, urethra and prepuce,—in horses, cattle, sheep, pigs and dogs. Diseases of the urinary organs are not infrequent in the domestic animals, though less prevalent than in man. They prevail above all in certain localities, as: on the magnesian limestones, in company with goitre, on lands abounding in diuretic or resinous plants or water, in damp regions where fodder is secured in a wet, musty condition, where it is fed covered with hoar-frost, or where frequent cold rains and winds repress the perspiration and throw undue work on the kidneys. Jeeding to excess on ali- ments rich in phosphates of lime and magnesia—bran, beans, peas, vetches, etc.,—the habitual privation of wa- ter, Injudicious dosing with diuretics, diseased heart and langs which throws the blood back on the veins and de- termines passive congestion of the kidneys, diseases of the liver which interfering with the oxidation of albuminoids predispose to urinary deposit, and finally mechanical in- juries to the loins or pelvis all tend to induce various urinary diseases. General Symptoms. With most acute inflammations there is a stiff straddling gait with the hind limbs, the 202 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. loins are tender, as ascertained by pinching on the spines or the transverse processes of the backbone, there is less difficulty experienced in backing than when there is sprain or fracture of the back or loins, and the animal is more likely to lie down though it costs an extra effort to rise, shere is straining to discharge urine, which is passed in axcess, in deficiency, in jets, in dribblets only, or not at all. ‘n the larger animals the bladder and its excretory duct urethra) are easily and satisfactorily examined by the hiand introduced. through the rectum or vagina and any tenderness, flaccidity, swelling, over-distension or foreign ~gent (stone) is easily made out. In the smaller breeds of horses and cattle even, the kidneys may be reached in this way and any heat, swelling, tenderness, etc., perceived. Then brain disease, dropsies and skin eruptions are com- mon results of urinary disorder. Examination of the Urine. But a certain class of urin- ary diseases are only to be made out by examination of the urine. Beside the modifications of quantity and flow already referred to, this may be altered : 1st, in color, as avohite from saline deposits, brown or red from blood clots and coloring matter, or from imperfectly oxidized albu- minoids, yellow or orange from bile or blood pigment, pale or variously tinted from vegetable colors taken with the food: 2d, in density as measured by a hygrometer (urin- ometer), the natural urine being in the horse and ox 1030 to 1060, pig and goat 1010 to 1012, dog 1020 and cat 1058: 3d, in chemical reaction, acidity or alkalinity, as ascertained by blue litmus or red test-papers (healthy herbivorous urine is alkaline, turning the red papers blue unless after prolonged abstinence or a flesh diet ; carnivorous and om- nivorous urine is acid excepting when confined to a vege- table diet): 4th, in organic ingredients, as when it contains albumen (coagulable by boiling or by strong nitric acid or in the horse giving the liquid a ropy consistency), sugar, blood, bile, cylindroid microscopic casts of the uriniferoug tubes or the eggs or bodies of worms: 5th, in its salts Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 208 which may crystallize out in the system or at once after thé liquid is discharged, or after cooling, or finally may have to be precipitated by chemical reagents. DIURESIS. DIABETES INSIPIDUS. POLYURIA. Excessive secretion of urine. This may occur in any animal from agents, medicinal or alimentary, which un- duly stimulate the kidneys. The horse, however, is the most frequent sufferer, being more than any other animal subjected to reckless dosing by those about him with pri- vate nostrums and much advertised quack preparations, and to the exclusive use of musty and injured hay and grain. Musty hay, grain or bran is perhaps the most common cause, the noxious agent being probably the cryptogams produced on this damp, heated fodder. Musty oatmeal will even affect the human being. New oats, very watery food like the refuse of distilleries, and cooked food, seleniteous waters, acrid diuretic plants in the pas- tures or hay, exposure to extreme cold and wet, and ex- cessive thirst consequent on feeding salt or on irritation of the stomach are other causes. Whole flocks of sheep sometimes suffer at once from acrid plants eaten. Symptoms. Frequent—often almost constant—passage of a very pale-colored urine in large quantities and of low specific gravity, insatiable thirst, rapid falling off in con- dition and spirits, sluggishness and weakness at work and perspiration on the slightest exertion. The discharges are comparatively inodorous and more like water than jorse’s urine, and contain little solid matter though the ‘uantity of solids passed in twenty-four hours is in excess. The skin becomes rough and hide-bound and all the signs of ill-health set in, though the animal may suffer and sur- vive for months or even a year. More commonly he dies early of exhaustion, or glanders supervenes and kills the patient. Treatment is very successful in the early stages. Stop the use of faulty food and drugs and give dry wholesome 20-4 The Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser. hay and grain with no suspicion of newness or mustiness. Give a decoction of flaxseed freely with the water drunk, with phosphate of iron 2 drachms, Peruvian bark 4 drachms and iodide of potassium 2 drachins daily. Cre osote may often be added with advantage. BLOODY URINE. HA MATURIA. This occurs after sprains of the loins or blows on this region, with stone in the kidneys, urinary passages or blad- der, cancer, tubercle or even abscess of the kidney, etc., or lastly some poisoned condition of the blood, as in malig- nant authrax. Acrid diuretic plants, cantharides, May- bugs, etc., are occasional causes. When bleeding occurs from local irritation or in a tolerably healthy state of the blood it is partly at least in the form of clots and fibrinous easts of the uriniferous tubes, about one-hundreth inch in diameter, and entangling blood-globules. If from poi- soned and disintegrating blood, there is a diffuse colora- tion with hematine, with perhaps fragments of blood- globules, but rarely perfect o1.zs, clots or casts, and a sim- ar oozing of blood is liable to take place at other parts £ the body. The blood-coloring matter is easily distin- guished from bile by chemical tests. It is less easily dis- tinguished from the brownish-red albuminoids which es- sape by the kidneys in Azotemia. Beside the passage of blood there may be the general signs of urinarv disorder, but these are not constant. When gravel coexists gritty masses pass with the urme or collect on the hair of the prepuce. Treatment. Remove the causes, give comfortable, dry Iwellings, sound food, mucilaginous drinks (linseed tea, nallow, gums, elm. etc.,) and acid astringents (tincture of chloride of iron, sugar of lead, vinegar, buttermilk and oax bark). In profuse discharge cold water may be applied tc the loins, while in inflammatory cases a sheep-skin or poultice may be first used and followed by a mustard plaster. (See AzoraMia AND RED-WATER). Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 205 NEPHRITIS. SIMPLE INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. Causes. Blows or sprains in the region of the loins, stone in the kidneys, use of diuretics to excess, musty fodder, irritant or acrid plants in hay, too extensive blis- ters of Spanish flies, paralysis of the spinal cord. Symptoms. A variable but often very high fever, heat or even swelling of the loins, tenderness often extreme beneath the bony processes about six inches from the spine, a stiff, straddling gait with the hind limbs, little marked in chronic cases but so severe as to amount almost to helplessness in the worst, the loins arched, progression difficult and attended in some cases by groaning, there is looking at the abdomen and colicky pains, more severe at one time than another. If the patient lies down it is with caution. In males there are alternate retraction and de- scent of the testicles, and in all there is likely to be frequent passages of urine in small amount, of a very high color and density, and containing fibrinous casts of the kidney tubes one-hundreth of an inch in diameter, and sometimes blood or even pus. The bowels are costive and there is a rapid pulse, an elevated temperature and excited breathing. The legs tend to swell uniformly from the foot up, and swellings may appear under the chest or belly, or even in internal cavities. General ill-health, with stocking of the legs, casts in the urine and some tenderness of the loins to pressure, may be all that is seen in the chronic cases. Treatment. In acute cases, with strong pulse and ro- bust patient, an immediate advantage may be gained by bleeding, but this is rare. Give a laxative of olive-oil or ray’ linseed-oil, or in case of necessity of Glauber salts or aloes, accompanying this with an anodyne, (opium, bella- donna, tobacco,) throw anodyne and mucilaginous injec- tious into the rectum, and cover the loins with a fresh sheep-skin, the fleshy side in, or with a soothing poultice or fomentations, following this up in six or eight hours by a mustard poultice. Mucilaginous drmks may be given 206 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. freely, but diuretics are to be sedulously avoided and warm clothing used to favor sweating and thus relieve the kidneys of work. Laxatives and anodynes must be re peated as may seem necessary and finally a course of bitter tonics may be allowed. ALBUMINURIA. BRIGHT’S DISEASE. DESQUAMATIVE NEPHRITIS. This consists in inflammation of the kidneys, acute or chronic, with degeneration and shedding of the epithe- lium from the kidney tubes. Symptoms. More or less awkwardness of gait behind, and tenderness of the loins, in some cases indisposition to lie down, thick, gelatinous, ropy urine, with microscopic casts of the kidney tubes, containing much spherical epithelium and granular matter. The urine coagulates in part in whitish flakes when boiled, or under the action of corrosive sublimate, acetate of lead or nitric acid. The general health suffers and the patient dies sooner or later of uremia with dropsy, or of some other affection which has been aggravated by the impaired vitality and the excess of the elements of urine in the blood. Treatment is not always satisfactory, though a certain proportion recover. Avoid exposure to cold, keep in a warm box and warmly clothed. Keep the bowels acting freely by a restricted diet of warm bran mashes, etc., or even by laxatives. Give tonics (phosphate of iron, quinia, willow bark,) and mineral acids and use mustard appli- cations to the loins. If the kidneys fail to act, do not give diuretics, but use cupping over the part, or hot fo- mentations with water, or better still a strong infusion of digitalis. Albuminous Urine, which is always ropy in horses, is no proof of the existence of Bright’s disease, but is an attend- ant on nearly all extensive inflammations of important organs, on rheumatism, fevers and certain poisoned con- ditions of the blood, i Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 207 SPASM OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDER. Causes. Prolonged retention of urine in mares at work or in horses hard driven. Chill when heated. Nervous irritation. Is a common attendant on severe colic and gives way when that is relieved. Males suffer most fre- quently. Symptoms. Frequent attempts to urinate, which prove ineffectual or secure a dribbling only after much pain and straining. There may be anxious looking at the flank and uneasy shifting of the limbs, or in cattle twisting of the tail. There is tenderness in the back part of the ab- domen in the median line below. The hand, oiled and introduced into the rectum, will feel the distended blad- der, with its firm dense neck and no enlargement either there or backward in the urethra, as from stone. If unrelieved the bladder becomes immoderately dis- tended and finally bursts, especially in ruminants. This is followed by tenderness of the abdomen, febrile symp- toms, dullness and languor, and if the bladder is exam- ined it is found to be flaccid and tender. Perforation of the lower part of the abdomen with the nozzle of a hypo- dermic syringe allows the escape of urine, easily recog- nized by its odor. Treatment. Spreading fresh litter under the horse will sometimes induce staling. If not,-use antispasmodics in- troduced by the rectum or even by the mouth (opium, laudanum, belladonna or hyoscyamus extract, tobaccc smoke or solution, chloral-hydrate, lobelia, prussic acid, cyanide of potassium, etc.) Solutions of any of these agents may be rubbed on the perineum. Sometimes the sp.sm will give way under gentle pressure on the bladder with hand or finger in the rectum. Finally, all other measures failing, the urine may be withdrawn with a well- oiled catheter. This should be 4 inch in diameter for the horse, + inch for the bull and a ie for the dog. Con- trary to the usual statement a small catheter may be vassed in the bull when the penis is sufticiently extended 208 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. to efface the S-shaped bend of the penis. In the mare the spasm may be overcome by the insertion of one or two fingers through the opening which is found in the median line of the floor of the passage about four inches from the external orifice. In the cow care is required to enter the central orifice as there is a blind sac on each side. PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER May occur from excessive over-distension, in connection with lock-jaw or rheumatism which prevents stretching to stale, with cystitis implicating the muscular coat, spasm of the neck of the bladder, or decomposition of the urine. It is attendant on disease or injury of the terminal part of the spinal cord, on broken back, etc., and is then asso- ciated with palsy of the tail and it may be of the hind limbs. Symptoms. If the neck is involved the urine dribbles away constantly, without straining, is discharged in the sheath and runs down inside the thighs causing irritation and inflammation in both. If the neck is unaffected the urine accumulates in the bladder, causing over-distension, irritation and rupture. The urine decomposes, setting free ammonia which softens and dissolves the epithelium and establishes the worst type of cystitis. Treatment. In cases of broken back or disease of the spinal cord attention must be given to that and, if reme- diable, the urine must be drawn off frequently with a cath- eter to prevent over-distension and injury to the bladder. In local paralysis, or after the spinal cord has recovered, apply a blister (mustard) between the thighs beneath the anus or vulva or over the back part of the belly inferiorly. Give belladonna extract (1 to 2 drachms), cantharides (1 to 3 grains) or nux-vomica ($ drachm for large herbivora). INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. CYSTITIS. Causes. Abuse of diuretics, acrid diuretic plants in Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 209 the food, the application of blisters (Spanish flies, turpen- tine,) over too extensive surfaces, prolonged retention and decomposition of urine, irritation from stone in the blad- der, ete. Symptoms. Tf confined to the mucous membrane urine is passed frequently, painfully, in small quantities, with more or less floating mucus and flat, microscopic, fibri- nous shreds of exudation entangling columnar or scaly ep- ithelium. The bladder is very tender to the touch and if the finger is passed into it in the female its neck and walls are felt to be thickened, sometimes enormously. There are colicky pains, frequent looking at the flanks, un- easy movements of the hind feet or twisting of the tail. The gait is stiff and straddling. There is fever, usually shght. If the muscular coat is involved there is disten- sion of the bladder, and if the neck participates the urine escapes involuntarily. If due to unrelieved stone that will be found on examination. The case is most hopeful if due to irritants or some clearly removable cause. ‘ Treatment. Remove the cause, whether food, drugs, blistering agents on the skin, stone, gravel or retained and decomposed urine. Give spare, soft, aqueous diet with mucilaginous agents (linseed decoction or tea, slippery elm, gums, etc.,) laxatives of olive or linseed-oil, soft pure water at will, and mucilaginous and anodyne injections into the bladder (gum Arabic 1 drachm, opium 1 drachm, tepid water 1 pint). Blisters may be used in paralysis. In severe cases these may be preceded by fomentations. Finally, when the acute symptoms have subsided, small doses of stimulating diuretics (copaiva, cubebs, juniper, buchu,) will often serve to tone up the mucous membrane. INFLAMMATION OF THE URETHRA. GONORRH@A. GLEET. Causes. Like cystitis this may depend on irritants in the urine, taken by the mouth or applied to the surface, excessive copulation, connection with a newly-delivered 16” 210 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser female or one that has otherwise contracted a vaginal dis- charge, mechanical injury to the penis in serving females, irritation from the passage or arrest of small stones or gravel. Symptoms. Swelling and soreness in the sheath and penis, pain in urinating, the liquid coming in jets and fre- quently arrested because of the suffering. In dogs there is continual licking of the organ and soon a creamy pus drops from the orifice. Treatment. If before the discharge of pus, give a laxa- tive and foment the parts with warm water. Wash out any gravel. If after suppuration, use soothing or astrin- gent injections (permanganate of potassa, acetate of lead, sulphate of zine or nitrate of silver, 2 grains to 1 oz. water). Tonics and stimulating diuretics may be finally needed as in cystitis. A soft restricted diet is demanded. STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA. Usually a result of local irritation :—gravel, strong as- tringent injections used in the early stage of gonorrhoea or the healing of ulcers formed when that disease is neg- lected. Symptoms. Great difficulty in urination, the liquid es- caping in a fine s;ream and with pain. Frequent painful erections. Treatment. Passing, daily, catheters of gradually in- creasing sizes, beginning with one just large enough to enter with gentle force. EVERSION OF THE BLADDER Can occur only in the female, from severe straining’ in irritation of the urinary organs, and especially after the organ has been rendered torpid or paralyzed by over-dis- tension, severe parturition or otherwise. The animal strains violently and a red, tumid, rounded mass appears from between the lips of the vulva. On examining its surface near the neck the two orifices of the ureters may be detected with the urine oozing from them in drops. Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 211 Treatment. Wash with milk-warm water containing laudanum, and return, pressing the centre of the mass in- ward so as to correct the eversion. The main difficulty will be met in returning it through the contracted neck of the bladder, and if the eversion has lasted long enc ugh to determine inflammation and softening great care will he requisite to avoid tearing the coats. Should straming be so violent as to threaten renewal of the eversion a truss may be applied as advised for eversion of the womb. URINARY CALCULI AND GRAVEL. STONE. These vary in chemical composition with the genus of animal and especially with the nature of the food. In herbivora the urine normally contains a large amount of the carbonates of lime and magnesia and of oxalate of lime, a small quantity of silica, sulphate and phosphate of lime, ammonio-magnesian phosphate, hippuric acid and some- times uric acid, besides the more soluble alkaline salts. Carnivora, on the other hand, have an excess of phosphate of lime and magnesia, of sulphates and chlorides, more uric acid than the vegetable feeders but a minimum amount of carbonate and oxalate of lime and silica. The omnivora occupy an intermediate position, the salts of the urine va- rying with the frequent changes in the food. The nature of the food determines the excess of particular salts in the urine and their precipitation in the form of crystals. These carbonates of lime and magnesia which make up the bulk of most urinary caleuli in horses and ruminants are due to the large amount of vegetable acids (citrates, tartrates, malates, acetates, etc.,) in plants. These becom- ing further oxidized are transformed into carbonic acid which unites with the magnesia or lime present in the blood. Oxalate of lime is due to imperfect oxidation of the veg- etable acids, oxalic acid containing an equivalent less of oxygen, than carbonic acid. It appears in excess in cer- 212 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. tain diseases of the lungs or other conditions which inter- fere with respiration. Silica enters the system as silicate of potassa in food and water and especially in cyperaceva, horsetails, oat- straw, oat-meal, etc. It is displaced as silica whenever it comes in contact with a stronger acid. Phosphates enter the system in bran, in beans, peas, and the leguminous seeds generally, in oil-cake and rape- cake, or (the carnivora) in the flesh and bones. When present in undue amount in a given quantity of urine they tend to crystallize out, but when a large amount of phos- phate of magnesia is present, it is only necessary that the urine should be retained longer than usual in the bladder and that decomposition should set in with evolution of am- monia, to have the insoluble ammonia-magnesian phos- phate at once thrown down. Sulphate of lime is derived from sulphates in the water or the oxidation of sulphur contained in the albuminoid principles of food. Urea, Uric Acid, Hippuric Acid, Creatine, Creatinine, Kiestine, Leucin, Tyrosin, etc., are all nitrogenous elements, derived from the waste of muscle and gelatinous tissues, or from albuminoid matters in the food. Urea is to be looked on as the healthy product of such decomposition, while uric and hippuric acids, ete., are products in which the process of oxidation has stopped short, leaving the products in a less soluble condition and more liable to crystallize out of the urine. Impaired breathing from dis- eased lungs or otherwise and imperfect action of the liver, whether from local disease in that organ or from feverish states, with impaired functions generally, are therefore among the causes which strongly predispose to urinary ealeuli. Beside these a certain amount of mucus, fat, coloring matter and even blood enter into the formation of urinary calculi. Accessory Causes. To the above named causes favoring. Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 213 the formation of urinary calculi, may be added all such ag favor concentration of the urine. Thus scarcity of drink- ing water, excessive loss of liquid by the bowels or skin, (diarrhoea, dysentery, etc.,) dry winter feeding on hay and grain, feverish states in which little urine is secreted, and hard waters appear to have this effect. The last named cause is not generally credited by physicians but its coin- cidence with the prevalence of stone is exceedingly com- mon. Mode of Formation. The first requisite is that some solid body should exist as a nucleus around which layer after layer is crystallized, and hence the stone is always composed of a series of concentric layers. The nucleus may consist in a particle of mucus, fibrine or blood, a crystal deposited from over-saturated urine, or even a for- eign body introduced from without. I have seen a large calculus in the kidney of a deer formed around a piece of wood which must have penetrated the kidney and broken oft, while the wound by which it entered had healed up. appearance. Calculi vary much in character but the most marked varieties are the smooth stones formed by carbonates, oxalaies, phosphates and silica, and the rough jagged crystalline specimens of ammonio-magnesian phosphates. Renal Calculi. Those found in the kidney are usually moulded in the pelvis, though I have found many like small lentils in dilatations of the microscopic tubes in the substance of the gland. Cattle fed on dry hay and grain, during winter, rarely want small yellow crystalline masses in the pelvis. Even when so large as to distend the pel- vis and weigh several ounces they are not always incom- patible with good health and aptitude to fatten. When so large or rough as to produce manifest disorder, this appears as irritation of the kidneys, tender loins, stiff straddling gait, ete., with the passage of microscopic crys- tals, and perhaps blood or pus in the urine. In cattle and sheep the salts from the concentrated urine usually crys: 214 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. tallize out on the hairs around the opening of the sheath. All species of domestic quadrupeds suffer. There is no satisfactory treatment and the great object is to prevent their formation by the measures named below Urewrul Calculi. These are lodged in the small canals which convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They are usually formed in the pelvis of the kidney and being washed on with the urine are arrested in the ureter. The symptoms are more violent than those of renal cal- culi, since the flow of the urine is checked and the ureter and pelvis of the kidney are over-distended, while the kid- ney itself undergoes inflammation and, if the animal sur- vives, is finally removed by absorption, the opposite kid- ney meanwhile enlarging and doing the work of two. The colics and general symptoms are like those of nephritis. The elastic distended ureter may sometimes be felt with the oiled hand introduced through the rectum. Like re- nal calculus this is usually irremediable. Antispasmodics will sometimes succeed by relaxing the duct and allowing the accumulated urine to pass the obstruction onward. They are best given by injection into the bowel. If ne- phritis sets in the treatment must correspond. Cystic Calculus. Stone in the Bladder. Seen in all do- mestic animals. Symptoms. Frequent straining to pass urine, which escapes in dribblets, in jets checked by a sudden arrest, or not at all. Blood in clots, and microscopie crystals or calculi usually pass with the urine. Examination with the oiled hand in the rectum will detect the rounded mass in the bladder, especially if it is partially filled with water. In the female it may be struck by a smooth metallic sound, or even touched with the finger. Treatment. By breaking the stone into small pieces which may pass with the urine (Uithotrity), or by extrac- tion whole after dilatation or cutting of the passages (lith- otomy). ILathotrity is effected with the lithotrite of the Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 215 surgeon and is only applicable to the female quadruped, in which extraction is usually easy and safe. A. pair of long, round-bladed tongs like a glove-stretcher may be used to slowly dilate the neck of the bladder, after which the warmed and oiled forceps, the blades of which should he broad enough to cover the stone, are introduced and the etone being seized is slowly withdrawn by gentle oscillating movements. The injection of a little warm water into an empty bladder will greatly facilitate the seizure of the stone. The male is operated on standing or thrown on his right side. A catheter is passed up the urethra to the point where it bends forward over the hip bones and an incision about two inches long made down upon this in the median line. If the stone is small the forceps may now be introduced and the calculus withdrawn as in the female. If too large for this the passage must be dilated with a probé-pointed knife, guided by a grooved director or the index finger, the incision being carried obliquely between the point of the hip-bone and the anus. The stone once removed the opening may be stitched up and treated like any ordinary wound. In the ox a catheter should be passed as a guide in cutting, as the thickness of the erectile tissue over the arch of the hip bone and the small size of the urethra render the operation far more difficult than in the horse. (For further particulars see the author’s larger work). Urethral Calculi. Stone in the canal by which urine is discharged from the bladder. In horses these are found in the terminal end of the urethra and its papille on the glans penis. In the bull and ox in the S-shaped bend of the penis just above the scrotum, and in the ram in the same situation or, more frequently, in the vermiform ap- pendix at the point of the penis. In horses the straining is violent and constant, in cattle and sheep it is little marked, but the tail is slightly raised and the accelerator urine muscle is seen contracting just beneath the anus as in ordinary urination. Examination along the course cf 216 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. the urethra will detect one or more hard nodular enlarge- ments at the S-shaped curve or elsewhere. If more than one are present, they may be made to grate on each other. Treatment. Tf in the papilla or vermiform appendix, try to extract by manipulation. Should this fail, slit open the duct, or in the ram cut off the appendix. If higher up it must be cut down upon, through the skin, and ex- tracted. In cattle it is desirable to first pull the penis backward or forward so that the incision may clear the scrotum with its excess of areolar tissue and fat. PREPUTIAL CALCULI. STONES IN THE PREPUCE OR SHEATH. In oxen and sheep urinary salts often crystallize out on the hairs and may even block the passage somewhat. They are easily removed by manipulation or with scissors. The accumulations of sebaceous matter, in the bilocular cavity on the end of the penis or in the sheath of the horse, some- times receive this name. They are best removed by thorough washing with soap and warm water, and the parts may then be lubricated with sweet-oil. SAND-LIKE DEPOSIT OR SOFT MAGMA IN THE BLADDER. This is frequent in the horse, the spherical granules of carbonate of lime and magnesia remaining apart instead of becoming agglutinated into a stone. Its mildest form is shown in the passage of a white matter at the comple- tion of the act of urination. When accumulated so as to fill half of the bladder or more, this comes away in large amount and is found within the sheath and on the inner sides of the thighs, for the urine escapes involuntarily and continuously. Treatment. Wash out the bladder by pumping water through a catheter by means of Reed’s stomach pwnp or a syringe, then shake it up with the hand introduced through the rectum and allow the muddy liquid to flow out through the catheter. Repeat this until the bladder ig emptied and the water comes away clear. Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 217 Prevention. The next point is to prevent its forming anew by measures calculated to obviate urinary calculi in general. Correct any fault in feeding—excess of beans, peas, bran, etc..—and any disorder in the liver functions. Give abundance of soft water, encouraging its ingestion by a fair supply of salt, let the food be aqueous, consisting largely of roots, especially carrots, and give daily in the drinking water 1 dr. caustic soda or potassa, or common ashes from hard wood. A course of bitters should also be given (cascarilla, columba, willow bark, gentian, quassia, or others). 19 CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. General causes. Inflammation of the testicle. Dropsy of the scrotum, Hydrocele. Water stones. Tumors of the sheath. Disease of the penis. Ulcers of the penis. Castration of males. Evil results of castration. Strangulated cord. Swelling of the sheath. Phymosis. Paraphymosis. Tumor on the spermatic cord. Castration of females. Castration of male birds. Abortion. Difficult parturition. Premature labor pains. Induration of the neck of the womb. Twisting of the neck of the womb. Polypus in the vagina. Wrong presentations, deformities, etc. Maxims for assisting in difficult parturition. Anterior presentation with head or fore limb turned back. Posterior presentation with one or both hind limbs turned back. With water in the head or abdomen. Disorders following parturition. Flooding. Retained afterbirth. Leucorrhcea, catarrh of the womb or va- gina. Eversion of the womb or vagina. Jnflammation of the womb, Metri- tis. Parturition fever, milk fever, parturient apoplexy. Are mostly confined to breeding and dairying districts. They are largely obviated by castration and the virgin condition. Amongst the principal causes may be men- tioned mechanical injuries, excitement and irritation ac- companying coition, gestation, parturition, over-officious or ill-directed assistance in delivery, a very rich or poor dict, tuberculosis, poisons, (ergot, savin, rue, cantharides, etc.,, sympathetic irritation from excessive milking, from disease or injury of the mammary glands, of the urinary organs or of the rectum. INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLE. Occurs mainly from external injury, though it may be roused by excessive copulation, or by glanderous deposit or other diseased process in the organ. The animal moves Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 219 stiffly and with a straddling gait, and the testicle is en- larged, tender and frequently drawn up and dropped down again. It is to be treated with a dose of purgative medi- cine, restricted soft diet, fomentations with warm water, and smearing of the bag in the intervals with extract of belladonna, laudanum or some other anodyne. Should fluctuation announce the formation of pus, make an open- ing with a sharp knife to evacuate it, while if destruction of the gland is threatened castration must be performed. HYDROCELE. DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM. Usually associated with water in the abdomen. Distin- guished from scrotal hernia by not passing back with a sudden movement but with a steady current and gradual diminution. The same treatment is needed as in ascites. WATER STONES. In geldings a considerable accumulation of water often takes place in multilocular cavities connected with the still pervious inguinal canal, which may be emptied by compression, the water returning to the abdomen with a continued thrill. They often disappear in winter to reap- pear the following summer. Though not injurious they may be removed by cutting down on the cavities and dissecting out the sacs. TUMORS OF THE SHEATH. These are easily removed by twisting them off. Some, however, bleed freely and these should have a stout waxed twine tied firmly round their necks and be then twisted or allowed to drop off. If bleeding occurs after removal seize the bleeding orifice with forceps and tie with a waxed thread. DISEASE OF THE PENIS. Small warty growths may be cut off with scissors or knife and the part cauterized with lunar caustic. The 220 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. soft condylomatous growths which occur in dogs may be treated in the same way. But when the large cauliflower- like masses are associated with hardening of the whole end of the organ, it must be amputated behind the indu- rated portion. The subject should be prepared by laxa- tive diet, and, having been thrown, the yard is withdrawn, washed, and cut through gradually, beginning at its upper part and tying the arteries as they are reached. On reaching the urethra at the lower part of the yard it is to be dissected out, and cut across so as to leave it } of an inch longer than the rest. Considerable bleeding from the venous cavities may come on a few hours later, and especially in hot weather, but may be easily controlled by dashing cold water between the thighs or stuffing the sheath with tow saturated with tincture of matico or muri- ate of iron. ULCERS OF THE PENIS. These may arise from accumulation of sebaceous matter but more frequently from the irritant discharges in a female recently delivered or suffering from leucorrhea. They may be treated with a lotion such as the following : —sugar of lead, 1 dr.; carbolie acid, 60 drops; chloral- hydrate, 1 dr. ; water, 1 pint. CASTRATION OF MALES. Numerous modes of castrating the male are followed, but in all the essential points are the removal or destruc- tion of the testicles and the prevention of bleeding from the spermatic artery which is always found in the ante- rior portion of the cord. In small animals (pigs, lambs, calves, dogs, cats,) the testicle is seized so as to render the skin tense, and a free incision with knife parallel to the median line sets it free at once. The knife is now passed between the middle and posterior parts of the cord and the latter cut through. The anterior portion is then twisted and finally torn through, the upper part being Diseases of the Organs of Generation 221 held by the finger and thumb of one hand while traction is made by the other. In the colt and old horses and bulls the structures are so tough that the cord must be seized by two pairs of pincers in order to accomplish satisfactory twisting. Clamps (sticks) are very generally employed in horses, the important considerations being that the wood shall be tough and unyielding, that they shall be grooved to give greater security of hold, that they shall be tied together with well twined inelastic cords, and that when applied they shall be squeezed together with pincers, while the end is being tied, that the included tissues may have their vitality destroyed. The other methods of tying, searing and scraping the artery, etc., cannot be described here, though one plan will succeed as well as another if properly done. For these and eastration of cryplorchids (originals, rigs,) see larger work, EVIL RESULTS OF CASTRATION. STRANGULATED Corp. When the cord is left unduly long and the wound in the skin small, it may be strangled by the swelling and contraction, giving rise to intense suffering and high fever. The beast walks with a stiff gait, and the end of the cord is felt red and tense, protrud- ing from the wound which grasps it tightly. All that is necessary is to enlarge the orifice with a knife and push up the cord to give permanent relief. SWELLING OF THE SHEATH may occur, and especially in the young, from unhealthy states of the system, or from premature closure of the wound and imprisonment of mat- ter. In all such cases reopen the wound with the fingers and apply fresh lard to prevent a second adhesion. It is a good plan to apply lard to the wounds in castrating to obviate adhesion. Next foment the parts continually with warm water to hasten the formation of matter. When a 19* 22 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. free cream-like discharge is established the swelling will rapidly subside. Puymosts AND Parapnymosis. In such cases the penis may be imprisoned within the sheath or protruded and swollen so that it cannot be withdrawn. It may be nec- essary to incise the sheath or scarify the penis and ap- ply cold water and other astringents, with manipulation to return the protruded organ. Tumors on tHE Spermatic Corp. This results from rough handling in castrating, from strangulation, or from inflammation consequent on the presence of irritants in the wound or exposure to cold. It may grow for years with- out disabling the animal ; its growth may cease, leaving an inconsiderable thickening on the cord; it may acquire the size of a large udder of a cow, and contract numerous vascular adhesions to surrounding parts; or it may extend up through the inguinal canal into the abdomen, as felt on examination through the rectum. Treatment. Those confined to the end of the cord may be removed like the testicle in castration. Those that have contracted adhesions to the thigh and sheath may still be removed with care, each vessel being tied as it is reached. But when the adhesions are very extensive and the tumor very large it is almost impossible to do this, and in the case of extension of the disease into the abdo- men nothing can be done beyond partial destruction of the mass with caustics. CASTRATION OF FEMALES. In small animals this is done through the flank ; in large, more conveniently through the vagina. The animal is stretched on its left side, the fore limbs and head being firmly secured and the hind limbs extended backwards. The hair is shaved from the flank a little below the angle of the hip-bone, and an incision made from above down, extending to an inch in the pig or bitch, or sufficient to in- troduce the hand in the heifer. Then with the finger or Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 223 hand, as the case may be, the womb is sought, backward at the entrance of the pelvis in the interval between the bladder and the straight gut. Being found, one horn 01 division is drawn up through the wound until its end is exposed with the round mass of the ovary adjacent. Thelat- ter is seized and cut or twisted off according to the size of the animal. Then the next horn and ovary are brought out and treated in the same way. The womb is now re- turned into the abdomen, and the skin accurately sewed up. Evil results are rare, though peritonitis may ensue from rough handling or exposure, and abscess or calcifica- tion of the wound is not unknown. Cows are castrated by making an incision through the superior wall of the vagina just above the neck of the womb, and inserting two fingers, by which the ovaries are withdrawn and twisted off with a torsion instrument. Space will not allow of a fuller description in this work. CASTRATION OF MALE BIRDS. The bird is placed on its back with the left leg pressed against the abdomen and the right one stretched back- wards and outward, an incision is made inside this thigh large enough to admit the finger, which is directed toward the back at the point of union of the last ribs with the backbone. There the testicles are felt in contact with each other and are separately detached with the nail and extracted through the wound. If lost in the abdomen after detachment there is no matter, they will adhere to the peritoneum and become absorbed. Lastly the wound in the skin is carefully sewed up with a fine thread. ABORTION. This consists of the expulsion of the foetus before it can live out of the womb, but in the lower animals the term has been indiscriminately used for cases of premature parturition as well. Ci uses, Blows or pressure on the abdomen, slips, falls. 224 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. riding of animals in heat, diseases of the abdominal organs, (tympanitis from wet, frosted or musty fodder, inflamma- tion of the bowels, diarrhoea, poisoning by irritants taken with the food or otherwise, renal calculi or other diseases of the kidneys or bladder,) stalls too much inclined back- ward, overfeeding, plethora, hot, damp, relaxing stables, severe muscular exertion after long rest, exhausting feed- ing for milk at the expense of the system, breeding at too early an age, proximity to or contact with slaughter-houses or dead and decomposing animal matter, especially the abortion discharges of other animals, drinking putrid or iced water, disease, deformity or death of the foetus, feeding on ergoted grasses or smutty wheat or corn, and, finally, the presence in the passages of a microscopic veg- etable parasite (leptothrix vaginalis) which is easily trans- ferred from one animal to another so as to procure abor- tion. Symptoms. In the early stages of gestation abortion often takes place without any warning and is only ascer- tained by the animal again coming in heat. Later the preliminary signs and progress may be those of an ordi- nary parturition, or in other cases a whitish muco-purulent discharge may take place from the vulva for some time before abortion occurs. A filling of the udder and a loose, flaccid condition of the external generative organs often furnish premonitions. Prevention. T'reatment. Avoid the various causes above named when found to exist. Especially should attention be given to secure a diet and regimen which shall obviate in- digestion, to eradicate from the hay-fields all irritant plants, to feed a certain amount of roots in winter to obviate urin- nary calculi, to cut meadows subject to ergot before they run to seed, or better still to plow them up and put under a rotation of other crops, to feed roots with ergoted hay or smutty corn if these must be consumed, to let the system be somewhat developed before breeding and not $o milk foo heavily the first year, to give pure air and water Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 226 and wholesome buildings, and, finally, to use anti-septics on the discharges and to keep all sound animals apart from the diseased or their products. A beast abort- ing, from whatever cause, should be allowed to run over several periods of heat before she is served again. When abortions have broken out in a herd good results have fol- lowed a course of chlorate of potassa in $ oz. doses daily. When the beasts are plethoric benefit has been derived from bleeding or a bare diet with occasional mild laxatives. When run down by poor feeding or by early breeding and feeding for milk, a course of tonics (phosphate of soda, sulphate of iron, gentian and ginger,) has proved beneficial. When the discharge and other premonitory symptoms ap- pear laudanum may be given in large and repeated doses to quiet the system and keep the tendency in check. Quiet and seclusion are no less essential. When the abortion becomes inevitable it must be allowed to proceed or assistance given if necessary as in parturition. DIFFICULT PARTURITION. Parturition is easy in most of the lower animals, the wedge-like outline of the foetus when normally presented with the long head extended between the fore limbs ren- dering it an affair of mechanical simplicity. The same is true of the presentation of the two hind feet. If left to nature the passages are prepared by the relaxation of the ligaments of the pelvis and falling in on each side of the croup; they are then gently and equably dilated by the advancing soft and elastic water-bags; and then if the back of the foetus is turned toward the back of the mother so that the curvature of its body may correspond to that of the pelvis, the process is rarely difficult or protracted. Danger arises mainly from parturition being precipi- tated before its natural period, from unnatural conditions of the passages, from distortions of the foetus or from turn- ing back of one or more members so as to impair the reg- ularity of the wedge and to increase the bulk posteriorly. 226 Lhe Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. PREMATURE LABOR-PAINS. Caused by excitement of travel, goring or riding by theit fellows, blows and other mechanical injuries, violent pur- gation or diuresis, diseases of the digestive or urinary or- gans or womb, ergoted grasses, etc. If there is no relax- ation of the pelvic ligaments and falling in at the side of the rump, no enlargement of the vulva, no dilatation of the neck of the womb nor any enlargement of the bag, place in a secluded place and keep quiet by repeated doses of opium. The pains will usually subside. Even if other- wise apparently prepared the closed neck of the womb will demand similar rest and anodynes, though a little solid extract of belladonna may in this case be smeared round the neck of the womb to favor relaxation. INDURATION OF THE NECK OF THE WOMB is often errone- ously supposed to exist in these cases, but such a conclu- sion need not be reached until the quieting treatment has been followed for one or two days without success and the neck of the womb remains rigid, nodular and gristly. Being fully convinced that the closure is due to disease it may be dilated by passing in a narrow-bladed, blunt- pointed (probe-pointed) knife and cutting to the depth of a quarter of an inch in four directions, upward, downward, to the right and left. Then the hand may be introduced with fingers and thumb drawn into the form of a cone and the passage gradually dilated. Or the sponge tents used by the physician may be employed. TWISTING OF THE NECK OF THE WoMB so that the lower surface of the organ comes to look upwards or to one side, is a curious form of obstruction hitherto only seen in the cow. It may be surmised when labor-pains continue without any appearance of water-bags, and conclusive evi- dence is furnished by the neck of the womb being closed and thrown into spiral folds. Place the patient with its head uphill to relax the twisted neck and introducing the hand into the womb, seize the foetus and press it against the uterine walls, while one or two men roll the Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 227 cow on its other side in the same direction in which the twist has taken place. If the womb is not distended by decomposition of a dead foetus, nor attached to adjacent parts by inflammatory exudations the untwisting is easily effected, though several successive attempts may be requi- site to secure it. Suddenly constriction around the wrist gives way, the water-bags enter the passage and delivery is easy. Potypus IN THE Vacina.