Ta a aie PP “ mire aren - sn ov: =F i j rr ~ oars ee ST yah sete fasting Sate a or aa ee eee Te ah es Sea seitatua t ie i er pia a a eae HMR Da iret te Pay pel beatae 9 Y Dr Tapas +i 2 o iat rt its J a eae itt ow Ay oF Bt lta sande: Sie oy Ha a} i 14 i Vet he ate nett ; Be, ba tty bale iv ” Hy a - ele od Pe an eS a 4 yous cal seu ty ery ABH He Pale? é fo eS f if ye se v ; ; : 3) : : ga C ~ 7 Se ag one 5 Os GLE Seer oD. ere ms YES ee S co8e. 2 } D ae & C wey oe ep ° 3) See te oy , a , ae ss2 08 Bere Gn ASU Nae ce ‘ a) yg . eX Dy St KS « <3) 0 Re oe ED ane) ornell University Library The birds of North and Middle America orn Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http ://www.archive.org/details/cu31924090256904 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. No. 5O. Part III. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1904. THE BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA: A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Or THE HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA, THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO. BY ROBERT RIDGWAY, CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS. . PART III. Family MOTACILLIDA—The Wagtails and Pipits. Family CORVIDAM—The Orows and Jays. Family HIRUNDINID A—The Swallows. Family PARIDAi—The Titmice. Family AMPELIDA—The Waxwings. Family SITTIDA—The Nuthatches, Family PTILOGONATIDA—The Silky Flycatchers. Family CERTHIID—The Creepers. Family DULIDA—The Palm Chats. Family TROGLODYTIDA—The Wrens. Family VIREONIDA—The Vireos. Family CINCLID—The Dippers. Family LANIIDA—The Shrikes. Family CHAMAIDA—The Wren-Tits. Family SYLVIIDA—The Warblers. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1904, PREFACE, Although nearly five hundred pages of the present volume were printed during the year 1903, the author’s inability to complete the manuscript in time necessitated suspension of presswork until July, 1904; hence publication of the volume has been delayed much beyond the anticipated date. Part I, issued in 1901, included the Family Fringillide (Finches) alone. Part II, issued in 1902, included the families Tanagridi (Tanagers), Icteride (Troupials), Ccoerebide (Honey Creepers), and Mniotiltidee (Wood Warblers). The present volume comprises the Motacillidee (Wagtails and Pipits), Hirundinide (Swallows), Ampelidie (Waxwings), Ptilogonatide (Silky Flycatchers), Dulide (Palm Chats), Vireonidee (Vireos), Laniide (Shrikes), Corvide (Crows and Jays), Paride (Titmice), Sittidae (Nuthatches), Certhiide (Creepers), Trog- lodytide (Wrens), Cinclide (Dippers), Chamaide (Wren-Tits), and Sylviide (Warblers). Part ]V, which is about half completed, includes the Turdide (Thrushes), Mimide (Mockingbirds), Alaudidee (Larks), Sturnide (Starlings), Ploceide (Weaver Birds), Oxyruncide (Sharp- bills), Tyrannide (Tyrant Flycatchers), Pipridee (Manakins), and Cotingidee (Chatterers.) In the three volumes which have been published there have been described about twelve hundred and fifty species and subspecies, or about two-fifths of the total number of North and Middle American birds. Acknowledgments are due for the loan of specimens used in the preparation of this volume to those individuals and public institutions mentioned in Parts I and II. The extent to which these outside sources have been drawn upon may be judged by the following state- ment of the number of specimens of Troglodytide (Wrens) alone examined in the working up of that family: Collection of the U. S. National Museum..........--.---------------------- 1,475 Collection of the Biological Survey. ......--.--..----------- 22202222 eee eee 1,090 Collection of the American Museum of Natural History.................---- 407 Collection of A, Ei and OQ; Bathgs). oc... nico ssa cewe isi ee ecivstnciciene cumini ase 297 Collection of William Brewster.......--..------------------+e--ee eee eee ee 243 Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.-.....-...---- 176 Collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology ---...---..--------------- 74 Collection-of Paul Bartseh..<<.cec2 ousainasceinaaccisstesledcetamsstcem@occens 32 Collection of the Boston Society of Natural History (Lafresnaye types) --..-- 14 Collection of William Palmer. ........----------------- 22-222 eee eee eee eee 10 Specimens of Troglodytide examined ......-..----------------------- 3,818 Measurements in the present volume not made by the author were taken by Mr. J. H. Riley, of the Division of Birds. Ropert Rrpeway. SerreMBER 14, 1904. v TABLE OF CONTENTS. Fairy Moracittuipm. The Wagtails and Pipits -. Key to the Genera of Motacillide ................ Genus 1. Motacilla Linneeus -........-...----2--------- 222202 eee eee eee Key to the Species of Motacilla 1. Motacilla alba Linnzeus -.........-. Satie Genus 2: Budy tes Cuvier. cgsce2ccisesi vecaesenawicead oo cecuameneosedemesks Key to the Subspecies of Budytes flavus .........- 3. Budytes flavus alascensis, new subspecies ¢ Gentis:3. Anthus Béchstéin ..22 20: 22s ssicra vsasenies eine estas eeeeeeeeeees see Key-to the Species of Anthus:scc¢.cc0scusceneseeeveves soeseeeeeeseenns sues 4. Anthus pensilvanicus (Latham) ........-- 5. Anthus cervinus (Pallas) -.....-...------ 6. Anthus pratensis (Linneus) -...---.------ 7. Anthus spragueii (Aud ubon).-.------.----- 8. Anthus parvus Lawrence..-.....-...----- Famity Hirunpinip®. The Swallows....-.------ Key to the Genera of Hirundinide ..........-.-.- Genus(l:- Progne Bole: i. .c22 cece e eewdde se desa eee 1 eeeceiee te ldeeee leeds Key to the Species and Subspecies of Progne..-... 1. Progne subis subis (Linneeus) ----...----- . Progne sinaloz Nelson “Io Ot HB OO bo Genus 2. Petrochelidon Cabani Key to the Species and Subspecies of Petrochelidon . Progne subis hesperia Brewster..-..--..-- . Progne cryptoleuca Baird ......-...------ . Progne dominicensis (Gmelin) .-....-.--- . Progne chalybea chalybea (Gmelin) ..-... . Progne modesta (Néboux) ...--.--------- Sioicistate's is ated ral e ie: 8. Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons (Say) --- 9. Petrochelidon lunifrons tachina Oberholser 10. Petrochelidon lunifrons melanogaster (Swainson).......-----.------ 11. Petrochelidon fulva ful va (Vieillot)......- 12. Petrochelidon fulva pceciloma (Gosse) -.-- 13. Petrochelidon fulva pallida Nelson.......- Genus 3. Stelgidopteryx Baird Key to the Species and Subspecies of Stelgidopteryx ..-.-.----------------- E 14. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Audubon) ...- : 15. Stelgidopteryx ridgway i Nelson........--- 16. Stelgidopteryx salvini Ridgway.-.---..---- 17. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis uropygialis (Lawrence) ......-.------------ aSee Addenda, p. 737. VII VIII FABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Genus 4. Notiochelidon Baird ..........-....------------+----- 2-22-2200 -- 65 18. Notiochelidon pileata (Gould) .........-.-----------------+-+------- 66 Genus 5. Neochelidon Sclater .... ..-..----------------------2 2-22 e eer e eee 67 19. Neochelidon tibialis (Cassin) ........--.--------------+-----+-++---- 67 Genus 6. Pygochelidon Baird ........------------+2--0---2- cette eee eee 68 Key to the Species (or Subspecies ?) of Pygochelidon.-.-...--..------------- 69 20. Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot)......-------------------------- 69 Genus 7. Riparia Forster .....-...--------------- Si URES Sateen 2s ee 72 21. Riparia riparia (Linnzeus).......-.-..----------------- +206 ee eee eee 73 Genus 8. Hirundo Linneus...............---------- 22-222 eee eee eee 76 Key to the Species of Hirundo .-......-.- ------------------+ 2-5-2222 --- 78 22. Hirundo rustica Linneous....--.--..---------- 222-2 - eee eee eee eee 79 23. Hirundo erythrogastra Boddaert........-..------------------------ 80 24, Hirundo tytleri Jerdom s ssc.escceescase oop esses ssccisceckewmen sees 84 Genus 9. Iridoprocne Cowes s.c.e esscdcicewacines 2 25.4.4 sielslvioeieerdeectndeeaw wares 85 Key to the Species Iridoprocne.-....-.---------------- 22-2222 ee eee eee ee 86 25. Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot) -...--......---.-------------------6- 87 26. Iridoprocne albilineata (Lawrence) ...---------------------------+- 90 Genus 10. Tachycineta Cabanis ..........--..------------------- ee eee eee 92 27. Tachycineta thalassina thalassina (Swainson) .....-.-..------------ 93 28. Tachycineta thalassina lepida (Mearns) .........--.---------------- 95 29. Tachycineta thalassina brachyptera Brewster......----------------- 98 Genus 11. Callichelidon Baird -...........-.-.---.---------- 2-22-2222 ee eee 98 30. Calichelidon cyaneoviridis (Bryant) ........-.--------------------- 99 Genus 12. Lamprochelidon, new genus @...........--------.---- ee eeROREe 100 Key to the Species of Lamprochelidon ...............-.-------.-+----------- 101 31. Lamprochelidon euchrysea (Gosse) ..-.....-------------------06--- 101 32. Lamprochelidon sclateri (Cory) .....-.-.--.---------+------------- 102 Famity AMPELIDE. The Waxwings...--..-..--......-------------0------- 103 Génus-1.. AimpelisManneeug-. 05.2.4) .'s2 poudausaeodeecewed ova adlaeedemeeeeee 104 Key to the Species of Ampelis._........--..--2.2--0-0- 022002 eee ee eee eee 105 1. Ampelis garrulus Linnzeus........-.-.--2--2--------2--2 0-2 ee eee e eee 105 2. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieillot) .....................220-202-222---- -- 109 Famity Prinoconatipm. The Silky Flycatchers ..-..............2.2--.---- 113 Key to the Genera of Ptilogonatidee -.....-.-2.222.2-0--2-2-0022-22 22 eee eee 114 Genus 1. Ptilogonys Swainson ..--....-.--..02 2022-22-22 eee ee eee eee eens ll4 Key to the Species of Ptilogonys .........-.--2-2---2--------222--22- 222 e eee 115 1. Ptilogonys cinereus cinereus Swainson -.....--... ....-.2.222------ 115 2. Ptilogonys cinereus molybdophanes Ridgway ............----.----- 117 3. Ptilogonys caudatus Cabanis..-...-....-.-2-2----.22-0-02ee eee eee 118 Genus 2. Phainopepla Sclater .....-.-.....-.20-2-0.-0202 20022 e eee ec ee eens 120 4. Phainopepla nitens (Swainson) .-.-......-..--.-...--2 fs eeaeaatcoe 120 Genus 3. Phainoptila Salvin ........-.2...-2.2.--.-2---2---0222200----- eee 123 5. Phainoptila melanoxantha Salvin ....-....-.2.2.2--222.-222220.20-. 124 Famity Dotips. The Palm Chats _........2.22.2-22-0.2200 ccc cece e ee cee 125 Genus 1, Dilis VidMOtinccaiiie vos 15 eensdee geeteei een cl wees aoaoeeanse 125 Key to the Species of Dulus__...........2.. 2200022 ee cee cee ee eee eee eee 126 +. Dulus dominicus (Linneeus)........2.2-222.22.22..002002202202-2 2. 126 2. Dulus nuchalis Swainson ....-.-......-..02-2--0-020-- 2 e eee ee eee 127 Famivy Virrontpm. The Vireos...-.......2.. 22-22-2200 022 cee eee eee eee 128 Key to the Genera of Vireonidee..............-.. 02222-2022 ee eee cece 129 Genus 1. Vireosylva Bonaparte ......---.--..2-.0--220-0--2----2--- eee 130 aSee Addenda, p. 740. Key to the Species and Subspecies of Vireosylva . Vireosylva magister magister Lawrence . Vireosylva magister cinerea (Ridgway) . Vireosylva caymanensis (Cory) . Vireosylva calidris calidris (Linnzcus) . Vireosylva calidris barbadensis Ridgway . Vireosylva calidris barbatula (Cabanis) . Vireosylva calidris grandior (Ridgway ) . Vireosylva calidris canescens (Cory) . Vireosylva flavoviridis flavoviridis Cassin . Vireosylva flavoviridis forreri (Madardsz) . Vireosylva insulanus (Bangs) . Vireosylva olivacea (Linnzeus) . Vireosylva philadelphica Cassin ........-...22222222222220e-e eee eee . Vireosylva gilva gilva (Vieillot) . Vireosylva gilva swainsonii (Baird) . Vireosylva gilva brewsteri, new subspecies (..............-.2.--2--- . Vireosylva amauronota amauronota (Salvin and Godman) .........- . Vireosylva amauronota strenua (Nelson) ..............-2-222-22---- . Vireosylva josephze costaricensis, new-subspecies @.............----- 20. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vireosylva josephz chiriquensis Bangs.................-.-.-------- Genus:2.. Lanivireo: Baird... 0.2 ...eectacescacceeseeseuuaepesvessanceees Key to the Species and Subspecies of Lanivireo_..............2.22----2-2---- 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. 27, Lanivireo flavifrons (Vieillot) -......-....2..2.2..0.2202222-222---- Lanivireo propinquus (Baird) ...-...........2.222.2222202 2222 eee eee Lanivireo solitarius solitarius (Wilson).............2....2-2--.----- Lanivireo solitarius alticola (Brewster)..............-..-2.22-2----- Lanivireo solitarius plumbeus (Coues) ................22---2----5-- Lanivireo solitarius cassinii (Xantus) .-.-.-............22-.2.2----- Lanivireo solitarius lucasanus (Brewster) ..-.....-..------.--------- Genus! 3); MATEO VAC Ob son ctinrsiemiay ees ewmaie maaaes Senet umes «ou soc Key to the Species and Subspecies of Vireo ............-------------------- 28, 29, 30. 31. 32. 33, 34, 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41, 42, 43. 44. 45, 46. Vireo bairdi Ridgway.....-..-.-...-.-.-.-- Pesca satee lel fand, sieeve Vireo atricapillus Woodhouse -............-.-.------222-+-2---eee- Vireo noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmielin) ..............-.----- Vireo noveboracensis bermudianus (Bangs and Bradlee) ...-........ Vireo noveboracensis maynardi Brewster......-----..-..-----..---- Vireo noveboracensis micrus Nelson .....-.-....-.---.---------2--0- Vireo: perquisitor NelSOI xia saneninedcurcinecey sa Aue eee ee no eelese cia Vireo gundlachii Lembeye .-.-...-.---.---2- eee eee eee eee eee ee Vireo crassirostris crassirostris Bryant .........-.-------------+6-+-- Vireo crassirostris flavescens Ridgway..........----------22-2-e---- Vireo crassirostris alleni Cory......-...------------------ eee ee eee ee Vireo crassirostris approximans Ridgway.-..-.......-.-.------------ Wireo:ochraceusial vit serps jou ele tS ae cparteesie ais rere es eer meters arate Vireo: pallens Salvin: 22 22ccccuss conse geersexeeiee os eee sseesews eee Vireo huttoni huttoni Cassin -......-.-.--.------+------------------ Vireo huttoni obscurus Anthony..-......-..----------------------- Vireo huttoni mexicanus, new subspecies 0........---.------------- Vireo huttoni stephensi Brewster ......-....--.-------------------- Vireo huttoni cognatus, new subspecies ¢..........----------.---2-- aSee Addenda, p. 741. bSee Addenda, p. 742. eSee Addenda, p. 743. x TABLE OF CONTENTS. 47. Vireo huttoni mailliardorum (Grinnell).....-.--------------------- 48. Vireo carmioli Baird.............------------- 0-2-2 eee ee eee 49. Vireo modestus Sclater.......---- Ge bo ey apie toveh ra Ig e eaeeeE SE 50. Vireo hypochryseus hypochryseus Sclater.....--------------------- 51. Vireo hypochryseus sordidus Nelson.......---------------------++- 52. Vireo vidinior Coues.n.cc2cscccs ncccwetioneceneseee + se eeaee senses 53. Vireo nanus Nelson..........-.------------ 2-2 eee eee eee 54. Vireo bellii bellii Audubon.--..-..--------- Bicehee eee aaeeee seus 55. Vireo bellii medius Oberholser ......-.--------------------+------- 56. Vireo bellii arizone, new subspecies “....--..---------------------- 57. Vireo bellii pusillus (Coues) .......---------------------+------+-- 58. Vireo latinvert Baird». 22.44 scceeeeumaes seen eee oes camnsonece sas Genus 4. Neochloe Sclater..........- -.-------2--- ee eee eee e ee eee eee eee 59. Neochloe brevipennis Sclater ........------------------------------ Genus 5. Laletes Sclater.........-...-.--2-- 22-0 ee oe eee eee ee eee eee eee 60. Laletes osburni Sclater_.-.....-----------------------+ 2-22 eee eee Genus 6. Pachysylvia Bonaparte ..-...--..-..----------------- dorsenieese Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pachysylvia .......----.-------------- 61. Pachysylvia decurtata (Bonaparte) ......-.-..--------------------- 62. Pachysylvia ochraceiceps ochraceiceps (Sclater) ..--.--------------- 63. Pachysylvia ochraceiceps pallidipectus Ridgway ......-------------- 64. Pachysylvia aurantiifrons aurantiifrons (Lawrence)..---..---.------ 65. Pachysylvia viridiflava (Lawrence)......---..--------------------- Genus 7. Vireolanius Du Bus ..............----------2--e-eeeee cece eee ee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Vireolanius........----.--.--.2------- 66. Vireolanius pulchellus pulchellus Sclater and Salvin ......---.------ 67. Vireolanius pulchellus verticalis Ridgway ....-.-.------------------ 68. Vireolanius pulchellus viridiceps, new subspecies 0......-.--.--.---- 69. Vireolanius melitophrys melitophrys Bonaparte -...-....---.------- 70. Vireolanius melitophrys goldmani Nelson ....-..------------------- Genus 8. Cyclarhis Swanson .....-.--.-- 2-22-2222 eee eee eee ee eee ee eee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cyclarhis..:.....--------------------- 71. Cyclarhis flaviventris flaviventris Lafresnaye -..........-.----.----- 72. Cyclarhis flaviventris yucatanensis Ridgway......-.---.------------ 73. Oyclarhis insularis Ridgway ......-.....-2.--2-+----26-2-2---------- 74. Cyclarhis coibe Hartert...........----.2---------2 2-222 eee eee eee 75. Cyclarhis flavipectus subflavescens (Lawrence) ......--..----------- Famity Lanupm. The Shrikes.......-..--.-.--.--.-------------e eee ee eee Genus 1. hanins Linnde08 ... osc ses ic oscaectceeimencina es sdcslreeesemeens Key to the Species and Subspecies of Lanius ..-........-.-..----2...-------- 1. Lanius borealis Vieillot ............ Pepa teas erence tyeteara eat Sta . Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus Linneeus..........-..--.--..------ . Lanius ludovicianus migrans Palmer -.............-.....-.-----0--- . Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (Swainson) . Lanius ludovicianus mexicanus (Brehm) . Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ridgway . Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi Mearns .................2-...-------- . Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi, new subspecies¢ Famity Corvips. The Crows and Jays.....2...-...2.2-02222002 2202 ce eee Key to the Genera of Corvidee....... 2.22.02 -2 eee eee eee eee eee eee Genus l.. Corvus Linnveus ...:2.:5 255052 ieceseceas bees be gee Snes sau ccmec beans orarn ap wD aSee Addenda, p. 743. bSee Addenda, p. 744, eSee Addenda, p. 745. TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI Key to the Species and Subspecies of Corvus ...........22-2-0-20e2eeeeeeeee 257 1. Corvus corax prinvipalis Ridgway.......-.......2-2.02-0-02ee2eeeee 259 2. Corvus corax sinuatus (Wagler) ...........222.2222-22222 222 e eee 262 3. Corvus corax clarionensis Rothschild and Hartert..........---.-.--- 264 4. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch....-..-.....2---.0--2ce eee e eee eee ee eee 265 5. Corvus americanus americanus Audubon ..............------------- 267 6. Corvus americanus pascuus Coues............------022- 22-20 ee eee. 269 7. Corvus americanus hesperis Ridgway ......-...........--.--------- 270 8. Corvus americanus caurinus (Baird) ......-.-.-...2.2-2-222-2---2-e 272 9. Corvus Ossiira BUS: WALSOMe cine okies chew casrnnse Latewadadiodare se cee 273 10. Corvus mexicanus Gmelin.-....------.--22.2020- 202222 e eee e eee 275 11. Corvus palmarum Wiirttemberg .........--2-.----2---2--2-+-22------ 276 12. Corvus minutus Gundlach.....-......-.2--2------2--0--2 2-22 ee eee 276 13. Corvus jamaicensis Gmelin.............--..-----------.----------- 277 14. Corvus nasicus Temminck........-.-2.222222-222-2---20--2- 2222-2 -- 278 15. Corvus leucognaphalus leucognaphalus Daudin...........-...------- 278 .16. Corvus leucognaphalus erythrophthalmus (Wuirttemberg)........... 279 Genus: 2), (NucifragaBrissOniso=:eaeee we sicaet eee eer meu ele a dod deessiens 280 Key to the Species of Nucifraga............----------------- eee ee eee eee eee 280 17. Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson) ....-..-..-------------------------- 281 Genus 3. Cyanocephalus Bonaparte.-.....--..-----------+-------------+--- 283 18. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Maximilian) -.......-..2---..------ 284 Genus. PICA BRISSON) <2: eiersseie sie winininicintninn is Sie einiale’stererares meee b Sib lelein'cieiavesais 286 Key'to the’ Species of Pica s 2scccaccccemircisce sa gemeersrecassbeeseeeinesse'The species of Motacilla having yellow under parts may at once be distinguished from the somewhat similarly colored species of Budytes by their short and strongly arched, instead of long and slightly arched, hind claw; furthermore, all the species of Budytes either have the back olive-green or else, if black or gray, the whole head is yellow, and none of the species have black on the throat or chest. ¢ Motacilla lugens ‘‘Pallas’’ Kittlitz, Kupf. Vog., 1832, 16, pl. 21, fig. 1; Stejneger, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 287 (synonymy, crit., descriptions, etc.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 474, pl. 4, figs. 1-4.—Motacilla leucoptera ‘‘ Brehm’’ Zander, Naumannia, iv, 1851, 14.—Motacilla ocularis, part, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 275.—Motacilla amurensis Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, 345, pl. 9.—Motacilla kamischatica Stejneger, Naturen, 1882, 182; 1884, 5; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 71.—Motacilla blakistoni Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, 91; 1884, 38. This handsome species, which breeds in Kamchatka (including the Commander islands) very likely occasionally straggles to Alaska. @ Motacilla melanope Pallas, Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii, 1776, 696; Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 997; Dresser, Birds Europe, iii, 1875, 251, pl. 128. 4 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. MOTACILLA ALBA Linnezus. WHITE WAGTAIL, Adult male in spring.—Forehead (broadly), sides of head and sides of neck (more narrowly) white; crown, occiput, hindneck, throat, and chest uniform deep black with a faint bluish gloss, that of chest with a sharply defined convex posterior outline; rest of under parts white, shading into ash gray on outer portion of sides and flanks; back, scap- ulars, and lesser wing-coverts plain slate gray, the rump similar but rather darker, especially posteriorly, where shading into the blackish slate or slate black of upper tail-coverts, the latter with outer webs broadly white exteriorly; tertials dull blackish or blackish slate, the two innermost with outer webs broadly edged with pale gray, this becoming whitish outwardly, especially on second, the third broadly edged with white; middle and greater coverts dull black or slate black broadly tipped with pale gray or grayish white, the latter edged with pale gray; primaries and secondaries dull slate-gray or dark mouse gray narrowly edged with pale gray or whitish; tail dull black or blackish slate, the two outermost rectrices (on each side) white with a stripe of blackish along edge of inner web; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult male tn winter.—Similar to the spring plumage, but chin, throat, and upper chest white, the black restricted to a crescentic mark of black on lower chest and sides of throat; bill horn brownish, darker on culmen and tip. Adult female in spring.—Similar to the adult male of corresponding season, but smaller and duller in color; white of forehead more or less obscured by grayish tips to feathers; crown, occiput, and hindneck dusky gray, or slate-gray, usually mixed with black along lateral mar- gins. Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but chin, throat, and upper chest white, or yellowish white; bill brownish. Young in jirst winter.—Similar to the adult female of correspond- ing season, but gray of upper parts somewhat paler, especially that of the pileum, which is not darker than the back, the latter tinged with light brownish or buffy; white on sides of head, throat, etc., more or less tinged with yellow. Young in first plumage.—Above, including whole pileum, plain brownish gray (deep buffy smoke gray), deepening into blackish gray on upper tail-coverts; lores paler gray; rest of sides of head, sides of neck, chin, throat, and upper chest dull white, tinged with buff, more or less clouded with grayish; under parts dull buffy white, becoming grayish on sides and flanks, the lower chest with a crescentic patch of dusky gray; rest of plumage essentially as in adult female, but duller, more tinged with buffy or yellowish; legs and feet brownish, \ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5 Adult male.—Length (skins), 179-196 (186.5); wing, 85-90 (87.5); tail, 84-90 (87.5); exposed culmen, 11-18 (12.3); tarsus, 23-26 (24); middle toe, 18-15 (14).¢ Adult female.— Length (skins), 168-170 (169); wing, 80-86 (83); tail, 76-82 (79); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.5); tarsus, 23; middle toe, 12-14 (13).° Palearctic Region, breeding from British Islands eastward to the Yenesai Valley in Siberia, and from the Arctic coast southward over greater part of Europe to Egypt (?) and to high mountains of Pales- tine, Asia Minor, and Persia; migrating in winter southward to north- ern Africa (as far as Senegal and Canary Islands); accidental in Greenland (Godhavn, two specimens) and Ungava (near Fort Chimo, four specimens, August 29, 1883). j [Motacilla] alba Linnamus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 185; ed. 12, i, 1766, 331.— GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 960.—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 205, no. 3562. Motacilla alba Temmincx, Man. d’Orn., i, 1815, 254; ii, 1820, 255; iv, 1835, 178.—Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., iii, 1823, 803, pl. 86, figs. 1-3.—Rovx, Orn. Prov., 1825, pl. 193.—Werner, Atlas, Insectivores, 1827, pl. 73.— Goutp, Birds Eur., ii, 1837, pl. 143; Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 1863, pl. 2.— MaAceituivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1839, 221.—KryserLine and Buastvs, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xlix and 174.—DreLanp, Orn. Eur., i, 1849, 433.— Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 250.—K.as#rpBoLtiine, Danm. Fugle, 1852, pl. 19, fig. 1.—ScHLEGEL, Vég. Nederl., 1854, pls. 100,101; Dier. Nederl. Vég., 1861, pl. 9, figs. 7, 8, 8a.—SunpEvaL1, Sv. Fogl., 1856, pl. 9, figs. 7, 8.— Wa ker, Ibis, 1860, 166 (Godhavn, Greenland, July).—Retnnarpt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Godhavn, s. Greenland; 2 specimens).—Nerwron, in Baring-Gould’s* Iceland, 1863, 409; ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1874, 548; Man. Nat. Hist. Greenl., 1875, 98.—Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 250.—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 152.—Dra@uanp and Gersr, Orn. Eur., 1867, 383.— Kerutemans Onze Vog., i, 1869, 25.—Hrveurn, Orn. N. O.-Afr., i, 1869- 71, 316; iv, p. Ixxxviii—Fritscn, Vog. Eur., 1870, pl. 21, fig. 14.— Suarpe, Cat. Afr. Birds, 1871, 73; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 464, part.—Satvapor!, Faun. Ital., Uee., 1871, 120.—Harrine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 23.—SneLiey, Birds Egypt, 1872, 126.—Barrp, Brewer and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 165, pl. 10, fig. 1.—Dresszr, Birds Europe, iii, 1875, 233, part, pls. 125, 126.—Grexrou, Icon. Avif. Ital., 1881, ‘pl. 163.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 69.—Covgs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 86.—BririsH OrnirHoLoaists’ Unron, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 29.—SrEpoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 199.—Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 54.—Rappr, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 223, pl. 12.—Turnerr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 236 (near Fort Chimo, Ungava; 4 specimens, Aug. 29, 1883).—AmERIcAN OrniTHoLogists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 694. M[otacilla] alba Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 203.—Caznanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 12.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 284.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 533. [Motacilla] cinerea GMztin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 961 (based on Cinereous Wagtail Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 397). Motacilla albeola Patvas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 506, part. eT «Six specimens. F » Two specimens. 6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Motacilla septentrionalis Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 347. Motacilla sylvestris Bream, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 348. Motacilla brachyrhynchos Brrum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 348. Motacilla lotor Rennre, in Montague’s Orn. Dict., 2d ed., May 24, 1831, 377 (new name for M. alba Linneeus). Motacilla gularis Swainson, Birds W. Africa, ii, 1837, 38.—HartTLavs, Orn. W.- Afr., 1857, 72. Motacilla cervicalis BrEnM, Vogelf., 1855, 143. Motacilla major Breum, Naumannia, 1855, 280. Motacilla fasciata Breum, Naumannia, 1855, 280. _MOTACILLA OCULARIS Swinhoe SWINHOE'S WAGTAIL. Similar to JZ alba, but with a black or dusky streak through eye and much more of white on wing-coverts. Adult male in spring.-Forehead, superciliary, supra-auricular, auricular, and suborbital regions, lores, sides of neck, and under parts posterior to chest white, the sides and flanks shaded with gray; crown, occiput, nape, postocular streak (along upper edge of auricular region), chin, throat, and chest black; hindneck, back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts plain ash gray,” the rump darker, the upper tail-coverts black, or slate-black, with gray margins, the shorter ones along each side with outer webs largely white; middle and greater wing-coverts with exposed portion white, forming a large patch; tertials with inner webs dusky gray, their outer webs darker gray or blackish broadly “edged with white; alula, primary coverts, primaries, and secondaries (except tertials) brownish gray narrowly edged with white or pale gray; eight middle rectrices black, the outer web of middle pair narrowly edged with pale gray or white; two outermost rectrices. on each side, white with black along edge of inner web, that on outermost rectrix extending more than halfway to tip, that on the next reaching nearly to tip; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult female in spring.—Similar to the adult male, but chin, malar region, and upper throat pure white. Young female in first winter.—Similar to the spring plumage, but gray of upper parts (especially the back) more brownish; pileum gray, like back, but gradually fading into white on forehead; black of under parts restricted to a crescentic patch on chest; white of sides of head, throat, etc., tinged with yellowish; basal half of maxilla pale brownish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 186-191 (189.3); wing, 87-92 (90); tail, 91-94 (92.6); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.3); tarsus, 24; middle toe, 15.? Adult female.—Length (skins), 176-198 (184.3); wing, 87-92 (89); tail, 83-90 (87); exposed culmen, 13; tarsus, 22-25 (23); middle toe, 19-15 (13.3).? Eastern Asia, breeding in eastern Siberia (Tschuktschi Peninsula to Plover Bay), migrating southward to southern China; occasional 4 Nearest to gray no. 6 of my Nomenclature of Colors. > Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7 straggler to western Alaska (Attu Island, Aleutian Chain; mouth of Yukon River); accidental in Lower California (La Paz, 1 specimen, January 9, 1889). Motacilla alba var. lugens (not Motacilla lngeus Kittlitz) MippEnporrr, Sibir. Reise, ii, pt. 2, 1853, 166. . Motacilla. oculavis Swixnon, Ibis, Jan., 1860, 55 (Amoy, China; coll. R. Swinhoe) ; 1863, 94, 309; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 275; 1870, 129; 1871, 364.— TaczanowskI, Journ. [tir Orn., 1873, 82; 1874, 335; 1875, 252; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 150; 1882, 389; Orn. Fauna Vost-Sibir., 1876, 33; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, 603 (Séoul, Corea, Apr.); 1888, 464 (Corea, fall and win- ter).—PRJEVALSKI, in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., ii, 1877, 192.—Srrsonm, Ibis, 1878, 345; 1883, 92; 1884, 39.—Davip and Ousratet, Ois. Chine, 1878, 299.— Hume and Davison, Stray Feath., 1878, 518.—Hume, Stray Feath., 1879, 103, 413.—Scuty, Stray Feath., 1879, 312, 315.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iv, 1882, 414 (La Paz, Lower California); vi, 1883, 145, part (crit.) ; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Oct., 1882, 257 (La Paz).—Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 147 (Plover Bay, Siberia).—NeEtson, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1883, 62, pl. not numbered (Plover Bay); Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 205 (Plover Bay, etc.).—Brupina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 535 (La Paz).—Oates, Birds Brit. Burma, i, 1883, 158.—DysBowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii, 1883, 360.—StrsnecrerR, Naturen, 1884, 5 (Bering I., Kam- chatka; accidental); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 284 (do.); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 145 (do.).—Buaxisron, Amend. List Birds Jap., 1884, 54.—(?) Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Attu L., Aleutians; accidental); Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 178, pl. 11.—Smarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 471, pl. 4, figs. 5, 6.—AmeERiIcaN OrnitHo.Loaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 695.—BisHop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 91 (Aphoon, mouth of Yukon R., Alaska, 1 flock, Aug. 28). (Motacilla] ocularis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 246, no. 3576 (excl. syn.). M[otacilla] ocularis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 284.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 533. Motacilla alba. . subsp. ocularis Patmen, Vega-Exp., 1887, 267 (Tschuktsch- halfon, n. e. Siberia, June 21). Motacilla baicalensis var. temporalis SwtxHok, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 363. Genus BUDYTES Cuvier. Budytes Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 371. (Type, Motacilla flava Linneeus. ) Motacillide with yellow under parts, but with the hind claw longer than its digit, slender and slightly arched; otherwise essentially as in Motaciila, but with tail relatively shorter and tarsus longer (the former decidedly shorter than the wing, the latter nearly twice to more than twice as long as exposed culmen), and tip of wing usually more pointed, with outermost (ninth) primary longest or at least decidedly longer than the sixth, which is abruptly longer than the fifth. Coloration.—Under parts yellow, without black on throat or chest; back oliye-green; or if gray or black the whole head yellow. Nidification.—Nest on ground, usually concealed by tufts of grass, open above, bulky, composed of grasses, mosses, rootlets, etc., lined with softer materials; eggs whitish or pale bluish, freckled, mottled, or speckled with brown. * Range.—Palearctic Region. 8 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. KEY TO SUBSPECIES OF BUDYTES: FLAVUS. a. Under parts distinctly yellow; pileum and hindneck gray, in contrast with olive- greenish of back. (Adults. ) b. Under parts deeper and purer yellow (lemon yellow), throat always (?) wholly yellow, only the chin being white; back brighter olive-green. (Europe, etc.) Budytes flavus flavus (extralimital)¢ bb. Under parts paler and duller yellow; throat always (?) more or less white on upper portion; back duller olive-green. c. Brighter yellow below, with less of dusky spotting on chest; back and rump brighter olive-green; larger, especially the bill (adult male averaging wing 79.9, exposed culmen 12.6; adult female averaging wing 76.2, exposed culmen 12.8). (Eastern Siberia and Kamchatka, south in winter to south- ern Asia, etc.)...--------------- Budytes flavus leucostriatus (extralimital)> ce. Duller and paler yellow below, with more of dusky on chest; back and rump duller olive-green (the back more grayish); smaller, especially the bill (adult male averaging wing 77.4, exposed culmen 11.7; adult female aver- aging wing 74.6, exposed culmen 11.7). (Western Alaska, north of the Alaskan peninsula, in summer; probably migrating through eastern Asia to the Philippine Islands in winter.)....-.. Budytes flavus alascensis (p. 8) aa. Under parts dull buffy yellow or light yellowish buff, or dull whitish sometimes clouded with dusky on chest; pileum and hindneck olive or grayish brown, like back. (Young. ¢) BUDYTES FLAVUS ALASCENSIS, new subspecies.@ ALASKAN YELLOW WAGTAIL. Similar to B. f. leucostriatus, but slightly smaller, especially the bill; coloration duller, the yellow of under parts paler and less pure, the chest more distinctly clouded or blotched with grayish, the olive- green of rump, etc., less pronounced. @[ Motacilla] flava Linneeus Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, 185.—Motacilla flava Naumann, Vag. Deutschl., iii, 1823, 839, pl. 88; Dresset, Birds Europe, iii, 1875, 261, pl. 129, part, figs. 1, 2; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 516, part.—Budytes flava Cuvier, Régne An., 1817, 371; Fritsch, Vog. Eur., 1870, pl. 17, figs. 17, 18. — Parus luteus Gmelin (S. G.), Reis. Russl., iii, 1774, 101, pl. 20, fig. 1.—Parus caspicus Gmelin (8. G.), Reis. Russl., iii, 1774, 104, pl. 20, fig. 2.—Motacilla chrysogastra Bechstein, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 327.—Motacilla flavescens Stephens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., pt. 2, 1817, 559.— Motacilla neglecta Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1833, 129; Birds Europe, ii, 1837, pl. 146.—Motacilla gouldi Macgillvray, Man. Brit. Birds, 1, 1840, 163.—Motacilla flava vulgaris Sundeyall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1840, 53.—Budytes fasciatus Brehm, Vogelf., 1855, 141. bMotacilla flaveola (part) Pallas, Zoogr, Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 501.—Motacilla flava (not of Linneeus) Middendorff, Sibir. Reise, ii, pt. 2, 1853, 168; Schrenck, Reise Amurl., i, 1860, 345; Radde, Reisen Stiden Ost-Sibir., ii, 1863, 229; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 516, part.—Budytes flava Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.» 1863, 274 (n. China; crit.); Taczanowski, Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 252 (Ussuri).— Budytes flavus Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 364 (China).—Budytes leucostri- atus Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., xxvi, Jan., 1878, 128 (Baikal).—Budyies flavus leucostriatus Stejneger, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 280 (Bering islands and Petropaulski, Kamchatka; syn., crit., etc..).—Budytes leucostria Taczanowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, 389. ¢The series of young birds available is much too small to enable me to give sub- specific characters. @Type no. 73231, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus., adult male, St. Michael, Alaska, June 1, 1877; L. M. Turner. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9 Adult inate in spring and summer.—Pileum and hindneck plain slate color or slate-gray; auricular region similar, but rather darker, the lores and suborbital region still darker, sometimes almost black; a distinct white superciliary stripe, narrower anteriorly; back and scapulars dull olive-green (the feathers somewhat darker centrally), becoming brighter olive-green on rump, the upper tail-coverts dusky, edged with olive-green; wings-dusky, with pale grayish brown edgings, the middle and greater coverts margined terminally with pale olive or whitish, the tertials edged with the same; tail dusky (rather darker than wings), the rectrices edged with pale grayish brown or olive; exterior rectrix white, with inner portion of its inner web dusky, except toward end; next rectrix with inner web chiefly white for terminal half or more but dusky toward edge; anterior por- tion (sometimes the whole) of malar region, chin, and (usually, at least) more or less of upper throat white; rest of under parts light yellow (intermediate between canary and naples yellow), the chest more or less clouded or spotted with grayish dusky or olive; bill, legs, and feet black, or brownish black; iris brown; length (skins), 133-166 (153.4); wing, 74-82 (77.4); tail, 65-71 (67.5); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.7); tarsus, 23-26.5 (24.5); middle toe, 14-16 (15); hind claw, 9-13 (10.5).¢ Adult female in spring and summer. —Similar to the adult male of corresponding season and apparently not always distinguishable, but usually considerably duller in color, with gray of the head more brownish; length (skins), 144-161 (151.6); wing, 73-77 (74.6)); tail, 64-70.5 (65.8); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.7); tarsus, 23.5-26 (24.4); middle toe, 14-16 (15.1); hind claw, 10-18 (10-9).° Young male in jirst autumn.—Above plain olive, more grayish on head and rump; wings and tail as in adults; superciliary stripe, chin, and throat pale straw yellow, the first two paler, nearly white; rest of under parts pale buffy yellow or yellowish buff, paler (nearly white) on under tail-coverts; chest tinged with brown, and with a distinct crescentic patch of darker brown; sides and flanks light grayish brown or olive. Young females in ‘first autumn.—Similar to the young male of cor- responding season, but chest less strongly tinged with brown and with only a few spots of darker brown. Young, nestling plumage.—Above olive-brown, the wings and tail as in the autumnal plumage; superciliary stripe, malar stripe, and under parts pale yellowish buff, relieved by a conspicuous crescentic @ Kleven specimens. b Five specimens. Specimens of Budytes flavus leucostriatus measure as follows: Adult males.—Wing, 77-82 (79.9); tail, 68-73 (70.3) ; exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.6); tarsus, 25; middle toe, 15-16.5 (15.6); hind claw, 10-13 (11.8). (Seven specimens. ) Adult females.—Wing, 73-78 (76.2); tail, 63-69 (65.4); exposed culmen, 12-13.5 (12.8); tarsus, 24-26 (25); middle toe, 14-16 (15.5); hind claw, 10-13 (11.3). (Six specimens. ) 10 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. patch on chest of sooty black, connected laterally with a submalar stripe of the same color along each side of throat; bill, legs, and feet brownish. Western Alaska (coast near mouth of Nushagak River, Norton Sound, Kotzebue Sound, Choris Peninsula, near Point Barrow, etc.) in summer; migrating westward through eastern Asia by an undeter- mined route;" winter residence unknown; more western (nearer) Aleu- tian Islands in late summer. Budytes flava (not Motacilla flava Linneeus) Barrp, Trans. Chicago Ae. Sei., i, 1869, 3, pl. 30, fig. 1 (St. Michael, Alaska).—Dati and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 277 (St. Michael, Alaska, June 9~Aug.).— Hartinc, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 114 (Choris Peninsula, Alaska).— Tristram, Ibis, 1871, 231 (St. Michael; crit.).—Finsca, Abh. Brem. Nat. Ver., iii, 1872, 37.—Barrp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 167, pl. 10, fig. 2.—Rrpeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 38 (St. Michael; abundant, breeding).—NeEtson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 34 (St. Michael); vi, 1881, 4 (St. Michael); Cruise of ‘‘Corwin,’”’ 1881 (1883), 62 part (mouths of Yukon, Kotzebue Sound, etc., Alaska). B[udytes] flavus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 284. Budytes flavus Turner, Auk. ii, 1885, 157 (Nearer islands, Aleutian group, late summer visit.). Motacilla flava (not of Linnzus) Apams, Ibis, 1878, 423 (St. Michael, breeding; descr. nest and eggs). Budytes flavus leucostriatus (not Budytes leucostriatus Homeyer) Sresyzcer, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 128, part (Alaskan specimens).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLocists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 696, part.—TurRNER, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 179 (St. Michael; mouths of Yukon, mouth of Kuskokwim, and Nushagak; habits).—Nxrxson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 205, part (St. Michael; St. Matthews, and St. Lawrence islands, Bering sea; habits; descriptions).—Srong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, 33 (Point Barrow, Alaska, June, Aug.). Bludytes] flavus leucostriatus Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 535. Genus ANTHUS Bechstein. Anthus BEcusTEIn, Gem. Naturg. Deutschl., iii, 1807, 704. (Type, by elimina- tion, A. aquaticus Bechstein, = Alauda spinoletta Linneeus. ) : Spipola Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam. and Birds, 1816, 21. (Type, Alanda pratensis Linneeus. ) ; Corydalla Vicors, Zool. Journ., ii, 1826, 397. (Type, Anthus richardi Vieillot. ) Pipastes Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 338. (Type, Alauda arborea Gmelin, = A. trivialis Linnzeus. ) Leimoniptera» Kaur, Natirl. Syst., 1829, 39. (Type, Alauda pratensis Linneeus. ) Agrodroma Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 241. (Type, Anthus rufescens Tem- minck, = Alauda campestris Linneeus. ) Cichlops Hopeson, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, 83. (Type C. monticolus Hodgson, = Anthus richardi Vieillot. ) Cinedium ¢ Sunprvatt, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., 1850 (pub. 1851), 100. (Type, Anthus lineiventris Sundevall. ) «Winter specimens from the Philippine Islands apparently belong to this form; but owing to the fact that no winter specimens undoubtedly belonging to this sub- species are available for comparison their identification is uncertain. bErroneously cited as Leimoniptila in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 534. ¢Erroneously cited as Cynedium in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 534. BIRDS OF NORTIL AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 11 Neocorys Scuater, Proe, Zool. Sov. Lond., 1857, 5. (Type, laude spragueii Audubon. ) Notiocorys Barro, Review Am. Birds, Oct. 1864, 151, 156. (Type, “Alauda rufa Gmelin,” = Anthus parvus Lawrence. ) Pediocorys “ Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Oct., 1864, 151, 157. (Type, nthus bogo- tensis Sclater. ) Nanthocorys Saarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 457, 619. (Type, Anthus natterert Sclater. ) Motacillide, with the plumage more or less streaked, tail decidedly shorter than wing, the under parts neither pure white,’ yellow,?*@ orange,“ nor red, but more or less buffy or cinnamomeous, and more or less streaked, at least on sides, and without black on chest or throat, except in form of streaks; planta tarsi not scutellate, except the lower portion. ¢ Range.—Cosmopolitan (wanting only in Papuan islands and Poly- nesia). (Numerous species.) Nidification.—Nest on ground, among grass tufts or rocks, open above, composed of grasses, etc., lined with softer materials; eggs profusely speckled with brown, often so densely as to appear almost uniformly of that color. The above combination of characters will serve to readily distinguish this genus from other Motacillide. Ihave not been able to satisfac- torily subdivide the group, for, notwithstanding very marked varia- tions in relative length of the hallux and its claw to that of the middle toe and tarsus and in the wing formula, there seems to be no correla- tion of these variations with one another or with other characters, while at the same time the most extreme variations seem to be con- nected by intermediate conditions. This is apparently the case both as to Weocorys and Xanthocorys, and if these are recognized as genera it will certainly be necessary to recognize other groups as of equal rank. ' KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ANTHUS. u. Sixth primary conspicuously longer than fifth, the difference between them very much greater than that between fifth and fourth; wing more than 75 mm. (usually very much more). b. Hallux and claw together not longer than middle toe and claw and shorter than tarsus. c. Rump and upper tail-coverts not streaked; second rectrix partly white. (North America.) .........------------------- Anthus pensilvanicus (p. 12) cc. Rump and upper tail-coverts conspicuously streaked with darker. (Northern Europe and Asia, south in winter to northeastern Africa and southern Asia; accidental in Alaska and Lower California. )........Anthus cervinus (p. 15) a@Erroneously given as Pedicorys in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 534, and the page wrongly cited as 15 (as also in case of Notiocorys). b To exclude genera Motacilla and Limonidromus. ¢To exclude genera Motacilla, Budytes, and Macronyx. 4To exclude genus Macronyx. ¢To exclude genus Oreocorys. 12 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bb. Hallux and claw together longer than middle toe and claw, equal to or longer than tarsus. ‘ ce. Sides and flanks conspicuously streaked with dusky; wing nearly four times as long as tarsus, the latter less. than twice as long as exposed culmen. (Europe, south in winter to northeastern Africa and western Asia; occa- sional in Greenland.) .........---------+---------- Anthus pratensis (p. 18) ce, Sides and flanks not distinctly, if at all, streaked (except in young); wing much less than four times as long as tarsus, the latter not less than twice as long as exposed culmen. (Interior plains of North America. ) Anthus spragueii (p. 20) aa. Sixth primary not conspicuously longer than fifth, the difference between them not greater than that between fifth and fourth; wing less than 65 mm., usually much less. (Isthmus of Panama.)-.....-.------------- Anthus parvus (p. 22) ANTHUS PENSILVANICUS (Latham). AMERICAN PIPIT. Adults (sexes alike) in spring and summer.—Above grayish olive or hair brown, usually more or less inclining to gray, especially on pileum and hindneck, the feathers of pileum, back, and scapulars darker centrally, forming indistinct streaks; wings and tail dusky with pale grayish olive or olive-grayish edgings, the middle wing- coverts margined terminally with pale grayish buffy, dull grayish, or dull whitish, the greater coverts also sometimes margined at tips with the same; pale edgings to tertials, especially the longer, sometimes passing into whitish terminally; outermost rectrix with outer web and shaft, except at base, and nearly the terminal half of inner web white, that on inner web extending much more than halfway to the base next to shaft, the dusky of basal portion extending more than two- thirds the distance toward tip along inner edge; second rectrix with a terminal white space, this also extending much farther externally than internally; third rectrix sometimes also with a small wedge-shaped mark of white at tip; a superciliary stripe and entire under parts varying from pinkish buff to deep cinnamon-buff or vinaceous buffy cinnamon, the chest, sides, and flanks usually more or less streaked with dusky, but sometimes the entire under surface immaculate, except for a few very indistinct streaks of dusky grayish on flanks; bill dusky brown, nearly black on culmen and tip, the mandible paler (more horn colored) basally; iris brown; legs and feet black or brownish black or else the tarsi dark brownish. Adults in winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but general color of upper parts much browner or more olivaceous, super- ciliary stripe and under parts much paler, varying from dull cream- buff to dull buffy white, the chest, sides, and flanks (especially the first) more heavily streaked with brown or dusky; mandible more extensively light colored, and legs and feet never (¢) blackish, but brown, the toes usually somewhat darker. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 13° Young in second sunvmer.—Upper parts grayish, ay in summer adults, but superciliary stripe and under parts paler (dull pale buffy or dull buffy white) than in winter adults, the chest, sides, and flanks conspicuously streaked with dusky; bill and feet blackish, as in summer adults. Young in first autumn and winter.—Similar to winter adults, but upper parts decidedly brown and superciliary stripe and under parts rather deeper brownish buff, with streaks on chest, etc., less sharply defined. Young, first plumage.—Similar to winter adults, but scapulars and interscapulars much darker centrally, the dorsal region being distinctly spotted with dusky, pale superciliary stripe indistinct or obsolete; streaks on chest and sides of lower throat blacker, usually heavier, those on sides and flanks indistinct or obsolete. Adult male.—Length (skins), 140-160 (149.6); wing, 78-92 (85.1); tail, 57.5-70 (64.7); exposed culmen, 11-13 (12.5); tarsus, 20.5-23 (21.7); middle toe, 18-15 (14.4); hind claw, 7-11 (8.9).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 185-155 (146.7); wing, 78-87 (81.9); tail, 60-66 (62.2); exposed culmen, 11-13 (12.1); tarsus, 21-22.5 (21.7); middle toe, 13.5-15 (14.4); hind claw, 7-11 (9.4).« «The species breeds in this plumage, which is very different from the fully adult summer dress. > Thirty specimens. ¢ Twenty specimens. Specimens from separate geographic areas (nearly all breeding birds) average, respectively, as follows: Xe Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed Tarsus. ‘ae ae MALES. Ten adult males from northeastern North America.| 83.6 64.5 11.9 21.5 14.1 94 Ten adult males (breeding birds) from Colorado ...| 89 66.3 12.6 22,4 14.7 7.6 Ten adult males from Pacific coast (nearly all DRCCCING) sete erect ee Reet eens cece 82.6 63. 4 11.9 21.5 14.3 9 FEMALES. Seven adult females from northeastern North AMOCMOB ccc svaneecse es wentamanneviniemace ces semen cea 81.3 62.1 11.9 21.8 14.8 9.7 Six adult females (all breeding birds) from Colorado 83.2 62,2 12.5 21.5 14 8.5 Seven adult females (mostly breeding) from Pacific : CORB. < carseacgcartine meds tigeteatmsesGetisnciemas st ae 81.1 62.2 12 21.9 14.3 9.7 Nearly all the specimens from Colorado, especially the females, were taken after the middle of July, and have the primaries and rectrices much worn at ends; conse- quently Colorado specimens in unworn plumage would show greater average length of wing and tail. I am unable to make out any constant difference in coloration according to locality. Possibly western specimens (including both the Rocky Mountain and Alaskan series) average a little paler, with the chest more often unstreaked, or but slightly streaked, than eastern, but the individual variation is so great in examples from any locality that I doubt the possibility of subdividing the species satisfactorily. 14 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The whole of North America, breeding from Newfoundland, Prov- ince of Quebec (Point de Monts?), high mountains of Colorado and the Sierra Nevada (above timber line, 13,000 feet and upward) northward, including the Shumagin and Aleutian islands, Alaska, and northeastern Siberia (Tschuktschi Peninsula); Greenland (breeding?); in winter southward over whole of United States and greater part of Mexico to highlands of Gautemala, and to Bermudas; accidental in Heligoland (two specimens). (Alauda] pensilwanica Laraam, Synop. Birds, Suppl., i, 1787, 287 (based on The Lark from Pensilvania Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., ii, 185, pl. 297; L’ Alouette de Pensilvanie Brisson, Orn., vi, App. 94). Anthus pensylvanicus THIENEMANN, Rhea, ii, 1849, 171 (monogr.).—ZANDER, Journ. fiir Orn., i, 1853, Extrah. 1854, 63 (monogr.); Naumannia, iv, 1854, 13 (monogr. ) Anthus pensilvanicus SrpsiNecER, Auk, i, April, 1884, 168.—Brickne.t, Auk, i, 1884, 209 (song).—TurNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 236 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, breeding); Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 180 (Aleutian Islands, St. Michael, etc.).—AmrricaAn OrnirHoLoaist’s Union, Check List, 1886, no. 697.—FeRRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 136 (Puebla, Mexico, Dec.).—NeEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 208.—Town- sEND, Auk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak R., Alaska, summer).—Bryant, Bull. Coll. Ac. Sci., ii, 1887, 307 (Guadalupe I., Lower California, flock, Feb. 2).— Pautmeéx, Vega-Exp., 1887, 272 (Tschuktsch-halfén, n. ce. Siberia, June 10).—Ripeway, Orn. Ills., i, 1889, 111.—CHApMman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 39 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft).—BiceLow, Auk, xix, 1902, 30 (Newfoundland, breeding). A[nthus] pensilvanicus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 536. Anthus pennsylvanicus GaETKE, Journ. fir Orn., 1856, 71 (Heligoland).—PALMER (W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 265 (Cloud Hills, Canada Bay, New- foundland, breeding at 1,000 ft.).—Bryrr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat., 1897-99 (1900), 115 (Louisiana, winter resid.). [Anthus spipoletta.] Subsp. a. Anthus pennsylvanicus SHarve, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 596. A[nthus] pennsylvanicus Jorpan, Man. Vert. E. U.8., 4th ed., 1884, 57. Anthus pennsilvanicus Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Nearer Islands, Aleutian Chain, Alaska, breeding). . [Alauda] ludoviciana GmxLin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 793 (based on Louisiane Lark Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 376).—Laraam, Index Orn., ii 1790, 494. Anthus ludovicianus LicuTensretn, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 37.—BonapartE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 18.—Aunuzon, Synopsis, 1839, 94; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 40, pl. 150.—Nurraur, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., ed. 2, i, 1840, 517.—Jarpinz, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas, autumnal visitor). —Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 36 (Bermudas, Nov.).—Remuarpr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 439; Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).—ScLavrrr, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1856, 293 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1857, 126 (San José Valley, California); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 24 (Petaluma, California).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 232; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 165; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 153.—Jonus, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 29 (Bermudas, in autumn ).— Buanp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermudas) .—Reun- fHaRDT, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).—Sciater and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 9 (Duefias, Guatemala, Feb. ).—Buastus, Ibis, 1862, 71 (Heligoland, accid.).— Biaxisron, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).—Ducis, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, ? BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 15 140 (Guanajuato, Mexico).—Browy, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Da.u and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 277 (Alaska) .—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 78.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 267 (e. Florida, winter resid.); ili, 1872, 161 (Mount Lincoln, Colorado, breeding).—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 55; 2d ed., 1882, no. 89; Birds N. W., 1874, 40; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 193.—Harrinc, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 107.—LAwrEnce, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 268 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, winter); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 14 (Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, Nov. 1).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 171, pl. 10, fig. 3; ili, 1874, 504 (breeding on Mt. Lincoln, Colorado, above 13,000 ft. ).—DressEr, Birds Europe, iii, 1874, 331, pl. 1839.—CorpeEavx, Ibis, 1875, 181 (Heligoland; 2 specs.).—Hrnsuaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 187.—NeEwrTon, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenl., 1875, 98 (Greenland; breeding ?).—D’ HamonvitLe, Ois. Eur., 1876, -— (Heligoland).—Brewer, Bull. Nat. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 194 (Swampscott, Massachusetts, 1 spec., June 8).—Scorr (W. E. D.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 92 (Lake Co., Colorado, breeding at 13,000 ft.).—Satvin, and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 108.—Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 426 (Nevada, winter); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 71.—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 88 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding above timber line; remarks on variations of plumage ).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 234 (Point de Monts, Quebec; breeding?).— Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 147 (Shumagin Islands, July; Cape Lisburne, Aug. ). A[nthus] ludovicianus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 146.—CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 14.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 286. [Anthus] ludoviciana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 249. [Anthus] ludovicianus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 250, no. 3619.—Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 90.—ScLaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8. Al[nthus] spinoletta, var. ludovicianus Srrnonm, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1883, 249, in text. [Alauda] rubra Getty, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 794 (based on Red Lark Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 377; Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 393).—LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 494. [Motacilla] hudsonica Latnam, Index Orn., Suppl., ii, 1801, 503 (based on Hud- sonian Wagtail Latham, Gen. Svnop., Suppl., ii, 231).—VrerLiot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 47; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 409. Alauda rufa (not of Gmelin) Wiison, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 89, pl. 42, fig. 4.—Bona- PARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., iv, 1824, 181. Anthus rubens Merrem, in Ersch & Gruber’s Encycl., iv, 1820, 290. Anthus spinoletta (not Alauda spinoletta Linneus) Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., ii, 1826, 90.—NurraLt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 450.— TownsEnD, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., viii, 1839, 154 (Columbia R.). Anihus aquaticus (not of Bechstein) Aupuzon, Orn. Biog., i (name on pl. 10).— Swarnson and Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 231, pl. 44. Anthus pipiens AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 408, pl. 80; v, 1839, 449, pl. 80.— Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 28. Anthus reinhardtii HoLBoLL, Fauna Groen). (ed. Paulsen), 1846, 25. Anthus hypogeus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 65. ANTHUS CERVINUS (Pallas). VINACEOUS-THROATED PIPIT. Adults in spring and summer (sexes alcke).—Above light grayish brown (nearly hair brown or broccoli brown) streaked with dusky, the streaks broadest on back and rump; wings and tail dusky with pale 16 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. grayish brown edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly margined at tips with dull white,“ the tertials broadly edged with the same; outermost primary narrowly edged with white; outermost rectrix with terminal and most of outer portion white, the next rectrix some- times with a small white spot at tip of inner web; a broad superciliary stripe, most of loral and suborbital regions, malar region, chin, and throat plain vinaceous-cinnamon or fawn color, this sometimes extend- ing over chest; rest of under parts pale buff or buffy white, the sides and flanks, usually also the chest, more rarely the longer under tail- coverts, rather broadly streaked with dusky; maxilla dark brown or brownish black, paler on tomia; mandible pale brownish, darker termi- nally; iris brown; legs and feet brownish, the tarsi usually paler than toes. Adults in autumn and winter.°—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but upper parts more buffy brown, with dusky streaks less sharply defined, and under parts of body more strongly buffy or buffy yellow. Immature (second year?).—Similar to adults, but malar stripe, chin, and throat pale buff or buffy whitish, like rest of under parts, super-" ciliary stripe also pale buffy or buffy whitish (at least anteriorly) and chest always (?) heavily streaked with blackish. : Young in first autumn.—Similar to the supposed immature plumage, as described above, but general color of upper parts much more decidedly brownish and under parts deep creamy buff. Adult male.—Length (skins), 125-158 (144.6); wing, 80-89 (84); tail, 57-62 (59.8); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.8); tarsus, 21-22 (21.5); middle toe, 15; hind claw, 9-12 (10).°¢ Adult female.— Length (skins), 128-153 (140.5); wing, 80-83 (81.5); tail, 55-62 (58.5); exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 22; middle toe, 15; hind claw, 10-11 (10.5).¢ «These whitish tips usually 'worn away in midsummer, at least on the greater coverts. : : b Examination of specimens renders it quite certain that the vinaceous color of the throat in this species has nothing to do with season. «Six specimens. 4 Two specimens. Western and eastern specimens compare in average measurements as follows: Ex- 4 ‘ Locality. Wing. | Tail. Middle} Hind By) 28h Pee Tarsus.| "toe, | claw. MALES, Three adult males from Norway (1) and Egypt (2).. 86] 61 11.6 21 15 10 Three adult males from Japan (1) and China (2).... 84 59.8 12 22 15 10 TEMALES. One adult female from Egypt. ........--2..2--2 06+ 83 62 12 22 5 10 One adult female from China..........-..-22-22-206- 80 55 12 » 15 1 a BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 17 Entire Palearctic Region, but chiefly east of Ural Mountains; breeding on the tundra districts of northern Siberia, and, locally, northern Europe; migrating southward in winter to southern China, Burma, Andaman Islands, India, Persia, Egypt, Nubia, and Abys- sinia; accidental in western Alaska (Aleutian Islands; St. Michael, one specimen),* and in Lower California (San José del Cabo, one speci- men, January 26, 1883.) Motacilla cervina Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 511. Anthus cervinus KnysmrLine and Buiasrvus, Wirb. Eur., i. 1840, pp. xlviii, 172.— Mippenporrr, Sibir. Reis., 1851, 165.—Zanper, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, Extraheft, i, 64 (Aleutian Islands).—Sunprva.t, Svensk. Vogl., 1858, pl. 8, fig. 6.—P&sstEr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 464-469 (monographic).—DreLanp and GerBe, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 369.—Locuxr, Exped. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 17.—GouLp, Birds, Asia, iv, 1869, pl. 66; Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 1870, pl. 12.—Fritscu, Voég. Eur., pl. 16, fig. 5.—Satvapor1, Fauna Ital., Ucc, 1871, 126.—Hanrtine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 109.—Surtiey, Birds Egypt, 1872, 121.—Newron, ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1874, 579.—Dressrr, Birds Eur., iii, 1874, 299, pls. 135, 136.—Biytse and Waxpen, Birds Burma, 1875, 96.—Davip and Ousta.er, Ois. Chine, 1877, 306.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 156, 350 (San José del Cabo, Lower California, Jan. 26, 1883; 1 spec. ).—Brpine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi., 1883, 350 (San José del Cabo).— British OrnirHoxogists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 32.—SEEBoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1883, 229.—Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 55.— Rappg, Orn. Cauc., 1884, 219.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 585.— AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 699.—Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 180, pl. 9, lower fig. (St. Michael, Alaska. )—NeEt- son, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 209 (St. Michael; Aleutians?).—Srrsy- EGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 144 (Bering I., Kamchatka, 1 spec., spring); xxi, 1898, 287 (Kuril Islands; breeding?).—Saunpers, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xii, 1901, 35 (Winfield, Sussex, England, 1 spec., Nov. 26, 1901). A[nthus] cervinus Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 14 (Greece).—Ripe@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 537. Anthus cecilii AuDoutn, Hist. Nat. de Egypte, Ois., 1828, 360, pl. 5, fig. 6.— BuanForp, Geol. and Zool. Abyssin., 1870, 382. Anthus pratensis nubicus Hempricn and Enrmann, Symb. Phys., 1828, fol. ed. Anthus rufogularis Bream, Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 340.—Gounp, Birds Eur., ii, 1837, pl. 140.—BonaParTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 18.—MippEnporrr, Sibir. Reis., 1851, 164. [Anthus] rufogularis Licntenstein, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 38. Anthus pratensis rufigularis SCHLEGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. xxxvi.—GovuLp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 151.—Buytx, Ibis., 1867, 31. Anthus cervinus, var. rufogularis SyEvERTsov, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873, 67, 140. Anthus pratensis (not Alauda pratensis Linneus) Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., iii, 774, part, 1823, pl. 85, fig. 1 (supposed summer plumage).—Eversmann, Add. Pallas’s Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 1835, 15.—Covns, Check List, 1873, 125, no. 55 bis. (St. Michael, Alaska).—Barrp, Brewer and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 173, part (St. Michael).—Netson, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’”’ 1881 (1883), 62 (St. Michael). @Collected by Messrs. Dall and Bannister, of the Russian American Telegraph Survey, in 1867, but the exact date not recorded. The specimen is in the collection of the United States National Museum. 10384—voL 8—03 2 18 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Anthus rufosuperciliaris Buyra, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1860, 105 (Pegu). Anthus thermophilus Swrnnos, Ibis, 1860, 55, 429 (Amoy, China); 1861, 36, 411. Anthus japonicus (not Anthus pratensis japonicus Temminck and Schlegel) Swiy- nor, Ibis, 1861, 333 (n. China); 1863, 443 (n. Japan). Anthus ruficollis “‘Vieill.”? Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 424.—Heva in, Orn. N. 0.-Afr., i, 1869, 323. (2) Anthus pelopus Hopesoy, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, 83. ANTHUS PRATENSIS (Linnzus). MEADOW PIPIT. Adults (sexes alike®).— Above clear, somewhat buffy, olive, conspicu- ously streaked, except on rump and upper tail-coverts, with black or dusky, the streaks broadest on back; upper tail-coverts indistinctly darker medially; wings and tail dusky grayish brown, with pale olive edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly margined at tips with still paler olive or pale olive-buffy, the tertials edged terminally with the same; outermost rectrix with most of its outer web and much of the inner web dull white, on the inner web extending next to shaft halfway or more toward base, but for only a short distance along the edge; inner web of second rectrix with a white terminal spot; an indistinct superciliary stripe of pale yellowish olive or olive-yellowish, more or less streaked with darker; a broad malar stripe and entire under parts pale brownish buffy or dull buffy whitish, the throat some- times (in spring examples) more pronouncedly buff or cinnamon-buff; chest, sides, and flanks conspicuously streaked with black or dusky, the throat bordered along each side by a submalar series of black or dusky streaks; maxilla dark brown or blackish, becoming pale brown on tomia; mandible pale brownish, usually dusky terminally; iris brown; legs and feet pale brownish (in dried skins). Young in first autumn and winter.—Similar to adults, but more brownish or ochreous olive above, with dusky streaks less distinct, and under parts more strongly buffy, especially on sides and flanks, with the dusky streaks less sharply defined. Young in first plumage.-—Similar to adults, but ground color of upper parts paler and grayer; under parts dull grayish white or pale buffy yellowish, with dusky streaks less sharply defined. Adult male.—Length (skins), 145-155 (152.4); wing, 78-82 (80); tail, 56-63 (59.4); exposed culmen, 123 tarsus, 21; middle toe, 15; hind claw, 10-12 (10.8).? aT am unable to detect, in a large series of specimens, any decided or constant dif- ference in coloration according to season. In the more freshly assumed plumage of autumn the general color of the upper parts is of a rather more decided olive hue, and that of the under parts more decided buffy than in most spring examples; but a considerable number of the latter are as strongly colored as any autumn or winter examples, while one taken in December is in no respect distinguishable from others taken in April. b Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 19 Adult female.—Length (skins), 141-154 (148.4); wing, 72-79 (75.4); tail, 52-58 (55.2); exposed culmen, 11-13 (12); tarsus, 21; middle toe, 15; hind claw, 11--12 (11.2).¢ Western division of the Palearctic Region, breeding over the greater part of Europe (in Spain, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, and Palestine, only on higher mountains), migrating southward in winter to northern Africa. Accidental in Greenland (one specimen, taken in 1845). [Alauda] pratensis Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 166 (based on The Titlark Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, i, 41, pl. 43, etc.) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 287.—Gmr.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 792. Alauda pratensis Forsrrr, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1417, 76. Anthus pratensis Becustein, Gem. Naturg. Deutschl., iii, 1807, 732.—Trmminck, Man. d’Orn., i, 1820, 269.—Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., iii, 1823, 774, part.— Weryer, Atlas, Insectivores, 1827, pl. 80.—Govu1p, Birds Europe, ii, 1837, pl. 136; Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 1870, pl. 18.—Maceriuveray, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1839, 181.—Kerysreriine and Brasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, 172.—Srnys- Lonecuames, Faun. Belg., 1842, 87.—Yarre.t, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1843, 389.—Hewitsoy, Eggs Brit. Birds, i, 1846, 133, pl. 36, fig. 1.—Pavzsen, ed. Holboll’s Fauna Groén., 1846, 24.—Wottey, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 108 (Faroé Islands, breeding).—Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 69.—Newron, in Baring Gould’s Iceland, 1863; ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1874, 575.— Kserpoiiine, Orn. Dan., 1852, pl. 17, fig. 3.—Zanper, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, Extrah., i, 60 (monogr.).—ScHiecEL, Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 96; Dier. Nederl., Vog., 1861, pl. 9, fig. 5.—SunpEva.t, Svensk. Fogl., 1856, pl. 8, fig. 7.—LINDERMAYER, V6g. Griechenl., 1860, 77.—RerrnHarpt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland, 1 spec., 1845).—Bairn, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 155 (Green- land).—DrcLanv and GErBg, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 367.—Locur, Exped. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 16.—Hzevextn, Orn. N. O.-Afr., 1869, 323.—F rrvscn, Vog. Eur., 1870, pl. 16, fig. 7.—Satvaporr, Faun, Ital. Ucc., 1871, 125.— Sueiiey, Birds Egypt, 1872, 131.—Harrine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 24.— Dresser, Birds Europe, iii, 1874, 285, pl. 132, fig. 1.—Barxp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 173, part, pl. 10, fig. + —Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 72.—Covss, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 88.— British OrnirHotoaists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 32.—Rappr, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 217.—Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 55.—SHARPE, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 580.—AMmERIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 698. Al[nthus] pratensis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 206.—Cazanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 14.—Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 285.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 536. [Anthus] pratensis Bonaparte, Cousp. Av., i, 1850, 248.—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 251, no. 3645. Spipola pratensis Leacu, Cat. Mamm., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 21.—Boucarp, Cat. Av., 1876, 211, no. 6523. Leimoniptera pratensis Kaup, Naturl. Syst., 1829, 39. Parus ignotus Britnnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 73 (see Strickland, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1852, 44, 45).—GmeE.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1006. Anthus sepiarius Vistti0T, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 486 (based on Alauda sepiaria Brisson; Le Cujelier Daubenton Pl. Enl., pl. 660, fig. 2).— Rovx, Orn. Prov., 1825, pl. 188. } «Seven specimens. 20 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Anthus palustris Breum, Lehrb., 1828, 244; Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 334. Anthus stagnatilis Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus danicus Brrnm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus pratorum Bream, Vég. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus alticeps Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus tenuirostris Brnam, Vog. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus musicus Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus viresceus Bream, Vig. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus lichtensteini Brreum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus desertorum Bream, Voég. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus montanellus BrenM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus tristis Bartty, Mém. Soc. d’Emul. Abbeville, 1833, 14. Anthus communis Burrs, ed. White’s Nat. Hist. Selbourne, 1850, 261. Anthus intermedius SyEvertsov, Ibis, 1876, 179. ANTHUS SPRAGUEII (Audubon). SPRAGUE'S PIPIT. Adults (sexes alike) in spring.-—Above pale buffy grayish brown broadly streaked with dusky, the streaks broadest on back, narrowest on hindneck; wings and tail dusky with pale butly grayish brown edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts margined terminally with the same, the outermost primary edged with white; outermost rectrix white, with basal half, or more, of inner portion of inner web dusky grayish; next rectrix with approximately the outer half white, the inner half grayish dusky; sides of head, including superciliary stripe and lores, and entire under parts dull buffy white, becoming more or less pronouncedly brownish buffy on chest, sides and flanks, the chest narrowly streaked with blackish, the sides of breast more broadly but less distinctly streaked with grayish brown; axillars and under wing-coverts white: maxilla dusky brown or brownish black with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins), darker ter- minally; iris brown; legs and feet pale buffy brown (in dried skins). Adults and young in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring plumage, but more pronounced buffy, both above and below, lower throat, chest, breast, sides, and flanks rather deep dull buff, with dusky streaks on chest rather broader and less sharply defined than in spring and summer. Young, first plumage.—Pileum broadly streaked with black and pale buff, the former predominating; scapulars and interscapulars black edged with buff and conspicuously margined terminally with white; rump similarly marked, but terminal margins to feathers buff instead of white; wings and tail as in adults, but whitish or pale buffy terminal margins to middle and greater wing-coverts broader and more sharply defined; under parts as in adults, but white of chin and throat more strongly contrasted with the pale buff of chest, etc. “In summer the colors become paler, with less of a buffy tinge on under parts, the upper parts less buffy, with the paler wing-edgings less distinct. \ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 21 Adult male.—Length (skins), 140-152 (146.5); wing, 77-84 (81.5); tail, 53-59 (57); exposed culmen, 11.5-13 (12.2); tarsus, 22-24 (2.9); middle toe, 16-16.5 (16.1); hind claw, -11.5-14 (12.6).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 148-152 (150); wing, 77-80 (78.5); tail, 52; exposed culmen, 12.5-13 (12.7); tarsus, 22-23 (22.5): middle toe, 17-18 (17.5); hind claw, 12-15.5 (13.7).? Interior plains.of North America; breeding from eastern Montana (Belt Mountains, Yellowstone Rivey, etc.) and northern North Dakota (Red River Valley, etc.) to Assiniboia and the Saskatchewan district of Manitoba; in winter southward to Texas (Tom Green, Concho, Kendall, and Harris counties, etc.) and southern Louisiana, and through eastern Mexico to Vera Cruz and Puebla; occasional in winter on coast of South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, near Charleston, November). Alauda spragueiti AupuBoN, Birds, Am., oct. ed., vii, 1843, 335, pl. 486 (Fort Union, North Dakota; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). [ Otocoris] sprangeri (typographical error) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 246. Agrodroma spraguet Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329.—Bona- PARTE, Compt. Rend. xxxviii, 1856, 65. Neocorys spraguet Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 234; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 166.—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 80 (Upper Missouri and Sas- katchewan).—Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 56; Birds N. W., 1874, 42.— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 175, pl. 10, fig. 5. ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 50 (Heart R., Fort Rice, Yellowstone R., etc.; habits; song; descr. nest and eggs).—Brewer, Ibis, 1878, 116 (Fort Brown, Texas).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 73.—NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 8 (Harris Co., s. e Texas, winter).—Brown (N. C.), Bull.. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 35 (Boerne, Kendall Co., w. Texas, Mar. 16 to Apr. 4) —Witiams, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt Mts., Montana, breeding). [Neocorys] spraguei Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 91. Neocorys spraguii ScuarER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 5.—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Forks of the Saskatchewan, May); 1863, 61 (Fort Carleton, Sas- katchewan, lat. 53°; abundant on prairies).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 90.—SHarpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 620 (Papillion, Nebraska, Sept.; Souris R., North Dakota). N[eocorys] spraguii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 286. Anthus (Neocorys) spraguii Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 193, footnote. —SENNETT, Bull. U. 8. Geog. and Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, no. 1, 1878, 10 (Galveston, \ Texas, Mar. ). Anthus spraguei Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Oct., 1864, 155.—Covzs, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 697.—Srron, Auk, ii, 1885, 269 (w. Manitoba; habits; song).— Wittams, Auk, v, 1888, 15 (near Grand Falls, Montana; song).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1889, 236 (Vera Cruz, Mexico; Puebla).—THompson, Auk, x, 1898, 50 (Big Plain, Manitoba). [Anthus] spraguei Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 250, no. 3634. Anthus spragueti AMERICAN OrNiTHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 700.— Frrrati-PerEz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 136 (Puebla, Mexico, Dec. ).—Szron, Auk, iii, 1886, 327 (Assiniboine distr., w. Manitoba, sum- « Four specimens. b Two specimens. 22 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mer ves.).—THornE, Auk, iv, 1887, 265 (Fort Lyon, Colorado).—Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 297 (Tom Green Co,, Texas, 1 spee., Jan.; Concho Co., flock, Oct. 15).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 264 (Mississippi Valley sind Texan range).—THOMPSON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 625 (Manitoba, common summer res. ; habits; song).— WAYNE, Avil xi, 1894, 80 (near Mount Pleasant, South Cordiina, Nov. 24, 1898; 1 spec.); xviii, ‘1901, 275 (same locality, Nov. 17, 1900).—Konn, Auk, xi, 1894, 181 (Averys Island, Loui- siana, Jan. 20, 1894).—Axuison, Auk, xvi, 1899, 82 (near New Orleans, Louisiana, Nov. 24, 1898; 5 specs. ).—Bryzr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat., 1897-99 (1900), 116 (s. Toulaiana, Oct. td Apr.). A(nthus] spragueti Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 537. ANTHUS PARVUS« Lawrence. PANAMA PIPIT. Adults (sexes alike).—Prevailing color of upper parts dusky, broken on pileum and hindneck by streaks of wood brown or brownish buff, these broad and very distinct in fresh plumage, narrower, sometimes obsolete in worn plumage; scapulars and interscapulars edged, more or less distinctly, with wood brown or isabella color, producing a more orless distinctly streaked appearance; rump nearly uniform isabella or raw-umber brown, the upper tail-coverts similar, but with a broad median streak of dusky; tail dull black, the middle pair of rectrices margined with light brown, the outermost rectrix mostly dull white or brownish ‘white (the outer web becoming pale grayish brown terminally), the second rectrix similar, but with a stripe of dusky along edge of inner web; all the wing-feathers margined or edged with pale brown or brownish buffy, the edges of remiges inclining to pale brownish gray, the outermost primary with outer web white; under parts buffy whitish or dull yellowish white, more or less strongly washed with brown on chest, sides, and flanks, where streaked with deep brown or dusky; orbital ring and malar stripe buffy white or a] find it very difficult to decide what name this species should bear. Alauda rufa should be at once cast aside as being unquestionably not this species, the colored figures in the Planches Enluminées, upon which it is based, almost certainly representing a young Otocoris. The next name in order of date, Alauda bonariensis Bonnaterre and Vieillot, has the same basis. The next, Anthus lutescens Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vii, 1855, 3438, ex Lesson, Traité d’Orn, 1831, 424 (the latter a nomen nudum), can not be this species according to the description. This brings us down to Anthus parvus Lawrence (1862), based on the Panama bird, the type being now before me, which name seems to be the first without question bestowed on the species. Anthus parvus is clearly divisible into several geographic forms, in different parts of South America, none of the numerous specimens which I have seen from south of the Isthmus of Panama being identical with Panama examples, all being larger and otherwise different. I shall not, however, in the present connection at least, further consider these South American subspecies, except to observe that the birds from Peru (Anthus peruvianus Nicholson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 390) is certainly different from the Brazilian and Guiana forms, respectively. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 23 dull yellowish white, the auricular region pale brownish, indistinctly streaked with paler; maxilla dark brown or brownish black; mandible pale brownish basally, dark brown terminally; legs and feet pale yellowish brown or buffy (in dried skins). Young, first plumage.—Upper parts rather spotted than streaked, the feathers being narrowly margined at tips with pale brown; qudar parts brownish white or pale brownish buff, broadly streaked on chest, narrowly and rather indistinctly streaked on side, with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-115 (111.5); wing, 56-61 (59.2); tail, 41-44 (43.2); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 18-20 (19.2); middle toe, 12-14 (18.3) hind claw, 9.5-13.5 (10.7).¢ | Adult female.—Length (skin), 110; wing, 60; tail, 42; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 19.5; middle toe, 13.5; hind claw, 8.? Isthmus of Panama (Panama City), Chiriqui (Divala), and Veragua (Santa Fe). Anthus rufus (not Alauda rufa Gmelin) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 322 (Panama R. R.).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 156 (Panama R. R.).— Sciater, Ibis, 1878, 360, part (crit.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1880, 108, part (Panama; Veragua).—Snarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 606, part (Panama; Santa Fe, Veragua). [Anthus] rufus ScLarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part. _ Anthus (Notiocorys) parvus LAWRENCE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvii, June, 1865, 106, 107 (Panama City, Isthmus of Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence). Anthus parvus Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,135 (Santa Fe, Veragua; crit.). Anthus ce parvus Banas, Auk, xviii, Oct., 1901, 368 (Divala, Chiriqui) . Family HIRUNDINIDZ. THE SWALLOWS. Long-winged, fissirostral, ‘“‘nine-primaried” acutiplantar Oscines with the longest primaries more than twice as long as longest. second- aries; the bill triangular in vertical profile, with exposed culmen not longer (usually shorter) than distance from nostril to eye; the feet small and weak (tarsus not longer than middle toe with claw, usually shorter), and with the dorsal pteryla forked on the lower back. Bill small, triangular in vertical, profile, depressed, ‘‘fissirostral,” with tip of maxilla distinctly but minutely uncinate, maxillary tomium distinctly notched subterminally, the gape deeply cleft (commissure more than twice as long as exposed culmen) but not extending beyond anterior angle of eye. Nostrils variable but usually longitudinally ovate, opening laterally, and overhung by a distinct membraneous operculum; frequently roundish, opening vertically, with little if any membrane along inner edge, rarely bordered above by feathering of the frontal antize. Rictal bristles few, short, and inconspicuous, fre- «Six specimens. bOne specimen, sex doubtful. 24 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. quently obsolete. Wings very long and pointed, reaching when closed to or beyond the end of the tail (or else the latter deeply forked with lateral rectrices much elongated); obvious primaries nine (the tenth very minute and wholly concealed), the longest (ninth or eighth and ninth) more than twice as long as longest secondaries; primaries with edges never sinuated; innermost secondaries (‘‘tertials”) never elon- gated. Tail composed of twelve rectrices, more or less emarginated or forked (never rounded nor graduated), never longer than wing (usu- ally much shorter), the lateral pair of rectrices sometimes attenuated and much elongated. Feet small; tarsus never longer than middle toe with claw (usually shorter), more or less distinctly scutellate (or else, rarely, feathered);’ lateral toes about equal, their claws usually Teneh ing about to or falling slightly short of base of middle claw, rarely (in genus Clivicola) extending decidedly beyond or falling decidedly short (in genus Zachycineta); basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to both lateral toes for a portion of its length, more so to the outer toe, which is sometimes united for the whole of the basal phalanx or (more rarely) for a considerable part of the second (subbasal) phalanx; toes with the usual (Passerine) number of phalanges (1, 2, 3, and 4, respec- tively, exclusive of the ungual phalanges). Plumage compact, usually lustrous or semimetallic, at least on upper parts, but sometimes dull-colored throughout. The single annual molt takes place, usually at least, in autumn or winter.° ELange.—Cosmopolitan. The swallows constitute perhaps the best-defined group among osci- nine birds, and are characterized by their very short, flat, triangular bill, wide gape, extremely long wings, and short tarsi and weak feet (fitted only for perching). They are eminently aerial and insectiy- orous,? feeding on the wing, in all these respects closely resembling the Swifts (Family Micropodide), from which, however, they differ greatly in structural characters. The family is cosmopolitan, though most numerously represented @The precise character of scutellation of tarsus is somewhat difficult to make out, owing to a tendency to fusion of the plates, although not essentially different from most Oscines. There is a series of scutellee along the anterior face of the tarsus, and a longitudinal plate on each side, meeting, but not coalescing, behind. The anterior scutellze sometimes appear to fuse into the outer lateral plate; or sometimes the latter is more or less subdivided; the inner plate is generally more distinct from the anterior scutellee, and usually entire, except perhaps at the lower extremity. (Baird, Review Am. Birds, pp. 267, 268.) bTn one genus (Chelidonaria Reichenow) both tarsi and toes are feathered. ¢See Sharpe and Wyatt, Monograph of the Hirundinide, i, xi, and Allen, Auk, xii, 374, 375. @ Although mainly insectivorous, the swallows are not entirely so, some species feeding on berries of various sorts when their favorite insect food temporarily fails them owing to sudden or unseasonable changes of weather. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 25 in warmer countries. In the latest special treatise on the family“ one hundred and nine species, belonging to twelve genera, are recognized, of which thirty-one species and six genera’ are American—all but one of the former and two of the latter being peculiar to the Western Hemisphere. The number of American genera of Hirundinide is a question very difficult to determine. As already stated, the most recent authority allows but six—Progne, Petrochelidon, Atticora, Stelgidopterye, Clivi- cola, and Hirundo—and these are. the genera which are generally accepted. The second, fifth, and sixth of these are cosmopolitan in range; the first, third, and fourth being peculiar to America. It is chiefly with respect to the first, third, and sixth that the question of generic homogenity is concerned; and I am convinced that each of these should be subdivided if we are to have generic groups which are naturally circumscribed. Certainly Atéécora, as usually under- stood, is a most heterogeneous group, and cannot be defined by any character or combination of characters, while most of the eight or nine species composing the artificial group in question differ from: one another so much in details of form that they may easily be segre- . gated into seven lesser groups (mostly monotypic), each of which differs from any other in structural characters quite as tangible as those which distinguish other recognized genera. On the other hand, if left together, the group thus formed has nothing to hold it together, the species having little in common beyond the roundish vertical nostrils (shared also by Progne, Pheoprogne, Petrochelidon, and Stelgidopteryx’) and the relatively long tarsus. The other group concerned is that included by Sharpe and others in LHirundo. This genus, properly restricted, is, in the main, an exceedingly natural one, though its limits as to Old World species (many of which I have not been able to examine) are uncertain; but there is no question in my mind that the purely American types, comprising species which, while differing much among themselves in details of external structure, are all different in this respect as well as style of coloration from all Old World species of Hirundo, should be removed from that genus. «A Monograph | of the | Hirundinidz | or | Family of Swallows. | By R. Bowdler Sharpe, LL. D., F.L.S., F. Z. 8., Etc., |.. [= 6 lines of additional titles] | and | Claude W. Wyatt, | Member of the British Ornithologists’ Union. |—Volume I (-IT] | —| London: | Henry Sotheran & Co., | 87 Piccadilly, W. | 140 Strand, W. C. | 1885-1894. 2 vols., 4to, Vol. I, pp. i-txx + 1-356, pll. i-liv; Vol. II, pp. i-viii + 357-678, pll. lv-exxix. >Both genera and species are, however, given wider limits by Sharpe and Wyatt than the facts seem to warrant. ¢In this connection it should be remembered that the roughened edge of the outer- most primary, so distinctive of adult males of Stelgidopteryx, often does not exist in adult females. 26 BULLETIN 50,, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. In short, while the number of genera allowed in the following pages may seem excessive, to my mind it expresses far better than does a more limited number the true relationships within the family. KEY TO THE GENERA OF HIRUNDINIDA. a. Nostrils opening superiorly, broad, roundish, without distinct, if any, inner operculum. : b. Larger (wing not less than 123 mm., usually much more); bill stouter, less depressed, the culmen strongly decurved, at least terminally. «. Inner side of tarsus with less than upper half feathered; tail equal to or longer than distance from bend of wing to tip of longest secondaries, the lateral rectrices distinctly narrowed terminally; culmen more strongly curved, and bill thicker; upper parts (at least in part) glossy blue-black, the under parts also glossy blue-black in adult males of some species. (Sexes more or less different in color.)..-...---------------------- Progne (p. 28) cc. Inner side of tarsus with more than upper half feathered; tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of longest secondaries, the lateral rectrices not distinctly narrowed terminally; culmen straight to near tip, the bill more depressed; upper parts dull brownish gray; under parts white with brownish gray across chest and along sides, the center of breast with brownish gray spots. (Sexes alike.)....-.---- Pheoprogne (extralimital)¢ bb. Smaller (wing not more than 118 mm., usually much less); bill weaker, much depressed, with culmen straight to near tip. c. Subbasal phalanx of middle toe entirely free from outer toe. d. Basal phalanx of middle toe not entirely adherent to outer toe. e. Tarsus decidedly shorter than middle toe with claw (scarcely, if at all, longer than middle toe without claw); back streaked with white or grayish; rump cinnamon or chestnut......-.----- Petrochelidon (p. 44) ee. Tarsus nearly as long as middle toe with claw, or at least decidedly longer: than middle toe without claw; back not streaked; rump not cinnamon or chestnut. f. Tail much more than half as long as wing, forked for nearly one-fourth its length, the lateral rectrices distinctly narrowed terminally, with tip obtusely pointed; wing-tip decidedly longer than distance from bend of wing to end of longest secondaries; above glossy blue-black or dark steel blue, beneath white with blue-black under tail coverts. Pygochelidon (p. 68) ff. Tail less than half as long as wing, slightly emarginate, all the rectrices broad and rounded at tip; wing-tip little if any longer than distance from bend of wing to end of longest secondaries; above dull grayish brown with a tawny or rusty bar across nape and on sides of head; beneath white, becoming cinnamomeous on throat. Alopochelidon (extralimital) > « Phxoprogne Baird, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 272, 283. (Type, Hirundo fusca Vieillot.) (South American; two species, which are remarkably similar in coloration to Riparia riparia.) » Alopochelidon, new genus. (Type, Hirundo fucataTemminck.) This genus comes very close to Stelgidopteryx, but differs in less extent of adhesion of toes, and in the entire absence, apparently, of recurved tips to the barbs of outer web of outermost primary, the latter being wanting in the young, and often in adult females, of Stelgidopteryz. The coloration is quite the same, except that Alopochelidon has the head largely tawny or rusty. The genus is monotypic and confined to the South Brazilian region of South America. (’ AAgo7os, fox-colored; yeA7da@v, a swallow. ) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 27 dd. eer phalanx of middle toe entirely adherent to outer toe. . Tibio-tarsal joint. entirely hidden hy tibial feathers; edge of outermost primary roughened by recurved tips to the barbs (except in young and some females); upper parts dull grayish brown (sometimes dull whitish on rump); under parts neither uniform sooty gray nor partly black.” Stelgidopteryx (p. 56) ee. Tibio-tarsal joint exposed; edge of outer primary normal (not roughened) ; upper parts never entirely grayish brown nor with whitish on rump; under parts sooty gray or brown, or with more or less of black. f. Tail much less than two-thirds as long as wing, forked for less than one-fourth its length (sometimes nearly even), the lateral rectrices broad; nasal fosse occupying at least basal half of maxilla; under parts sooty gray, becoming black on under tail-coverts or dull white, becoming sooty gray on throat......--.-- Orochelidon (extralimital) » ff. Tail more than three-fourths as long as wing, forked for half its length, the lateral rectrices narrow and attenuate; nasal fossse very small, - occupying much less than basal half of maxilla; under parts pure white, with under tail-coverts and band across chest glossy blue- Plaka er a sasaiieadcnn ne seaasoeas Diplochelidon (extralimital) ¢ ce. Subbasal phalanx of middle toe adherent for basal half to outer toe (the basal phalanx of course entirely adherent). d. Basal phalanx of middle toe with only the basal half adherent to inner toe; tibial feathers short, not covering tibio-tarsal joint, not white; back grayish brown ; under parts of body largely white - .Notiochelidon (p. 65) dd. Basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for most of its length to inner toe; tibial feathers full, covering tibio-tarsal joint, white, forming a conspicu- ous tuft; back not grayish brown or else under parts of body without any white. c. Tail about half as long as wing, forked for less than one-fourth its length; hallux much shorter than inner toe; wing-tip much shorter than dis- tance from bend of wing to tip of longest secondaries; above sooty blackish becoming grayish brown or sooty gray on rump; beneath SOOtY DYOWNis cece cee utaecaecincwelscndeess 26 Neochelidon (p. 67) ee. Tail at least two-thirds as long as wing, forked for nearly half its length; wing-tip equal to or longer than distance from bend of wing to tip of longest secondaries; hallux as long as inner toe; uniform glossy blue- black with a broad white band across lower breast. Atticora (extralimital).¢@ aa. Nostrils opening laterally, in lower portion of nasal fossz, narrow, longitudinal, overhung by a broad membraneous operculum (this sometimes entirely covered ‘py feathers). «Except, sometimes, a blackish spot or longer under tail-coverts. > Orochelidon, new genus. (Type, Petrochelidon murina Cassin, =Hirundo cinerea Gmelin?) There is considerable difference in form between O. murina (cinerea?) and O. andicola, the latter having a nearly even instead of deeply emanginate or forked tail and much less depressed bill. (Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia; two species.) ("Opos, a mountain; yeAzd@v, a swallow.) ¢ Diplochelidon, new genus. (Type, Hirundo melanoleuca Maximilian.) (472A60s, double; yeAzdr, a swallow; with reference to its resemblance to swallows of two different types.) South American (monotypic). @Atticora Boie, Isis, 1844,172. (Type, Hirundo fasciata Gmelin.) South Amer- ican (monotypic). \ 28 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. b. Lower part of tarsus with a tuft of small feathers on innerside; claws larger and sharper, those of lateral toes reaching to or beyond base of middle claw, that of the hallux nearly as long as (sometimes longer than) the digit; above brown- ish gray; beneath white with a brownish gray band across chest. Riparia (p. 72) bb. Lower part of tarsus without any feathers; claws smaller, less acute, those of lateral toes falling decidedly short of base of middle claw, that of hallux much shorter than the digit; upper parts not brownish gray, or else“ under parts white without grayish band across chest. c. Nasal operculum more or less naked and exposed. d. Nasal operculum with only the extreme posterior portion feathered, the feathering of frontal antie scarcely extending to middle of nostril; tail two-thirds as long as wing,? or more, forked for more than one-third its length,» the rectrices with a white spot on inner web;> upper parts with chestnut or rufous on pileum or rump, or both; under parts with more or less of rufous or chestnut, or else white with a black band across chest. Hirundo (p. 76) dd. Nasal operculum mostly feathered, the feathering of frontal antize extend- ing to beyond middle of nostrils; tail less than two-thirds as long as wing (usually much less), forked for less than half its length, the rectrices without white spots on inner webs; upper parts without any chestnut; under parts entirely white, or else with dusky spots on chest and throat or shaded with gray on chest. e. Tail less than half as long as wing, forked for less than one-fourth its length, the lateral rectrices not narrower than the rest, not attenuate; tarsus little, if any, longer than middle toe without claw; tibial feathers longer, completely covering tibio-tarsal joint. f. Lateral toes longer and stronger, their claws reaching very nearly to base of middle claw; wing very little more than twice as long as tail; upper parts glossy steel blue or green or glossy dark blue, the rump SOMELIMES WHILE 22 cece cnae ie suitseacseciceaes Iridoprocne (p. 85) ff. Lateral toes smaller and weaker, with claws falling very decidedly short of base of middle claw; wing two and a half times as long as tail; upper parts opaque green, bronzy, and violet. Tachycineta (p. 92) ee. Tail more than half as long as wing, forked for more than one-third its length, the lateral rectrices narrower than the others, decidedly atten- uate; tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe without claw; tibial feathers shorter, not entirely covering tibio-tarsal joint. (Upper parts - opaque greenish, the plumage structurally similar to that of Tachycineta.) Callichelidon (p. 98) cc. Nasal operculum entirely feathered, the feathering of frontal anti extend- ing to anterior end of nasal fosse and partly covering nostrils. (Plumage of upper parts brilliantly metallic bronzy green or coppery. ) Lamprochelidon (p. 100) Genus PROGNE Boie. Progne Born, Isis, 1826, 971. (Type, Hirundo purpurea Linneus, = H. subis Linnzeus. ) Procne (emendation) Des Murs, in Chenu’s Encycl. d’Hist. Nat. Ois., ii, 1854, 229. @Jn young of Tachycineta, Iridoprocne, and Callichelidon. bExcept in some Old World species, to which, however, the other color-characters given doapply. Possibly some of these aberrant species may not be really congeneric. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 29 Very large Hirundinide (wing 115 mm. or more, usually more than 130) with stout bill, tarsus shorter than middle toe (without claw), only the upper part of tarsus feathered on the inner side, tail longer than distance from bend of wing to tip of longest secondaries, the lateral rectrices tapering terminally and obtusely pointed at tips, the adult males uniform glossy blue-black or violaceous steel blue above (some- times underneath also). Culmen strongly curved almost from the base, the tip distinctly though not abruptly uncinate; maxillary tomium distinctly notched subterminally, distinctly concave for anterior half and convex poste- riorly, the edge of the maxilla, from nostril to rictus, conspicuously expanded laterally; gonys slightly convex or nearly straight. Nostrils roundish, opening superiorly, in anterior end of nasal fosse, without obvious superior operculum, posteriorly in contact with feathering of frontal antie. Rictal bristles short and inconspicuous, scarcely pro- jecting beyond expanded edge of maxilla. Tail about half as long as wing (longer than distance from bend of wing to tip of longest second- aries), forked for not more than one-third its length (usually less), the lateral rectrices tapering terminally and obtusely pointed at tip. Tar- sus shorter than middle toe without claw but decidedly longer than exposed culmen, its extreme upper portion feathered except the pos- terior edge; claws of lateral toes not reaching to base of middle claw. Coloration.—Adult males uniform glossy blue-black above, some species entirely of this color, but others with under parts partly white, the throat, chest, and sides being either glossy blue-black, like upper parts, or brownish gray. Nidification.—Nest in holes of trees or buildings, composed of fine grasses, feathers, etc.; eggs immaculate white. PRange.—The whole of temperate and tropical America, including West Indies and Galapagos Archipelago. (Six species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PROGNE. a. Under parts entirely dark steel blue like upper parts. b. Wing 138 mm. or more; a concealed white patch on sides of lower back. c. A concealed white patch on outér margin of sides, immediately below the one on sides of lower back; tail forked for less than 25 mm. (usually for much less.) _ d. Feathers of lower abdomen without concealed broad white bars (if with any concealed white, this in form of small spots or narrow bars); tail relatively shorter and less deeply forked, with lateral rectrices relatively broader and less pointed. (Progne subis. ) e. Averaging Breer, with less deeply forked tail.¢ (Temperate North America, except Pacific coast district, including northern, central, and western Mexico; parts of South America in winter. ) Progne subis subis, adult male (p. 31) ee. Averaging smaller, with more deeply forked tail. (Pacific coast district, from Cape St. Lucas to British Columbia. ) Progne subis hesperia, adult male (p. 35) @ Adult males of the geographic races of P. subis are often undistinguishable, only the adult females and young differing constantly. 30 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. dd. Feathers of lower abdomen with a concealed very broad bar or band of white; tail relatively longer and more deeply forked, with lateral rec- trices relatively narrower and more pointed. (Cuba; accidental or occa- sional in southern Florida.) -.-....- Progne cryptoleuca, adult male (p. 37) cc. No concealed white patch on outer margin of sides; tail forked for more than 25 mm. (Chile, Argentina, and Paraguay.) Progne fureata, adult male (extralimital ¢) bb. Wing not more than 130 mm. (usually much less); no concealed white patch on sides of lower back. (Galapagos Archipelago. ) Progne modesta, adult male (p. 43) aa. Under parts not entirely steel blue. b. Under parts dark steel blue anteriorly and laterally, the abdomen and under tail-coverts pure white. : c. Larger (adult male averaging wing 143.5, tail 74.2, exposed culmen 11.2, width of bill at frontal antize 9.4, tarsus 14.1, middle toe 15). (Jamaica, Porto Rico, and Haiti; Lesser Antilles.) Progne dominicensis, adult male (p. 38) ec. Smaller (adult male averaging wing 136.7, tail 69.5, exposed culmen 10.1, width of bill at frontal antize, 8.4; tarsus, 13.2; middle toe, 14). (Western Mexico.)...-.--.---- Aaaestetoepiee ears Progne sinalow, adult male (p. 40) bb. Under parts without any steel blue, or else with the chin and throat sooty gray. c. Under parts partly white (at least the abdomen white or mixed with whitish and much paler than chest. d. A more or less distinct hoary space on sides of neck, often united across hindneck and forming a more or less distinct collar. (Progne subis, adult female and young. ) e. Darker, the under parts sometimes without any white except on lower abdomen and margins of under tail-coverts; forehead less distinctly and Jess extensively hoary, sometimes glossy blue-black, like rest of upper parts... Progne subis subis, adult female and young (pp. 31, 32) ee. Paler, the under parts always extensively white, the forehead more dis- tinctly and extensively hoary. Progne subis hesperia, adult female and young (p. 35) dd. No hoary space on sides of neck, which are dark sooty gray; no trace of collar across hindneck. e. Larger (averaging wing 140, tail 68 or more, tarsus 14.4 or more), with tail more deeply forked (depth of fork averaging 17.5 or more); sooty gray of chest and sides deeper and more uniform, more strongly con- trasted with white of abdomen. ‘ Progne cryptoleuca, adult female and young (p. 37)¢ Progne dominicensis, adult female and young (p. 38) ® ee. Smaller (averaging wing 133.3, tail 64.1, tarsus 13.6), with tail less deeply forked (depth of fork averaging 12.7 ¢); sooty gray of chest and sides @Progne furcata Baird, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 278 (Chile; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 175; Sharpe an@Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 459, 487, pl. 89.—Progne elegans Baird, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 275, part (except adult male only, which = P. subis subis; Vermejo R., Paraguay; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). >I am unable to give characters for distinguishing females and young of these two species. ¢ These average measurements are of the adult female only; immature males, which are not different in plumage from adult females, average larger. The measurements BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. » 381 paler, the former more broken by paler tips to the feathers, less strongly contrasted with white of abdomen. Progne chalybea, adult male and female and young (pp. 40, 41) « ce, Under parts entirely sooty brown (except, sometimes, for whitish, but not pure white, margins to feathers. d. Wing more than 130; feathers of under parts broadly margined with paler. Progne furcata, adult female and young. dd. Wing less than 130 (usually less than 125); feathers of under parts with very indistinct, if any, paler margins. Progne modesta, adult female and young (p. 43) PROGNE SUBIS SUBIS (Linnzus). PURPLE MARTIN, Adult male.—Unitorm glossy violaceous steel blue (the feathers dark sooty gray beneath the surface, becoming black next to the steel blue or violaceous tip); lesser and middle wing-coverts glossy dark violaceous steel blue, the*feathers darker centrally; rest of wings, and tail, dull black, or sooty black; a concealed tuft of white feathers on sides of lower back and opposite to this another on upper margin of sides; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dark brown or brownish black; length (skins), 170-204 (184.5); wing, 139-153 (146.3); tail, 68.5-78 (73.9); exposed culmen, 10.5-12.5 (11.6); width of bill at frontal antie, 7.5-9 (8.5); tarsus, 14-16.5 (15.1); middle toe, 15-17 (15.7); depth of fork of tail, 15-21.5 (18.8).? Adult female.—Above much duller and less uniform violaceous steel blue than in adult male, the sooty gray of basal portion of feathers more or less exposed; forehead (sometimes forepart of crown also) more or less distinctly and extensively sooty gray, the feathers of the anterior portion of the forehead being grayish with small central, mostly concealed, spots of dusky, those of the posterior portion with the dusky centers larger and the grayish margins narrower; lores and auricular region dusky, the latter glossed with violaceous steel blue; sides of neck light grayish, the hindneck usually crossed by a dull sooty grayish band or collar, these usually indistinct, sometimes obsqlete; chin, throat, chest, sides, and flanks sooty gray, the feathers of throat and chest margined with paler, producing a more or less distinctly squamate appearance; breast, abdo- of adult females of P. cryptoleuca and P. dominicensis are practically identical, and inosculate with those of P. chalybea; therefore, those that are given in the above key are intended only as a sort of clue in identifying specimens. «A southern representative, Progne chalybea domestica, occurring in southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, differs chiefly if not only in larger size. (Hirundo domestica Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 520.—P[rogne] domestica Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1845, 59.—Progne domestica Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 284, footnote; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 177; Sharpe and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 469.—Progne chalybea domestica Berlepsch, Journ. ftir Orn., 1887, 5.) b Thirty-six specimens. 32 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. men, and under tail-coverts white or pale grayish (sémetimes dis- tinctly grayish), usually more or less streaked, narrowly, with dark sooty gray, the under tail-coverts often sooty gray margined with white; axillars and under wing-coverts dark sooty gray, the coverts near edge of wing growing more or less distinctly ae with white; bill, iris, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 171-201 (182.7); wing, 136-147 (142.3); tail, 68-75 (70.9); exposed culmen, 10-18 (11.7), width of bill at frontal antiz, 8-10 (8.6); tarsus, 14.5-16 (15.1); middle toe, 15-17 (16.1); depth of fork of tail, 14-20 (17.3).4 Immature male (sevond year).—Exactly like the adult female in col- oration. (Older specimens have admixture of glossy blue-black feathers on the under parts, the black feathers usually appearing first on the throat.) Immature female (second year).—Similar to the adult female, but upper parts less strongly glossed with steel blue, this confined princi- pally to the posterior half of the pileum and the scapular region, the general color of the upper parts being dark sooty, or grayish brown; feathers of anterior under parts more distinctly margined with whitish, and remaining under parts more decidedly and uniformly white. «Twenty-seven specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average as follows: Ex. | Width of ; Depth Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed Loma Tarsus. a rae of ne culmen. ; i i f antic. tail. MALES, Eight adult males from Virginia to New WOrk wvenseewssacweewesvcexsaeineneeceveess 145.6 74.4 11.6 8.4 14.6 15.9 18. Five adult males from Mississippi Valley..| 149.3 75.2 11.7 9 14.9 15.8 19.1 Ten adult males from Florida (mostly, if not all, breeding birds) ........-...------ 144.3 72.9 11.3 8.2 15.1 16.3 18.6 Ten adult males from Arizona............. 147.6 74.1 11.9 8.7 15.4 16.3 19.1 Two adult males from western Texas...... 144.5 | 72.2 12 8.7 15.5 16.5 18 One adult male from Guadalajara, Mexico (breeding) ...-..-.--seeeeeeeeeseeseeetees 149.5] 75 11.5 9 16 16.5 19 FEMALES Eight adult females from Virginia, Mary- 7 JATIO) Chesser uirae ste sisictrclamaaiinasownaawea 142.9 71.9 11.6 8.4 15.3 16 17.3 One adult female from Iowa 142 70 11.5 9 15 17 17 Ten adult females from Florida (mostly DIeCCMiING) wiscsswviesesececenieceaiesaeccees 140.5 70.9 11.6 8.6 16.1 16.2 17.2 Four adult females from Arizona.......... 143.4 70.2 12 8.5 15 16 17.8 One adult female from western Texas..... 148 71 12 8.6 | 15 16.5 20 Three adult females from Guanajuato, Mexico (breeding).........-..--.-..----. 145, 2 69.8 12 10 14.8 16 16 I am not able to make out any well marked or constant variation coincident with faunal area among specimens from the extensive region indicated by the above table of measurements, although it is barely possible that a more adequate series, com- posed chiefly of adult females taken at localities where they unquestionably breed, BIRDS OF NORVH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 33 Young male and female (first year).—Similar to the immature female (in second year) but more uniform in color, the forehead less distinctly or extensively hoary, feathers of back, scapulars, and rump without paler margins, and with the faint gloss greenish blue rather than violet-blue, the throat and chest slightly paler and more uniform, the sooty-gray centers to the feathers being less distinct. Temperate North America, except Pacific coast district; breeding north to Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, northwestern Ontario, (Bracebridge, etc.), Manitoba (Pembina River, Turtle Mountain, Big Plain, Portage la Prairie, Lake Manitoba, Saskatchewan, etc.), Mon- tana, and Idaho; breeding southward to southern Florida, southern Texas, and plateau of Mexico (States of Vera Cruz, Guanajuato, Jalisco, etc., and Territory of Tepic); in winter, from southern Florida and Mexico to Venezuela and Brazil. Accidental in Bermudas and in British Islands. [Hirundo] subis Linnzvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 192 (Hudson Bay; based on Hirundo cxrulea canadensis Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, pl. 120).—Gmeg in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1021. Hirundo subis Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1874, 71. might show sufficient variation to justify the recognition of two or more geographic subspecies. I am especially sorry that the material before me, including practically all the specimens examined by Dr. Mearns, does not allow me to adopt the recently described subspecies Progne subis floridanus Mearns. If all the Florida specimens were like Dr. Mearns’s type and another specimen (from the St. Johns River) men- tioned by him the Florida birds would constitute an excellent subspecies; but unfortunately in a series of twenty adult females from Florida, the majority undoubt- edly being breeding birds, only four answer to his diagnosis, the remaining sixteen being in no respect, that I can discover, different from more northern specimens. What these four dark Florida birds really represent I do not know, but unless they alone of the series examined represent a resident Florida race (a view which their dates of capture and those of other Florida specimens does not favor), they must represent merely individual variation. It is true there are no similar specimens in the series examined from other parts of the United States; but then this series, so far as the Atlantic’ region is concerned, is very small (only half as large as that from Florida), and I therefore suspect these dark-colored examples may yet be found outside of Florida. One of three breeding females from Guanajuato, central Mexico, is similar to the dark Florida specimens in the almost entirely sooty gray under parts, the other two having the normal amount of white below. These specimens are in bad condition, being soiled with fatty exudation of the skin, and therefore I am unable to place them satisfactorily, but I think they should be referred to P. subis subis. Arizona specimens and those from western Texas are intermediate between true P. s. subis and P. s. hesperia, but on the whole rather near the former, to which I at present refer them. Since the above was written I have examined two adult females from Sing Sing, New York, in the collection of Dr. A. K. Fisher, that are so closely similar in col- eration to the type of P. s. floridanus, and, with a single exception, so much darker than any others of Dr. Mearns’s Florida series, that there is no longer the least doubt in my mind as to the propriety of not recognizing a Florida form of the species. 10384—voL 3—03 3 34 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cecropis subis Lusson, Compl. Buffon, viii, 1837, 498. Progne subis¢ Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 274.—Covzs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 72 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 445; Check Giek, 2d ed., 1882, no. 165.—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soe. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, Mera, Cruz).—Barrp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 329, pl. 16, figs. 7, 10.—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 181 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 439 part (Carson City a Virginia City, Nevada; Wahsatch Mts., Utah); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 152; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 204.—AxzEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 54 (Yellowstone R.).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 271 (Guadalajara; Tepic, breeding).—Hensnaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 213 (Camp Apache and Willow Spring, Arizona; western references).— Merritt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 125 (Fort Brown, Texas, transient. )— Nesetine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 11 (s.e. Texas, breeding); Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1898, 336, pl. 18, figs. 2, 3.—BatcHELDER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 110 (upper St. John R., Maine and New Brunswick, breed- ing).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 146 (Tucson, Arizona); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 372 (Pointe du Chéne, New Brunswick, breeding).—Merrram, Auk, ii, 1885, 57 (migration, spring of 1884).—Amrnrt- can OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 611.—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 324 (Pembina R., Turtle Mt., Big Plain, Portage la Prairie, Lake Manitoba, and along Red R., w. Manitoba; summer resident).—Luovp, Auk, iv, 1887, 294 (Concho Co., w. Texas, breeding).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 31 (Tucson, Arizona).—Mzarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 260 (mountains Arizona).— Tuompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 608 (Manitoba, rare summer resi- dent).—Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 340 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).— Carrott, Auk, xvii, 1900, 346 (Refugio Co., Texas, breeding).—FLEmIne, Auk, xviii, 1901, 42 (Bracebridge, etc., n.w. Ontario, breeding). [Hirundo] purpurea Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 344 (based on Purple Martin, Hirundo purpurea Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pl. 51).—GmeEnin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1020.—Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 578. Hirundo purpurea Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 58, pl. 39, figs. 2, 3.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 115, pl. 23; Synopsis, 1839, 37; Birds Am., oct. ed., i, 1840, 170, pl. 45.—Swarnson and Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 335.—Nutratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 598.—Jonss, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 34.—Witus, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst., for 1858 (1859), 281 (Nova Scotia).—Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 216 (Bermudas). Hir[undo] purpurea Bor, Isis, 1826, 971. Progne purpurea Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 8.—Gray, Cat. Fissi- rostr. Birds Brit. Mus., 1848, 27; Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 34.—Casstn, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., &c., 1855, 245.—Burmeisrer, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 140 (Brazil).—Brewer, N. Am. Ool., 1857, 103, pl. 4, fig. 47.— Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 314, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 231, part.—Scrarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 38.—Buaxisron, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan); 1863, 65 (do.).—Covss, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 117; Birds N. W., 1874, 91 (excl. syn. part).— McIiwraira, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 87 (Hamilton, Ontario).—DEcLAND and Gerber, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 594.—Nerwrton, ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1880, 361.—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, One page of copy containing references under this name has become mislaid or lost. Should it be found before the completion of the volume, the missing references will be given in the Addenda. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 35 223, part (Coahuila, Mazatlan, Guadalajara, Tepic, Guanajuato, and alpine reg. Vera Cruz, Mexico;(?) Belize, British Honduras).—Snarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 173, 632, part (U. S. localities; Brazilian localities ?; excl. syn. cryptoleuca Baird).—?Sanvin, Ibis, 1888, 255 (Cozumel I., May).— SmarrPe and Wyart, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 439, part, pl. 87 (includes P. eryptoleuca). (?) P[rogne] purpurea Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1845, 59.—Casants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 50 (Brazil). [Progne] purpurea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 337.—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 74, no. 886.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 114, part.—Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14, part. Ptyonoprogne purpurea BoucarD, Cat. Av., 1876, 335, no. 10526. [Hirundo] violacea GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1026 (based on Hirondelle de la Lovisiane Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 722). aan, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 574. Cecropis violacea Born, Isis, 1828, 316.—Lusson, Compl. Buffon, viii, 1837, 498. Hirundo cxrulea Vieritor, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 27, pls. 26, 27.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 269. Hirundo versicolor Vir1tuor, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 509 (based on HT. purpurea Linnzeus and H. violacea Gmelin); Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 522. Hirundo ludoviciana Cuvizr, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 374. Progne elegans, part, Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 275 (adult male from Bahia, Brazil). Progne subis cryptoleuca (not Progne cryptoleuca Baird) Scort, Auk, vi, 1889, 325 (s. Florida, north to Tarpon Springs; crit.). Progne cryptoleuca (not of Baird) Scorr, Auk, ix, 1892, 213 (Caloosahatchie R.;- Florida, breeding). Progne subis floridana Mearns, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxiv, no. 1274, 1902, 918 (Lake Kissimmee, Florida; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). PROGNE SUBIS HESPERIA Brewster. WESTERN MARTIN. Similar to P. s. subs, the adult male not distinguishable as to color- ation, but averaging slightly smaller (except bill and feet); adult female much paler than that of P. s. subds, the under parts more extensively white, with chin and throat nearly uniform grayish white or pale gray, the darker gray feathers of chest with very broad margins of very pale gray or grayish white, the ‘‘hoary ” (white or very pale grayish) of forehead more extensive, invading the crown to a greater or less extent, and the pale grayish or grayish white collar round hindneck more distinct. Adult male.—Length (skins), 168-206 (180.6); wing, 138-153 (145.5); tail, 67-79 (73.3), forked for 16-23 (19.7); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.7); width of bill at frontal antie, 8-9.5 (8.4); tarsus, 14-15.5 (15.1); middle toe, 16-18 (17).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 160-193 (177); wing, 135-147 (141); tail, 65-74.5 (69.7), forked for 14-20 (17.1); exposed culmen, 10-12 «Twenty specimens. 36 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (11.4); width of bill at frontal antiz, 8-9 (8.7); tarsus, 14-16.5 (15.3); middle toe, 15-17 (16.5).¢ Pacific coast district, from Cape St. Lucas (where resident) to British Columbia (Vancouver Toland, etc.); eastern Nicaragua (Rio Escondido), in winter. Progne purpurea (not Hirundo purpurea Linneeus) Bonaparte, Gomis Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 650 (California).—Batrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1859, 303 (Cape St. Lucas).—Cooprr and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv, xii, pt. ii, 1860, 186 (Fort Steilacoom and Nisqually Plains, Wastinetar)e— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 113, part. Progne subis (not Hirunito -subis Linneeus) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 274, part (Cape St. Lucas).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 439, part (San Francisco and Sacramento, California).—Br.pine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 408 (Stockton and Marysville, California); v, 1882, 547 (San José del Cabo, Lower California).—AnTHony, Auk, iii, 1886, 169 (Washington Co., Oregon).—Evermann, Auk, ili, 1886, 183 (Ventura Co., California).—Rata- Bun (8. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 188 (Seattle, Washington, breeding). Progne subis hesperia Brewster, Descr. Sup. New Species Birds from W. N. Am. and Mex., Jan. 31, 1889, 92 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California; coll. W. Brewster); Auk, vi, April, 1889, 92; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1892, 164 (Lower California; habits).—AmERIcAN OrniTHoLocists’ UNIon, Auk, vii, 1890, 63; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 61la.—Ricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvili, 1893, 485 (Escondido R., Nicaragua, Sept. 13).— Fiser, (A. K.), N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 109 (Fort Tejon, California, breeding).—AnrHony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 248 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California, breeding from 2,500 ft. up).—Anrnony, Auk, xii, 1895, 141 «Fifteen specimens. Specimens from California and northward to Vancouver Island are decidedly larger than those from the Cape St. Lucas district of Lower California, but since they do not, so far as I am able to see, differ at all in color, should doubtless be referred to the same form. Average measurements according to locality are as follows: Exposed “oi ji ; * x pose! ill a Middle| Fork of Locality. Wing. | Tail. oulied:| frontal Tarsus. tae: tail. antiee. MALES. Eight adult males from Cape St. Lucas CASEY CE sats.ois:civintanioisiacieieicca/aioraraiartratarnaais ste ate| 141.7 70.8 11.1 8.5 14.9 17.1 18.9 Ten adult males from California ......... 148.4 75.3 12.2 8 15.1 16.9 20.4 One adult male from Vacouver Island ...| 149 q7 11.5 8.5 15 17 23 One adult male from Nicaragua (Blue- fields, September) .-....-..-.2...2--2-0. 142.5 69 11 8 15 17 16 FEMALES. Three adult females from Cape St. Lucas GISUTIC tin. ceseseeas eceag reeeeeceiseenioees 137 70.5 12 8.5 15.7 16.7 17.8 Seven adult females from southern Cali- FOPDIG 2 coccacdomencmnaneewmeresaassasiiass 139.6 68.3 11.2 8.8 15.1 16.3 16.5 Four adult females from northern Cali- POTMIB wa westcmancnconals sees tigheceens santas 145.5 72.1 11.2 86 15.4 15.6 18.5 One adult female from Nicaragua (Rio Escondido, September).............+-++ 145 66 11 9 15 16.5 14 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 37 (San Fernando, Lower California).—Rmweway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 607.—Harcn, Auk, xiii, 1896, 347 (Escondido, California).—GrinneLt, Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 41 (Los Angeles Co., California, summer resid. ).—Maiurarp, Condor, iii, 1901, 125 (San Benito Co., California, breeding) .—Bartow, Condor, iii, 1901, 174 (Placerville, California, breed- ing). Progne hesperia SHarre and Wyart, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 455, pl. 88 PROGNE CRYPTOLEUCA Baird. CUBAN MARTIN, Adult male.—Exactly like P. subis in coloration, except that the feathers of the lower abdomen are always crossed by a broad but con- cealed band of pure white; tail relatively longer and more deeply forked, with lateral rectrices rather narrower terminally; length (skins), 173-187 (180.1); wing, 140-145 (142.5); tail, 72-77 (74.2), forked for 18-22.5 (20.4); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.4); depth of bill at frontal antiz, 8-10 (9.5); tarsus, 12-15 (14.3); middle toe, 12-15 (14.3).¢ Adult female.—Very different from that of any of the forms of P. subis, but very closely resembling that of P. dominicensis; above dark sooty brown, the feathers margined terminally (except on forehead and anterior portion of crown) with dark steel blue, these glossy mar- gins broadest on back and scapulars, where the underlying grayish brown color is mostly concealed; wings and tail darker sooty brown or blackish, faintly glossed with greenish blue; sides of head and neck, chin, throat, chest, sides, axillars, and under wing-coverts uniform grayish brown or deep sooty gray, similar to color of forehead, but rather paler; breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts immaculate white, strongly and abruptly contrasted with the uniform grayish brown or sooty gray color of chest and sides; length (skins), 172; wing, 140; tail, 67-69 (68), forked for 17-18 (17.5); exposed cul- men, 10; width of bill at frontal antie, 9; tarsus, 5; middle toe, 15. Immature male (second year).—Similar to the adult female in colora- tion, but longer under tail-coverts with a central space of sooty gray, and upper parts rather more strongly and more uniformly glossed with steel blue. (Older individuals have the upper parts nearly uni- form dark violaceous steel blue, and scattered feathers of the same color on the under parts, appearing first on throat and chest.) Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles; occasional or accidental in south- ern Florida (Cape Florida, one specimen, May 18, 1858; Clear Water, one specimen, date not recorded, but in summer plumage). Hirundo purpurea (not of Linnzus) D’Orpieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1840, 94 (excl. syn.). Progne purpurea (not of Boie) Gunpiaca, Journ. ftir Orn., 1856, 3 (Cuba); 1861, 328 (do).—Brewenr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba).—(?) Satvin @Six specimens. 38 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 223, part (Belize, British Hon- duras).—Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 173, part (in synonymy ).— Sgarre and Wyart, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 439, part. (?) PLrogne] purpurea Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 107 (Jamaica). Progne eryptoleuca Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 277 (Remedios, Cuba; coll. U. §. Nat. Mus.).—Gunpacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 431.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10 (Cuba); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 114, 152 (do.).— Rioeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593.—Cuapman, Auk, v, 1888, 399.— AMERICAN OrniTHoLocists’ Unrton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 611.1 Progne subis, var. cryptoleuca Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 332. Progne subis cryptoleuca Rrpeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 175; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 152a. [Progne] eryptoleuca Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 75, no. 894.—Cory, List Birds W. L., 1885, 10. P[rogne] eryptoleuca Ripeway, Mam. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 459. Progne, ? Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 923 (Cape Florida). Progne Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 231a. Progne subis (not Hirundo subis Linneeus) Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 56 (Cuba); Birds W. L., 1889, 70 (do.). (?) Progne dominicensis (not Hirundo dominicensis Gmelin ?) Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 294 (Cuba). PROGNE DOMINICENSIS (Gmelin). CARIBBEAN MARTIN. Adult male.—Uniform glossy steel blue, or violaceous steel blue, the median portion of breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail- coverts immaculate white; the longer under tail-coverts sometimes with a central, mostly concealed, space of dusky gray, the lateral series sometimes with outer webs dusky gray edged with white; wings and tail black, faintly glossed with bluish; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet brownish black or deep brown (in dried skins); length (skins), 168-191 (178); wing, 134-149 (148.5); tail, 70-79 (74.2), forked for 15-22 (19); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.2); width of bill at frontal antie, 8.5-10 (9.4); tarsus, 13.5-15 (14.1); middle toe, 14-16 (15).+ Adult female.— Above glossy dark steel blue or violaceous blue, changing to dark sooty brown on forehead; wings and tail black, faintly glossed with greenish blue; sides of head and neck grayish brown or sooty, like forehead, the auricular region more or less glossed or overlaid by steel blue; malar region, chin, throat, chest, sides, flanks, axillars, and under wing-coverts plain deep sooty gray or grayish brown, the chin and throat sometimes distinctly paler, the feathers of chest (sometimes of throat also) indistinctly tipped with pale gray; median portion of breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts immaculate white; bill black, or brownish black; iris brown; legs and feet deep brown or dusky (in dried skins); length, (skins), 162-187 (167); wing, 130-148 (140); tail, 66-76 (71.9), forked for 14-20.5 (18.3); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.1); width of bill at a Twenty-two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 39 frontal antiz, 9-10 (9.6); tarsus, 14-15 (14.4); middle toe, 14-16 (14.8).¢ Immature male.—Exactly like the adult female in coloration. Young male and female ( first year).—Similar to the immature male (second year) and adult female, but upper parts much more faintly glossed with steel blue. West Indies, except Cuba? and Bahamas. (Haiti; Jamaica; Porto Rico; HatIsland; St. Martins; St. Eustatius; St. Christopher; Domin- ica; Martinique; Santa Lucia; St. Vincent; Grenada; Barbados.) Island of Tobago. [Hirundo] dominicensi Guetin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1025 (based on Hirondelle de S. Domingue Brisson, Orn., ii, 493; Hirondelle d’ Amerique Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 545, fig. 1). Hirundo dominicensis Vin1tot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 59, pls. 28, 29 (Santo Domingo).—(?) Jarpinz, Ann. & Mag. N. H., xviii, 1846, 120 (Tobago; breeding).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 166 (Porto Rico).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 251 (Porto Rico); xi, 1866, 94 (Santo Domingo). Progne dominicensis Gossz, Birds, Jamaica, 1847, 69.—Sauut, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 232 (Santo Domingo).—Sciatsr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 38, part (Jamaica).—Marca, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1863, 295 (Jamaica).— Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 279 (Jamaica; Porto Rico; Santo Domingo).—Gunpuacg, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 419 (Porto Rico); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 196 (do.).—Cours, Bird Col. Val., 1878, 446, foot- note (synonymy ).—LawreEncg, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 56 (Dominica), 190 (St. Vincent); i, 1879, 269 (Grenada), 354 (Martinique), 487.—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia).—Listrr, Ibis, 1880, 40 (St. Vincent).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 44, pl. 21, fig. 2; Auk, iii, 1886, 56; viii, 1891, 47 (St. Eustatius), 48 (St. Christopher), 294 (Cuba ¢) ; @ Twelve specimens. Specimens from different islands average, respectively, as follows: Ex “hilar Middle] Fork of Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | portal | Tarsus. |" ioe, ¢ vail. culmen. antie, MALES. Three adult males from Jamaica........ 143 72 11 9.2 14 14 18.8 Five adult males from Porto Rico......- 147 76 10.9 8.9 14.2 15 20 One adult male from St. Vincent ..-.... 144 76 11 9 15 15 20.5 Two adult males from Dominica........ 144 72 10 9 14.2 15,2 VW Seven adult males from Santa Lucia....| 140.8 74.3 11.4 9.5 14.4 15 19 Three adult males from Guadeloupe....| 142.7 73.7 11 9 13.8 15 18.2 One adult male from Grenada .......... 148 73 12 10 15 15 18 FEMALES. Two adult females from Jamaica ....-.- 135.5 69 11.5 10 15 15 17.5 Four adult females from Porto Rico..... 140 74 10 9.4 14.4 15 20.2 Two adult females from Dominica...... 143.5 70 11 10 14 14 14.5 Two adult females from Santa Lucia....| 138.7 70.2 11 9.5 14 14.5 18.7 One adult female from Grenada......... 148 73 12 10 15 15 20 One adult female from Tobago.........- 185 73 11 9 14 14 17.5 >The species is recorded from Cuba by Mr. Cory (Auk, viii, 1891, 294), but in view of the circumstance that the bird was apparently merely observed (‘‘recorded’’), not collected, there is a possibility the species may have been P. cryptoleuca. ¢Possibly P. eryptoleuca, 40 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. x, 1898, 220 (Tobago); Birds W. I., 1889, 70; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 114, 152 (Jamaica; Haiti; St. Eustatius, St. Christopher; Dominica; Martinique; Grenada; Barbados; Tobago).—Suarrs, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 176, 633 (Porto Rico; Santo Domingo; Jamaica; Dominica; Santa Lucia).— Writs, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 612 (Grenada; habits).—Scorrt, | Auk., x, 1893, 181 (Jamaica).—SHarre and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 465, 487, pl. 91. P[rogne] dominicensis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1845, 59.—NEwTon (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 107. [Progne] dominicensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 337.—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 74, no. 891.—Sciarer and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10. Progne (subis var?) dominicensis Barrp, Brewer and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 328, footnote. Hirundo albiventris Viextior, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 583 (Santo Domingo?); Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 531. PROGNE SINALOZ Nelson.@ SINALOA MARTIN. Similar to P. dominicensis, but smaller. Adult male.—Exactly like that of P. dominicensis in coloration; length (skins), 168-190 (177); wing, 136-138 (136.7); tail, 67-72 (69.5), forked for 16.5-19.5 (17.5); exposed culmen, 10-10.5 (10.1); width of bill at frontal antiz, 8-9 (8.4); tarsus, 12.5-13.5 (18.2); middle toe, 18-15 (14). (Adult female not seen.) Western Mexico, in State of Sinaloa (Plomosas). Progne sinaloz Ne.son, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, March 24, 1898, 59 (Plomo- sas, Sinaloa; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). ‘ : PROGNE CHALYBEA CHALYBEA (Gmelin). GRAY-BREASTED MARTIN, Adult male..—Above uniform dark steel blue or violaceous steel blue, usually changing gradually to dull sooty on forehead;* wings and tail black, faintly glossed with bluish; loral, suborbital and malar regions, chin, throat, chest, sides and outer portion of flanks plain grayish brown or sooty gray, the chin and throat usually somewhat paler than other parts, the feathers of chest usually tipped, more or less distinctly, with pale gray or grayish white;? rest of under parts «This form is probably a subspecies of P. dominicensis, but without knowledge as to the coloration of the adult female and young it would be unwise to so name it. As in the case of P. cryptoleuca, the adult male of which is practically identical in coloration with that of P. subis while the adult female and young are indistinguish- - able from those of P. dominicensis, the present form may prove to be very different from the latter in its unknown plumages. v Four specimens. R ¢ Possibly fully adult males always have the forehead steel blue like the rest of the upper surface; but there are comparatively few such in collections. @ Sometimes the sides of the breast have a patch, more or less extensive, of steel blue, and very rarely this covers most of the parts usually gray, only the chin and BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 41 immaculate white, the longer under tail-coverts usually showing slender shaft-lines of dusky; axillars and under wing-coverts uniform deep sooty gray; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet blackish or dusky brown; length (skins), 152-197 (165.3); wing, 128-141 (133.6); tail, 60-74 (66.5), forked for 11.5-19.5 (15.1); exposed culmen, 9-12 (10.9); width of bill at frontal antie, 7-10 (8.2); tarsus, 12-15 (13.5); middle toe, 18.5-15.5 (14.7).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, bué the steel-blue gloss of up) >r parts less continuaus (the forehead and at least anterior portion of c own always sooty), usually less brilliant and less violaceous; chin and throat usually paler gray, sometimes very pale gray or grayish white, with basal (mostly concealed) portion of feathers deeper gray; length (skins), 144-176 (164.5); wing, 128-137 (133.3); tail, 54-69 (64.1), forked for 9-16 (12.7); exposed culmen, 10-11.5 (10.5); width of bill at frontal antie, 8-9 (8.3); tarsus, 13-14 (13.6); middle toe, 14-16 (14.6).? throat being of the latter color. Such specimens show a marked approach to P. dominicensis, and clearly indicate the common origin of the two forms. No examples with more than a trace of steel blue on the under parts (and this on the sides of the breast, or also along sides and flanks, shown in two specimens—one from Duefias, Guatemala, and the other from the Isthmus of Panama) are found among the Mexi- can and Central American series examined, but one from Napo, eastern Ecuador (no. 55333, U. 8. Nat. Mus. collection), has the sides of the head, the chest, sides, and flanks, nearly uniform steel blue. aThirty specimens. » Eleven specimens. Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows: Ex. Milas Middle| Fork of Locality. Wing. | Tail. ee frontal | P8?S8US- | “ioe. tail. ‘| antiae. MALES. Ten adult males from Mexico........-.- 136 66.8 10.6 8.7 13.3 14.8 15 Two adult males from Yucatan ......... 135 67 11.2 8 13.7 14.7 13.7 One adult male from Guatemala ........ 130 61 10 8 12 14 15 One adult male from Salvador .......... 133 68: lacs carn seen sence 14 15.5 15 One adult male from Nicaragua ........ 184 64 11 7 13.5 15 14.5 Five adult males from Chiriqui and | 130.3 64,2 11 8.3 13.2 14.1 14,8 PAM As si-cire Although Dr. Sharpe gives Chatham Island as the locality of Darwin’s specimen, Mr. Darwin himself says he obtained it on James Island. e“Von wétpa, Fels, Klippe, und yeAz6 av, Schwalbe.’ @ From” Arrpor, a cavern; xéA16@7, swallow. (Richmond.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45 ‘ nearly even, the back streaked with white and the rump with a conspicuous patch of chestnut, cinnamon, or dull whitish. Bill very short (exposed culmen shower than distance from nostril to eye), its width at posterior edge of nostrils about equal to length of exposed culmen; culmen straight to near tip, where rather abruptly decurved, but tip of maxilla very slightly uncinate; maxillary tomium nearly straight, its subterminal notch minute. Tail less than half as long as wing (shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of longest secondaries), nearly even, the slight emargination less than length of exposed culmen. Tarsus shorter than middle toe (without claw), the upper portion feathered for a considerable distance on inner side; middle toe united to outer by about half the length of its basal phalanx; claws of lateral toes reaching nearly or quite to base of middle claw. : Coloration.“—Adults with crown, back, and scapulars glossy blue- black, the back more or less streaked with white; forehead white, pale brown, or chestnut; rump chestnut, cinnamon, or cinnamon-buff; sides of head chestnut or cinnamon; abilomen white: longer ander tail- coverts dusky, margined with whitish, Nidification.—Nest retort-shaped, composed of mud-pellets, lined with soft feathers, etc., attached to rocks or sides (usually under eaves) of buildings; eggs spotted, Feange.—Temperate and tropical America, including Greater An- tilles. One species in southern Africa. Indo-Malayan and Australian regions? The relationships of this genus are nearest to Hylocheledon Gould, and Lagenoplastes Gould, of Australia (the latter extending also to India), which are similar 7 all respects to Petrochelidon except in the tail, which is relatively a little longer and more deeply emarginated: Both have the rump light colored (though the color is brownish white or pale grayish brown instead of chestnut or cinnamon) and the back streaked with white; but they have the under parts entirely whitish, with narrow dusky streaks on the throat and chest, lack any rufous or chestnut on sides of head, the type of Zagenoplastes having the entire pileum rufous, that of ylochelidon being uniform blue-black. Lag- enoplastes, at least, builds a nest identical in character with that of the species of Petrochelidon. In short, the structural differences between these two alleged genera (which I would unhesitatingly merge together) and Petrochelidon are so slight that little violence would be done to their relationship by referring them to the same genus.’ «Of the American species, none of the Old World forms being seen by me. > Their relationship to Petrochelidon is certainly very much closer than that exist- ing between the American species hitherto referred to Hirwndo and Aiticora, respectively. (See page 25.) 46 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cd KEY TO THE.SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PETROCHELIDON. a. Crown and occiput glossy blue-black or greenish black. (Adults. ) b. Sides of head, chin, and throat chestnut or cinnamon, forehead with a broad and sharply defined patch of chestnut, cinnamon-brown or whitish. c. Sides of head, chin, and throat deep chestnut, the latter with a blackish patch on lower portion. (Petrochelidon lunifrons. ) d. Frontal patch whitish or pale cinnamon-brown, conspicuously different from the chestnut of sides and under parts of head. e. Larger (wing of adult male 105-115, averaging 108.6); forehead usually soiled white. (Greater part of North America; Central America and parts of South America in winter.) Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons, adults (p. 47) ee. Smaller (wing of adult male 100-104, averaging 102.1); forehead light cinnamon or fawn color. (Southwestern Texas, west of Pecos River, 4 south to Vera Cruz; Costa Rica and Isthmus of Panama in winter. ) Petrochelidon lunifrons tachina, adults (p. 50) dd. Frontal patch deep cinnamon-rufous or chestnut, like sides of head, etc. (Size of P. 1. tachina.) (Western portion of Mexican plateau, north to southern Arizona; Guatemala? Costa Rica’) Petrochelidon lunifrons melanogaster, adults (p. 51) cc. Sides of head, chin, and throat much paler chestnut, cinnamon-rufous, or whitish tinged with cinnamon-rufous; no black patch on throat. (Petro- chelidon fulva.) d. Larger (wing averaging more than 103, tail averaging more than 45); sides of head, throat, sides, etc., less deeply cinnamon-rufous. e. Larger (wing averaging more than 107, tail more than 48, tarsus and middle toe 12 or more); rump paler cinnamon-rufous; sides and flanks more faintly tinged with cinnamon-rufous. (States of Coahuila and Tamaulipas, northeastern Mexico. ) Petrochelidon fulva pallida, adults (p. 56) ee. Smaller (wing averaging less than 104, tail less than 46, tarsus and mid- dle toe less than 12); rump deeper cinnamon-rufous or chestnut; sides and flanks more strongly tinged with cinnamon-rufous. (Cuba; Haiti?; accidental on Dry Tortugas, Florida. ) Petrochelidon fulva fulva, adults (p. 53) dd. Smaller (wing averaging less than 108, tail less than 45); sides of head, throat, sides, etc., deeper cinnamon-rufous. (Jamaica; Porto Rico; northern Yucatan?) ....-.-- Petrochelidon fulva peeciloma, adults (p. 54) bb. Sides of head, chin, and throat white; forehead with a narrow and very indistinct patch of dull chestnut or dusky brown. (Peru.) Petrochelidon rufocollaris (extralimital)¢ aa. Crown and occiput dull black or dusky. (Young.) b. Rump vinaceous-cinnamon, throat mixed dusky and chestnut. (Petrochelidon lunifrons, young. ) @ Hirundo rufocollaris Peale, Rep. U. 8. Expl. Exped., viii, Mam. and Orn., 1848, 175, ‘pl. xlix, fig. 1”” (near Callao, Peru; type in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Petro- chelidon ruficollaris Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 292, footnote; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 196, pl. 3 (Lima, Peru); Sharpe and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 567, pl. 108. ; BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 47 c. Paler, with scapulars and interscapulars distinctly margined with pale grayish buffy; chin and upper throat more or less spotted with white. Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons, young (p. 47)¢ Petrochelidon lunifrons tachina.@ ec. Darker, with scapulars and interscapulars not distinctly if at all margined with paler; chin and upper throat chestnut, without white spots. Petrochelidon lunifrons melanogaster, young (p. 51) bb. Rump deep cinnamon-rufous or chestnut; throat pale vinaceous-cinnamon or cinnamon-buff, without admixture of dusky. (Petrochelidon fulva, young.) c. Larger and less deeply colored, the throat whitish, the sides less strongly PULSSCONtsosesctesceeeteceteens ce Petrochelidon fulva fulva, young (p. 53) cc. Smaller and deeper colored, the throat pale vinaceous-cinnamon. Petrochelidon fulva peciloma, young (p. 54) PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS LUNIFRONS (Say). CLIFF SWALLOW. Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead dull white, dull pale ecru drab or pale wood brown, forming a conspicuous patch, very sharply defined posteriorly, its extremities pointed; crown and occiput glossy blue- black; hindneck hair brown or brownish gray; back and scapulars glossy blue-black, the former streaked with pale gray or whitish; rump light cinnamon-rufous; upper tail-coverts brownish gray or hair brown with paler margins; wings and tail dusky grayish brown, the secondaries with paler margins, these sometimes whitish terminally; lores blackish; auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, chin and throat, rich chestnut, this sometimes extending, narrowly, around pos- terior margin of the black pileum; a patch of somewhat glossy black on lower throat, sometimes extending, brokenly, over upper median portion of chest; chest, sides, and flanks pale grayish brown, the first usually more or less tinged with pale chestnut, sometimes strongly so; rest of under parts whitish, the longer upper tail-coverts dusky, or dark grayish brown, margined with white; under wing-coverts and axillars pale brownish gray; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky or horn colored. Young.—Much duller in color than adults; pileum, back, and scapu- lars dull blackish or sooty, the feathers often with more or less distinct paler terminal margins; tertials margined terminally with pale vinaceous-cinnamon; forehead sometimes dull chestnut or brownish, more often dusky, like crown; sides of head and throat mixed grayish brown, dusky and dull chestnut, in varying relative amount;? rest of under parts as in adults, but sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts more or less strongly tinged with pinkish buff or vinaceous-buff. «J am unable to give characters which will serve to distinguish the young of these two forms. >The young of this species are remarkably affected by partial albinism about the head, every one of the sixteen specimens in first plumage examined in the present connection having a greater or less number of white feathers scattered among the normally colored ones, chiefly on the throat or forehead, or both. 48 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 121-136 (127.5); wing, 105-115 (108.6); tail, 47-52 (49.4); exposed culmen, 6.5-8 (7.2); width of bill at frontal anti, 7-8 (7.1); tarsus, 11-14 (12.6); middle toe, 11-14 (12.2).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 120-134 (126.9); wing, 102-110 (106.7); tail, 45-51 (48.7); exposed culmen, 7-8 (7.4); width of bill at frontal antie, 6.5-8 (6.7); tarsus, 11.5-13 (12.6); middle toe, 11-13 (11.9). Nearly the whole of North America; breeding north to Nova Scotia (Cape Breton), New Brunswick (upper St. Johns River), Anticosti Island, Province of Quebec (Godbout), etc., in the interior to Terri- tory of Mackenzie (Fort Anderson. Fort Simpson, Point Lake, Mackenzie, Anderson, and Lockhart rivers), and the Yukon Valley of Alaska (Fort Yukon, Nulato, St. Michael, etc.), and on the Pacific coast to British Columbia; breeding southward over nearly the whole of the United States (except Rio Grande Valley, at least above mouth of the Pecos River),“ and coast district of northwestern Mexico, as far as Mazatlan and Tepic. In winter, southward through Mexico and Cen- tral America, at least to Honduras (Truxillo). Said to occur in winter in Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and other parts of South America.? Hirundo, 35, Forster, Philos. Trans., lxxii, 1772, 408 (Severn R.). Hirundo lunifrons Say, in Long’s Exped. Rocky Mts., ii, 1823, 47 (Rocky Mts. ).— Swarnson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 331 (Point Lake, lat. 65°, Slave and Mackenzie rivers, etc.).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N, H., 1852, 270(habits); N. Am. Ool., 1857, 94, pl. 5, figs. 68-73.—WoopHovuss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Exp. Zufiiand Colorado R., 1853, 64.—Cassrn, Ilustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1855, 248.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 309; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 226.—CoopEr and SuckuEy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 184 (Oregon and Washington).—Boarpman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 125 (Maine).—Verritt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 137 (Anticosti); ix, 1863, 276 (migrations, etc.); Proc. Essex Inst., iii, «Seventeen specimens. + Fourteen specimens. Ex. |Width of Pi Locality. Wing. | Tail. | pose Pc Tarsus. unas ceulmen,| ‘Toe oe MALES. Seven adult males from east of Mississippi River .| 107.6 49.9 2, 7.3 12.6 11.8 Ten adult males from Rocky Mountains, westward} 109.4 49 71 th 12.5 12.5 FEMALES. Eight adult females from east of Mississippi River.| 107 48.6 Ws 6.8 12.5 12 Three adult females from Rocky Mountains ....... 107.6 49.6 7.6 6.6 12.5 11.6 Three adult females from California ........,-...-- 106.6 48.6 8 7 ee 11.6 eI have not seen breeding specimens from southern Texas east of the Pecos River; possibly they may be referable to P. 1. tachina. 4Not having seen any South American examples, I can not be sure that they belong to the present form. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 49 1862, 148 (Maine).—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 64 (Saskatchewan).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolw., iv, 1864, 116 (British Columbia).—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 279 (Nulato, Fort Yukon, and St. Michael, Alaska; habits).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 104.—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 125. (Hirundo] lunifrons Born, Isis, 1828, 315; 1844, 175.—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 71, no. 836. Petrochelidon lunifrons Cassin, Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad., 1853, 4.— A) Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 40 (Mexico).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 288.—Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 114; 2d ed., 1882, no. 162; Birds N. W., 1874, 88; Birds Col. Val., 1878,426.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 334, pl. 16, fig. 13.—(?) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 271 (Mazatlan and Tepic, w. Mexico; breeding).—Hen- sHaw, Zool. Exp. 100th Merid., 1875, 215 (Snake Valley, Nevada; mid. and s. Utah; Fort Garland, Colorado; New Mexico; Arizona; habits; western ref- erences).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 440 (localities in California and Nevada; habits); Nom.-N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 153; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 139 (Acatlan, Puebla; crit. nomencl.); x, 1887, 579 (Trux- illo, Honduras, Sept. 21); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 205.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 63 (descr. young); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 372 (Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and Anticosti I., breeding); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 165 (San José del Cabo, etc., Lower California, Sept., Oct., Apr.).—Merritt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 125 (Fort Brown, Texas, breeding).—Know tron, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 55 (Bran- don, Vermont; habits).—Batcuetper, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 110 (upper St. John R., Maine and New Brunswick, breeding).—Merrram, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 235 (Godbout, Province of Quebec, breeding).— AMERICAN OrnitTHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 612.—FERRARI- Perez, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 139 (Acatlan, Puebla).—Kimsatt, Auk, vi, 1889, 338 (mortality in n. Illinois; ‘‘over 90 per cent died’’).— Tuompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 609 (Manitoba; habits, etc.). —Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 149 (Ashcroft, British Colum- bia; crit.).—Macraruane, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 443 (Fort Good Hope, Mackenzie R.; Fort Anderson; Lockhart and Anderson rivers).— Artwarer, Auk, ix, 1892, 340 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—Dwicut, Auk, x, 1893, 12 (Prince Edward I., breeding).—Nexrine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 345, pl. 18, fig. 4.—Fuemine, Auk., xix, 1902, 403 (Muskoka, n. w. Ontario, breeding. [Petrochelidon] lunifrons Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 114. P{[etrochelidon] lunifrons Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 323.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 460. Herse lunifrons Couzs, Ibis, 1865, 159, in text (Los Pifios, New Mexico). Hirundo fulva, var. lunifrons Coorsr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ii, Jan. 20, 1880, 246 (California). Hirundo opifec Dz Wrrr Curnton, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., i, 1824, 161. Hirundo republicana Aupuson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., i, 1824, 164. Hirundo fulva (not of Vieillot, 1807) Dz Wirr Cuinron, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., i, 1824, 156.—Bonaparts, Am. Orn., i, 1825, 63, pl. 7, fig. 1; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 64; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 9.—Aupugon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 353, pl. 58; Birds Am., oct. ed., i, 1840, 177, pl. 47.—Lxsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 270.—Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 603. [Hirundo] fulva Bors, Isis, 1828, 315, part; 1844, 175, part. Hirundo fuluus Wiu.ts, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 281 (Nova Scotia). 10384—voL 3—03——4 50 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Herse] fulua Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 341, part. Petrochelidon fulva (not of Cabanis, 1850) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 650, part. [Petrochelidon] pyrrhonota (not Hirundo pyrrhonota Vieillot?¢) ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14, part. Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 226, part (Mazatlan and Tepic, w. Mexico).—Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 193, 635, part (North American references and localities).—(?) Saz- vin, Ibis, 1888, 256 (Cozumel I.).—Snarpz and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 531, 590, part, pl. 104 (North American references and localities). The following references, usually cited for the present species, are doubtful, either as pertaining to the species in its larger sense or to the North American form: [Hirundo] americana GmueEuin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 101% (La Plata; based on Hirondelle & croupion voux et queue carrée Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vi, 698; Rufous-rumped Swallow Latham, Gen: Synop. Birds, ii, pt. 2, 582).—Bors, Isis, 1828, 315; 1844, 175.—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 71, no. 840. Pletrochelidon] americana CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 47, footnote. Petrochelidon americana PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, 17, 402. Hirundo pyrrhonota Vinitiot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 519 (Paraguay; based on Golondrina rabadilla acanelada Azara, Apunt., ii, 511). H{irundo] pyrrhonota Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1845, 58. [Hirundo] pyrrhonota Bors, Isis, 1844, 175. Cotyle pyrrhonota Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 145; La Plata Reis., li, 1861, 477 (Tucuman, Argentina). [ Petrochelidon] pyrrhonota ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14, part. Petrochelidon pyrrhonota DurnForD, Ibis, 1877, 169 (Buenos Aires, Mar.); 1878, 58 (Moreno, etc., Argentina, Mar., Apr.).—Wuurs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 595 (Flores, Argentina, Dec. ).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 226, part (Brazil; Paraguay).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 193, 635, part (Ytarare and Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, s. Brazil; Pacheco, Argentina).—Brruerscu, Journ. flr Orn., 1887, 114 (Paraguay ).— ScuaTer and Hupson, Argentine Orn., i, 1888, 30.—SHarPe and Wryart, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 590, part (South American localities and references).— Inerine, Aves do Est. S. Paulo, 1899, 140 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil). PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS TACHINA Oberholser. LESSER CLIFF SWALLOW. Similar to P. 1. lunifrons, but decidedly smaller (size of P. 0. melano- gaster) and the frontal patch fawn color, dull cinnamon, or wood brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 103-123 (116.7); wing, 100-104 (102.1); tail, 44-47 (45.3); exposed culmen, 7-8 (7.6); width of bill at frontal antiz, 6-7 (6.7): tarsus, 11.5-12.5 (12.1); middle toe, 12-13 (12.1).? Adult female.—Length (skin), 121; wing, 105.5; tail, 48.5; exposed culmen, 7.5; width of bill at frontal antie, 6; tarsus, 11; middle toe, 11.° @S8ee page 48. If really belonging to this species, this name is quite as likely to belong to the smaller southern form, breeding in southern Texas and eastern Mexico (P. 1. tachina). >Seven specimens, from Presidio, Brewster, and Valverde counties, Texas., cOne specimen, from Presidio County, Texas, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 51 Southwestern Texas, west of the Pecos River, in Presidio County, Brewster County (Paisano), and Valverde County (Langtry), and south- ward along eastern border of Mexican plateau to State of Vera Cruz (Mirador, August); south in winter to Costa Rica and Panama. Petrochelidon lunifrons (not Hirundo lunifrons Say) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 317 (Panama R. R.).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 288, part (Panama).—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1888, 540 (San José and Tala- manca, Costa Rica).—Merarns, Auk, xix, 1902, 73, footnote (Rio Grande Valley, resident). - Petrochelidon swainsoni (not of Sclater) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 290, part (Mirador, Vera Cruz).—(?) SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 194, 635, part (Costa Rica). (?) Petrochelidon swainsonii Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Ori- zaba and plateau district, Vera Cruz). [ Petrochelidon] pyrrhonota (not Hirundo pyrrhonota Vieillot ?) ScLaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14, part. Petrochelidon pynehosols SAtvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 226, part (Panama).—SHarPeE and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 531, 590, part. Petrochelidon lunifrons tachina OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Feb. 21, 1903, 15 (Langtry, Valverde Co., Texas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS MELANOGASTER (Swainson). SWAINSON’S CLIFF SWALLOW, Similar to P. @. tachind, but with the forehead chestnut or cinnamon- rufous instead of pale cinnamon or fawn color. Adults (sexes alcke).—Forehead deep cinnamon-rufous or chestnut (similar in color to sides of head), forming a conspicuous frontal patch, very sharply defined posteriorly and with the extremities pointed; crown and occiput glossy blue-black; hindneck brownish gray, usually becoming chestnut on nape, next to posterior margin of the black pileum; back and scapulars glossy blue-black, the former streaked with white or pale grayish; rump cinnamon-rufous or vinaceous- cinnamon; upper tail-coverts brownish gray or hair brown margined with paler; wings and tail dusky hair brown, faintly glossed; lores blackish; auricular, suborbital and malar regions, chin, and throat rich chestnut, this usually extending around nape behind posterior margin of the black pileum; lower throat with a patch, more or less distinct (sometimes small and broken) of slightly glossy black, extend- ing brokenly to median upper portion of chest; chest, sides, and flanks pale grayish brown, usually more or less tinged with cinnamon, espe- cially on chest; under tail-coverts brownish gray or hair brown, margined with white; axillars and under wing-coverts hair brown; rest of under parts dull white, the anal region usually strongly tinged with vinaceous-cinnamon; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet horn color or dusky. Young.—Much duller in color than adults; chestnut of head duller, 52 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. that of the forehead sometimes replaced by dull brown; “ pileum, back, and scapulars blackish, faintly glossed, the scapulars and interscapulars (at least the more posterior ones) indistinctly margined terminally with paler, secondaries (especially tertials) margined terminally with whitish or pale cinnamon, and the rump vinaceous-cinnamon. Adult male.—Length (skins), 111-142 (122); wing, 100-108 (103); tail, 44-50 (46.6); exposed culmen, 6-7 (6.8); width of bill at frontal antie, 6; tarsus, 11-13 (12); middle toe, 11-12 (11).’ Adult female.—Length (skins), 118; wing, 103; tail, 46-48 (47); exposed culmen, 7; width of bill at frontal antiz, 6; tarsus, 12; middle toe, 11.¢ Western portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Oaxaca, Michoacan, Guanajuato, Durango, Chihuahua, Sonora, etc., north to southern Arizona (Nogales; San Bernardino Ranch); Guatemala?. Hirundo melanogaster Swatnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 366 (‘‘Table-land of Mexico;”’ coll. Bullock Mus.); Isis., 1834, 783. H{irundo] melanogaster Swanson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am. ii, 1831, 331, footnote (crit.).—Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1845, 58. [Hirundo] melanogastra Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 71, no. 835. P{etrochelidon] melanogastra CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 47 (Mexico). Petrochelidon melanogastra AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Comirresr, Auk, xix, 1902, 324 (Check List no. 612.2). P{etrochelidon] melanogaster Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 460.—Mzarns, Auk, xix, 1902, 73, footnote (Mexican boundary line, from San Luis Mts. to Nogales). (?) Petrochelidon melanogaster Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1887, 107 (Costa Rica). [Hirundo] fulva (not of Vieillot) Bors, Isis, 1844, 175, part. Petrochelidon swainsoni ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 296 (Oaxaca, Mex- ico; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1859, 376 (Oaxaca).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 290 (Mirador, Vera Cruz).—Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 192 (Duefias, Guate- mala) .—LAwreEnce, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no., 4, 1876, 17 (Tehuantepec City, Oct.).—Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 141 (Guanajuato).—Satvrn and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 227.—Suarpez, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 194, 635 (Oaxaca, Mexico; Duefias, Guatemala).—SHarrz and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 555, 592, pl. 105. Petrochelidon swainsonii ScuatEr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 40 (Mexico). [ Petrochelidon] swainsoni Scuater and Sarvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 14.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 335. Ffirundo coronata LicutrenstEin, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1831, 2 (nomen nudum; see Cabanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1863, 58). Petrochelidon lunifrons (not Hirundo lunifrons Say) Covxs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 426, part (in synonymy). 4The young of this subspecies is apparently not affected by partial albinism in the plumage of the head as that of P. 1. lunifrons and P. 1. tachina. bight specimens. ¢T wo specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 538 PETROCHELIDON FULVA FULVA (Vieillot), CUBAN CLIFF SWALLOW, Similar to P. lunifrons melanogastra but smaller, with sides of head, chin, and throat pale cinnamon-rufous, vinaceous-cinnamon, or whitish tinged with cinnamon, instead of deep chestnut; lower throat without trace of blackish spot; rump deeper chestnut, and back more broadly streaked with white. Adults (sees alike).—Forehead deep chestnut, forming a broad frontal patch, less sharply defined posteriorly and less pointed at extremities than in P. lunifrons and its subspecies; crown and occi- put glossy blue-black or greenish black; hindneck brownish gray, usually with the upper portion (next to black of pileum) chestnut; back and scapulars glossy blue-black, the former conspicuously streaked with white, especially along median portion; rump chestnut or deep cinnamon-rufous; upper tail-coverts hair brown, sometimes with paler margins; wings and tail dusky hair brown, the secondaries sometimes with paler terminal margins; lores blackish; auricular, suborbital and malar regions, chin, and throat varying from whitish, tinged with cinnamon-rufous to between vinaceous-cinnamon and pale cinnamon- rufous; chest, sides, flanks, and crissum similar in color to throat and sides of head, but usually more or less tinged with pale grayish brown; under tail-coverts hair brown, broadly margined with white (this sometimes tinged with pale cinnamon-rufous); breast and abdomen white; axillars and under wing-coverts light broccoli brown or hair brown; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet horn color. Young.—Much duller in color than adults. Pileum, back, and scap- ulars dull black; frontal patch much narrower and less distinct than in adults, dull chestnut or cinnamon-brown; tertials and upper tail- - coverts broadly margined terminally with cinnamon; auricular region dusky; chin and throat usually white, or very nearly so, sometimes minutely flecked with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 111-131 (123); wing, 101-108 (103.5); tail, 42-47 (45); exposed culmen, 6.5-7.5 (7); width of bill at frontal anti, 5.5-7 (6.2); tarsus, 11.5-12 (11.9); middle toe, 11-12 (11.3).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 121-129 (123.5); wing, 101-106 (103.7); tail, 44-48 (45.7); exposed culmen, 7; width of bill at frontal anti, 6-6.5 (6.1); tarsus, 11-11.5 (11.2); middle toe, 11-11.5 (11.2).? Island of Cuba (including Isle of Pines), Greater Antilles; island of Haiti?.¢ a Eleven specimens, from Cuba and Isle of Pines. + Four specimens, from Cuba and Isle of Pines. eI have not seen any specimens from the island of Haiti, and therefore am not sure that the Cuban birds are really the same form. 54 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Hirundo fulva Viettwot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 62, pl. 32 (Santo Domingo); Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 521; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 526.—Srn- pHENs, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 126.—Swarson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 331, footnote (crit.).—Gray, Cat. Fissirostr. Birds Brit. Mus., 1847, 24.—Turenemann, Journ. fiir Orn., 1847, 149 (Cuba; descr. egg). [Hirundo] fulva Bors, Isis, 1828, 315, part; 1844, 175, part. Cecropis fulua Lesson, Compl. Buffon, vili, 1837, 498. [Herse] fulua Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 341, part. Pletrochelidon] fulua Cazanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 47, footnote (West Indies).— Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 460, part (Haiti; Cuba). Petrochelidon fulua Gunpuacu, Jour. fiir Orn., 1856, 3 (Cuba); 1861, 328 (do.); 1874, 133; Orn. Cuba, 1876, 82.—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 291.—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 47, pl. 21, fig. 3; Auk, iii, 1886, 57, part; Birds W. L., 1889, 71, part; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 115, part (Cuba; Haiti).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 228, part (Cuba; Haiti).—Suarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 195, 635, part (Cuba; Haiti).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 264 (Garden Key, Dry Tortugas, Florida, 2 specimens), 311 (do.).—American OrnitHotogists’ Unton Commirrer, Auk, viii, 1891, 86; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 612.1.—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 309 (San Juan, s. Cuba).—SHarre and Wyarr, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 561, 592, paris —CHER- rie, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 12. [ Petrochelidon] fulva ScLaTER endl Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14, part. Hirundo coronata (not of Lichtenstein, 1831) Lempryr, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 45.—Gunp.taca, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1852, 318 (Cuba). PETROCHELIDON FULVA PCECILOMA (Gosse). JAMAICAN CLIFF SWALLOW, Similar to P. f. fulva (from Cuba), but much more deeply colored; gloss to black of upper parts rather greenish blue than violet- blue; the cinnamon-rufous or vinaceous-cinnamon color of sides of head, throat, chest, sides, and flanks averaging very much deeper, the same color more strongly suffusing the under tail-coverts.“ Young much deeper colored than that of P. f. fulva, with throat pale vinaceous- cinnamon, the sides and flanks strongly vinaceous-cinnamon. Adult male.—Length (skins), 108-124 (115.3); wing, 101-105 (102.2); tail, 48.5-47 (44.9); exposed culmen, 7; width of bill at frontal antie, 6-7 (6.4); tarsus, 11-11.5 (11.1); middle toe, 11-12 (11.2).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-122 (114.4); wing, 100-103 (101); tail, 44-46 (44.7); exposed culmen, 7; ‘width of bill at frontal antia, 6; tarsus, 11-12 (11.2); middle toe, 11-11.5 (11.1).¢ «In a series of thirteen adults of P. f. fulva from Cuba there is only one which has the throat and sides of head as deeply colored as in the average of the Jamaican series (of exactly equal number of specimens), and in this one the sides and flanks are not nearly as strongly rufescent as in the Jamaican specimen showing least of this color on those parts. The distinction, therefore, between the birds of this species from the two islands in question, while not absolutely constant, is so nearly so that the propriety of distinguishing them by name can not be seriously questioned. bSix specimens from Jamaica. ¢Four specimens from Jamaica. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 55 Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles; island of Porto Rico?;4 northern Yucatan?;? State of Chiapas, southern Mexico?.¢ Hirundo peciloma Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 64.—Ossurn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, 63 (Jamaica). [Hirundo] peciloma Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 71, no. 837. Petrochelidon peciloma Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 292 (Spanishtown, Jamaica).—Gunpacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 311 (Porto Rico). | P[etrochehdon] fulua peciloma Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 460, footnote (crit.). Petrochelidon fulva (not Hirwndo fulva Vieillot) Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 72 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 40 (do.).—Atsrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 194 (Jamaica).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 228, part (Jamaica; n. Yucatan ?; Panama ?).—Suarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 195, 635, part (Jamaica; Porto Rico; n. Yucatan?; Panama ’?).— Cory, Birds W. I., 1889, 71, part; Cat. W. 1. Birds, 1892, 115, part (Jamaica; Porto Rico).—(?) Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 442 (Yucatan).— Scorr, Auk, ix, 1893, 81 (Jamaica).—Fietp, Auk, xi, 1894, 127 (Jamaica).— Saarpe and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 561, 592, part, pl. 107.4 [Petrochelidon] fulva SctaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14, part. P[etrochelidon] fulua Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 107. Hirundo fulva (not of Vieillot) Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1863, 295 (Jamaica; descr. nesting).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 222, 251 (Porto Rico).—Gunp.uaca, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 198 (Porto Rico). ° Hirundo melanogaster (not of Swainson) Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38 (Jamaica). ¢With only one adult from Porto Rico for comparison, the status of the bird from that island is doubtful. The specimen is not sexed. In coloration it seems to agree best with the Jamaican bird, though the plumage is rather worn, and therefore not _ satisfactory for comparison. Its measurements are as follows: Wing, 98.5; tail, 44; exposed culmen, 6.5; width of bill at frontal antize, 5.5; tarsus, 11.5; middle toe, 11.5. The wing is shorter and the bill is smaller than in any specimen among the Jamaican series. >¥Four adults from northern Yucatan (Chichen Itza and Izamal) are similar to Jamaican specimens in coloration, but’are still smaller, measuring as follows: Adult male (two specimens) .—Wing, 97-100 (98.5); tail, 43-44 (43.5); exposed cul- men, 6.5-7 (6.7); width of bill at frontal antiz, 5.5-6 (5.7); tarsus, 11.5-12 (11.7); middle toe, 10.5-11 (11). Adult female (two specimens).— Wing, 95-98 (96.5); tail, 43.5-45 (44.2); exposed culmen, 6.5-7 (6.7); width of bill at frontal antize, 6.5-7 (6.7); tarsus, 11-12 (11.5); middle toe, 11. ¢A young bird from Ocozucuantla, Chiapas, in the Biological Survey collection (no. 143510; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.; collected Aug. 20, 1895, by Nelson and Goldman), unquestionably belongs to one of the forms of P. fulva, but in the absence of a sufficient series of young birds for comparison, I am unable to determine which form it should be referred to. It closely resembles an example of P. f. pallida, from Miqui- huana, Tamaulipas, and possibly belongs to that subspecies. @The figure, which is very badly colored, is from a Yucatan specimen. 56 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PETROCHELIDON FULVA PALLIDA Nelson, COAHUILA CLIFF SWALLOW. Similar to P. f. fulva (from Cuba), but larger; rump decidedly paler (cinnamon-rufous instead of chestnut or deep cinnamon-rufous); brown central areas of under tail-coverts paler, and the sides and flanks pale grayish brown, more rarely and less strongly tinged or suffused with cinnamon-rufous. Young.*—Similar to the young of P. f. fulva, but rump paler (vina- ceous-cinnamon instead of cinnamon-rufous), black of pileum and back duller, and sides of head paler. Adult male.—Length (skin), 125; wing, 107; tail, 48; exposed culmen, 7; width of bill at frontal antiz, 6.5; tarsus, 12; middle toe, 12.? Adult female.—Length (skins), 125-133 (129); wing, 106.5-110 (107.9); tail, 47-49.5 (48.6); exposed culmen, 7; width of bill at frontal antiz, 6-6.5 (6.2); tarsus, 12-12.5 (12.1); middle toe, 12-19.5 (12.8).¢ Northeastern Mexico, in States of Coahuila (Saltillo, breeding) and Tamaulipas (Miquihuana). Petrochelidon fulva pallida Newson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, Oct. 10, 1902, 211 (Saltillo, Coahuila, n. e. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Genus STELGIDOPTERYX Baird. Stelgidopteryx Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 312 (Type, Hirundo serripennis Audubon). Rather small Hirundinide (wing not more than 120 mm.) with nostrils roundish, opening superiorly; tarsus longer than middle toe without claw; niidaile toe united to outer toe by at least half its basal pha- lanx; tail nearly even (depth of its emargination less than length of exposed culmen); upper parts plain grayish brown, and outermost primary, in adult male, with the edge roughened by stiff recurved tips to the barbs. Bill much depressed, moderately broad (width at frontal antie rather less than length of exposed culmen), the culmen straight to near tip where rather abruptly decurved, forming a slight hook to tip of max- ila; maxillary tomium nearly straight though obviously deflexed basally, the subterminal notch small though distinct. Nostrils opening superiorly, roundish, with visible membrane behind it but none above, except posteriorly. Rictal bristles small, scarcely projecting across commissure. Tail about half as long as wing, or less, slightly emar- @No. 158851, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection), female, Miqui- huana, Tamaulipas, June 8, 1898; Nelson and Goldman. bOne specimen. ¢Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 57 ginate (depth of emargination less than length of exposed culmen). Tarsus longer than middle toe (without claw), only the extreme upper portion (if any) feathered; middle toe united to outer toe by about half to nearly the whole of its basal phalanx, to the inner by about half the basal phalanx; claws of lateral toes scarcely reaching to base of middle claw; claws rather small, that of the hallux shorter than the digit. Adult male with barbs of outer web of outermost primary stiffened and abruptly recurved at tip, causing a file-like roughness when the finger is drawn along the edge of the quill from base toward tip. Coloration.—Above plain grayish brown (paler on the rump in some species), beneath paler grayish brown, becoming white on abdomen and posteriorly, the throat sometimes cinnamon or buffy and some species with a large blackish spot at end of longer tail-coverts. Nidification.—Nest in holes of banks, more rarely of bridges or buildings, composed of soft grasses, feathers, etc.; eggs immaculate white. Range.—Warm-temperate, and tropical continental America. (Sev- eral species. ) In the roughened edge of the outermost primary this genus agrees with Psalidoprocne Cabanis, of western and southern Africa, but in other respects is so exceedingly dissimilar that I seriously doubt their close relationship, notwithstanding Dr. Sharpe has placed them together in a ‘‘subfamily,” Psalidoprocnine, entirely apart from other Swallows. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF STELGIDOPTERYX. a. Tertials without cinnamomeous margins. (Adults.) b. Under tail-coverts entirely white. ce. Pileum not distinctly darker than back; tertials without white margins; chin and throat pale brownish gray. (Greater part of United States and south- ward to Costa Rica.) ......-....-- Stelgidopteryx serripennis, adults (p. 58) cc. Pileum distinctly darker than back; tertials margined with white; chin and throat pale cinnamon or cinnamon-buff. (Southwestern Mexico to Chiriqui.) 3 Stelgidopteryx salvini, adults (p. 62) bb. Under tail-coverts not entirely white, the two longer feathers having a terminal or subterminal spot of dusky or blackish. c. Rump concolor with back, the latter very dark sooty grayish brown; chin and throat pale brownish gray, concolor with chest and sides. (Tabasco and Yucatan, southeastern Mexico; eastern Guatemala. ) Stelgidopteryx ridgwayi, adults (p. 61) cc. Rump pale brownish gray or whitish, very different from grayish brown of back; chin and throat pale cinnamon or cinnamon-buff. (Costa Rica to Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad. ) Stelgidopteryx ruficollis @ uropygialis, adults (p. 63) aStelgidopteryx rujicollis ruficollis belongs to southern Brazil, etc., and differs from S. r. uropygialis in having the rump concolor with the back, and in larger size. The South American bird varies considerably according to geographic area, and undoubt- 58 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. aa. Tertials broadly margined with cinnamomeous or dull rusty. (Young.) b. Rump concolor with back. é:, Darker ......cossesceesewseceeee cs esis: Stelgidopteryz ridgwayi, young (p. 61) G6 Tighter: 2 ssckceee oc ao nemetesere Stelgidopteryx serripennis, young (p. 58) Stelgidopteryx salvini, young (p. 62) bb. Rump pale grayish or dull whitish, conspicuously different from color of back. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis uropygialis, young (p. 63) STELGIDOPTERYX SERRIPENNIS (Audubon). ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW. Adults (sexes alike).— Above, including sides of head and neck, plain grayish brown (deep hair brown), of very nearly uniform tone throughout, but pileum slightly darker than rump, the remiges and rectrices, however, decidedly darker than other parts;“ chin, throat, chest, sides, and flanks plain pale grayish hair brown or brownish gray, the chin and throat? usually somewhat paler than chest and sides; rest of under parts white, including whole of under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillars light grayish brown or brownish gray (inter- mediate in shade between color of back and that of chest), the marginal coverts with paler tips; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color or blackish. Young.—Similar to adults, but upper parts more or less washed or overlaid by pale cinnamon or fawn color, the wing-coverts being broadly tipped and the tertials broadly margined (except on inner webs) with the same; chin, throat, and chest (sometimes sides and flanks also) more or less strongly tinged with paler cinnamon or fawn color. ; Adult male.—Length (skins), 112-133 (123.2); wing, 104-118 (110.7), tail, 47-55 (50.4); exposed culmen, 5-7 (6.1); width of bill at frontal antix, 4-6 (5.2); tarsus, 10-12 (11);“middle toe, 9-11 (9.9).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-124 (117); wing, 99-113 (104); edly requires subdivision. The bird from Guiana, for example, is like the Colombian form except that the rump is much darker, nearly concolor with the back. Hirundo ruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 523 (Paraguay). Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Baird, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 315, footnote (Brazil). Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, July 31, 1901, 58 (La Plata region, Brazil, and Bolivia; descr. ). Hirundo jugularis Maximilian, Reise Bras., i, 1820, 345 (Brazil; type now in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.).—Temminck, Pl. Col., iv, pl. 161, fig. 2. H{irundo] flavigastra D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., 1839 (Synopsis Avium, 69) (Corrientes, Argentina). «The under surface of the tail shows a more or less marked, almost abrupt, con- trast between the brownish gray of the basal two-thirds (more or less) and the dusky terminal portion. ’Some specimens show a tinge of pale cinnamon or buffy on chin and upper throat. This is possibly a remnant of the immature plumage, characterizing birds in their second year. ¢ Thirty-two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59 tail, 48-52 (47.5); exposed culmen, 6-8 (6.7); width of bill at frontal anti, 5-6 (5.1); tarsus, 11-12 (11.3); middle toe, 9-11 (9.9).¢ Temperate North America, Mexico, and Central America as far as Costa Rica; breeding north to Connecticut (Stamford, Norwich, New London, near Gales Ferry, etc.), central Massachusetts (Berkshire County), southeastern New York (Orange, Greene, and Ulster counties, Shelter Island), Ontario (Hamilton), northern Indiana (Carroll and Wabash counties), southern Wisconsin (Racine), southern Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, and British Columbia (Vancouver Island), south to Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, etc., and over greater part of Mexico, as far as State of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, etc.”); casual northward to northern Michigan (Mackinac Island) and Manitoba (Winnipeg); in winter southward through Central America to Costa Rica, occasion- ally wintering on coast of South Carolina. Hirundo serripennis Aupuson, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 593 (Charleston, South Caro- lina; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Synopsis, 1839, 37; Birds Am., oct. ed., i, 1840, 198, pl. 51.—Van Fizer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 9 (nesting habits, etc. ). [Hirundo] serripennis Born, Isis, 1844, 170. [Cotyle] serripennis Bonaparrs, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 342. Cotyle serripennis Cassin, Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad., 1853, 11; Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1855, 247.—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 285 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 41 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—New- BERRY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 79 (California and n. to Columbia R.).—Brewer, N. Am. Ool., 1857, 106, pl. 4, fig. 50.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific @ Twenty-six specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average respectively as follows: Ex. |Width of . Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed Le Tarsus, mie culmen. antig. ‘ MALES, Ten adult males from east of Missouri River...... 108. 8 49.9 6.3 5.2 10.9 10 Ten adult males from west of Missouri River ..... 109.7 49.9 6 5.1 11.2 10.2 Six adult males from eastern Mexico .....-....... 114.2 51.5 6.4 5.1 10.7 9.8 Five adult males from western Mexico ........--. 111.2 50.6 6.6 5.4 ll 9.2 One adult male from Costa Rica .......--.----..-- 115 DS WszGeeecere 5 il 9 FEMALES. Ten adult females from east of Missouri River....} 102.7 47.5 6.9 5.6 11.6 9.8 Nine adult females from west of Missouri River ..] 104.2 46.9 6.4 5.1 11.4 10 Five adult females from eastern Mexico.......... 107.6 49 6.7 5.2 10.6 10 Two adult females from Guatemala............-.. 108 46.5 va 5 11 10 I am not able to discover any difference of coloration in the above series, but many young birds from the eastern United States appear to be less strongly washed with cinnamon, both above and below (sometimes with none on under parts), and the margins to tertials much paler cinnamomeous. The difference is by no mears con- stant, however, the variation being considerable in either series. b Breeding records from Guatemala and Costa Rica doubtless pertain to S. salvini, which see (p. 62). 60 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 'R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 313, 927; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 230; Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 11 (Nuevo Leon, Mexico).—Kzn- nerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 24 (Colorado R., Arizona).—HExr- MANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 36 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding; habits).—Coorrr and Sucxizy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 186 (Washington and Oregon).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst., iv, 1864, 116 (British Columbia).—Browy, Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver I.).—Hoy, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., xii, 1869, 400 (Racine, Wisconsin, breeding).—Coopzr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 110.—SNow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5.—ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 54 (North Dakota). [Cotile] serripennis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 73, no. 867. S[telgidopteryx] serripennis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 312.— Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1874, 370 (Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 463.—Ne son, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 102, 152 (n. e. Illinois; rare summer visit.; breeding?).—Covss, key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 324. Stelgidopteryx serripennis Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 314.—Couszs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1866, 72 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 116; 2d ed., 1882, no. 164; Birds N. W., 1874, 90; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 438.—Sumicurasr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Vera Cruz).— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 350, pl. 16, fig. 12.—Yarrow and Hensaaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 11 (Utah; Nevada).—Brewster, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 139 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia; habits, flight, etc.); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 170 (San José del Cabo, Lower California, Aug. 23-28).—HznsHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 219 (Provo and Fairfield, Utah; e. Nevada; Denver and Pueblo, Colorado; Zufii, New Mexico; habits); Rep. Orn. Spec., Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 235 (Santa Barbara, California, June; Fort Tejon, Aug. ).—Rrpe- way, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 30 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah); Orn. 40th Par- allel, 1877, 446 (Carson City, Nevada; Salt Lake City and Weber R., Utah); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 158; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 212.—Purvis, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (Suffield, Conn.; 1 spec.).—Msarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 46 (West Point, New York, breeding).—BicknELL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 130 (Riverdale, New Jersey, breeding).—Lane- pon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 7 (common summer resid.).—Loomis, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 213 (Chester Co., South Carolina, summer resid. ).— Berier, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 126 (New Utrecht, Long Island, 1 spec., Apr. 19).—Nearuine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 12 (s. e. Texas, breeding); Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 360.—Brckuam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 162 (Bayou Sara, Louisiana, breeding); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 682 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding; also Feb. and Mar.).—Baitzy, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 39 (St. Simons L., Georgia, breeding).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 237, part.—Acerspore, Auk, ii, 1885, 279 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).— Butter, Bull. Brooky. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 33 (Franklin Co., Indiana, common summer resid. ).—SHarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 206, 636.— AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTs’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 617.—MERRILL, Auk, v, 1888, 360 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, breeding).—Evrrmann, Auk, vi, 1889, 26 (Carroll Co., Indiana, breeding).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 149 (British Columbia; crit. ); x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, breed- ing).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 509 (summer resid.).—LAWRENCE (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 356 (Grays Harbor, Washington, breeding).—Sar- cent, Auk, x, 1893, 369 (Shelter I., New York, breeding).—Tnompson, Auk, x, 1893, 50 (near Winnipeg, Manitoba; 1 spec.).—Wautrs, Auk, x, 1893, 227 (Mackinac I., Michigan, 1 spec., July).—Suarre and Wyatt, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 61 Mon. Hirund., 1894, 635, 653, part, pl. 125, upper fig. only (= young).— Ricumonp and Knowuron, Auk, xi, 1894, 308 (Gallatin Valley, Montana, Aug.).—McIiwraira, Birds Ontario, 1894, 341 (Hamilton, breeding).— Porter, Auk, xii, 1895, 86 (Stamford, Connecticut, breeding).—WaAyYNE, Auk, xii, 1895, 184 (coast South Carolina, Dec. 22, 1894).—Faxon, Auk, xii, 1895, 392 (Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding).—U.rey and Wa..ace, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 155 (Wabash, Indiana).—Cuuss, Auk, xiv, 1897, 408 (Greene and Ulster counties, New York, breeding).—Howsz, Auk, xvii, 1900, 389 (near Gales Ferry, Connecticut, breeding).—Hi1, Auk, xix, 1902, 93 (New London, White R. Junction, Gales Ferry, near Norwich, Poquo- nock, etc., Connecticut, breeding).—Rarusun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 138 (Seattle, Washington, breeding). [Stelgidopteryx] serripennis Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 114.—Sciater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 15. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, July 31, 1901, 60 (descr.; crit.).—GrinnNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 61. * Cotyle fulvipennis ScLarER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater; = young); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 41 (Jalapa). [Cotile] fulvipennis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 73, no. 869. Stelgidopteryx fulvipennis Bairp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 316, part (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Vera Cruz).—Frrrari-Prrez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 139 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). [Stelgidopteryx] fulvipennis ScLatrER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 15. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis fulvipennis Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, July 31, 1901, 59, part (s. Mexico). (?) Cotyle flavigastra (not of Gray) Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 212 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz). STELGIDOPTERYX RIDGWAYI Nelson. YUCATAN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW. Similar to S. serripennis, but decidedly larger, very much darker above, and longest under tail-coverts with the exposed portion dusky or blackish. Adults (sexes alike).—Above dark grayish brown or sooty (very much darker than in S. serripennis) approaching clove brown on pileum, the remiges and rectrices sooty blackish; chin and throat pale brown- ish gray or grayish white; chest, sides of breast, sides, flanks, axillars, and under wing-coverts deeper brownish gray (darker than in S. ser- ripennis); rest of under parts white, the exposed portion of two longest under tail-coverts abruptly dark sooty or sooty blackish; bill black; legs and feet dark brown color or brownish black. Young.—Similar to adults, but wing-coverts tipped and tertials broadly margined with dull rusty or cinnamon, and sides of throat and median portion of chest light cinnamon or dull cinnamon-buff, the sides and flanks tinged with the same.“ @Described from a Guatemalan specimen in the collection of the Kent Scientific Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan. A specimen from Merida, Yucatan, in the National Museum collection (no. 39264, A. Schott), is very similar. 62 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skin), 1384; wing, 116; tail, 56; exposed cul- men, 8; width of bill at frontal antie, 6; tarsus, 12; middle toe, 10.4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 115-133 (124.7); wing, 100-111 (106.4); tail, 49-54 (51.4); exposed culmen, 6-7.5 (6.9); width of bill at frontal antie, 5-6 (5.8); tarsus, 11-12 (11.7); middle toe, 10-11 (10.6).? Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tabasco (Teapa), Yucatan (Chichen Itza; Izalam; Calcehtok; Merida), and adjacent districts of Guatemala. Stelgidopteryx fulvipennis (not Cotyle fulvipennis Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. _ N. Y., ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan). Stelgidopteryx serripennis (not Hirundo serripennis Audubon) Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 237, part (Merida, Yucatan).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 442 (Yucatan).—SHarre and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 635, part (Yucatan).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 278 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan). Stelgidopteryx ridgwayi Ne.son, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, Sept. 25, 1901, 174 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). STELGIDOPTERYX SALVINI, new species.¢ SALVIN’S ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW. Similar to 8. serripennis, but pileum distinctly darker than back, tertials conspicuously margined with white, and chin and throat pale cinnamon or cinnamon-buff. Adult male.—Length (skins), 113-120 (115.7); wing, 106-110 (108); tail, 48-52 (49.4); exposed culmen, 6.5—7 (6.8); width of bill at frontal anti, 5-6 (5.4); tarsus, 10-11 (10.1); middle toe, 10.¢ Southwestern Mexico (La Barca, Jalisco) and Guatemala (Duefias) to Chiriqui (Divala). This form resembles S. rujicollis -uropygialis in its pale cinnamon chin and throat (though the color is hardly so deep), dusky pileum, and whitish margins to tertials, but differs in having the rump con- color with the back and in lacking any dusky spot at end of longest under tail-coverts. Its characters are, therefore, intermediate between those of S. serripennis and S. ruficollis uropygialis; but since the Mexican and Guatemalan specimens are precisely like two from Chiriqui (Divala) and one from Costa Rica (Atiro), I believe it to be distinct from both the forms named. Six specimens. ¢Type, No. 30716, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, Duefias, Guatemala, Oct. 17, 1859; O. Salvin. @ Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 63 Cotyle fulvipennis (not of Sclater, 1859) Satvin and Sciarer, Ibis, 1860, 31 (Duefias, Guatemala). Stelgidopteryx fulvipennis Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 316, part (Duefias, Guatemala) . (?) Stelgidopteryx fulvipennis Satvin, Ibis, 1870, 109, 114 (Costa Rica); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 184 (Calovevora, Veragua).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 67 (San José, Costa Rica, Mar. to May). (?) Stelgidopteryx rujficollis fulvipennis Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, July 31, 1901, 59, part (Guatemala; description). Stelgidopteryx fulvigula (not of Baird) Lawrencr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (Atiro, Costa Rica). Cotyle serripennis (not Hirundo serripennis Audubon) Scuater and Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 13, 136 (Duefias, Guatemala; resident). (?) Cotyle serripennis Owen, Ibis, 1861, 61 (San Gerénimo, Guatemala, breeding; descr. eggs). (2) Stelgidopteryx serripennis (not Hirundo serripennis Audubon) Savin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 237, part (Calovevora, Veragua; San: Gerénimo, Rio Dulce, Coban, Retalhuleu, San José, etc., Guatemala).— Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 206, part (Coban, Guatemala).— ZeLEpoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Costa Rica).—CHERRIE, Auk, vii, 1890, 335 (San José, Costa Rica; very common during rainy sea- son); ix, 1892, 22 (San José, Costa Rica, breeding abundantly). Stelgidopteryx serripennis Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 237, part (Atiro, Costa Rica; Duefias, Guatemala).—SHarre and Wyart, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 635, 653, part, pl. 125, lower fig. (=adult). STELGIDOPTERYX RUFICOLLIS UROPYGIALIS (Lawrence). PANAMA ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW. Similar to S. salvini, but rump conspicuously paler than back and longest under tail-coverts with a large terminal or subterminal spot of dusky or blackish. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum very dark sooty grayish brown or sooty black; hindneck, back, and scapulars paler sooty grayish brown; rump pale brownish gray, pale grayish brown or dull whitish, in strong but not abrupt contrast with much darker color of back, etc.; upper tail-coverts dusky grayish brown margined with paler; wings and tail sooty blackish, the tertials distinctly margined or edged with white or pale grayish; chin and throat cinnamon-buff, ochraceous-buff, cinnamon, or pale russet; chest, sides of breast, sides, flanks, axillars and under wing-coverts pale grayish brown; rest of unduz parts white, the abdomen usually more or less strongly tinged with pale yellow, sometimes decided primrose or almost naples yellow; two longer under tail-coverts with exposed portion dusky or blackish, usually margined or tipped with white or at least with a subterminal spot of dusky;? bill black; iris brown; legs and feet black or dusky horn color. Young.—Similar to adults, but general color of upper parts more sooty and broken by more or less distinct terminal margins to the @Sometimes the next longer coverts have a smaller dusky subterminal spot on outer web. 64 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. feathers of dull rusty or cinnamon, these very broad and conspicuous on tertials and greater wing-coverts; pale rump-patch also more or less tinged with pale cinnamon or cinnamon-buff; cinnamon color of chin and throat (usually deeper than in adults) extending over chest and sides of breast and strongly tinging sides and flanks. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-127 (118.5); wing, 103-114 (108); tail, 47-54 (50); exposed culmen, 6-7.5 (6.9); width of bill at frontal antize, 5-6 (5.1); tarsus, 10-11 (10.1); middle toe, 8.5-10.5 (9.6).% Adult female.—Length (skins), 111-126 (117.8); wing, 95-104 (100.5); tail, 46-51.5 (48.8); exposed culmen, 6-7.5 (6.8); width of bill at frontal antie, 4.5-6 (5.4); tarsus, 10-11 (10.3); middle toe, 9-11 (9.8).2 an Nicaragua (Rio Escondido) and Costa Rica (Angostura; Rio Frio) southward through Colombia to western Ecuador (Babahoyo; Chimbo; Esmeraldas; Vinces; Yaguachi), Venezuela (La Pricion), and Trinidad. : Cotyle flavigastra (not Hirundo flavigastra Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1860, 133 (Panama R. R.).—ScuarEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 274. (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 317 (Panama R. R.). Cotyle ruficollis (not Hirundo ruficollis Vieillot) ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 292 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 41. Cotyle uropygialis LAwrence, Ibis, April, 1863, 181 (Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1863, 3, 481.—Scrater and Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 348 (PanamaR. R. ).—Ltoravn, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 94. [Cotile] uropygialis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 73, no. 870. ~ Stelgidopteryx uropygialis Bairp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 317 (Isthmus Panama).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 184 (Chitra, Veragua) ; Ibis, 1870, 109 (Costa Rica).—Wvyart, Ibis, 1870, 184 (Colombia).—SciaTer and «¥ighteen specimens. > Ten specimens. Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows: Ex. |Width of : Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed. ene Tarsus. nade culmen. antics " MALES. Three adult males from Costa Rica...........+... 107 48 7 5 10 10 Seven adult males from Panama............-.---. 108.1 51.3 6.7 5.1 10 9.5 Three adult males from Santa Marta, Colombia..} 105.8 50.2 6.7 5 10.3 9.7 Four adult males from Trinidad.........-.-s+e0-- 109.5 50.9 7.5 5.3 10.1 9.6 FEMALES. Three adult females from Costa Rica........0.+-- 98.7 47.3 6.7 5.38 10.8 10 Three adult females from Santa Marta, Colombia.| 102 49.2 6.8 4.8 10.2 9.8 Three aduit females from Trinidad...........---- 102.2 50.8 7 5.8 10.2 9.8 I am unable to appreciate any constant difference between specimens from the above-mentioned localities. Examples from Guiana have the rump much darker and should be separated as belonging to a different form. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 65 Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 496 (Remedios, province Antioquia, Colombia).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 744 (Lechugal, w. Peru).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 238, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Chitra, Veragua; Obispo station, Panama R. R.; Rio Truando, Colombia).—Brriersca and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 543 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; crit.).—Taczsnowsk1 and Brr- LepscH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 75 (Yaguachi, Ecuador).—SHarpz, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 209, part, 637 (Costa Rica; Chitra, Veragua; Panama; Bogota and Santa Elena, Colombia; Esmeraldas and Babahoyo, w. Ecuador; Venezuela).—ZELEDoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Panama; Costa Rica).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 486 (Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).—SHarpr and Wvarr, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 651, 655, part, pl. 127.—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi., 1894, 28 (Trinidad).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 142 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no. 357, 1899, 11 (Vinces, w. Ecuador).—Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 171 (Bonda, Santa Marta, Coloinbia). [Stelgidopteryx] gutturalis Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 314 (=S. fulvi- gula, p. 318). 7 [Stelgidopteryx] uropygialis ScuateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 15. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis uropygialis Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, July 31, 1901, 59 (Panama; Chiriqui; Costa Rica; descr.); Auk, xviii, 1901, 368 (Divala, Chiriqui).—BrrLEerscH and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 15 (La Pricion, Caura R., Venezuela). Stelgidopteryx fulvigula Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 318 (Angostura, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ;=juv.).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 295 (Costa Rica).—Satvin, Ibis, 1869, 313, in text (crit.; refers it to S. fulvi- pennis Sclater); 1874, 307 (crit.; refers it to S. wropygialis). [Cotile] fulviguia Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 73, no. 871. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis zqualis Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, July 31, 1901, 58 (Santa Marta, Colombia; coll. A. E. and O. Bangs). Genus NOTIOCHELIDON Baird. Notiochelidon Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 270, 305, 306. (Type, Atti- cora pileata Gould.) Small Hirundinide (wing not more than 95 mm.) with nostrils small, roundish, opening superiorly; tarsus longer than middle toe, without claw; tail more than half as long as wing, forked for about one-third its length; middle toe united to outer by the whole of its basal and about half its subbasal phalanx; back sooty brown, deepening into sooty black on wings and tail, the pileum and sides of head glossy black, the abdomen white. Bill very short, but relatively rather deep, its depth at gonydeal angle much greater than half its width at base; exposed culmen much less than distance from nostril to eye, slightly less than half the length of tarsus, straight basally, strongly decurved terminally; gonys nearly straight, ascending terminally, its basal angle prominent; maxillary tomium with subterminal notch minute but distinct. Nostril small, roundish or broadly ovate (the posterior end narrower), opening supe- riorly, with membrane broader below than above. Tail more than 10384—voL 38—03——5 66 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. half as long as wing (longer than distance from bend of wing to tip of longest secondaries), forked for about one-third its length, the lateral rectrices tapering terminally, with tip narrow but rounded. Tarsus longer than middle toe without claw, entirely naked, even to the tibio-tarsal joint; middle toe united to outer by whole of basal and about half its subbasal phalanx, to the inner by about half the basal phalanx; lateral claws not reaching to base of middle claw. Coloration.—Pileum and sides of head glossy black, back sooty brown; wings and tail sooty black; sides and flanks sooty brown, under tail-coverts sooty black; rest of under parts white, the throat spotted with dusky. Nidification.—(Unknown.) Range.—Guatemala. (Monotypic.) NOTIOCHELIDON PILEATA (Gould). COBAN SWALLOW. Adults (sexes altke).—Pileum, hindneck, and side of head and neck uniform glossy black with a faint bluish luster; back and scapulars plain grayish brown (dark hair brown to sepia), becoming darker on rump and deepening into sooty black or dark sooty brown on upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts glossy black or brownish black; rest of wings brownish black, fading into dark grayish brown or sooty on secondary and innermost greater wing-coverts; tail dull black or sooty black; malar region, chin, and throat white, spotted or flecked with sooty brown; median portion of chest, breast, and abdomen uniform white; sides of chest, sides, flanks, axillars, and under wing-coverts plain grayish brown; under tail-coverts sooty black or very dark sooty brown; bill black; legs and feet dusky brown (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 121-123 (122); wing, 94-96 (95); tail, 58-54 (58.5), forked for 17-20 (18.5); exposed culmen, 5; tarsus, 10; middle toe, 8.5.4 Adult female.—Length (skin), 117; wing, 94; tail, 58, forked for 20; exposed culmen, 5; tarsus, 10; middle toe, 9.° Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Quiché, Totonicapam, Quezalte- nango, Barranca de los Chocoyos, Calderas, ridge above Barsinas, Villa Lobos, Aceytuno, Volcan de Santa Maria, etc.). Atticora pileata Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., xxvi, July 18, 1858, 355 (Guate- mala; coll. J. Gould).—Sciater and Saxviy, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).— Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 307 (Coban, Guatemala).—Satvin and’ Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 230, pl. 15, fig. 2 (Coban, Quiché, Totonicapam, Quezaltenango, Barranca de los Chocoyos, Calderas, ridge above Barsinas, Villa Lobos, and Aceytuno, Guatemala) .—SHarpn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 188, 635.—Smarpse and Wyarr, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 518, 518, pl. 100. [Atticora] pileata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 72, no. 860.—ScLarrr and Saxvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14. «Two specimens, > One specimen, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 67 Genus NEOCHELIDON Sclater. Neochelidon SciatEr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, p. xvi. (Type, Petrochelidon tibialis Cassin. ) Microchelidon (not of Reichenbach, 1853) Scrarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 39. (Type, Petrochelidon tibialis Cassin. ) Very small Hirundinide (wing about 87 mm.) with the small, roundish nostrils opening superiorly; tarsus longer than middle toe (without claw); middle toe united to outer by whole of its basal and nearly all of its subbasal phalanx, and to inner toe by all or nearly all of its basal phalanx; tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of longest secondaries, forked for about one-fourth its length; tibial feathers much developed, entirely concealing tibio-tarsal joint; ‘coloration sooty black above, sooty brown beneath, the tibial plumes white. Bill very small (length from nostril only about half distance from nostril to eye); exposed culmen about equal to basal width of bill, about half as long as tarsus, decidedly curved from base; gonys slightly convex, without distinct basal angle; maxillary tomium nearly straight, the subterminal notch distinct. Nostrils small, roundish or ovate, opening superiorly, with little of membrane visible below (scarcely any above) posterior portion. Rictal bristles minute, nearly obsolete. Tail about half as long as wing, forked for about one-fourth its length, the width of lateral rectrices not decreasing till near the end, where rather abruptly contracted, the tips obtusely pointed. Tarsus longer than middle toe (without claw), the upper portion hidden by the unusually developed tibial feathers; middle toe united to outer by the whole of its basal and nearly all of its subbasal pha- lanx, to the inner toe by all, or nearly all, its basal phalanx; claws of lateral toes scarcely reaching to base of middle claw. Colora‘ion.—Sooty blackish above, paler sooty on rump; under parts plain sooty brown, the thighs white. NMidificatvon.—Nest in hole in bank, composed of fine grasses, etc.; eggs unknown. Range.—Isti:mus of Panama to Peru. (Monotypic.) The single known species of this genus bears a remarkably close resemblance in coloration and general appearance to some of the smaller species of Chzetura. NECGCHELIDON TIBIALIS (Cassin). WHITE-THIGHED SWALLOW. Adults (sexes alike).—Above sooty black, becoming sooty grayish brown on rump, the wings ond tail hardly so dark as back and pileum; beneath plain sooty grayish brown, the tibial feathers white, in con- spicuous contrast; bill, legs, and feet brownish black; length (skins), 68 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MOSEUM. 100-105 (101.7); wing, 82-87 (85); tail, 38-43 (41.3), forked for 7-11 (9.3); exposed culmen, 4.5; tarsus, 9-9.5 (9.2); middle toe, 7-8 (7.7).¢ Isthmus of Panama and southward to western Ecuador (Chimbo) and Peru (Cosnipata). Petrochelidon ? tibialis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., vi, 1853, 370 (‘‘Brazil;”’ coll. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.); Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad., 1853, 6. Microchelidon tibialis Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 39 (‘‘Brazil’’). Neochelidon tibialis ScLater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, p. xvi, errata. —ScLaTER and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R.); 1869, 597 (Cosni- pata, e. Peru). Atticora tibialis Barrp, Review Am. Biras, May, 1865, 307 (Panama R. R.).— ScuatErR and Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 495 (Colombia).—Brr- LepscH and Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool Soc. Lond., 1883, 543 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 231.— Suarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 185, 634 (Panama; Remedios, province Antioquia, Colombia; Cosnipata, Peru).—SHarpr and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 501, 517, pl. 97. [ Atticora] tibialis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 72, no. 859.—ScuaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14 (Peru; Panama). Genus PYGOCHELIDON Baird. Pygochelidon Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 270, 305, 308: (Type, Hirundo cyanoleuca Vieillot. ) Small Hirundinide (wing about 100 mm.) with very short and relatively deep bill, the small, roundish nostrils opening superiorly; tarsus longer than middle toe (without claw), entirely unfeathered except extreme upper end in front; middle toe united to outer by whole of basal phalanx; tail about half as long as wing (or a little more), forked for less than one-fourth its length; upper parts uni- form glossy blue-black, the under parts white with blue-black under tail-coverts. Bill very short (exposed culmen less than half as long as distance from nostril to eye), but relatively deep and narrow, its depth at base of exposed culmen nearly equal to its width at same point; cul- men nearly straight basally, more decidedly curved terminally, but tip of maxilla very slightly produced; gonys slightly convex, decidedly ascending terminally, its base forming an obvious angle; commissure straight, its subterminal notch minute but distinct. Nostri! small, roundish, opening latero-superiorly, with a narrow superior mem- braneous operculum, posteriorly in contact, or very nearly so, with feathering of frontal anti. Rictal bristles obvious, but small. Tail about half as long as wing (or a little: more), forked for less than one- fourth its length, the lateral rectrices moderately contracted termi- nally and obtusely pointed. Tarsus longer than middle toe (without claw), entirely unfeathered, except at extreme upper end in front, the tibial feathers short; middle toe united to outer toe by whole of its «Three specimens, none of them with sex determined. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 69 basal phalanx, to the inner by about half its basal phaianx; claws of lateral toes scarcely reaching to base of middle claw. Coloration.—Upper parts and under tail-coverts glossy blue-black; under parts (except tail-coverts) white, with a black patch on each side of breast and another (partly concealed) in center of breast. Nidijication.—Nest in holes of trees and buildings, composed of fine grasses, feathers, etc.; eggs immaculate white. Pange.—Costa Rica to Patagonia. (Monotypic ?%) KEY TO THE SPECIES (oR SUBSPECIES ?) OF PYGOCHELIDON. a. All the under tail-coverts black; feathers of upper back with concealed spots of white or very pale gray; smaller (adult male averaging wing 96.2, tail 50.9, tar- sus 10, middle toe 9.1; adult female, wing 94.6, tail 50.8, tarsus 10.1, middle toe 9.2). (Costa Rica to southern Brazil and northern Chile. ) Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (p. 69) aa. Only the longer under tail-coverts black, the shorter (anterior) ones white, like abdomen, etc.; feathers of upper back with concealed spots of gray but not of white; larger (adult male averaging wing 98.8, tail 52.5, tarsus 11.2, middle toe 9.7; adult female, wing 101.4, tail 54, tarsus 11.7, middle toe 10.6). (Chile, Patagonia, Uruguay, and Argentina.)..Pygochelidon patagonica (extralimital) l PYGOCHELIDON CYANOLEUCA (Vieillot). BLUE-AND-WHITE SWALLOW. e Adults (sexes althe).—Above glossy, dark violaceous steel blue, this color also extending over sides of head and neck to extreme lateral portion of chest, but the auricular region sometimes lusterless black, like lores; lesser and middle wing-coverts black, broadly margined with dark violaceous steel blue; greater coverts similar, but with bluish margins much less distinct; remiges and rectrices grayish black; under tail-coverts black, broadly margined with dark steel bluish; under wing-coverts and axillars dark sooty gray, the marginal coverts more or less distinctly tipped with whitish; rest of under parts white, strongly shaded with grayish brown (sometimes mixed with glossy blue-black) on sides and flanks; center of chest with a more or less distinct cluster of dusky spots, these sometimes forming an interrupted narrow collar across chest, sometimes (though very rarely) almost wanting; feathers of upper back spotted beneath surface with white or very pale grayish; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet light horn brownish. «Possibly two species, it being doubtful whether P. patagonica (D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye) is a species or subspecies, though for the present, not having seen evi- dence or indication of intergradation, I prefer to accord it specific rank. bH[irundo] patagonica D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., 1837 (Synopsis Avium, p. 69) (Patagonia).—Atticora patagonica Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 311, footnote.—Aiticora hemipyga Burmeister, Reise La Plata, ii, 1861, 479 (Mendoza, Argentina).—Atticora cyanoleuca (not Hirundo cyanoleuca Vieillot) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 186, 634, part; Sharpe and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 505, part. 70 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young.—Much duller in color than adults. Above dark sooty gray- ish brown, the back (sometimes pileum also), blackish, rhore or less glossed with bluish; under tail-coverts sooty grayish brown usually margined with paler; rest of under parts white, the chest (forming a more or less distinct band), sides and flanks pale wood brown or brown- ish buff. Adult male.—Length (skins), 106-122 (115.1); wing, 92-100 (96.2);. tail, 48-55 (50.9), forked for 7-15 (11); exposed culmen, 5-5.5 (5.2); width of bill at frontat antis, 4-5 (4.5); tarsus, 10-11 (10); middle toe, 9-10.5 (9.1).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 106-126 (113.3); wing, 91-102 (94.6); tail, 47-54 (50.8), forked for 8-13 (10.1); exposed culmen, 5-6 (5.5); width of bill at frontal antie, 4-5 (4.6); tarsus, 10-10.5 (10.1): middle toe, 8-10 (9.2). Costa Rica (San José, Tucurrique, Navarro de Cartago, Alajuela, etc.) and southward over whole breadth of South America as far as southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru (northern Chile?*). Hirundo cyanoleuca Visitor, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 509 (Paraguay; based on Golondrina de los temoneles negros Azara, Apunt., ii, 508).—Gray, Cat. Fissirostr. Birds Brit. Mus., 1848, 27.—GovLp, Zool. Voy. ‘‘ Beagle,’’ iii, 1841, 41 (Valparaiso, Chile, breeding).—Loraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 90.—SciateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 321. Fourteen specimens. bTen specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: Ex. | Width of _.., _| Depth Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed ae Tarsus. sre ot a culmen.| “antic. tail. 1 MALES. Two adult males from Costa Rica........ 95.5 50 5 4.5 10 9.2 14 Four adult males from Colombia......... 97.7 51.1 5.4 4.6 10 9.2 11.7 Two adult males from Peru (Lima)...--. 98.5 54 5.2 4.5 10 9 12.5 Five adult males from Brazil............- 94.3 50.3 5.1 4.3 10.2 9.9 9.7 One adult male from Chili (Valparaiso) .| 96 48 5 5 10 9.5 10 FEMALES. One adult female from Costa Rica ....... 94 56 6 5. 10 9 15.5 Four adult females from Colombia....... 93.4 48.6 5.2 4,2 10 9.2 11 Two adult females from Peru (Lima).... 93! 5 53. 2 5.6 5 10 8.2 11 One adult female from Venezuela ....... 102 52 6 5 10.5 10 11 One adult female from southern Brazil..| 93 47 5 5 10.5 9.5 8 One adult female from Paraguay ........ 97 52 5 4 10 10 11.5 The series is not a very satisfactory one, and I suspect that several of the specimens are wrongly sexed. Such asit is, Iam unable to make out a northern form (“‘var. montana”? of Baird). The single Chilean specimen (from Valparaiso) differs from all-the others in the decided greenish instead of violaceous steel blue color of the ‘upper parts, and very likely represents a distinct form. ¢ The Chilean bird may be a different form. (See remarks above.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 71 H[irundo] cyanoleuca D’Orsieny and Larresnaye, Mag. de Zool., 1839 (Synop- sis Avium, p. 68) (Buenos Aires, Argentina; Moxos, Bolivia).—Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1845, 58. [Hirundo], cyanoleuca Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 72, no. 851.—ScLarer and Saxvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 14. [Herse] cyanoleuca Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 341. A[tticora] cyanoleuca CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 47 (Brazil).—BurMeisrer, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 147; Reise La Plata, ii, 1861, 479. diticora cyanoleuca CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 401 (San José, Costa Rica); 1861, 92 (Costa Rica).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 309, footnote (Bahia Blanca and Bahia, Brazil).—Scuater and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 178 (Nauta, upper Amazons); 1867, 749 (Huallaga, e. Peru); 1868, 569 (Arequipa, w. Peru), 627 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela); 1873, 258 Wala Chyavetas, and Yurimaguas, e. Peru); 1876, 16 (Maranura, Parti: 1879, 495 (Frontina, Antioquia, Colombia), 595 (Moxos, Cangali and Tilotilo, Bolivia).—Evumr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1867, 46 (Brazil; descr. eggs).— Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 184 (Costa Rica); Novit. Zool., ii, 1895, 4 (Cajabamba, Peru, 9,000 ft. alt.).—Prnze~n, Orn. Bras., 1871, 18, 402.—Wvart, Ibis, 1871, 323 (Colombia).—Hupson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 844, 845 (Conchitas, Argentina; habits).—Taczanowsx1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 510 (Lima and Amable Maria, centr. Peru); 1879, 224 (Tambillo and Pacasmayo, n. Peru); 1880, 192 (Callacate, n. e. Peru); 1882, 8 (Huambo, n. e. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, i, 1884, 244.—Forzss, Ibis, 1881, 329 (Cabo, Parahyba, etc., n. e. Brazil; habits).—Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 90 (Concepcion, Azul, Bahia Blanca, etc., Uruguay ).—Brriepsch and Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 543 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; crit.).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 229.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 186, part, 634 (Irazii district and Tucurrique, Costa Rica; Calovevora, Veragua; Bogota and Frontina, Colombia; Quito, Sical, Chiguinda, and Riobamba, Ecua- dor; Chanchamayo, Arequipa, Cachupata, and Cosnipata, Peru; Cangali, Bolivia; Bahia and Pard, Brazil; Roraima and Camacusa, British Guiana; Santiago, Chile?).—Brrierscu and Ipxerine, Zeitschr. ges. Orn., 1885, 117 (Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, s. Brazil).—Brrirrscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 114 (Paraguay).—Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 216; iii, 1901, 346 (Chapada, Matto Grosso, s. w. Brazil). ,_SHARFE and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 505, 518, part, pl. 99. —Cuabman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 28 (Trinidad).—Rosinson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 685 (La Guaira, Venezuela).—Lanz, Ibis, 1897, 15 (Sacaya, Chile; habits).—Scuatow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. iv, heft 3, 1898, 728 (Chile).— Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, 1899, 105 (La Concepcion, Santa Marta, 3,000 ft. alt.).—Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etce., Torino, xv., no. 357, 1899, 11 (Gualaquiza, etc., e. Ecuador; Valle del Chillo, etc., centr. Ecuador; Niebli, w. Ecuador).—inrrine, Aves do Est. 8. Paulo, 1899, 140 (Ypiranga, S. Sebastiao, and Iguape, province Sao Paulo, s. Brazil).—Rosinson and RicumonD, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, 177 (La Guaira, Venezuela). [Atticora] cyanoleuca ScuatER and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14. Petrochelidon cyanoleuca ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 551 (Riobamba, e. Ecuador); 1859, 138 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuador); 1860, 75 (Quito, Ecuador), 85 (Nanegal, e. Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 40. (Bogota, Colombia; Riobamba, Ecuador; Bolivia; Brazil). Hirundo minuta Maximiuian, Reise Bras., ii, 1821, 336 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; type now in.coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.; see Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 216); Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, pt. i, 1830, 369.—Tzmmincx, Pl. Col., iv (35° livr.), 1823, pl. 209, fig. 1. 72 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (?) H[irundo] melampyga Licurensrein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 57 (Bahia, Brazil; coll. Berlin Mus. ). Hirundo melanoleuca (not of Maximilian) Gray, Cat. Fissirostr. Birds Brit. Mus., 1848, 26. Atticora cyanoleuca, var. montana Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 310 (Barranca, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.; also, San José, Costa Rica, Bogota, and Peru).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (San José and Barranca, Costa Rica).—Franrzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 294 (Costa Rica). Atticora cyanoleuca, . . . var. montana Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 67 (San José and Cartago, Costa Rica). Atticora cyanoleuca montana ZELEDoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Navarro de Cartago, Zarcero de Alajuela, and Alajuela, Costa Rica) .— Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, no. 2, 1889, 80 (Valparaiso, Chile; crit.).— Currnrig, Auk, ix, 1892, 22 (San José, Costa Rica; descr. young and nesting habits).—BeritzerscH and Srotzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 374 (Lima and Ica, Peru).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 60 (Volean de Chiriqui, 10,800 ft. alt.). Genus RIPARIA Forster. Riparia¢ Forster, Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, 17. (Type, Riparia europxa Forster, = Hirundo riparia Linneeus. ) Clivicola Forstsr, Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817,55. (Type, C. europxa Forster, = Hirundo riparia Linnzeus. ) Cotile ®» Born, Isis, 1822, 550. (Type, Hirundo riparia Linneeus. ) Cotyle (emendation) Bors, Isis, 1826, 971. Small Hirundinide (wing less than 110 mm.) with a tuft of small feathers on lower portion of posterior side of tarsus; long claws, that of hallux exceeding the digit in length and those of lateral toes reach- ing beyond base of middle claw; color, grayish brown above, beneath white with a grayish brown band across chest. Bill small (exposed culmen equal to about half the distance from nostril to eye), moderately depressed, its depth at nostrils equal to more than half its width at same point; culmen straight to near tip, where gently but decidedly decurved; gonys slightly convex, ascending terminally; maxillary tomium faintly concave, its subterminal notch small but very distinct. Nostril rather large, ovate, opening laterally, overhung by a distinct membraneous operculum, posteriorly in con- tact with feathering of frontal antiw. Rictal bristles obsolete. Tail about half as long as wing (equal to or slightly longer than distance from bend of wing to tip of longest secondaries), emarginate (depth of emargination equal to not more than one-sixth its length), the lateral rectrices moderately contracted terminally, with tips obtusely pointed. a4See Coues, Auk, xv, July, 1898, 271, and Oberholser, Auk, xvi, July, 1898, 281. Riparia Meuschen, 1784 (Mollusca), antedates Forster’s application of the same name and would disbar the latter had it any nomenclatural status, which Mr. Dall informs me it has not. bFrom KariAdsirv, to prattle; see Wharton, Ibis, 1879, 451. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 73 Tarsus slightly longer than middle toe (without claw), the extreme upper portion feathered in front, the posterior face with a tuft of small feathers on lower portion, immediately above base of hallux; claws long, slender, acute, and strongly curved, that of the hallux longer than its digit, those of lateral toes reaching beyond base of middle claw; middle toe united to outer toe by nearly the whole of its basal phalanx, to the inner by about half the basal phalanx. Coloration.“—Plain grayish brown above, white beneath, with a grayish brown band across chest. Mdification.—Nest in holes in banks of rivers, ravines, etc., com- posed of fine grasses, feathers, etc.; eggs immaculate white. : Lange.—Entire Northern Hemisphere. (Monotypic??). RIPARIA RIPARIA (Linnzus). BANK SWALLOW. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain grayish brown (rather grayer than hair brown), darker on the pileum, paler posteriorly, the scapulars, interscapulars, tertials, upper tail-coverts, and feathers of rump with more or less distinct (usually obsolete) paler margins, except in mid- summer; remiges, primary coverts, and alula much darker than rest of upper parts; anterior and lateral portions of forehead paler than crown, sometimes forming a distinct hoary streak laterally along upper edge of lores, and in abrupt contrast with the dusky color of the poste- rior portion of the latter; chin, throat, malar region, and under parts of body, with under tail-coverts, white, interrupted by a broad band of grayish brown across chest, continued along sides (where fading out on flanks), the median portion of breast usually with more or less con- cealed spots of grayish brown; axillars and under wing-coverts grayish brown, the marginal coverts margined with white; bill brownish black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins). Young.—Similar to adults, but feathers of rump, upper tail-coverts, and tertials broadly margined terminally with pale cinnamon-buff, pale wood brown, or whitish, the wing-coverts more narrowly margined with the same; feathers of grayish brown chest-band usually tipped or margined terminally with paler; chin and upper throat often speckled “Of the type species; I have seen no other that I consider congeneric with it. bThe above diagnosis is drawn up from the type-species, R. riparia, alone. Of the remaining species commonly referred to this genus I have been able to examine only one, Cotile cowani Sharpe, of Madagascar. This lacks the tarsal tuft, and differs in other particulars, and, according to my views, is not congeneric with R. riparia. According to Sharpe and Wyatt (Monograph of the Hirundinide, p. 41) the only species recognized by them which possess the tarsal tuft or the jugular band are Cutile diluta Sharpe, of central Asia, and C. shelleyi Sharpe, of northeastern Africa, both of which seem, judging from the déscriptions in the work cited, to be desert forms or subspecies of R. riparia. 74 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. with grayish brown, and white of under parts sometimes tinged with pale rusty or cinnamon. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-127 (119.1); wing, 96-111 (102); tail, 45-58 (49.7), forked for 4-12.5 (8.3); exposed culmen, 5.5-7 (6.3); width of bill at frontal antiz, 4.8-6 (4.9); tarsus, 10-12 (10. 8); middle toe, 9-10 (9.4).% Adult female.—Length (skins), 1138-126 (119.8); wing, 95-108 (100.6); tail, 44-52 (49.9), forked for 6-10 (8); exposed culmen, 6-7 (6.2); width of bill at frontal antie, 5-6 (5.2); tarsus, 10-12 (11); middle toe, 8-10 (9.5).? Northern Hemisphere; in America breeding from arctic districts southward to Georgia (St. Simons Island), Louisiana, Texas, Arizona (Fort Lowell), and northern Mexico (Sabinas, State of Coahuila); in winter migrating southward through Mexico, Central America, and South America, as far as eastern Peru and Brazil, and to West Indies (Cuba; Jamaica; Porto Rico). [Hirundo] riparia Linn us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 192 (ex Fauna Suecica, no. 247, etc.); ed. 12, i, 1766, 344. —Brownicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 74.—GmeEuin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 1019.—LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 579. Hirundo riparia Wiison, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 46, pl. 38, fig. 4.—Vrertior, Ene. Méth., ii, 1828, 517.—Paxzias, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 585.—Swainson and Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 333.—Nutraut, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 607.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 584, pl. 385; Synop- sis, 1839, 36; Birds Am., oct. ed., i, 1840, 187, pl. 50.—Jarping, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas, in autumn).—Hvurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 7 aSeventeen specimens. + Thirteen specimens. Specimens from separate geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: Ex Width of : Depth Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed oy Tarsus. ee of a ; eulmen.) ‘pntiz, | tail. MALES. Eight adult males from eastern United StAteS ne cccisse benim lsmitaneaaoaces sqaans 98.3 47.3 6.3 4,8 10.8 9.2 71 Three adult males from Pacific coast dis- WAC biiicmescivrcer weiss Seine nemtanarcmeewese 104, 7 61.2 6.2 4.7 10.7 9.8 7.5 Five adult males from Europe ........... 106.5 52.5 6.3 5.6 10.9 9.6 10.1 One adult male from Korea... .....-.... 100 50 6 5 10 9 11 FEMALES. Seven adult females from eastern United States sensei ccianhina aisswaben ine wetiek cock 99.1 49 6,2 5.2 11 9 7.9 Two adult females from Rocky Mountain GIStTIGC: sce snares torsya seouseuuis 100 51 6 5.2 11 9.5 8 Two adult females from Pacific coast dis tGt cesses seep acedensetad ceeieeeet were 101 51.5 6.2 5 il 9.7 7.7 Two adult males from Europe............ 106 50.5 6 5 11 10 9 Iam unable to detect any constant difference in coloration according to locality. ‘ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 75 (Bermudas, Aug., Sept.).—Lumsryz, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 47, pl. 7, fig. 3.—Jonns, Naturalist in Bermuda, 1859, 34.—Wri1is, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 281 (Nova Scotia).—Wuxz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., x, 1866, 267 (Labrador). [Cotile] riparia Bors, Isis, 1822, 550. Cotile riparia Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 96; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no 163.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 157.—Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 91 (Memphis, Tennessee, summer).—Battey (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 39 (St. Simons I., Georgia, breeding).— Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 240.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 97, 6830.—SHarpr and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 43, pl. 9. C[otile] riparia Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 107.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 324. , Cotyle riparia Bors, Isis, 1826, 971.—Bon apart, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 9.— GampBeEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1846, 111 (Cuba).—Cassrn, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1855, 247.—Gunpiaca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 5 (Cuba); 1861, 330 (do.); 1874, 114 (do.).—Nrwsrrry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 78 (California).—Brewsr, N. Am. Ool., 1857, 105, pl. 4, fig. 49; Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 313; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 229; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 319.—HrrrmMann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859, 36 (California).—Cazanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 93 (Costa Rica).—BLakiston, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan plains, breeding); 1863, 65 (Saskatchewan).— Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1863, 296 (Jamaica).—McILwrairu, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Covuss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1866, 72 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.); Check List, 1873, no. 115; Birds N. W., 1874, 89; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 435.—Saivin, Ibis, 1866, 192 Duefias and Yzabal, Guatemala).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 427 (Vancouver I.).— Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (Costa Rica); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 17 (Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, Oct.).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 295 (Costa Rica).—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 280 (Yukon R., Alaska; habits).—Coopzr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 110.—AttEeN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (Florida in winter).—PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, pp. 18, 402, xxv.—Scuater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 258 (Nauta, e. Peru; Rio Negro).—Barrp, ° Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 353, pl. 16, fig. 14.— HensHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 220 (Provo R., Utah).— Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 445 (Truckee R., Nevada; Weber R.., Utah).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 64 (descr. young).— Senvert, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 389 (Lomita, s. Texas, breeding).—NeruRiine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 12 (Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay, s.e. Texas, breeding). [Cotyle] riparia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 342.—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 73, no. 864.—Covxrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 114.—Sciarer and Saxvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14.—Cory, List. Birds W. I., 1885, 10. C[otyle] riparia Casants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 49 (Pomerania). Clivicola riparia Srusnecer, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, June 5, 1882, 32.—AMEr- IcAN OrniTHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 616.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 59; Birds W. I., 1889, 73; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 115 (Cuba; Jamaica; Porto Rico).—Ze.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Costa Rica).—Scort, Auk, v, 1888, 31 (Fort Lowell, Arizona, breeding); x, 1893, 181 (Jamaica).—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1689, 210.—Treat, Auk, vii, 76 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1890, 96 (record of mortality in Connecticut in June, 1888).—MacraRLangE, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 443 (Anderson R., Mackenzie, breeding).— Dwient, Auk, x, 1893, 12 (Prince Edwards I., breeding).—NeruHRLiIne, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 358. C{livicola] riparia Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 463. R[iparia] riparia Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. 8., 4th ed., 1884, 72. Riparia riparia American OrnirHotoaists’ Union CommirTez, Auk, xix, July, 1902, 325.—Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 170 (San José del Cabo, Lower California, Sept.). Riparia europea Forster, Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, 17. Clivicola europea Forster, Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, 55. Hirundo cinerea (not of Latham) Virriuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 526. Clivicola riparia cinerea StEINEGER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 268, in text. Cotyle fluviatilis Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 142. Cotyle microrhynchos Bream, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 143. Hir({undo] riparia americana (not Hirundo americana Maxtmiiian, Journ. fir Orn., 1858, 101 (upper Missouri R..). Clivicola riparia maximiliant SreyneceEr, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 378, footnote (to replace Hirundo cinerea Vieillot, preoccupied). Genus HIRUNDO Linneus. Hirundo Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i,1758,191. (Type, as fixed by Schaeffer, @ HI. rustica Linneeus. ) Chelidon Forster, Synop. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, 17. (Type, C. procne Forster, =’ Hirundo rustica Linneeus. ) Cecropis Born, Isis, 1826, 971. (Type, Hirundo capensis Gmelin, = H. cucullata Boddaert. ) ‘‘Acropis Reip[ER] and Hann, 1835.’’ (Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 69.) Lillia Bors, Isis, 1844, 174, footnote; Journ. fiir Orn., vi, Sept., 1858, 364. (Type, Hirundo erythropygia Sykes.) , Hypurolepis Goutp, Birds of Asia, i, pt. xx, 1868, pl. 32. (Type, H. domicola. Gould, = Hirundo javanica Sparrman. ) Hypurolepsis (emendation) SunpEvALL, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., 1872, 52. Herse (not of Oken, 1815) Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 11. (Type, Hirundo taitensis Lesson, = H. tahitica Gmelin.) Small to rather large Hirundinide with nostrils opening laterally and overhung by a distinct membraneous operculum, the frontal feathers not extending forward as far as anterior end of nostrils; tar- sus entirely unfeathered except at extreme upper portion, hind claw shorter than the digit; tail two-thirds as long as wing, or longer, and forked for more than one-third its length (or else? inner webs of rec- trices with a white spot), the upper parts with chestnut or rufous on either forehead or rump (or both), the under parts either partly chest- @Elem. Orn., 1774, pl. 40; see Reichenow, Journ. fir Orn., 1889, 187; Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 346; Coues, Auk, xv, 1898, 271. bIn H. javanica Sparrman, which except only as to the short and slightly forked tail, is in every other respect a typical Hirundo. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. vai nut or rufous, whitish streaked with darker, or white with a black band across chest. Bill small (exposed culmen shorter than distance from nostril to eye), depressed, the culmen nearly straight to near tip where more or less strongly decurved; gonys nearly straight or slightly convex, the base not forming an angle; commissure nearly straight, the subter- minal notch distinct but sometimes minute. Nostril opening laterally, narrow,” longitudinal, overhung by a rather broad membraneous oper- culum. Rictal bristles rather few and weak, but the larger ones pro- jecting a considerable distance beyond the tomial edge of the maxilla. Tail two-thirds as long as the wing, or longer,’ forked for more than one-third its length, sometimes for more than half its length, the lateral rectrices becoming gradually narrower and more attenuated to the outermost, which are sometimes almost filiform for the terminal por- tion, but always with obtuse tips. ‘Tarsus equal to or slightly longer than middle toe (without claw), only the extreme upper portion, if any, feathered; middle toe united to outer by greater part of its basal phalanx, to the inner by about half the basal phalanx; lat- eral claws reaching about to base of middle claw or falling slightly short. Coloration.—Upper parts mainly glossy blue-black or dark steel blue, but always with chestnut or rufous on forehead or rump, some- times both, the entire pileum sometimes rufous; under parts colored as follows: (a) Throat chestnut, bordered behind, at least laterally, by glossy black, the remaining under parts, including under tail-coverts, uniform white, buff, cinnamon orrufous. (0) Throat and rest of under parts pure white, the chest crossed by a band of glossy black. (c) Throat cinnamon-rufous, the remaining under parts pale brownish gray, with black centers to longer under tail-coverts. (d) Under parts rufous becoming paler (sometimes white) on throat. (¢) Under parts bright rufous or buffy, including throat, sometimes narrowly streaked with blackish, the under tail-coverts black. (/) Under parts white or buffy, streaked with black, including under tail-coverts. In addition to these color characters are others in the following com- binations: ° @Broader and more rounded, and with narrower operculum in some Old World species, for example H. montieri Hartlaub. b As stated before, H. javanica forms an exception to this character, though other- wise apparently a typical Hirundo. ¢Perhaps other combinations occur in species which I have not seen, those examined being the following: H. rustica Linneeus; H. gutturalis Scopoli; H. tytleri Jerdon; H. erythrogaster Boddaert; H. neoxena Gould; H. javanica Sparrman; H. albigula Bonaparte; H. montieri Hartlaub; H. gordoni Jardine; H. badia Cassin; H. hyperythra Blyth; H. emini Reichenow; H. rufula Temminck; H. japonica Tem- minck and Schlegel; H. cucullata Boddaert, and H. puella Temminck. 78 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (1) Inner webs of rectrices with a white spot. (Styles a, b, ¢, a, and f.) (2) Rump glossy black, like back, ete. (Styles a, , and ¢.) (3) Rump chestnut, rufous, or cinnamon-buffy. (Styles d, e, and f)’ (4) Forehead chestnut, the rest of pileum together with auricular region black. (Styles a, 4, and ¢.) (5) Entire pileum black, the auricular region chestnut, rufous, gray (finely streaked) or whitish. (Styles d and e; the latter divisible into two subgroups, one having the forehead entirely black and no com- plete nuchal collar, the other having the anterior portion of the fore- head more or less rufescent and a complete nuchal collar of rufous.) (6) Entire pileum rufous. (Style /) Nidification.—Nest cup-shaped (open above), composed of mud- pellets, attached to face of rocks or parts of buildings (usually inside), lined with soft feathers; eggs spotted. Pange.—Cosmopolitan. ‘ KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HIRUNDO. a. Throat and forehead deep chestnut; pileum and hindneck glossy dark steel blue, like back. (Adults. ) b. Black jugular band very broad, extending uninterruptedly across chest. (Palearctic region, except extreme eastern portion; migrating in winter into Indo-Malayan and African regions; accidental in America. ) Hirundo rustica, adults (p. 79) bb. Black jugular band narrow and completely interrupted, or else very narrow and more or less broken in middle portion. ce. Under parts of body varying from nearly white to buffy cinnamon-rufous; 4 adult male averaging wing 119.3, tail 107; adult female, wing 117, tail 87. (North America; Mexico, Central America, and most of South America in Wintel, sc cuernwirrncccoscseeeaeweeeces Hirundo erythrogastra, adults (p. 80) cc. Under parts of body varying from cinnamon-rufous to nearly chestnut; adult male averaging wing 118.2, tail 89.1; adult female, wing 115.4, tail 76.4. (Eastern Asia, breeding in Kamchatka and eastern Siberia; occa- sional in western North America, Central America, and South America?) Hirundo tytleri, adults (p. 82) aa. Throat and forehead pale cinnamon-rufous or vinaceous-rufous. (Young. ) b. A broad dusky band across chest.....---.------ Hirundo rustica, young (p. 79) bb. A very narrow, if any, dusky band across chest (usually none, except lat- Grally)i is Jasasssosie cheek Hirundo erythrogastra, young (p. 81) 4The darker males of H. erythrogastra approach so nearly in color of the under parts to females of H. tytleri that I am unable to distinguish them satisfactorily. In fact, two females in the American series (nos. 65482, U. S. Nat. Mus. coll., Amak- nak Island, Unalaska, June 7, 1873, and 70879, St. Michael, Alaska, June 22, 1876, are equally deep colored beneath, the latter (as well as several of the lighter colored American specimens) having the jugular collar complete, though very narrow, as in H. tytleri, and the frontal chestnut patch even broader than in examples of the latter. It is possible these specimens may be wrongly determined as to sex; if not, Iam unable to see how the two forms can be invariably distinguished, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 79 HIRUNDO RUSTICA Linnzus. EUROPEAN CHIMNEY SWALLOW. Adult male.—Forehead (broadly) chestnut; rest of upper parts glossy dark steel blue, usually tinged with violet, especially on upper tail-coverts; wings and tail dusky, faintly glossed with greenish, the wing-coverts and tertials margined with steel blue; inner webs of rectrices (except middle pair) with a large spot of white; chin and throat chestnut; a broad band of glossy blue-black across chest, some of the feathers occasionally tipped with chestnut; rest of under parts dull pinkish buff or pale cinnamon-buif, deepest on crissum, where sometimes almost vinaceous-cinnamon; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dark horn color or blackish; length (skins), 170-203 (178.4); wing, 121-124.5 (123.1); tail, 87-117 (99.3); exposed culmen, 7.5-8 (7.8); width of bill at frontal antiz, 6-6.5 (6.1); ems 10.5-12 (11.2); middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.9). ¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and sometimes not distin- guishable, but usually smaller and with under parts of body decidedly paler (dull white or buffy white); length (skins), 158-168 (161.5); wing, 119-123 (120.8); tail, 79-89 (85); exposed culmen, 7-8 (7.8); width of bill at frontal antie, 5.5-6.5 (6.1); tarsus, 11; middle toe, 12-19.5 (12.2).? Young.—Much duller in color than adults; pileum and sides of head black or sooty black, slightly glossed with greenish steel blue, the forehead dull brown; steel blue gloss of back, rump, etc., less bright and more greenish; chin and throat vinaceous-cinnamon, cinnamon-buff or ochraceous-buff; jugular band sooty blackish, with- out gloss; rest of under parts varying from dull white to pinkish buff. Palearctic Region, except extreme eastern portion; south in winter to India, China, Burma, Malay Peninsula, and greater part of Africa; accidental, during migration, on American side of the middle Atlantic.’ [Hirundo] rustica Linn xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 191 (based on Fauna Suc- cica, p. 244); ed. 12, i, 1766, 344.—GwgLin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 1015. Hirundo rustica Temmincx, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 265; ed. 2, i, 1820, 427.—Rovux, Orn. Proy., 1825, pl. 141.—Werner, Atlas, Chelidones, 1827, pl. 1.—Nau- MANN, Vog. Deutschl., vi, 1833, 7, pl. 145, fig. 1; Anhang, xiii, 1860, pl. 383, fig. 2.—GouLp, Birds Europe, ii, 1837, pl. 54; Birds Gt. Brit., ii, 1873, pl. 5.—Maceiiuivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, ili, 1840, 558.—Knysgriine and Bra- aSeven specimens. b Five specimens. ¢A specimen in the U. 8. National Museum collection (no. 77380) is labeled as having been ‘taken during voyage from Norfolk to Rio de Janeiro by Edwd. Donnelly.”’ 80 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. sus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, 196.—Yarre.t, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 213.— 1854, pl. 57; Dier. Nederl. Vog., 1861, pl. 6, fig. 4—SunpEvaxt, Sy. Fogl., Ks mrpotiinc, Danm. Fugle, 1852, pl. 14, fig. 4.—ScuLeceL, Vog. Nederl., 1856, pl. 17, fig. 5.—Jerpon, Birds India, i, 1862, 157.—DrcLanp and Gersg, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 587.—Hzueun, Orn. N. O.-Afr., i, 1869, 150; iv, App., 1873, p. lv.—Gopman, Azores, 1870, 341.—Frirscn, Vog. Eur., 1870, pl. 2, fig. 4.Finscu and Harriavus, Vég. Ostafr., 1870, 134.—Satvaport, Faun. Ital., Uce., 1871, 51.—Suarpz, Cat. Birds Africa, 1871, 45; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 127.—Hartina, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 35.—Nrwron, ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1880, 340.—GuieLioL1, Elench. Ucce. Ital., 1881, 64.—Oates, Birds Brit. Burma, i, 1883, 302, part.—Srrsonm, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1883, 171, pl. 17 (eggs).—Suarpe and Layarp, Birds South Afr., 1884, 362. Cecropis rustica Lesson, Compl. Buffon, viii, 1837, 498. Chelidon rustica StEINEGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1882, 31. Hirundo domestica Patias, Zoogr. Rosso—Asiat., i, 1826, 528, part. Chelidon procne Forster, Synop. Cat. Brit. Birds, etc., 1817, 17, 55. Cecropis pagorum Bream (C. L.), Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 138; Naumdnnia, 1855, 271. Cecropis stabulorum Bream (C. L.) Naumannia, 1855, 271. Hirundo cahirica (not of Lichtenstein) Hartiavs, Orn. W. Afr., 1857, 26.— Locus, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 67. Hirindo boissoneauti (not of Temminck) LinpERMayErR, Vég. Griechenl., 1860, 119. HIRUNDO ERYTHROGASTRA Boddaert.. AMERICAN BARN SWALLOW. Similar to H. rustica, but smaller, more intensely colored on under parts, and without black band across chest. Adult male.—¥Forehead (broadly) chestnut; rest of upper parts glossy dark steel blue or violaceous steel blue; wings and tail dusky, faintly glossed with greenish, the middle wing-coverts and tertials broadly margined with glossy steel blue, the greater coverts and tertials more or less strongly glossed with the same; inner web of rectrices (except middle pair) with a conspicuous white spot (sometimes tinged with vinaceous-cinnamon or vinaceous-buff); malar region, chin, throat, and chest chestnut or deep cinnamon-rufous, the chest margined laterally by an extension of the glossy dark steel blue from sides of the neck, these two lateral patches sometimes connected, narrowly, and thus forming a nearly complete collar; rest of under parts pale cinnamon- rufous, or intermediate between cinnamon-rufous and vinaceous- cinnamon—occasionally much paler, rarely nearly white; bill black; iis brown; legs and feet dusky horn color or blackish; length (skins), 153-185 (166.8); wing, 113-124 (118.2); tail, 77-105 (89.1); exposed culmen, 7-9 (7.9); width of bill at frontal antie, 6-7 (6.5); tarsus, 10.5-11.5 (10.5); middle toe, 11.5-18 (12).¢ Adult fomale.—Similar to the adult male and often not distinguish- able, but usually a little smaller and under parts a little paler; length’ «Twenty-four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 81 (skins), 144-165 (155.5); wing, 110-120.5 (115.4); tail, 71-80 (76.4); exposed culmen, 7-8.5 (7.8); width of bill at frontal antic, 6-7 (6.5); tarsus, 10.5-11 (11); middle toe, 11-12 (11.7).« Young.—Much duller in anlar than adults; pileum and hindneck sooty black, much more faintly glossed with blue than back; forehead dull light brownish or brownish buff; chin and throat vinaceous-cin- uamon. North America in general; north to Alaska (Kowak River, St. Michael, Pribilof Islands, Unalaska, Nulato, etc.), Ungava (head of Hamilton Inlet), etc., accidentally to Greenland (two specimens); breeding southward over whole of United States (except Florida?) and through central and western Mexico as far as states of Guanajuato and Jalisco (Guadalajara) and territory of Tepic; in winter from southern Florida (Tarpon Springs) and southern Mexico, through Central America and South America as far as southern Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru, and throughout West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Sombrero, St. Croix, St. Bartholomew, Guadeloupe, Grenada, and Barbados?); Swan Island, Carribean Sea; accidental in Galapagos Archipelago (Charles and Chatham islands) and occasional in Bermudas. Hirundo erythrogaster Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 45 (based on Hirondelle a ventre roux de Cayenne, Daubenton, Pl. Enl., vii, pl. 724, fig. 1).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 295 (Vermejo R., Paraguay).—SaLvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 232.—AmERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Commirrrr, Auk, xvi, 1899, 122.—Wuitson (8. 8.), Auk. xvi, 1899, 189 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding).—GrinnELu (J.), Condor, iii, @¥Fourteen specimens. Specimens from the eastern United States compare in average measurements with those from the western United States (including British Columbia) and Alaska, respectively, as follows: Ex. |Width of ’ Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed Bee Tarsus. Mg as culmen. . . antia. MALES. Eleven adult males from eastern United States....} 118.1 87.6 7.8 6.5 11.2 12 Ten adult males from western United States and British. Colum Did 1.4.00csiecemacweesesosasiciecsccias 117.6 90.3 7.8 6.4 10.7 11.9 Three adult males from Alaska (two from Una- Vasko Island) \i2.ei. nic coviccccca teaseeeccwncs deem stiais 121 90.3 8 7 11 12.2 FEMALES, Six adult females from eastern United States...... 116.2 74.2 8 6.7 11 12 Seven adult females from western United States,ete.| 114.4 77.6 7.6 6.3 10.9 11.6 Two adult females from Unalaska Island.......... 116.7 77.5 8.2), 6.5 1 11.2 I am unable to appreciate any color differences, unless it be that western and Alaskan specimens are more rarely pale colored beneath. The series of eastern specimens, however, is too meager for satisfactory comparison. bNot yet recorded from other West India islands. 10384—voL 8—03 § 82 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1901, 23 (Nutchuk, Prince William Sound, Alaska; crit.).—Brewsrer, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 166 (Triunfo and San José del Cabo, Lower California, April, August). H{irundo] erythrogastra Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1845, 57.—Nezwton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 107. : Hirundo erythrogastra Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 39 (Brazil).—SciaTer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 569 (Mexiana, lower Amazon); 1869, 597 (Peru); 1873, 185 (Cosnipata, e. Peru).—Prtzeiy, Orn. Bras., 1871, 18, 402.—Layarp, Ibis, 1873, 378 (Pardé, lower Amazons).—TaczanowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 510 (Lima, Peru).—Covgs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 407.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 154.—Bzan, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 148 (Unalaska and Amaknak islands, Alaska, breeding).— Novrtrne, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 499 (San José, Costa Rica).—Bicx- NELL, Auk, i, 1884, 325 (song).—McLenecan, Cruise ‘‘ Corwin,’ 1884, 114 (Kowak R.,, Alaska, breeding).—Smarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 632 (Unalaska, Alaska; Duefias, Guatemala; Calobre and Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua; Panama; Roraima, British Guiana; Mexiana I., lower Amazon; Cosnipata, Peru).—Wetts, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 612 (Grenada, Aug. to Mar.).—Brruepscy, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 5 (Lambaré, Paraguay, Jan.), 114 (Paraguay).—AuLen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 346 (Corumba, province Matto Grosso, s. w. Brazil, Mar. 23; crit.).—Prrmrs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 117 (Curacao).—Kerr, Ibis, 1892, 123 (lower Pilcom- ayo, Argentina, Feb.).—Macnay, Auk, xvi, 1899, 184 (nesting habits) .— Saarre and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 253, pl. 42. [Hirundo] erythrogastra Scutater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10. Hirundo erythrogastra? Bertepscn and Stotzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 374 (Lima and Ica, Peru; crit.). Chelidon erythrogastra StrxnEGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, June 5, 1882, 31.— Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 59 (West Indian references); Birds W. I., 1889, 73 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 115 (Maraguna, Little Inagua, Great Inagua, Cay Sal, and Anguilla, Bahamas; Cuba; Grand Cayman; Jamaica; Porto Rico; St. Croix; St. Bartholomew; Guadeloupe; Grenada; Barbados) .— GRINNELL (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 129 (Sitka). Chelidon erythrogaster AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 613.—Turner, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 239 (head of Hamilton Inlet, Ungava, breeding).—ZeLtzpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Costa Rica).—Townsenp, Auk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak R., Alaska).— Riveway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 576 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea, Apr. 16), 579 (Truxillo, Honduras, Sept. 21); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 207.—Cory, Auk, vi, 1889, 31 (Cayman Brac); viii, 1801, 352 (Anguilla and Cay Sal, Bahamas); ix, 1892, 48 (Maragauna, Bahamas).—Scorr.(W. E. D.), Auk, vi, 1889, 325 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, winter); x, 1893, 181 (Jamaica).— Rixer and Cmarman, Auk, vii, 1890, 266 (Santarem, lower Amazons).— Cuerriz, Auk, vii, 1890, 335 (San José, Costa Rica, Sept. 8 to Feb.); ix, 1892, 22 (San José, Costa Rica, Sept. to Mar.).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 486 (Escondido R.; Nicaragua; Aug. to May 3).— Neseuine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 349, pl. 18, fig. 1.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 28 (Trinidad).—Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 95 (natural breeding haunts). C[helidon] erythrogaster Ripawax, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 461. [Hirundo horreorum.] a. erythrogaster Couns, Birds N. W., 1874, 85 (S. Am. ref- erences). [Hirundo rustica.] Subsp. y. Hirundo erythrogastra SHarpn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 137, part (excl. Asiatic localities and references?). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 83 Hirundo rustica erythrogastra Rorascnitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 152 (Charles and Chatham islands, Galapagos, Oct., Nov.); ix, 1902, 417. [Hirundo] rufa Guertin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 1018 (based on Hirondelle a ventre roux de Cayenne, Daubenton, Pl. Enl., vii, pl. 724, fig. 1).—Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 574. Hirundo rufa Vreruiot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 60, pl. 80; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 529.—SterHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 88.—Nurraz, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 601.—Bonararre, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 9; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 339.—Jarpine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas in autumn).— Horns, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 7 (Bermudas, Apr., May, and Sept. ).— Remuarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 438 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 5 (Fiske- neesset and Nenortalik, Greenland; 2 specimens).—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1855, 243.—Burmuister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 148.—Gunpb.acy, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 3 (Cuba); 1861, 328 (do.).—Bryanr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 115 (Nova Scotia).—Brewer, N. Am. Ool., 1857, 91, pl. 5, figs. 63-67; Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba).— Leoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 88. ; H[irundo] rufa Casants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 46 (Brazil; Mexico). Cecropis rufa Lesson, Compl. Buffon, viii, 1837, 498. Hirundo horreorum Barton, Frag. Nat. Hist. Penn’a, 1799, 17.—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 308; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 225; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 294.—Scuarer and Satvry, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Duefias, Guate- mala, Apr.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Isthmus Panama).—NrwrTon (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 66 (St. Croix).—Cooper and Suck.ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 184 (Washington, etc.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 317 (Isthmus Panama); viii, 1864, 98 (Sombrero); Mem. Bost. Soc. N.H., ii, 1874, 487 (Guadalajara and Tepic, breeding); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 1876, 17 (Oaxaca, Oct., Aug.); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 435 (Guadeloupe, W. I.); i, 1879, 487 (Guadeloupe).—Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 38 (Duefias, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 173 (City of Mex- ico).—Brown, Ibis, 1863, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xi, 1866, 69 (Bahamas).—Sunicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (plateau reg. Vera Cruz).—Da ui and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 279 (Nulato, St. Michael, Sitka, etc., Alaska; habits).—SunpEva.t, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Stockh., 1869, 584 (St. Bartholomew, W. I.).—Coopgr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 103.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 184 (Veragua).— Fingcou, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 28 (Alaska).—Covxs, Check List, 1873, no. 111; Birds N. W., 1874, 85.—Gunp.uaca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 431 (Cuba); Orn. Cub., i, 1876, 82.—Dau1, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v, 1874, 273 (Unalaska).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 339, pl. 16, fig. 9.—Henspaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 216 (Utah, Colo- rado, New Mexico, and Arizona; western references).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 63 (descr. young female) .—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 78.—ZeLEDoN, Cat. Av. Costa Rica, 1882, 5.—Duaks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 141 (Guanajuato). [Hirundo] horreorum Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 113. [Hirundo horreorum] b. horreorum Couzs, Birds N. W., 1874, 85. Hirundo erythrogaster, 8. horreorum Rrpaway, Field and Forest, iii, May, 1877, 197 (Colorado).—Brnpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 408 (central California). Hirundo erythrogaster . . . 8. horreorum Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 441. Hirundo erythrogaster var. horreorum Ripeway (and Merrrity), Proc, U. 8. Nat. ‘Mus., i, Aug. 15, 1878, 125 (Fort Brown, Texas, migrant). Hirundo erythrogaster, var. ? horreorum Cooprr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, 246. 84 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Hirundo erythrogastra horreorum Mrarys, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, July, 1879, 164 (Fort Klamath, Oregon).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 159.— Auten and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 160 (Colorado Springs, Colorado). , : H{[irundo] erythrogastra horreorum Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 322. H{irundo] rustica, var. horreorum SEEBOEM, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1883, 171, in text. Hirundo americana (not of Gmelin) Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 34, pl. 38, figs. 1, 2.—Swarinson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 329.—Bona- parte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 339.—Lempeyz, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 44, pl. 7, fig. 1.—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 423 (St. Michael, Alaska). Cecropis americana Lesson, Compl. Buffon, vili, 1837, 498. Hirundo cyanopyrrha Vieiux01, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 510 (Paraguay); Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 528. Hirundo rustica (not of Linnzeus) Aupuzon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 413, pl. 173; Synopsis, 1889, 35; Birds Am., oct. ed., i, 1840, 181, pl. 48.—Jonzs, Nat- uralist in Bermuda, 1859, 34. Hirundo fumaria Licutenstrn, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1831, no. 58 (see Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 58.) (?) Hirundo tytleri (not of Jerdon?) Sarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1850, 682, part (Duefias, Guatemala; Callao, Peru).—Saarpz and Wvyarv, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 249, part (supposed American records). Hirundo erythrogastra unalaschkensis (not Hirundo unalaschkensis Gmelin) PaLmEr (W.), Avifauna Pribilof Islands, 1899, 422 (Pribilof Islands and Unalaska; crit.; habits).—Bisnop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 87 (Chilkat Inlet, White Pass, etc., Alaska).—Atuuzn, Auk, xviii, 1901, 176 (crit.). Hirundo erythrogastra palmeri GRinNELL (J.), Condor, iv, no. 3, May, 1902, 71 (Amaknak I., Unalaska Harbor, Alaska; coll. J. Grinnell); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 60. : HIRUNDO TYTLERI Jerdon. ‘ KAMCHATKAN BARN SWALLOW. Similar to A. erythrogastra, but wing averaging slightly, the tail much longer, and under parts of body more deeply colored, in the adult male varying from cinnamon-rufous to almost chestnut, in the adult female buffy cinnamon-chestnut. (Young not seen.) Adult male.—Length (skins), 171-183 (174); wing, 117-121 (119.3); tail, 98-117 (107); exposed culmen, 7; width of bill at frontal antiz, 5-6 (5.7); tarsus, 10.5; middle toe, 11-12 (11.3).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 158; wing, 117; tail, 87; exposed cul- men, 7; width of bill at frontal anti, 6; tarsus, 11; middle toe, 11.5.? Northeastern Siberia (Irkutsk, etc.) and Kamchatka; migrating in winter to the ‘‘lowlands of Dacca, the Burmese Provinces, and Tenas- serim;”¢ occasional in western North America, Guatemala (Duefias) and Brazil (Para) ?¢ «Three specimens. bOne specimen. ¢Sharpe and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 250. Regarding the alleged occurrence of this form in America I am inclined to believe, without having seen the specimens upon which the records are based, however, that the supposed examples of H. tytlert from Guatemala and Brazil are in reality dark- colored specimens of H. erythrogastra. (See remarks in footnote on p. 78.) 1 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 85 Hirundo domestica var. Pautas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 530, part. Hirundo rustica var. rufa (not Hirundo rufa Gmelin) Mippenporrr, Sibir. Reise, ii, pt. 2, 1853, 188. Hirundo rufa (not of Gmelin) Krrrurrz, Denkwiird., ii, 1858, 196. Hirundo rustica (not of Linneeus) Rapp, Reise Stiden Ost-Sibir., 1862, 278. Hirundo tytleri Jervon, Birds of India, iii, 1864, 870.—Buiyrn, Ibis, 1866, 336.— Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 68, no. 790.—Hume, Stray Feath., 1875, 41; 1879, 84.—Watpen, in Blyth’s Birds Burma, 1875, 127.—WarpLaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, 466.—Hvume and Davison, Stray Feath., 1878, 41.—Srmson, Ibis, 1882, 84.—Gopwin-AusTEN, Ibis, 1882, 345.—Oarss, Birds Brit. Burma, i, 1883, 304.—Sreponm, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1883, 171.—SuHarpre and Wyart, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 249, pl. 41. [Hirundo rustica.] Subsp. 6. Hirundo tytleri Saarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 140. { ‘Chelidon tytleri StrsneGER, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 269 (Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka; synonymy, critical, etc.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 143 (Bering I., Kamchatka, rare spring visitant) . ' C[helidon] tytleri Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 461. Hirundo cahirica (not of Lichtenstein) Gopwin-Austen, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1874, 152. ; H{irundo] americana (not of Gmelin) Buaxiston, Ibis, 1876, 331, in text (Kam- chatka; crit.).—Buiaxisron and Prygr, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Jap., vili, 1880, 311. Hirundo americana ? Buaxtston, Ibis, 1878, 386 (Kamchatka; crit.). Hirundo erythrogastra (not of Boddaert) Buaxiston and Pryer, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Jap., x, 1882, 1389.—B.Laxisron, Amend. List Birds Jap., 1884, 47. Chelidon erythrogaster STEINEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1888, 72 (Pelropavlovsk, Kamchatka). Hirundo gutturalis (not of Scopoli) TaczanowsxI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, 385.—Dysowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 357. Hirundo saturata ‘‘Stejneger, MS.,’’ Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, July 21, 1883, 95 (Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Genus IRIDOPROCNE Coues. Tridoprocne Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 412, in text. (Type, Hirundo bicolor Vieillot. ) Medium-sized or small Hirundinide (wing less than 125 mm.) with narrow operculate nostrils opening laterally; frontal feathers not extending as far as anterior end of nostrils; tail not more than half as long as wing, forked for less than one-fourth its length; claws of lateral toes reaching nearly or quite to base of middle claw; upper parts glossy steel blue or green in adults (with or without a white patch on rump), the under parts white. Bill variable as to relative size,* but length of exposed culmen always much greater than half the distance from, nostril to eye, its width at frontal antie varying from decidedly less than length of exposed culmen (in J. bzcolor) to decidedly more (in L. leucorrhoc), its depth at same point equal to about half its width (more in J. d¢color); maxillary @Smaller, narrower, and weaker in J. bicolor and I. meyeni; larger, broader, and stronger in J. albilinea, I. leucoptera, and I. leucorrhoa. 86 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tomium nearly straight, with subterminal notch distinct. Nostril lon- gitudinal, narrowly ovate, opening laterally, overhung by a rather broad membraneous operculum, the feathering of frontal antiz reach- ing only to its posterior end or but slightly beyond. Rictal bristles obsolete. Tail not more than half (nor less than two-fifths) as long as wing, more or less emarginated, but depth of the emargination never more than one-fifth its length, usually less (sometimes much less), the lateral rectrices broad to near tips where rather suddenly but not con- spicuously contracted, the tip rounded. Tarsus longer than middle toe (without claw), the extreme upper portion feathered; basal phalanx of middle toe united to that of outer toe by at least half, usually nearly the whole, of its length, adherent to the inner by half to much less than half its length; claws of lateral toes reaching nearly or quite to base of middle claw. Coloration.—Upper parts (of adults) glossy steel blue or green, the rump white in four out of five species; under parts white, including under tail-coverts. : Nidification.—Nest in holes of trees or buildings, composed of fine grasses, feathers, etc.; eggs immaculate white. Lange. —Continental portions of temperate and tropical America. (Five species.) This very natural group of swallows presents considerable variation in details of structure, especially in the relative size and width of the bill, as noted above. The bill is proportionately smaller and narrower in J. bécolor (the type species) than in any other, this being the only species which has the rump concolor with the back. In J. meyend the bill is equally small but is relatively much broader, this species having the rump white, as in the others except / décolor. The bill is rela- tively largest in / albilinea, in which the post-nasal portion of the maxillary tomia is conspicuously dilated, the length of the exposed culmen being about equal to the distance from the nostril to the eye, the other species having it much shorter. The basal adhesion of the anterior toes is greatest in /. bicolor, I. albilinea, and I. leucoptera, in which the first phalanx of the middle toe is united to that of the outer toe for practically its entire length. It is least in Z meyend, in which the adhesion extends for only about half the distance. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF IRIDOPROCNE. a. Rump glossy steel blue or green, or dark brownish gray, concolor with back. (North America; south in winter to Cuba, British Honduras, and Guatemala. ) Iridoprocne bicolor (p. 87 aa. Rump white. e om) b. Greater wing-coverts broadly edged with white; upper tail-coverts partly Hite (Colombia, Ecuador, and Guiana to southern Brazil.) Tridoprocne albiventris (extralimital)@ @ Hirundo albiventer Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 32 (based on Hirondelle & ventre blanc de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., vii, pl. 546, fig. 1); Baird, Review Am. Birds, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 87 bb. Greater wing-coverts not edged with white; upper tail-coverts not partly white. ce. Axillars and under wing-coverts white or very pale gray; general color of upper parts in adults greenish blue or bluish green. d. Smaller (wing not more than 105 mm.); feathers of rump with dusky shaft-lines, those of upper back white beneath surface. (Southern Mex- JOO tO) Ber )ies5 xcdascecmeytcut < eacadiseactites Iridoprocne albilinea (p. 90) dd. Larger (wing more than 110); feathers of rump without dusky shaft- lines, those of upper back gray beneath surface. (Southern Brazil to Patagonia and eastern Peru).--.- Iridoprocne leucorrhoa (extralimital) ce. Axillars and under wing-coverts light grayish brown or brownish gray; gen- eral color of upper parts violaceous steel blue. (Chile and southern Pata- gonia to western Bolivia) .....--..--... Iridoprocne meyeni (extralimital) > IRIDOPROCNE BICOLOR (Vieillot). TREE SWALLOW. Adult male.—Above, including sides of head and neck, and lesser wing-coverts, uniform glossy greenish steel blue, varying to bluish green, sometimes with a slight tinge of bronzy green; middle wing- coverts dull black, broadly margined with glossy steel blue or green- ish; reet of wings, and tail, dusky, or sooty blackish, faintly glossed with greenish; lores velvety black; malar region and entire under parts pure white; axillars and under wing-coverts brownish gray, the latter becoming paler toward edge of wing; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet brownish or born color; length (skins), 122-138 (132.6); wing, 111-125 (117.4); tail, 51-60 (55.7), forked for 7.5-11.5 (8.9); exposed culmen, 5.5-7 (6.3); width of bill at frontal antise, 4.5-6 (4.9); tarsus, 11-12.5 (12); middle toe, 10.5-12.5 (11.5).°¢ Adult female.—Similar to the male, and sometimes not distinguish- able, but usually duller in color, the upper parts less brightly steel blue or greén, often dusky grayish brown with only the tips of the feathers glossy blue or green; the rump and upper tail-coverts sometimes uniform grayish brown; chest often faintly shaded with brownish gray; length (skins), 125-141 (132.1); wing, 109-122 (113.5); tail, 51-58 (54.5), forked for 7-11.5 (8.4); exposed culmen, 6-7 (6.2); 1865, 302.—Tachycineta albiventris Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 113; Sharpe and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 139, pl. 20.—Hirundo leucoptera Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 1022 (same basis as H. albiventris Boddaert). @ Hirundo leucorrhoa Viellot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 519 (Paraguay; based on Golondrina rabadilla blanca Azara, Apunt. Parag., ii, 509); Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 301.—Tachycineta leucorrhous Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 114; Sharpe and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 143, pl. 21.—Hirundo frontalis (not of Quoy and Gaimard) Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 22 (Montevideo, Uruguay; coll. Zool. Soc. Lond.).—Hirundo gouldii Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, 69 (new name for H. frontalis Gould, preoccupied). b Pletrochelidon] meyeni Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 48 (Chile).—Hirundo meyeni Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 302.—Tachycineta meyeni Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 116; Sharp and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 153, pl. 23. ¢ Sixteen specimens. 88 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. width of bill at frontal antiz, 4-5 (4.7); tarsus, 11.5-18 (12); middle toe, 10.5-12 (11.6).“ Young.—Above, including sides of head and neck, uniform soft dark mouse gray, the tertials margined terminally with brownish. white, beneath white, usually faintly shaded across chest with pale grayish brown. North America in general; north to Alaska (Kowak River, Fort Yukon, etc.), Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, Fort Norman) and Ungava (Fort Chimo); breeding southward to Virginia (King William County; Smiths Island), Mississippi (Jackson), Kansas, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California; wintering from South Carolina (oopastnuadly northward to New Jersey) and the Gulf States southward to the Baha- mas (New Providence Island), Cuba (occasional only ?) and over greater part of Mexico to highlands of Guatemala (Duefias; Pajal Grande; San Gerénimo); occasional in Bermudas; accidental in British Islands. Hirundo bicolor Virruio0t, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 61, pl. 31; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 520.—SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 105.—Swarnson and RicHarp- son, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 828.—Aupuson, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 491, pl. 98; Synopsis, 1839, 85; Birds Am., oct. ed., i, 1840, 175, pl. 46.—Houropis, Jar- dine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 35 (Bermudas, Sept.).—Lzmpryr, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 46, pl. 7, fig. 2.—Cazor, Naumannia, ii, heft. iii, 1853, 65 (Lake Superior).—Casstn, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1855, 244. Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1855, 308 (New Mexico); 1859, 106 (do.).— Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 115 (Nova Scotia).—Brewerr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 148 (California); N. Am. Ool., 1857, 100, pl. 4 (egg). —Barp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 310; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 227; ‘Review Am. Birds, 1865, 297.—Xanrvs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. @ Fourteen specimens. Eastern specimens compare with western in average measurements as follows: ; Ex. |Width of ' Depth Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Pill at lrarsns, | Middle | of fork culmen.| ‘antiz. tail. MALES. Seven adult males from eastern United States oc ciececexeaeesnceeey cease cece cence 118. 4 55.6 6.9 5.4 12.3 11.6 9.4 Two adult males from Rocky Mountain GIStrICt osc nnsrenrgpncoaseeseeeenrseeee 119.2 58.2 6.2 4.7 12.5 12.2 9.5 Seven adult males from western United SEALER 5.22, /csciarciais Gicie sd Satmeic sicncinislecmuarineact 115.9 55.1 5.9 4.6 11.5 11.2 8.7 FEMALES. Six adult females from eastern United SURLORY ccc s:ciswisedvsiamisieisieencactinneauism mess 114.6 54.7 6.4 4.9 12.2] °11.9 8.8 Two.adult females from Rocky Mountain GIStTC Ost paeceiae thenienemecciineniecmaee — 116.5 55.2 6 4.5 12.2 11.5 7.7 Six adult females from western United ‘ States. ccicisicigneisigision cicicis stocisicieiteiecmnginatee 111.5 54 6 4.5 11.8 11.4 7.8 I am not able to perceive any difference in color between eastern and western specimens, both series varying between exactly the same extremes. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 89 Philad., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Buanp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas).—Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 216 (Bermudas).—Jonzs, Naturalist in Bermuda, 1859, 34.—Coorrr and Sucxizy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 185 (Washington and Oregon).—VERRILL, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 138 (Anticosti).— Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Forks of Saskatchewan, May); 1863, 64 (Sas- katchewan).—Gray, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 33.—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolw., iv, 1864, 115 (British Columbia).—McIuwraira, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Browny, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I. ).— Dati and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 279 (Fort Yukon, Sitka, etc., Alaska; habits).—Coorgr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 106.—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 29 (Alaska).—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 125.—Barrp, Brawn, aad Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 344, Pl 16, fig. 8.—BickNneLt, Auk, i, 1884, 325 (song). H{trundo] bicolor Gray, Gen. ae i, 1845, 58. [Hirundo] bicolor Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 71, no. 842.—ScLaTer and SaLvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 14.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10 (Cuba; Bahamas). : Chelidon bicolor Lesson, Compl. Buffon, viii, 1837, 494.—Bonaprarrn, Comp. and Geog. List, 1838, 8. [Herse] bicolor Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 341. T(achycineta] bicolor CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 48, footnote.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 344.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 461. Tachycineta bicolor Bonaparts, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 651.—GuNnpLacH, Journ. fur Orn., 1856, 4 (Cuba); 1861, 330 (do.); 1874, 113 (do.).— Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (plateau reg. Vera Cruz).— Auten, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (St. Johns R., Florida, in winter).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 112; Birds N. W., 1874, 86; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 413.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 16, fig. 8—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 271 (Mazat- lan, Sept. ).—Hensuaw, Zool. Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 217 (Fairfield and Provo, Utah; South Park, Colorado).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 441 (Sacramento, California; Carson City, Truckee Valley, etc., Nevada; Parleys Park, Utah; habits); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 155; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 209.—Brewstrr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 63 (descr. young).—Kumien, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 74 (off Belle Isle, Aug.).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 80; Auk, iii, 1886, 57, Birds W. 1., 1889, 71; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 115 (Cuba; New Providence J., Bahamas).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 115 (Squam Beach, New Jersey, Nov. 16); iv, 1879, 93 (Twin Lakes, Colorado, breeding) .—Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 91 (Jackson, Mississippi, summer).—BrE.- pinc, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 537 (La Paz, Lower California, win- ter).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 234 (Duefias, Pajal Grande, and San Gerénimo, Guatemala, etc.).—McLenrean, Cruise “‘Corwin,”’ 1884, 115 (Kowak R., Alaska, breeding).—Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 239 (near Fort Chimo, Ungava, breeding).—Suarpx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 117, 631 (Fort Norman, Fort Simpson, Lake of the Woods, ete., British America, etc.) —AmERican OrniTHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 614.—Townsenp, Auk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak R., Alaska).—Caapman, Auk, vi, 1889, 303 (Englewood, New Jersey, Dec. 31, 1882; ‘‘thousands”’ feeding on berries of Myrica cerifera); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 149 (coast British Columbia; crit.); x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Patmer (W.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 265 (Magdalen and 90 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mingan islands); Auk, xiv, 1897, 408 (Smiths I. and King William County, Virginia, breeding).—Cuarce (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay).—Dwieur, Auk, x, 1893, 12 (Prince Edward L., breeding) .— Neuriine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 358, pl. 18, fig. 6.—SHaRPE and Wvart, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 155, 189, pl. 24.—Wavyne, Auk, xii, 1895, 184 (coast South Carolina, Jan. ).—Grinneti, Auk, xv, 1898, 129 (Sitka, Alaska breeding).—Curips, Auk, xvii, 1900, 67 (Barnegat, New Jersey; ‘‘millions” passing in Sept. }:—Brewsrer, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 166 (occur- rence in Cape district of Lower California requires confirmation!). [Tachycineta] bicolor Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 113. Tachycinetes bicolor Scorr (W. E. D.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 223 (Long Beach, New Jersey, breeding). Petrochelidon bicolor Cassin, Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad., 1853, 4.—Scrater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 201 (San José, Mexico); 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 40.—Sciater and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba). Tridoprocne bicolor Cougs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 160.—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 88, 115 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding).—Mrrriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 235 (Point de Monts, Quebec, breeding). ‘T[ridoprocne] bicolor Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 322. Hirundo viridis Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 49, pl. 38, fig. 3—Ds,Wirr Ciinton, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., i, 1824, 159.—Aupupon, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., i, 1824, 167.— Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., iv, 1825, 257. , Hir[undo] viridis Born, Isis, 1826, 971; 1828, 316. Hirundo leucogaster StepHmns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 106 (based on H. viridis Wilson). {Hirundo] leucogastra Born, Isis, 1844, 171. Hirundo prasina LicuTenstsin, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1831, 2 (Mexico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 58. Hirundo bicolor, var. vespertina Cooprr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Feb. 1876, 91 (Cali- fornia); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, 246. # ! IRIDOPROCNE ALBILINEA (Lawrence). MANGROVE SWALLOW, Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum, auricular region, hindneck, sides of neck, back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts uniform greenish steel biue or bluish green; rump white or grayish white, the feathers usually with dusky shaft-lines; upper tail-coverts dusky, more or less strongly glossed with bluish green, and often margined with white or pale grayish; wing-coverts black, the middle coverts margined with greenish steel blue or steel green; rest of wings, and tail, dull black or dusky, faintly glossed with greenish; tertials broadly margined termi- nally and for most of the length of outer web with white;* a white line, more or less distinct, on each side of forehead, above upper margin of lores; malar region and entire under parts white, the chest usually faintly shaded with pale grayish and sometimes indistinctly and very narrowly streaked with darker; under wing-coverts and axillars white «These white edgings always present in this species unless the plumage is greatly abraded. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 91 or grayish white; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet blackish or . dusky horn color. Young.—Above soft dark drab gray, sometimes faintly glossed with greenish; rump dull white, and tertials edged and margined termi- nally with white; a white supraloral line, as in adults; under parts ~ usually faintly tinged with pale brown on chest and sides of breast. Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-124 (114.5); wing, 95-105 (98.3); taii, 40-46 (42.4); exposed culmen, 7-8 (7.1); width of bill at frontal anti, 6-7 (6.1); tarsus, 10-11 (10.9); middle toe, 9-11 (9.8).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 106-120 (114.4); wing, 92-99 (95.5); tail, 40-44 (41.6); exposed culmen, 7-8 (7.5); width of bill at frontal antic, 6-7 (6.3); tarsus, 11; middle toe, 10.? Coast districts of middle Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Gutierrez Zamora, etc.), and Sinaloa (Mazatlan) southward through southeastern Mexico (including Yucatan) and Central America (both coasts) to Isthmus of Panama, and along Pacific coast of South America as far as northern Peru (Chepen).¢ Petrochelidon leucoptera (not Hirundo leucoptera Gmelin) Lawrences, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 317 (Panama). Petrochelidon albilinea Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, May, 1863, 2 (Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Sciater and Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama).—Satviy, Ibis, 1866, 192 (Guatemala to Panama, both coasts). Hirundo albilinea Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 300 (Mazatlan, w. Mexico; San José, Guatemala; Panama R. R.).—Zziepon, Cat. Av. Costa Rica, 1882, 5.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, pl. 15, fig. 1. 4 Fifteen specimens. 5 Eight specimens. Specimens from different localities average in measurements as follows: Ex. "pilat. Middl Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed ut 2b | Tarsus,| MiGcle culmen. paren ie: MALES, Five adult males from eastern Mexico (State of VOra Crug) score ees ete et etesaceeeeaceeoeo ses 100.2 42.8 7 6 1 10 Four adult males from western Mexico (Tepic and SIMA 08s. sicaseccdeddasqaneuesevenrs cine te saucSdenie 97 42.5 7 6 10.8 10 Two adult males from Yucatan....--...-.-------++- 100.5 43.5 7 6 11 9 One adult male from Guatemala ............-.--.- 96 42 7 6 11 10 Two adult males from Nicaragua.........-..------ 96 40.5, 7.5 6.5 10.5 9 One adult male from Isthmus of Panama.......... 97 42. erswrawaeiais 6 11 11 FEMALES. Twoadult females from eastern Mexico( Vera Cruz) 97 42.5 7 6 il 10 One adult female from Oaxaca .......-.----.---+-- 99 44 8 7 11 10 Two adult females from Tabasco ..........--.--.-- 95 41 8 (Hi Pere erey Meee rs One adult female from Yucatan... .........-..-+-- 92 41 8 7 11 10 One adult female from Nicaragua .........-....--. 94 41 7 6 1 10 One adult female from Costa Rica..... ........--- 95 40 7 6 11 10 cI have not seen specimens from south of the Isthmus of Panama. 92 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Hirundo] albilinea ScuaterR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14. Tachycineta albilinea Lawrunce, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 271 (Mazatlan, resident; habits).—Sanvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 235 (Belize R. and coast cays, British Honduras; Peten, Yaxha, Rio Dulce, Huamuchal, Chiapam, and San José, Guatemala; La Union, Salvador; Amapala, Honduras; Corinto, Nicaragua; Matachin, Isthmus Panama, ete. ).— Nurrinc, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 392 (Ometepe, Nicaragua).— Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 115, 631 ( Vera Cruz, Mexico; Belize R., British Honduras; Chiapam, Guatemala; Punta Arenas, Costa Rica; Panama and Lion Hill, Panama, R. R.; Chepen, Peru).—Ze.Epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Costa Rica).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., . xvi, 1893, 486 (Rio Frio, Costa Rica).—Smarrr and Wyarr, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 149, 188, pl. 22.—Banes, Auk, xviii, 1901, 368 (David, Chiriqui). T[achycineta] albilinea Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 462. [Hirundo] albilineata Grav, Hand-list, i, 1869, 71, no. 845. Petrochelidon littorea Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 189 (Belize River, British Honduras; coll. Salvin and Godman).+ Hirundo leucopygia (not H. leucopyga Meyen) Taczanowsx1,® Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 192 (Chepen, n. Peru, alt. 400 ft.); Orn. du Pérou, i, 1884, 240. Genus TACHYCINETA Cabanis. f Tachycineta® Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 48. (Type, Hirundo thalassina Swainson. ) . Small or medium-sized Hirundinide (wing, 99-125 mm.) with narrow, operculate nostrils opening laterally; frontal feathers not reaching to anterior end of nostrils; tail about two-fifths as long as wing, forked for about one-fifth its length; lateral toes, relatively short and weak, their claws falling decidedly short of base of middle claw; upper parts soft (not glossy) green, bronze, and violet, under parts and sides of head white. Bill small, weak and much depressed, its width at frontal anti about equal to length of exposed culmen, the latter nearly equal to distance from nostril to eye; culmen nearly straight for basal half, then grad- ually decurved, the tip of the maxilla narrowly and distinctly unci- nate; maxillary tomium straight, its subterminal notch distinct. Nos- tril opening laterally, longitudinal, narrowly ovate-elliptical, over- hung by a broad membraneous operculum, the feathering of frontal antiz extending forward about as far as middle of nostrils. Rictal bristles distinct, extending decidedly beyond edge of maxillary tomium. Tail much less than half as long as wing, emarginate, the depth of emargination about one-fifth its total length, the lateral rectrices broad to near end, where the inner web is rather abruptly contracted, the tip obtusely pointed. Tarsus longer than middle toe (without claw), the upper portion feathered in front and on sides, the feathering on @ According to Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 631. > Described as a new species, from Stolamann’s manuscript. ¢ “Von rayvkivyros sich schnell bewegend.’”’ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 93 inner side occupying the upper half or more; lateral toes relatively short and weak, their claws falling decidedly short of base of middle claw; basal phalanx of middle toe united to that of outer toe by about half its length, to inner toe by nearly as much. Coloration.—Above opaque (not glossy) metallic green, bronze, and violet; under parts, together with auricular region, white. Midification.—Nest in holes of trees or cliffs, composed of fine grasses, feathers, etc.; eggs immaculate white. Fange.—Western North America, and southward to Costa Rica. (Monotypic.) This genus is related to both Jridoprocne and Callichelidon, but is sufficiently distinct. KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF TACHYCINETA THALASSINA. a. Back, etc., metallic (not burnished) green, bronze, or purplish. (Adults. ) b. Larger (adult male averaging wing 123.5, tail 50.5; adult female averaging wing 113.3, tail 47.2); back and scapulars usually purple (rarely green in female); upper tail-coverts green. (Mexican plateau.) Tachycineta thalassina thalassina, adults (p. 93) bb. Smaller (adult male averaging wing less than 116, tail 46 or less; adult female averaging wing less than 110, tail less than 44); back and scapulars usually green (very rarely purplish); upper tail-coverts blue, violet, and purple. c. Larger (wing averaging 115.2 in adult male, 109.7 in adult female; tail 46 in adult male, 43.7 in adult female). (Western North America, from western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, etc., to the Yukon Valley, Alaska; south to Guatemala in winter.) ..--.---- Tachycineta thalassina lepida, adults (p. 95) cc. Smaller (wing averaging 105.2 in adult male, 101.1 in adult female; tail 42.8 in adult male, 40.8 in adult female). (Southern Lower California. ) ‘Tachycineta thalassina brachyptera, adults (p. 98) aa. Back, together with other upper parts, sooty grayish brown. (Young.)@ TACHYCINETA THALASSINA THALASSINA (Swainson). MEXICAN VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW. Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck soft bronze-green; back scapulars and lesser wing-coverts soft purplish green to indian purple; median portion of rump and upper tail-coverts soft dark bottle green, some- times tinged with blue; wings (except lesser coverts) and tai! black or dusky, faintly glossed with bluish; lores pale gray, darker next to eyes; a spot above eye, auricular region (the two confluent), suborbital region, malar region, entire under parts, and patch on each side of rump pure white; axillars and under wing-coverts pale gray, the lat-. ter becoming white on edge of wing; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dark brownish (in‘dried skins); length (skins), 122-125 (123.5); wing, 122-125 (123-5); tail, 50-51 (50.5); exposed culmen, 6; width @The young of T. t. lepida and T. t. brachyptera, only, seen; these do not differ in coloration? 94 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. " of bill at frontal antie, 5; tarsus, 11-12 (11.5); middle toe, 10-11 (10.5).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but much duller in color; pileum and hindneck varying from bronzy green to bronzy purple; back and scapulars varying from. dull bronzy green to dull bronzy purple (usually the latter), the back becoming green across upper margin; middle line of rump and upper tail-coverts dull green; auricu- lar region and supraorbital spot mottled with gray; otherwise like the adult male, but white of under parts less pure, more or less tinged with pale gray anteriorly; length (skins), 113-123 (118.7); wing, 110- 116 (113.3); tail, 46-48.5 (47.2); exposed culmen 5.5-6 (5.7); width of bill at frontal antiz, 4-5 (4.3); tarsus, 11-12 (11.7); middle toe, 10-11 (10.3).¢ Mexican plateau, north to State of Chihuahua,’ south to States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba, etc.), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), and Oaxaca (Mitla).° Hirundo thalassinus Swarnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 366 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico; coll. Bullock Mus.); Isis, 1834, 783. Hirundo thalassina Bonaparts, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 9, part.—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 299, part (Mexico; Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 347, part. Hir[undo] thalassina Born, Isis, 1844, 171. H{irundo] thalassina Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1845, 58. [Hirundo] thalassina Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 71, no. 841.—Couzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 118, part.—Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 14, art. ia thalassinus Lesson, Compl. Buffon, viii, 1837, 499. [Herse] thalassina Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 341, part. Tlachycineta] thalassina Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 48 (Mexico).—Barrn, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 344, part.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed’, 1884, 323, part.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 462, part. @Three specimens. +’ Two specimens from Chihuahua (exact locality unknown) in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History are similar to typical examples from the Valley of Mexico in coloration, but are smaller. Their measurements are as follows: 2, EN oval Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posea | Pil at | parsus,| Middle rontal toe. culmen. antie. No. 56756, Am. Mus., male ....-.-....-.22-+-2.-06- 118 50 6 4 10.5 10 No. 56755, Am. Mus., female (labeled male, but un- doubtedly a female ........2.. 2.2... eee eee eee 111 45 5 3.5 11 10 ¢ An adult female from Mitla in the Biological Survey collection (no. 143514, U. 8. Nat. Mus. ), collected June 28, agrees with typical 7. (halassiua in larger size, and green instead of blue or purplish upper tail-coverts, but has the back and scapulars bronze green, without any purplish tinge. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 95 Tachycineta thalassina Bonapartr, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 651.—Sumt- carast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (hot and temperate zones, Vera Cruz).—Covns, Birds N. W., 1874, 86, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 419, part. Tachycineta thalassinus Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 233, part (Real del Monte; Valley of Mexico; Hacienda de Tupitero; Orizaba; temperate and hot regions, Vera Cruz).—Smarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 119, 631, part (Puebla; Mexico; Presidio, near Mazatlan? Ciudad Durango?).—Saarre and Wyarr, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 175, part, pl. 25. ; Petrochelidon thalassina Cassin, Cat. Hirund. Mus. Phila. Acad., 1853, 5, part.— SciatTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 39 (Mexico); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 173 (City of Mexico). TACHYCINETA THALASSINA LEPIDA (Mearns). VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW: Similar to 7. ¢. thalassina, but smaller; back more often green than purplish, and rump and upper tail-coverts bluish green, blue, or (usually) mixed greenish blue and violet, instead of bronzy green. Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck varying from bronzy green to , purplish bronze, the lower margin of the hindneck more purplish, often forming a distinct narrow collar; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts soft bronzy green, usually more or less tinged with purple or purplish bronze—rarely strongly overlaid by the former; median portion of rump, and upper tail-coverts, varying from bluish green (rarely) to rich violet-purple mixed with blue, usually mixed greenish blue and violet; wings (except leser coverts) and tail blackish, faintly glossed with blue; lores grayish, becoming blackish next to eye; supraorbital spot, auricular region, entire under parts, and conspicuous patch on each side of rump pure white; under wing- coverts pale gray, becoming white on edge of wing; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet brownish; length (skins), 106-126 (116.1); wing, 108-120 (115.2); tail, 44-51 (46); exposed culmen, 4.5-5.5 (5.2); width of bill at frontal antie, 44.5 (4); tarsus, 10-11 (10.6); middle toe, 9-11 (10.1).¢ Adult female.—Much duller in color than the male; pileum and hindneck varying from grayish brown, very faintly glossed with bronze or bronzy green, to decided greenish or purplish bronze; auricular region and supraorbital spot mottled with gray; otherwise similar to the adult male, but green, bronzy, and purple colors of upper parts usually much less bright, and white of anterier under parts less pure, often tinged with pale gray; length (skins), 105-115 (111.1); wing, 106-115 (109.7); tail, 42-46 (43.7); exposed culmen, «Twenty-three specimens. 96 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 5-5.5 (5.1); width of bill at frontal antie, 4; tarsus, 10-11 (10.6); middle toe, 9.5-11 (10.1).“ Young.—Above plain sooty grayish brown, darker on back, where faintly glossed with purple, violet, or bronze; a white patch on each side of rump, as in adults; lores dusky gray; auricular region and postocular spot mottled sooty brown and grayish white, or uniformly of the former color; under parts grayish white anteriorly, pure white posteriorly, the chest usually tinged with sooty brown, especially laterally, where sometimes with a distinct narrow transverse patch of brown.? In winter plumage adults have the tertials conspicuously margined with white. : Western North America; north to Alaska (Yukon Valley, Fifty Mile River, Fort Selkirk, Semenow Hills, etc.), east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and western Texas—occasionally to South Dakota; breeding southward to southern California,’ Arizona, and New Mexico; in winter south to highlands of Guatemala (Dueifias; San Gerénimo; Coban; Hacienda Chancol), and Costa Rica (Matina River, Atlantic side; Bebedero, Pacific side). Hirundo thalassina (not of Swainson) OrnirHoLogicaL Commitres, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., vii, 1837, 193 (Columbia R.).—AvupuBon, Orn. Biogr., iv, 1838, 597, pl. 385, figs. 4, 5; Synopsis, 1839, 36; Birds Am., oct. ed., i, 1840, 186, pl. 49.—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 9, part. -WoopsouszE, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Exp. Zufii, etc., 1853, 64.—Cassrn, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., «Ten specimens. Specimens from different parts of the country average in measurements as follows: Ex. |Width of . Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed pat Tarsus. aod Culmen. anities. MALES, Ten adult males from California.................. 114.5 45.9 5 4.1 10.4 10 Four adult males from. Vancouver Island......... 115.2 ADE lis ciniescinisinictpascinusicicrmera| aarsacateln| Seemaae Four adult males from Alaska and Northwest SL CTT CO BY mre acento nic ajnicjassio’s Ser qioinioaindiciacinieysiorsevesed 113.5 45.5 6.1 4 10.7 10.5 Five adult males from Colorado, Wyoming, and AUG oh ais acest sceniast ed amas uaateenanent 117.8} 47 5 4 10.8 10.1 FEMALES. Six adult females from California.............2 ..-| 110.8 43.2 5 4 10.7 10.2 Two adult females from Alaska and Northwest DOrri tory’: sists sarc cis geceenig sem eeeeveteennee kien 107 43.5 5.2 4 10.7 10.5 Two adult females from Colorado and Utah....... 109 45.5 5.2 4 10.5 9.7 »The young of this species considerably resembles that of Iridoprocne bicolor, but may readily be distinguished by the grayish white instead of pure white throat, etc., the white patch on each side of rump, and the much less abrupt definition of the sooty color of the upper part of the head against the white below it. ¢Probably to northern Lower California (San Pedro Martir Mountains), but I have not seen specimens from there. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 97 etc., 1855, 245.—Hewry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1855, 308 (New Mex- ico).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 311; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 228; Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 11 (Saltillo, Nuevo Leon); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 299.—Scratrr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 235 (Vancouver I.).—Coorrr and Sucxtery, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, ii, 1860, 185 (Puget Sound and throughout int. Washington and Oregon ).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolw., iv, 1864, 115 (British Columbia).—Brown, This, 1868, 421 (Vancouver I.).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 107.—Axven, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 149 (Colorado, up to 8,000 ft.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 347, part. [Hirundo] thalassina ScuatEr and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 14, part. Hirundo thallassina Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., viii, 1839, 155.— GamBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., iii, 1846, 110. Herse thalassina Couns, Ibis, 1865, 159, 163 (New Mexico; Arizona). + Tachycineta thalassina Couns, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1866, 72 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1872, no. 113; 2d ed., 1882, no. 161; Birds N. W., 1874, 86, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 419, part.—Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 181 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 443 (Pyramid Lake and ‘Ruby Mts., Nevada; Salt Lake City, Utah; habits); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 156.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 16, fig. 11—Ax.eEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 53 (habits).— HensxHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1873 (1874), 60, 76, 104 (near Gar- land, Colorado; Neutria, New Mexico); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 217 (Pueblo and Sangre de Cristo Pass, Colorado, etc.); Auk, ii, 1885, 333 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico) .—Mrnor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 228 (Boul- der Co., Colorado, up to timber line; habits; notes).—Drew, Auk, vi, 1881, 88 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—AGERsBoRG, Auk, ii, 1885, 279 (s. e. South Dakota; ‘‘probably accidental; breeds’’).— Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 294 (Concho Co., w. Texas, Sept, Oct.).—AmERIcAN OrnitHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 615, part.—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 31 (Catalina Mts., Arizona).—-Mzarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 260 (Fort Verde, etc., Arizona; Yellowstone Park and Big Horn R., Montana; habits).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 149 Ashcroft, British Columbia, breeding).— (?) AntHony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 243 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California, breeding from 2,500 ft. upward).—(?) Cuurrin, Auk, xii, 1895, 87 (Matina R., Atlantic side, and Bebedero, Pacific side, Costa Rica).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 356.—Bisnor, N. Arh. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 88 (Yukon Valley, Fifty Mile R., Fort Selkirk, Semenow Hills, etc., Alaska). [Tachycineta] thalassina Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 113. T[achycineta] thalassina Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 323, part.— Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 462, part. Tachycineta thalassinus SALvIN and GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 233, part (middle and western provinces of North America; Duefias,“ San Gerénimo, and Coban, Guatemala).—Suarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 119, 631, part (United States localities and references; Vancouver I.; Duefias@ and San Gerédnimo, Guatemala).—SHarre and Wyart, Mon. @Sharpe’s description (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, p. 120) of the supposed ‘‘adult male in winter plumage,’’ from Duefias, seems more like that of the true T. thalassina, which usually has the back purplish instead of green; but the upper tail-coverts and rump are described as being ‘‘green‘and purple’’ instead of green alone, as in the Mexican resident form. It is possible that both subspecies occur in Guatemala in winter, but of course this can only be determined by examination of specimens. 10384—voL 3—08 7 98 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Hirund., 1894, 175, 191, part (United States, British Columbian, and Guate- malan localities and references). (?)Petrochelidon thalassina (not Hirundo thalassinus Swainson?) ScpaTer and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Duefias, Guatemala; abundant in early March). Tachycineta. lepida Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, March 5, 1902, 31 (Campbell’s Ranch, Laguna Mts., 20 miles north of Campo, San Diego Co., California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Grinwe Lt, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 61. = Tachycineta thalassina lepida American OrniTHoLoGists’ Unton Commirres, Auk, xix, July, 1902, 325.—Brewsrer, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 167, 169 (La Paz, Lower California, 1 spec., Feb. 14; measurements). TACHYCINETA THALASSINA BRACHYPTERA Brewster. SAINT LUCAS VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW. ‘Similar to 7. ¢. lepida, but decidedly smaller (except feet). Adult male.—Length (skins), 103-112 (105.7); wing, 101.5-108.5 (105.2); tail, 41-45.5 (42.8), forked for 4.5-7 (5.4); exposed culmen, 4.5-5 (4.8); Gurstis, 10.5-11 (10.6).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 100-107 (103.3); wing, 99-104 (101.1); tail, 40-42 (40.8), forked for 3-7 (4.5); exposed culmen, 4.5-5 (4.6); tarsus, 10-11 (10.7).? Cape district of Lower California (La Paz; Sierra de la Laguna; Triumfo; San José del Cabo). Hirundo thalassina (not of Swainson) Barrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 801, 802 (Cape St. Lucas; crit.); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 299, part (do.).— Barrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 347, part (Cape St. Lucas). Tachycineta thalassina Covxs, Birds N. W., 1874, 86, part (Cape St. Lucas); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 419, part (do.). —Rrpawar, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 156, watt docmcant OrnitHoLogists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 615, part (Cape St. Lucas).—Brxpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v. 1883, 537 (La Paz, Lower California).—(?) AntHony, Auk, xii, 1895, 142 (San Fernando, Lower California, breeding). Tachycineta thalassina brachyptera Brewster, Bull. Mus. Genap. Zool., xli, no. 1, Sept. 1902, 167 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California; coll. W. "Browetor}. Genus CALLICHELIDON Baird. Callichelidon ‘‘ Bryant, MSS.,’’ Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 271, 303. (Type, Hirundo cyaneoviridis Bryant. ) Small Hirundinidee (wing not more than 117 mm.) resembling Tachy- cmeta,- but with frontal feathers extended anteriorly to or beyond anterior end of nasal fosse, partly covering the nasal opercula; the bill much thicker and broader, the tail more than half as long as wing, forked for more than one-third its length, the lateral rectrices dis- tinctly narrowed terminally, the inner side of tarsus entirely naked, the lateral toes longer and stronger, their claws reaching nearly or quite to base of middle claw, and sides of rump without white tuft. «Ten specimens, b Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 99 Bill short, broad, and thick, its width at frontal antie equaling or exceeding length of exposed culmen, the latter much less than distance from nostril to eye; depth of bill at nostrils much more than half its width at same point; tip of maxilla very slightly uncinate, the tomium straight, with subterminal notch small but distinct; nostril small, longitudinally ovate, only the edge of the overhanging operculum showing beneath the feathering of the frontal antiz. Rictal bristles distinct. Tail more than half as long as wing, forked for more than ° one-third its length, the lateral rectrices rather narrow and distinctly contracted terminally, their tip obtusely pointed. Tarsus longer than middle toe (without claw), the inner and posterior portions entirely naked, the extreme upper portion feathered for a short distance in front; basal phalanx of middle toe united to that of outer toe by about half its length or a little more, to the inner toe by nearly as much; claws of lateral toes reaching nearly to base of middle claw. Coloration.—Above soft (not glossy) green, becoming blue or violet on rump and upper tail-coverts, the plumage structurally similar to that of Tachycineta,; no white tuft on sides of rump; under parts entirely white. Midification.—(Unknown.) Range.—Bahama Islands. (Monotypic.) CALLICHELIDON CYANEOVIRIDIS (Bryant). BAHAMA SWALLOW, Adult’ mate.—Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars, plain soft (not glossy) metallic dull bottle green, changing to soft metallic bluish myrtle green or greenish blue on lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts; middle and greater wing-coverts and tertials dusky greenish blue, broadly margined with lighter and brighter greenish blue or bluish green; alula, primary coverts, primaries, secondaries, and rectrices dark greenish blue narrowly edged with lighter greenish blue or bluish green, the lateral rectrices very narrowly edged with whitish, their inner webs more broadly but less sharply edged with the same; lores dusky; auricular, suborbital and malar regions, axil- lars, under wing-coverts and entire under parts pure white; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet brownish black or blackish brown; length (skins), 139-150 (145.6); wing, 113-117 (115); tail, 66-78 (67.9), forked for 25-31 (27.1); exposed culmen, 6-7 (6.4); tarsus, 11.5-12 (11.8); middle toe, 10-11 (10.8).4 Adult female.—Similar to the male, but more or less duller in color, with white of auricular region (sometimes that on sides of breast— more rarely that on center of chest) mottled with grayish brown; length (skins), 130-140 (135); wing, 105-109 (107.5); tail, 59-61 (59.5), @Seven specimens, 100 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. forked for 19-22 (20.5); exposed culmen, 6.5-7 (6.7); tarsus, 11-12 (11.5); middle toe, 10-11 (10.5).“ Young.—Brown above with a strong tuster of oily green, a little more pronounced on the back and wing-coverts; head and upper tail- coverts more sooty brown, as also the upper margin of the ear-coverts; cheeks, ear-coverts, and under surface of body white, with a patch of sooty brown on the sides of the upper breast.” Bahamas (Great Bahama, Abaco, Berry Islands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, Cay Sal, and Anguilla islands); accidental in southern Florida (Garden Key, Dry Tortugas, April 7, 1890; Tarpon Springs, September 3, 1890). Hirundo cyaneoviridis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, 1859, 111 (Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas; type in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 303.—Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 307 (crit.).—Cory, Birds Bahama Islands, 1880, 79. [Hirundo] cyaneoviridis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 72, no. 850.—Cory, List Birds W. L., 1885, 10. Callichelidon cyaneoviridis Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 297, in text.— Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 59; viii, 1891, 294 (New Providence), 295 (Berry Islands), 350 (Great Bahama; Abaco), 352 (Anguilla; Cay Sal); Birds W.I., 1889, 73; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 115, 127 (Great Bahama, Abaco, New Providence, Andros, Cay Sal, and Anguilla islands, Bahamas).—AMERI- can OrnitHoLocists’ Unton Commirrer, Auk, viii, 1891, 87; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 615.1.—Ripeway, Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco I.).—BrewstTEr, Auk, xiv, 1897, 221 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, 1 spec., Sept. 3, 1890).—Banas, Auk, xvii, 1900, 288 (New Providence and Eleuthera islands). [Callichelidon] cyaneoviridis Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 303. C[allichelidon] cyaneoviridis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 338, footnote.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 462. Calichelidon cyaneoviridis Scott, Auk, vii, July, 1890, 265 (Garden Key, Dry Tortugas, Florida, 1 spec., Apr. 7, 1890), 312 (Dry Tortugas).—Norrnxop, Auk, viii, 1891, 70 (New Providence and Andros islands; habits). Hirundo ( Callichelidon) cyaneoviridis Barrp, BREwER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 327, footnote. Tachycineta cyaneoviridis Saarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 121, 631.—SHarPE and Wyart, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 185, 193, pl. 26. Genus LAMPROCHELIDON, new genus. Kalochelidon (not Callichelidon Baird, 1865) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, Dec. 2, 1866, 95. (Type, Hirundo euchrysea, var. dominicensis Bryant, = HI. sclateri Cory.) Lamprochelidon ¢ Ripaway. (Type, Hirundo euchrysea Gosse.) Small Hirundinide (wing not more than 116 mm.) with nostrils almost concealed by superincumbent feathering of frontal antiz, the tail less than half as long as wing and forked for less than one-fourth its length, the upper parts and under wing-coverts burnished metallic golden or bronzy green, the under parts white. «Four specimens. bSharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 121. ¢From Aaprpds, shining; xeArd@r, a swallow. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 101 Bill very small (length of exposed culmen not more than half the distance from nostril to eye), much depressed, its width at frontal antize somewhat less than length of exposed culmen, and about twice its depth at same point; exposed culmen slightly curved from the base, more decidedly so terminally, the tip of the maxilla minutely but distinctly uncinate; maxillary tomium nearly straight, the sub- terminal notch distinct. Nostril longitudinally ovate, almost concealed by superincumbent feathering of frontal anti, no overhanging operculum being visible. Rictal bristles few and short, almost obso- lete. Tail less than half as long as wing, forked for less than one- fourth its length, the lateral rectrices contracted in width only near tip, the latter obtusely rounded. Tarsus longer than middle toe without claw, entirely naked except for a very small portion of the upper end in front; basal phalanx of middle toe united to that of outer toe for most of its length, to the inner by about half its length; claws of lateral toes reaching nearly to base of middle claw. Coloration. —Adults with upper parts burnished or highly glossy green or golden, the under wing-coverts and axillars similar but darker; under parts white. Nidificetion.—(Unknown.) Fange.—Islands of Haiti and Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (Two species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LAMPROCHELIDON. a. Upper tail-coverts golden green; back and scapulars greenish bronze, golden or coppery; wing-coverts and tertials margined with golden green or golden bronze; smaller, with tail less deeply forked (adult male with wing 110, tail 55, forked for11). (Island of Jamaica.) ............-.. Lamprochelidon euchrysea (p. 101) aa. Upper tail-coverts bluish green; back and scapulars golden green to bluish green; wing-coverts and tertials margined with bluish green; larger, with tail more deeply forked (adult male with wing 116, tail 58, forked for 15). (Island of Haiti) wemecseseSacsc.: aenecsceusaceaks = aes Lamprochelidon sclateri (p. 102) LAMPROCHELIDON EUCHRYSEA (Gosse). GOSSE’S SWALLOW, Adult male.—Above, including sides of head down to and including chin and malar region, highly glossed or burnished metallic bronzy green, the back and scapulars more golden bronze, changing to cop- pery bronze in certain lights; greater and primary wing-coverts, alula, remiges, and rectrices dusky greenish bronze or bronze-dusky, the first, together with the tertials, conspicuously edged with golden (varying to coppery) bronze; under parts pure white, the outer portion of sides and flanks streaked or longitudinally clouded with dusky bronze; axil- larg and under wing-coverts dusky, broadly margined with greenish bronze or bronze green; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dark brownish; length (skin), 115; wing, 110; tail, 55, forked for 11; exposed culmen, 4; tarsus, 9.5; middle toe, 8.¢ @ One specimen. 102 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female. —Similar to the adult male, but chest (sometimes throat also) spotted or mottled with grayish brown, the. under tail-coverts sometimes with a few spots of the same; length (skins), 115-120 (117.5); wing, 102-109 (104.3); tail, 50-52 (51), forked for 9.5-12 (10.5); exposed culmen, 5; tarsus, 9.5-10 (9.7); middle toe, 8.5-9 (8.8).4 Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. Hirundo euchrysea Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 68; Ilustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl. 12.—Gray, Cat. Fissirostr. Birds Brit. Mus., 1848, 26.—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1863, 295.—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 304 (Trelawney and Spanishtown, Jamaica).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 115, 130.— SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 170, 632.—SHarrr and Wyarr, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 407, 426, pl. 76. [Hirundo] euchrysea ScuateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 14.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10. [Herse] cuchrysea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 34. Petrochelidon euchrysea Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 72; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 389.—Axsrecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 194. [Callichelidon] euchrysea Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 303. ad C[allichelidon] euchrysea Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 107. Tachycineta euchrysea Cory, Auk, iii, Jan., 1886, 58; Birds W. I., 1889, 72.— Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 181. [Hirundo] euchrisea Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 72, no. 849, part (excl: syn. ‘‘var. dominicensis, Bryant’’ ). LAMPROCHELIDON SCLATERI (Cory). SCLATER’S SWALLOW. Similar to Z. euchrysea, but wings and tail longer, the latter much more deeply forked, and bill much smaller; adults with upper parts much less golden in color, with forehead and upper tail-coverts bluish green and the remiges and rectrices bluish black instead of dark bronzy. Adult mate.—Forehead, crown, sides of head (down to and including malar region), upper tail-coverts and lesser wing-coverts highly glossed or burnished metallic bluish green; occiput, hindneck, back, and scapulars very bright metallic bronze green, gradually changing into the more bluish green of forehead and upper tail-coverts; middle and greater wing-coverts and innermost secondaries black or bluish black, broadly margined with metallic green or bluish green (more bronzy in some lights, but not golden or coppery as in L. euchrysea); alula, pri- mary coverts, primaries, outermost secondaries, and rectrices slightly glossy blue-black, the rectrices with outer webs more greenish basally; axillars and under wing-coverts dusky, broadly margined with green and bronze (the latter more evident on axillars); under parts pure white; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dark brownish (in dried skins); length (skin), 122; wing, 116; tail, 58, forked for 15; exposed culmen, 4.7; tarsus, 10; middle toe, 8.° «Three specimens. > One specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 108 Adult female.“—Similar to the adult male, but slightly smaller, with tail less deeply forked; colors slightly duller, the green above more bluish, that of the back less golden; sides and center of breast with a few small spots or flecks of grayish brown; length (skin), 122; wing, 108; tail, 50, forked for 11; exposed culmen, 4.5; tarsus, 9.5; middle toe, 8.? Young male.—Similar to the adult female, as described above, but plumage much softer; pileum, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish, much less strongly glossed with bluish green (on the first only narrow tips to the feathers glossy); breast more extensively clouded with grayish brown, the entire chest and upper breast sometimes thus marked; sides of head soft (not glossy) grayish dusky. Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. Hirundo euchrysea (var. dominicensis ?) (not Hirundo tants Gmelin) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, Dec. 2, 1866, 95 (Port au Prince, Haiti; type in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Hirundo sclateri Cory, Auk, i, Jan., 1884, 2 (Santo Domingo; coll. C. B. Cory); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 45, colored plate; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 115, 181.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 171.—SHarrr and Wyatt, Mon. Hirund., 1894, 409, 426, pl. 77. [Hirundo] sclateri Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10. Tachycineta sclatert Cory, Auk, iii, Jan., 1886, 58; Birds W. I., 1889, 72. Family AMPELIDZ. THE WAXWINGS, Ten-primaried acutiplantar Oscines with the tenth primary minute (less than half as long as primary coverts); the tail much shorter than the wing, nearly even or slightly rounded; wing rather long and pointed (longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much more than one-third the length of wing, the ninth longer than seventh); loral feathers dense, soft, velvet-like, filling greater part of the nasal fosse and almost concealing the nostrils; rictal bristles obsolete; head with a long crest of soft, blended feathers, the plumage in general soft and blended; young in first plumage streaked beneath. Bill small, rather swollen, slightly hooked and notched at tip; gape broad (its width nearly equal to exposed culmen); gonys less than half as long as mandibular rami, decidedly convex; mandibular rami very narrow. Nostrils nearly concealed by dense, velvety feathering of frontal antize, which extend anteriorly beyond the nostril and com- pletely fill the upper portion of the nasal fosse. ictal bristles obso- lete. Wing long and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding sec- ondaries by much more than length of tarsus (by nearly as much as @ According to Mr. Cory the sexes are alike; the female described above may, therefore, be a bird of the preceding year. > One specimen. 104 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. length of tarsus and middle toe together); outermost (tenth) primary rudimentary (less than half as long as primary coverts); ninth primary longest, or at least longer than seventh. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing, even or .very slightly rounded, its coverts unusually long, especially the lower, which reach nearly to end of tail. Tarsus short (shorter than middle toe without claw, less than one-fifth as long as wing), its scutella distinct; lateral toes much shorter than middle toe, the outer rather longer than inner and united to middle toe by about half its basal phalanx. Plumage soft and blended; head with a conspicuous crest of broad, soft, blended feathers; young with under parts streaked. The Waxwings are a small group of oscinine birds peculiar to the Northern Hemisphere, and embrace only three known species belong- ing to a single genus; one of them peculiar to North America, another to Japan and neighboring parts of eastern Asia, the third circumpolar in its range. They have rather long wings, with ten primaries (though the tenth is rudimentary), short, distinctly scutellate tarsi, short, rather broad, and slightly hooked bill, rather short, slightly rounded tail, and the head ornamented by a long, silky crest. They are beautiful birds of most soft, delicately blended colors, two of the three species being further ornamented by horny, drop-shaped tips to the secondaries, resembling red sealing wax. They are arboreal birds of weak voice, apparently songless, and feed ' on berries, fruits, and insects. Genus AMPELIS Linnezus. Ampelis Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 297. (Type, by elimination, A. garrulus Linnzeus. ) Bombycivora Temmincx, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gal, ii, 1813, 249, footnote; Man. d’Orn., i, 1815, 77. (Type, Ampelis garrulus Linnseus. ) Bombiciphora Mryer, Vog. Liv-u. Esth]., 1815, 104. (Type, B. poliocoelia Mzyenr, =Ampelis garrulus Linnzeus. ) Bombyciphora (emendation) Mryer, Vég. Liv- und Esthlands, 1815, 104; Ann. Wetteran: Gesellsch. fir Naturk., iv, heft i, 1819, 90. Bombycilla Virtiot, Analyse, 1816, 37. (Type, Ampelis garrulus Linneeus. ) The structural characters of the genus Ampedlis are the same as those of the family Ampelide, as given on page —. In addition to the characters there enumerated the following may be mentioned here: Crown with a lengthened, pointed crest, of soft, blended feathers; plumage very soft, the feathers of head, neck, and body perfectly blended, the prevailing color a soft fawn-color of vinaceous grayish brown, changing to ashy on rump and upper tail-coverts; prevailing color of wings and tail slaty, the latter sharply tipped with yellow or BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 105 red, preceded by blackish; frontal anti, lores, streak through eye (running beneath crest, on occiput), and chin (sometimes throat also) velvety black; anterior portion of malar region white. Young much duller than adult, the lower parts streaked with brownish or dull grayish on a whitish ground. Nidification.—Nest in trees, bulky, constructed of small twigs, root- lets, etc., mixed and lined with feathers and other soft materials. Eggs 3-5, pale dull bluish or pale purplish gray, spotted and dotted with dark brown, black, and purplish. Lange.—Temperate and subartic portions of Northern Hemisphere. (Three species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AMPELIS. a. Terminal band of tail yellow; greater wing-coverts entirely drab. b. Larger (wing 110-121); forehead and under tail-coverts cinnamon-rufous; pri- mary coverts, outer webs of secondaries and outer webs of primaries tipped with white (the latter sometimes with yellow); throat black. (Circumpolar; south to northern United States in winter. )..Ampelis garrulus, adults (p. 105) bb. Smaller (wing 90-99); forehead wood-brown, margined anteriorly by a whitish line; under tail-coverts white; no white nor yellow on primary coverts nor remiges; throat brown. (North America and southward to Costa Rica. ) Ampelis cedrorum, adults (p. 109) aa. Terminal band of tail rose red; greater wing-coverts partly brownish red. (North- eastern Asia.)_.....-..----.----.----- Ampelis japonica, adults (extralimital)¢ AMPELIS GARRULUS Linnezus. BOHEMIAN WAXWING, Adults (sexes alike).—{a) Perfect plumage: General color soft drab, becoming gradually more vinaceous or cinnamomeous anteriorly, more grayish (pale grayish drab or drab-gray) on abdomen, sides, and flanks, the rump and upper tail-coverts nearly pure gray (no. 6); forehead, superciliary region, middle portion of malar region, and under tail- coverts cinnamon-rufous; frontal antiz, lores, postocular streak, chin, and upper throat velvety black; malar apex and narrow streak imme- diately beneath posterior half (or more) of lower eyelid white; lower abdomen and anal region pale yellowish or yellowish white; second- aries slate-gray, darker on inner webs (except of tertials), their outer @ Bombycivora japonica Siebold, Hist. Nat. Jap., 1824, 13 (Tokyo, Japan); in Féruss. Bull. Sci. Nat., iv, 1825, 87.—A[mpelis] japonica Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 278.— Ampelis japonicus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 217.—Bombycilla phenicop- terum Temminck, Pl. Col., ii, 1828, pl. 450.—[Ampelis] phaenicoptera Bonaparte, Consp. Ayv., i, 1850, 336. This very beautiful species is much more closely related to A. garrulus than to A. cedrorum. It is smaller than A. garrulus, but like that species has the forehead, part of the malar region, and the under tail-coverts cinnamon- rufous, and the throat black. 106 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. webs (except two innermost tertials) broadly tipped with white and the shaft of each prolonged into an expanded tear-shaped or linear flattened glossy appendage, resembling red sealing wax; primary coverts and primaries blackish slate or slate-black, narrowly edged with slate-gray, the first broadly tipped on both webs with white; primaries with terminal portion of outer web, for 5 mm. (more or less), yellow, or yellow and white, the inner web sometimes with a narrow terminal margin of yellow or white; tail slate-gray, becoming darker (slate-black or blackish slate) toward end, broadly tipped with chrome yellow; bill black terminally, bluish gray basally; iris brown; legs and feet black. (6) Jmperfect* plumage: Similar to the perfect plumage, as described above, but markings on terminal portion of outer webs of primaries entirely white, red wax-like appendages to secondaries absent, and terminal band of tail much paler yellow (straw yellow or pale naples yellow) and often much narrower. Young female, first plumage.-—Wings and tail as in the perfect (more brightly colored) adult plumage, but red appendages to second- aries smaller; upper parts otherwise much as in adults, but more olive- grayish, the middle of back faintly streaked with paler; pileum entirely olive-gray, the feathers of the forehead white basally; black of frontal antie and lores duller and less sharply defined than in adults; malar region entirely dull white; chin and throat dull white, the former margined along each side by a dusky streak; chest, breast, sides, and flanks deep olive-gray, indistinctly streaked with whitish; middle of abdomen and anal region dull white; under tail-coverts vinaceous-cinnamon. Adult male.—Length (skins), 170-190 (176.9); wing, 110-119 (114); tail, 59-70 (63.6); exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11.6); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.5); middle toe, 16-19 (17).¢ @J am at a loss for a satisfactory name for this plumage or an explanation of its true meaning. It is obviously quite independent of sex; and that it has nothing to do with the age of the specimen, or at least is not evidence of immature age, is almost equally certain. The only very young specimen of the present species that I have seen has the remiges and rectrices colored exactly as in the brightly colored plumage described above, except that the wax-like appendages to the secondaries are smaller. Asa rule, young birds of A. cedrorum, in the streaked plumage of the first summer, lack the red appendages to the secondaries, but sometimes they are present, and the tail-band is usually quite as bright yellow as in adults; therefore it would seem that these two styles of plumage occur both among fully adult and very young birds. >No. 165808; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection), Yukon River, Northwest Territory, July 29, 1899; W. H. Osgood. ¢ Nineteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 107 Adult female.—Length (skins), 168-185 (174); wing, 110-121 (114.1); tail, 59-70 (63.2); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11); tarsus, 19-21. (20.8); middle toe, 15-19 (17). Circumpolar. Northern parts of Northern Hemisphere, breeding in coniferous forests of the Boreal Life Zone; southward in winter, in North America (irregularly), to Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Colorado, northern California, etc., casually to Arizona (Fort Mojave); breeding from Keewatin (Fort Churchill) and Athabasca (Theitaga Lake) to Alaska. [Lanius] garrulus Linnamus, Syst. Nat., ed.10, i, 1758, 95.—Scopot, Bemerk., ed. ; Giinther, 1770, 18. [Ampelis] garrulus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 297.—Gmetrn, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 888.—LarHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 363.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 115. ‘A[mpelis] garrulus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 278; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 80.— Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 103 (n. e. Illinois; irregular winter visitor).—Covgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 326:—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 464. [Ampelis] garrulus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 336.—Gray, Hand-list i, 1869, 365, no. 5565. Ampelis garrulus SCHLEGEL, Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 121.—Sunprvatu, Svensk. Fogl., 1858, pl. 18, fig. 4.—Bartrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 317, 923; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 232.—NeEwron, Ibis, 1861, 92-106, pl. 4 (nest and eggs; descr. nesting, etc.); ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1874, 523.—Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ii, 1861, 122 (Fort Mojave, 1 spec., Jan. 10, California); Orn. Cal., 1870, 127.—Auuen, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 66 (Springfield, Massachusetts; accidental).—McIzwrairs, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 87 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Lawrencz, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1866, « Eighteen specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average, respectively, in measurements as follows: Ex- 2 Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus. saci : culmen. MALES. Two adult males from Illinois and Minnesota ........-..- 110.5 63 11 20.2 17 Ten adult males from northwestern United States ........ 114.5 65.5 12 20.8 17.2 Six adult males from northeastern Asia.................4+ 114.4 61 11.3 20.1 16.7 Two adult males from Norway .......-..------2-.--ee seen 114 62 10.5 20 16 : A FEMALES. Four adult females from Nebraska and Minnesota........ 114 62.4 it 20.2 17.2 Ten adult females from northwestern United States...... 114.6 64.6 11.1 20.9 17.2 Three adult females from northeastern Asia ..........---- 1138.3 60.6 10.5 20 16.6 One adult female from Germany...-..........---------+-- 112 59 11.5 20 16 I am not able to detect any constant difference in coloration between specimens from North America and those from Europe and northeastern Asia, though the former appear to have the color of the flanks appreciably darker, at least as a rule. A considerably larger series, especially of Paleearctic specimens, would be necessary for satisfactory comparison. 108 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 285 (near New York City; accidental).—Dr@Lanp and Grrr, Orn. Eur., 1, 1867, 577.—GouLp, Birds Gt. Brit., ii, 1869, pl. 21.—DaLz and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 289 (breeding on Yukon R., Alaska).— Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 23.—Ar1xern, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 198 (Colorado).—Wueaton, Rep. Ohio Agric. Soc. for 1874 (1875), 565 (n. Ohio).—Covxs, Check List, 1873, no. 118; 2d ed., 1882, no. 166; Birds N. W., 1874, 91; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 459.—Dresszr, Birds Europe, iii, 1873, 429, pl. 155.—Brnpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 115 (Camp Har- ney, e. Oregon, in winter; remarks on plumage).—Harcu, Bull. Minn. Acad., 1874, 57 (Minnesota, Nov.-Feb.).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 396, pl. 18, fig. 1.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 5(Fort Riley, Hammond, and Ottawa, Kansas).—Davip and OvsTa.er, — Ois. Chine, 1877, 130.—Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., iv, 1877, 32 .(Connecticut; casual in winter).—Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 46 (near West Point, New York, Jan.).—Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 118 (Villa Ridge, Pulaski Co., s. Illinois, 1 spec., Dec. 18, 1879); Nom. N. Am. Birds 1881, no. 150; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 199.—SrEvenson, Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc., iii, 1882, 326-344 (important essay on variations of plumage in a series of 144 specimens).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 89 (San Juan Co., Colorado, Nov.).—Buaxkiston and Pryrer, Birds Japan, 1882, 149.—GieLio11, Icon. Avif. Ital., 1882, pl. 78.—Brrtisa OrnitHoLocists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 39.—SrEsonm, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1884, 3, pl. 11 (eggs).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 212.— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 618.—STEsNEGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1887, 143 (Bering I., rare).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 231 (Mississippi Valley localities and dates).—EverRMann, Auk, vi, 1889, 26 (Carroll Co., Indiana, once in winter).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 510 (rare winter visitant).—MacrarLang, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv., 1891, 443 (Fort Anderson).—Neruriine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 322.—ButLeEr, Proc. Indiana Ac. Sci., 1896, 245 (near Indianapolis, in spring, ‘“‘about 40 years ago’); Auk, xiv, 1897, 199 (do.; 19 specs.); Birds Indiana, 1897, 1000 (n. Indiana; irregular winter visitant).—Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 179 (Okanogan Co., e. Washington, winter).—McGrecor, Condor, i, 1900, 34 (Quincy, Plumas Co., California, 6 specs., Feb., 1892).— Perrior, Auk, xvii, 1900, 68 (Syracuse, New York, about 50, Feb. 10, 1899).—Bisaor, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 88 (Six Mile R., Lake Marsh, Fifty Mile R., Miles Canyon, etc., Alaska, July, Aug.; habits; notes).— Presre, N. Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 124 (Fort Churchill, Keewatin, July 25; Theitaga Lake, Athabasca, breeding).—Bariry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 388. Turdus garrulus SCHAEFFER, Mus. Orn., 1789, 20. Ampelis garrula Sctatrr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 46 (Racine, Wisconsin).— SwinHok, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 298 (China); 1871, 374 (n. China); Ibis, 1873, 362 (Shanghai, China); 1874, 158 (Hakodate, Japan).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 405. Bombyciwora garrula Temmincx, Man. d’Orn., i, 1815, 124; iii, 1835, 71.— Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., ii, 1822, 143.—Wesrner, Atlas, Insectivores, 1827, pl. 13.—Goutp, Birds Europe, iii, 1837, pl. 160. Bombycilla garrula Virtttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xvi, 1817, 523, pl. 10, fig. 3.—Naumann, Voég. Deutschl., ii, 1822, pl. 59.—Bonaparts, Am. Orn., ili, 1828, 7, pl. 16, fig. 2; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 9.—Lusson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 367.—Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 237.—Nourraut, Man. Orn.U. 8. and Can., ii, 1834, 579.—Aupuspon, Orn. Biog., v, 1838, 402, pl. 363 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Long Island; Massachu- BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 109 setts, etc.); Synopsis, 1839, 165; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 165, pl. 245.— Macaitiivray, Man. Brit. Orn., i, 1840, 183.—Krysertine and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, 167.—Yarret1, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1843, 356.—MrppEn- porFr, Sibir. Reis., 1851, 156.—Hoy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1853, 381 (Racine, Wisconsin).—Wo tury, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 55, pl. 122 (nest and eggs; Lapiand).—Maxmiuian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 189 (upper Missouri R.).—Hinrz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 229 (migrations).— Homeyver, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 124 (e. Siberia).—Fritscu, Voég. Eur., 1870, pl. 27, figs. 4, 5.—Taczanowsk1, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 442 (Siberia); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 459 (Corea, Feb.). Bombycilla garrulus Kaup, Thierr., ii, pt. i, 1836, 173.—Norpmann, Journ. fir Orn., 1858, 307 (Lapland; breeding habits) . B[ombyeilla] garrula Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 55 (Germany). Parus bombycilla Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 548 (based on Lanius garrulus Linneeus) . Bombyciphora poliocoelia Mryer, Vog. Liv.-u. Esthl., 1815, 104 (Europe); Ann. Wetter. Gesellsch; iv, heft i, 1819, 90, in text. Bombycilla bohemica Lacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., ete., Brit. Mus., 1816, 18 (nomen nudum; ex Garrulus bohemicus Gesner, De Avibus, ed. 1617, 636, etc. ).— Forster, Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, 6.—Srepuens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 421, pl. 34.—Brenm, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 219. Bombycilla brachyrhynchus Breum, Naumannia, 1855, 275. Bombycilla cxrulea (typographical error) Dusors, Rey. et. Mag. de. Zool., xii, 1860, pl. 2. Ampelis lientericus Meyer, Ann. Wetter. Gesellsch. fiir Naturk., i, heft i, 1809, 270 (proposed for A. garrulus). AMPELIS CEDRORUM (Vieillot). CEDAR WAXWING. Adults (sexes alike).—(a) Perfect plumage: Frontal antie (con- nected narrowly across base of forehead), lores, and wedge-shaped postocular patch (connected with loral area above eye) velvety black; chin dull black; rest of head, together with neck and chest, soft pink- ish wood brown or brownish fawn color, darker on throat, where shading into the black or dusky of chin, slightly duller or grayer on hindneck; anterior portion of malar region and a narrow line (some- times obsolete) separating the brown of forehead from the black of lores and frontal antise white; back and scapulars similar in color to hindneck but slightly grayer (varying from broccoli brown to nearly hair brown), the wing-coverts still grayer; secondaries, primary coverts, and alula slate-gray, the first with terminal appendages (flat- tened and expanded prolongations of the shaft) of scarlet, resembling red sealing wax; primaries darker (slate color), edged with paler gray; rump, upper tail-coverts and basal portion of tail paler gray than secondaries, deepening toward end of tail into blackish slate or slate- black, the tail tipped with a sharply defined band of lemon or chrome yellow; vinaceous-brown color of chest passing posteriorly into a slightly paler and duller hue on breast and anterior portion of sides, and this-into light yellowish olive or dull olive-yellowish on flanks and posterior portion of sides; the abdomen similar but paler 110 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (sometimes nearly white); bill black, becoming bluish gray (some- times brownish in dried skins) on basal portion of mandible, at least in winter; iris brown; legs and feet black. (0) Jmperfect plumage: 4 Similar to the perfect plumage, as described above, but without red wax-like appendages to secondaries, and yellow band across tip of tail narrower and paler yellow. Young (first plumage).—Wings and tail as in the adult plumages described, the secondaries usually without the red appendages; rest of upper parts olive-drab (sometimes grayer, sometimes browner), the upper back usually indistinctly streaked with whitish, the rump and upper tail-coverts (especially the latter) more or less distinctly paler than back; black of frontal antize and lores duller and less sharply defined than in adults, not continued behind eye, where replaced by a whitish patch or streak; throat varying from brownish white to wood brown; chin sometimes dusky, this sometimes continued laterally along each side of upper throat; chest, breast, and sides varying from hair brown to almost wood brown or isabella color, more or less dis- tinctly streaked with dull whitish or buffy, the flanks whitish, yellow- ish, or buffy, broadly streaked with grayish brown; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white or buffy yellowish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 141-167 (155.1); wing, 91-98 (93.8); tail, 52.5-61 (56.2); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 16-17.5 (16.9); middle toe, 18-15.5 (14.2).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 140-157 (148); wing, 91-99 (92.6); tail, 51-60 (53.9); exposed culmen, 9-10.5 (9.5); tarsus, 16-18 (16.9); middle toe, 13-15 (14.3). ¢ @ See footnote under A. garrulus on page 106. The same observations apply equally to the present species. b Twenty specimens. ¢ Seventeen specimens. Western specimens compare with eastern in average measurements as follows: 3 Ex- Depth 7 Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed '| of bill | Tarsus. sit ne culmen.| at base. i MALES. Ten adult males from eastern United States ...... 94.6 58.3 958 |eewese see 16.7 14.1 Ten adult males from western United States...... 93.8 56.2 10; | eeeeeanees 16.9 14.2 FEMALES. Ten adult females from eastern United States ....| 94.3 56.9 9.9 sesiccicwen 16.8 14.1 Seven adult females from western United States..| 92.6 53.9 al ees 16.9 14.8 I am unable to detect any color differences between eastern and western speci- mens. In rare instances the primaries or even the retrices have more or less well- developed red terminal appendages, and occasional specimens have a small white mark at the tip of outer web of primaries. In midsummer specimens the coloration becomes much paler, through fading or abrasion of the plumage, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 111 Temperate North America in general; breeding from Virginia,¢ western North Carolina, Kentucky, Kansas, New Mexico and Arizona (in mountains), and Oregon,? northward to Prince Edward Island, southern shores of Hudson Bay (Moose Factory), Manitoba, Saskatche- wan (Grand Rapids, Chemawawin), and British Columbia; wintering in whole of United States (in wooded districts), and migrating south- ward to Bahamas, Cuba, Little Cayman, and Jamaica, in West Indies, and through Mexico and Central America to highlands of Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazi, 6,000 feet altitude); accidental in Bermudas and British Islands. [Lanius garrulus}] 3 Linnavs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 95 (based on The Chat- terer Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 46, pl. 46). [Ampelis garrulus] 6 Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 297.—Gme.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 838.—Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 363. [Ampelis garrulus] 2 Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 511. Bombycilla cedrorum Vix1uot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 88, pl. 57; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 766; Gal. Ois., i, 1834, 186, pl. 118.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 367.— GunbDLacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 3 (Cuba); 1859, 350 (do.); 1861, 328 (do.). B[ombycilla] cedrorum Cazants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 55. A[mpelis] cedrorum Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 278.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 327.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 465. Ampelis cedrorum ScuiateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 299 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico); 1858, 302 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 46.—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 318; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 11 (Tamaulipas; Nuevo Leon); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 233; Review Am. Birds, 1866, 407.—Sciater and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).—CoopER and Suckxey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 187 (Washington and Oregon) .—Tay or, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Siquatepeque, Honduras).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1863, 294 (Jamaica).—Buaxisron, Ibis, 1863, 65 (Sas- katchewan).—Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 81.—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolw., iv, 1864, 116 (British Columbia).—GunpLacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 240; Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 430 (Cuba).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver I.).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (Vera Cruz winter).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 129.—Covzs, Check List, 1873, no. 119; 2d ed., 1882, no. 167; Birds N. W., 1874, 93, 233; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 470.— Aken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 198 (Colorado).—ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 54 (Yellowstone R.).—HeEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec., Wheeler’s Survey, 1874, 43 (Utah), 106 (Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 229 (s. of Camp Apache, Arizona).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 401, pl. 18, fig. 2.—Nzrwron, ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1874, 53, footnote—Lawrencs, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Tehuantepec).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 446 (upper Humboldt Valley, Nevada, Sept.); Nom..N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 151; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 200.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 64 (descr. young) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 171 (San José del Rancho, Comondu, and Vallederes, Lower California, Dec., Apr., May 1).—Merarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 70 (crit. remarks on «W. E. D. Scott (Auk, ix, 1892, 213) records it as breeding on the Caloosahatchee River, southwestern Florida, but this is doubtless an error. + Not known to breed within the limits of California, according to Grinnell (Pacitic Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 61). 112 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. plumage with special reference to alleged sexual differences ).—Scort, (W. E. D.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 93 (Fairplay, Colorado, breed- ing); Auk, v, 1888, 31 (Tucson, Arizona, May, June); ix, 1892, 218 (Caloo-” sahatchee R., Florida, breeding).—Loomis, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879 213 (Chester Co., South Carolina, winter and up to May 9).—Mxrriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 229 (Adirondacks, n. e. New York, breed- ing).—Brtpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v. 1883, 537 (La Paz, Lower Cali- fornia, winter).—Britis OrnrrHoxoaists’ Unton, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 40.— Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 215.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 192; vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman); viii, 1895, 294 (New Providence, Bahamas), 295 (Berry Islands, Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 79; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 115 (Berry Islands and New Providence, Bahamas; Cuba; Ja- maica).—Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 239 (Moose Factory, Aug, 26).—Frrrart-Perxz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Rancho de Po- sado, Puebla, Mexico).—AMERIcAN OrniTHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 619.—Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., ii, 1887, 305 (Guada- lupe I., 1 spec., Jan.).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 612 (Manitoba, summer resid.; habits).—Cuerri, Auk, vili, 1891, 395 (Volean de Irazi, Costa Rica, 6,000 ft. alt., Apr. 11).—AnrHony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 243 (Valladeres, Lower California, May 4).—Nernruine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 323, pl. 5, fig. 1.—Dwient, Auk, x, 1893, 12 (Prince Edward L., breeding).—Merrixt, Auk, xv, 1898, 17 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding).— GRINNELL, Pub. no. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 42 (Los Angeles Co., Cali- fornia, winter).—Kosst, Auk, xvii, 1900, 356 (Cape Disappointment, Wash- ington, breeding).—Gxinnew, Condor, iii, 1901, 146, 147 (status in Califor- nia).—Ratupun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 1388 (Seattle, Washington, resi- dent).—Bar.ey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 388, fig. 480. [Ampelis] cedrorum Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 365, no. 5566.—Covuns, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 116.—Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13. Bombyciphora cedrorum Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 220. Ampelis americana Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 107, pl. 7, fig. 1—Bonaparrs, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., iv, 1824, 37. Bombycilla americana LicHTENSTEIN, Preis.-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 1; Journ. fir Orn., 1863, 56.—Swarnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 239.— Jarpine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 83 (Bermudas, Oct.—Dec.).—Hartuaus, Nau- mannia, ii, 1852, 52 (Cuba; ‘‘Guayaquil’’).—Jonzs, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 29 (Bermudas). Bombyciphora xanthocoelia MryEr, Vog. Liv-und Esthlands, 1815, 105, in text (North America); Ann. Wetterau. Gesellsch. fiir Naturk., iv, heft i, 1819,. 90, in text. Ampelis pinetorum Muryzr, Vog. Liv-und Esthlands, 1815, 105, in text (erroneous citation of A. cedrorum Vieillot). Bombycilla carolinensis Stprnens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 422 (ex Brisson, Orn., ii, 337).—Bonaparre, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., iv, 1824, 37; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 59; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 9.—AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 227, pl. 43; Synopsis, 1839, 165; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 169, pl. 246.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 248.—THompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 74.—Newton, Zoologist, ix, 1851, 3277 (Cam- bridgeshire, England, accidental).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 118 (Nova Scotia). Ampelis carolinensis Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 197.—A.srecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 202 (Jamaica) . [Ampelis] carolinensis BonAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 336. (?) Bombycilla mariz CoinprE, Esp. Nouv. d’Oiseau jaseur Bombycilla, 1857;¢ Rev. Zool., 1860, 396, in text (Mexico). # An octavo pamphlet of 7 pages published in Grenoble, France, (Not seen.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 1138 Family PTILOGONATIDZ. THE SILKY FLYCATCHERS, Aboreal ten-primaried acutiplantar Oscines, with small, broad, and deeply cleft bill; short, usually distinctly scutellate, tarsi; rather short, rounded wings; long, fan-shaped tail, and silky blended plumage; the young with under parts neither streaked nor spotted. Bill short, broad, depressed, and deeply cleft, much as in Ampelide, but mandibular rami of normal width; width of gape much less than length of exposed culmen; gonys but slightly convex and at least half as long as mandibular rami. Nostril exposed, roundish or ovate, bor- dered above and behind (sometimes all round) by membrane, the nasal fosse almost wholly unfeathered. Rictal bristles well developed. Wing rather short, much rounded, the outermost (tenth) primary well developed, much longer than primary coverts, but not more (usually less) than half as long as ninth; ninth primary shorter than third, sometimes shorter than first. Tail longer than distance from bend of wing to tip of longest secondaries, usually equal to or longer than entire wing, rounded, emarginated, slightly forked, or graduated. Tarsus usually shorter than middle toe with claw (longer only in Phainoptila), with acrotarsium distinctly scutellate (except in adults of Phainoptila), the lower fourth or more of the planta tarsi also dis- tinctly scutellate (except in Phainoptila); outer toe slightly longer than the inner, its claw falling a little short of base of middle claw; hallux decidedly shorter than inner toe, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit, strongly curved; basal phalanx of middle toe united to that of outer toe for most of its length, to the inner for about half its length. Coloration.—Plain-colored, the plumage never with spots, bars, streaks, or other markings, even in young; never entirely unicolored; plumage soft, blended; pileum usually crested. Midification.—In Phainopepla® similar to that of Ampelis. Lange.—Southwestern United States to Costa Rica. (Three genera and four species. ) The genus Phaznoptila is doubtfully a member of this group, and so far as the adult is concerned might easily be referred to the Turdide without materially affecting the diagnosis of the latter family; but the young have the plumage absolutely plain-colored and the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate. The silky flycatchers are a small group of ten-primaried Oscines with short, broad bills, short scutellate tarsi, rather short, rounded wings, long, fan-shaped tail, and silky plumage of plain but often handsome colors. They are related to the Waxwings (family Ampelide), and @ Nothing is known as to nesting of the other genera. 10384—voL 38—03 8 114 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. have usually been placed with them; but they differ in their rounded wings, with well-developed tenth and shortened ninth primaries, their well-developed rictal bristles, and different character of the frontal feathers. Their habits, however, are said to be very similar. The family is peculiar to Central America and Mexico, one species extending into the southwestern United States. Only three genera, with four species, are known. KEY TO THE GENERA OF PTILOGONATIDA, a. Crested; tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, as well as lower fourth or more of the planta tarsi; outer toe slightly but decidedly longer than inner; wing little, if any, longer than tail (usually much shorter). b. Wing decidedly shorter than tail; three outermost primaries narrow and pointed; bill. broad, its width at base much more than length of gonys; nos- tril bordered by membrane only superiorly and posteriorly; feathers of crest broad and blended; plumage partly yellow, the rectrices with a large white patch.onuinner webivas so. cceeeccceee cts oetacae sees Ptilogonys (p. 114) bb. Wing and tail about equal in length; three outermost primaries of normal shape (their tip broad and rounded); bill narrow (width at base not more than length of gonys); nostril entirely surrounded by membrane; feathers of crest narrow and distinct; plumage without yellow, the rectrices without White sess: eee easodtoseecuet mee wececetcletsrahees Phainopepla (p. 120) aa. Not crested; tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, the acrotarsium ‘‘ booted” or else very indistinctly scutellate for upper half or more,¢ the planta tarsi undivided; outer toe not longer than inner; wing much longer than tail. Phainoptila (p. 123) ’ Genus PTILOGONYS Swainson. Ptilogonys Swainson, Cat. Bullock’s Mex. Mus., 1824, App., p. 4. (Type, P. cinereus Swainson. ) Ptiliogonys (emendation) Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, May, 1827, 268. Ptiliogonatus (emendation) Swarnson, Zool. Journ., iii, July, 1827, 164. ‘Sphenotelus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 412. (Type, Ptilogonys cau- datus Cabanis.) Ptilogonatide with tail much longer than wing, head with a bushy blended crest, plumage partly yellow, and inner webs of rectrices with a large patch of white. Bill broad, depressed, its width at posterior extremity of nostrils decidedly greater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, and decidedly greater than its depth at same point; culmen strongly decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla distinctly uncinate; maxillary tomium straight, with distinct subterminal notch; gonys shorter than unfeathered portion of mandibular rami, distinctly convex. Nostril rather large, roundish or oval, wholly exposed, bordered above and behind, sometimes in front also, by membrane. Rictal bristles well developed. Wing decidedly shorter than tail; ninth primary equal @ Except in young. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 115 to or longer than first but shorter than second, the seventh, sixth, and fifth longest; three outermost primaries rather narrow, pointed, their inner webs slightly emarginate. Tail much longer than wing, even or slightly emarginate (P. cinereus) or graduated (7. caudatus). Tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw, the acrotarsium and lower fourth or more of planta tarsi distinctly scutellate; outer toe slightly but decidedly longer than the inner, its claw reaching nearly to base of middle claw; basal phalanx of middle toe united to that of outer toe by most of its length, to that of inner toe by about half its length. Plumage soft, blended; pileum with a bushy crest of broad, blended feathers; tibial feathers well developed, forming a conspicuous tuft quite covering the tibio-tarsal joint. Coloration.—Mostly plain gray or brown, with under tail-coverts yellow, the flanks (sometimes neck and crest also) olive-green; remiges and rectrices black, the latter with a large white patch on inner web. Nidification.—(Unknown.)“ PRange.—Highlands of Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. (Two species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PTILOGONYS. a. Tail even or emarginate; crest wholly gray; orbital ring white. (Ptilogonys cinereus.) b. Back, breast, etc., bluish gray; flanks yellowish olive-green or golden olive. (Adult males. ) ce. Gray of back, breast, etc., lighter; flanks bright golden olive or deep wax yellow. (Southern portion of Mexican pleateau. ) Ptilogonys cinereus cinereus, adult male (p. 115) ce. Gray of back, breast, etc., darker; flanks (less extensively) olive-green. (Highlands of Guatemala. ) Ptilogonys cinereus molybdophanes, adult male (p. 117) bb. Back, breast, etc., grayish brown or brownish gray; flanks light wood brown or brownish buff. (Adult females. ) c. Paler....-.---------------Ptilogonys cinereus cinereus, adult female (p. 116) cc. Darker...---------- Ptilogonys cinereus molybdophanes, adult female (p. 118) aa. Tail graduated; occipital portion of crest yellowish olive-green; orbital ring yellow. b. Back, breast, etc., bluish gray; tail excessively graduated. (Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui:)....-.----------- Ptilogonys caudatus, adult male (p. 118) bb. Back, breast, etc., olive-greenish; tail moderately graduated. Ptilogonys caudatus, adult female (p. 119) PTILOGONYS CINEREUS CINEREUS Swainson. MEXICAN PTILOGONYS. Adult male.—Frontal anti, supraloral region, anterior portion of malar region, and chin dull white or brownish white; a dusky loral spot, this extending narrowly beneath lower eyelid; a narrow white a The eggs are said to resemble those of Anthus pratensis. (See Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 376.) 116 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. orbital ring; auricular region, occiput (beneath crest), and nape soft grayish brown (grayish sepia or purplish hair brown); rest of head, including crest, smoke gray; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain bluish slate-gray; remiges (except tertials), primary coverts, and alula black, narrowly edged with gray; tertials and rectrices glossy greenish or bluish black, the latter (except middle pair) with a large patch of white on inner web, about midway between base and tip, this largest (80-35 or more long) om outermost rectrix, gradually decreasing in extent toward middle rectrices; chest, whole breast, and anterior portion of sides plain bluish gray, lighter than color of back, fading gradually into paler gray on throat, this fading anteriorly into whitish of chin; abdomen and thighs white; flanks and posterior portion of sides bright golden olive or deep wax yellow; under tail-coverts rich lemon yellow; bill, legs, and feet black; iris red;“ length (skins), 189-218 (200.9); wing, 98-100 (95.6); tail, 91-110 (102.2); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.8); tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 12-15 (13.3).? Adult female.—Head plain smoke gray (the pileum decidedly darker than throat), passing into white on frontal antiw, malar apex, and chin; a white orbital ring; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and rump plain grayish brown (hair brown to broccoli brown or drab), upper tail-coverts gray; remiges and rectrices black, with a faint greenish gloss, edged with gray; inner webs of rectrices (except middle pair) with a white patch, as in adult male; chest pale grayish brown, deep- ening into a more decided brown hue on sides and flanks, the latter clear wood brown (paler and more buffy in worn plumage); abdomen and thighs white; under tail-coverts clear lemon yellow; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 181-201 (188.2); wing, 90-94 (91.7); tail, 90-96 (92.7); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17-19 (17.9); middle toe, 12-14 (13.2).° «Tris carmine”’ (according to Xantus, on label of specimen from Sierra Madre de Colima). > Eleven specimens. ¢Twelve specimens. Specimens from eastern and western portions of the Mexican plateau, respectively, compare in average measurements as follows. I am unable to detect any constant color difference. ity ; Ti osed | Middle Locality. Wing. | Tail. raat Tarsus. 168. MALES, Three adult males from Vera Cruz, Mexico, and Hidalgo.| 95.7 99 10 18 13.3 Eight adult males from Zacatecas, Jalisco, Durango, and COMME sicianivnisian 2 a0 caeiis sin ee Soe ue beac Oae ee esa 95.6] 108.4 9.8 18 13.6 VEMALES. Six adult females from Vera Cruz, Hidalgo, and Morelos..| | 91.3 93.1 10 17.8 13.6 Six adult females from Zacatecas, Durango, and Jalisco..| 91.8 92.1 10 18 18 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 117 Mountain districts of central and southern Mexico, in states of Durango (El Salto), Zacatecas (Valparaiso Mountains), Guanajuato, Hidalgo (Real del Monte; San Augustin), Mexico, Puebla (Teziutlan), Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Orizaba, Cordova), Oaxaca (La Parada, Totontepec), Colima (Sierra Madre), Jalisco (San Scbastian; Sierra Nevada), and Morelos (Tetela del Volcan). Ptilogonys cinereus ‘‘Swarnson, Catal. Bullock’s Mex. Mus., 1824, App. page 4” (table lands of Mexico).—Bonaparrr, Comp. Av., i, 1850, 335.—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 299 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 302 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 376 (Totontepec, Oaxaca, descr. eggs); 1864, 173 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, part (Mexico).— Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 319, footnote (Mexico); Review Am. Birds, 1866, 412, part (Sierra Madre de Colima; Orizaba and Cordova, Vera Cruz).—Ducus, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 141 (Guanajuato).—SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (alp. reg., Vera Cruz, 4,160-10,000 ft. and Valley of Orizaba).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 217, part (Mexican localities).—Suarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 222, part (Mexico).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 26 (Jalapa; habits). P{tilogonys] cinereus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 55 (Jalapa) . [Ptilogonys] cinereus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 366, no. 5568.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13, part (Mexico). Ptiliogonys cinereus Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., i, May, 1827, 368; Zool. Illustr., ser. 2, ii, no. 14, 1831, pl. 62; iii, no. 23, 1832, pl. 102 (Real del Monte).— Ferrari-Perrz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 139 (Teziutlan, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz). P[tiliogonys] cinereus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 464, footnote (descr. ). Ptiliogonatus cinereus Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, July, 1827, 164. Ptilogonis cinereus Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 273 (Sierra Madre, Colima). Hypothymis chrysorhoéa Temminck, Pl. Col., iii, 1828, pl. 452 (Mexico). Hypothymis mexicanus Licutenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2; Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 58 (reprint). PTILOGONYS CINEREUS MOLYBDOPHANES Ridgway. GUATEMALAN PTILOGONYS, Similar to P. c. cénerevs, but more richly colored, the adult male with flanks olive-green instead of golden olive or wax yellow, the area thus colored much more restricted. uldult male.—Head soft smoke gray, becoming dull white on fore- head, anterior portion of malar region, and chin, the auricular region, occiput (concealed by longer feathers of crest), and nape more brownish gray, but less distinctly brownish than in P. c. cinereus, a narrow white orbital ring; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-cov- erts uniform deep bluish gray (decidedly darker than in P. c. cinereus), the chest, breast, upper abdomen, and anterior portion of sides similar but slightly paler; throat pale gray, the upper portion sometimes white, like chin; lower abdomen and thighs white; flanks olive-green (much 118 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. darker and of much less extended area than in P. c. cinereus); under tail-coverts rich lemon yellow; remiges (except tertials), primary coverts, and alula black with gray edges; tertials and rectrices glossy bluish or greenish black, the latter (except middle pair’) with a large white patch on inner web, nearly midway between base and tip; bill, legs, and feet black; length (skins), 199-211 (204.8); wing, 92-97 (94.2); tail, 100-109 (104.4); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 18; middle toe, 12-14 (13.1).? Adult female.—Similar to the adult female of P. ¢ cinereus, but colors darker throughout (except the yellow of under tail-coverts), the grayish brown of back slightly more olivaceous and abruptly con- trasted with the gray of pileum and hindneck ;° length (skins), 188-198, (193.6); wing, 85-94 (92); tail, 88-100 (96.4); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 13.¢ Highlands of Guatemala (Coban ?; Duefias; Volean de Fuego; Volcan ° de Agua; Sumpango; ridge above Totonicapam; Barranca Honda; Quezaltenango). Ptilogonys cinereus (not of Swainson) ScLaTeR and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guate- mala); 1860, 31 (Coban and Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala).—Scuatrr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 47, part (Guatemala).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 412, part (Duefias, Guatemala).—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 147 (Guatemala).—Bovucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 31 (Guatemala, 1,000-2,000 meters alt.).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 217, part (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, Duefias, Sumpango, Barranca Hondo, and ridge above Totonicapam, Guatemala).—Suarpk, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 222, part (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala). [Ptilogonys] cinereus ScuaTER and Saryin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13, part (Guatemala). P{tiliogonys] cinereus molybdophanes Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 464, footnote (Guatemala; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Ptiliogonys cinereus molybdophanes Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 614. PTILOGONYS CAUDATUS Cabanis. COSTA RICAN PTILOGONYS,. Adult male.—Forehead and crown pale gray (no. 7 or between nos. 7 and 8), becoming paler anteriorly; narrow orbital ring yellow; rest of head and neck, including crest, deep olive-yellow or light yellowish olive-green, the throat paler and slightly tinged with gray; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wing-coverts uniform bluish slate-gray; the chest, breast, and upper abdomen similar but rather paler; sides and flanks yellowish olive-green; thighs and lower abdo- @ Frequently the next to middle pair also lack any white spot. + Seven specimens. ; ¢In the female of P. v. cinereus the brown of the back usually becomes gradually grayer anteriorly, so that it grades almost insensibly into the gray of head and neck. @ Five specimens. \ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 119 men primrose yellow or white tinged with yellow; under tail-coverts clear lemon yellow; remiges, primary coverts, alula, and tail black, faintly glossed with bluish or greenish, the secondaries, primaries, and primary coverts more or less distinctly edged with gray; inner webs of rectrices (except two middle pairs“) with a large patch of white on middle portion; bill, legs,"and feet black; length (skins), 237-244 (240.4); wing, 96-98 (96.6); tail, 127-139 (131.8); exposed culmen, 11; ‘tarsus, 20-21 (20.2); middle toe, 18-15 (14.2).? Adult female.—Forehead and crown olive-gray, the former becom- ing paler anteriorly; rest of head, together with neck, back, scapulars, rump, and wing-coverts plain yellowish olive-green; the chest, breast, sides, and flanks similar but slightly paler; the sides and flanks more yellowish olive-green; lower abdomen and thighs yellowish white; under tail-coverts canary yellow; upper tail coverts gray or olive-gray, tinged with yellowish olive; remiges, primary coverts, alula, and rec- trices black with grayish edges (more olive-greenish on secondaries); inner webs of three or four outer rectrices with a large space of white near middle portion; bill, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 200-210 (205); wing, 94; tail, 111; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 19-21 (20); middle toe, 13.¢ . Young.—Above plain light grayish brown (nearly broccoli brown), the upper tail-coverts darker brown; remiges, rectrices, etc. , as in adult female; under parts paler grayish brown anteriorly, gradually becom- ing paler and more yellowish posteriorly, the under tail-coverts pale yellow (primrose) with grayish base; bill and feet brownish. Highlands of Costa Rica (Volean de Irazti, Volcan de Cartago, San José, Rancho Redondo, Navarro, etc.), and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui). Ptilogonys caudatus Capants, Journ. fiir Orn., Noy., 1860 (pub. May, 1861), 402 (Irazi, Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 413 (San José and Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica).—ScLater and Savin, Exotic Orn., pt. i, 1866, 11, pl. 6 (2 figs.).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (San José; Volcan de Irazui).—Frawnrzivus, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 295 (Irazti).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 53 (oak forests Volean de Iraztii and Navarro).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 219.—Suarpn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 224 (Volcan de Trazti and Volcan de Cartago).—Zrtrpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Volcan de Irazi; La Palma de San José; Rancho Redondo de San José).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool, Club, iii, 1902, 58 (Volean de Chiriqui, alt. 10,000-11,000 ft.; habits). [Ptilogonys] caudatus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 366, no. 5569.—ScLaTER and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13. [Sphenotelus] caudatus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 412, in text. Pltiliogonys] caudatus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 464, footnote. @ Occasionally there is a small white spot on next to the middle pair. > Five specimens. ¢ Two specimens. 120 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus PHAINOPEPLA Sclater. Phainopepla® Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., xxvi, 1858 (pub. Jan.-May, 1859), 543. (Type, Ptilogonys nitens Swainson. ) Phenopepla (emendation) Couns, Ibis, April, 1865, 163, in text. Phaenopepla Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 415. Ptilogonatide with the tail about as long as wing, head with a pointed crest of narrow, individualized feathers, plumage without any __ yellow, and inner webs of rectrices without any white. Bill ‘narrow, compressed terminally (width at posterior end of nostrils decidedly less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, decidedly greater than its depth at same point); culmen gradually but decidedly decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla scarcely or at least not distinctly uncinate; maxillary tomium faintly concave medially, faintly convex subbasally, distinctly notched subterminally; gonys about equal to unfeathered portion of mandibular rami, slightly but distinctly convex. Nostril small, wholly exposed, broadly oval or roundish, pierced through the lower central portion of the nasal mem- brane, which borders it narrowly beneath, more broadly elsewhere. Rictal bristles distinct. Ninth primary equal to or longer than first, the eighth, seventh, sixth and fifth (usually seventh and sixth) longest; three ‘outermost primaries of normal form. Tail about as long as wing, slightly rounded, the rectrices broadening terminally, with tips subtruncate. Tarsus nearly as long as middle toe with claw, with acrotarsium and lower fourth or more of planta tarsi distinctly scutel- late; outer toe decidedly longer than inner, its claw not reaching to base of middle claw; basal phalanx of middle toe united to outer toe by most of its length, to that of inner toe by about half of its length. Plumage soft and blended, the head with a pointed crest of narrow, distinctly outlined, feathers; tibial feathers normal (rather short, not completely covering tibio-tarsal joint). ; Coloration.—Adult male entirely glossy blue-black, with inner webs of primaries extensively white; adult female and young plain brownish gray with whitish edgings to wing-feathers. Nidification.—Nest saucer-shaped, compact, composed of plant fibers, etc., placed on trees. Eggs 2-5, pale grayish or dull grayish white, speckled with neutral tint, dark brown, and blackish. Range.—Arid districts of southwestern United States and Mexico. (Monotypic.) PHAINOPEPLA NITENS (Swainson.). PHAINOPEPLA. Adult mate.—Uniform glossy greenish blue-black; larger wing- coverts, remiges, and rectrices less glossy black, edged with glossy dark a Daervos, nitidus, et wEmAds, vestis.”” >The name first published by Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxxiv. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 121 greenish blue or steel gray; inner webs of primaries except innermost (first) with middle portion extensively white, this sometimes obsolete on outermost (tenth) and second; bill, legs, and feet black; iris red (carmine); length (skins), 167-196 (184.4); wing, 90-99 (94.6); tail, 91- 105 (96.1); exposed culmen, 10-12 (10.8); tarsus, 16-19.5 (17.6); middle toe, 12-15 (13.8).« Adult female.—Plain olivaceous mouse gray, the longer feathers of crest black edged with gray; wings and tail dusky (the latter nearly black), faintly glossed with bronzy greenish; lesser wing-coverts mar- gined with gray; middle coverts broadly margined terminally with white, the greater coverts and tertials edged (more or less broadly) with the same, the primaries more narrowly edged with white or pale gray; rectrices edged with deeper gray, becoming white on outermost rectrices; under tail-coverts broadly margined with white; inner webs of primaries pale\brownish gray basally, but without any definite light-colored area; bill and feet brownish black or dusky brown; iris brown ?; length (skins), 168-190 (180); wing, 86-96 (90.5); tail, 83-96 (89.7); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 17-19 (18.2); middle toe, 12-15 (13.8). Young (both sexes).—Similar in coloration to the adult female but slightly browner gray; greater wing-coverts and secondaries edged with brownish white or pale buffy gray instead of pure white, the middle and greater coverts tipped with the same; under tail-coverts with pale margins much less distinct; longer feathers of crest entirely dusky or with indistinct pale edging; texture of plumage very differ- ent—much more lax. Immature males are variously intermediate in color between adults @Twenty-three specimens. b¥Fifteen specimens. Specimens from the southern portion of the Mexican plateau are the largest, those from California the smallest, average measurements according to locality being as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. naae culmen. ‘ MALES. ‘our adult males from Mexican plateau_........-....--..- 97.9 99.7 10.6 18.2 14.1 Four adult males from western Texas .....-..-.----+-0206+ 95.9 97.4 10.5 18.7 14 Seven adult males from Arizona......-..2.--..02.2..-+--5- 95 96.4 11 17 14 Eight adult males from California -..........-2........0006 92.1 93.3 11 17.1 13.3 FEMALES. \ Three adult females from Mexican plateau...........--..- 94. 92.6 iL 18 14 Six adult females from Arizona ........-...2--202-002--e0e+ 89.6 89.1, i 18 18 Six adult females from California...........2...-.2-22-2.0- 89.5 88.6 iL 18.3 13.3 No color difference, according to locality, is observable in the very extensive series examined. 122 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. \ and young. Younger females in adult dress have the abdomen suf- fused with whitish. Southwestern United States (arid division of Lower Sonoran Life Zone), north, regularly, to southwestern Texas, New Mexico, southern Utah (lower Santa Clara Valley), southern Nevada and southern Cali- fornia (San Bernardino, San Diego, Los Angeles, Ventura, Santa Bar- bara, San Joaquin, and Calaveras counties), casually or irregularly to west-central Nevada (Carson Desert), and to central and northern California (Santa Clara, San José, Yuba, Shasta, and Siskiyou coun- ties); southward throughout peninsula of Lower California and over Mexican plateau to States of Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Puebla (Rancho del Aguacate, Huehuetlan), and Vera Cruz (plateau district). Ptilogonys nitens Swarnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 285 (Mexico).—LaFREsNAYE, Rev. Zool., viii, 1845, 451, 452.—Bonaparts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 335.— Herrmann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., ii, 1853, 263 (s. California; habits); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859, 38 (Cosumnes R. and Colo- rado R., California).—Casstn, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., i, 1854, 169, pl. 29.—Hewry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1855, 308 (New Mexico).— Kenverzy, Pacific R. R. Rep., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 11, 12 (Bill Williams R., Arizona). P{tilogonys] nitens Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 281. [Ptilogonys] nitens Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 366, no. 5570. Cichlopsis nitens Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 320, 923. Phainopepla nitens Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxxiv.—ScLaTEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858 (pub. May-June, 1859), 543; 1864, 173 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 47 (n. Mexico).—Barrp, Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 11 (Fort Yuma; Gila R., etc.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 234; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1859, 303 (Cape St. Lucas); Ives’ Rep. Colorado R., 1861, pt. v, 5.—Kenneriy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, no. 3, 1859, 25 (Bill Williams Fork and Gila R., Arizona).—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Hernry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 480 (Eagle Pass, Texas).—Ducis, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 141 (Guanajuato).—Coopzr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 34, 185 (Cajon Pass, Cali- fornia); Orn, Cal., i, 1870, 131.—Y arrow, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 34 (s. Nevada).—Br.pine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 398 (Cala- veras Co., California, summer res.); v. 1883, 534 (La Paz, etc., Lower Cali- fornia).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 26.—Couxrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 168.—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 220.—Scorr (W. E. D.), Auk, ii, 1885, 242 (Pinal and Pima counties, Arizona; breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs); v, 1888, 31 (Gila and Pima counties, Arizona, up to 5,000 ft.).—Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 183 (Ventura Co., California; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 220.—Frrrari-Prrnz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 139 (Rancho del Aguacate and Huehuetlan, Puebla).—AmeERtIcan ORNITHOLO- aists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 620.—Townsenp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 222 (Baird, Shasta Co., California, 1 spec., June).—Fisuur (A. K.), N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 113 (lower Santa Clara Valley, Utah; localities in s. e. California).—Murriam (F. A.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 38 (nesting habits; song).—GRINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 48 (Los Angeles Co., California, summer res. ).—Bartow, Condor, ii, 1900, 183 (Berryessa, Santa BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 1238 Clara Co., California, 1 spec., Nov., 1899; San José, San José Co., 1 spec., Oct. 28, 1898).—Martirarp, Condor, iii, 1901, 125 (Paicines, San Benito Co., California, winter res. ).—Brewsrer, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 171 (San José del Rancho, La Paz, ete., Lower California, resident).—BamLny (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. §., 1902, 390, fig. 481. [Phainopepla] nitens Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13. P[hainopepla] nitens Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 328. P{hainopepla] nitens Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 465. Phexnopepla nitens Couxs, Ibis, April, 1865, 163, in text (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); 1868, 83 (Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 120; Birds N. W., 1874, 95 (song); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 475.—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 416 (Fort Crook, Fort Tejon, and Colorado Desert, California, etc.).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (plateau dists. Vera Cruz, down to 7,000 ft.).—Coopzr, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 17 (Cuyamaca Mts. California).—Barrp, Brewrr, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am, Birds, i, 1874, 405, 507, pl. 18, figs. 3, 4. Yarrow and Hrn- sHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv. for 1871 (1874), 34.—Hernsuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv. for 1873 (1874), 106 (Apache and Mount Turn- bull, Arizona); Zool. Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 229 (Nevada; Camps Apache, Bowie, Lowell, and Mount Turnbull, Arizona).—(?) Rrpaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 447 (Soda Lakes, Carson Desert, Nevada; 1 spec., June, 1868); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 65 (Calaveras Co., California, May). [Phenopepla] nitens Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 116. Lepturus galeatus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1849, 4. Myiadestes townsendi (error) Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvi, 1874, 109 (descr. nest and eggs). Genus PHAINOPTILA Salvin. Phainoptila® Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Apr. 17, 1877, 367. (Type, P. melanoxanthu Salvin. ) Ptilogonatide without crest, with tarsus longer than middle toe and claw, booted or very indistinctly scutellate,’ and with the tail much shorter than wing. Bill about half as long as head, rather compressed, strongly carinate; width at frontal antie decidedly less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, very little if at all greater than its depth at same point; culmen strongly ridged, straight basally, gradually decurved termi- nally, the tip of maxilla distinctly but not abruptly uncinate; maxil- lary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally; gonys about equal to unfeathered portion of mandibular rami, slightly but decidedly convex. Nostril large, wholly exposed, broadly ovate, nar- rowly margined above, more broadly behind, by membrane, and with a distinct exposed inner tubercle. Rictal bristles distinct. Ninth pri- mary shorter than first, the seventh, sixth, and fifth longest; three outermost primaries normalin form. Tail decidedly shorter than wing (about equal to distance from bend of wing to tip of longest seconda- ries), slightly rounded, the rectrices rather broad, of normal form, a paervos, splendens, et xridoy, pluma.” b Except in young. \ 124 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. but with tip subacuminate. Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw, the acrotarsium very indistinctly scultellate (sometimes ‘‘ booted”) except on lower portion, the planta tarsi undivided; lateral toes about equal in length, their claws not reaching to base of middle claw; basal phalanx of middle toe united to that of outer toe by most of its length, to that of inner toe by about half its length. Plumage normal, the pileum without crest, but with feathers distinctly outlined, not blended. Coloration.—Adult male with head, neck, chest, and upper parts black, rump, breast, and under tail-coverts olive-green (the first some- times nearly yellow), flanks yellow, and abdomen gray; adult females and young with black replaced by olive or olive-greenish, except on pileum. Midification.—(Unknown.) Range.—Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui. (Monotypic.) PHAINOPTILA MELANOXANTHA Salvin. SALVIN’S PTILOGONYS. Adult male.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, and upper tail- coverts deep black, witha slight bluish green gloss; sides of head and neck, chin, throat, upper chest, thighs, wings, and tail dull black or sooty black; rump lemon yellow, more or less tinged with olive, ante- riorly, yellowish olive-green posteriorly; lower breast and abdomen gray (no. 6) or slate-gray; sides and flanks clear lemon yellow; lower chest, upper breast, and under tail-coverts yellowish olive-green, this extending along the inner edge of the yellow patch on sides and flanks, separating the latter from the gray of the abdomen; bill black or brownish black; iris brown; legs and feet deep or dark brown; length (skins), 205-219 (210.7); wing, 97-105 (101); tail, 85-92 (88.2); exposed culmen, 14-15 (14.2); tarsus, 27-29 (28.1); middle toe, 17-19 (18).¢ Adult female.—Pileum deep black, glossed with bluish green; hind- neck slate color; rest of upper parts plain olive-green, brighter (some- times intermixed with yellow) on rump; sides of head olive-gray, the chin and throat paler and more olivaceous; thighs olive-gray; rest of under parts, bill, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 209; wing, 94-201 (97.5); tail, 84-89 (86.5); exposed culmen, 14; tarsus, 26~27 (26.5); middle toe, 16.? Young (sex wunknown).—Similar to the adult female, but colors duller and texture of plumage much looser. Highlands of Costa Rica (San Francisco, Navarro, Rancho Redondo, La Palma de San José, Volcan de Irazi, Volcan de Pods, etc.) and Chiriqui (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, 4,000-11,000 feet altitude). Phainoptila melanoxantha Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Apr. 17, 1877, 367 (San Francisco, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Row ey, Orn. Mise., ii, «Four specimens. > Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 125 pt. x, Oct., 1877, 489-442, pl. 79.—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 53 (Navarro and Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica, alt. 4,000 ft.).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 221, pl. 14.—Smarpz, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 219 (Irazi distr., Costa Rica).—Zmtepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (La Palma de San José and Rancho Redondo de San José, Costa Rica).—Auraro, Gaceta Of., no. 288, 1888 (Volcan de Pods, Costa Rica).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 58 (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 4,000-11,000 ft.). Family DULIDZ. THE PALM CHATS, Rather small arboreal ten-primaried acutiplantar Oscines with the bill deep and compressed, the culmen strongly curved; nostrils wholly exposed, circular, in anterior end of distinct nasal fosse; tail decidedly shorter than wing, even; outermost (tenth) primary much less than half as long as the next (ninth); under parts conspicuously streaked; plumage rather hard and harsh, very different from the silky blended character of that of the Ampelide and Ptilogonatide. The Palm Chats are a small group, consisting of only two known species, one of them peculiar to Haiti, the other of unknown habitat but presumably some part of the West Indies. They are allied to the Silky Flycatchers (family Ptilogonatide), from which they differ, however, in much stronger beak and feet (the latter with strongly curved claws), shorter tail, and harsher, firmer plumage, with the under parts conspicuously streaked. They are said to frequent chiefly the cocoanut palms and to feed both on fruits and insects. Genus DULUS Vieillot. Dulus Vizrutot, Analyse, 1816, 42. (Type, ‘‘Tanagra esclave’’ Buffon, = Tanagra dominica Linneeus.) (See Strickland, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 103, 104.) Bill decidedly shorter than head (exposed culmen not longer than inner toe), relatively deep and compressed, its depth at nostrils equal to more than half the length of exposed culmen; culmen decidedly curved from the base, but tip of maxilla not distinct, its subterminal tomial notch obvious but minute; maxillary tomium faintly concave, the basal portion straight or very faintly convex; gonys nearly equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight and ascending ter- minally but rather prominent and slightly convex basally. Nostril roundish or transversely ovate, entirely exposed, in anterior end of nasal fosse, separated behind from feathering of frontal antie by naked membrane. Rictal bristles obvious but minute. Wing rather long, rounded; eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, the fifth shorter than eighth; ninth shorter than fourth; tenth between one- third and one-half as long as ninth; wing-tip about equal in length to 126 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tarsus. Tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of sec- ondaries, even or very slightly rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, with broadly rounded tip, their shafts hard and stiff. Tarsus longer _ than middle toe without claw but shorter than middle toe with claw, about one-fourth as long as wing, stout, the acrotarsium very dis- tinctly scutellate; outer toe reaching to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, its claw reaching beyond base of middle claw; inner toe decidedly shorter, its claw falling short of base of middle claw; hallux equal in length to inner toe, but much stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit, but well developed and strongly curved; basal phalanx of middle toe united to outer toe by greater part of its length, to inner toe by about half its length. Coloration.—Above plain olive; beneath pale yellowish or whitish, conspicuously streaked with dusky; plumage harsh, very different from the silky blended character of that in Ampelide and Ptilogona- tide. Midification.—Nest enormously bulky, composed externally of sticks and twigs (its internal structure unknown), placed in crown of tall palm trees. Eggs unknown. Pange.—Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic?; possibly two species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DULUS. a. No white on upper parts; larger (wing 83-87). (Haiti.)..Dulus dominicus (p. 126) aa. No white patch on hindneck; smaller (wing 81). (Habitat unknown.) Dulus nuchalis (p. 127) DULUS DOMINICUS (Linnzus). PALM CHAT. Adults (sewes alike).—Above olive, the back, scapulars, and wing- coverts decidedly more brownish, the lower rump and upper tail- coverts olive-greenish; feathers of pileum and hindneck showing very indistinct mesial streaks of darker; secondaries (except tertials) and primaries edged with light yellowish olive-green; tail brownish gray, the rectrices edged with light olive-greenish, and with brown shafts; lores, suborbital region, and auricular region uniform dark brown or dusky; malar region dusky, streaked with yellowish white; under parts yellowish white, broadly and sharply streaked with sooty brown, the streaks narrower on abdomen, broader and paler brown on under tail- coverts; under wing-coverts pale buff or buffy whitish, with very narrow and indistinct shaft-lines of brown; Dill light brown, the mandible paler; iris brown; legs and feet dusky in dried skins. Adult male.—Length (skin), 160; wing, 83; tail, 65; exposed culmen, 12; tarsus (broken); middle toe, 18.4 , Adult female.—Length (skin), 161; wing, 87; tail, 68; exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 18." «One specimen. .BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 127 Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. [Tanagra] dominica Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 316 (based on Tangara, de St. Domingue, Tanagra dominicensis Brisson, Orn., iii, 37, pl. 2, fig. 4; Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 156, fig. 2).—Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 895. Dulus dominicus Srrickuanp, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 103.—LArRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1851, 583 (habits, affinities, etc.).—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 41 (Santo Domingo).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 403 (Jeremie and Port au Prince, Haiti; Santo Domingo).—Bryanrt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 92 (Santo Domingo).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 51, pl. 21, fig. 4; Auk, iii, 1886, 191; Birds W. I., 1889, 78; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 115, 181.—Suarpn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 218.—Cuerrig, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 13 (descr. nest). [Dulus] dominicus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 385, no. 5827.—Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11. Dulus palmarum Virtu.ot, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., x, 1817, 435.—Bonaparrs, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 331, part.—LarrEsnayE, Raw Zool., 2° ser. iit, Dec., 1851, 585 (habite, affinities, ete. ). A[rremon] palmarum Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 16. ‘ Tanagra mancipium “Hermann, Tab. Aff. Anim., 1783, 211 (based on [esclave Buffon). DULUS NUCHALIS Swainson. WHITE-NAPED PALM CHAT, Similar to D. dominicus, but smaller and with a white band across hindneck. ‘Above olive brown; nape with a transverse bar of white; beneath cream color, with distinct stripes of dark brown. “‘Tnhabits Brazil. Mus. Nostr. ‘Total length 7 inches [178 mm.]; bill, gape 4% [16.5]; front 44 [10.5]; wings 3375 [i. e., 3y44=78.5]; tail, beyond pris), t's [45.5] [to] base, 3 [76]; tarsus $$ [19].“ Edges of quills and tail feathers olive green; ears and lores blackish; tail very slightly forked; the two middle tail feathers cinereous; bill pale.” (Original description.) Habitat unknown, but probably island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. Dulus nuchalis Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 345 (‘‘Brazil;’’ coll. W. Swainson ?); Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 238.—SrrickLtanp, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 104.—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 403, in text.—SHarpz, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 219.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 191; Birds W. I., 1889, 78; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 123. [Dulus] nuchalis Scvarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11. @Sharpe (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 219) gives measurements of the type specimen, in the museum of Cambridge, as follows: Total length 7.2 inches [183 mm.], culmen 0.55 [14], wing 3.2 [81], tail 2.95 [75], tarsus 0.75 [19.5]. bType said by Strickland (Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 104) to be in the Museum of Cambridge, England. 128 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Family VIREONIDZ. THE VIREOS, Small? dentirostral acutiplantar Oscines with the tarsus longer than middle toe and claw, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; hallux (without claw) as long as or longer than inner toe (without claw), the latter decidedly shorter than outer toe; basal phalanx of middle toe completely adherent to both outer and inner toe; tenth primary very short (little if any more than half as long as eighth), sometimes rudimentary and concealed (the wing then being typically ‘‘nine-pri- maried”); the wing always longer than the tail, and the plumage never streaked, barred nor spotted, even in young. Bill very variable as to relative size but never longer than head (usually very much shorter, often less than half as long); also very variable as to relative length, depth, and breadth; culmen strongly curved terminally, sometimes nearly straight for basal half or more, the tip of maxilla more or less distinctly uncinate; maxillary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium also sometimes with a subterminal notch, the tip of the mandible produced into an acute ascending point; gonys decidedly longer than unfeathered portion of mandibular rami (nearly or sometimes quite equal to length of maxilla from nostril), more or less strongly con- vex. Nostril at least partly exposed, longitudinally oval or ovate (sometimes roundish) in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse, over- hung by a distinct membraneous operculum. Rictal bristles incon- spicuous, only two on each side well developed; the feathers of the frontal antie, however, with well-developed, sometimes conspicuous, bristle-like tips, these sometimes reaching beyond and partially cover- ing nostrils. Wing variable but always longer than tail, and always with the tenth (often also the ninth) primary much reduced in length; tenth primary never much more than half as long as ninth, usually much less, sometimes rudimentary and concealed; ninth primagy never longer than seventh. Tail shorter (usually much shorter) than wing even, slightly rounded, double-rounded, or emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, the acro- tarsium distinctly scutellate but pianta tarsi undivided; lateral toes unequal, the outer decidedly longer than the inner; hallux (without claw) equal to or longer than inner toe (without claw); basal phalanx of anterior toes abbreviated, that of the middle toe shorter than that of the inner or the two basal phalanges of the outer toe, and adherent to both lateral toes for its entire length. Coloration.—Very variable, but never streaked, spotted, nor barred; plain olive, whitish, buffy or yellowish hues prevailing,’ sometimes @The wing not more than 75 mm., usually much less, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 129 with bright green and yellow, rarely with blue on head; usually plain olive, olive-green, or gray above (sometimes relieved by whitish or yellowish wing-bars), and plain whitish or yellowish beneath. Nidification. —Nest (so far as known) suspended from a forked branch, composed of fine vegetable fibers, mosses, lichens, etc.; eggs white, usually more or less spotted. Range:—Temperate and tropical America, except Galapagos Archi- pelago. The Vireos (sometimes called Greenlets) are active arboreal birds, mainly insectivorous though feeding also on fruits and berries. Asa rule they are fair songsters, although some species are distinguished for the oddity rather than melody of their notes. So far as known they all build pensile nests, and lay white eggs with a few dark specks. The family is peculiar to America, but chiefly tropical, and is repre- sented by about seventy known species, referable to eight genera. KEY TO THE GENERA OF VIREONIDZ. u. Lateral toes relatively shorter, the inner toe (without claw) shorter than the hallux (without claw), its claw not reaching beyond base of middle claw. b. Bill more slender, relatively less deep and compressed, its depth at frontal antic not greater than its width at same point; sides of maxilla without grooves. ce, Tail slightly rounded, even, or emarginate; throat and chest not slate-gray. d. Tenth primary rudimentary and concealed or else very small and narrow, less than one-third as long as ninth; the latter longer than fourth; wing- tip longer than commissure, or else the latter longer than tarsus. -€. Bill relatively longer and more slender, its depth at frontal antize not greater (usually much less) than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, the latter measurement at least equal to length of gonys; if the tenth primary obvious the ninth shorter than fifth; wing without whitish bars or other markings.....----..-.------ Vireosylva (p. 130) ee. Bill relatively shorter and stouter, its depth at frontal antize equal to much more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, the latter measurement decidedly less than length of gonys; if the tenth primary obvious the ninth longer than sixth; wing with two conspicu- GUS WhIte bars cst set sd Posedeadea Seeeaeee elses Lanivireo (p. 161) dd. Tenth primary well developed, more than one-third (frequently one-half) as long as-ninth, the latter shorter than fourth (sometimes shorter than first. or, rarely, shorter even than secondaries); wing-tip shorter than g commissure, the latter shorter than tarsus ......-...-.--. Vireo (p. 176) cc. Tail much rounded; throat and chest slate-gray....-..---- Neochloe (p. 211) bb. Bill stouter, relatively deeper and more compressed, its depth at frontal antize decidedly greater than its width at same point; sides of maxilla with fine longitudinal grooves @......-..2-.-2-----2 02-22 eee eee eee Laletes (p. 212) aa. Lateral toes relatively longer, the inner toe (without claw) as long as or longer than hallux (without claw), its claw reaching decidedly beyond base of middle claw. ‘ b. Bill smallerand more slender, the culmen slightly decurved terminally; smaller (wing less than 65 mm.) -.....-.-.-------------------- Pachysylvia (p. 214) @This feature may not be constant, only one specimen having been examined. 10384—voL 3-—03——9 1380 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bb. Bill larger and stouter, the culmen strongly decurved terminally; larger (wing more than 70 mm.). c. Bill relatively longer, broader, and less compressed, its depth at frontal antiz but little greater than its width at same point; color bright green above, with blue on crown, or else a yellow superciliary stripe. Vireolanius (p. 221) cc. Bill relatively shorter, deeper, and more compressed, its depth at frontall antize much.greater than its widthi at same point; color neither bright. green above, nor with blue on crown, nor with a yellow superciliary stripe,, the latter more or less rufescent.........--.----------- Cyclarhis (p. 226) , I am unable to avoid recognizing Vireosylva and Lanivireo as. genera without suppressing Weochloe and Laletes; in fact, these two. are structurally much nearer typical Vzreo than are those first men- tioned, which seem to me to be very well characterized groups. Genus VIREOSYLVA Bonaparte. Vireosylvua Bonaparte, (veog. and Comp. List, 1838, 26. (Type, Muscicapa oli- vacea Linneeus. ) ‘Vireosylvia (emendation) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 329. Phyllomanes@ Capanis, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1847, i, 321. (Substi- tute for Vireosylva on grounds of purism.) Small or medium-sized Vireonide with the tenth primary rudimen- tary and concealed or else not more than one-third as long as the ninth, narrow and pointed; ninth primary longer than fourth; depth of bill at frontal antiz not greater (usually much less) than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, the latter measurement at least equal to length of gonys; wing without whitish bars or other markings. . Bill very variable in relative size, sometimes as long as head, some- times less than half as Jong; culmen usually straight, or nearly so, to near tip, whére rather abruptly decurved, the tip of maxilla distinctly uncinate. Wing rather Jong and pointed; tenth primary usually rudi- mentary and wholly concealed; if present not more than one-third as long as ninth, narrow and pointed; ninth primary equal to or longer than fifth (sometimes longer than sixth) or else, in those species having the tenth primary evident, longer than fourth; eighth and seventh, or eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest; wing-tip equal to or longer than tarsus. ‘Tail much shorter than wing (the difference at least equal to length of tarsus), even, or very slightly emarginate or double-rounded. Tarsus one-fourth as long as wing or less, much longer than middle toe with claw, always longer (sometimes nearly twice as long) as exposed culmen. Coloration.—Above plain olive, olive-green or grayish, the pileum usually grayer or browner (sometimes distinctly brown), the wings without white bands or other markings; under parts whitish or yel- lowish. Fange.—Whole of tropical and temperate America except Galap- agos Archipelago. (Numerous species.) _ “a pvlAomar ns, Laub liebend.”’ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 13] KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF VIREOSYLVA. a. Back olive, olive-green, or olive-gray. (Adults. ) b. Tenth primary obsolete. ¢. Exposed culmen 11.5 or more, longer than middle toe without claw; under parts white or pale grayish medially. d. Pileum grayish brown, or brownish gray, concolor with back. e. Under parts grayish olive or olive-grayish laterally, becoming dull gray- ish or olivaceous white medially; upper parts darker, especially the pileum. (Vireosylva magister.) f. Coloration more decidedly, or more brownish, olive; slightly larger, especially the bill (exposed culmen averaging 16.5 in adult male). (Coast of Honduras and British Honduras. ) Vireosylva magister magister (p. 134) Ff. Coloration grayer; slightly smaller, especially the bill (exposed culmen ° averaging 15.7 in adult male). (Coast of Yucatan, including islands of Cozumel and Mugeres.) ..--..- Vireosylva magister cinerea (p. 136) ee. Under parts dull white, the sides and flanks tinged with yellowish olive; upper parts paler, especially the pileum. (Island of Grand Cayman, Hear Cuba.) w43cc6 Soene eee sset ees Vireosylva caymanensis (p. 136) dd. Pileum gray, in more or less marked contrast with olive-green of back, etc. e. A dusky submalar streak. ( Vireosylva calidris. ) f. Smaller, especially the bill (exposed culmen not more than 18, usually much less, wing averaging less than 83). g- Pileum dull brownish gray or grayish brown, without distinct, if any, lateral line of dusky; superciliary stripe and cheeks dull grayish puff or pale isabella color. (Islands of Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, St. Thomas and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; Sombrero and Saba, Lesser Antilles; Trinidad.)...-. Vireosylva calidris calidris (p. 137) gg. Pileum purer or clearer gray, with a more or less distinct lateral line of dusky; superciliary stripe and cheeks pale gray or grayish white. h. Dusky lateral line of pileum more distinct; superciliary stripe pale gray, becoming grayish white anteriorly; bill larger (exposed culmen of adult male 15.5-17, averaging 16.2). (Islands of St. Eustatius, Antigua, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Mar- tinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, and Barbados, Lesser Antilles.) -.-...--. Vireosylva calidris barbadensis (p. 140) hh. Dusky lateral line of pileum less distinct, sometimes obsolete; superciliary stripe pale brownish gray; bill smaller (exposed culmen of adult male 14-15.5, averaging 14.9). (Bahamas, Cuba and southern Florida. ) Vireosylva calidris barbatula (p. 141) Jf. Larger, especially the bill (exposed culmen 18 or more, wing 84-87). g. Olive-green above; sides and flanks yellowish olive; under tail- coverts pale yellow. (Island of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea. ) Vireosylva calidris grandior (p. 143) gg. Grayish olive above; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts whitish, ' like rest of under parts. (Island of St. Andrews, Caribbean Sea. ) i Vireosylva calidris canescens (p. 143) ee. No dusky gubmalar streak (the throat entirely white, or grayish white. ) ‘f. Sides and flanks olive-yellow, or strongly washed with that color; axillars, under wing-coverts, and under tail-coverts sulphur yellow. @Said to be sometimes visible in V. olwacea, but I have never seen such a specimen, 132 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. g. Sides and flanks more extensively and uniformly olive-yellow; under tail-coverts deeper sulphur yellow; no distinct, if any, dusky post- ocular streak. i h. Superciliary stripe brownish gray, indistinct; pileum without dis- tinct, if any, dusky lateral line. ( Vireosylva flavoviridis. ) i. Smaller (adult male averaging wing 78.1, tail 51.6, tarsus 18.4); superciliary stripe more distinct and dusky lateral line of pileum usually obvious. (Northern Mexico to Isthmus of Panama. ) Vireosylva flavoviridis flavoviridis (p. 144) ti. Larger (adult male averaging wing 83, tail 59.2, tarsus 20.1); superciliary stripe less distinct and dusky lateral line of pileum usually obsolete. (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. ) Vireosylva flavoviridis forreri (p. 146) hh. Superciliary stripe grayish white, distinct; pileum with a very distinct lateral line of dusky. (San Miguel Island, Gulf of Panama.) ......---------+-------- Vireosylva insulanus (p. 147) gg. Sides and flanks less extensively and uniformly olive-yellow; under tail-coverts paler sulphur yellow; a distinct dusky postocular streak. (Vireosylva chivi.) h. Larger (adult male averaging wing 76, tail 52.9, exposed culmen 14, tarsus 176; adult female, wing 68.3, tail 47.4, exposed culmen 18.8, tarsus 17); back, etc., much brighter olive-green, pileum much purer gray, sides and flanks much more strongly washed with olive-yellow, and under tail-coverts deeper sulphur or prim- rose yellow. (Northern South America, south to Bahia and central Brazil.).......---. Vireosylva chivi agilis (extralimital)@ hh. Smaller (adult male with wing 63, tail 45.5, exposed culmen 12, tarsus 18; adult female, wing 62, tail 44, exposed culmen 11.5, tarsus 16); back, etc., much duller olive-green; gray of pileum duller; sides and danks less strongly washed with olive-yellow, and under tail-coverts paler yellowish. (Paraguay, Argen- tina, and southern Brazil. ). .Vireosylva chivi chivi (extralimital) ® aLf{anius] agilis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, no. 536 (Bahia, e. Brazil; coll. Berlin Mus. ).—Phyllomanes agilis Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., Aves, ii, 1856, 108 (part, at least).—Vireosylvia agilis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 64 (Palla- tanga, w. Ecuador), 273 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 44 (Bogota, Colombia; Paré, lower Amazon; Pallatanga).—Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 338 (Buenos Aires; Ecuador; Guatemala?; Brazil; Trinidad) .—Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1868, 73.— V{[ireosylvia] flavoviridis var. agilis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 359.— Vireo bartramii (not of Audubon) Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 235.— Vireosylvia virescens (not Vireosylvia virescens Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 151 (Trinidad); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 151 (Bogota).— Vireo ( Vireosylva) virescens Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. “xxxxv’? (=xxxv).— Vireo virescens (not of Vieillot) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 333, excl. syn. part (Brazil).— Vireo chivi (not Sylvia chivi Vieillot) Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 295, excl. syn. part. b Sylvia chivi Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 174 (Paraguay; based on Contramaestre Gaviero Azara, Apunt., ii, 34); Enc. Méth., 1823, 487.— Vireosylvia chivi Baird, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 337 (Vermejo R., Paraguay; s. e. Brazil; Bahia?); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 160 (Buenos Aires).— V [ireosylvia] olivacea var. chivi Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 359.—Vireo chivi Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 295, part (in synonymy ).—(?) Thamnophilus agilis (not Lanius agilis Lichtenstein?) Spix, Av. Bras., li, 1824, 25, pl. 34. Both this form and its northern representative, V. c. agilis, require careful study. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 133 ff. Sides and flanks very faintly tinged with yellowish olive; axillars, under wing-coverts, and under tail-coverts very pale sulphur yellow or nearly white. (Eastern North America, across continent in mid- dle portion; south in winter to northern South America.) Vireosylva olivacea (p. 147) cc. Exposed culmen not more than 10, decidedly shorter than middle toe with- out claw; under parts olive-yellowish. (Eastern North America, south in winter to Chiriqui.)-...-....-..--.-...-- Vireosylva philadelphica (p. 151) vb. Tenth primary obvious, longer than primary coverts. , ¢. Under parts of body dull whitish, the sides and flanks more olivaceous. d. Pileum gray, back grayish olive. (Vireosylva gilva. ) e. Paler above. (Eastern United States.)....Vireosylva gilva gilva (p. 153) ee. Darker above, especially the pileum. jf. Smaller (adult male averaging wing 67.8, tail 50, exposed culmen 9.9; adult female, wing 66.4, tail 48.5, exposed culmen, 9.8); sides and flanks more strongly washed with olivaceous. (Western United States, and British Columbia, south in winter to southern Mexico. ) Vireosylva gilva swainsonii (p. 155) ff. Larger (adult male averaging wing 73, tail 52.5, exposed culmen 11.2; adult female, wing 71.7, tail 50.3, exposed culmen 10.8); sides and flanks more faintly tinged with olivaceous. (Mountains of Chihua- hua, northwestern Mexico.)--.-- Vireosylvia gilva brewsteri (p. 158) dd. Pileum brown, back olive-brown. (Vireosylva amauronota. ) e. Paler above, the pileum grayish sepia or deep hair brown, the back light brownish olive. (Mountains of southeastern Mexico. ) Vireosylva amauronota amauronota (p. 158) A large series from Chapada, Matto Grosso, in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, is clearly a connecting series, nearly typical specimens of both forms being represented, though a large majority are nearly typical chivi as to colora- tion, but agreeing closely with agilis in larger size. The same may be said of speci- mens from Bahia also, except that most of the specimens seen by me from the latter locality are clearly V. agilis, as above characterized. It is a question, however, which can only be settled by examination of the type in the Berlin Museum, whether Lich- tenstein’s name was based on aspecimen representing the southern or northern type. I have not seen specimens from any other locality so small as the two birds (one from’ the Vermejo River, the other from southern Brazil) brought to the National Museum by the Page Expedition, their measurements comparing with those of a series from Chapada, as follows: Ex- ‘ Locality. Wing. | Tail.’ | posed | Tarsus. ee eulmen. z MALES. One adult male from Vermejo River, Paraguay .-......... 63 45.5 12 18 11 One adult male from Corumba, Matto Grosso, Brazil ..-.. 65 49 12 V7 Newiecees Minimum of each measurement in nine adult males from CAPAC BY cmc ccciasviateiessai-isnidpaisscis ou gidinisiarisineriismeidgamies RSaGee 67.5 48.5 il 17 10 Average of nine adult males from Chapada............-.- 70 50.3 12.3 17.8 10.4 FEMALES. One adult female from southeastern Brazil............-.- 62 44 11.5 16 10 Minimum of each measurement in five adult females from Chapa a ensciccois cio seminars vedomuiawieeee neem as © 66.5 45 11.5 17 10 Average of five adult females from Chapada..........-... 68.1 48,2 12.2 17.8 10.2 134 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ee. Darker above, the pileum deep sooty brown, the back deep brownish olive. (Mountains of Chiapas.) - . Vireosylva amauronota strenua (p. 159) cc. Under parts of body pale yellow. ( Vireosylua josephz.) d. Darker and browner above, the pileum deep sooty brown, the back olive- brown or brownish olive. e. Pileum darker sooty brown; wing longer, tail shorter. (Colombia to Ecuador and Venezuela. )..Vireosylva joseph josephe (extralimital).¢ ee. Pileum paler sooty brown; wing shorter, tail longer. (Highlands of . * iCosta Rita.) .sc.cecsereeecacies Vireosylva josephe costaricensis (p. 159) dd. Paler and grayer above, the pileum deep hair brown, the back grayish olive or dull grayish olive-green. (Chiriqui.) Vireosylva josephe chiriquensis (p. 161) aa. Back pale buffy gray, buffy brown, or cinnamomeous. (Young. ) b. Pileum and back more grayish. c. Back and pileum grayish brown. d. Back and pileum broccoli brown or drab-brown. Vireosylva calidris calidris, young (p. 137) dd. Back and pileum between wood brown and fawn color. Vireosylva olivacea, young (p. 148) cc. Back and pileum pale buffy gray or grayish écru drab. Vireosylva gilva gilva, young (p. 153) bb. Back and’pileum more cinnamomeous (between cinnamon and fawn color). Vireosylva josephe costaricensis, young (p. 159)? VIREOSYLVA MAGISTER MAGISTER Lawrence. BELIZE VIREO, Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain olive, more grayish on pileum and hindneck, more greenish on rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail; a superciliary stripe of pale yellowish buff, changing to pale olive- gray posteriorly (above auricular region), where insensibly grading into the grayish olive of hindneck; a triangular loral spot, involving anterior portion of eyelids, dusky; a grayish olive postocular streak, becoming more dusky next to eye; suborbital region and anterior por- tion of malar region pale grayish buffy or dull buffy whitish, changing gradually into light grayish olive on auricular region and posterior “Vireo josephe Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 137, pl. 154 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuador; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 42 (Pallatanga); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 194, part (Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Vene- zuela); Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 297, part.— Vireosylvia josephx Baird, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 344, part; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 509 (Paltaypampa, centr. Peru).—[Vireosylvia gilva] var. josephe Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 456, in text, part.— V [treosylvia] gilva var. josephe Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 360, part. I have not seen specimens from the type locality, the only South American exam- ples examined being from Bogota, Colombia, and Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. These may or may not exactly agree with those from western Ecuador. The single Vene- zuelan specimen seen agrees very closely with Costa Rican specimens ( V. j. costari- censis), but has the pileum slightly darker and the under parts decidedly paler yellow. >The young of other forms not seen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 185 portion of malar region; under parts very pale buffy yellowish or dull yellowish white, shading laterally into pale greenish olive; under wing- coverts pale straw yellow; maxilla horn brown; mandible with terminal third (more or less) horn brown, much paler basally; legs and feet dusky (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?). Adult matle.—Length (skins), 146-149 (147.5); wing, 76-78 (77); tail, 56-58 (57); exposed culmen, 16-17 (16.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 5.5; tarsus, 22; middle toe, 12.4 Adult female (?).--Length (skin), 148; wing, 73; tail, 53; exposed culmen, 16; depth of bill at nostrils, 5; tarsus, 23; middle toe, 12.” British Honduras (Belize); coast of Honduras (Ruatan Island; Bonacca Island).¢ Vireosylvia magister ‘‘ Baird, N. §.’? Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 1871, 20 (Belize, Brit. Honduras; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; ex Baird, MS.). V[treosylvia] magister Bairp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 359. Vireo magister SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 24, Dec., 1881, 191 (Belize).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 295.—Rineway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 578 (Ruatan I., Honduras; crit. ).—Sa vin, Ibis, 1888, 254, part (Ruatan I.; Bonacca I.). V[ireo] magister Ripgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 470. «Two specimens, one from Belize (the type), one from Ruatan Island. bOne specimen (sex not determined by collector) from Ruatan Island. ¢Two specimens from Ruatan differ somewhat from two Belize examples (one of them the type of the species), but perhaps not sufficiently to characterize them as subspecifically distinct. At any rate it would require a large series from both locali- ties to show whether the differences indicated are constant or not. The difference consists chiefly in a more decided olive or olive-greenish cast to the plumage, but the two Ruatan specimens differ quite appreciably from one another in this respect, one of them having the upper surface nearly uniform dull olive-greenish, instead of having only the rump, upper tail-coverts, and edges of wing-feathers distinctly of this color. This specimen is also much more strongly tinged with yellowish on the under parts, the under tail- and wing-coverts and the axillars being a pale creamy yellow, the whole abdomen a paler tint of the same. The measurements compare as follows: Ex. | Depth : Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed bes put Tarsus. Midille . culmen. . : trils. MALES. Adult male from Belize (type of the species) ..... 76 58 16 5.5 22 2 Adult male from Ruatan.........---------------+- 78 56 17 5.5 22 12 FEMALES. Supposed adult female from Belize (in coll. Bost. Sack Ny Hey .sinssssisoxaea yer ceoseeceeaneaye Senate 70 51 I5i assesses 20 |........ Supposed adult female from Ruatan..........-... 74, 53 16 5 2B scree siciese 186 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. VIREOSYLVA MAGISTER CINEREA (Ridgway). COZUMEL VIREO. Similar to V. m. magister, but averaging slightly smaller, and with the coloration decidedly more grayish olive above, especially the pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars, which are nearer dark smoke gray than olive. Adult male.—Length (skins), 140-152 (146.7); wing, 74-76 (75.5); tail, 53-59 (57.2); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.7); depth of bill at nos- trils, 5-6 (5.4); tarsus, 20-22 (21); middle toe, 11-12 (11.7).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 185-145 (140.4); wing, 68-75 (72.1); tail, 50-55 (53.4); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 5-6 (5.3); tarsus, 20-22 (21); middle toe, 11-12 (11.7).? Islands of Cozumel and Mugeres, Yucatan, and adjacent coast of mainland (Puerto Morelos). Vireosylvia cinerea Ripaway, Descr. New Birds from Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 2; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, iii, Feb. 26, 1885, 2 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). Vireo cinereus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, no. 36, Oct. 17, 1885, 565 (full descr. ). : V [ireo] cinereus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 470. Vireo magister (not of Baird) Sauvin, Ibis, 1885, 188 (Cozumel I.); 1888, 254, part (Holbox and Mugeres islands). VIREOSYLVA CAYMANENSIS (Cory). GRAND CAYMAN VIREO. Most like V. magister cinerea, but pileum, hindneck, and back pale drab-gray instead of deep smoke gray, and coloration in general much paler, especially sides of head and under parts. Adult male.—Pileum, hindneck, and upper back pale drab-gray or hair brown, becoming gradually more olivaceous on lower back and aSix specimens. bTen specimens. Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows: : Ex. | Of bit Middl Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | 9: fos. | Tarsus. rs © culmen. trils. MALES. Two adult males from Cozumel Island..........-. 76 57 15.7 6 21.5 11.5 Three adult males from Mujeres Island........... 75.3 56 15.5 5,2 20.7 12 One adult male from Puerto Morelos, Yucatan...| 75 |, 59 16 5.5 21 ll FEMALES. Seven adult females from Cozumel Island ......-- 72.1 53.2 15.7 5.4 20.8 11.9 Two adult females from Mujeres Jsland........-.. 73.5 54 15 5 22 11.5 One adult female from Puerto Morelos.........-.. 69 Jews eeee 1b 5.5 21 11.5 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 137 scapulars, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and edges of rectrices and remiges light grayish olive-green; tertials and inner webs of other remiges and rectrices hair brown; a superciliary stripe of dull white, broadest anteriorly; lores dusky brownish gray; a postocular streak of grayish brown (hair brown) along upper edge of auricular region; suborbital and auricular regions dull grayish buffy white, passing into light brownish gray on sides of neck; malar region, chin, throat, and chest dull white; rest of under parts more yellowish white, the sides and flanks tinged with pale yellowish olive; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillars pale sulphur or primrose yellow; maxilla horn brown, darker basally, paler on tomia; mandible paler horn color (in dried skins); legs and feet dusky grayish (grayish blue in life?); length (skin), 144; wing, 74; tail, 56; exposed culmen, 15; depth of bill at nostrils, 5; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 12.4 Islands of Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac, Greater Antilles.’ Vireo caymanensis Cory, Auk., iv, Jan. 1887, 7 (Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles; coll. C. B. Cory); v, 1888, 157 (Grand Cayman); vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cay- man; Cayman Brac); Birds W. I., 1889, 288; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 129, 153.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 573 (Grand Cayman). VIREOSYLVA CALIDRIS CALIDRIS (Linnzus). JAMAICAN VIREO, Adults (sewes alike).—Pileum plain grayish brown (hair brown), without distinct, if any, darker lateral margin; hindneck, back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts plain dull brownish olive-green, the rump and upper tail-coverts clearer or more decided olive-green; wings and tail dusky grayish brown with yellowish olive-green edgings, these paler and more yellowish on greater wing-coverts; broad superciliary stripe and sides of head below eyes, pale isabella color or dull grayish buff, the two areas of this color separated by a dusky grayish loral and postocular streak; sides of throat margined by a dusky grayish submalar streak; chin and throat dull white; chest similar, but tinged with pale grayish olive-green; breast and abdomen white; under tail-coverts pale sulphur yellow; sides and flanks pale yellowish olive or grayish olive-green; axillars and under wing-coverts pale sulphur yellow; inner webs of remiges broadly edged with yellowish white or pale primrose yellow; maxilla horn color or dusky, with paler tomia; mandible pale grayish brown (pale grayish blue in life); iris brownish red; legs and feet dusky in dried skins (grayish blue or bluish gray in life). Young, jirst plumage.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts plain broccoli brown, @QOne specimen. bI have seen specimens from Grand Cayman only. 138 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. inclining to fawn color; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail as in adults, but greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped, as well as edged, with pale yellow; superciliary stripe and sides of head buffy whitish, partly separated by a dusky loral and postocular mark; malar region, chin, and throat paler buffy white.or vinaceous white; rest of under parts white, the sides, flanks, and trader tail-coverts tinged with sulphur yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 132-150 (145.4); wing, 80-85 (82.2); tail, 54-59 (56.7); exposed culmen, 15-17.5 (16.3); depth of bill at nostrils, 4.5-5.5 (4.9); tarsus, 18- 20 (19); middle toe, 11-12 (11.8).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 130-165 (147.6); wing, 72-83 (77.8); tail, 49-58 (52.2); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.8); depth of bill at nostrils, 5; tarsus, 19-19.5 (19.1); middle toe, 11-12 (11.7).? Islands of Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, and St. Croix,’ Greater Antilles, and adjacent islands of Sombrero and Saba, Lesser Antilles; island of Trinidad.? «Twenty-one specimens. > Six specimens. Specimens from different islands average, respectively, as follows: Ex Depth : Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed guoee Tarsus. Miaele culmen.| ‘antic. MALES. Six adult males from Jamaica .....-.----.-..----- 82.6 57.2 15.8 4.8 18.9 11.6 Four adult males from Santo Domingo ....--..-.- 81.2 56.3 16.7 5 19.5 11.7 Ten adult males from Porto Rico .........---..--- 82.4 56.8 16.3 5 19 12 One adult male from Sombrero (type of ¥. atri- pennis LAaWrenCe) ........000- 20. eee ee eee ee eee 81 55 16 5 18.5 11 FEMALES. One adult female from Jamaica........-..------.- 83 58 16 5 19 11 One adult female from Santo Domingo ..........- 72 47 15 5 19 12 Two adult females from Porto Rico..........-.--. 75.5 50 16 5 19.2 11.2 One adult female from Sombrero (type of V. virginalis Lawrence) ........----0. ee eee eee ee eee 79 52 16 5 19 11.5 One adult female from Saba ....-...-..--.--.----- 82 G6. escaionses 5 |) 19 12 cI have not seen specimens from St. Croix, which is given on Mr. Cory’s authority. Mr. Cory also includes in the range of this form the Lesser Antillean islands of St. Eustatius, St. Christopher, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, and Barbados; but I am convinced thisis an error, all specimens from these islands which IJ have seen being referable to V. c. barbadensis. Mr. Cory probably was mis- led by specimens discolored by chemical action of the preservative used, to which he refers (Cat W. I. Birds, p. 153). @ A single specimen (sex not determined) in the collection of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, said to be from Trinidad, and of the usual ‘‘Trinidad”’ style of make-up, agrees with Jamaican and Porto Rican specimens, but has the pileum perceptibly paler and grayer. Its measurements are as follows: Wing, 85; tail, 60; exposed culmen, 19; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 12. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 139 [Motacilla] calidris Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 184 (Jamaica; based on Luscinia americana Edwards, Birds, 121, pl. 121, fig. 2; Icterus minor nidum suspendus Sloane, Jam., ii, 299); ed. 12, i, 1766, 329. Vireosylvia calidris Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 329 (Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico; St. Thomas; Santa Cruz; Sombrero). V[treosylvia] calidris Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106. [ Vireosylvia] calidris Scuarer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11, part. Vireo calidris Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 93 (Santo Domingo).— Savin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 186, part (Jamaica; Santo Domingo).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 293, part (Santo Domingo).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 49; Auk, iii, 1886, 189, part (Jamaica; Santo Domingo); Birds W. I., 1889., 76, part (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 115, 152, part.—Fretp, Auk, xi, 1894, 127 (Jamaica).— Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 27 ameee) —CHERRIE, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 13. [Vireo] calidris Corr, List. Birds W. I., 1885, 10. [ Vireo calidris] a. V. calidris Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 293, part. (Santo Domingo). [Vireosylvia calidris] var. calidris Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 359. Phyllomanes calidris GunpLacn, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 168 (Porto Rico); Journ. fir Orn., 1878, 158 (Porto Rico). [Muscicapa] olivacea Tete, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 327, part (cites Musci- capa subfusco-viridis, sive olivacet olarts, Edwards, Gleanings, pl. 253; Jamaica). Vireo olivacea Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38, part (Jamaica). Vireosylvia olivacea (not Vireosylva ae Bonaparte, 1838) Gossr, birds, Jamaica, 1847, 194. (?) Turdus virens “Linn?” (esta eee Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 16 (based on Merle de St. Domingue Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 273, fig. 1). (?) Turdus hispaniolensis GME.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 822 (Santo Domingo; based on Merula dominecensis Brisson, Orn., ii, 296). Muscicapa altiloqua V1E1LLoT, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 67, pl. 38 (Santo Domingo ).— Swanson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 236, in text (crit. ). Vireo altiloquus SauLt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (Santo Domingo).— Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 354, -part.—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1863, 294 (Jamaica).—Leoravp, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 250. [ Vireosylvia] altilogua Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 330. Vireosylvia altiloqua Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1860, 375 (St. Thomas).— Newton, Ibis, 1859, 145 (St. Croix; descr. nest and eggs).—Scuarer, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 72 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32 (Jamaica; Santo Domingo; St. Croix).—AuBrecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 195 (Jamaica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1864, 98 (Sombrero; crit.). Vireo longirostris Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 237, part (Jamaica). Ph[yllomanes] mystacalis CaBanis, in Wiegmann’s Archiv. fir Naturg., 1847 (i), 348 (West Indies). Vireo atripennis Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., xv, 1863, 106 (Sombrero; coll. G. N. Lawrence). Vireosylvia atripennis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1864, 98.—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 330, in text. Vireosylvia virginalis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, Dec. 12, 1864, 98 (Sombrero; coll. G. N. Lawrence). Vireo altiloqua barbatula (not Phyllomanes barbatulus Cabanis) Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 132 (Haiti). Vireo calidris barbatula Bowpisu, Auk, xx, 1903, 16 (Porto Rico; habits; descr. nest). 140 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The following references 1 am unable to properly place, not having seen specimens from the localities cited: ; [ Vireosylvia] calidris SctareR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11, part (Panama; Venezuela). Vireosylvia calidris Scuavrer and Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 234 (Venezuela). , Vireo calidris Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 186, part (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad; Venezuela; Guiana). (Vireo calidris] 6. V. barbatula Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 294, part (Central America; Guatemala; Trinidad; Guiana; Chamicuros, e. Peru). Vireosylvia altilogua ScuateR and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 348 (Isthmus of Panama). Vireosylvia frenata DuBus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxii, 1855, 150 (Ocafia, Colombia; see Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 138). Vireo calidris barbatula Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 173 (Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia, Aug., Sept. ). VIREOSYLVA CALIDRIS BARBADENSIS Ridgway. BARBADOS VIREO. ' Similar to V. ¢. calidris, but sides of head, including superciliary stripe, light gray instead of brownish buff, and pileam brownish gray, margined laterally with a distinct black or dusky line. Adult male.—Length (skins), 136-168 (150.9); wing, 73-84 (80.1); tail, 49-60 (57.9); exposed culmen, 15.5-17 (16.2); depth of bill at nostrils, 4.5-6 (5.2); tarsus, 18.5-20.5 (19.1); middle toe, 11-13 (12.1).¢ Adult female.~-Length (skins), 140-150 (144.1); wing, 73-81 (76.7); tail, 48-58.5 (53.9); exposed culmen, 15-18 (16); depth of bill at nos- trils, 5; tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.7); middle toe, 11-13 (12).? @ Eleven specimens. 5 Ten specimens. Specimens from different islands average, respectively, as follows: Ex- Depth . Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posea | Of Pi | parsus, | Middle culmen at nos- toe. ‘| trils. MALES, One adult male from St. Eustatius...............- 79 58 17 5 20.5 12 One adult male from Guadeloupe............-.-..|.-..-+-- 59.5 16 5 20 121.5 Four adult males from Dominica..............---- 81.6 60.5 16.2 5.6 19.9 12.6 One adult male from Santa Lucia..........--.---- 80 57 16.5 5.5 20 12 Two adult males from St. Vincent ..............-- 75.5 52.5 16.7 4.7 19.5 11.7 One adult male from Grenada .-........---.-..---- 82 59 15.5 5 20 12 One adult male (?) from Barbados (type) ......-.. 83 67 16 5 20 12 FEMALES, One adult female from Guadeloupe..............- 75 51 15 5 20 11 Five adult females from Dominica..............-- 78.9 65.5 16.7 5 20.1 12.4 One adult female (?) from Santa Lucia. ......--.. 76 55 15 5 20 12 One adult female from St. Vincent....-....---...- 74 62.5 15 5 19 12 Two adult females from Grenada ......-........+- 74 51.5 15.7 5 19 11.5 Specimens from different islands differ somewhat in both coloration and measure- ments, but without a larger series I would not attempt further subdivision. The BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 141 Islands of St. Eustatius, Antigua, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Domi- nica, Martinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, and Barbados, Lesser Antilles. Vireo longirostris Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 237, part (St. Vincent). Vireosylvia calidris (not Motacilla calidris Linnzeus) Scuarur, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 269 (Santa Lucia) ; 1889, 326 (Dominica).—Srmpsr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 649 (Santa Lucia).—Lawrencr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 233 (Barbuda), 486 (Antigua). [Vireosylvia] calidris Sctatur and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11, part. Vireo calidris Satvin and GopMay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 186, part.— Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 293, part.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 189, part; iv, 1887, 95 (Martinique); viii, 1891, 47 (Antigua; St. Eustatius), 48 (St. Christopher), 49 (Guadeloupe); Birds W. I., 1889, 76, part; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 115, 152, part (St. Eustatius, St. Christopher, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, Barbados). [Vireosylvia calidris] var. barbadense Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 359 (Barbados, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). Vireosylvia calidris barbadense Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 152, in text (Barba- dos, Dominica, St. Vincent, Santa Lucia, Martinique, Grenada; crit.). Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana Lawrence. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, July 30, 1878, 55 (Dominica, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.), 189 (St. Vin- cent), 268 (Grenada), 354 (Martinique), 454 (Guadeloupe), 486 (Guade- loupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, Grenada).—We 1s, Proce. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 611 (Grenada; food; descr. nest and eggs). Vireosylvia calidris dominicgna ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 186 (Santa Lucia). Vireo calidris dominicana Ripeway, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890, 129 (Santa Lucia). VIREOSYLVA CALIDRIS BARBATULA (Cabanis). \ BLACK-WHISKERED VIREO. Similar to V. ¢. barbadensts, but dusky line along each side of pileum much less distinct, often obsolete, and olive-green of back duller and grayer; differing from V. ¢. calzdris in much paler and less buffy superciliary stripe and auricular region, grayer pileum, duller olive- green of back, etc., and purer white throat and chest. Adult male.—Length (skins), 184-152 (142.5); wing, 77-82 (80.1); tail, 51-61 (55.9); exposed culmen, 14-15.5 (14.9); depth of bill at nostrils, 4-5 (4.7); tarsus, 17-20 (18.4); middle toe, 10-12.5 (11).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 120-140 (181.4); wing, 73-77 (75.5); type of V. c. barbadensis (the only specimen examined from Barbados) is decidedly browner above, both on back and pileum, than those from other islands, but the specimen was first preserved in alcohol, which may possibly account for the differ- ences in color; otherwise, the Barbados bird would have to stand by itself, those from Dominica, etc., constituting a separate form, Vireosylva calidris dominicana Law- rence. Two adults (a male and a female) from St. Vincent are decidedly darker above than specimens from other islands. «Twenty-five specimens. 142 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tail, 47-53 (52.1); exposed culmen, 12.5-15.5 (14.4); depth of bill at nostrils, 4-5 (4.6); tarsus, 17-19 (18.2); middle toe, 10-11.5 (10.9).¢ Bahamas (islands of Abaco, Biminis, New Providence, Andros, Sa- mana Cay); Cuba (including Isle of Pines); Little Cayman (near Cuba); southern Florida (Key West, Dry Tortugas, Ten Thousand Islands, Punta Rassa, Charlotte Harbor, Tarpon Springs, Tampa, etc.), as far north on Gulf coast as Anclote Keys. Vireo gilvus (not of Vieillot) D’Orpieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 43. Vireo longirostris (not of Swainson) Nurrai, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 359. Vireo altiloquus (not Muscicapa altilogua Vieillot) GamBe., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1848, 127 (Florida).—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 334, part (coast s. Florida); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 243. Vireosylvia altiloqua Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1851, 152 (Florida) ; Mlustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 8, 221, part, pl. 37 (Florida).—Bryanrt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 113 (New Providence, Bahamas).—LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1860, 266 (Cuba; crit.).—A.srecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 206 (Cuba). Vireosylva altiloqua Bairp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328 (Florida). Vireo (Vireosylva) altiloquus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. “xxxxv’’ (=xxxv). Vireo olivaceus (not Muscicapa olivacea Linnzeus) THIENEMANN, Journ. fir Orn., 1857, 147 (Cuba; descr. eggs). Phyllomanes barbatulus CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., iii, Nov., 1855, 467 (Cuba; coll. Berlin Mus. ?).—Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 324 (Cuba); 1872, 401 (do.).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba). Vireosylvia barbatula Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 331 (Cuba; Bahamas; Charlotte Harbor, Florida).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 17, fig. 1. Vireosylvia calidris, var. barbatulus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 360. ‘i Vireosylvia calidris barbatula Ripa@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 174, 231; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 137. [ Vireo] calidris barbatula Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10. «Seventeen specimens. Ex. | Depth : Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed of bill Tarsus. Middle culmen.,| 2t 20s- toe. ~ "| trils. MALES. Ten adult males from Cuba...........--.--------- 1.7 54.7) 15.2 4.5 18.6 10.7 Ten adult males from Bahamas.................-- 80.6 57.7 ‘15 4.9 18.8 11.1 Four adult males from southern Florida.......... 380 54.7 14.4 4.7 18.6 114 FEMALES. Ten adult females from Cuba .........-..2--0-.005 ri) 50.5 14.4 4.6 18.1 10.9 Seven adult females from Bahamas............... 76.2 62.1 14.5 4.7 18.3 11 While, as a rule, specimens from the Bahamas and southern Florida are slightly paler than those from Cuba, the difference is too slight and inconstant to warrant separation. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 1438 Vireo calidris barbatula Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 190; Birds W. I., 1889, 77.—CHap- MAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 309 (Trinidad, Cuba; song). Vireo calidris barbatulus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 491 (synonymy) .—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 115 (Abaco, Biminis, Andros, New Providence, and Samana Cay, Bahamas; Cuba; Isle of Pines; Little Cayman).—Banes, Auk, xvii, 1900, 288 (New Providence and Eleuthera islands, Bahamas; note on molt). [ Vireo] altiloguus var. barbatulus Cours, Key N..Am. Birds, 1872, 120. Vireo altiloquus . . . var. barbatulus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 123. Vireo altiloquus var. barbatulus Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 82. Vireo altiloquus barbatulus Cours, Check List, 2d ed., "1882, no. 172.—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 623. —Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 133 (Punta Rassa and Tampa, s. w. Florida, summer); v, 1888, 186 (Mangrove Keys, Gulf coast Florida, north at least to mouth of Anclote R.; breeding); vii, 1890, 14 (Tampa, Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida; common and breeding along coast as far north as Anclote Keys), 312 (Dry Tortugas, 1 spec., Apr. 29); ix, 1892, 213 (Caloosahatchee R., Florida; breed- ing).—Nortsrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 70 (Andros I., Bahamas).—Uory, Auk, viii, 1891, 296 (Bimini islands, Bahamas), 298 (Abaco I.), 351 (Inagua) .— Ripeway, Auk, viii, 1891, 335 (New Providence). Vireo barbatula Barrp, re Am. Birds, 1866, 163, fig. 9. V[ireo] altiloquus barbatulus Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 332.—Ripe- way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 470. [ Vireo] calidris ScLateR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 11, part. Vireo calidris (not Motacilla calidris Linnzeus) Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1881, 186, part.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 293, part. VIREOSYLVA CALIDRIS GRANDIOR (Ridgway). OLD PROVIDENCE VIREO. Largest representative of the genus (wing 84, tail 68, exposed cul-, men 18.5); resembling V. c. barbadensis in coloration, but paler, the pileum and hindneck light mouse gray, with the dusky lateral streak very indistinct, and the dusky submalar streak very much narrower. Adult mate.—Length (skin), 162; wing, 84; tail, 68; exposed culmen, 18.5; depth of bill at nostrils, 6; tarsus, 21.5; middle toe, 13. ¢ Island of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea. Vireosylvia grandior Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884, 178 (Old Providence Island, Caribbean Sea; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 180 (Old Providence). VIREOSYLVA CALIDRIS CANESCENS (Cory). SAINT ANDREWS VIREO, “Sp. Char.—Resembles Vireosylvia grandior Ridgw., but is ashy instead of greenish on the back, and lacks the olive on the flanks and the yellowish crissum; tail feathers not green. @QOne specimen, the type (no. 97846, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). 144 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. “ Adult & (Type, no. 10195; coll. C. B. Cory).—Head ash gray, becoming dull grayish olive on the back; a superciliary stripe of dull, buffy white, bordered by a narrow streak of brown on the sides of the crown; amalar stripe of dull brown. Under parts white, faintly tinged with olive; crissum dull white, showing a slight yellowish tinge at the vent; quills and tail brown, showing a tinge of olive on the outer webs of the inner feathers. ‘Length, 5.60 (142 mm.); wing, 3.50 (87); tail, 2.60 (66); tarsus, 80 (20.5); bill, 0.70 (18).”« ' Island of St. Andrews (near Old Providence), Caribbean Sea. Vireosylvia canescens Cory, Descrip. Six New Species Birds Old Providence and St. Andrews, May 27, 1887, 2; Auk, iv, July, 1887, 178 (St. Andrews (L., Caribbean Sea; coll. C. B. Cory). VIREOSYLVA FLAVOVIRIDIS FLAVOVIRIDIS Cassin. YELLOW-GREEN VIREO. ~ Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck plain mouse gray, the former margined laterally, in part, by a more or less distinct dusky line, this sometimes obsolete; rest of upper parts plain bright olive- green; an indistinct superciliary stripe of paler gray, this sometimes obsolete behind eye; lores dull grayish, darker next to anterior angle . of eye; auricular region light olive-green, fading into pale gray or grayish white on suborbital and malar regions; chin, throat, median portion of chest and breast, and abdomen white; sides and flanks olive-yellow, blending with olive-green of upper parts on sides of neck; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts and axillars clear sulphur yellow or light lemon yellow; maxilla dusky or brownish (in dried skins) with paler tomia; mandible whitish or pale brownish (grayish blue or bluish gray in life); iris red or brownish red; legs and feet horn color (grayish blue in life). Young (first plumage).—Pileum, hindneck, back, rump, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and postocular.streak pinkish drab; a whitish superciliary stripe; underparts white medially, primrose yellow later- ally, the under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts sulphur yellow; remiges and rectrices as in adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 131-157 (139.5); wing, 75-82 (78.1); tail, 50-60 (55.1); exposed culmen, 14-15 (14.4); tarsus, 18-19 (18.9); middle toe, 10-11 (10.7).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 123-142 (186.7); wing, 74-80 (76.3); ¢ Original description, + Twenty-four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 145 tail, 49-55 (51.6); exposed culmen, 13-15 (14); tarsus, 17-19 (18.4); middle toe, 10-11 (10.8). From northern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Victoria; Alta Mira), Nuevo Leon (Monterey), Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Rosario), etc., southward over rest of Mexico (including Yucatan) and whole of Cen- tral America (both coasts) to Isthmus of Panama, and southward to Ecuador (Rio Napo; Quito), Peru (Guayango), and Bolivia. Acci- dental in southern Texas (Fort Brown, one specimen, August 23, 1877), southern California (Riverside, Los Angeles County, one speci- men September 29, 1887), and Canada (Godbout, Quebec, one speci- men, May 13, 1888). Vireosylvia flavoviridis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., v, Feb., 1851, 152, pl. 11 (Panama; coll. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.).—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 298 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 375 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 44 (Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 323 (Panama R. R.); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 272 (Mazatlan and Rosa- . rio, Sinaloa); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 17 (Tapana and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 336 (Monterey, Nuevo Leon; Mazatlan; Rosario; near Colima; San José, Costa Rica; Isthmus of Panama).—Sa.vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 184 (Mina de Chorcha, Bugaba, and Chitra, Veragua).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (temp. region Vera Cruz, up to 4,866 ft. on Orizaba).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 295 (Costa Rica).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 366.—(?) Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 509 (Monterico, centr. Peru).—Merritt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 125 (Fort Brown, Texas, 1 spec., Aug. 23).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 125 (synonymy ).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 53 (San José, Costa Rica).—Nurtine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 391 (La Palma de Nicoya, w. Costa Rica). @ Eleven specimens. Average measurements according to geographic area are as follows: Ex- Locality. . Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ae culmen. = MALES. | Nine adult males from eastern Mexico......-......-...-.-- 79.2 55.7 14.7 19 ; 10.5 Seven adult males from western Mexico.......-...-....-.- 78 54.8 14.4 19 | 10.7 One adult male from Tabasco .......-....---2.02-02202 cece 76 54 14 18. 10 One adult male from Campeche..........--...2.22ceeeeeeee 80 57 4 wo | u Six adult males from Costa Rica, Veragua, and Panama...; 76.8 54.1 14 18.6 | 10.8 FEMALES. Four adult females from eastern Mexico........--.-..--+-- 76.5 53 14 18 10.7 Three adult females from western Mexico................. 74.3 49.3 14 18.6 11 One adult female from Tabasco ....-.........-2222e02eeee ee 76 52 14 19 10 Three adult females from Costa Rica.......-.......2..22-5+ 78 52 13.6 18.3 11 Specimens from eastern Mexico (Tamaulipas to Campeche) are appreciaLly brighter olive-green above and have the sides and flanks brighter olive-yellow than those from western Mexico, Costa Rica, Veragua, and Panama, and province of Santa Marta, Colombia. 10384—voL 8—03——10 146 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vireo (Vireosylua) flavoviridis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. “xxxxv’? (= XXxv). Vireosylvia flavo-viridis ScLaTER and Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—Satvin, ‘Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137 (Santa Fé and Cordillera de Tolé, Vera- gua).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (San José and Atenas, Costa Rica).—Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 152 (Fort Brown, Texas). [ Vireosylvia] flavo-viridis Scuarer and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11. [ Vireosylvia flavoviridis] var. flavoviridis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 359. Vireo flavoviridis Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 332 (Monterey, Nuevo Leon); Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 12 (do.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 241.—Brewer, Ibis, 1878,487 (Fort Brown, Texas).— Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 490, footnote.—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 189, part (n. Yucatan; Retalhuleu and Chisec, Guatemiles Volcan de Irazi, Costa Rica; Obispo and Paraiso stations, Panama R. R.; etc.; Colombia ?; Ecuador ?; Peru ?; upper Amazons ?).— Gavow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., wii, 1883, 295, part (Guayanen, Peru ?; Rio Napo, e. Ecuador ?; Bolivia ??; Veragua; Panama).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- gists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 625.—ZetEepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (San José, Alajuela, Tambon de Alajuela, Costa Rica; Panama).—Pricr, Auk, v, 1888, 210 (Riverside, Los Angeles Co., Califor- nia, 1 spec., Oct. 1,¢ 1887).—CHerrte, Auk, vii, 1890, 329-331 (San José, Costa Rica;’ habits; descr. nest and eggs), 335 (San José, mid. Apr. to Sept. 29).—Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 778 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco).—Atuex, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900; 173 (Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia, Aug. to Oct.).—GRINNELL (J .), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 62.—BartLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 395. {"[ireo] flavoviridis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 470. Phyllomanes flavoviridis Canants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 93 (Costa Rica). Vireosylvia agilis flavoviridis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ili, Aug. 24, 1880, 232; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 136. ; Vireo flaviviridis Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 171.—Merrriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1888, 218, 244 (Godbout, Canada; 1 spec., found dead, May 13, 1883). V [ireo] flaviviridis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 332. Vireo agilis (not Lanius agilis Lichtenstein) ZeLepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (San José, Costa Rica). VIREOSYLVA FLAVOVIRIDIS FORRERI (Madardsz). FORRER'S VIREO, Similar to V. f. flavovirid’s, but larger; superciliary stripe darker gray, less distinct, often obsolete; dusky line Meng each side of pileam also less distinct, often obsolete. Adilt tle Tenoth (skins), 150-158 (154); wing, 80-86 (83); tail, 56-61. (59.2); exposed culmen, 14-15.5 (14.9); tarsus, 20-21 (20.1); middle toe, 11-12 (11.1).? “The date given on label of the specimen, however, is Sept. 29, » Seven specimens, : BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 147 Tres Marias Islands (Island of Maria Madre), western Mexico. Vireo flavoviridis (not Vireosylvia flavoviridis Cassin) Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 189, part (Tres Marias). Vireo forreri MaparAsz, Természetrajzi Fiizetek, ix, pt. 1, 1885, 85, pl. 6 (Tres Marias I., w. Mexico; coll. Hungarian Nat. Mus.). V [treo] forrert Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 590; 2d ed., 1896, 607. Vireo flavoviridis forreri Nrtson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 54 (Tres Marias; crit.). VIREOSYLVA INSULANUS (Bangs). SAN MIGUEL VIREO. Similar to V. flavovirides flavoviridis, but smaller; back, etc., duller olive-green, and dusky lateral line of pileum and pale superciliary stripe more distinct; about the size of V. chivi agilis, or slightly smaller, with pileum more brownish gray, back, etc., much duller olive-green, superciliary stripe much less distinct, dusky postocular streak obsolete, and sides much more extensively yellowish olive or olive-yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 181-133 (182); wing, 74.5-78 (76.2); tail, 58-56 (54.5); exposed culmen, 13-14 (18.5); tarsus, 16.5-18 (17.2); middle toe, 11-12 (11.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 119-125 (122); wing, 72-73 (72.5); tail, 48.5-50 (49.2); exposed culmen, 13.5; tarsus, 17-17.5 (17.2); middle toe, 10-11 (10.5).¢ San Miguel Island, Gulf of Panama. Vireo chivi agilis (not Lanius agilis Lichtenstein) Banas, Auk, xviii, Jan., 1901, 30 (San Miguel I., Gulf of Panama). Vireo insulanus Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Mar. 31, 1902, 73 (San Miguel I., Gulf of Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). VIREOSYLVA OLIVACEA (Linnzus). RED-EYED VIREO. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum plain mouse gray, margined laterally by a narrow line of black or dusky; rest of upper parts plain grayish olive-green; a broad superciliary stripe of dull white or very pale brownish gray; a dusky gray loral streak, becoming darker at anterior angle of eye, and a less distinct postocular streak of dusky; auricular, suborbital, and malar regions pale olive or pale brownish olive, pass- ing into olive-greenish on sides of neck; under parts white, the sides and flanks tinged, more or less strongly, with pale yellowish olive or olive-yellow, the under tail-coverts more or less tinged with sulphur yellow; axillars and under wing-coverts pale sulphur yellow; inner webs of remiges edged with yellowish white; maxilla grayish dusky or blackish; mandible pale grayish (pale grayish blue or bluish gray @ Two specimens, 148 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. in life); iris brownish red; legs and feet dusky in dried skins, grayish blue in life. Young (first plumage).—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts plain vinaceous-brown, varying from pale broccoli brown to pale fawn color or deep écru drab; remiges and rectrices as in adults; greater wing-coverts edged and narrowly tipped with pale olive-yellow; superciliary stripe and under parts white, the under tail-coverts and flanks tinged with sulphur yel- low; a distinct dusky loral streak and indistinct postocular streak; sides of head below this line white or brownish white. Adult male.—Length (skins), 123-149 (137.3); wing, 77-85 (81); tail, 51-60 (55); exposed culmen, 11-14 (12.7); tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 118-142 (131.8); wing, 76-83 (78.1); tail, 47-56 (52.5); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.3); tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 11.? Temperate North America in general, except arid districts; north to Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Keewatin (Norway House; Oxford House), Saskatchewan (Cumberland House), and southern Mackenzie (Fort Resolution; Fort Simpson); west to British Columbia (both sides of Cascade Range), Washington, Colorado, Utah, etc.; breeding south over whole of wooded region east of Rocky Mountains as far south as Caloosahatchee River, southern Florida, and as far west as Tom Green County, western Texas; wintering from southern Florida to Bahamas (Watling Island; Great Inagua), Cuba?, Porto Rico?, and through Mexico, Central America, and South America, as far as Brazil (Para; Chapada, province of Matto Grosso), Bolivia, and eastern Peru. Accidental in Greenland (one specimen, 1844) and in England. «Twenty-seven specimens. bEighteen specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: Ex- . Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. made culmen. MALES. Ten adult males from Atlantic coast district............-. 80.9 54.3 18 18.2 1.1 Ten adult males from Mississippi Valley..........-.-..--- 80.3 55.2 12.9 17.9 11 Seven adult males from Rocky Mountains and British i COMMA, os ote oie sorcersieietacn aid bed aiaidyeccloypieisiots aeslemiommeCeacvereaimale 82.1 55.9 12 18.1 11.4 FEMALES, Ten adult females from Atlantic coast district............ 771.7 50.9 12.2 17.9 1 Seven adult females from Mississippi Valley............-. 77.9 50.3 12.6 18 11 One adult female from British Columbia -.........-.....-- 883 53 12 19 11 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 149 [Muscicapa] olivacea Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 327, part (based on Muscicapa olivacea Edwards, Birds, v, 98, pl. 253; Red ey’d Fly-Catcher, Muscicapa oculis rubra, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 54, pl. 54, lower fig.¢) .—Gma.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 938, part.—Latnam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 482. Muscicapa olivacea Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 55, pl. 10, fig. 3.—Srepnens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 379.—Bonaparts, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 176. ; Lanius olivaceus Licutensretn, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1823, 49. Vireo olivaceus Bonaparrr, Ann, Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 71.—Swarnson and Ricu- ARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 233.—NurraL., Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 312.—AvupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 287, pl. 150; Synopsis, 1839, 162; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 155, pl. 2483.—Woopnousk, in Rep. Sit- greaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col., 1853, 76.—Maximittay, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 187 (Pennsylvania, etc.).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 331; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 12 (Devils R., Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 240.—Wuuus, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—Verritu, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 138 (Anticosti).— Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 5 (Forks of Saskatchewan); 1863, 66 (Saskatche- wan).—MclIiwrairs, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 87 (Hamilton, Ontario).— (?) Frnscx, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 565 (Trinidad).—Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 122; 2d ed., 1882, no. 170; Birds N. W., 1874, 96; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 495.—Auten, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 176 (mts. Colo- rado, up to 11,000 ft.; Ogden, Utah); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 54 (upper Missouri R.); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 346 (Chapada, prov. Matto Grosso, s. w. Brazil, Dec. 21, Feb. 14); Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (Santa Marta, Colombia, Apr. 3; Bucaramanga, Colombia).—Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 714 (Utah).—HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Specs. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 42 (Ogden, Utah, Sept. ).--Horrman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xviii, 1877, 171 (Dakota).—Bartcnetper, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 97 (spurious primary); Auk, ix, 1892, 395 (Little Dalles, Washington, and upper Columbia R.).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 115 (descr. first plumage).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 188.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 294.—BickNneLL, Auk, i, 1884, 217 (song).—AmeErican OrNITHOLOGIsTs’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 624.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 190 (West Indian references); ix, 1892, 48 (Watling I., Bahamas), 49 (Inagua); Birds W. I., 1889, 77 (do.; Cuba); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 116 (Watling I. and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Porto Rico).—ZrLepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Costa Rica).—Luoyp, Auk, iv,.1887, 295 (Tom Green Co., w. Texas, breeding).— Cooxg, Bird. Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 233 (dates, etc.).—Ripeway, Orn. Illi- nois, i, 1889, 181.—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 15 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida, migr.); ix, 1892, 213 (Caloosahatchee R., Florida, breeding).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 149 (Ashcroft, com- mon, and Ducks, abundant, British Columbia).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 614 (Manitoba; summer resid.; habits; song).—CHERRIE, Auk, vii, 1890, 335 (San José, Costa Rica, Oct. 9 to April 20).—ArrwarTer, Auk, ix, 1892, 340 (San Antonio, Texas, summer resid. ).—BatcHELpEr, Auk, ix, 1892, 395 (upper Columbia R., British Columbia; Little Dalles, Wash- ington).—Nernriine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 284, pl. 15, fig. 4.— Dwiacut, Auk, x, 1893, 12 (Prince Edward I., breeding).—Ricumonp, Proc. @Cites also Muscicapa jamaicensis Brisson, Orn., ii, 410, which = V. calidris calidris. 150 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 486 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Sept. 10).— Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding).—Mzrr- RIL, Auk. xv, 1898, 18 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, summer resid. ).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (s. British Columbia, abundant both sides of Cascade Range).—Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 395. Vireo olivacea Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38, part (United States). [ Vireo] olivaceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 120. V [ireo] olivaceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 331.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 470. [Vireo] olivacea Cory, List Birds W. I, 1885, 10. Vireosylva olivacea Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 26.—Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, addenda.—Rernnarpr, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Greenland, 1 spec., 1844). Vireosylvia olivacea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 329.—Rernuarprt, Vid. Med. for 1853 (1854), 82 (Greenland); Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 439 (do. ).—ScratEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 151 (Bogota, Colombia); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 43 (Guatemala; Colombia; New Jersey); Ibis, 1864, 394 (England).—Sciater and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guate- mala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras); 1873, 258 (upper Ucayali, Chyavetas, Pebas, and Chamicuros, e. Peru); 1876, 16 (Huiro and Maranura, Peru), 1879, 495.—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 333.— (?) Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 250.—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (San José, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fir. Orn., 1869, 295 (San José, Costa Rica).—Atien, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 270 (e. Florida, winter).—Harrine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 99 (England) .— (?) Layarp, Ibis, 1873, 377 (Pard, lower Amazon).—Barrp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am: Birds, i, 1874, pl. 17, fig. 2.—Ripeway, Field and Forest, iii, 1877, 197 (Colorado); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 135.—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 53 (San José, Costa Rica, Jan. to May).—Neuruine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 11 (s. e. Texas, breeding).—Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 91 (Memphis, Tennessee, and Vicksburg and Jackson, Mississippi, breeding).— Battey (H.B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 38 (St. Simons I., Georgia, breeding). : Vireo (Vireosylva) olivacea Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. ‘‘xxxxv” (=xxxv). Vireo ( Vireosylvia) olivaceus ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 66. Vireosylvia olivaceus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway., Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 363, pl. 17, fig. 3. [ Vireosylvia] olivacea ScuatER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11. V[ireosylvia] olivacea Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. §., 4th ed., 1884, 75. [ Vireosylvia olivaceus] var. olivaceus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 359. Ph[yllomanes] olivaceus Capants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 63. Phyllomanes olivaceus Casanis, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1860, 404.—Gunp.aca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 403 (Cuba) ; 1878, 158 (Porto Rico); Orn. Cuba, 1876, 55; 1878, 158 (Porto Rico); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 169 (Porto Rico). Vireo virescens Viztuiot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 84, pl. 53 (Pennsylvania ?). V [ireo] virescens Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, pl. 65. Vireo bogotensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 227 (Bogota, Colombia). Vireosylvia bogotensis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1863, 484 (Panama R. R.). Vireo flaviviridis (not Vireosylvia flavoviridis Cassin) Barsour, Auk, xiii, 1896, 263 (Brown Co., Nebraska; error corrected by Bruner, Auk, xiv, 1897, 323). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 151 VIREOSYLVA PHILADELPHICA Cassin. PHILADELPHIA VIREO. f Adults (sewes alike).—Pileum plain mouse gray; hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain grayish olive-green; wings and tail dark brownish gray or hair brown with light olive- greenish edgings, these broader and more grayish (sometimes distinctly gray) on greater wing-coverts; lesser and middle wing-coverts olive- gray; a distinct superciliary stripe of dull whitish; a triangular loral mark (most distinct next to eye) and a more or less ‘distinct postocular streak dusky grayish; auricular and malar regions pale olive, becom- ing paler (sometimes whitish) beneath eye; under parts mostly dull sulphur or primrose yellow, the chin and abdomen more or less exten- sively whitish, the yellow deepest on chest;“ under wing-coverts and axillars pale primrose yellow; inner webs of remiges edged with white; maxilla dark horn color with paler tomia; mandible paler (bluish gray in life’); iris brown; legs and feet dusky (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?). Young (in first autumn ae winter).—Similar to adults, but pileum olive, rather than gray, and under parts more exténsively and deeply yellow (between sulphur yellow and straw yellow). Adult mate.—Length (skins), 110-118 (113.5); wing, 65-69 (66.7); tail, 44-48 (45.7); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 16-18 (17.1); middle toe, 9.5-10 (9.9).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-122 (115); wing, 62-66 (64.6); tail, 48-46 (44.6); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17; middle toe, 10.° Mastera North America; north to Maine, New Brunswick (Grand Falls), Ontario (Moose Factory, Parry Sound, etc.), Manitoba (Fort Pelly; Duck Mountain), Athabasca (Fort Chippewyan: Big Cascade Rapids, Athabasca R.), etc.; breeding from Ontario (Moose Factory; Parry Sound?; Lansdown Station) and Manitoba (Fort Pelly; Duck Mountain) for an undetermined distance southward;% migrating south- ward over whole of United States east of the Great Plains (more spar- ingly east of Alleghenies) to Central America (Guatemala to Chiriqui and Veragua. (No Mexican nor West Indian records.) Vireosylvia philadelphica Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, Feb., 1851, 153 (near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; coll. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.?); vi, 1852, pl. 1, fig. 2.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1857, 108-111 (Wisconsin; habits, geog. range, etc.).—Scuarer and Satyrn, Ibis, 1859,.12 (Guate- «There is much individual variation in the relative extent of the yellow and white on the under parts, either color prevailing in different specimens. b Six specimens. ¢ Five specimens. d8aid by Nelson, (Bull. “Essex. Inst., viii, 1876, 102, 152) to probably | breed in northeastern Illinois, 60 miles south at Chicago, and by Butler (Birds | of Indiana, 1897, 1011) to breed i in ‘Starke and Carroll counties, in that State. . 152 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mala).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 340 (Moose Factory, Hudson Bay, Waterville, Maine; Coban, Guatemala; San José, Costa Rica, etc.).—Law- RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (San José, Grecia, and Dota Mts., Costa Rica).—Franrtzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 295 (Costa Rica).—ALLEn, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 504 (Minneapolis, Minnesota, etc. ).—Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 184 (Chitra, Veragua).—Barirp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 17, fig. 4. —Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878, 53 (San José, Costa Rica, Jan.).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 138.—Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 238 (Moose Factory, Hudson Bay, June 2). [ Vireosylvia] philadelphica ScLater and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12. V[ireosylvia] philadelphica Jorpan, Man. Vertbr. E. U. S., 4th ed., 1884, 75. Vireosylva philadelphica Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328. Vireosylvia philadelphicus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripcway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 367. , Vireo philadelphicus Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 335; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), pl. 78, fig. 3; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 244.—WHEaTon, Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860 (1861), 365, 374 (Ohio); in Coues’ Birds N. W., 1874, 233 (Columbus, Ohio, Sept. 16).—Hamuin, Rep. Maine Board Agric., 1865,—( Waterville, Maine).—ALLEN, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 517 (n. Illinois).—Covurs, Check List, 1873, no. 124; 2d ed., 1882, no. 173; Birds N. W., 1874, 97 (Pembina, North Dakota, June); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 492.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 19 (Cambridge, Massachu- setts, Sept. 7); v, 1880, 1-7 (habits and geogr. range); vi, 1881, 56 (Brook- line, Massachusetts, Sept.).—Fox, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 78 (Hol- lis, New Hampshire, May 26).—Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, 33 (Connecticut); Auk, i, 1884, 291 (Fair Haven Light, Lake Ontario, n. New York, May 21).—Mzarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 46 (near West Point, New York, Sept. 24).—Trorrmr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 235 (near Philadelphia, 2 specs., Sept.).—Townsrnp (C. W.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 53 (Magnolia, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Sept. 18, 1879).—Parx, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 239 (near Troy, New York, May 15).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 56 (Princeton, New Jersey, Sept. 21).—Tur- ner (M. H.), Auk, i, 1884, 291 (Essex Co., New York, May 22).—Satvin and GopMmav, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 191 (Retalhuleu and Volcan de Agua, Guatemala; Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua, etc.).— BatcHELDER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 111 (Grand Falls, New Brunswick, May).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 296 (Vera Paz, Guatemala; Fort Carlton, British America).—Lawrence (N. T.), Auk, ii, 1885, 272 (Far Rockaway, Long Island, Sept. 25).—Sxrron, Auk, ii, 1885, 305 (Duck Mt., Manitoba, breeding; descr. nest and eggs); iii, 1886, 325 (near Fort Pelly, w. Manitoba, breeding).—AMERIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 626.— Zeepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Cartago, Costa Rica).— Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 234 (Lanesboro, Minnesota, May 18 to 20; Des Moines, Iowa, May 14 to 20; etc.).—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 183.—Evmrmann, Auk, vi, 1889, 26 (Carroll Co., Indiana; ‘‘rare summer resident”’).—Cnerrte, Auk, vii, 1890, 335 (San José, Costa Rica, Apr. 23); ix, 1892, 23 (San José, after Oct. 20); xix, 1902, 210 (Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, 1 spec., Sept. 14, 1900).—Hurcucocx, Auk, vii, 1890, 403 (Rutland Co., Vermont, Sept. 11).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 615 (Manitoba, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Ricamonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 486 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Oct. 21).— Neuruinc, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 288.—Sacs, Auk, xi, 1894, 181 (Portland, Connecticut, Sept. 21); xii, 1895, 311 (Portland, Sept. 17).— BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 1538¢ -Faxon, Auk, xii, 1895, 84 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Sept. 27).—Dwianr, Auk, xiv, 1897, 259, pl. 2, right-hand fig. (monographic).—Buruer, Birds Indiana, 1897, 1011 (breeding south to Starke and Carroll counties).— Youne, Auk, xy, 1898, 191 (breeding at Lansdown Station, Ontario; descr. nest and eggs).—McLaiy, Auk, xvi, 1899, 359 (Ohio Co., West Virginia, May 16).—F Lemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43 (Parry Sound, n. Ontario; breed- ing?).—Ouivrer, Auk, xix, 1902, 206 (Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania, rare migrant). [ Vireo] philadelphicus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1837, 120. V[ireo] philadelphicus Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 102, 152 (n. e. Illi- nois, May 15 to 25, Sept. 5 to 25, probably breeding 60 miles s. of Chicago).— Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 332.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 471. Vireo philadelphia IsHam, Auk, xix, 1902, 88 (Addison Co., Vermont, Sept. 19, 1900).—WortnHineton, Auk, xix, 1902, 89 (Shelter I., New York, Sept. 18).—Hows, Suppl. Birds R. I., 1903, 20. Vireosylvia cobanensis SctaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 463 (Coban, Guate- mala; coll. P. L. Sclater); Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1861, 328 (do.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862. 44 (Coban and Tactic, Vera Paz). VIREOSYLVA GILVA GILVA (Vieillot). WARBLING VIREO. Adults (sewes alike).—Pileum and hindneck plain light mouse gray or smoke gray, becoming more or less paler (and sometimes more brownish) on forehead; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts simi- lar in color ‘to pileum, but more or less (usually very faintly) tinged with olive-green; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts light gray- ish olive-green, or smoke gray tinged with olive-green; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail deep brownish gray (approaching hair brown) with pale brownish gray edgings, these slightly tinged with olive- green on secondaries and rectrices; inner webs of remiges and rectrices more or less broadly edged with white; a superciliary stripe of dull grayish white or brownish white extending considerably beyond eye; auricular region and sides of neck pale buffy gray or pale buffy brownish; under parts dull white medially, passing into pale buffy olive or dull pale buffy yellowish on sides and flanks, the median under parts sometimes tinged with this color; axillars and under wing- coverts very pale primrose yellow or yellowish white; maxilla horn brownish with paler tomia; mandible pale horn color (pale grayish blue or bluish gray in life ?); iris brown; legs and feet dusky in dried skins, pale grayish blue in life. Young (first plumage).—Pileum and hindneck plain pale grayish buff; back, scapulars, lesser and middle wing-coverts, and rump light buffy grayish or grayish buff; wings and tail as in adults, but greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with dull brownish buff or pale buffy olive; a very indistinct superciliary stripe of whitish or buffy whitish, the lores and sides of head below eyes similar, passing into deeper « 154 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. grayish buffy on upper part of auricular regon; under parts white, the under tail-coverts pale yellowish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 119-134 (124); wing, 67-74 (70.4); tail, 49-55 (51.9); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.8); depth of bill at nos- trils, 3.5-4 (3.9); tarsus, 17-19 (17.9); middle toe, 10-11 (10.2).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 114-125 (120.8); wing, 66-71 (69); tail, 47-53 (50.1); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.5); depth of bill at nos- trils, 3.5-4 (3.9); tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 10-11 (10.3).? Eastern temperate North America; north to Nova Scotia, northern Ontario (Elmsdale; Beaumaris), Manitoba (Selkirk; Red River; Assin- iboine River; Duck Mountains), etc.; west to North Dakota (Pem- bina; Fort Rice’), southeastern Montana (Fort Keogh’), South Dakota (Cheyenne River,’ Custer County), Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas (Tascosa’); breeding from the northern limit of its range to the Gulf States (Florida to Texas). (No extralimital specimens seen, and all extralimital records questionable, as probably pertaining to V. g. swainsont.) Muscicapa gilva VisrLot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 65, pl. 34 (New York).— SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 387. Sylvia gilva Vrertiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 190; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 453. Vireo gilvuus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 176; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 70; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 26.—Nurrauit, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 309.—AvupusBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 114, pl. 118; Synopsis, 1839, 161; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 149, pl. 241.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 309 (Wisconsin); Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 437 (Missouri).—Woopnovusz, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuahi and Col., 1853, 76, part (Indian Territory; Texas).—THompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, App., p. 22.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, «Twenty-two specimens. bThirteen specimens. Specimens from the Atlantic coast district and Mississippi Valley, respectively, average as follows: Ex. | Depth 7 Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posea | Of Di] | parcus, | Middle culmen.| 2 2os- tae, “| trils. " MALES. Ten adult males from Atlantic coast district...... 70.1 61.4 10.5 3.9 18 10.3 Ten adult males from Mississippi Valley.......... 71 52.4 10.7 4 18 10 Two adult males from southeastern Montana (Bort: Keogh) i occa escenevsreasweaereuesersewsas 69 61.5 10.2 4 V2 10.5 FEMALES. Five adult females from Atlantic coast district ...| 69.3 50 10.2 3.7 17,9 10.1 Seven adult females from Mississippi Valley...... 68,6 49.7 10.6 4 18 10.3 _One adult female from southeastern Montana (HOPE ICGOR I) wicdeatcicc oe sinnisic sis acicmals ovinneneeaece 70 58 10.5 4 18 ll cBreeding at these localities. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 155 335, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 245, part.—Wu1is, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia).—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 5 (Forks of Saskatchewan); 1863, 66 (Saskatchewan ).—VeErRILL, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1863, 234 (Maine).—(?) Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 480 (near San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—McIuwrairn, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 87 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 125; 2d ed., 1882, no. 174; Birds N. W., 1874, 97, part.—ALLen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 176, part (e. Kansas); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 54 (Dakota).—Swnow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5.—McCautey, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 662 (n. Texas).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 115 (descr. young).—Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 237 (East Bethel, Ver- mont, breeding).—Merrriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 228 (Adiron- dacks, New York, breeding).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 296, part.—BickneLi, Auk, i, 1884, 218 (song).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 627, part.—Srron, Ank, iii, 1886, 325 (Red R.., Assiniboine R., Redwing, and Duck Mts., w. Manitoba).—Cooxz, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 234 (localities and dates).—Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 184.—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 15 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, spring migr.).—THomrson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 615 (Manitoba; sum- mer resid. ).—NruR.InG, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 292, part. —FLemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43 (Elmsdale and Beaumaris, n. Ontario).—Howett, Auk, xviii, 1901, 343 (Mount Mansfield, Vermont, breeding). [Vireo] giluus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 121. V[ireo] gilvus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 332.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 471. [ Vireo gilvus] Dwicut, Auk, xiv, 1897, pl. 2, left-hand fig. Vireo gilua Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 235, in text (crit.).—BrREwER, , Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 109. Vireosylvia gilua Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 153, part.— (?) Sctatmr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 298 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 43 (Philadelphia).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 342 (Fort Simp- son, s. Mackenzie; Selkirk Settlement, Manitoba; Missouri R.; Fort Look- out, Nebraska, etc.).—(?) Merritz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 125 (Fort Brown, Texas, Oct. 2).—Ripa@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 139. V[ireosylvia] gilua Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. 8., 4th ed., 1884, 75. Vireosylvia giluus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 368, pl. 17, fig. 3.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 440. [Vireo gilvus] a. gilvus Couns, Birds N. W., 1874, 97 (synonymy). [Vireo giluus swainsoni] a. gilvus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 501 (synonymy). [ Vireosylvia gilvus] var. gilvus Barrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 360. Muscicapa melodia Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 85, pl. 42, fig. 2 (Pennsylvania).— | SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 382.—Bonaparts, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 176. VIREOSYLVA GILVA SWAINSONII (Baird). WESTERN WARBLING VIREO, Similar to V. g. gélva, but smaller, with relatively smaller bill; col- oration darker, especially the pileum, which is perceptibly (often distinctly) darker than the back; the latter, together with sides and flanks, usually more strongly olivaceous. 156 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male. —Length (skins), 111-129 (118); wing, 63-73 (67.8); tail, 45-54 (50); exposed culmen, 9-11 (9.9); depth of bill at nostrils, 34 (3.5); tarsus, 16-18 (17.5); middle toe, 9-11 (9.9).% Adult female.—Length (skins), 109-124 (116.6); wing, 62-70 (66.4); tail, 45-52 (48.5); exposed culmen, 9-11 (9.8); depth of pill at nostrils, 3.5-4 (8.6); tarsus, 16.5-18.5 (17.5); middle toe, 10-11 (10.8).? Western temperate North America; north to British Columbia (Vancouver Island and mainland on both sides of Cascade Range), Alberta (Banff), Athabasca (Slave River, 50 miles below Athabasca Lake) and southwestern Mackenzie (Fort Simpson); east to eastern base of Rocky Mountains; breeding south at least to southern border of United States, in New Mexico and Arizona, and to southern extremity of Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna); in winter south- ward throughout Mexico, to Vera Cruz (Jalapa, etc.) and Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia). Vireo gilvus (not Muscicapa gilva Vieillot) Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (Columbia R.).—Woopnouvsz, in Sitgreaves’ Expl. Col. and Zuni, 1853, 76, part (New Mexico).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 313 (New Mexico); 1859, 106 (do.).—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 335, part, 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 245, part.—Xawrus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cali- fornia).—Hxrrmann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 55 (Califor- nia).—Cooprr and Sucxiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 188 (Fort Steilacoom and Puget Sound, Washington).—Burcner, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver L.).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 35 (Rocky Mts.).—Auuen, Bull. Mus. « Fifty specimens. » Thirty-one specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: : Bx: | Of bit Middl Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posea | Of PU | Tarsus, | Miracle culmen. ot MOE toe. MALES. Ten adult males from California ........-..------- 66.5 49.5 9.6 3.3 17.9 9.5 Ten adult males from San Lucas district, Lower . California ....2.20.52 cece cnce cscs sense cere eee ces 66.4 48.1 10.6 3.9 17.7 9.9 Ten adult males from British Columbia.....-.-... 67 49.3 9.9 3.6 17.2 10 Ten adult males from Arizona .........--------+-+ 67.6 50.4 9.7 3.5 17.2 | 10 Ten adult males from Colorado, Wyoming, Mon- i tana, Utah, ete ...... 2.0.0.2. c eee e nee e eee e eee ees 71.3 52.8 9.8 3.5 17.6 10.1 Six adult males (V. g. brewsteri) from Chihuahua.| 73 52.5 11.2 4 17.5 10.2 FEMALES. Ten adult females from California .........-..---- 65.3 47.7 9.9 3.6 17.3 10.3 Three adult females from San Lucas district.....- 64 46.7 10.2 3.8 17.7 10 Four adult females from British Columbia.....-.. 65.6 47,2 9.5 3.5 17.7 10.7 Ten adult females from Arizona ........-.--.----- 67.5 49.3 9.7 3.5 17.4 “10.1 Four adult females from Colorado; etc......-...-- 69 50.2 10 3.5 18 10.9 Three adult females ( V. g. brewsteri) from Chihua- TUG ap sc se Sees aiea aie ala oe eels name esas eee cece! 71.7 60.3 10.8 4 17.5 10.2 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 157 Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 156, 176, part (Colorado; Utah).-—Couns, Birds N. W., 1874, 97, part.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 142 (Arizona; crit.).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 192, part.— Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 296, part (Fort Colville, Washing- ton).—AmERican OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 627, part.— Antnony, Auk, iii, 1886, 170 (Washington Co., Oregon).—Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 184 (Ventura Co., California).—Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 46 (Grays Harbor, Washington).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, _ 292, part.—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 25 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Merritt, Auk, xv, 1898, 18 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding).— GRINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena, Ac. Sci., 1898, 43 (Los Angeles Co., California; summer resid. in mts.).—Bartow, Condor, iii, 1901, 175 (Sierra Nevada, breeding at 3,700 to 7,500 ft.).—Battry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 395. Vireosylvia gilwa Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 153, part. [ Vireosylvia] gilua ScLater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12. Vireo swainsonti Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 336, in text (type from Petaluma, Sonoma Co., California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Merriam, Rep. U.S. Geol. Sury. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 714 (Utah). Vireo swainsoni Cours, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 73 (Fort Whipple, Arizona). Vireosylvia swainsont Batrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 343.—Ar1KeEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 198 (Colorado) .—Rineway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 391 (Calaveras Co., California). Vireosylvia swainsonii STEVENSON, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. for 1870 (1871), 464 (Green R., Wyoming). [Vireo gilvus.] Var. swainsonii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 121. Vireo gilvus, var. swainsoni ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 149 (Colo- rado; crit.). Vireo giluus . . . var. swainsoni Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 125a.—HEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 43 (Utah), 77 (Fort Garland, Colo- rado), 105 (White Mts., Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 221 (localities in Utah, Colorado, and Arizona; habits). [ Vireo gilvus] b. swainsoni Couzs, Birds N. W., 1874, 98. Vireosylvia gilva, var. swainsont Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 116.—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 181 (Colorado).—Lawrencg, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 17 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Jan., Apr.). [Vireosylvia gilva] var. swainsoni Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 360. Vireosylvia gilvus, var. swainsoni Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 371. Vireo gilvus swainsoni Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 171 (Sacramento, California, breeding); vii, 1875, 11 (Carson City, Nevada); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593.—Mrnor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 229 (Colorado, up to 10,000 ft.).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 89 (San Juan Co., Colorado).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 175.—MeErriti, Auk, vy, 1888, 360 (Fort Klamath, Oregon).—CuHapman, Auk, v, 1888, 399.—Mzxarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 260 (San Francisco Mts., Arizona, breeding in aspen belt).— Ratueun (8. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 138 (Seattle, Washington, breeding).— Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 174 (Sierra de la Laguna, etc., Lower California, breeding; crit. ). Vireo giluus [swainsoni . . . ] Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 32 (Santa Catalina Mts., Ari- zona, breeding down to 3,500 ft.).—A.iEn, Auk, v, 1888, 32 (crit.). Vireo gilvus swainsonii Ruoaps, Auk, x, 1893, 21 (crit. ). 158 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. V[ireo] g[ilvus] swainsont? Cours, Key N, Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 333. V[ireo] gilvus swainsoni Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 472. [ Vireosylvia gilva] 8. swainsoni Rripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 448 (localities in Nevada and Utah; habits, etc.). Vireosylvia gilua, 8. swainsoni Ripaway, Field and Forest, ii, May, 1877, 197 (Colorado); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 66 (central California); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 469 (do.). Vireosylvia gilua swainsoni Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 18, 19 (Carson and West Humboldt Mts., Nevada); Nom. N. Am. Winds: 1881, no. 139a.—Beupine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 545 (Miraflores, Lower Cali- fornia). [Vireo giluu& swainsoni] b. swainsoni Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 501. VIREOSYLVA GILVA BREWSTERI, new subspecies.@ CHIHUAHUAN WARBLING VIREO. Similar to V. g. swainsoni, but decidedly larger and with the sides and flanks much less strongly washed with greenish olive. Adult male.—Length (skins), 115-125 (120.8); wing, 71-75 (73); tail, 49-55 (52.5); exposed culmen, 10.5~12 (11.2); depth of bill at nostrils, 4; tarsus, 17-18 (17.5); middle toe, 9.5-11 (10.2).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 117-120 (118.7); wing, 71-72 (71.7); tail, 49-51 (50.3); exposed culmen, 10-11.5 (10.8); depth of bill at nostrils, 4; tarsus, 17-18 (17.5); middle toe, 10-10.5 (10.2).¢ Mountains of Chihuahua (Bravo; Mina Abundancia), northwestern Mexico. VIREOSYLVA AMAURONOTA AMAURONOTA (Salvin and Godman). ORIZABA VIREO. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum plain sooty grayish: brown (grayish sepia or dark hair brown); hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts plain olive, darker, more decidedly, and slightly brownish, olive on back, lighter and more greenish olive on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail dusky grayish brown (dark hair brown) with pale olive edgings; a superciliary stripe of dull white, passing into pale brownish gray posteriorly (over auricular region); a narrow dusky loral streak, most distinct at anterior angle of eye; auricular region olive-brownish, darker on upper portion, especially near posterior angle of eye, paler on lower portion, where passing into pale brownish gray on malar region, the suborbital region still paler, or dull whitish; under parts dull whitish, faintly tinged with pale yellow (except on chin and throat), the ee and flanks tinged with light olive; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillars very pale sulphur or primrose yellow: inner webs of remiges “Type, no. 21811, collection of William Brewster; adult male, Bravo, Chihuahua, July 24, 1888; M. Abbott Frazar. bSix specimens. ¢Three specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 159 edged with white, sometimes tinged with pale yellow; maxilla dark brownish with paler tomia; mandible much paler (pale bluish gray in life?); iris, brown; legs and feet, brownish or dusky in dried skins (grayish blue or bluish gray in life 7). Adult mate.—Length (skins), 117-120 (118.5); wing, 70-71 (70.5); tail, 48.5-50 (49.2); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 16.5-17 (16.7); middle toe, 10.4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 111-120 (115.5); wing, 65-67 (66); tail, 46-47 (46.5); exposed culmen, 10.5-11 (10.7); tarsus, 17-17.5 (17.2); middle toe, 10.¢ ‘ Highlands of Vera Cruz (Orizaba, Jalapa, etc.), southeastern Mexico. VUireosylvia] gilva var. josephe (not Vireo josephe Sclater) Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 360, footnote, part (Orizaba, Vera Cruz). Vireo Dies Savin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., i, sig. 25, Dec., 1881, 193 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 298.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 25 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; crit.) VIREOSYLVA AMAURONOTA STRENUA (Nelson). . CHIAPAS VIREO. Similar to V. a. amauronota, but darker, the pileum deep sooty | brown or sepia, the back, etc., more brownish olive. Adult female.—Length (skin), 112; wing, 67; tail, 46.5; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 10.5.? Highlands of Chiapas (Tumbala), southern Mexico. Vireo amauronotus strenuus Netson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 268 (Tumbala. Chiapas; coll. U. §. Nat. Mus. ). VIREOSYLVA JOSEPH COSTARICENSIS, new subspecies. ¢ BROWN-CAPPED VIREO. Similar to V. 7. josephe% but pileum paler sooty brown, yellow of under parts deeper, wing shorter, and tail longer; also resembling V. amauronota, but color of pileum browner and extending over hindneck, back, etc., oily olive-green, superciliary stripe more sharply defined (especially the posterior portion), and under parts of body. wholly light yellow. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck deep sooty brown or sepia; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing- aT wo specimens. >One specimen (the type). ¢Type, no. 41269; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus., San José, Costa Rica; J. Carmiol, 4See footnote on page 134, 160 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. coverts, plain brownish olive-green, the rump lighter and more decidedly olive-green, the back browner; wings and tail dusky with light olive-green edgings, the outer webs of greater wing-coverts and tertials mostly grayish brown (hair brown); a very distinct super- ciliary stripe of dull white, becoming pale brownish gray at posterior extremity; below this a dusky brown loral or anteorbital triangular spot and a rather broad brown postocular streak; lower portion of postocular region pale brownish gray; suborbital and malar regions, chin, throat, and upper portion of chest grayish white, sometimes faintly tinged with pale yellow; rest of under parts, including axillars and under wing-coverts, pale yellow (pale lemon to between sulphur and straw yellow), the sides and flanks faintly tinged with olivaceous; bill brown, the mandible paler; iris brown; legs and feet grayish dusky (grayish blue or bluish gray in life?). Young.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail- coverts, and smaller wing-coverts, plain pale wood brown or fawn- color; remiges and rectrices as in adults; greater wing-coverts as in adults, but more olive-greenish and indistinctly tipped with pale yel- lowish olive; superciliary stripe and under parts white, passing into very pale olive yellow on sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts. Adult male.—Length (skins), 121-124 (122.5); wing, 62-68 (65); tail, 46-51 (48.5); exposed culmen, 10.5-11 (10.7); tarsus, 17-17.5 (17.2); middle toe, 9.5-10 (9.7). Adult female.—Length (skin), 124; wing, 67; tail, 49; exposed culmen, 10.5; tarsus, 16.5; middle toe, 10.? Highlands of Costa Rica (San José, Dota, Barranca, Rancho Redondo, etc.) Vireo josephe (not of Sclater, 1859) Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 194, part (Barranca, Rancho Redondo, and Dota Mts., Costa Rica).—Ganpow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 297, part (Costa Rica).— Zevepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Rancho Redondo de San José, Costa Rica). Vireosylvia josephe Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 344, part (Barranca and Dota, Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (Barranca, Rancho Redondo, and Dota Mts., Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 295 (Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 58 (Naranjo, Costa Rica). [Vireosylvia] josephe Scuater and-Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12, part (Costa Rica). V[ireosylvia gilva] var. josephee Ripeway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 456, in text, part (Costa Rica). V[ireosylvia] gilva var. josephe Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 360, footnote, part (Costa Rica). « Two specimens. b One specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 161 VIREOSYLVA JOSEPHA CHIRIQUENSIS Bangs. CHIRIQUI VIREO, Similar to V. j. costaricensis but much grayer above, the pileum and hindneck dark hair brown‘ instead of deep sooty brown, the back, etc., grayish olive or dull grayish olive-green instead of bright brownish olive-green, superciliary stripe more extensively grayish posteriorly, brownish postocular streak grayer and less distinct, and yellow of under parts decidedly paler. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-116 (111.6); wing, 63-67 (64.9); tail, 46-49 (47.4); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.4); tarsus, 17-18 (17.3); middle toe, 10-10.5 (10.1).? Adult female.—Length (skin), 110; wing, 63.5; tail, 45.5; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 17; middle toe, 10.¢ Chiriqui (Boquete, etc.), and southward along Caribbean coast slope of Colombia to province of Santa Marta (Paramo de Macotama). This form agrees very closely in coloration of the upper parts with V. amauronota, the color of the pileum being sometimes quite identical but usually grayer (instead of browner, as in the Costa Rican form), but the back is a lighter olive-greenish color. The coloration of the under parts is conspicuously different, however, only the chin and throat being whitish, the rest of the under surface entirely pale yellow, as in the Costa Rican form. Vireo josephe (not of Sclater, 1859) Satvrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 194, part (Volean de Chiriqui).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Muzs., viii, 1883, 297, part (‘‘Panama’’).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, 1899, 105 (Paramo de Macotama, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, 11,000 ft. alt.); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 58 (Boquete and Caribbean slope of Volcan de Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,000 ft.).—AttEn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 172 (Valparaiso, etc., prov. Santa Marta, Colombia). [ Vireosylvia] josephe SctaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 12, part. Vireosylva josephe chiriquensis Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iv, Mar. 24, 1903, 9 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 ft. alt.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Genus LANIVIREO Baird. Lanivireo Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 329; Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 326, 345. (Type, Vireo flavifrons Vieillot. ) Laniovireo (emendation) Gray, Hand-list Birds, i, 1869, 381. Medium-sized Vireonide with tenth primary rudimentary and con- cealed or else not more than one-third as long as ninth, narrow and pointed (as in Véreosylva), the ninth primary longer than fourth (as in Vireosylva), but-with depth of bill at frontal antiz equal to much more @The color of the pileum is visibly darker along the lateral edge, sometimes form- ing a rather distinct marginal line. > Five specimens. ¢ One specimen. 10384—voL 8—03-———11 162 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, the latter meas- urement decidedly less than length of gonys; if the tenth primary is obvious the ninth longer than the sixth; wing with two conspicuous white bands, and tertials broadly edged with white. Bill stout, with culmen strongly curved and tip of maxilla distinctly uncinate; exposed culmen decidedly more than half as long as tarsus; depth of bill at frontal antiz about equal to its width at same point, and very much imore than half (about two-thirds) the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; maxillary tomium faintly concave, distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium faintly convex, with a distinct but minute subterminal notch, the tip of the mandible forming a minute ascending point; gonys nearly or quite equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. Nostril roundish or broadly ovate, in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse, posteriorly in contact with bristly antrorse feathers of frontal antie, the long bristly points of which extend beyond it. Rictal bristles few, inconspicuous (apparently only two in number). Wing long and pointed; tenth primary rudimentary and entirely concealed or else very small, narrow and pointed, extend- ing but little if any beyond primary coverts and only about one- fourth as long as ninth primary; ninth primary longer than fifth (sometimes nearly equal to seventh), the ninth, eighth and seventh, or eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest; wing-tip longer than tarsus. Tail a little more than two-thirds as long as wing, even, the retrices narrow. ‘Tarsus much longer than middle toe with claw (one- fourth as long as wing or longer), distinctly scutellate anteriorly; outer toe conspicuously longer than inner, the latter (without claw) shorter than hallux (without claw), its claw not reaching to base of middle claw. Coloration.—Above yellowish olive-green, becoming gray on rump and upper tail-coverts; or olive-green with gray pileum and hindneck, or entirely gray or olive; beneath yellow anteriorly and white posteriorly, or white with light olive-green sides and flanks; wings with two con- spicuous white bands, and tertials broadly edged with white. Range.—Temperate North America and southward to highlands of Guatemala (to Colombia in winter). (Three species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF LANIVIREO. a. No spurious primary (tenth primary entirely concealed ). b. Pileum, hindneck, and back olive-green; throat and chest bright yellow. (Eastern North America; south in winter to Cuba and Colombia. ) Lanivireo flavifrons, adults (p. 163) 60. Pileum, hindneck, and back brownish gray; throat and chest pale yellow. Lanivireo flavifrons, young (p. 164) aa. A more or less distinct spurious primary. , b. Sides and flanks striped with olive, olive-green, or olive-gray, and light yellowish. (Adults. ) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 163 c. Spurious primary minute (one-half as long as longest primary coverts) ; hind- neck and sides of neck olive-green, like back, etc.; upper tail-coverts gray; chest tinged with yellow. (Highlands of Guatemala. ) : Lanivireo propinquus (p. 166) cc. Spurious primary well developed (equal to or longer than longest primary coverts); hindneck and sides of neck gray (or at least not olive-green); upper tail-coverts olive or olive-green, like back, or else the back and rump also gray; chest not tinged with yellow. (Lanivireo solitarius. ) d. Back, scapulars, and rump decidedly olive or olive-green; wing and tail edgings olive or olivé-green. e. Larger (wing of adult male averaging at least 73.5), and brighter colored, with broader and yellower wing-bands, brighter yellow on sides of flanks, and gray of head darker and clearer. J. Smaller (adult male averaging wing 73.5, tail 50.8, exposed culmen 10.1, tarsus 18.6); back usually uniform olive-green. (Eastern North America, breeding from mountains of Pennsylvania, New England States, etc., northward; south in winter to Cuba and through eastern Mexico to Guatemala. )..Lanivireo solitarius solitarius, adults (p. 167) Jf. Larger (adult male averaging wing 80.3, tail 55, exposed culmen 11.7, tarsus 19.1) ; back usually partly (often extensively) gray. (Southern Alleghenies, from western Maryland to South Carolina; lowlands of South Atlantic States in winter. ) : Lanivireo solitarius alticola, adults (p. 169) ee. Smaller (wing of adult male averaging not more than 72) and duller col- ored, with narrower and more whitish wing-bands, paler yellow on sides and flanks, and gray of head paler and duller (decidedly brown in immature birds). f. Larger, with decidedly smaller bill (adult male averaging wing 72.3, tail 52.3, exposed culmen 10.2); sides and flanks with less of yellow than olive. (Western United States and British Columbia; western Mexico in winter.) ...--.. Lanivireo solitarius cassinii, adults (p. 172) Jf. Smaller, with decidedly larger bill (adult male averaging wing 69.6, tail 51.1, exposed culmen 11.2); sides and flanks with more of yellow than olive. (Southern portion of Lower California.) Lanivireo solitarius lucasanus, adults (p. 175) dd. Back, scapulars, and rump gray, the latter slightly tinged with olive-green; wing and tail edgings pale gray and white. (Rocky Mountain district of United States; Mexico in winter. ) Lanivireo solitarius plumbeus, adults (p. 170) bb. Sides and flanks white, more or less tinged with pale yellow. (Young.)¢ LANIVIREO FLAVIFRONS (Vieillot). YELLOW-THROATED VIREO, Adult male.—Pileum, hindneck, and back plain yellowish olive; sides of neck, auricular and malar regions, and sides of chest plain yellowish olive-green; superciliary stripe (scarcely, if at all, passing behind eye), suborbital spot, anterior portion of malar region, chin, throat, chest, and breast canary yellow; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white; flanks pale grayish; axillars and under wing-coverts white, * @Qwing to lack of sufficient material I am unable to give distinctive characters for the young of the several forms. 164 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. more or less tinged with yellow; lesser wing-coverts, scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain slate-gray; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail black; middle and greater wing-coverts (except innermost) broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bands; tertials broadly edged with white (this sometimes tinged with yellow); outer webs of secondaries, primaries, and rectrices narrowly edged with pale gray (becoming white on outermost rectrices), their inner webs broadly edged with white; maxilla grayish black, with paler tomia; mandible bluish gray (in life); iris brown; legs and feet light grayish blue (in life); length (skins), 118-134 (125.7); wing, 74-80 (77.1); tail, 47.5-52 (49.2); exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11.5); tarsus, 18-20 (19.3); middle toe, 11-12 (11.6).« Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distinguish- able, but usually with the yellow slightly paler and duller; length (skins), 119-135 (125.6); wing, 72-78 (75); tail, 47-52 (49.1); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.8); tarsus, 19-20 (19.8); middle toe, 11-12 (11.5).? Young.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts, plain soft brownish gray; supraloral line, orbital ring, chin, throat, and chest very pale yellow (primrose), shading into deeper yellow (naples yellow) on malar and suborbital regions and lower portion of auricular region; rest of under parts white, faintly tinged on sides with pale gray; remiges, ‘rectrices, and larger wing-coverts as in adults, but edgings of secondaries pale yellow. Eastern United States and southern British Provinces; north to Maine (Oxford and Kennebec counties), Vermont (East Bethel), northern New York (Adirondack Mountains), southern Ontario (Hamilton, etc.), and Manitoba (Red River; Winnipeg; Moosejaw); west to edge of Great Plains (Minnesota to Texas); breeding south to Gulf coast, from northern Florida (Wacissa River; Suwanee River) to southern Texas; in winter from southern Florida and Cuba south- ward through eastern Mexico and Central America to Colombia (Pirico; Minca and Onaca, province of Santa Marta, etc.). «Thirteen specimens. bTen specimens. Examples from west of the Allegheny Mountains are almost invariably smaller than those from the eastern side of that range, average measurements being as fol- lows. I can discover no color differences: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. “oa culmen. OS MALES, Seven adult males from Atlantic coast district............. 78.6 50.6 11.6 19.9 11.7 Six adult males from Mississippi Valley and Texas........ 75.8 49,2 11.5 18.6 11.5 FEMALES, Six adult females from Atlantic coast district ............. 75.3 49.3 11.8 20 11.4 Four adult females from Mississippi Valley and Texas..... 745 48.8 11.9 19.7 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 165 Vireo flavifrons ViritLot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 85, pl. 54 (United States).— Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 174; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 70.—Nvrratu, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 302.— AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 119, pl. 119; Synopsis, 1839, 160; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 141, pl. 238.—Bonaparts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 330.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 309 (Wisconsin).—Woopnouss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col., 1853, 75 (Texas; Indian Territory; ‘‘New Mexico’’ ).—Tnompr- son, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 77.—GunpLacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 468 (Cuba); 1861, 404 (do.); 1872, 403 (do).—SciatErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 227 (Santecomapam, Vera Cruz); 1860, 251 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 42 (Philadelphia).—Maximitian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 188.—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 341; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 252.—Sciater and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).— Capanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 405 (Costa Rica).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 237 (East Bethel, Vermont, common).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 323 (Panama R. R.).—Verrity, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (Oxford Co., Maine).—Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 437 (Missouri).— Hamtiin, Rep. Maine Board Agric., 1865, — (Waterville, Maine).—MclIz- WRAITH, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 87 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, 324 (Pirico, Colombia).—Trippr, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 117 (Minnesota).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 126; 2d ed., 1882, no. 176; Birds N. W., 1874, 98; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 493.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1878, 5 (e. Kansas, breeding); 3d ed., 1875, 6 (do.).—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 1876, 17 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Gineta Mts., Chia- pas).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 115 (descr. first plumage).— Loomis, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv. 1879, 213 (Chester Co., South Carolina, breeding).—SaLtvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 194 (Coban, Choctum, Lanquin, San Gerénimo, Duefias, Volcan de Fuego, and San José, Guatemala; Volean de Irazti, etc., Costa Rica; Paraiso Station, Panama R. R., etc.).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 298.—Bicxk- NELL, Auk, i, 1884, 322 (song).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 565 (Cozumal I.); Orn. Dllinois, i, 1889, 186.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 189; Birds W. I., 1889, 76; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 116 (New Providence, Baha- mas; Cuba).—American OrnitHooaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 628).—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 325 (Red R., w. Manitoba).—Zrtzpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (San José and Tércoles, Costa Rica).— Cooks, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 235 (Manitoba; Gainesville, Texas, etc. ).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890. 15 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, Apr. 26; Punta Rassa, Apr. 5; Key West, Apr. 1 and Oct. 5).—CueErriz, Auk, vii, 1890, 335 (San José, Costa Rica, Oct. 25 to Feb. 9); ix, 1892, 23-(Jan José, after Oct. 3).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 616 (Winnipeg and Moosejaw, Manitoba, rare summer resid.).—ArTrwaTer, Auk, ix, 1892, 340 .(San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—Wayne, Auk, x, 1893, 338 (Suwanee R., n. w. Florida, breeding); xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breed- ing).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 486 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Oct. 22 to Feb. 8).—NeruHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 295, pl. 16.—McItwrarra, Birds Ontario, 1894, 351 (s. Ontario, breeding).— Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 173 (Onaca, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Dec. 28); Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (Minca, prov. Santa Marta, Feb. 13).—Banes, Auk, xviii, 1901, 368 (Divala, Chiriqui, Nov. 7). [ Vireo] flavifrons Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 121.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10. V [ireo] flavifrons Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 333.—Ripa@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 472. 166 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vireo (Lanivireo) flavifrons Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. ‘“xxxxv’’ (==xxv). Vireosylvia flavifrons Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 346.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 184 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Calovevora, Veragua).— Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 53 (San José, Costa Rica, Jan., Mar.).—Satvin and Gopmay, Ibis, 1880, 118 (Minca, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Feb.). [ Vireosylvia] flavifrons ScLaTeR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12. V [ireosylvia] flavifrons Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. 8., 4th ed., 1884, 76. Lanivireo flavifrons Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (San José, Costa Rica.—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 295 (Costa Rica).—Auen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 270 (s. Florida, resident).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 379, pl. 17, fig. 5.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 140.—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 228 ( Adirondacks, New York, breeding).—NEuRuING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 11 (s. e. Texas, breeding).—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 87 (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas, 1 pair, Mar. 25).—Bartey (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 38 (St. Simons I., Georgia, breed- ing).—Goss, Auk, i, 1884, 124-126 (Neosho Falls, Kansas; nesting habits).— Nurtine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 392 (Ometepe, Nicaragua). Muscicapa sylvicola (not of Bartram) Wiison, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 117, pl. 7, fig. 3.—Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 173. Vireo ochroleucus (not Muscicapa ochroleuca Gmelin) Couxs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 494, in text. LANIVIREO PROPINQUUS (Baird). VERA PAZ VIREO. Similar to Z. solitarius solitarius, but with very minute outermost ptimary (much shorter than longest primary coverts), whole hindneck, sides of neck, back, scapulars, and rump olive-green, anterior portion of sides more extensively pale yellow and olive-green, and chest and foreneck washed with pale yellow. Adult.—Pileum plain slate-gray; hindneck, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and rump uniform olive-green; upper tail-coverts slate- gray; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail dull slate color or dusky with pale olive-green edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous wing-bands, the outer webs of tertials broadly edged with yellowish white, the inner webs of remiges and rectrices broadly edged with pure white; supra- «Muscicapa ochroleuca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 946 (New York; based on Golden-throat, Flycatcher Pennant, Arctic. Zool., ii, 389; Golden-throated Flycatcher Latham, Gen. Synopsis Birds, Suppl., 173).—Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 489.— Stephens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 376.—Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxi, 1818, 471; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 814. Sylvia ochroleuca Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 187; Enc. Méth. ii, 1823, 446. M[niotilta] ochroleuca Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. The original description indicates a bird very different from the present species, and answers fairly well for Icteria virens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 167 loral stripe and orbital ring (the latter interrupted at anterior angle of eye by a dusky loral mark) dull white; malar region, chin, throat, and median portion of chest and breast dull white faintly tinged with pale yellow, the last two more strongly so; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white; sides and flanks mixed pale olive-green and sulphur yellow, this encroaching on sides of breast; under wing- coverts pale sulphur or primrose yellow; maxilla blackish with paler tomia; mandible grayish (grayish blue or bluish gray in life?); legs and feet grayish dusky (grayish blue in life?); length (skin), 127; wing, 77; tail, 52; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 12.4 Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz). This bird, of which only one specimen is known, is intermediate in wing-structure and coloration between ZL. solitarius and L. flavifrons, and may be a hybrid between these two species. Vireo solitarius (not Muscicapa solitaria Wilson) Savin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 31, part (Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala). Vireosylvia propinqua Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 348 (Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). [Lanivireo solitarius] var. propinquus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 373. V[ireo] propinquus Savin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., i, Dec., 1881, 197, in text.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 472. LANIVIREO SOLITARIUS SOLITARIUS (Wilson). SOLITARY VIREO. Adult male.-—Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, auricular region, suborbital region and malar region slate-color or deep slate-gray, deepening into slate-blackish on posterior portion of lores; anterior and upper portions of lores and broad orbital ring (interrupted ante- riorly by blackish loral mark) white; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, plain olive-green, the first usually more or less intermixed with slate-gray; wings and tail slate-blackish with light olive-green edgings, the outermost rectrix with outer web white; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with yellowish white or pale sul- phur yellow, forming two distinct bands; tertials with outer webs broadly edged with yellowish white or pale sulphur yellow; chin, throat, and median under parts of body white; sides and flanks mixed sulphur yellow and olive-greenish, in broad, ill-defined stripes; under tail-coverts pale sulphur yellow, yellowish white, or white faintly tinged with yellow; axillars and under wing-coverts pale sulphur yel- low, the carpo-metacarpal coverts dusky gray margined with white; inner webs of remiges and rectrices edged with white; maxilla black; mandible grayish (pale grayish blue in life), becoming blackish ter- “One specimen, the type. bIn adult birds there is, apparently, no seasonal difference in plumage. 168 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. minally; iris deep brown; legs and feet dusky in dried skins (grayish blue in life; length (skins), 123-129 (126.2); wing, 72-76 (74.6); tail, 48-55 (52.7); exposed culmen, 9.5-10 (9.9); tarsus, 17.5-19 (18.2); middle toe, 11-11.5 11.1).¢ Adult femule.—Very similar to the adult male and not always dis- tinguishable, but usually slightly duller in color; length (skins), 118-181 (123.6); wing, 71-75 (73.5); tail, 47-54 (50.8); exposed culmen, 9,5-11 (10.1); tarsus, 18-19 (18.6); middle toe, 10-12 (11).¢ Young (in first autumn and winter).—Similar to adults but duller in color, with gray of head much tinged with brown, olive-green of back, etc., browner, and white of under parts less pure. Eastern North America; north to Prince Edward Island, Keewatin (Oxford House, etc.), Athabasca (Knee Lake, Chippewayan; Slave River), and southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake); west to border of the Great Plains; breeding southward to Connecticut (Norfolk; West Simsbury), Pennsylvania (Elk County, etc.), and North Dakota; win- tering in the Gulf States (Florida to Texas), Cuba, and southward through eastern Mexico to Guatemala (Coban, etc.). Vireo flavifrons, part, Vir1iLotT, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 85 (supposed female). Muscicapa solitaria Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 148, pl. 17, fig. 6 (near Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania).—SrerxeEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 349.—Bowna- PARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci Phila., iv, 1824, 174. Vireo solitarius Vrerztot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxvi, 1819, 103.—Bona- PARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 175; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 70; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 26.—Avupugon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 147, pl. 28; Synopsis, 1839, 160; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 144, pl. 239.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 305.—THompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 78.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 309 (Wisconsin) .—Gunp- LAcH and Caxanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 468 (Cuba).—Gunpuaca, Journ. fir Orn., 1872, 403 (do.).—(?)Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 298 (Mexico); (?) 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 375 (Talea, Oaxaca).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 340, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 250, part.—Wituis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia).—Satvin and Scrarer, Ibis, 1860, 31, part (Coban, Guatemala) .— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 42 (Coban).—Verriut, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 148 (Oxford Co., Maine).—Boarpman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 126 (Calais, Maine).—Dressrr, Ibis, 1865, 481 (San Antonio, Texas).—McILwraira, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 87 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Triprz, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 117 (Minnesota, breeding).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, 127, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 99, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 505, part.—Brew- ster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 116 (descr. first plumage).—SENNETT, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 389 (Lomita, Texas, Apr. 30).—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 7 (Coosada, Ala- bama, winter).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1881, 196, part.—Ganvow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 298, part (excl. syn. propin- qua Baird).—Bickne tu, Auk, i, 1884, 323 (song).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 190; Birds W. I., 1889, 77; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 116 (Cuba).—AmErican OrnitnoLogistrs’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 629.—Serton, Auk, iii, 1886, @Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 169 325 (Turtle Mt., Duck Mt., Big Plain, and along Red R., w. Manitoba).— Cooxn, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 235 (dates, etc. ).—Ripeway, Orn. Tli- inois, i, 1889, ,187.—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 15 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, winter; Key West, 1 spec., Feb. 3).—THompson, Auk, xvii, 1890, 616 (Man- itoba, rare summer resid.).—Ra.pH and Baga, Auk, vii, 1890, 231 (Joes Lake, Herkimer Co., New York, breeding).—Loomis, Auk, viii, 1891, 169 (Chester Co., South Carolina, migr.; crit.).—Dwiaut, Auk, ix, 1892, 138 (North Mt. and Wopsononock Mt., Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 13 (Prince Edward I., breeding).—Nruriine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 299.—Saae, Auk, x, 1893, 371 (Norfolk, Connecticut, breeding).—RicuMonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).—Batty, Auk, xiii, 1896, 295 (n, Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Casz, Auk, xiii, 1896, 343 (West Simsbury, Connecticut, breeding).—Howztt, Auk, xviii, 1901, 343 (Mount Mansfield, Vermont, breeding; habits).—PrEsiz, North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 125 (Oxford House, Keewatin; Knee Lake, Athabasca).—Bariry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 396. [ Vireo] solitarius Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 330.—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 381, no. 5758.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 122, part.—Cory, List Birds W. L., 1885, 10. ‘V[ireo] solitarius Casanis Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 63 (Mexico).—Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 103 (n. e. Illinois, May 5 to 25, and last of Sept. to first of Oct.).—Covxs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 333.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 473. (?) Lanius solitarius Licntenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Voég., 1830, 2. Vireo (Lanivireo) solitarius Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. “xxxxv’?(=xxxv).—Gunpiaca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 324: (Cuba).— ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 67. Vireosylvia solitaria Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 347, part.—Sumica- rast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (Vera Cruz, winter). [ Vireosylvia] solitaria ScLatER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 12. V [ireosylvia] solitaria Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. §., 4th ed., 1884, 76. Lanivireo solitarius ALLEN, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 507, 579 (Massachusetts); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 270 (e. Florida, winter).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 373, pl. 17, fig. 8.—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Santa Efigenia and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca; Gineta Mts., Chiapas).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 141.—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 228 (Adirondacks, New York, breeding). [Lanivireo solitarius] var. solitarius Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 373. LANIVIREO SOLITARIUS ALTICOLA (Brewster). MOUNTAIN VIREO, Similar to Z. s. solitarius, but larger and averaging slightly darker in color, with the back more often mixed with gray, sometimes with more of gray than olive-green. Young.*—Similar to adults, but back, scapulars, ramp, and upper tail-coverts brownish gray, tinged with greenish olive; gray of head and hindneck browner, that of auricular and suborbital regions much paler; sides and flanks white, tinged with pale yellow. «J have not seen the young of V. s. solitarius. * 170 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 121-137 (131.8); wing, 78-83.5 (80.3); tail, 52-57 (55); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.7); a 18-20 (19.1); middle toe, 12-18 (12.1).% Adult female.—Length (skins), 120-187 (129.4); wing, 76-82 (78.8); tail, 51-58 (55.7); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.6); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.1); middle toe, 11-13 (12.1).« Southern Allegheny Mountains, from western Maryland (Finzel) to South Carolina (Caesars Head, Pickens County), western North Caro- lina, and eastern Tennessee (Roane and Blount counties); in winter, lowlands of southern Atlantic and eastern Gulf States, from South Carolina (near Charleston) to Florida (Suwanee River, Kissimmee River, Caloosahatchee River, etc.). Vireo solitarius alticola Brewster, Auk, iii, Jan., 1886, 111 (Highlands, Macon Co., North Carolina; coll. W. Brewster), 410 (Charleston, South Carolina, Feb. 20).—Lanepon, Auk, iv, 1887, 131 (Pine Mt., 1,500 ft., and Defeat Mt., 4,000 ft., e. Tennessee).—Fox, Auk, iv, 1887, 164 (Roane Co., Tennessee).— Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593.—Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 126 (Pickens Co., South Carolina; crit.; measurements, etc.); vill, 1891, 329, Cxsars Head, South Carolina; crit.; measurements).—AMERICAN ORNI- THoLoGIsTs’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 629c.—Crapman, Auk, v, 1888, 275 (Gainesville, Florida, winter), 324 (Aiken, South Carolina, Nov. 11), 399.—Rrves, Auk, vi, 1889, 52 (White Top Mt., Virginia).—Jerrrizs, Auk, vi, 1889, 122 (Highlands, w. North Carolina, May).—Scorr, Auk, ix, 1892, 213 (Caloosahatchee R., Florida, winter).—Wayng, Auk, x, 1893, 338 (Suwanee R., Florida, Feb. 23).—Nznriina, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 301. V[éreo] solitarius alticola Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 473. Vireo solitarius (not Muscicapa solitaria Wilson) Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 317 (Roane Co., Tennessee). LANIVIREO SOLITARIUS PLUMBEUS (Coues). ‘ PLUMBEOUS VIREO. Similar to Z. s. alticola, but back and scapulars entirely gray; rump and upper tail-coverts gray, tinged with olive-green, and sides and flanks much more faintly washed with yellow. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain slate-gray, the rump and upper tail-coverts more or less strongly tinged with olive-green; wings and tail slate-black, with pale olive-gray edgings, these becoming white on lateral rectrices, the outermost of which has the outer web white; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, formin two conspicuous bands across wing; auricular, suborbital, and malar regions paler gray than upper parts; broad supraloral stripe and orbital ring white, the latter interrupted anteriorly by a grayish dusky spot at anterior angle of eye, this passing into gray on lower anterior portion of lores; chin, throat, and rest of under parts (except sides 4Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 171 and flanks) white; sides and flanks broadly and indistinctly striped with pale grayish olive and very pale sulphur yellow; inner webs of remiges and rectrices broadly edged with white; maxilla black; man- dible blackish at tip, basally grayish (pale bluish gray or grayish blue in life); iris brown; legs and feet dusky (grayish blue in life). Young.—Similar to adults, but gray of upper parts more brownish (mouse gray), the sides and flanks white. Adult male.—Length (skins), 125-138 (130.4); wing, 77-82 (79.8); tail, 56-61 (58.2); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.1); tarsus, 19-20 (19.8); middle toe, 10-12 (11.2).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 124-134 (129.2); wing, 77-87 (80.8); tail, 56-60 (57.8); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.2); tarsus, 19-20 (19.7); middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.7).¢ Rocky Mountain district of United States and mountains of Mexico; breeding from southern Wyoming (Black Hills, Laramie Peak, etc.), northern Utah (Wasatch Mountains), and northeastern Nevada (Kast Humboldt Mountains), southward to Arizona (Mogollon Mountains, Santa Catalina range, etc.), Chihuahua, western Texas (mountains west of Pecos. River), und Vera Cruz (Las Vegas, 8,000 feet altitude); south in winter to southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca, Guerréro (Tlalixtaquilla), and Colima (plains of Colima). Accidental in New ‘York (Madison County, one specimen, September 24, 1893)? Vireo piumbeus Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 74 (Fort Whipple, Ari- zona; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 515.—AtuEen, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 345 (Colorado).—Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 714 (Utah).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 272 (plains of Colima).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 198 (Oaxaca). Vireosylvia plumbea Bairp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 349 (Laramie Peak, Wyoming; Fort Whipple, Arizona; plains of Colima, s. w. Mexico).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 119 (Rocky Mts. ).—ArkeEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 198 (Colorado). [Vireosylvia] plumbea Sciater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12. Lanivireo plumbeus Ripaway, Field and Forest, iii, May, 1877, 197 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 451 (Ruby and e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, breed- ing). Lanivireo plumbea Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 17, fig. 10. Vireo solitarius, var. plumbeus ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 149, 176 (Colorado).—Couss, Birds N. W., 1874, 100. Vireo solitarius . . . var. plumbeus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 127a.—Yarrow and HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 12 (Wasatch Mts. and Meadow Creek, Utah).—HrnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 43 (Utah), 77 (Fort Garland, Colorado, habits, nest and eggs, etc.), 105 (Neutria, New Mexico, July 19, and Apache, Arizona, Sept. 3); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 224 (Wasatch Mts., Utah, etc.; habits, etc. ). Lanivireo solitaria var. plunbea Ripeaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 170, in text, 172 (Wasatch Mts., near Salt Lake City; breeding). aTen specimens. 172 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Lanivireo solitaria . . . var. plumbea Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 181 (Colorado). Lanivireo solitarius var. plumbeus Barrp, Brewrr, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 377; iii, 1874, 507 (El Paso Co., Colorado). Lanivireo solitaria plumbea Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 33 (Par- leys Park, Wasatch Mts., Utah; breeding). Lanivireo solitarius plumbeus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ili, Aug. 24, 1880, 174, 216; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 141d. Vireo solitarius plumbeus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 20 (e. Hum- boldt Mts., Nevada).—Covss, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 179.—AmERICcAN OrnirHo.oaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 629b.—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 32 (Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona; breeding above 10,000 ft.).— ALLEN, Auk, v, 1888, 32 (crit.).—Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 260 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona; habits song, etc.).—(?) Mituer, Auk, xi, 1894, 79 (Madison Co., New York, 1spec., Sept. 24, 1893).—Murcuett, Auk, xv, 1898, 310 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico; breeding up to 9,000 ft.).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 40 (Las Vegas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft., breeding).—Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 237 (Black Hills, Wyoming).—OseRHOLSsER, Auk, xix, 1902, 301 (Mountains west of Pecos R., w. Texas).—GRInNELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 62 (Tejon Mts., California, Aug. ). [ Vireo solitarius.] Subsp. 6. Vireo plumbeus Gapow, Cat Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 299. V[ireo] s[olitarius] plumbeus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 334.—BatLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 397. V[ireo] solitarius plumbeus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 474. LANIVIREO SOLITARIUS CASSINII (Xantus). CASSIN’S VIREO. Similar to LZ. s. solvtarius, but slightly smaller and much duller in color. Adult male.—Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, auricular region, suborbital region, and malar region brownish gray (mouse gray, or between this and slate-gray); back and scapulars grayish olive-green, usually more or less mixed or washed with gray, passing into more decided and uniform olive-green on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail blackish slate with light olive-green edgings, these more yel- lowish on rectrices, of which the outermost has the outer web white; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale olive-yellow or yel- lowish white, producing two distinct bands (much narrower and less continuous than in ZL. s. solitarius); tertials broadly edged with pale olive-yellowish or dull yellowish white; broad supraloral stripe and orbital ring white, the latter interrupted at anterior angle of eye by a dusky loral streak; under parts white, passing on sides and flanks into pale sulphur or primrose yellow and pale olive, in broad, ill-defined stripes; under tail-coverts ‘pale primrose yellow or yellowish white; inner webs of remiges and rectrices broadly edged with white, this in fresh plumage extending round tips of the latter; maxilla grayish black; mandible grayish (pale bluish gray in life) with blackish tip; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (grayish blue in life); length (skins), BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 1738 114-131(123.2); wing, 70-77 (72.3); tail, 49-56 (52.3); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.2); tarsus, 18-20 (18.9); middle toe, 11-12 (11.2).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but duller in color, with gray of head and neck browaer and white of under parts less pure; length (skins), 117-127 (121.7); wing, 70-75 (72.1); tail, 49.5-54 (52); exposed culmen, 9-11 (9.6); tarsus, 18-20 (19.1); middle toe, 11-12 (11.2).? . Young (in first autumn and winter).—Very different from the cor- responding stage of Z. s. solitarius. Pileum, hindneck and sides of head and neck varying from olivaceous hair brown to grayish olive, not very, if at all, different from color of back; orbital ring and supraloral mark and white of under parts strongly tinged with brown- ish buff. Young (jirst plumage).—Wings and tail as in adults; rest of upper parts brownish gray; under parts entirely dull white, the flanks and under tail-coverts faintly tinged with yellowish. Pacific coast district of the United States and British Columbia (both sides of Cascade Range); breeding from Vancouver Island and eastern side of Cascade Range in British Columbia (Clinton; Tobacco Plains) southward to southern California (mountains of Los Angeles County) and eastward to Idaho (Fort Sherman; Fort Lapwai), western Wyo- ming (Fort Bridger) ?, and eastern Oregon (Fort Klamath); during migration east to Utah (Wasatch Mountains), New Mexico (upper Pecos River), etc., and southward through Arizona and western Mex- ico to States of Jalisco (Talpa, San Sebastian), Morelos (Tetela del Volcan), Guanajuato, and Oaxaca (Talea). @ Nineteen specimens. > Nine specimens. Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ele culmen. : MALES. Six adult males from Arizona (April to June) ............- 72.7 52.3 10.1 19.2 11 Two adult males from northern Lower California and : ; SOUtHER CalifOrmi gs oc n.a aac cies sie sieciciciod tein aie deinisin nina 75 53.5 10.2 19.2 11.7 Three adult males from northern California and Oregon...) 73 51.3 10 18.3 ll Two adult males from Washington (Seattle)..........-.-.- 75.5 54.5 10.2 WD haanacies Five adult males from Vancouver Island ..............-... 71.8 51.1 10.3 18.5 11.3 One adult male frofm Fort Bridger, Wyo. (May 16)......-.. 76 54.5 10.5 19 il 2 FEMALES. Five adult females from Arizona (April, May)............. 72.7 52.1 9.3 18.9 11.5 One adult female from southern California (Los Angeles)..| 70 51.5 9 20 11 Two adult females from northern California and Oregon..| 70.5 50.5 10.5 19.2 11.7 Oneadult female from eastern British Columbia (Clinton)..| 74 | 54 10 19 11 174 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vireo solitarius (not Muscicapa solitaria Wilson) OrnrtHotocicaL ComMITTEE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 193 (Columbia R.).—Gamset, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 44 (California); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 159 (do.).—Hxermann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 269 (Cali- fornia); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859, 55 (California).— Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 340, part (Fort Steilacoom, Wash- ington), 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming).—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Cooprr and Sucxey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 189 (Fort Steilacoom, etc., Washington; song. ).— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver I.).—Cooprr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 479 (Fort Mojave, Arizona, May 14).—Covsgs, Check List, 1873, no. 127, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 99, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 505, part).—LAwREncz, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 272 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Apr.).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 22 (upper Humboldt Valley, Nevada, Sept. ).— Hensuaw, List Birds Arizona, 1875, 157; Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875 222 (Mount Graham, Arizona, Sept. 20 to 25); Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 235 (Tejon Mts., s. California, Aug. 17).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 194, part. [ Vireo] solitarius Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 122, part. Vireosylvia solitaria Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 347, part (Fort Bridger, Utah, May 16; Fort Steilacoom, Washington; Napa Valley, Yreka, and Fort Tejon, California).—Coorsr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 117, excl. syn. part. [Lanivireo solitaria] var. solitaria R1pGway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 170, in text (Wasatch Mts., Utah, autumn). Lanivireo solitarius Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, Jan., 1874, 507 (Emigrant Gap, California, 5,500 ft.).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 19 (West Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept. ); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 450 (West Humboldt Mts. and head of Humboldt Valley, Nevada, Sept.); Field and -Forest, iii, 1877, 197 (Colorado); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 65 (Big Trees, Calaveras Co., California, breeding). Vireo cassinii Xanrus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 117 (Fort Tejon, Califor- nia; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); 1859, 191 (do.).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 340; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 78, fig. 1; Cat. N. An. Birds, 1859, no. 251. Vireo (Lanivireo) cassinit Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. ‘‘xxxxv” (=xxxv). Vireo cassini SALvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 197 (‘‘ Mexico’’). Lanivireo cassint Barrp, BREwER, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, Jan., 1874, pl. 17, fig. 9.—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 449 (West Hum- boldt Mts., Nevada, Sept.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 65 (Calaveras Co., California). Lanivireo solitarius var. cassini BarrD, BRewrr, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 376. Vireo solitarius .. var. cassini Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 105 (s. of Apache and Gila R., Arizona, Sept.); 1876, 235 (Tejon Mts., s. California, Aug. 17). Vireo solitarius . . var. (?) cassini Hensnaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 223 (localities in Arizona, Aug. 30 to Sept. 25). Lanivireo solitaria . . . var. cassint Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 36 (Nevada). Lanivireo solitarius 8. cassini.BEupinc and Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i. Mar. 21, 1879, 410 (central California; habits; sorig). Lanivireo solitarius cassini Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 19 (West Humboldt Mts.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 141a. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 175 Vireo solitarius cassini Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 514; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 178.—Mrarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 164 (Fort Klamath, Oregon).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 142 (s. Arizona, Apr., May; crit.; measurements, etc.).—Hrnsuaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 332 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, Sept. 2 and after).—Anruony, Auk, iii, 1886, 170 (Washington Co., Oregon; breeding, descr. song).—Merriam, N. Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1901, 105 (Fort Lapwai, Idaho, breeding).—Bartow, Condor, ii, 1900, 133 (near Almaden, Santa Clara Co., California, breeding); iii, 1901, 119 (descr. nest and eggs), 175 (Sierra Nevada, breeding; descr. nest).—MarLuiarpD, Condor, iii, 1901, 125 (Paicines, San Benito Co., Cali- fornia, summer resident). V[ireo] s[olitarius] cassini Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 333. Vireo solitarius cassintti AMERICAN OrNiTHOLOGIsTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 629.—Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 51 (Cohuilla Valley, s. California, Apr.).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 32 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, Apr. 18 to May 15 and Sept. 10 to Oct. 7).—Auien, Auk, v, 1888, 32 (crit.).—Merritt,. Auk, v, 1888, 360 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, breeding); xv, 1898, 18 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding).—Grinnett (J.), Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 43 (Los Angeles Co., California, breeding in mountains).—Ratugun (8. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 138 (Seattle, Washington, breeding). V[ireo] solitarius cassinii Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 473. Vireo] s[olitarius] cassinti Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 396, fig. 491. [ Vireo solitarius.] Sulsp. a. Vireo cassini Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 299. LANIVIREO SOLITARIUS LUCASANUS (Brewster). SAINT LUCAS VIREO, Similar to Z. s. cassinzd, but smaller, with decidedly larger bill; sides and flanks with much more of yellow and less of olive. Adult male.—Length (kins), 117-124 (120.7); wing, 67-72.5 (69.6); tail, 48-53.5 (51.1); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.2); tarsus, 18-20 (19); middle toe, 11-12 (11.4).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 117-127 (122); wing, 69-71 (69.8); tail, 51-55 (52.7); exposed culmen, 11-11.5 (11.2); tarsus, 18.5-19 (18.7); middle toe, 11-12 (11.7).? Cape San Lucas district of Lower California (San José del Rancho; Triunfo; Rayitas; Lazaro Mountain; Sierra San Gertrude); resident. Vireosylvia solitaria (not Muscicapa solitaria Wilson) Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 347, part (Sierra San Gertrude, Lower California). [ Vireo] solitarius Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 121, 122, part. Vireo solitarius Couns, Check List, 1873, no. 127, part. Lanivireo solitarius ‘cassini (not Vireo cassinii Xantus) Rrpeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 141a, part.— Betpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 546 (Miraflores, Lower California, breeding). Vireo solitarius cassini Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 178, part. «Ten specimens. + Three specimens. 176 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vireo solitarius cassiniti Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., ii, 1889, 307 (San José del Cabo, breeding; Miraflores). Vireo solitarius lucasanus Brewster, Descr. Seven Supposed New N. Am. Birds, Feb. 17, 1891, 147; Auk, viii, April, 1891, 147 (San José del Rancho, Lower California; coll. W. Brewster); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, xli, 1902, 174 (San José del Cabo, San José del Rancho, Miraflores, etc., breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—AMERICAN OrniTHoLocists’ Unron, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 629d.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 607. [ Vireo solitarius] var. lucasana Dusors, Synop..Avium, fasc. vii, 1901, 472. Genus VIREO Vieillot. Vireo VieitLot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 83. (Type, V. musicus Vieillot, = Musci- capa noveboracensis Gmelin. ) ‘ Vireonella Batrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 326, 369. (Type, Vireo gund- lachii Lembeye. ) Small Vireonide with the tenth primary well developed, more than one-third (frequently one-half) as long as ninth, the latter shorter than fourth, sometimes shorter than the first or (rarely) even shorter than secondaries; wing tip shorter than commissure, the latter shorter than tarsus. Bill variable in relative size but never with exposed culmen more than two-thirds as long as tarsus nor more than ‘distance from nos- tril to posterior angle of eye, sometimes less than half as long as tarsus and less than distance from nostril to anterior angle of eye; culmen nearly straight or very slightly curved for most of its length but strongly decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla more or less distinctly though minutely uncinate; gonys nearly or quite as long as distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, distinctly convex, ascend- ing terminally, the tip of the maxilla produced into a fine point;* maxillary tomium straight or very nearly 80, distinctly notched sub- terminally; the straight or nearly straight mandibular tomium with a corresponding but much smaller (sometimes? obsolete) notch; depth of bill at frontal antiz about equal to, sometimes slightly less than, its width at same point. Nostril exposed, at least mostly so, longitu- dinal, broadly oval or ovate, in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse, posteriorly usually in contact with bristly feathers of the frontal anti, sometjmes partly covered by the latter. Rictal bristles few, only two to three well developed; feathers of frontal antiz and chin with well- developed bristles at tips, the former extending beyond nostrils. Wing moderate, more or less pointed; tenth primary decidedly less to slightly more than half as long as ninth, usually broad with rounded tip, rarely narrower and more pointed; ninth primary always shorter than fifth, sometimes shorter than first; eighth to fourth (usually seventh, sixth, and fifth) longest; wing-tip much shorter than tarsus, sometimes shorter than exposed culmen. Tail shorter than wing (the aThis very indistinct in V. dellii. bIn V. bellii. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. LTT difference usually equal to more than length of exposed culmen,¢ sometimes? equal to length of tarsus), even, slightly rounded, or slightly double-rounded, the rectrices rather narrow (decidedly so in some species). Tarsus decidedly less to much more than one-third as long as wing, much longer than middle toe with claw, distinctly scutel- late anteriorly; outer toe distinctly longer than inner, the latter (with- out claw) shorter than hallux (without claw), its claw not reaching to base of middle claw. Coloration.—Above plain olive, olive-green, brown, or gray, the head sometimes different in color from back (black in one species); wing with or without whitish bands and edgings; beneath whitish, yellowish, or yellow, one species with sides cinnamomeous. Lange.—Temperate North America, Mexico, Central America (south to Costa Rica), and Greater Antilles (Bahamas, Cuba, Grand Cayman, Porto Rico, and Jamaica’ ). KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF VIREO. u. Middle and greater wing-coverts very abruptly or sharply tipped with yellow or whitish, forming two rather broad and verv distinct bands across wing. b. Lores entirely white, in abrupt and conspicuous contrast with color of forehead. c. Pileum and back brown; auricular region, sides of neck, and sides cinnamon. (Cozumel Island, Yucatan.).-..-.-..--.------- Vireo bairdi, adults (p. 180) ec. Pileum gray or black; back olive-green; auricular region gray or black, like pileum; sides olive-green. (Kansas to northern Mexico. ) Vireo atricapillus, adults (p. 181) bb. Lores not entirely white. e, Lores distinctly different in color from forehead, at least the upper portion being yellow or whitish, abruptly contrasted with color of forehead. d. Under parts bicolored, the median portion white, in distinct contrast with olive-yellow of sides and flanks. (Vireo noveboracensis. ) e. Supraloral stripe and eyelids bright yellow; throat and chest white or grayish white. f. Brighter colored, the upper parts distinctly olive-green, the sides and flanks bright olive-yellow or sulphur yellow. (Eastern United States; south in winter through eastern Mexico to Yucatan, to Bahamas, Cuba, etc.)..-..--- Vireo noveboracensis noveboracensis, adults (p. 183) ff. Duller or paler in color, the upper parts more or less grayish, the sides and flanks pale olive-yellow. g. Larger (adult male averaging, wing 57.4 or more, tail 49 or more, exposed culmen 10 or more). h. Intermediate in measurements and coloration between V. n: novebo- racensis and V.n. maynardi; adult male averaging, wing 58.7, tail 49, exposed culmen 10, tarsus 20.5; adult female, wing 58.8, tail 46.7, exposed culmen 10.8, tarsus 20.3. Bermudas.) Vireo noveboracensis bermudianus, adults (p. 185) @ Nearly as long as tail (the difference much less than length of exposed culmen) in V. gundlachii and V. hypochryseus. bIn V. carmioli. ¢ Also Old Providence Island, Caribbean Sea. 10384—voL 3—03——12 4 178 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. hh. Paler and grayer; adult male averaging, wing 61.6, tail 50.2, exposed culmen 11.4, tarsus 19.8; adult female, wing 59, tail 46.7, exposed culmen 11, tarsus 19.2. (Southern Florida, includ- ing Keys.)...---- Vireo noveboracensis maynardi, adults (p. 186) gg. Smaller; adult male averaging wing 57.4, tail 47.4, exposed culmen 8.9, tarsus 19.9; adult female, wing 56.1, tail 46.3, exposed culmen 9.7, tarsus 19.8. (Southern Texas, and north-central Mexico. ) Vireo noveboracensis micrus, adults (p. 186) ee. Supraloral stripe and eyelids yellowish white; throat and chest very pale gray, contrasting with white of abdomen. Vireo noveboracensis, young.) dd. Under parts unicolored, or at least not distinctly bicolored, never pure white medially. e. Supraloral stripe terminating on anterior portion of upper eyelid, the orbital ring interrupted above by a dusky spot on middle of upper eyelid. f. Under parts distinctly yellowish or decidedly tinged with yellow. g. Supraloral stripe deep lemon or saffron yellow, conspicuously deeper and brighter than dingy yellow of under parts. (Southeastern MGXIG0% )wccmeeecacisasiexee's sineiences Vireo perquisitor, adults (p. 187) gg. Supraloral stripe pale yellow, little if any deeper or brighter than color of under parts. h. Wing-bands very narrow; dusky supraorbital spot large and con- spicuous. (Cuba.) ........---- Vireo gundlachii, adults (p. 188) hh. Wing-bands broad; dusky supraorbital spot small, inconspicuous. i. Larger (wing 58-66, tail 44-54). ( Vireo crassirostris. ) j. Coloration duller and grayer, the under parts less yellow. (Bahamas. ) . .. Vireo crassirostris crassirostris, adults (p. 189) jj. Coloration brighter, more olive-green above, more decidedly yellow beneath. k. Coloration deeper; slightly larger (wing 58-66); tail more even, i. Upper parts olive-green; wing-bands narrower. (Baha- TOGA) so. Vireo crassirostris flavescens, adults (p. 191) Wl. Upper parts olive-brown; wing-bands broader. (Islands of Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac, south of Cuba.) Vireo crassirostris alleni, adults (p. 192) kk. Coloration paler; slightly smaller (wing 61); tail more rounded. (Island of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea. ) Vireo crassirostris approximans, adults (p. 192) it. Smaller (wing 51-57, tail 40-47). (Southern Mexico to Nica- PACA). cremains secels Vireo ochraceus, adults (p. 193) ff. Under parts not distinctly, if at all, yellowish, but dull whitish or very pale olive-buffy, or buffy olive. g. Smaller (wing 55, tail 46) with larger hill (exposed culmen 12); upper parts olive-gray; under parts entirely dull white. (Western Nica- FAQUA ) cacemneseteaeeceeumesnuosane Vireo pallens, adults (p. 194) gg. Larger (wing 59-70, tail 47-55), with smaller bill (exposed culmen 8.5-11); upper parts greenish olive to grayish olive; under parts more or less strongly shaded with pale olive or buffy. (Vireo huttoni. ) h. Darker, with upper parts distinctly olive and under parts strongly washed with buffy olive. «1 have not enough material to enable me to make a satisfactory key to the young of the several subspecies. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 179 i. Smaller (adult male averaging less than wing 61, tail 49); young dull olive-whitish beneath. j. Paler (California.).......-.... Vireo huttoni huttoni (p. 195) jj. Darker (Coast district of Oregon and Washington to Vancou- ver Island.)..--..-.--------- Vireo huttoni obscurus (p. 196) wi. Larger (adult male averaging wing 67.3, tail 51.9; adult female, wing 65.4, tail 51.2); young strongly buffy beneath. (South- ern portion of Mexican plateau to Guatemala. ) Vireo huttoni mexicanus (p. 196) hh. Paler, with upper parts olive-gray and under parts less strongly washed with olive or without olive tinge. i. Under parts tinged with yellowish, the chest faintly shaded with olive-buff; rump and upper tail-coverts more decidedly olive- green; adult male averaging wing 68.8, tarsus 18.4; adult female, wing 67.7, tarsus 18.5. (Southern Arizona and north- ern Mexico.)..-.........----- Vireo huttoni stephensi (p. 197) ii. Under parts without yellowish tinge, the chest not shaded with olive-buff; rump and upper tail-coverts less strongly olive- green; adult male averaging wing 64.8, tarsus 19.1; adult female, wing 62.9, tarsus 19. (Cape district of Lower Califor- MMA) Hae jos N cals OAc ae co, Vireo huttoni cognatus (p. 199) ee. Supraloral stripe continued over eye to decidedly beyond posterior angle of the latter. (Costa Rica.)........-.--------- Vireo carmioli (p. 199) ec. Lores not distinctly different in color from forehead. (Jamaica. ) Vireo modestus (p. 200) aa. Middle and greater wing-coverts not abruptly or sharply tipped with yellow or whitish. b. Under parts and superciliary stripe deep yellow, upper parts bright olive-green. ( Vireo hypochryseus. ) c. Smaller and brighter colored, the under parts bright lemon yellow; adult male averaging wing 64.5, tail 56, exposed culmen 12.5, tarsus 18.3; adult female, wing 61.6, tail 55, exposed culmen 12, tarsus 18.1. (Western MeXICO;.) pie sn weadedoedmencbicnes Vireo hypochryseus hypochryseus (p. 201) cc. Large and duller colored, the under parts olive-yellow; adult male averaging wing 66.6, tail 59.7, exposed culmen 13.4, tarsus 20.2; adult female, wing 64.7, tail 59.2, exposed culmen 13.3, tarsus 20. (Tres Marias Islands, west- Of. MEXICO.) sisecee Sans casnaeseceeee Vireo hypochryseus sordidus (p. 202) bb. Under parts and superciliary stripe (if present) not yellow; upper parts not olive-green. c. Larger (wing 61-67, tail 55-61); upper parts clear gray; lores entirely whitish. (Southern California to western Texas and south into northern Mexico.) Vireo vicinior (p. 202) cc. Smaller (wing not more than 59, tail less than 55); upper parts not clear gray and lores not entirely whitish. d. Back olive-gray, grayish olive, or dull olive-green, the pileum not essen- tially different in color. e. Smaller (wing 53, tail 43, tarsus 17); bill black. (Southwestern Mexico.) Vireo nanus@ (p. 204) ee. Larger (wing 52-59, tail, 41.5-54, tarsus 19-20); bill brown, with paler mandible. ( Vireo bellii.) @The single known specimen of this very distinct species is in much abraded plumage, and consequently I am not sure as to the character of the wing-markings. Possibly it should go under section ‘‘a.”’ 180 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. jf. Upper parts more olivaceous, sides and flanks olive-yellowish; tail shorter (41.5-48) . g. Back distinctly olive, nearly concolor with rump and upper tail- coverts; sides and flanks deeper olive-yellow; under tail-coverts sulphur yellow; tail 41.5-47. (Nebraska to Illinois and southward into northeastern Mexico; in winter south to Oaxaca.) Vireo bellii bellii, adults (p. 204) gg. Back grayish olive distinctly less bright than rump and upper tail- coverts; sides and flanks pale olive-yellow; under tail-coverts yellowish white; tail 45-48. (Western Texas and southward to central Mexico.) .....-.--.---- Vireo bellii medius, adults (p. 206) ff. Upper parts more grayish, sides and flanks pale yellowish olive or merely tinged with that color; tail longer (47-54). g. More strongly tinged with olive above, the sides and flanks more strongly tinged with yellowish olive. (Extreme western portion of Texas to Arizona and southward into northwestern Mexico.) Vireo bellii arizonz, adults (p. 207) gg. Less strongly tinged with olive above, the sides and flanks faintly, if at all, tinged with yellowish olive. (Central California to Cape San Lucas and southwestern Nevada. ) Vireo bellii pusillus, adults (p. 208) dd. Back brownish olive (contrasted with grayish brown of pileum and hind- neck) or brown, like pileum and hindneck. : e. Pileum, hindneck, and back plain brown; sides and flanks not yellow. (Young. ) f. Pileum, back, etc., grayish or vinaceous, brown. Vireo bellii and subspecies, @ young. g. Pileum, back, etc., distinctly brown (between broccoli brown and FAW UMBDED! cesses co secigeicieceadee Vireo latimeri, young (p. 210). ee. Pileum and hindneck grayish brown or brownish gray, in marked con- trast with brownish olive of back; sides and flanks yellow (straw yel- low to naples or maize yellow). (Porto Rico). Vireo latimeri, adults (p. 210). VIREO BAIRDI Ridgway. BAIRD’S VIREO, Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck plain grayish brown (hair brown, broccoli or drab), becoming more cinnamon or russet on forehead, especially on lateral margins; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts plain, rather light, olive-brown; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail dusky with pale olive edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with yellowish white or pale primrose yellow, producing two conspicuous bands across wing, and tertials broadly edged with the same; lores and orbital ring white, the latter interrupted on upper portion by a dusky space on upper eyelid; auricular region, suborbital region (in part), sides of neck, and sides light cinnamon, fading out and becoming more olive on @The young of the several forms of V. bellit differ in the same way as adults; that of V. b. bellii being most deeply colored, with flanks and under tail-coverts strongly yellowish, the others, in geographic sequence, becoming paler until in that of V. b. pusillus the yellow tinge to the posterior under parts is nearly if not quite wanting. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 181 flanks; rest of under parts, together with anterior portion of malar region, white; axillars, under wing-coverts, and edges of inner webs of remiges white; maxilla clear brownish, mandible much paler, or dull brownish white (in dried skins); legs and feet dark brownish (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 112-117 (184.4); wing, 60-63 (61); tail, 48-53 (50.2); exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 22-24 (23); middle toe, 10-12 (11).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 113-122 (118.6); wing, 60-61 (60.4); tail, 50-53 (51); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.2); tarsus, 22-23 (22.6); middle toe, 10-11 (10.8).¢ Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. Virco bairdi Ripaway, Descr. New Species Birds from Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 2; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, iii, Mar., 1885, 22 (Cozumel Island, Yucatan; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 565 (full description). V [ireo] bairdi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 477. VIREO ATRICAPILLUS Woodhouse. BLACK-CAPPED VIREO. Adults (sexes altke*).—Lores and broad orbital rmg white, the latter interrupted for a short distance (1-3 mm.) on upper eyelid; rest of head and neck, except chin and throat, uniform black (oldest birds?) or black and slate-gray in variable relative proportion (younger birds?), sometimes entirely slate-gray (birds in second year?); back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts clear olive-green; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail dull black or dusky with light olive-green edgings (these broader and pale yellow on tertials, more whitish on longer primaries), the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with pale yellow (sulphur or primrose), forming two conspicuous bands across wing; under parts, including chin and throat, white, passing into light olive-yellow or pale yellowish olive- green on sides and flanks; axillars and under wing-coverts sulphur or primrose yellow; inner webs of remiges edged with yellowish white; maxilla black, mandible grayish blue; iris brownish red; legs and feet grayish blue. aFive specimens. b Writers differ as to whether the sexes agree in color or not. The series exam- ined, which, however, includes only one adult female (there are eighteen adult males), if the sex has been correctly determined in all cases, shows that the sexes are alike and that the presence of black on the head or its extent is probably a matter of age. The grayer headed specimens invariably have the white of the under parts less pure, in this respect being more or less like young birds in their first autumn, which lends probability to the theory that relative age is the true explanation of the variations noted. (See Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 100; Ragsdale, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 239; Goss, Auk, ii, 275, 276.) 182 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young (in first autumn and winter).—Similar to adults, but without black or clear gray on head, which is replaced by grayish brown or brownish gray; olive-green of back, etc., browner; white of under parts and head markings much less pure, strongly washed with pale buff or brownish buff, the sides and flanks more brownish olive-green. Adult male.—Length (skins), 100-112 (104.5); wing, 54-57 (55.8); tail, 40-46 (43.8); exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 10.“ Adult female.—Length (skin), 104; wing, 55; tail, 43.5; exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe, 10.? Southwestern Kansas (Comanche County) southward through Okla- homa and west-central Texas (eastward to Cooke, Comanche, Comal, Bexar, and Medina counties); southward in winter to Mexico, as far as State of Sinaloa (Mazatlan). Vireo atricapilla Woopuouse, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1852, 60 (San Pedro R., w. Texas; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuafii and Col. R., 1853, 75, pl. 1 (San Pedro R.).—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328 (Texas). Vireo atricapillus Cassin, Illustr. Birds Tex., Cal., etc., 1854, 153, pl. 24.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 337; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 12 (San Pedro R., Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 427; Review Am. Birds, 1866, 353 (San Pedro R. and El Paso, Texas).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 121 (Texas).—Covxrs, Check List, 1873, no. 133; 2d ed., 1882, no. 185; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 533; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 193, pl. 1 (New Braunfels, Comal Co., Texas, breeding).—LawREncE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 272 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—Barirp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 383, pl. 17, fig. 6 (w. Texas; Mazat- lan).—Deang, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 58 (Camp Verde, Medina Co., and Comanche Co., n. e. part Erath Co., and Cooke Co., Texas, breed- ing).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 99-103 (history, nesting habits, descr. nest and eggs).—RacspaLz, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 239 (Cooke Co., Texas, breeding; remarks on plumage of sexes and young).— Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 142.—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 199 (Mazatlan).—Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 37 (Boerne, s. w. Texas, Mar. 27).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 300.—Goss, Auk, ii, 1885, 274 (Comanche Co., 8. w. Kansas, breeding; habits, descr. nest, measurements, ete.) ; iii, 1886, 114, 115 (Kan- sas); Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 531 (s. Kansas, summer res. ).—AMERICAN Ornitso oaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 630.—Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 295 (Concho and Tom Green counties, Texas, breeding; habits; song; descr. nest and eggs).—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 236 (Bandera Co., San Angelo, etc., Texas; Comanche Co., Kansas; dates).—ATrwaTER, Auk, ix, 1892, 340 (near San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—NrHrune, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 306.—BaiLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W.U.S., 1902, 397, fig. 492. [ Vireo] atricapillus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 380, no. 5753.—Couxs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 124. Vireo] atricapillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 336.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 474. 4 Kight specimens. > One specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 183 VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS NOVEBORACENSIS (Gmelin). WHITE-EYED VIREO. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain greenish olive or dull olive-green, usually passing into grayish on hindneck; wings and tail dusky grayish brown with light olive-green edgings, the middle and greater wing- coverts rather broadly tipped with pale yellow or yellowish white, pro- ducing two distinct bands across wing, the tertials broadly edged with the same (except in worn plumage); broad supraloral stripe and nar- row orbital ring canary or sulphur yellow; a dusky loral streak, extending to anterior angle of eye, where interrupting the yellowish orbital ring; auricular and suborbital regions and sides of neck grayish olive or olive-gray, fading into very pale gray or grayish white on malar region; chin, throat, median portion of chest and breast, abdo- men, and under tail-coverts dull white, passing laterally into pale yellow, more or less washed with olive, on sides and flanks, the chest and breast more or less tinged with yellow or grayish (or both), the anal region and shorter under tail-coverts also tinged with yellow; axillars and under wing-coverts pale yellow (primrose) or yellowish white; inner webs of remiges edged with grayish white; maxilla black, with paler tomia; mandible grayish black in dried skins, bluish gray in life; iris white; legs and feet dusky (grayish blue in life). Young.—Similar to adults, but upper parts duller and browner; supraloral stripe and orbital ring grayish white or brownish white, instead of yellow; chin, throat, and chest very pale gray or brownish gray; sides and flanks pale olive-yellow; iris brownish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 108-122 (116.1); wing, 60-65 (61.4); tail, 46-53 (49); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.1); tarsus, 18-20 (19.5); middle toe, 9-11 (10.2).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-121 (114.3); wing, 57-63 (60.5); tail, 44-51 (47.3); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.1); tarsus, 18.5-21 (19.7); middle toe, 10-11 (10.4).? 4 Kighteen specimens. b Thirteen specimens. Eastern and western specimens compare in average measurements as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. a culmen. ‘ ~ MALES. Ten adult males from Atlantic States ...........--.-.22.--- 62.4 49.5 10 19.3 10 Eight adult males from Mississippi Valley ......-....-..--- 61.4 48.4 10.1 19.7 10.3 FEMALES. Ten adult females from Atlantic States ..............-....- 61 47.7 10.1 20 10.6 Three adult females from Mississippi Valley..............- 59 46.2 9.8 18.8 10.3 184 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Eastern United States; north to Massachusetts, New York, southern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, etc., occasionally to Vermont and New Brunswick (South Bay), west to western border of Great Plains; breeding from northern limit of its range southward to northern (central?) Florida and Texas (except Rio Grande Valley); wintering from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Texas southward to Cuba (rarely) and through eastern Mexico (west to Sabinas, Coahuila) to Tabasco (Frontera), Campeche (Apazote), Yucatan (Chichen Itza; Merida; Cozumel Island), Guatemala (Coban), Honduras (?), and island of St. Andrews, Caribbean Sea. [Muscicapa] noveboracensis Guertin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 947 (based on Green Fly- catcher Pennant, Arctic Zool., 389).—LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 489.— StrepHens, Shaw’s Gen, Zool., x, 1817, 366. Muscicapa novee-boracensis Lesson, Man. d’Orn., i, 1828, 153. Vireo noveboracensis Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 176; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 70; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 26.—Aupuzon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 328, pl. 63; Synopsis, 1839, 161; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 146, pl. 240 (‘‘Nova Scotia’’).—Nurraui, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 306.—Tuompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 77.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 309 (Wisconsin).—Gunputacu, Journ. fir Orn., 1855, 469 (Cuba); 1861, 404 (do.); 1872, 484 (do.).—Scrarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 204 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 228 (Santecomapan, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, (Mexico; Honduras).—Maximi.ian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 187 (lower Missouri R.).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 328, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 248, part; Review Am. Birds, 1866, 354, part (Merida, Yucatan; Honduras; ‘‘Colombia’’, etc.).—Satvin and Scrater, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Coban, Guatemala).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—DressEr, Ibis, 1865, 481 (San Antonio, Texas; common sum. resid.).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 270 (e. Florida, winter) .—Cours, Am. Nat., v, 1871, 197 (Kansas); Check List, 1873, no. 129; 2d ed., 1882, no. 181; Birds N. W., 1874, 100; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 520.— Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5 (Lawrence, e. Kansas, June).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 385, pl. 17, fig. 11.—Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 17 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Dec. ).— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 116 (deser. first plumage).— Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 143; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 565 (Cozumel I.); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 188.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 200.—Nernrunea, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 11 (s. e. Texas, breeding); Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 302, pl. 15, fig. 2.—Brown (N.C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 37 (Boerne, Ken- dall Co., Texas, breeding).—CHAmBERLAIN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 104 (South Bay, New Brunswick, 1 spec., May 24).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 300, part (excl. syn. crassirostris).—BrtckNELL, Auk. i, 1884, 323 (song).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 188 (West Indian references); iv, 1887, 181 (St. Andrews I., Caribbean Sea); Birds W.I., 1889, 74 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 116 (‘‘Cuba and Jamaica’’).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- cists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 631, part.)—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 295 (Concho Co., w. Texas, Oct.; ‘‘eyes pink’’).—Cooxxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 236 (localities and dates).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 15 (Tarpon Springs, migr. and winter resid. ).—Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 315 (Wacissa R., n, w. Florida, breeding.)—Arrwatrr, Auk, ix, 1892, 340 (San Antonio, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 185 Texas, breeding).—Porrmr, Auk, xvii, 1900, 72 (Newfoundland, 1 spec., Sept. 8, 1899).—Carrout, Auk, xvii, 1900, 347 (Refugio Co., Texas, breed- ing).—Baitey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 308. [ Vireo] noveboracensis Bonaparre, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 330, part.—Gray, Hand- list, i, 1869, 380, no. 5750.—Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 123.—ScLaTER and Satviy, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12, part. Vireo] noveboracensis Capants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 63.—Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 334, part.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 475, part. « Vireo noveberacensis PEaBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 298 (Massachusetts). Vireo novoboracensis CaBor, Naumannia, ii, Heft iii, 1852, 66 (Lake Superior). Vireo noveboracencis WoopHouss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 75. Vireo noveboracensis Cours, Am. Nat., ii, 1868, 576 (Texas and Indian Terri- tory).—Tripps, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 117. Vireo (Lanivireo) noveboracensis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. ‘xxxxy’’ (=xxxv).—Gunpvacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 324 (Cuba). Lanius novebracensis LicHtENsTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 2; Journ. fur Orn., 1863, 58 (reprint). Vireo musicus Vrertuor, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 83, pl. 52. Muscicapa cantatrix Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 166, pl. 18, fig. 6 (e. Pennsylva- nia; coll. Peale’s Mus. ). Vireo cantatrix Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 175.—Hay- MOND, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 290 (Indiana). VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS BERMUDIANUS (Bangs and Bradlee). BERMUDA VIREO. Very similar to V. n. noveboracensis in coloration, but usually slightly grayer above and with sides and flanks less strongly washed with yellow and olive; wing averaging shorter and tarsus longer. (Intermediate in coloration between V. n. noveboracensis and V. n. maynardi, but decidedly smaller than the latter.) Adult male.—Length (skins), 113-123 (117); wing, 57-60 (58.7); tail, 48-50 (49); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 20-21 (20.5); middle toe, 10-11 (10.3).¢ , Adult female.—Wing, 58-59.5 (58.8); tail, 46-47 (46.7); exposed culmen, 10.6-11 (10.8); tarsus, 20.2-20.4 (20.3).? Bermuda Islands; resident.¢ Vireo noveboracensis (not Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmelin) Jarping, Contr. Orn., 1848, 79 (Bermudas; resident).—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 5 (Bermudas).—Jones, Naturalist in Bermuda, 1859, 71.—Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 212 (Bermudas).—Bianp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas) .—Prentiss, Auk, xili, 1895, 238 (Bermudas). V [ireo] noveboracensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 334, part.—Rupe- way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 475, part. : @ Three specimens. b Three specimens, measured by Outram Bangs (see Auk, xviii, 1901, 252. ) ¢ Not a very satisfactory subspecies. 186 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vireo bermudianus Banes and Brapues, Auk, xviii, July, 1901, 252 (Hamilton, Bermuda; coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.) . Vireo noveboracensis bermudianus American OrniTHoLocists’ Unton CoMMITTEE, * Auk, xix, July, 1902, 326 (check list no. 6316). VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS MAYNARDI Brewster. KEY WEST VIREO. Similar to V. n. noveboracensis, but larger; upper parts averaging decidedly grayer, sometimes with more gray than greenish olive; yellow of sides and flanks averaging much paler, sometimes consisting of a mere tinge or wash of pale olive-yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 116-130 (120.6); wing, 56-63 (61.6); tail, 48-52 (50.2); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.4); tarsus, 18.5-22 (19.8); snide toe, 11-12 (11.4).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 114-117 (115.5); wing, 59; tail, 46.5-47 (46.7); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11); tarsus, 19-19.5 (19. 9; middle toe, 11.’ - Florida Keys (including Key West) and coast district of Florida peninsula, north to Tarpon Springs and Anastasia Island.’ Vireo noveboracensis maynardi Brewster, Auk, iv, July, 1887, 148 (Key West, Florida; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. ).—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593.— AMERICAN OrniTHoLocists’ Union, Check List, abridged ed., 1889, no. 631a; 2d ed., 1895, no. 63la.—Scort, Auk, v, 1888, 187 (Key West and Punta Rassa, Florida); vii, 1890, 15 (Key West, Punta Rassa, and Tarpon Springs, Florida; crit.), 312, in text (crit.); ix, 1892, 213 (Caloosahatchee R., Florida, breeding).—CHapman, Auk, v, 1888, 399. V[ireo] noveboracensis maynardi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 475. VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS MICRUS Nelson. SMALL WHITE-EYED VIREO, Similar in coloration to V. n. maynardz, but decidedly smaller even than V. n. noveboracensis (except feet). Adult male.—Length (skins), 107-117 (112.4); wing, 55-59 (57.4); «Ten specimens, from Key West. b Two specimens, from Key West. Specimens from the mainland of Florida (Fort Myers, Tarpon Springs, Anastasia Island, etc.) are decidedly not typical of this form, being intermediate in both meas- urements and coloration. Still they are nearer V. n. maynardi than V. n. novebora- censis. Specimens measure as follows: Ex- " Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Mine culmen. ee MALES, One adult male from Fort Myers......-..2.-.--2-.-0. sees 59 47 12 19 11 One adult male from Tarpon Springs .................----. 59 46.5 10 19.5 11 FEMALE. One adult female from Anastasia Island..........-........ ~ 87 46 11.5 19 10 ¢See remarks in footnote b. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 187 tail, 44-49 (47.4); exposed culmen, 8-9.5 (8.9); tarsus, 19-20 (19.9); middle toe, 9~11 (10.1).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 111-114 (112.2): wing, 54-58 (56.1); tail, 44-49 (46.3); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 19.5-20 (19.8); middle toe, 10-11 (10.2).° . Rio Grande Valley of Texas (Cameron and Hidalgo counties to Kinney County) and northeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Matamoras; Ciudad Victoria; Mier; Soto La Maria), Nuevo Leon (Monterey), and San Luis Potosi (Angostura, December). Vireo noveboracensis (not Muscicapa ‘noveboracensis Gmelin) Barrp, Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 12 (Brownsville, Texas).—MeErri11, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 125 (Fort Brown, Texas, breeding).—SENNETT, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 389 (Lomita, s. Texas, breeding).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 143, part.—Couzs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 181, part.-—SaLvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1881, 200, part.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 300, part.— AMERICAN OrniTHOLOoGIstTs’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 631, part.— Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 236, part (lower Rio Grande Valley).— Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 778 (Hacienda Angostura, San Luis Potosi, Dec. 16). [ Vireo] noveboracensis ScLatEeR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12, part. V [ireo] noveboracensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 334, part.—Rine- way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 475, part. ; Vireo noveboracensis micrus Netson, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 30 (Victoria, Tamau- lipas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Mrarns, Auk, xix, 1902, 87 (Kinney and Uvalde counties to Gulf coast, s. Texas; crit.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton Commitrer, Auk, xix, 1902, 326 (check list no. 631c). V[ireo] n[oveboracensis] micrus Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.&., 1902, 399. VIREO PERQUISITOR Nelson. VERA CRUZ VIREO, Similar to V. noveboracensis micrus, but smaller (except bill), tarsus much shorter, upper parts entirely greenish olive, and under parts wholly dingy yellowish. a@Twelve specimens. bSix specimens. Specimens from southern Texas compare in average measurements with those from Mexico as follows: Ex- a Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Miadle culmen. ‘ MALES. Ten adult males from Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon....| 67.4 47.5 8.7 19.8 10 Two adult males from southern Texas ......-...-------+--- 57 47 9 19.5 10.5 FEMALES. Three adult females from Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and San 0s POtOsh. isi se cient wen nese eumdeas arse sconmeeeesces 56.8 46.7 9.3 19.7 10.3 Three adult males from southern Texas .....-.--.--.------ 55.3 46 10 20 10.2 The Texas specimens are typical as to coloration. 188 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL ‘MUSEUM. Adult male.—Above plain olive-green (deeper and browner than in V. noveboracensis); wings and tail dusky with yellowish olive-green or olive-yellow edgings; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with sulphur-yellow, producing two conspicuous bands across wing, and tertials broadly edged with the same; broad supraloral stripe deep gamboge or saffron yellow; orbital ring paler yellow, interrupted at anterior angle of eye by a dusky grayish loral streak; sides of head, otherwise, and sides of neck light brownish olive-green; chin, throat, and chest mixed pale grayish and pale buffy yellow, deepening on breast, sides, and flanks into dull canary yellow washed or shaded with olive; abdomen and under tail-coverts primrose yellow; axillars and ° under wing-coverts deeper primrose yellow, or intermediate between sulphur and straw yellow; inner webs of remiges broadly edged with yellowish white, those of rectrices edged with pale yellow; maxilla grayish black with paler tomia, mandible grayish (bluish gray in life); legs and feet dusky horn color (grayish blue in life?); length (skin), 110; wing, 57; tail, 43.5; exposed culmen, 9.5; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe, 10.5.% Eastern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Papantla). Vireo perquisitor Netson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 267 (Papantla, Vera Cruz; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ). VIREO GUNDLACHII Lembeye. GUNDLACH’S VIREO, Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain deep olive-gray; wings and tail dusky brownish gray with light olive-gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with pale olive-gray or olive- whitish, forming two indistinct narrow bands across wing, of which the anterior one is sometimes obsolete; supraloral patch and orbital ring pale straw or primrose yellow, the latter interrupted on both eye- lids by a dusky grayish space; auricular region yellowish olive-gray or pale yellowish gray, the suborbital and malar regions similar but paler; under parts pale straw or primrose yellow, passing into light grayish olive on sides and flanks; axillars pale primrose yellow; under wing- coverts white tinged with primrose yellow; inner webs of remiges edged with white; maxilla horn brownish, mandible paler; legs and feet grayish dusky (grayish blue or bluish gray in life). Adult mate.—Length (skins), 124-129 (126.5); wing, 54-58 (56.6); tail, 49-53 (51.6); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.2); tarsus, 21; middle toe, 12. Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-126 (118.2); wing, 54-57 (55.3); @ Measurements of the type specimen (so far unique). ’ >Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 189 tail, 48-51.5 (50.2); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.8); tarsus, 20-21 (20.8); middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.7). ¢ Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. Vireo gundlachiti Lempryz, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 29, pl. 5, fig. 1.— Cazanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 468.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—GunpLacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 228. Vireo gundlachi Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 369 (Fermina, w. Cuba).— Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 304.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 188 (synonymy and diagnosis); Birds W. I., 1889, 74 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 129.—Cuapmay, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 309 (Trinidad, s. Cuba). : [ Vireo] gundlachi Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 382, no. 5771.—Sciater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10. V[treo] gundlachi Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 882.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 478. VIREO, CRASSIROSTRIS CRASSIROSTRIS Bryant. LARGE-BILLED VIREO, Somewhat like V. noveboracensis maynard, but larger and without white on under parts. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain olive, varying from grayish olive or deep olive-gray to brownish olive, the rump and upper tail-coverts more decidedly olive, approaching dull olive-green; wings and tail dusky grayish brown, with pale olive or olive-grayish edgings (these nearly white on primaries), the tertials broadly edged with dull white; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bands across wing; broad supraloral stripe and orbital ring pale yellow (varying from sulphur yellow to yellowish white), the latter interrupted on upper portion by a dusky spot on middle of upper eyelid; a dusky grayish loral streak, becoming blackish at anterior angle of eye; auricular region and sides of neck similar in color to upper parts but slightly paler; under parts varying from very pale grayish buffy or dull buffy whitish to light dull yellowish buff, sometimes slightly tinged with pale yellow; axillars and under wing- coverts pale yellow (primrose yellow); inner webs of remiges broadly edged with white; maxilla dusky horn color with paler tomia; man- dible pale horn color (grayish or bluish in life?); legs and feet horn color or dusky in dried skins (bluish gray in life?).? Adult male.—Length (skins), 117-185 (125.5); wing, 59-66 (63.3); tail, 48-54 (50.7); exposed culmen, 11.5-14 (12.6); tarsus, 20-22.5 (21.6); middle toe, 10.5-12 (11.7).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 115-126 (119.7); wing, 59-64 (61.2); 4Six specimens. 6 The color of the iris in this species seems not to have been recorded. ¢ Thirty-three specimens. 190 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tail, 46-52 (48.8); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.3); tarsus, 20-22 (21.1); middle toe, 11-13 (11.5).¢ More western Bahama Islands (Abaco, Eleuthera,’ New Provi- dence, Andros, San Salvador? or Cat Island, Green Cay,’ and Inagua); Highburna Key; Pimlico Key. Lanivireo crassirostris Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 112 (Island of New Providence, Bahamas; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—OCory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 83. Vireo crassirostris Batrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 368 (Nassau, New Provi- dence I.).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 188, part; viii, 1891, 294 (New Providence), 295 (Berry islands), 296 (Biminis), 297 (Caicos I.; Inagua), 298 (Abaco), 350 (Great Bahama; Inagua), 351 (Eleuthera; Inagua); ix, 1892, 48 (Mara- gauno), 49 (Inagua); Cat. Birds W. I., 1889, 75, part; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 127, 153 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Berry I., Biminis, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros ?, Cat. I., Green Cay, and Inagua, Bahamas).— Ripeway, Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco), 335 (New Providence), 336 (Eleu- thera; Cat I.), 338 (Green Cay).—Norturop (and ALLEN), Auk, viii, 1891, 70 (Andros I.).—Banes, Auk, xvii, 1900, 289 (New Providence; color variations). [ Vireo] crassirostris Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 382, no. 5777.—Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10. V [treo] crassirostris Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 476. Vireo noveboracensis (not -Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmelin) Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 300, part (in synonymy). aSixteen specimens. Specimens from different islands average, respectively, as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. bs culmen. a MALES, Ten adult males from New Providence .......-...-....---- 62.4 50.5 12.4 21 11.8 Ten adult males from Abaco.............22222 seen eee e eee 63.8 60.8 13.1 21.4 11.6 One adult male from Andros. .....-...-.---.---+--20-- esses 62 50 12 21 11.5 Nine adult males from Eleuthera .-......-......2.2-0-0200- 62.7 60.2 12.5 21.3 11.8 Two adult males from Green Cay ....-----2---2....--22 eee 63.2 51 13 22.2 12 Two adult males from Cat Island (San Salvador).......... 62 52 12.2 21.7 11.7 FEMALES. Nine adult females from New Providence ..............-.. 61.1 48.8 12.2 21 11.7 Two adult females from Abaco ......-2..2... eee eee eee eee 61 48 12.2 20.5 il Three adult females from Eleuthera 62 -60 12.5 21.3 11.2 Two adult females from Green Cay 60.5 48 12.7 22 11.5 One adult female from Inagua.....................2..2026- 64 49 12.5 22 12.5 Specimens from Abaco average slightly grayer than those from New Providence, but the grayest examples are the two from Andros and Inagua, respectively. >On these islands mixed with V. c. flavescens, or specimens intermediate between the two forms. eSpecimens tending toward V. c. flavescens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 191 VIREO CRASSIROSTRIS FLAVESCENS Ridgway YELLOW LARGE-BILLED VIREO. Similar to V. c. crasstrostris, but much more brightly colored; upper parts yellowish olive or dull olive-green; under parts pale yellow (varying from straw yellow to naples yellow or dull canary yellow, tinged with olive laterally; supraloral stripe and orbital ring bright canary yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 115-130 (122.3); wing, 60-65 (62.8); tail, 47-50 (49.1); exposed culmen, 11-13 (12); tarsus, 21-23 (21.9); middle toe, 11-12 (11.9).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 112-126 (120.9); wing, 59-64 (61.1); tail, 44-50 (48.2); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.8); tarsus, 20-22 (21.1); middle toe, 11-12 (11.7).? More eastern Bahama Islands (Concepcion Island; Rum Cay; San Salvador or Cat Island;« Green Cay;* Eleuthera;* Inagua).° aSixteen specimens. bFourteen specimens. Specimens from different islands average, respectively, as follows: Ex- ies Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ge ets culmen. eS? MALES. Eight adult males from Rum Cay.............- adicisisteipearentare 63.1 48.7 12.1 22 12 Four adult males from Cat Island ...........-..-...-.-.--- 62.2 50.2 11.9 21.7 12.1 Three adult males from Concepcion Island................ 62,2 48.3 12.2 21.7 11.3 One adult male from Inagua...........-.-.--2-2- 2 ee ee eee 64 49 11 por) 12 FEMALES. Four adult females from Rum Cay....-....-.-.....2-222--- 60 47 11.5 21 11.9 One adult female from Cat Island se| 162 49 12 21 11.5 Five adult females from Eleuthera Island .........-.....-. 61 49 12,1 21.1 11.5 One adult female from Green Cay .......-----....0eeeeeee+ 61 | 47 12 21 u One adult female from Concepcion Island sige), 168 48 12 21.5 11.5 Two adult females from Inagua.......-...----.--- Ssiaseeee|) “162 49 11.5 21.5 11.5 ¢On these islands occurring together with V. c. crassirostris or intermediates between the two forms. V. c. crassirostris. Intermediate. V. c. flavescens, Locality. ~ Males. | Females. || Males. | Females. Males. | Females. 192 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. V[ireo] crassirostris flavescens Rrp¢way, Man. N. Am. Birds, Sept., 1887, 476 (Concepcion J., Bahamas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.; also Cat I., Green Cay, Rum Cay, and Galding Key, Andros I.). Vireo crassirostris flavescens Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed. 1896, 614; Auk, viii, Oct., 1891, 336 (Cat I.), 338 (Rum Cay), 339 (Green Cay; Concepcion I.).—Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 157. Vireo alleni (not of Cory, 1886) Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, part. Vireo crassirostris allent Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 116, 153, part (Berry I., Bimi- nis, Eleuthera, Rum Cay, Concepcion, Maragauna, and Inagua, Bahamas). VIREO CRASSIROSTRIS ALLENI Cory. ALLEN’S VIREO, Similar in coloration to V. ¢. flavescens, but upper parts browner, white wing-bands apparently broader, and outermost primary smaller.? Adult male.—Length (skins), 115-124 (119.5); wing, 61-63 (62); tail, 48.5-52 (50.2); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.2); tarsus, 21-22 (21.3); middle toe, 11.5-12 (11.7).? Adult female.—Length (skin), 120; wing, 58; tail, 47; exposed cul- men, 12; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 11. Islands of Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac (south of Cuba), Greater Antilles. Vireo alleni Cory, Auk, ili, Oct., 1886, 500, 501 (Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles; coll. C. B. Cory); v, 1888, 157; vi, 1889, 31 (Cayman Brac); Birds W. L., 1889, 75; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, part. Vireo crassirostris alleni Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 116, 153, part (Grand Cayman). VIREO CRASSIROSTRIS APPROXIMANS Ridgway. OLD PROVIDENCE VIREO, Similar in coloration to V. ¢. flavescens, but tarsus longer, tail more rounded, and coloration paler throughout, the bill light brown instead of dusky. Adult male.—Length (skin), 125; wing, 61; tail, 52; the lateral rectrices 7 mm. shorter; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 23; middle toe, j1.¢ Island of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea. Vireo approximans Ripeway, Proc., U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884, 179 (Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 180 (Old Providence). “The only specimens of this form which J have been able to examine are three males and one female from the island of Cayman Brac. These are in much worn and badly discolored plumage, so that a satisfactory comparison with V. c. flarescens . can not be made. It is possible the two supposed forms may prove inseparable, in which case V. c. flavescens would become a synonym of V. c. alleni. bThree specimens from Cayman Brac. ¢ Measurements of the type specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 1938 VIREO OCHRACEUS Salvin. OCHRACEOUS VIREO. Adult (sexes alike).—Anbove, including auricular region and sides of neck, plain olive, varying from grayish olive to dull olive-green; wings and tail dusky with pale yellowish olive edgings (becoming whitish on tertials), the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with white, dull white, or yellowish white, forming two-distinct bands across wing; supraloral stripe dull canary yellow, varying to straw yellow or dull yellowish white; a small dusky or olive spot on upper eyelid and another at anterior angle of eye fading out anteriorly; under parts, including malar region, varying from buffy or creamy canary yellow to pale straw yellow, passing into pale olive on sides and flanks; axillars and under wing-coverts primrose or sulphur ycl- low; bill grayish brown, the mandible paler; iris white;“ legs and feet dusky in dried skins-(bluish gray or grayish blue in life?). aldult male.—Length (skins), 100-119 (111.5); wing, 51-57 (54.2); tail, 40-47 (44.7); exposed culmen, 10-12 (10.5); tarsus, 19-21 (2U); middle toe, 9-11 (10.3).? Adult female.—Length. (skins), 106-120 (112); wing, 52-57 (53.7); tail, 41-46 (43.5); exposed | culmen, 11; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 10-11 (10.2).¢ Southeastern’ Mexico, in States of Chin padhe (Campeche; Jaina), and Yucatan (Merida; Prosrexn: La Vega; Chichen Itza; Mugeres Island), and southward through Guatemala (Sakluk, near Peten; San . Dr, H. Berendt, on label. : DSixteen specimens. ¢ Four specimens. ’ Specimens from different localities compare in average measurements as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Miaate culmen. | MALES. Eight adult males from Yucatan and Caumpeche.........-- 53.7 45 10 20 10.1 Six adult mzeles from Mugeres Island ..........-..-.------- 54.8 45.6 lu 20) 10.5 One adult male from Mazatlan........-.....------------5+- 55 41 11 21 ll. One adult male from Nicaragua (Greytown)......-...-.--- 53 40 10 19 ! 10. FEMALES. One adult female from Yucatan .............-.2---2---+--+ 54 44 11 20 | 10 One adult female from Mugeres Island ...........--------- 52 43 il 20 il One adult female from British Honduras (Belize) ......... 57 46 il! 20 10 One adult female from Nicaragua (Greytown)..-.......--- 54 44 1 | 20 | 10 | “The United States National Museum collection contains a single specimen from Mazatlan, northwestern Mexico (no: 34025, adult male, June 16, 1862; A. J. Gray- son). This specimen Iam unable to distinguish from amatniples from other localities, though the bill appears to be slightly larger. 10384-——_voL 3—08——13 194 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. José), British Honduras (Belize), etc., to eastern Nicaragua (Grey- town, February). Vireo ochraceus Sauvrin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 188 (San José, Guatemala; coll, Salvin and Godman).—Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 366 (Mazat- lan, w. Mexico; Merida, Yucatan; San José, Sakluk, and near Peten, Guate- mala).—LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 272 (Mazatlan) .—Satvix and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 201, pl. 12, fig. 1 (Progreso, Yucatan; Corosal, British Honduras; Sakluk, near Peten, Guatemala; etc. ).— Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 302.—Rricumonn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 486 (Greytown, Nicaragua, Feb. 1 and Apr. 10; crit.).— CuapMan, Bull. An. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 278 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan). | Vireo] ochraceus ScLatEeR and Satvrx, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12. V[ireo] ochraceus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 476. Vireo semiflavus Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 188 (plains of Peten, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman). VIREO PALLENS Salvin. PALE VIREO, Similar in size, details of form, and pattern of coloration to V. ochraceus, but wpper parts gvavish olive or dark olive-gray and under parts dull white. Adults. —Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-: coverts and lesser wing-coverts plain grayish olive or deep olive-gray; wings and tail dusky with pale olive edgings (these whitish on tertails), the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with dull white, producing two distinct bands across wing; broad supraloral streak and mark above posterior angle of eye dull yellowish white, separated by a dusky space occupying most of upper eyelid; lower portion of lores pale dull grayish; auricular and suborbital regions pale grayish olive; malar region, chin, throat, and rest of under parts dull white, faintly tinged with yellowish olive; axillars and under wing-coverts yellowish white; maxilla brown with paler tomia; mandible pale brown (in dried skin); legs and feet horn color (in dried skin—grayish blue in life?); length (skin), 118; wing, 55; tail, 46; exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe, 11.¢ Western Nicaragua (Realejo) and Costa Rica (Punta Arenas). Vireo pallens Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 188 (Punta .\renas, w. Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman) ; Ibis, 1866, 193 (Realeio, w. Nicaragua) .— Barn, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 365 (Realejo).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (Punta Arenas, Costa Rica).—Sanvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1881, 202, pl. 12, fig 2.—ZE.Epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Costa Rica ).—CHErRIE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 528 (Punta Arenas, Costa Rica; crit. ). [Vireo] pallens ScLater and Satvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12. V(ireo] pallens Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 478. [Vireo ochraceus.] Subsp. &. Vireo pallens Gavow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 302, aigae specimen “Ge oe n0. 33601, oll U. S. Nat. Mus., xsl aio: "Nicaragua, May 16, 1863; O. Salvin. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 195 VIREO HUTTONI HUTTONI Cassin. HUTTON’S VIREO. Adults (seves alike).—Above plain olive, becoming slightly more greenish olive posteriorly; wings and tail dusky with pale yellowish olive edgings; middle and greater wing-coverts rather broadly tipped with pale yellowish olive or pale olive-buff, producing two distinct bands across wing, and tertials broadly edged with the same; auricular region and sides of neck slightly paler olive than pileum and hindneck, fading gradually below into pale buffy olive or dull olive-buff on sub- orbital and malar regions, chin, throat, and chest, this into deeper buffy olive on sides and flanks, the median portion of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts very pale olive-buff (sometimes whitish on lower abdomen and anal region); an indistinct supraloral line and a distinct broad orbital ring pale dull olive-yellowish, the latter interrupted on middle portion of upper eyelid by a dusky spot; axillars and under wing-coverts yellowish white, sometimes faintly tinged with olive; inner webs of remiges and rectrices edged with yellowish white; bill horn color, the mandible paler; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color in dried skins (grayish blue in life ?). Young.—Similar to adults, but much grayer olive above, under parts much paler (chin, throat, and chest very pale olive-grayish), and auricular and suborbital regions pale as throat, etc., thus reducing contrast with pale orbital ring and supraloral line. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-120 (115.8); wing, 59.5-63 (60.9); tail, 47-50 (48.6); exposed culmen, 8.5-9 (8.7); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19); middle toe, 10-11 (10.7).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 109-119 (114.8); wing, 59-62 (60.2); tail, 48-51 (48.8); exposed culmen, 8-9.5 (8.8); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.9); middle toe, 10-11 (10.5).“ Coast and interior districts of California, west of the Sierra Nevada,, north to Marin and Siskiyou counties, south to San Diego County; resident. Vireo huttoni Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1851, 150; vi, pl. 10, fig. 1 (Monte- rey, California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328 (California); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 339, part (Monterey, California); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 78, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 249, part; Review Am. Birds, 1866, 357, part (San Francisco, Napa Valley, and Monterey, California).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 121; Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 17.—Couxzs, Check List, 1873, no. 180; 2d ed., 1882, no. 182; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 525, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 387, part, pl. 17, fig. 12.—Henspaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 236 (Santa Barbara, California, breed- ing).—Coopzr (W. A.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 68 (Santa Cruz, California; breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. «Ten specimens. 196 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Birds, 1881, no. 144.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 303, part (in syhonymy).—AMERICAN OrniTHouocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 632.—TownsEenpD, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 223 (Baird, Shasta Co., California); xiii, 1890, 141 (Santa Cruz I.). —GRINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 44 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident up to 6,000 ft.).— Momircnn, Condor, iii, 1901, 125 (Paicines, San Benito Co., California, resident).—Batzey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. &., 1902, 399. V[ireo] huttoni Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 334. _—Rreway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 477. [Vireo] huttonit Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 380, no. 5751.—Couxs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 123. Vireo huttoni huttoni GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June 25, 1902, 62. Vireo (Lanivireo) huttont Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. “xxxxv’”’ (=xxxv). VIREO HUTTONI OBSCURUS Anthony. ANTHONY'S VIREO. Similar to V. 4. huttoni, but coloration decidedly darker, with pileum, hindneck, and back more decidedly olive, and sides and flanks more strongly washed with olive. ’ Adult female.—Length (skin), 105; wing, 60; tail, 48; exposed cul- men, 8.5; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 11.“ Pacific coast district, in oak woods, from western Oregon to south- ern portion of Vancouver Island (Victoria); California in winter ?? (?) Vireo noveboracensis (not Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmelin) TowNnsEND, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (Columbia R.). Vireo huttonit obscurus Antnony, Zoe, Dec., 1890, 307 (Beaverton, w. Oregon; coll. A. W. Anthony).—Ruoaps, Auk, x, 1893, 23 (Vancouver I.), 239, 240 (crit).—American OrnirHoLoaists’ Union Commirrer, Auk, xii, 1895, 165; “Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 632c.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 607.—Bowues (C. W. and J. H.), Auk, xv, 1898, 138 (Tacoma, Washington; nesting habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Rataeun (8. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 138 (Seattle, Washington, 1 spec., May 14, 1895; breeding near Tacoma). V[ireo] h[{uttoni] obscurus Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. §., 1902, 399. Vireo huttoni insularis Ruoaps, Auk, x, July, 1893, 239, 241 (Victoria, Van- couver I., British Columbia; coll. Provincial Mus., Victoria). VIREO HUTTONI MEXICANUS, new subspecies. ¢ MEXICAN VIREO. Adults.—Similar in coloration to V. A. hutton?, but upper parts darker, with the pileum, hindneck, and back duller and grayer olive, «Measurements of the type specimen. I have not been able to examine a series of this form, the only other example seen being a young bird from Victoria, Van- couver Island, which differs from a young bird of V. h. huttont in exactly the same respects as does the adult. & bSaid to winter in California, but I have not seen a California example referable to this form. eType no. 143442, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection), adult male, Mount Orizaba, Puebla, Apr. 26, 1893; E. W. Nelson. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 197 more distinctly contrasted with the greenish olive of rump and upper tail-coverts; size decidedly greater. Young.—Very different from that of V. h. huttonz, with upper parts darker (deep buffy olive), and with sides of head and under parts strongly suffused with brownish buff. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-123 (117.9); wing, 63-70 (67.3); tail, 49-55 (51.9); exposed culmen, 9.5-10 (9.7); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.3); middle toe, 10-11 (10.5).« Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-117 (113.9); wing, 62-68 (65.4); tail, 49-54.5 (51.2); exposed culmen, 9-11 (9.6); tarsus, 19-19.5 (19.1); middle toe, 10-11 (10.5).¢ More southern portions of Mexican plateau, in States of San Luis Potosi (mountains near Jesus Maria), Hidalgo (El Chico; Tulalcingo; Real del Monte), Vera Cruz (Mount Orizaba; Las Vigas; Maltrato; Perote), Puebla (Mount Orizaba), Oaxaca (Cosamaloapam; Cinco Senores; La Parada; Mount Zempoaltepec; Cerro San Felipe), Mexico (Tlalpam), Morelos (Tetela del Volean), and Michoacan (Patzcuaro); breeding and resident throughout. Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Hacienda Chancol, etc.), at least in winter. (?) Vireo huttoni (not of Cassin) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 339, part (Monterey, Nuevo Leon); Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 12 (do.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 249, part; Review Am. Birds, 1866, 357, part (Monterey; La Parada, Oaxaca). Vireo luttoni ScLatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 302 (Cinco Sefiores, Oaxaca) ; 1862, 19 (Cosamaloapam, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 358 (La Parada, Oaxaca).—Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 99 (Volean de Fuego, Guatemala).—Bairp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 387, part.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 203, excl. syn. part (Mexican and Guatemalan references and localities).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 303, excl. syn. part. [ Vireo] huttont ScuatER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12, part. [ Vireo] huttonit Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 123, part. V[ireo] huttoni Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 334, part.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 477, part. ‘ Vireosylvia huttoni Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (alpine reg. Vera Cruz). Vireo huttoni stephensi (not of Brewster) CuapmANn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 40 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, breeding at 8,000 ft. ) ; VIREO HUTTONI STEPHENSI Brewster. STEPHENS’ VIREO, Similar to V. A. huttoni, but coloration much paler; wing averaging longer, tarsus decidedly shorter. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars plain dull olive-gray, passing into dull olive-green on rump and upper tail- coverts; wings and tail dusky brownish gray with very pale olive- «Ten specimens. 198 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NAIIONAL MUSEUM. grayish edgings (these more yellowish on secondaries and rectrices, whitish on primaries); middle and greater wing-coverts rather broadly tipped with dull white, producing two distinct bands across wing; broad orbital ring and supraloral streak dull yellowish white, the former interrupted by a dusky grayish spot on upper eyelid; under parts dull yellowish white more or less strongly shaded anteriorly (especially across chest) with dull buffy or olive-buff; bill horn color, the mandible paler; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (bluish gray in life’). ” Young.—Similar to the corresponding stage of V. h. huttoni but paler. Adult male.—Length (skins), 106-117 (114.1); wing, 66-72 (68.8); tail, 49.5-54 (51.4); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.6); tarsus, 18-19 (18.4); middle toe, 9-10.5 (10).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 107-120 (114.4); wing, 67-68.5 (67.7); tail, 52-59.5 (52.2); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.1); tarsus, 18.5; mid- dle toe, 9.5-10 (9.8).? Southern Arizona (Huachuca, Santa Rita, Chiricahua, and Santa Catalina mountains) to western Texas (Fort Davis, in winter), -and southward over northern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Chihuahua, Durango (El Salto, breeding), Zacatecas (Valparaiso Moun- tains, November, December; Plateado, September), Mexico (Mount Popocatapetl, February), Coahuila (Sierra Guadalupe, April), Nuevo Leon (Monterey ?), and Tamaulipas (Miquihuana, breeding). Vireo huitoni stephensi Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, July, 1882, 142 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; coll. W. Brewster); Auk, ii, 1885, 197 (Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; descr. young).—Rineway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 258.—Scort, Auk, ii, 1885, 354 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, Apr.); v, 1888, 32 (Santa Catalina Mts., Apr. 30; Quijotoa range, late Feb.).—Amerr- can OrnitHovoeists’ Union, Check List., 1886, no. 632a, part.—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 237 (Fort Davis, Texas, winter) .—Brnpirs, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 556 (Fort Huachuca, Arizona; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—MircHeit, Auk, xy, 1898, 310 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding at 8,000 feet). —Rnoaps, Auk, x, 1898, 239, 241 (crit.). V[ireo] huttoni stephensi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 477, part. V[ireo] h[uttoni] stephensi Baruny (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8. 1902, 399. ‘ ; Vireo huttoni stephensoni ReicHENow and ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 401. V[ireo] h[uttont] stevensi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 335. ? «Ten specimens. > Five specimens. ¢T am doubtful as to the identification of the specimen from Monterey. It is an old skin in not very good condition, and seems dark enough to be referable to V. h. mexicanus, but the plumage may be adventitiously soiled. At any rate, the locality is decidedly to the northward of Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, where breeding specimens certainly referable to the present form have been taken. aS BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 19 VIREO HUTTONI COGNATUS; new subspecies. FRAZAR’S VIREO. Similar to V. A. stephens’, but wing averaging decidedly shorter, tarsus longer, and coloration paler. Adults with olive-gray of upper parts slightly paler and greenish olive of rump and upper tail-coverts much less pronounced; under parts whiter, the chest, etc., much less strongly tinged with olive-buff. Young with under tail-coverts, anal region and lower abdomen much less strongly tinged with buff. Adult male.--Length (skins), 110-115 (112.9); wing, 63-66 (64.8); tail, 50-52 (51.1); exposed culmen, 10-10.5 (10); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.1); middle toe, 10-11 (10.6).’ Adult femcle.—Length (skins), 109-117 (112.4); wing, 62-64 (62.9); tail, 48.5-51 (50.1); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 19; middle toe, 10-10.5 (10.8).¢ Cape San Lucas district of Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna: Victoria Mountains): resident. Vireo hutloni. stephensi (not of Brewster, 1882) Bripina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 347 (Victoria Mts., Lower California, at 3,000 ft.).—AwgerIcan OrnirHoLocists’ Untoy, Check List, 1886, no. 632, part.—Bryanr (W.E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sei., 2d ser., ii, 1889, 307 (Victoria Mts. ).—Brewsrrr, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, no. 1, 1902, 176 (San José del Rancho, Sierra de la Laguna, Triunfo, etc.; crit.). V [ireo] huttoni stephensi Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 477, part. VIREO CARMIOLI Baird. CARMIOL'S VIREO, Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain greenish olive or dull olive-green, the wings and tail dull grayish black or dusky, with pale olive cdgings; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with pale yellow (pale sulphur or primrose), producing two broad bands across wing, and tertials broadly edged with the same; superciliary stripe (extending to but little beyond eye), and lower eyelid pale sulphur or primrose yellow, usually more whitish anteriorly; a dusky anteorbital spot, passing into grayish toward rictus; auricular region, suborbital region (except lower eyelid), malar region, and sides of neck light olive or greenish olive; chin and upper throat dull whitish tinged with olive- yellowish; rest of under parts sulphur yellow, tinged on sides and flanks with yellowish olive; axillars and under wing-coverts sulphur yellow; maxilla dark horn color; mandible paler; iris brown; legs and feet dusky in dried skins (bluish gray or grayish blue in life ? ). «Type, no. 15527, coll. William Brewster, adult male, Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California, May 5, 1887; M. Abbott Frazar. >Ten specimens. ¢ Seven specimens. 200 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young.—Above wood brown or isabella color, the wings and tail as in adults; below pale buffy yellow (straw yellow or primrose). Adult male.—-Length (skins), 107-115 (112.3); wing, 64-67.5 (66); tail, 45-51 (48.5); exposed culmen, 9-11 (9.7); tarsus, 19; middle toe, 10-11 (10.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 109; wing, 63.5; tail, 48; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe, 10.? “Highlands of Costa Rica (Dota; Pirris; Volcan de Irazé) and Chin: qui (Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete). Vireo carmioli Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 356 (Dota Mts., Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (Dota Mts.).—Franrzivus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 295 (Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 203, pl. 12, fig. 3 (Dota Mts. and Volcan de Irazi, Costa Rica; Volean de Chiriqui, Veragua).—Ganow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 303.—ZELEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Costa Rica). Vireo carmioli? Rinaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 411 (Pirris, Costa Rica; descr.; crit.). [ Vireo] carmioli ScuaTEr and Sanvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 12. V[ireo] carmioli Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 383. Vireo superciliaris “Ridgway, MS.’’ Cryerrie, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, no. 855, Sept. 4, 1891, 340, in text (Pirris, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ). VIREO MODESTUS Sclater. JAMAICAN VIREO. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain greenish olive or grayish olive- green; wings and tail dusky, with pale olive or olive-green edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale olive-yellow or dull yellowish white, forming two distinct’ bands across wing; sides of head and neck similar in color to pileum, back, etc., gradually becom- ing paler toward throat, which, with chin and upper portion of lores, are very pale yellowish olive-gray; rest of under parts very pale olive- yellowish or straw yellow, the sides and flanks strongly washed with pale greenish olive; axillars and under wing-coverts primrose yellow, the latter more whitish; inner webs of remiges broadly edged with white; maxilla horn brownish, darker at tip; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins); iris white; legs and feet dusky in dried skins, ‘*lead blue, soles light orange”’< in life. Young (after first molt).—Similar to adults, as described above, but upper parts more browish olive and under parts of body more buffy yellowish (pale maize yellow). Adult mate.—-Length (skins), 100-117 (108.3); wing, 56-58 (56.5); tail, 44-50 (47.6); exposed culmen, 8.5-9.5 (8.9); tarsus, 17-19.5 (18.6); middle toe, 10-11.5 (10-8).@ «Three specimens. ¢ A. Newton, on label. b One specimen. 4 Seven specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 901 Adult female.—Length (skins), 111-112 (111.5); wing, 56-57 (56.3); tail, 49-50 (49.5); exposed culmen, 9-9.5 (9.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.7); middle toe, 10-10.5 (10.2).¢ Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. Vireo noveboracensis (not Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmelin) Goss, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 192. Vireo modestus ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 462 (Jamaica; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1861, 72, pl. 14, fig. 1; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 43.—A.srecut, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 194.—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 294.—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 362.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 303.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 187 (synonomy and diagnosis); Birds W. I., 1889, 74 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 130.—Frenp, Auk, xi, 1894, 127 (descr. nest). [ Vireo] modestus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 382, no. 5772.—Scuater and Saxvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10. V [ireo] modestus Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106. \ VIREO HYPOCHRYSEUS HYPOCHRYSEUS Sclater. GOLDEN VIREO, Adults (sexes ulike).—Above plain yellowish olive-green (the occiput, hindneck, and back tinged with gray in midsummer plumage); wings and tail dark brownish gray or hair brown with light yellowish olive- green edgings, these becoming pale gray or grayish white on longer primaries; broad superciliary stripe, sides of head below eyes and upper portion of auricular-region, and entire under parts, including axillars and under wing-coverts, yellow (lemon or canary), the chest very faintly, the sides and flanks more strongly, tinged with pale olive-green; maxilla horn color, mandible paler; legs and feet horn color or dusky (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 118-132 (126.9); wing, 63-65.5 (64.5); tail, 55-57 (56); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.5); tarsus, 17.5-19 (18.3); middle toe, 10-11 (10.7).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 119-127 (123.2); wing, 58-63 (61.6); tail, 54-57 (55); exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 18-18.5 (18.1); middle toe, 10.5-11 (10.9).° Western Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (Hacienda de San Rafael), Sinaloa (Plomosas; Rosario), Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra; San Sebastian), and Oaxaca (Quiotepec). Vireo hypochryseus Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, 369, pl. 46 (Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 370, part.—LAWRENCcE, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Quiotepec, Oaxaca, Aug. ).—SALvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 204, part.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 304, part.—Loomis, Auk, xix, 1902, 88 (Rosario, Sinaloa). 4 Three specimens. bSeven specimens. ¢ Five specimens. 202 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [ Vireo] hypochryseus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 382, no. 5778, part.—ScLater and Satyix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12, part. V[ireo] hypochrysens Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 478, part. VIREO HYPOCHRYSEUS SORDIDUS Nelson. TRES MARIAS VIREO. Similar to V. h. hypochryseus, but larger and much duller in color; upper parts much duller and more grayish olive-green; under parts paler and more olivaceous yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 132-141 (188); wing, 65-68 (66.6); tail, 57-62 (59.7); exposed culmen, 13-14 (13.4); tarsus, 20-21 (20.2); middle toe, 11.¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 182-142 (134.5); wing, 64-65 (64.7); tail, 58-60 (59.2); exposed culmen, 13-14 (13.3); tarsus, 20; middle toe, 11.? Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. Vireo hypochryseuxs (not of Selater) Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 370, part (Tres Marias Islands).—Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871, 281 (Tres Marias).—LAwrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 272 (Tres Marias) .— Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 204, part (Tres Marias).—Ganow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 304, part (Tres Marias). [ Vireo] hypochryseus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 382, no. 5778, part (Tres Marias).— ScuaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12, part. V[ireo] hypochryseus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 478, part. Vireo hypochryseus sordidus Neuson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, Jan. 27, 1898, 10 (Maria Madre I., Tres Marias; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 54 (do.). VIREO VICINIOR Coues. GRAY VIREO. Adults (sexes alike).—Above, including auricular region, plain gray (between slate-gray and mouse gray), slightly tinged with olive-green on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail grayish dusky with pale gray edgings, these broader and whitish on tertials and outermost rectrices, the latter broadly margined all around with white (except in worn plumagé); greater wing-coverts tipped with pale gray or grayish white, but this not forming a distinét or sharply defined band; lores pale gray or grayish white; orbital ring white or grayish white; malar and suborbital regions pale gray; under parts dull white, or grayish white, the anterior half (chin, throat, and chest) more tinged with grayish, becoming strongly so on lateral portions and on sides of breast; sides and flanks tinged with olive (especially in fresh plumage); white of abdomen, etc., faintly tinged with sulphur yellow in fresh plumage; axillars and under wing-coverts white, faintly tinged with sulphur yellow; inner webs of remiges rather indistinctly edged with @S8ix specimens. > Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 208 pale gray; maxilla dusky with paler tomia; mandible paler (grayish , blue or bluish gray in life); iris brown; legs and feet dusky in dried skins, grayish blue or bluish gray in life. Young.—Texture of plumage looser and much softer than in adults; coloration similar, but the gray of upper parts slightly more brownish, white of under parts purer, and pale edgings to remiges and rectrices and tips of greater coverts tinged with pale olive. Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-129 (125.2); wing, 62-67 (64.8); tail, 58-61 (58.5); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.4); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.1); middle toe, 10-10.5 (10.1).¢ Adult female. —Length (skins), 120-125 (129.1); wing, 61-64 (69.5); tail, 55-59 (57.2); exposed culmen, 9-11 (9.8); tarsus 18.5-90 (19.1); middle toe, 10-11 (10.6). Southern California, in San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego counties, southern Nevada (Grapevine Mountains), Arizona and New Mexico, to western Texas;“ southward into northwestern Mexico (Guaymas, Sonora) and to Cape district of Lower California (Triunfo, April; San José del Cabo, November). Vireo vicinior Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 75 (Fort Whipple, Arizona; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Check List, 1873, no. 128; 2d ed., 1882, no. 180; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 517.—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 361.—Cooprr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 479; Orn. Cal., 1870, 125 (Arizona).—E..ior, Illustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. i, 1869, pl. 7.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 393, pl. 17, fig. 7:—Hensnaw, List Birds Arizona, 1875, 157; Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 227 (Colorado Chiquito, New Mexico; Camp Bowie and Camp Lowell, Arizona; habits, song, etc.).—SrepuHens, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 42 (mountains of San Diego Co., California, 3,000 ft. up to pine belt), 93 (Gila R., New Mexico); Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 51 (Cajon Pass, s. California, breeding).— Ripe@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 147.—Brewsrrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. «Twelve specimens. b Eleven specimens. Specimens from separate geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: Ex- é Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. avec culmen. ‘ MALES. Ten adult males from Arizona ......-...-...000 eee seen eens 64,8 58.6 9.3 19 10 One adult male from southern California.................. 67 58 10 19 10.5 -One adult male from Cape San Lucas...........--.-2+--+-- 63 58 10 20 10.5 FEMALES. : Nine adult females from Arizona ..........--....--------+- 62.3 57.3 9.8 19.2 10.6 Two adult females from southern California.............-- 63. 2 56.5 9.8 19.2 10.5 Measurements of the few specimens examined from southern California and the Cape district are exactly matched by those of individuals in the Arizona series, and I am unable to appreciate the minutest difference in coloration. ¢ According to American Ornithologists’ Union Check List. 204 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Club, vii, 1882, 145 (Tucson, Arizona, Apr. 26; measurements, etc.) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 177 (Triunfo, Lower California, 1 spec., Apr-, San José del Cabo, 1 spec., Nov. 10).—Brxpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 300.—Scorr, Auk, ii, 1885, 321-326 (full biography ).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLO- cists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 634.—Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 51 (Cajon Pass, s. California, breeding; descr. nest).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 237 (w. Texas.).—AnTHony, Auk, ix, 1892, 367 (Apache, s. w. New Mexico). —Fisuzr, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 117 (Grapevine Mts., s. Nevada).—Nernriine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 313.—BaILey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 400. Vireo vicinior californicus Srmpuuns, Auk, vii, Apr., 1890, 159 (Riverside, s. Cali- fornia; coll. F. Stephens). [ Vireo] vicinior Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 381, no. 5755.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 122. V [ireo] vicinior Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 334.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 478. VIREO NANUS Nelson DWARF VIREO. Adult male.—Ahbove plain deep mouse gray, slightly tinged with olive-green, especially on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail dusky with light yellowish olive-green edgings, these pale olive-gray on remiges; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with grayish white, producing two narrow but rather distinct bands across wing; superciliary stripe, ending a little behind eye, grayish white; rest of sides of head similar in color to pileum but slightly paler; under parts white, faintly shaded with grayish on chest and sides of breast, but not on hinder portion of sides nor on flanks; axillars and under wing- coverts yellowish white; inner webs of remiges and rectrices edged with yellowish white; bill black; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skin), 98; wing, 53; tail, 43; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17; middle toe, 9. @ Southwestern Mexico, in State of Michoacan (Querendaro). Vireo nanus Nutson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, Mar. 24, 1898, 59 (Querendaro, Michoacan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). VIREO BELLII BELLII Audubon. BELL’S VIREO. Adults (sexes altke).—Pileum and hindneck dull grayish brown, sometimes tinged with olive; rest of upper parts dull olive-green or greenish olive, rather brighter on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail deep grayish brown (hair brown) with paler edgings, these more olive-greenish on outer webs of rectrices; middle and greater wing-coverts (except the innermost) tipped with dull whitish, form- @ Measurements of the type specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 205 ing two more or less distinct ,bands (more or less obsolete in worn plumage); narrow orbital ring (interrupted at each angle of eye) and supraloral streak dull white; auricular and suborbital regions pale grayish brown or brownish gray; a dusky mark at anterior angle of eye; median under parts dull white, more or less tinged with buffy yellowish, especially on chest, the sides and flanks light olive-yellow; under tail-coverts and axillars pale sulphur yellow; under wing-coverts yellowish white; inner webs of remiges edged with dull yellowish white; maxilla horn browiish darker terminally; mandible paler brownish (in dried skins); iris eeomrns legs and feet dusky horn color (bluish gray in life?). Young.—Much like adults, but pileum and hindneck soft drab, tack and scapulars dark drab, under parts nearly pure white, with aida, flanks, and under tail- covers tinged with sulphur sallow. wing-bands more distinct, and tertials edged with yellowish white or pale sulphur yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 97-113 (106.8); wing, 52-58.5 (55.5); tail, 41.5-46.5 (44.7); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.8); tarsus, 18-19 (18.6); middle toe, 9.5-10.5 (9.9).« Adult female. —Length (skins), 100-109 (104); wing, 58-56.5 (55.1); tail, 44-47 (45.4); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.9); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.9); higdle toe, 9.5-11 (9.9).? Prairie districts of Mississippi Valley, from South Dakota, southern Minnesota, Iowa, northern Illinois, and northwestern Indiana south- ward to eastern Texas and northern Tamaulipas (Mier; Guerrero); in winter southward over greater part of Mexico, as far as States of Oaxaca (Tehuantepec City; Santa Efigenia), Guerrerd (Acapulco), and Jalisco; accidental in Massachusetts. Vireo bellii Aupuson, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1844, 333, pl. 485 (Fort Union, Dakota; type in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 150.—Woopnouss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 76 (Texas).—Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 437 (Mis- souri).—Scuarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 42 (Missouri).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 358 (localities in Kansas, Arkansas, and Texas).—Covugs, Check « Fifteen specimens. b’Seven specimens. Adult males from different localities average, respectively, as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. mage culmen. : MALES. Four adult males from southeastern Illinois (Richland COUNLY) sessasccccaenriesanccemmeeeneueelbewaevesenscceetas 55.7 45,2 10 18.6 9.9 One adult male from Kansas.............------------0--05- 56 46.5 |....-.... 19 10 Nine adult males from Texas ........-...22-.2-2-2--0-22066 55. 2 44,2 9.9 18.6 9.9 One adult male from Tamaulipas (Guerrero, May 11)-.....-. 56 46 10 19 10.5 206 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. List, 1873, no. 131; Birds N. W., 1874, 101.—Ripeway, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 430 (Richland Co., Illinois, breeding); vii, 1873, 199, in text (do.); Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 370 (Illinois); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 175; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 190.—Trippz, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1873, 236 (Decatur Co.,s. lowa, breeding; habits; notes).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5.—AMERI- CAN OrniTHOLOoGIstTs’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 633, part.—(?) THorne, Auk, iv, 1887, 264 (Fort Lyon, Colorado).—(?) Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 295 (Concho and Tom Green counties, w. Texas, breeding).—BrEckHAm, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 684 (Corpus Christi and San Antonio, Texas, breed- ing).—Prnpar, Auk, vi, 1889, 315 (Fulton Co., Kentucky, 2 specs., July 16, 1887).—Artwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 340 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).— Cary, Proc. Nebraska Orn. Un., sec. ann. meet., 1901, 46-48 (Neligh, Nebraska; breeding habits).—Carrott, Auk, xvii, 1900, 347 (Refugio Co., Texas, breeding).—Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 399, part. [Vireo] bellii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 380, no. 5754.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 123. V [ireo} belli Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 476, part. Vireo bellit bellii OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Feb. 21, 1903, 17, 18, in text. Vireo belli BonarartE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 330.—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 337; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 246.—Couss, Ibis, 1865, 158 (Kansas); Am. Nat., vi, 1871, 197; Birds Col. Vol., 1878, 526 (excl. syn. part); Check List, 2d eat. 1882, no. 183.—DRressEr, This, 1865, 481 (San Antonio, Texas, ipncaingl-— Burcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas, May to Aug.).—CoopEr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 123 (e. Texas, etc.).—ALLex, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 176 (e. and mid. Kansas); Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 363 (Mahaska Co., Iowa).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 389, pl. 17, fig. 13.—Amus, Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci., 1874, 57 (Minnesota?).—Netson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 42 (Richland Co., Illinois, Aug. 9 to 15; Chicago, June); Bull. Essex Inst., ix, 1877, 48 (Richland Co., common).—Lawrencg, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Santa Efigenia and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca; Oct.; Dec. ).—Smnnerr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv., 1878, 16 (Hidalgo, Texas, May 8); v, 1879, 389 (Lomita, Texas, Apr. 26 and May 10).—Rripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 145.—NeEnruine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 11, s. e. Texas, breeding); Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 309.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr. -Am., Aves., i, 1881, 200 (Santa Efigenia and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca). Gann Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 301.—Hancocx, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 20 (Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 237, part (localities and dates ).—Crapan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 327 (Corpus Christi, breeding).—Brewsrer, Auk, xviii, 1901, 274 (Durham, Massachu- setts, 1 spec., Nov. 19, 1897). Vireo] belli Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 103, 152 (breeding near Chi- cago ).—CovEs, hag N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 335, part. VIREO BELLII MEDIUS Oberholser. TEXAS VIREO, Similar to V” b. bell, but coloration paler and tail averaging longer; pileum and hindneck brownish gray instead of grayish brown; olive BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 207 of back, etc., grayer; under parts whiter, with olive-yellow of sides and flanks much paler; under tail-coverts and axillars white, yellowish white, or very pale sulphur yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 100-112 (105.8); wing, 53-55.5 (54.2); tail, 45-47 (46.2); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.6); tarsus, 18-19 (18.7); middle toe, 9.5-10 (9.7).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 100-110 (105); wing, 53.5-56 (54.5); tail, 45-48 (46.5); exposed culmen, 9.5-10 (9.8); tarsus, 18.5-19 (18.7); middle toe, 9.5-10 (9.7).? Southwestern Texas, in Presidio, Brewster, and Kinney counties, and southward into central Mexico, in States of Coahuila (Monclova) and Guanajuato. Vireo bellii (not of Audubon) American Ornirnoxocists’ Uston, Check List, 1886, no. 633, part.—(?) Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 295 (Concho and Tom Green counties, w. Texas, breeding).—Baitey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. &., 1902, 399, part. V [reo] bellii Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 476, part. Vireo belli Barrp, Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 12 (w. Texas).—Cooxkeg, Rird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 237, part. Vireo bellii medius OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Feb. 21, 1903, 17 (Boquillas, s. w. Texas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). VIREO BELLII ARIZONZ, new subspecies. ¢ ARIZONA VIREO, Similar to V. b. medéus, but still paler and grayer, the back and scapulars brownish gray, like pileum and hindneck, the sides and flanks faintly washed with more grayish Olive-yellow; tail and tarsus decidedly longer. Young with under parts pure white, the sides, flanks and under tail-coverts tinged with pale sulphur or primrose yellow; pileum and hindneck light pinkish gray, approaching écru drab; back and scapulars vinaceous-drab. Adult male.—Length (skins), 10£-115 (107.1); wing, 53.5-57 (54.4); tail, 48-54 (50.2); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.6); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.4); middle toe, 9.5-10.5 (10.1).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 103-110 (107.8); wing, 538-57 (54.7); tail, 49-51.5 (49.9); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.6); tarsus 18.5-20 (19.1); middle toe, 9.5-10 (9.9).¢ Arizona to western Texas (E] Paso; Fort Hancock), and southward into northwestern Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (Casas Grandes, May 29), Sonora, and Sinaloa (near Mazatlan, March 31). «Six specimens. >Three specimens. ¢Type no. 98790, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus., adult male, Tucson, Arizona, Mar. 21, 1884; E. W. Nelson. 4@Ten spevimens, 208 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vireo bellii (not of Audubon) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 1861, 122 (Fort Mojave, Arizona). Vireo belli Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv. for 1873 (1874), 105 (Gila R., Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 225 (do.); List Birds Arizona, 1875, 157.—Covrs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 526, part (in synonymy). _Vireo pusillus (not of Coues, 1866) oo Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 83 (Camp Grant, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 132, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 184, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 531, part (Arizona).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 360, part (Date Creek, Arizona).—Coopgr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 124,-part (Arizona).—Barrp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 391, part (Arizona).—Hensnaw, List Birds Arizona, 1875, 157; Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 226 (Camp Grant, Arizona, July; crit.).—Srepaens, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 93 (Gila R., Arizona, breeding).—BReEwsrTEr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 144 (Tucson, Cienega Station, and Camp Lowell, Arizona; descr. nest; measurements, etc.); Auk, ii, 1885, 197 (Camp Lowell; descr. young).—BeLpina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 302, part (Arizona).—Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 400, part. V[ireo] pusillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 335, part.—Rineway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 478, part. Vireo bellii pusillus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354, part.—AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 633a, part.— OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, 1903, 17, 18, in text (part). V[ireo] dellit pusillus Ripaway, Man. N. ion, Birds, 1887, 478, part.—(?) Morcom, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 51, part (Fort Yuma, Arizona, breeding). Vireo belli pusillus Scorr, Auk, v, 1883, 33 (Santa Catalina Mts., etc., s. Arizona, breeding up to 4,000 ft. ). VIREO BELLII PUSILLUS (Coues). , LEAST VIREO, Similar to V. 6. arizonx, but still grayer above and whiter beneath; - the upper parts between olive-gray and mouse gray without distinct tinge of greenish olive except on rump and upper tail-coverts (and there obvious only in fresh plumage); under parts nearly pure white, includ- ing under tail-coverts, the sides and flanks washed with pale olive-gray or grayish olive, but with only the merest trace of yellow tinge; wing and tail averaging longer. Young with upper parts decidedly paler and grayer, and under parts of body, with-under tail-coverts, pure white throughout. Adult male.—Length (skins), 104-118 (109.7); wing, 52.5-59 (55.4); tail, 47-54 (50.8); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.4); tarsus, 18-19.5 (19); middle toe, 9.5-10 (9.9).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 105-114 (109.9); wing, 53.5-56 @Kighteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 209 (55.2); tail, 48-53 (51.2); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.6); tarsus, 18—19.5 (18.8); middle toe, 9-10.5 (9.6).¢ Central and southern California and northern Lower California; north to Stockton and Sacramento, east to southwestern Nevada (Ash Meadows); breeding southward to the San Pedro Martir Mountains and San Fernando, Lower California; in winter (only?) southward to the Cape district of Lower California (San José del Cabo, August 30 to November; Triunfo, April; Santa Margarita Island, winter). Vireo pusillus Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 76 (Cape San Lucas, Lower California; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.); Check List, 1873, no. 132, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 184, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 531, part.—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 360, part (Cape San Lucas, San José, and Sierra San Gertrude, Lower California; San Diego, California).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 186 (near San Diego); Orn. Cal., 1870, 124, part (San Diego; Sacramento; Cape San Lucas).—E.uior, Ilustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. i, 1869, pl. 7.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 391, part, pl. 17, fig. 14; iii, 1874, 507 (San Buenaventura, California; descr. nest and eggs).—Ripa@way, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1874, 171 (Sacramenta, Cali- fornia, June); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 451 (do.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 146, part.—Hernsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1876, 236 (Los Angeles, June; Santa Barbara, July; Fort Tejon, Aug.).—BrELpinc, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 410 (Stockton, etc., California; habits); vy, 1883, 537 (La Paz, Lower California).—Ganpow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 302, part.—Brewsrer, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 176 (Cape district, Lower California, autumn, winter, and spring).—BaiLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. §., 1902, 400, part. ¥[ireo] pusillus Cooper, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 17, in text (Cuyamaca Mts., San Diego Co., California). “treo bellii pusillus Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354, part.—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 633a, part.— Evermann, Auk, ili, 1886, 184 (Ventura Co., California, Jan.).—Morcom, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 51, part (Cohuilla Valley and San Bernardino, s. California).—GRrInNELL (J.), Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 44 (Los Angeles Co., California; summer resid. in lowlands and foothills).— OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, 1903, 17, 18, in text (part). V [ireo] bellii pusillus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 478, part. «Fight specimens. Californian specimens compare in averege measurements with those from the Cape district of Lower California as follows: - Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. tou culmen. | . —_ | MALES. I Eight adult males from Cape district........--..-.-+.-+--+- 55.4 50.1 9.4 | 19 9.7 Ten adult males from California ..........-....-.-.-.----+- 55. 4 51.2 9.4 | 18.9 9.9 FEMALES. Three adult females from Cape district ............-.------ 55,2 50.7 9.3 | 19 98 Five adult females from California ..........-.--.--..--++- 55.2 51.6 9.7 | 187 9.5 There seems to be no difference in coloration between the two series. 10384—voL 3—03 14 210 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [ Vireo] pusillus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 381, no. 5756, part.—Covusrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 124, part. V [ireo] pusillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 335, part.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 478, part. Vireo pusillus albatus GRINNELL (J.), Condor, iii, Nov., 1901, 187 (Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., California; coll. J. Grinnell); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 63. VIREO LATIMERI Baird. LATIMER’S VIREO. Adults (sewes aléke).—Pileum and hindneck plain grayish brown (hair brown to broccoli brown), the auricular region and sides of neck similar but paler; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts plain brownish olive or olive-brown, in marked contrast with the grayish brown of hindneck; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail grayish brown with light olive-greenish edgings, some of the greater wing-coverts with pale yellow or olive-yellow tips, not, how- ever, forming a distinct band; lores grayish white or pale gray, be- coming white, or nearly so, along upper margin and dusky at anterior angle of eye; eyelids white; suborbital and malar regions pale gray; chin, throat, and upper chest dull white or grayish white; rest of under parts very pale yellow (primrose) or yellowish white, deepen- ing into straw yellow or, maize yellow on sides and flanks; axillars and under wing-coverts clear primrose yellow; inner webs of remiges narrowly edged with white; maxilla brown, with paler tomia; mandi- ble pale brownish (in dried skins); legs and feet dusky in dried skins (grayish blue in life?). Young (first plumage).—Pileum and hindneck isabella color or between that and broccoli brown; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail- coverts, and lesser wing-coverts wood brown or deep isabella color; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail as in adults, but middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with light cinnamon or dull buffy, pro- ducing two indistinct bands across wing; under parts white, changing to pale olive-yellow on flanks and under tail-coverts. Adult male.—Length (skins), 106-110 (107.6); wing, 56-57 (56.8); tail, 45-48 (46.2); exposed culmen,~ 10.5-12 (11.4); tarsus, 19-19.5 (19.2); middle toe, 10-11 (10.7).¢ adult female.—Length (skins), 106-110 (109.4); wing, 57-58 (57.6); tail, 44-47 (46.2); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.3); tarsus, 19-20 (19.6); middle toe, 10.5-11 (10.8).¢ Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. Vireo latimeri Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 364 (Porto Rico, north side, Greater Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc., x, 1866, 252.—Gunpiacn, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 135; Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 158.—Ganow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 304.—Cory, Auk, iii, a \ & ¢ Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 211 1886, 187 (synonymy and diagnosis); Birds W. I., 1889, 74 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 132.—Bownisu, Auk, xx, 1903, 16 (habits; song, etc. ). [ Vireo] latimeri Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 388, no. 5773.—Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10. Genus NEOCHLOE Selater. Neochloe Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 213. (Type, N. brevipennis Sclater.) Small Vireonide (wing less than 60 mim.), similar to Vérev in details of form, but tail strongly rounded and coloration very different, the back, rump, throat, chest, and sides being uniform slate-gray, in strong contrast with bright olive-green of pileum, wings, and tail. Bill small, relatively deep and compressed terminally, rather broad and depressed basally; exposed culmen not more than half as long as tarsus, gradually but strongly curved from near base, the tip of max- illa moderately uncinate; depth of bill at frontal antizee about equal to its width at same point, but at base of gonys decidedly greater than its width at same place; gonys about equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, decidedly convex; maxillary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally, the straight mandibular tomium with a corresponding very minute notch. Nostril oval, longitudinal or slightly oblique, in lower anterior portion of nasal fossa, posteriorly in contact with bristly antrorse feathers of frontal anti, the longer of which extend over and beyond nostril. Rictal bristles long, extend- ing beyond nostrils, at least three in number. Wing short and much rounded; tenth primary about half as long as ninth, or a little more, the ninth much shorter than secondaries; sixth, fifth, and fourth primaries longest and nearly equal, the eighth shorter than third, and seventh about equal to fourth; wing-tip about equal to exposed culmen, or slightly longer. Tail nearly as long as wing,” considerably rounded (graduation about equal to length of maxilla from nostril). Tarsus long and slender (slightly more than one-third as long as wing and more than twice as long as exposed culmen), distinctly scutellate ante- riorly; outer toe distinctly longer than inner, the latter (without claw) apparently shorter? than ‘hallux (without claw), its claw not reaching to base of middle claw. Coloration.—Uniform slate color or slate-gray, with pileum, hind- «According to Professor Baird (Review Am. Birds, pp. 371, 372) the tail is longer than the wing. This is true if the tail is measured to the base of the coccyx, but if the measurement is made to the end of the coccyx, between bases of the two middle rectrices, as is done throughout the present work, the tail is then found to be shorter than the wing. In fact, several species of Vireo have the tail relatively quite as long, and the wing quite as short and rounded, as Neochloe. bThe toes of the single specimen examined have dried in such way that it is very difficult to determine their relative length. 212 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. neck, wings, and tail bright olive-green, edge of wing yellow, chin and abdomen white. Pange.—Mountains of southeastern Mexico. (Monotypic.) In structural characters this genus comes very close to Vireo, the bill being almost exactly as in V. hutiont, while V. hypochryseus has the wing almost equally rounded. The tail, however, is considerably more rounded than in any species of Veo, and this character, together with the remarkable coloration (entirely different from that of any other member of the family and strongly suggesting that of Ptelogonys), may suffice to separate the single known species generically. . NEOCHLOE BREVIPENNIS Sclater. GREEN-WINGED VIREO. Adult male.—Pileum, outer surface of wings, and broad edging to outer web of rectrices clear olive-green, brighter and more yellowish on wings and tail; inner webs and proximal portion of outer webs of remiges and rectrices dull black or blackish slate, the inner webs of remiges edged with pale gray or grayish white; edge of wing canary yellow; under wing-coverts paler yellow or yellowish white; axillars mostly grayish; chin, lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white; lores blackish; rest of plumage, including sides of head and neck, throat, chest, upper breast, sides, flanks, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform slate-color, the rump and upper tail- coverts slightly tinged with olive-green; bill, legs, and feet black (in dried skin); length (skin), 117; wing, 58.5; tail, 56.5; exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 11.¢ Eastern Mexico, in mountains of Vera Cruz (Orizaba; Jalapa). Neochloe brevipennis SctatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 218 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; coll. Brit. Mus.).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 372 (Orizaba).— Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (temperate region of Ori- zaba).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 205, pl. 13, fig. 2 (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., viii, 1883, 305 (Orizaba).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 26 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; habits; notes). [Neochloe] brevipennis ScLaTEr and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12. Genus LALETES Sclater. Laletes Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 72. (Type, L. osburni Sclater. ) Rather large Vireonide (wing about 72 mm.) resembling the more plainly colored species of Vireo, but with the bill relatively deeper and «One specimen (no. 68582, coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.), from Jalapa, Vera Cruz, alti- tude 4,400 feet, Apr. 11, 1897, F. M. Chapman. An adult (sex not determined) in the National Museum collection (no. 38163), from Orizaba, Vera Cruz (M. Botteri, collector), measures as follows: Wing, 57; exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 11. The tail is defective, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 2138 more compressed (its depth at frontal anti decidedly greater than its width at the same point), and with the sides of the maxilla finely grooved® longitudinally. Bill rather large and strong, decidedly compressed, with culmen strongly curved and tip of maxilla distinctly uncinate; exposed cul- men decidedly more than half as long as tarsus; gonys equal to dis- tance from nostril to tip of maxilla, strongly convex; maxillary tomium straight, distinctly notched subterminally, the straight man- dibular tomium with a slight corresponding notch, but tip of mandible not distinctly produced, its point obtuse; depth of bill at frontal antie slightly greater than its width at same point; sides of maxilla with several fine longitudinal grooves.* Nostril exposed, longitudi- nally ovate, in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse, its posterior end scarcely touched by feathering of frontal antiz, the latter bristle- tipped, with the fine, curved bristles extending across nostrils. Rictal bristles inconspicuous (apparently only two distinct). Wing moder- ately long, rounded; tenth primary about half as long as ninth, the latter slightly shorter than secondaries; seventh, sixth, and fifth pri- maries longest, the eighth shorter than fourth. Tail shorter than wing (the difference less than length of tarsus), slightly rounded. Tarsus less than one-third but more than one-fourth as long as wing, decidedly longer than commissure, much longer than middle toe with claw, distinctly scutellate anteriorly; outer toe distinctly longer than inner, the latter (without claw) nearly or quite as long as hallux (without claw), its claw not reaching to base of middle claw. Coloration.—Above plain olive, rather grayer on the head; beneath plain yellowish buff, shaded with olive on chest. Range.—Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.) This genus is decidedly nearer to Vireo than to Cyclarhis; so nearly like the former, in fact, that if Vireosylva and Lanivireo be not recog- nized as genera Laletes certainly should not. LALETES OSBURNI Sclater. OSBURN’'S VIREO. Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck plain brownish mouse gray or grayish hair brown; rest of upper parts similar but more olive, the rump inclining to grayish olive-green, the edges of remiges paler; sides of head light olive-grayish; malar region, chin, and throat olive- whitish; rest of under parts pale buffy yellow (between straw yellow and naples yellow), the sides of chest strongly, the sides and flanks faintly, shaded with olive; under wing-coverts primrose yellow; bill dusky (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?) the terminal third (more or less) pale brownish (in dried skins); legs and feet light brown (in «This character possibly not constant. 214 BULLETIN 60, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. dried skins); length (skin), 135; wing, 72; tail, 58; exposed culmen, 13; depth of bill at nostrils, 6; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 14.7 Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. Laletes osburni ScuatTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 72, pl. 14, fig. 2 (Jamaica; type in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359.—ALBrREcHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 195.—Gavow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 313.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 190 (synonymy and diagnosis); Birds W. I., 1889, 77 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 130. [Laletes] osburni ScLateR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 12.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885,10. / L{aletes] osburni Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106. Laletes osburnti Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 383 (Trelawney, J amaica). [Cyclarhis] osburntt Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5818. Genus PACHYSYLVIA Bonaparte.? Hylophilus (not Hylophila Hiibner, 1816) Temmincx, Pl. Col., iii, livr. 29, 1823, text to pl. 173, fig. 1. (Type, H. thoracicus Temminck. ) Pachysylvia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309. (Type, Sylvicola decurtata Bonaparte. ) Small Vireonide (wing not more than 65 mm.), with rather slender- conoid, slightly uncinate bill, inner toe (without claw) as long as or longer than hallux (without claw), its claw reaching decidedly beyond base of middle claw; coloration plain and dull. Bill shorter than head (though sometimes nearly as long), slender- conoid, more tapering terminally than in other Vireonide; exposed culmen about two-thirds as long as tarsus, nearly straight to near tip, where gradually and slightly decurved, the tip of maxilla distinctly produced but not strongly uncinate; gonys shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla (sometimes nearly as long), very slightly convex; depth of bill at frontal antiz about equal to its width at same point or slightly less. Nostril exposed, longitudinally ovate, in lower antérior portion of nasal fossee, sometimes narrowly margined ante- riorly by membrane, posteriorly in contact, or nearly so, with bristly feathers of frontal antie. Rictal bristles indistinct or with only one or two well developed, but either the frontal feathers or those of the malar or mental antize (sometimes all) with distinct terminal bristles. Wing moderate, much rounded; tenth primary about half as long as ninth, broad, with rounded tip; ninth primary not longer than second- aries, sometimes decidedly shorter; seventh, sixth, and fifth, or eighth to fifth longest, the eighth usually longer than fourth, sometimes longer than fifth. Tail decidedly, usually much, shorter than wing, the difference varying from more than length of tarsus (P. decurtata) to less than half as much (P. viridifava), slightly rounded, the rec- trices rather pointed at tips. Tarsus less than one-third to slightly “One specimen. bThe fact that Hylophilus is preoccupied and can not, therefore, be used for this genus has been brought to my attention by Mr. Harry O. Oberholser. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 215 more than one-third as long as wing, much longer than middle toe with claw, distinctly scutellate anteriorly; outer toe distinctly longer than inner, the latter (without claw) about as long as hallux (without claw), its claw reaching to base of middle claw. Coloration.—Above plain olive-green or brown, the head grayish olive-green, gray, brown, or russet, the wings and tail also sometimes russet or russet brown (in brown-backed species); beneath mostly pale yellowish or buffy, or grayish white becoming light olive-green on sides and flanks. Lange.—Tropical America except West Indies and Galapagos Archi- pelago, but including islands of Trinidad and Tobago. (Numerous species. ) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PACHYSYLVIA.@ a. Pileum and hindneck gray, in strong contrast with olive-green of back, etc. (Southern Mexico to Isthmus of Panama.)_._.-.-- Pachysylvia decurtata (p. 216) aa. Pileum and hindneck not gray. b. Tail russet; pileam tawny-olive or olive-tawny, the former more yellowish anteriorly; back olive-brown. (Pachysylvia ochraceiceps. ) c. Chest pale ochraceous-brown. (Southern Mexico to northern Honduras.) Pachysylvia ochraceiceps ochraceiceps (p. 218) cc. Chest pale buffy olive. (Southern Honduras to Chiriqui. ) Pachysylvia ochraceiceps pallidipectus (p. 219) bb. Tail olive-green; pileum brownish or grayish olive; back olive-green or grayish olive. c. Pileum distinctly browner than back, becoming yellowish on anterior portion of forehead. (Pachysylvia aurantiifrons.) d. Under parts paler, the chest very slightly, if at all, tinged with buff; smaller, with relatively shorter tarsus (adult male averaging wing 55.9, tail 43.5, exposed culmen 12.1, tarsus 15.7). (Coast district of Colombia, from Santa Marta to Panama. ).-Pachysylvia aurantiifrons aurantiifrons (p. 220) dd. Under parts more brightly colored, the chest distinctly ochraceous or buffy; larger, with relatively longer tarsus (adult male averaging wing 56.5, tail 44.3, exposed culmen 12.6, tarsus 17.1). (Wenezuela; Trini- dad; Guiana; Brazil.) Pachysylvia aurantiifrons hypoxantha (extralimital?) @ Several extralimital forms are included for the reason that they have been com- monly synonymized with Central American species. b Hylophilus hypoxanthus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii, Abth., 1869, 136 (Rio [canna and Rio Vaupé, n. Brazil; coll. Vienna Mus.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 627, 629 (San Esteban, Venezuela).—Hylophilus insularis(not of Sclater) Léo- taud, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 186.—Hylophilus aurantiifrons (not of Lawrence) Sclater, Ibis, 1881, 303, part; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 310, part; Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 27 (Trinidad; crit.); Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, 177 (San Julian, Venezuela). Tam not entirely satisfied that the Trinidad bird is identical with that of the main- land, having only three specimens of the latter and two of these of doubtful locality. The single specimen of certain locality (from Guanaguana, province of Bermudez, Venezuela) is paler beneath, more as in true P. aurantiifrons, and has the pileum duller in color than either the Trinidad specimens or Colombian examples (P. a. aurantiifrons). Of Trinidad specimens 22 adults have been examined in the pres- ent connection, and these, without a single exception, can be distinguished from any Colombian specimens at a considerable distance by the much deeper coloration of the under parts. I have not seen examples from near the type locality, which is that portion of northern Brazil near the Venezuelan boundary. 216 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ce, Pileum olive-green or grayish olive, not distinctly, if at all, different from color of back. d. Under parts of body distinctly yellowish. e. Brighter olive-green above; under parts clear naples or canary yellow, becoming pale grayish or grayish yellow on throat. (Isthmus of Panama, north to Veragua.)....-..------ Pachysylvia viridiflava (p. 221) ee. Duller olive-green above, the pileum and back grayish, rather than greenish, olive; under parts very pale buffy yellowish, becoming pale grayish buffy on chest, the throat dull whitish. (Coast district of Colombia, east of Gulf of Uraba.)..Pachysylvia flavipes (extralimital)« dd. Under parts of body not distinctly yellowish (only the under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and inner edges of remiges yellow) . e. Under parts dull buffy whitish, becoming more grayish on throat, the sides and.flanks tinged with olive-yellow. (Margarita Island, Venez- UGB) weersteencslt toh hanson Spates Aan os Pachysylvia griseipes (extralimital) 6 ee. Under parts dull pale grayish olive, becoming whitish on abdomen, the sides and flanks tinged with light olive-green. f. Smaller (wing 49, tail 45, exposed culmen 10.5, tarsus 17). (Venezuela. ) Pachysylvia acuticauda (extralimital) ¢ ff. Larger (wing 61-63, tail 46, exposed’ culmen 12-18, tarsus 19-20). (Island of Tobago.) ---....----- Pachysylvia insularis (extralimital)¢ PACHYSYLVIA DECURTATA (Bonaparte). GRAY-HEADED PACHYSYLVIA. Adults (sexes althe).—Pileum and hindneck plain gray (mouse gray or deep smoke gray to slate-gray); rest of upper parts plain yellowish olive-green; narrow and rather indistinct supraloral streak and eye- lids dull white; lores pale gray or grayish white; auricular region and sides of neck pale buffy gray, the suborbital and malar regions paler; chin and throat dull white or grayish white; median portion of chest and breast, together with abdomen, white or yellowish white, the first sometimes tinged with olive-yellow; sides and flanks light @ Hylophilus flavipes Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1845, 342; Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 375; Sclater, Ibis, 1881, 309; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 312, part. b Hylophilus griseipes Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, no. 1093, Aug. 12, 1896, 678 (Margarita Island, Venezuela; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). ¢ Hylophilus acuticauda Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 37 (Venezuela; coll. G. N. Lawrence); Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 378; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 166, 170 (Caracas, Venezuela; crit.).—Hylophilus acuticaudus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 252 (Plain of Valencia, Venezuela); Sclater, Ibis, 1881, 304 (crit. ).—Hylophilus flavipes acuticauda Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, Apr., 1902, 12 (Altagracia, Caicara, and Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela; crit. ).—_Hylophilus aurantiifrons Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 310, part. This species is evidently the mainland representative of P. insularis, from which it differs only in size, the coloration being identical. The type is certainly not a young bird, as suggested by Sclater, and it is equally certain that the form is entirely distinct from P. aurantiifrons. @ Hylophilus insularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 128 (Tobago; coll. P. L. Selater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 45; Ibis, 1881, 305 (monogr.); Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 379.—Hylophilus aurantiifrons Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 310, part. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 217 yellowish olive-green or olive-yellow; under tail-coverts sulphur yel-, low; under wing-coverts yellowish white or white, tinged with sul- phar yellow; mami dusky brown, with paler tomia; mandible pale grayish brown in dried skins (bluish gray in life?); legs and feet horn color in dried skins. Young (first plumage).—Pileum and hindneck vinaceous-drab; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wing-coverts similar but browner (between cinnamon and isabella color); under parts white, the sides and flanks tinged with grayish and with traces of yellowish olive; under tail-coverts light olive-yellow; remiges and rectrices as in adults.“ Adult matle.—Length (skins), 87-104 (96.4); wing, 47-57 (53.1); tail, 31-41.5 (86.9); exposed culmen, 10.5-13 (11); tarsus, 16-17 (16.4); middle toe, 8-9 (8.7).2 Adult femuale.—Length (skins), 82-102 (95.5); wing, 47-57 (52.3); tail, 30-40.5 (35.9); exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11.5); tarsus, 16-17.5 (16. 71); middle toe, 8-9.5 (8.7).° «The specimen described has partly assumed the adult plumage, but is mainly colored as described above. > Eighteen specimens. ¢ Eleven specimens. Examples from different localities average, respectively, as follows: ¢. Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus, Be as culmen. : MALES. Four adult males from Vera Cruz and Oaxaca........-.--- 55.2 39.1 11,2 16.6 8.7 Three adult males from Tabasco and Chiapas ........-.--- 55.8 41.2 11 16.7 9 Two adult males from Yucatan ............----...-22------ 56 40 11.2 16.7 8.5 One adult male from northern Honduras ...- Gr Nevecente ce 13 17 9 Two adult males from Nicaragua ....... .--..------------- 50 32 10.7 16.2 9 Two adult males from Costa Rica .........----.02.+e-0e eee 49.7 33.3 10.8 16 8.7 One adult male from Chiriqui 48.5 35 10.5 16 8 Two adult males from Panama.........-..2.2--2220---0-0++ 51.2 34.5 11 16 8.7 FEMALES. Four adult females from Tabasco ............-..---------+- 52.9 37.9 11.6 17.2 9 One adult female from Yucatan ............-2..----2---00- 52.5 37 11 16.5 8 Two adult females from Nicaragua ......-....--.-------+-- 48.2 30.5 11 16 8.2 Two adult females from Chiriqui 56.5 40 12.2 16.7 8.7 Two adult females from Panama 51 32.7 11.2 16.5 9 Asa rule specimens from Nicaragua and southward are decidedly smaller than examples from northern Honduras and northward to southern Mexico, and have the coloration slightly duller, the gray of the pileum and hindneck being less clear and less sharply defined against the olive-green of the back, and occasionally slightly tinged with olive-green. Were it not for the two females from Chiriqui, which are quite as large as the largest of {hat sex from Mexico, the recognition of a smaller southern race would appear to be justified. It is possible the two specimens in question have the sex erroneously determined, since they are both decidedly larger than the single male examined from the same locality. 2 218 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. .« southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova, Buena Vista, Motzorongo), Oaxaca, Tabasco, Yucatan (Puerto Morelos, La Vega), and Chiapas, and southward through Central America to Isthmus of Panama (Panama City, etc.). Sylvicola decurtata Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 118. [Pachysylvia] decurtata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309. Pachysylvia decurtata Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 305. Hylophilus decurtatus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 380 (s. Mexico; Guatemala) .—Satvrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137 (Santa Fé, Veragua; crit.); 1870, 184 (Bugabé, Veragua); 1872, 314 (Chontales, Nicaragua).— Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (Costa Rica); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Chimalapa, Oaxaca).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878, 53 (San José, Costa Rica).—Scrater, Ibis, 1881, 298 (monogr. ).— Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 206.—Nurtine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 391 (La Palma de Nicoya, w. Costa Rica).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 307.—AmeErican OrniTHOLocistTs’ UNton, Check List, 1886, 355 (hypothetical list, no. 19).—ZeLEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica).—Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 579 (Truxillo, Honduras).—RicHmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 487 (Greytown, etc., Nicaragua).—CHeErrin, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13 (Rio Naranjo, Costa Rica). [Hylophilus] decurtatus SctatER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12. H{ylophilus] decurtatus Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 479. Hylophilus pusillus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862, 323 (Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence); viii, 1865, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 97 (Dota Mts. and AfigosturagCosta Rica).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 381 (San Juan, Nicaragua; Santa Rosa, Dota, and Angostura, Costa Rica; Panama). Helinai brevipennis Giraup, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., v, 1852, 40, pl. 3, fig. 1 (‘‘Mexico and Texas’’). & Vermivora brevipennis Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328 (Texas). Helmintheros? Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). Hylophilus cinereiceps ScuateR and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 299 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satyin and SciaTER, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Vera Paz); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 348 (Pan- ama R. R.).—Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 44 (Choctum; Cerdova, Vera Cruz). Hylophilus plumbiceps (error for cinereiceps) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc..N. Y., vii, 1862, 323 (Panama R. R.). PACHYSYLVIA OCHRACEICEPS OCHRACEICEPS (Sclater). TAWNY-CROWNED PACHYSYLVIA. Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead and crown tawny-olive or olive- tawny, the former becoming lighter and more yellowish anteriorly, sometimes distinctly yellow, especially above upper margin of lores; occiput duller or more olive than crown, the hindneck decidedly olive; back, scapulars, and outer surface of wings olive-brown or russet- brown, paler on edges of primaries, the alula and primary coverts plain dusky, in strong contrast with general color of wings; rump and upper tail-coverts light olive or greenish olive; tail, russet; loral, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 219 auricular, and malar regions dull olive-grayish, the chin and throat similar, but paler; chest and anterior portion of sides light yellowish ochraceous-brown, becoming pale olive on flanks; median portion of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pale olive-yellowish; under wing-coverts, axillars, and edges of inner webs of remiges sulphur or primrose yellow; maxilla brown, darker basally; mandible paler brown; legs and feet pale brownish (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 103-106 (104.7); wing, 55-61 (57.8); tail, 43-48 (44.7); exposed culmen, 12-18 (12.3); tarsus, 17.5-18 (17.8); middle toe, 10.¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-117 (113.5); wing, 60; tail, 46; exposed culmen, 13; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 10.? Southern Mexico, in States of Mexico (Valley of Mexico)?, Oaxaca (Playa Vicente), Tabasco (Teapa), and Campeche (Apazote), and southward through Guatemala to northern Honduras (Rio de las Piedras). Hylophilus ochraceiceps ScLatsrR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 375 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, 8. w. Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 44, pl. 44, fig. 5 (Playa Vicente; Choctum, Guatemala); Ibis, 1881, 306, part (Oaxaca; Guatemala).—Satvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Choctum).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 376, part (Oaxaca?).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 207, part.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 310, part.—CuErriz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 521, part (Mexico; crit.). [ Hylophilus] ochraceiceps ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom: Av. Neotr., 1873, 12, part. - H{[ylophilus] ochraceiceps Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 479, part. PACHYSYLVIA OCHRACEICEPS PALLIDIPECTUS Ridgway.¢ PALE-BREASTED PACHYSYLVIA. Similar to P. 0. ochracetceps, but upper parts slightly more oliva- ceous, chest and sides much paler—pale yellowish or buffy olive, instead of ochreous-brown, and under wing-coverts paler yellow (pale primrose). Adult male.—Length (skins), 100-117 (107.2); wing, 57-59 (57.5); tail, 40-43 (41.6); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.7); tarsus, 17.5-18 (17.9); middle toe, 10.¢ ‘ Adult female.—Length (skin), 104; wing, 54; tail, 48; exposed cul- men, 13; tarsus, 16.5; middle toe, 10.° Southern Honduras (Segovia River) to Chiriqui. Hylophilus ochraceiceps (not of Sclater, 1859) Scuater, Ibis, 1881, 306, part (monogr.).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 376, part (Angostura, Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (Angostura, Costa Rica; «4 Three specimens. b Two specimens. ¢Type, no. 47396, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, Angostura, Costa Rica, July 8, 1867; J. Carmiol. ‘‘Iris yellow.’’ 4 Five specimens. ¢ One specimen. 220 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.. Bugaba, Veragua).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 184.—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 207, part (Costa Rica; Veragua; Chiriqui).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 310, part (Mexico; Guatemala).—Zrtepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Rio Sucio, Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 585 (Segovia R., s. Honduras).—CueErrig, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 529, part (Costa Rica; Veragua; Segovia R.; crit.); Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13 (Rio Naranjo, Costa Rica).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 59 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 4,000 ft.; crit.). [ Hylophilus] ochraceiceps Sctater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12, part. H{ylophilus] ochraceiceps Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 479, part. PACHYSYLVIA AURANTIIFRONS AURANTIIFRONS (Lawrence). LAWRENOE’S« PACHYSYLVIA. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck olivaceous wood brown or isabella color, becoming paler and more yellowish on forehead; rest of upper parts plain yellowish olive-green; lores and eyelids dull whitish; auricular region and sides of neck pale buffy wood brown (the latter more buffy); suborbital and malar regions dull buffy whitish or pale dull buffy; chin and throat dull buffy whitish; rest of under parts pale yellow (straw or dull sulphur), the chest faintly tinged with pale brownish buffy, the sides and flanks with pale olive-greenish; maxilla horn brownish, darker on culmen (sometimes at base also); mandible much paler brown or brownish white (said to be pinkish in life);° iris chocolate;’ legs and feet pale horn color in dried skins (said to be lead-colored in life). ? Adult male.—Length (skins), 103-107 (105.4); wing, 52.5-58 (55.9); tail, 40-46 (43.5); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.1); tarsus, 15.5-16 (15.7); middle toe, 8.5-10 (9.1).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 105; wing, 52; tail, 42; exposed cul- men, 11.5; tarsus, 16; middle toe, 9.¢ Coast district of Colombia, from Santa Marta to Panama.’ HAylophilus aurantiifrons Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862, 324 (Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 377 (Panama R. R.).—Sciater, Ibis, 1881, 303, part (Isthsmus of Panama).— Satvinand Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 207, part (Panama R. R.; excl. syn. H. hypoxanthus Pelzeln).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 310, part (excls. syns. insularis Sclater, hypoxanthus Pelzeln, and acuticaudus Lawrence).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 142 (Santa Marta, a‘ Orange-fronted’’ Pachysylvia would obviously be a good vernacular name for this species if the specific scientific name had been wisely chosen; but the color of the forehead does not even remotely approach an orange hue, and therefore the name mentioned would be exceedingly inappropriate. » Fred Hicks, on label. ¢ Five specimens—two from Panama, three from Santa Marta. “ @One specimen, from SantaMarta. eThe Venezuelan and Trinidad birds represent different and strongly marked subspecies. (See pages 215.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 221 Colombia).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 172 (Bonda, ete., Santa Marta; crit.). (?) Hylophilus hypoxanthus (not of Pelzeln) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 118 (Valencia, Venezuela). PACHYSYLVIA VIRIDIFLAVA (Lawrence). YELLOW-GREEN PACHYSYLVIA, Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain yellowish olive-green, slightly duller and grayer or browner on pileum; shafts of rectrices blackish; loral, auricular and malar regions pale olive-grayish; chin dull whitish, deepening into a more grayish hue on upper throat, the lower throat, chest, and anterior portion of sides pale. yellowish olive or buffy olive; rest of under parts naples yellow; under wing-coverts lighter and clearer yellow (approaching canary yellow); bill usually pale brown, sometimes blackish; iris dark brown; legs and feet pale brownish (in dried skins). Adult male.-—Length (skins), 108-118 (111); wing, 56; tail, 49; exposed culmen, 11-11.5 (11.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.7); middle toe, 10-11 (10.7).¢ Adult female.—Length 106-117 (111.5); wing, 538-55 (58.9); tail, 46-52 (48.7); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.6); middle toe, 10-11 (10.5).¢ Isthmus of Panama, north to Veragua. Hylophilus viridiflavus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1861, 324 (Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—SciatTer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 348 (Panama R. R.).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 380 (Panama).—SaLvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137 (Santa Fé, Vera- gua); 1870, 184 (Bugaba, Veragua).—Scuarer, Ibis, 1881, 309 (monogr. ).— Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 208, pl. 13, fig. 1. [Hylophilus] viridiflavus Scuater and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12. Hylophilus flavipes viridiflavus Banas, Auk, xviii, Oct., 1901, 368 (Divala and David, Chiriqui). [Hylophilus flavipes] 8. Northern Race (H. viridiflavus) Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 312. Hylophilus flavipes (not of Lafresnaye)’Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 312, part. Genus VIREOLANIUS Du Bus. Vireolanius DuBus, Esquisses Ornith., 1850, pl. 26. (Type J. melitophrys Du Bus. ) @ According to Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 172. I have not seen a &peci- men from the locality mentioned. bIn five adults from Panama the bill is pale brown (the mandible still paler) ; in one specimen from Panama the maxilla is blackish on culmen and below nostrils, the rest pale horn color, the mandible blackish laterally, pale horn color on under side; in two specimens from Chiriqui (Divala and David) the bill is black. ¢Heyde, manuscript. @ Three specimens. ¢ Four specimens, 222 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Rather large Vireonide (wing more than 70 mm.), with rather large and elongated, strongly uncinate bill, its depth at frontal antie nearly equal to its width at same point; inner toe (without claw) as long as or longer than hallux (without claw), its claw reaching to decidedly beyond base of middle claw; color bright parrot green above with blue on crown, or else a bright yellow superciliary stripe. Bill large, elongated (exposed culmen nearly to more than one- fourth as long as wing, commissure decidedly longer than middle toe with claw), nearly as broad as deep at base; culmen nearly straight basally (sometimes for most of its length), strongly decurved termi- nally, the tip of maxilla conspicuously uncinate; maxillary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium more faintly notched, the tip of the mandible produced into an ascend- ing point. Nostril exposed, obliquely or horizontally oval, in lower anterior portion of nasal fossee, the membrane broadest behind it. Rictal bristles inconspicuous, the largest not better developed than bristly points of frontal feathers. Wing rather short and rounded; tenth (outermost) primary nearly half to more than half as long as ninth, the latter not shorter than first, sometimes longer than second; eighth to fifth longest. Tail much shorter than wing (the difference usually nearly equal to length of tarsus, sometimes much less), even or very slightly rounded or double-rounded. Tarsus much longer than middle toe with claw (much more than one-fourth but less than one-third as long as wing), distinctly scutellate anteriorly; outer toe longer than inner, the latter (without claw) as long as or slightly longer than hallux (with claw); both lateral claws reaching decidedly beyond hbase of middle claw. : Coloration.—Above bright parrot green with or without blue on pileum, or olive-green with pileum gray bordered laterally by a super- ciliary stripe of yellow; beneath green or greenish yellow with yellow throat, entirely yellow, or white with a chestnut-rufous band across chest. Lange.—Continental tropical America. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF VIREOLANIUS. a. Above bright parrot green, with or without blue on pileum; beneath light yel- lowish green, the throat yellow. b. No yellow on sides of head (except, sometimes, an indistinct rictal streak). 4 (Vireolanius puichellus. ) c. Forehead blue. = d. Whole pileum and hindneck blue, the center of crown sometimes green. (Southern Mexico to Guatemala. ) Vireolanius pulchellus pulchellus (p. 223) dd. Only the forehead and part of hindneck blue, the entire crown green. (Nicaragua and Costa Rica.) ...Vireolanius pulchellus verticalis (p. 224) ce. Forehead green (together with entire crown and occiput and greater part of hindneck). (Veragua to Panama. ). Vireolanius pulchellus viridiceps (p. 224) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 228 bb. A superciliary stripe of yellow. (Central Colombia.) Vireolanius eximius (extralimital)¢ aa. Pileum and hindneck gray; rest of upper parts olive-green; under parts white, with chestnut across chest and along sides. (Southern Mexico to Guatemala. ) Vireolanius melitophrys (p. 225) VIREOLANIUS PULCHELLUS PULCHELLUS Sclater and Salvin. GREEN SHRIKE-VIREO, Adults (sewes alike).°—Pileum and hindneck cerulean blue (more verditer blue in worn plumage), the center of crown usually somewhat intermixed with green, occasionally with a well-defined patch of that color; rest of upper parts, together with sides of head (including superciliary region) and neck, bright parrot green; chin and throat yellow (sulphur to lemon);° rest of under parts light yellowish green (apple green), deeper green on sides and flanks; under wing-coverts, axillars, and inner edge of remiges light yellow (sulphur to canary); under tail-coverts greenish yellow; maxilla dusky (bluish gray in life?), becoming black terminally; mandible pale grayish (grayish blue or bluish gray in life?); legs and feet horn color (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?); length (skins), 125-149 (132.6); wing, 70-77 (72.9); tail, 48-59 (51.1); exposed culmen, 15.5-19 (17.8); tarsus, 21-23 (21.9); middle toe, 10-12 (11.6).? Southern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Buena Vista), and highlands of Guatemala (Choctum; mountains of Rasché; Savana Grande; Volcan de Agua, above San Diego). Vireolanius pulchellus Scuater and Savin, Ibis, ser. i, i, Jan., 1859, 12 (Guate- mala; coll. Brit. Mus.); Exotic Orn., pt. 1, 15, pl. 8.—Saxviy, Ibis, 1861, 147 (mts. near Lanquin, Guatemala); 1878, 443, in text.—Scnater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 45 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Barirp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 397, part (Mirador, Vera Cruz; Choctum, Guatemala) .—Bov- @ Vireolanius eximius Baird, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866,,398 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., 1869, note to pl. 8; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 316.— Vireolanius icterophrys (not of Bona- parte) Sclater, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 151, pl. 103. b Among a series of fourteen specimens only one has the sex determined by the collector, consequently I am unable to give separate measurements for the sexes, or to state whether there is an average difference in brightness of coloration according to sex. cSometimes there is a more or less distinct indication of a yellow rictal streak. One specimen, labeled ‘‘ Central America,” but without definite locality (no. 42597, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus., received from J. G. Bell), is remarkable for having the green entirely replaced by verditer blue and the yellow of throat and under wing-coverts by white. Possibly it was preserved in alcohol before skinning. @Nine specimens, those from Mexico and Guatemala, respectively, comparing in average measurements as follows: a Ex- - Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. mMigale culmen. —— Three adults from Mexico (Vera Cruz) ...-......-....2.--- 73.7 O47 17.5 22.3 12 Six adults from Guatemala............2-..-2--2------ 22 eee 72.5 | 49.3 18 21.7 11.3 224 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cARD, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 31.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 210, part (Mirador, Vera Cruz; Choctum, mountains of Rasché, Savana Grande, and Volcan de Agua, above San Diego, Guatemala),— Gapvow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 315, part (Guatemala). [ Vireolanius] pulchellus ScuareR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13, part. VIREOLANIUS PULCHELLUS VERTICALIS Ridgway. CARMIOL’S SHRIKE-VIREO, Similar to V. p. pulehellus, but entire crown and part of occiput green, the blue being restricted to forehead and hindneck. Adult male.—Length (skin), 141; wing, 75; tail, 49; exposed cul- men, 18; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 12.“ Adult female.—Length (skins), 124-125 (124.5); wing, 65-67 (66); tail, 42-45 (43.5); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.5); tarsus, 21-29 (21.5); middle toe, 12.? Nicaragua (Chontales; Rio Escondido; Bluefields) and Costa Rica (Angostura; Orosi). Vireolanius pulchellus (not of Sclater and Salvin) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (Angostura, Costa Rica).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 397, part (Angostura).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 314 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—ZELE- pon, Catal. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, no. 99.—SaLvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 210, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura and Orosi, Costa Rica). ( Vireolanius] pulchellus ScLateR and SAtvix, Nom. .Av. Neotr., 1873, 13. part. Vireolanius pulchellus verticalis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Apr. 20, 1885, 24 (Angostura, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).—Zr.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Costa Rica).—Cuerriz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xiv, 1891, 529 (Costa Rica).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 487 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; crit.). VIREOLANIUS PULCHELLUS VIRIDICEPS, new subspecies. ¢ PANAMA SHRIKE-VIREO. Similar to V. p. verticalis, but forehead, whole crown, and occiput green, and blue band across hindneck narrower. Adult male (?).—Length (skin), 130; wing, 74; tail, 47; exposed culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 13.4 Adult female.—Length (skin), 128; wing, 65; tail, 42; exposed cul- men, 16.5; tarsus, 22; middle toe, 12.¢ Veragua (Calobre, Calovevora) to Panama. Vireolanius pulchellus (not of Sclater and Salvin) Lawrencn, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 468 (Panama R. R.).—Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 184 (Calovevora, Veragua).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 210, part (Calovevora and Calobre, Veragua; Panama R. R.).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 315, part. [ Vireolanius] pulchellus ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 13, part. One specimen, from Costa Rica (the type). , UTwo specimens, from Bluefields, Nicaragua.. ¢ Type, no. 40148, coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., adult female, Panama; J. McLeannan. “ One specimen, from Calobre, Veragua. ¢ One specimen, the type. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 225 VIREOLANIUS MELITOPHRYS Bonaparte. DU BUS’ SHRIKE-VIREO. Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck plain slate-gray, the former bor- dered along each side by a broad superciliary stripe of saffron yellow, this paler anteriorly and posteriorly, terminating in a white spot on side of nape; lores dull white, except posterior portion; a broad black postocular stripe, occupying more than upper half of auricular region, anteriorly extending narrowly beneath eye to posterior portion of lores; lower portion of auricular region, suborbital region (except a narrow line on lower eyelid), malar region and under parts, white; a black submalar streak, or series of streaks, along each side of throat; band across chest chestnut, this continued along sides and flanks, becoming broken and less distinct on the latter, which are strongly tinged with olive-gray; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and wings, plain olive-green, the longer primaries. edged for terminal half with white; bill black; iris greenish white; legs and feet light cinnamon-brownish, in dried skins, flesh color in life;¢ length (skin), 165; wing, 85; tail, 67; exposed culmen, 17; tarsus, 24.5; middle toe, 14.° Adult female (?)°.—Similar to the adult male, as described above, but decidedly paler and duller in color; gray of pileum and hindneck light mouse gray or deep smoke gray, instead of slate-gray, changing grad- ually into the dull grayish olive-green of back; superciliary stripe canary yellow, instead of saffron or cadmium yellow; stripe on side of head mouse gray, with whitish shaft-streaks, instead of black; black submalar streak broader, longer, and more ‘‘solid” or continuous; chestnut band across chest paler (cinnamon-rufous), and not continued laterally along sides, the sides of breast being ochraceous-buff, fading gradually to very pale olive-gray on flanks; breast and abdomen dull @ According to Salvin and Godman. b Description and measurements from no. 143387, coll. U. S. National Museum (Bio- logical Survey collection), adult male, Jico, Vera Cruz, July 14, 1893; E. W. Nelson. An adult male from Calderas, Volcan de Fuego (7,300 ft. alt.), Guatemala (no. 40144, coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.), differs in having the yellow superciliary stripe uniform yellow from end to end, the color being lemon instead of saffron; the black submalar streak narrower and shorter, and the chestnut band across chest apparently narrower and darker chestnut; wing 78, tail 70, exposed culmen 17, tarsus 25, middle toe 15. ¢Described from no. 52358, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.; collected ‘‘near the City of Mexico;’’ received from Osbert Salvin. This specimen is so conspicuously different in coloration from the male from Jico, Vera Cruz, described above, that were it not for Salvin and Godman’s description of a female from Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego) in the Biologia Centrali-Americana, I would be inclined to consider it as representing a paler arid region (table-land) form. According to Salvin and Godman’s descrip- tion the female from Guatemala differs from the male in having the pileum tinged with ochraceous, stripe on sides of head fuscous-black, chestnut of chest paler, and the abdomen washed with ochraceous. 10384—voL 38—03——15 226 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. buffy white, instead of pure white; length (skin), 172; wing, 83; tail, 71; exposed culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 24; middle toe, 14. ~ Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba; Jalapa; Jico; Capulalpam) and Mexico (Valley of Mexico?) to highlands of Guate- mala (Volcan de Fuego, Coban, etc.). Vireolanius melitophrys Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 330 (Mexico; ex Du Bus, Esquisses Orn. pl. 26).—SciatTEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 213 (Ori- zaba, Vera Cruz); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1862, 19 (Capulalpam, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 45 (Jalapa).—Satvin and Sciarer, Ibis, 1860, 31 (Coban, Guatemala).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 396 (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (temp. region Vera Cruz).—Sciater and Satvin, Exotic Orn. pt. i, 1866, 16, pl. 7._Saxvin, Ibis, 1878, 448, in text.—Sanvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 209 (Valley of Mexico, etc.).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 314. [ Vireolanius] melitophrys Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 382, no. 5780.—ScLaTER and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13. Genus CYCLARHIS Swainson. Cyclarhis Swatnson, Zool. Journ., i, Oct., 1824, 294, in text. (Type, Tanagra guianensis Gmelin. ) Cyclaris (emendation) Swarnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 13, 14, 375, 382, in text. Cychlaris (emendation) Buasius, 1849. Cyclorrhis (emendation) Rrercnensacn, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 70 Cycloris (emendation) BonApartE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 330. Cyclorhis (emendation) CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 64. Laniagra Larresnaye and D’Orzieny, Mag. de Zool., 1837 (Synopsis Avium, p. 9). (Type, Tanagra guianensis Gmelin. ) Large and stoutly built Vireonide (wing more than 70 mm.), with relatively high and compressed bill (its depth at frontal antie nearly twice its width at same point), lateral toe (without claw) as long as or longer than hallux (without claw), its claw reaching to decidedly beyond base of middle claw; upper parts olive-greenish, varied by a rufescent superciliary stripe, the under parts with more or less of yellow or olive-yellowish. Bill large but relatively short, deep and compressed, the exposed culmen much shorter than tarsus but nearly equal to middle toe with claw, the depth of bill at frontal antie very much greater than its width at same point but decidedly less than length of gonys; culmen gradually curved for most of its length (sometimes nearly straight basally), the curve gradually more decided terminally, the tip of max- illa usually not strongly uncinate; gonys shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, strongly convex; maxillary tomium straight, or nearly so, distinctly notched subterminally, that of the mandibular tomium faintly notched. Nostril exposed, broadly oval or roundish, in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse. Rictal bristles weak, less strongly developed than those of latero-frontal and chin feathers. Wing rather short and rounded; tenth primary half as long as ninth, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 997% or more, the latter shorter than first, sometimes shorter than second- aries; seventh, sixth, and fifth longest. Tail shorter than wing but difference less than length of tarsus (sometimes lexs than exposed cul- men), even or slightly rounded. Tarsus less than one-third as long as wing but equal to or longer than commissure, stout, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; outer toe longer than inner, the latter (without claw) as long as hallux (without claw); claws of both lateral toes reaching decidedly beyond base of middle claw. Coloration.—Above plain olive or olive-green, the pileum brownish or grayish, bordered on each side with a superciliary stripe of rufous, chestnut, or cinnamon; under parts with more or less of yellow or yellowish olive. Lange.—Continental tropical America. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CYCLARHIS. a. Under parts entirely yellow (except chin). (Cyclarhis flaviventris. ) b. Brighter colored, with yellow of under parts deeper. (Southern Mexico and Guatemala; Honduras?) -.-.-.------ Cyclarhis flaviventris flaviventris (p. 228) bb. Duller colored, with yellow of under parts paler. (Yucatan. ) Cyclarhis flaviventris yucatanensis (p. 229) aa. Under parts with abdominal region white. b. Throat, chest, and sides yellowish olive; under wing-coverts pale straw or sul- phur yellow; -back, etc., grayish olive-green. (Cozumel Island, Yucatan.) Cyclarhis insularis (p. 230) bb. Throat, chest, and sides lemon yellow (usually more or less tinged with olive); under wing-coverts lemon yellow; back, etc., bright olive green. (Cyclarhis flavipectus. ) c. Above brighter olive-green; averaging larger, especially the bill (exposed cul- men averaging 18). (Island of Trinidad; Venezuela?) Cyclarhis flavipectus flavipectus (extralimital) cc. Above duller olive-green; averaging smaller, especially the bill (exposed cul- men averaging less than 17). d. Yellow of under parts brighter. (Colombia. ) Cyclarhis flavipectus canticus (extralimital) > dd. Yellow of under parts paler or duller. (Costa Rica and Chiriqui. ) Cyclaris flavipectus subflavescens (p. 230) 4 Cyclorhis flavipectus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 448 (Trinidad; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 45, part (Trinidad); Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 389, part (Trinidad); Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 320, part (Trini- dad); Berlepsch, Ibis, 1888, 85, 91, part (Trinidad); Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 26 (Trinidad; habits; song; crit.).—C[yclorhis] flavipectus trinitatis Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, no. 3, June 17, 1889, 131, in text (Trinidad). b Cyclarhis flavipectus canticus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, June 3, 1898, 142 (Santa Marta, Colombia; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs); Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 171 (Bonda, Santa Marta; crit.).—Cyclorhis flavipectus (not of Sclater) Authors, part (specimens from Colombia). 228 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CYCLARHIS FLAVIVENTRIS FLAVIVENTRIS Lafresnaye. MEXICAN PEPPER-SHRIKE. Adult male.—Forehead (at least laterally) and very broad superciliary stripe, cinnamon-rufous; crown and occiput mouse gray or dull slate- gray, sometimes (in younger birds?) tinged with cinnamon-rufous; hindneck and sides of head, including auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, lighter and clearer gray (cinereous or no. 6 gray);* lores cin- namon-gray; rest of upper parts plain olive-green; chin whitish; rest of under parts yellow (canary, sometimes approaching lemon or gamboge), more or less tinged with olive on throat and chest; max- illa cinnamon-brownish, whitish terminally and on tomia; mandible dusky (bluish gray or grayish blue in life), the terminal portion whitish; iris reddish brown or brownish red; legs and feet pale brown in dried skins, flesh-colored in life; length (skins), 147-160 (152.4); wing, 75-81 (77.1); tail, 56-64 (60.6); exposed culmen, 16-18.5 (17.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.5-10 (9.4); tarsus, 23-25 (23.9); middle toe, 11-13 (12.1). Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and probably not always distinguishable, but usually slightly duller in color, especially the gray of the crown and occiput, which is more or less strongly tinged with brown; length (skins), 152-162 (155.7); wing, 72-79 (76.5); tail, 60-63 (61.7); exposed culmen, 16.5-18 (17.6); depth of bill at nostril, 9.5-10 (9.8); tarsus, 22-25 (23.5); middle toe, 12-14 (13.5).¢ Young.—Similar to adults, but pileum more brownish gray (some- times decidedly brown), superciliary stripe paler (ochraceous-buff or cinnamon-buff), yellow of throat, chest, and breast more strongly tinged with olive-green, and mandible entirely light brownish. Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Orizaba; Jalapa; aOf Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors. + Fourteen specimens. ¢ Four specimens. : Specimens from different localities average in measurements as follows: Ex- Depth 7 Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed of Dill | parsus, | Middle culmen,| 2t Nos- toe, ‘| trils. MALES. Six adult males from Vera Cruz...............-..5 77.5 61.3 17.7 9.4 24.5 11.8 Five adult males from Oaxaca............-......- 77.2 61 17.6 9.7 23.2 12 One adult male from Chiapas ..........--.....---- V7 58 17 8.5 283 18 Two adult males from Guatemala...............-- 76 58.5 17 9 24 12.5 FEMALES. Two adult females from Vera Cruz...... nesineagtse 77.5 62.5 17,2 10 24.5 14 One adult female from Oaxaca ........---...----- 79 62 18 9.5 22 14 One adult female from Guatemala.........--....- 72 60 18. setae 28 12 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 249 Plan del Rio; Jico; Papantla; Motzorongo; Paso Nuevo), Puebla (Met- laltoyuca), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Oaxaca (Tuxtepec; Petapa), aud Chiapas (Guichicovi; mountains near Tonal4), and Guatemala. Honduras? Cyc[laris] flaviventris LarRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1842, 133 (‘‘Santa Cruz,’’ i.e., Vera Cruz ?, Mexico; type in coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ). Cyel(arhis] flaviventris LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., 1843, text to pl. 33. C[ycloris] flaviventris Bonaparts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 330 (Jalapa). Cyclorhis flaviventris Tscuup1, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1845, 363 (Mex- ico).—SciaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 99 (Mexico); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 45 (Guate- mala, Mexico); Ibis, 1887, 322 (crit.).—ScLater and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 386, part (Orizaba and Mirador, Vera Cruz; Coban, Guatemala).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (temp. region Orizaba).—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Guichicovi Chiapas; Petapa, Oaxaca).—Satvin, Cat. Strick- land Coll., 1882, 114 (Guatemala).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 321.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 211, part (excl. Yucatan references and localities).—Frrrari-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Jalapa and Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz).—Brr.epscu, Ibis, 1888, 85, 91 (crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 131, 134, part (crit.; diagnosis; s. Mexico; Guatemala).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 26 (Jalapa). C[yclorhis] flaviventris CaBANIs, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 64 (Jalapa). [Cyclorhis] flaviventris ScLater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13. Cyclorhis amaurophrys LicutenstE1n, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 11 (nomen nudum). CYCLARHIS FLAVIVENTRIS YUCATANENSIS Ridgway. YUCATAN PEPPER-SHRIKE, Similar to C. f. flaviventris, but gray of crown and occiput clearer and slightly paler; superciliary stripe usually paler (ochraceous or vinaceous-cinnamon), olive-green of back, etc., slightly duller or grayer, and yellow of under parts paler. Adult male.—Length (skins), 147-162 (153.9); wing, 74-80 (78); tail, 58-63 (60.6); exposed culmen, 15-17 (16.7); depth of bill at nos- trils, 9-9.5 (9.2); tarsus, 21-24 (28.9); middle toe, 12-13.5 (12.9).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 143-155 (149); wing, 73-79 (76); tail, 61-63 (61.5); exposed culmen, 16-18 (17.2); tarsus, 23-24 (23.5); middle toe, 13-14 (13.2).? Yucatan (Merida; La Vega; Chichen Itza; Temax; Kangul) and Campeche (Campeche). Cyclorhis flaviventris (not of Lafresnaye) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 386, part (Merida, Yucatan).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 211, part (Merida, etc., Yucatan).—Saxvin, Ibis, 1888, 255 (Meco I., Yuca- tan).—Atuen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 131, 134, part (Yucatan). aSeven specimens. > Four specimens. 230 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cyclorhis flaviventris yucatanensis Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, Nov. 26, 1886, 519 (Merida, n. Yucatan; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Brrteprsca, Ibis, 1888, 91 (crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 132, 134 (crit.).— Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 278 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan). CYCLARHIS INSULARIS Ridgway. , COZUMEL PEPPER-SHRIKE. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck deep brownish gray or grayish brown (hair brown); rest of upper parts grayish olive-green (very much duller than in C. flaviventris and its subspecies); a broad superciliary stripe of cinnamon-rufous or russet; sides of head, includ- ing auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, plain gray (no. 6); chin paler gray; lores pale brownish gray or light brownish; throat, chest, upper breast, sides and flanks light yellowish olive; lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white, sometimes tinged with dull yellow; under wing-coverts and edges of inner webs of remiges pale sulphur yellow; maxilla light brown; mandible grayish black (bluish gray or grayish blue in dried skins), the terminal half (more or less) pale brownish; legs and feet pale brownish (flesh colored in life ?). Adult male.—Length (skin), 161; wing, 82; tail, 61; exposed cul- men, 18; depth of bill at nostrils, 10; tarsus, 24; middle toe, 14.¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 188-151 (144.5); wing, 75-82 (79); tail, 54-62 (59.3); exposed culmen, 18-18.5 (18.3); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5-10 (9.8); tarsus, 238.5-25 (24.1); middle toe, 13-14.? Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. Cyclorhis insularis Ripeway, Descr. New Species Birds from Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 2; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, iii, 1885, 22 (Cozumel I, Yucatan; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 565 (detailed descr. ).— Berepscn, Ibis, 1888, 85, 91 (crit. ).—Sanvin, Ibis, 1888, 255 (crit). — ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 132, 134 (crit). CYCLARHIS FLAVIPECTUS SUBFLAVESCENS (Cabanis). COSTA RICAN PEPPER-SHRIKE. Adult male.—Pileum dull brownish mouse gray, usually more or less tinged with rusty brown; a broad superciliary stripe of cinnamon- rufous or rufous-chestnut, broadest anteriorly, where sometimes extending narrowly across anterior portion of forehead; lower hind- neck, sides of head, including auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, clear gray (no. 6) or slate-gray; chin paler gray or grayish white; lores more brownish gray; rest of upper parts plain olive-green; throat, chest, breast, sides, and flanks lemon yellow, usually more or less tinged with olive, especially on throat and chest; abdomen (some- times lower breast also), anal region, and under tail-coverts white; @ One specimen. > Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 231 under wing-coverts and edges of inner webs of remiges pure lemon yellow; maxilla brown (pale brown or flesh colored in life); mandible dusky (grayish blue in life), the terminal portion pale colored; iris yellow; legs and feet pale brownish (pale purplish or flesh color in life); length (skins), 180-145 (138.7); wing, 71-78 (75.6); tail, 52.5-58 (55.2); exposed ‘culmen, 15-17 (16.1); depth of bill at nostrils, 8-8.5 (8.8); tarsus, 21-23 (21.2); middle toe, 12-13 (12.7).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and often not distinguish- able, but usually (?) yellow of under parts either slightly paler and more restricted or else more tinged with olivaceous, pileum rather more decidly brown, and olive-green of back, etc., slightly duller; length (skins), 135-148 (143.1); wing, 71-78 (75); tail, 56-60.5 (57.5); exposed culmen, 16-17 (16.3); depth of bill at nostrils, 8-9 (8.2); tarsus, 22-23.5 (22.6); middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.6).” Young.—Similar to adults but superciliary stripe paler (cinnamon or ochraceous-cinnamon, instead of cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut), yellow of under parts purer (without olive tinge) and mandible wholly brown, like maxilla. Costa Rica (Dota; Barranca; San José; Tucurriqui; Bebedero; Nicoya; Volcan de Irazf) and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete). «Six specimens. + Seven specimens. Examples of this species from various localities compare in average measurements as follows: Depth Locality. Wing. | Tail. en A ae Tarsus. is culmen. trils. MALES. Three adult males of C. f. subflavescens from Costa RC Aa ieawcosieweapsexecesncuntuensieesecsis exeaeed 76.2 54.7 15.8 8 22 12.5 Three adult males of C. f. subflavescens from Chiri- O Wheres cise deeucseeese ees Sek ce seaeeeeaseceae 75 55.7 16.3 8.5 21.8 12.8 Five adult males of C. f. canticus from Santa MATa. ccccoedcecdodweedeeeseaacs Sie R sem ceseasesae 74.2 58. 4 16.9 8.8 23 12.9 One adult male of C. f. flavipectus (?) from Vene- DUOMO: cosiiceisenis seiiasincaceeeeeceseseecexesune pases 69.5 53 17.5 9 23 14 Two adult males of C. f. flavipectus from Trinidad.| 74 53.5 17 8 21.5 13.2 FEMALES, Three adult females of C.f. subflavescens from Costa RICA sce cae ihe hence sianiceanusesadseaeanemaeaad 74.7 56.3 16.2 8 22.7 18 Four adult females of C..f. subflavescens from Chi- PIQUE ccens se -aa sx Se emdaigendteieemeeiasiemeiaenacisneice! 75.2 58.4 16.4 8.4 22.5 14 Two adults females of C. f. canticus from Santa : MPa) cwctecanawsectewaaneccsverckexees tebeenencaid 74.2 60.5 17 8.7 22.7 13.5 Five adult females of C. f. flavipectus from Trini- UG wis cesta taid a cyesaso sd nuit SOR OMe San Mewielbis 74.4 56 18.4 8.4 23.4 18.4 The differences between the so-called subspecies are not very strongly marked, and . , Jam not entirely satisfied as to their validity. 232 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cyclorhis subflavescens CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, Nov, 1860 (pub. May, 1861), 405 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.); 1861, 93 (do.).—ScnatTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359 (Costa Rica).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 388 (Dota, Barranca, and San José, Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (Dota Mts.; San José).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 184 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua).—Franrzivs, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 295 (Dota, Costa Rica). C[yclorhis] subflavescens SAtvin, Ibis, 1869, 313 (Costa Rica). C[yclorhis] flavipectus subjlavescens ScLaTER, Ibis, 1887, 322, in text (Costa Rica; Veragua).—Beruerscu, Ibis, 1888, 85, in text (crit.). Cyclorhis flavipectus subflavescens ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, no. 3, June, 1889, 131, 134 (Costa Rica; diagnosis).—BrrLepscu, Ibis, 1888, 91.—CHERRIE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 529 (Costa Rica; crit.); Auk, ix, 1892, 23 (San José, Costa Rica; song).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 59 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 4,800 ft. ). Cyclorhis flaviventris (not of Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (Gulf of Nicdya, Costa Rica). [Cyclorhis] flavipectus (not of Sclater, 1858) ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 13, part (Costa Rica). Cyclorhis flavipectus BoucarD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 53 (San José, Costa Rica).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 320, part (Costa Riéa) —_ Savin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 212, part (Barranca, Dota Mts., San José, Tucurriqui, Bebedero, Nicoya, and Irazu, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua).—Zetepon, Anal.-Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Dota, Costa Rica).—Sciater, Ibis, 1887, 322, part (Costa Rica; “Veragua; crit.).—Brriepscu, Ibis, 1888, 85, part (Costa Rica, Veragua). Family LANIIDZ. THE SHRIKES, Medium-sized to rather small dentirostral ‘‘ten-primaried” acuti- plantar Oscines with strongly hooked and toothed compressed bill, rather short and distinctly scutellate tarsi, rather short, rounded wing, the nostrils non-operculate, pierced into the almost or quite completely ossified nasal capsule, and more or less concealed by bristle-pointed antrorse feathers of the frontal antiz. Bill shorter than head, strong, compressed, almost abruptly hooked at tip, the maxillary unguis preceded by a distinct tomial notch and tooth; mandible with the tip acute and bent upward, the tomium more or less incised, but not notched nor toothed, subterminally; tarsus equal to or longer than commissure, with the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the outer plate of the planta tarsi somtimes also distinctly ; subdivided; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral toes of equal length, their claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux (without claw) shorter than lateral toes (without claws) but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for nearly its entire length to outer toe, but united to inner toe at base only; claws moderately developed, strongly curved, rather sharp. Wing rather short, rounded; outermost (tenth) primary sometimes more than half as long as ninth, usually less, sometimes rudimentary; BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 233 eighth to sixth primaries longest. Tail nearly as long as wing, often longer, sometimes much longer, rounded, graduated, or nearly even, never emarginate nor forked; rectrices twelve. Plumage soft, blended, the head never crested, though feathers of the pileum are sometimes rather longer than usual. Coloration.—Plumage never with brilliant colors,* but with plain gray, brown or rufous predominating, varied with black and white or pale vinaceous; sexes usually alike in color; young with the plumage always more or less distinctly barred or transversely vermiculated or undulated. Range.—Northern hemisphere in general, but in the western not south of Mexico; rather numerously represented in the Old World, only one genus and two species occurring in America. The above diagnosis covers the group of true Shrikes, consisting of the genus Zanius and two or three related genera, equivalent to Gadow’s ‘‘ Subfamily Laniine,”? to which the term Laniide may, for present purposes at least, be properly restricted, since there is very great doubt whether the remaining groups comprising Dr. Gadow’s Laniide (Gymnorhinine, Malaconotine, Pachycephaline, and Vireo- ning) can, any of them, be properly included in the same family; and this is equally if not even more true of the Artamide, Campephagide, Dicruride, and Prionopide, by some authors also included in the Laniide. As here restricted, thé Laniide constitute a fairly well-defined group, peculiar to the Nearctic, Palearctic, Indian, and African Regions, but only sparingly represented in the first-named, which possesses but a single genus, with only two species, while in the East- ern Hemisphere four genera and about fifty species are recognized. Taking the genus Zanius as the most typical example of the family, it may be stated that the shrikes are peculiar in several of their habits, especially in their practice of impaling insects, small birds, and small mammals upon thorns. The purpose of this curious habit is not known with certainty; but the most plausible explanation seems to be that suggested by Mr. Seebohm,° which is that the shrike, not having sufficiently powerful feet to hold its prey while it is being torn to pieces, therefore avails itself of the aid of a thorn (or, in some case, a crotch) to hold its food while it is being eaten. This does not, however, explain why the shrike’s victims are so often found in such positions unmutilated, as if placed there for future use or from mere wantonness. The food of shrikes consists of the larger insects (grasshoppers, @ At least not in the typical members of the group, though the species of an African genus (Laniarius) usually, and perhaps correctly, referred to this family are very brightly colored birds. >Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, pp. 89, 228. ¢ History of British Birds and their Eggs, vol. i, p. 594. 234 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. beetles, etc.), spiders, small frogs, and reptiles, and frequently small birds and mammals, such as mice and shrews. Their favorite position, when resting, is the summit of an isolated small tree or stake, a tele- graph wire, or some other prominent object, from which they can com- mand a wide view in all directions. When flying from one resting place to another the shrike sweeps downward from its perch and then pursues an undulating flight a few feet above the surface of the ground. The ordinary notes of the true shrikes are harsh, often grat- ing, but most of the species are capable of producing a variety of sounds, in some closely approximating a song; some, indeed, are pos- sessed of considerable musical ability, which some persons, doubtless without reason, suppose to be practiced for the purpose of enticing small birds within their reach. Their bulky nests are placed in thickly branched trees, usually among thorny twigs or among inter- twining vines, and are usually lined with soft feathers; the eggs, four to seven in number, are spotted or freckled with olive-brown on a whitish, buffy, or pale greenish ground color. Genus LANIUS Linneus. Lanius Linnus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 93. (Type, by elimination, L. excubitor Linneeus. ) Collurio Brisson, Orn., ii, 1760, 151. (Type, Lanius excubitor Linneeus. ) Enneoctonus Bors, Isis, 1826, 973. (Type, Lanius excubitor Linneeus. ) Enneoctornis (emendation) Layarp, Birds South Africa, 1867, 158. Phoneus Kaur, Entw. Europ. Thierw., 1829, 33. (Type, Lanius rufus Retzius. ) Fiscus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 386. (Type, Lanius collaris Linneus. ) Leucometopon Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 386. (Type, Lanius nubicus Lichtenstein. ) Otomela BonaPaRTE, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 386. (Type, Lanius cristatus Linnzus. ) Cephalophoneus Firzincer, Sitz. K. Akad. Wien, xlvi, 1864, 205. (Type, Lanius bucephalus Temminck and Schlegel. ) The characters of the genus Lanius are the same as those given for the family Lanizdx, on pages 232, 233, except that the tenth primary is always well developed, though never more than half as long as the ninth, the feathers of the pileum and neck are never lanceolate, the plumage never spotted (though barred or vermiculated in young birds), and the tail neither even nor excessively-graduated. The American species, together with their nearest Old World allies, agree in the following characters of coloration: Adults.—Plain gray above, the sides of the head, wings, and. tail black; the wings with a white patch at base of primaries and tail with much white on exterior rectrices; lower parts whitish. Young.—Kssentially similar to adults, but colors less strongly con- trasted, the gray and white more or less tinged with brownish, and BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 235 more or less vermiculated, or ‘‘ waved,” with narrow dusky bars; wing-coverts tipped with dull light buffy. Nidification.—Nest bulky, placed in thorny trees or shrubs or among thick growth of vines, open above, composed of twigs, weed- stalks, grass-stems, etc., lined with wool or feathers. Eggs 4-7, whitish, densely speckled with brown or olive. Range.—Entire Nearctic and Palearctic Regions, together with portions of the African and Indo-Malayan Regions; chiefly developed in the Eastern Hemisphere, the Western possessing only two species. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF LANIUS. a. Exposed culmen longer than middle toe without claw; wing not less than 110,¢ usually much more; lores and nasal tufts never wholly black, sometimes without any black. 6. A more or less obvious whitish mark on lower eyelid; adults with chest and sides of breast more or less distinctly vermiculated with grayish or dusky. (Northern North America, southward in winter over greater part of United DEALS Poe ase atte racecprascuseich ties chee ade onal le Lanius borealis (p. 237) bb. No whitish mark on lower eyelid; adults without vermiculations on chest, etc. (Northern Asia and Europe.) .-------.---.. Lanius sibiricus (extralimital)? aa. Exposed culmen shorter than middle toe without claw; wing not more than 106 (usually much less); lores and nasal tufts wholly black in adults. (Lanius ludovicianus.) b. More white on tail, the outermost rectrix with much less than one-third its sub-basal portion black (this usually mostly concealed by under tail-coverts). c. Tail averaging decidedly longer than wing (wing averaging 95.1, tail 99, in adult male); bill larger and more strongly uncinate, the exposed culmen averaging 16; under parts more purely and uniformly white. (South Atlantic and Gulf States. )......--- Lanius ludovicianus Indovicianus (p. 241) “lf the wing measures less than 110 mm., as may sometimes be the case in imma- ture birds, the other characters mentioned, and also the conspicuously vermiculated under parts and more brownish upper parts, will serve readily to distinguish the species from any of the forms of DL. ludovicianus. > Lanius borealis Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 80, part, (e. Siberia).—Lanius major (not of Wilkes, 1812) Pallas, Zoogr. Resse -Asiat., i, 1826, 402 (northern Russia; Siberia).—Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1883, 595 (Scotland and England; rare winter visitant).—Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 75 (crit.).—Schalow, Journ. fir Orn., 1875, 232 (crit.), 346 (northern Europe); 1876, 132, 232 (German locali- ties); Bericht. iiber die xxi, Verskmml. deutsch. Orn. Gesellsch., 1875, 13, 14.— Tschusi von Schmidhofen, Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 96.—Stejneger, Orn. Centralbl., 1878, 108.—Collett, Archiv. for Math. og Naturvidensk., 1878, 180-185 (crit.).— Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 239.—(?) Z[anius] major Schalow, Auk, i, 1884, 292, in text (near mouth of Chilcat R., Alaska).—L[anius] excubitor, forma major, Collett, Ibis, Jan., 1886, 40 (crit.); Archiv. for Math. og Naturvidensk., 1893, 60 (crit.).—Lanius excubitor (not of Linnzus) Meves, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh., 1871, 762.—Nordmann, Demid. Voy., ii, 1839, 113.—Middendorff, Sibir. Reise, ii, 1853, 188.—Lanius borealis sibiricus Bogdanow, Russian Shrikes, etc., 1881, 102.—L[anius] borealis sibiricus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 466.—Lanius sibiricus Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, no. 931, June 6, 1893, 217, 218 (Askold, e. Siberia; Yesso, Japan; crit.).—Lanius borealis europaeus Bogdanow, Russian Shrikes, etc., 1881, 103.—Lanius lahtora (not of Sykes) David and Oustalet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 93. This form is introduced into the ‘‘key’’ on account of its alleged (and possible) occurrence in Alaska. 286 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cc. Tail averaging shorter than wing; bill smaller and less strongly uncinate, the exposed culmen averaging much less than 16; under parts less purely or uniformly white. d. Back, etc., darker slate-gray, the upper tail-coverts less purely or abruptly white or not at all whitish, the scapulars less extensively white; under parts less purely white; slightly smaller (wing averaging not more than 98.2, tail not more than 97.8, in adult males). e. Gray of upper parts clearer, not passing into whitish on upper tail-coverts; chest never (?) with distinct undulations; tail relatively shorter (wing averaging 98.2, tail 94.6, in adult male). (More northern United States and more southern British Provinces, east of Great Plains; south to Louisiana, Texas, etc., in winter. ) .Lanius ludovicianus migrans (p. 243) ee. Gray of upper parts duller, usually passing more or less abruptly into whitish on upper tail-coverts; chest often with more or less distinct undulations; tail relatively longer (wing averaging 98, tail 97.8, in adult male). (Pacific coast district, from British Columbia to Lower California; in winter southward through western Mexico as far as State of Morelos.) ...-..-..------ Lanius ludovicianus gambeli (p. 249) dd. Back, etc., paler slate-gray, or approaching no. 6 gray; the upper tail-cov- erts conspicuously white or whitish, the scapulars more extensively white; under parts more purely white; slightly larger (wing averaging 100.7, tail 99.4, inadult male). (Arid interior districts of North America, from the Saskatchewan Plains and eastern British Columbia to northern Mexico; southward in winter over whole of Mexico to Isthmus of Tehuantepec. )-.-.------------ Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (p. 246) bb. Less white on tail, the outermost rectrix with more than the middle third black, showing conspicuously beyond under tail-coverts; gray of upper parts darker than in other forms. c. Upper tail-coverts abruptly white or whitish; sides and flanks more faintly tinged with gray; white spot at base of primaries larger. d. Larger, with smaller bill (adult female ¢ averaging wing 98.5, tail 98.5, exposed culmen 13. 8). (Southern portion of Mexican plateau. ) Lanius ludovicianus mexicanus (p. 248) dd. Smaller, with larger bill (adult female averaging wing 94.3, tail 94.7, exposed culmen 15.7). (San Clemente Island, southern California, and Santa Marpariie Island, Lower California). Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi (p. 252) ce. Upper tail-coverts concolor with back; sides and flanks deep gray (no. 6); white spot at base of primaries much smaller. (Santa Cruz Island, southern California. )..-.......------ Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi (p. 251) In addition to the forms mentioned in the ‘‘ key” two other species for a long time passed current as North American, but have since proven to be well-known Palearctic species. These are the following: (1) Lanius elegans Swainson (—Lanius lahtora Sykes). Lanius elegans Swanson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 122 (‘‘ Fur Countries;”” type in coll. Brit. Mus.).—Nurrart, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., 1840, i, 287.—Bairp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 324, footnote (excl. syn. part).—Bonaparts, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1853, 295.—Couzs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 545. «Measurements of adult females only are given of these three dark-colored forms, for the reason that I have not been able to examine males of L. l. mearnsi and L, l. anthonyi. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 237 Collyrio elegans Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxxv; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 239, part. Collurio elegans Bairp, Review Am. Birds, June, 1866, 444, part (in synonymy ).— Coorrnr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 140, part (quotation of original description and in , synonymy). Lanius lahtora Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 236. (See Dresser and Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 595; Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 609; Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 545.) (2) Lanius ludovicianus robustus (Baird)—Lanius algeriensis Lesson. Lanius elegans (not of Swainson) Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ix, 1857 (1858), 213 (‘‘California’’).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 328, footnote, part (not the description); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 75, fig. 1. Collyrio elegans Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxxv; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 239, part. Collurio elegans Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug. 1866, 444, part.—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 140, part, including fig. $ Collyrio excubitoroides (not Lanius excubitorides Swainson) Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 327, part. Collurio ludovicianus (not Lanius ludovicianus Linneeus) Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 125, part. Collurio ludovicianus, var. robustus Barrp, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1878, 608 (California; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.).—Barirp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 420; ili, 1874, 508. Lanius ludovicianus robustus Rrpaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 175, 216; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 149d. Lanius robustus Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 243.—Sresnrcrr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, 91-96 (crit.).—Ripeway, Auk, xiv, 1897, 323 (crit.). L[anius] robustus Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 468. Collyrio ludovicianus, var. robustus Cotierr, Archiv. Mathem. og Naturvid. _ Kristiania, 1878, 181, in text (crit. ). Lanius bairdi StrsnecER, Archiv. Math. Naturvidensk. Kristiania, iii, 1878, 326, 330 (=Collyrio elegans Baird); iv, 1879, 263. LANIUS BOREALIS Vieillot. NORTHERN SHRIKE. Adult male.—Above plain light bluish-gray,? changing to white on lower rump, upper tail-coverts, posterior scapulars, superciliary region, and anterior portion of forehead; lower portion of latero- frontal tuft and spot in front of eye black, the intervening space dusky gray; auricular region black, this extending forward beneath lower eyelid and confluent with the black anteorbital space; wings and tail black; secondaries and innermost primaries tipped with white (the latter more narrowly); base of primaries (except three outermost) white across both webs, showing as a more or less conspicuous patch; outermost rectrix white with a black spot or patch near base of inner web; second rectrix with base and extensive terminal portion white, @Between gray no. 8 and cinereous of Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors. 238 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. this extending farther toward base on outer web than on inner, on which the black of middle portion extends much farther toward tip on edge than next to shaft; third rectrix tipped with white for about 25-30 mm.; the remaining rectrices (except, sometimes, the middle pair) also tipped with white, but of decreasing extent; all the rectrices with concealed hase white; malar region and under parts white, the chest and sides of breast marked with more or less distinct wavy bars or vermiculations of dusky grayish; bill entirely black in summer, dusky horn color with base of mandible paler (flesh colored in life) in winter; iris brown; legs and feet black. Younger male (second year?).—Similar to the perfectly adult plumage, as described above, but gray of upper parts less pure, usually more or less tinged with olive; white of upper tail-coverts, etc., more or less obscured by gray; dusky vermiculations of chest, etc., much more distinct, extending more over sides. Adult female.—Similar to the younger male, just described, but still duller in color, the gray darker (between gray no. 6 and mouse gray), black of remiges (except tertials) duller, and white of wings and tail more restricted; bill wholly black in summer, as in adult males. Young male (first autumn and winter).—Similar to the duller colored adult females, but upper parts brownish gray or grayish brown (hair brown to broccoli brown or drab); lower rump and upper tail-coverts with more or less distinct vermiculations of darker; loral region entirely light grayish; auricular region dusky instead of black; middle wing-coverts margined with pale drab or brownish buffy, and under parts much more extensively vermiculated, only the chin, lower abdomen, and anal region being immaculate. Young female (in first autumn and winter).—Similar to the young male of corresponding season but browner, the color of upper parts approaching isabella color, the scapulars, lower rump, and upper tail- coverts washed with cinnamon-buff, under parts more or less washed with the same, especially on sides and flanks, greater wing-coverts edged with the same, and white at tips of secondaries and rectrices more or less buffy. Young (first plumage).—Similar to the young in autumn and winter but posterior scapulars, lower back, and whole rump finely but indis- tinctly vermiculated, and throat, chest, and sides of breast pale butty grayish finely vermiculated with darker. Adult mate.—Length (skins), 215-260 (239.38); wing, 112-121 (115.6); tail, 106-118 (111.1); exposed culmen, 17-19 (17.8); tarsus, 26.5-28 (27.8); middle toe, 15-17 (16.1).? «There is no difference in plumage according to season in perfectly adult birds. > Thirty specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 239 Adult female.—Length (skins), 220-255 (233.1); wing, 110-118 (113.6); tail, 104.5-114 (108.7); exposed culmen, 17-18.5 (17.6); tarsus, 25-28.5 (27.2); middle toe, 14-16.5 (15.8).¢ Northern North America, breeding from Labrador to Alaska, and to an undetermined distance southward; ? migrating southward in autumn and winter over greater part of United States, at least as far as Virginia, Kentucky, Kansas, New Mexico (Fort Wingate; Tulerosa), Arizona (Fort Whipple), and central California (Nicasio, Marysville, Calaveras County, etc.). Lanius excubitor (not of Linneeus) Forster, Fauna Amer. Sept., 1771, 9; Philos. Trans., xii, 1772, 386 (Severn River).—Wu1son, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 74, pl. 5, fig. 1.—Bonaparts, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1824, 357; iv, 1824, 272.—AvupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 534, pl. 192. Lanius borealis Virtttot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 80, part, pl. 50 (no type locality designated); Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 728.—Swainson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 11, pl. 33 (young).—Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 152 (Columbia R.).—Avpuson, Synopsis, 1839, 157; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 130, pl. 236.—THompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 75.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 212.—Jarprinz, Contr. Orn., 1850, 67 (Bermudas).—Jongs, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 51.—Marrens, Journ. fir Orn., 1859, 212 (Bermudas).—Wius, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 281 (Nova Scotia).—Dressrer and Suarpz, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 591 (monogr.).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 39 (Chilcat R., Alaska).—Covzs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 558; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 186.—MarsHA.t, Odlogist, v, 1879, 16 (habits).—Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 120 (New England range).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 89 (San Juan Co., Colorado, fall and winter; feeds on_ titmice).—Rrpeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 148; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 198.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 240.—Harriavs, Journ. fir Orn., xxxi, 1883, 270 (Berners Bay and Lynn Canal, Alaska).—BicKNELL, @Nineteen specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: } Ex- : Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. neue culmen. e MALES. Ten adult males from Atlantic district..................--- 114.3 | 109.8 17.6 27.1 15.8 Ten adult males from Mississippi Valley and plains dis- TICE - 2.2 ee eee ee cece meee eee ence sec esensensees 115 111.8 17.9 27.3 16.1 Ten adult males from Pacific district, including Alaska...}| 117.4} 112.7 17.9 27.5 16.2 FEMALES. Ten adult females from Atlantic district .....-...........-- 111.9 | 106.9 17.4 26.7 15.4 Five adult females from interior district ..........-.-.----- 114.7] 109.8 17.9 27.7 16.1 Four adult females from Pacific district.................-. 116.5 | 141.7 17.7 27.9 16.4 After carefully comparing 150 specimens, including 30 adult males, I am unable to appreciate any differences according to geographic area warranting separation of the species into two subspecies, the coloration being, apparently, quite the same where specimens of corresponding age and sex are compared. dT have not been able to find an unquestionable record of this species breeding anywhere within the limits of the United States. 240 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Auk, i, 1884, 324 (song).—McLenzaan, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,”’ 1884, 114 (Kowak R., Alaska).—Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 238 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, breeding).—Amerrican OrnirHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 621.—Butter, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 33 (Franklin Co., Indiana, winter visitant); Birds Indiana, 1897, 1005 (whole state in winter, but rare in southern portion).—TownsEnp, Auk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak R., Alaska).—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 232 (localities and dates).— Evermann, Auk, vi, 1889, 26 (Carroll Co., Indiana, Jan. 8 and 19, 1884).— Macraruang, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 444 (Fort Anderson, Mac- kenzie; descr. nest and eggs).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 515 (common winter visitant).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc.,i, 1903, 315.—Brewsrer, Auk, xi, 1894, 329 (habits).—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 79 (Hope and Fort Kenai, Alaska; crit.).—Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. ‘U.S., 1902, 392. L{anius] borealis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 294.—Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 337.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 466. Collyrio borealis Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 324; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 236.—Coorrer and Sucxiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 188 (Washington, winter).—Coves and Prentiss, Ann. Rep. Smith- sonian Inst. for 1861 (1862), 409 (District Columbia, rare in winter).—BLax- ston, Ibis, 1862, 5 (bet. Hudson Bay and Lake Winnipeg); 1863, 65 (Sas- katchewan, winter).—FEILNER, Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1864 (1865), 425 (Fort Crook, n. California).—Covuss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 73 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—Lorp, Naturalist in Vancouver, ii, 1866, 295 (Vancouver I.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 285 (near New York City).—McIiwrairn, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1666, 87 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 35.—Haymonp, Cox’s Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1869, 219 (habits).—Dazu and Bannistrr, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 280 (Nulato, Alaska).—Srevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8S. Geol. ~ Surv., 1871, 464 (Green R. and Rock Creek, Wyoming). Collurio borealis Barrp, Review Am. Birds, June, 1866, 440.—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 137.—Covzs, Check List, 1873, no. 184; Birds N. W., 1874, 101.— AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv., 1872, 198 (Colorado).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1878, 181 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 452 (Carson City, Nevada, Feb. 21, Mar. 25).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 15 (e. Kansas, common in winter).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 415, pl. 19, figs. 1, 2.—Hewsnaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 233 (s. Utah, late fall).—Lanepon, Birds Cinc., 1877, 7 (vicinity Cincinnati, rare winter visit).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 239 (as to alleged breeding in New England). [Collurio] borealis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 125. C{ollurio] borealis Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 104, 152 (n. e. Illinois, last of Oct. to first of Mar.). L{anius] excubitor, forma borealis Cot.ert, Ibis, 1886, 40, in text; Archiv. for Mathem. Naturvid., 1893, 60, in text (crit.). Lanius septentrionalis (not of Gmelin) Sxaw, Gen. Zool., vii, 1809, 331.—BonapaRte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, 1826, 72, 4838; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 26; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 363; Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1853, 294.—GampeE , Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 44 (California); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 44 (do.).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 213. Collyrio chemungensis Greac, Proc. Elmira Acad., i, 1870, p. 9 of reprint (Chemung Co., New York;=young). Lanws borealis americanus Boapanow, Russian Shrikes, ete., 1881, 102. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 241 (?) Lanius major (not of Pallas) CaBanis, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1884, 251 (Chilcat R., Alaska).—Scuatow, Auk, i, 1884, 292 (Chilcat R.). Lanius borealis invictus GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 1, Nov. 14, 1900, 54 (Kowak R., Alaska; coll. J. Grinnell); no. 3, 1902, 61 (south to Nicasio, Marysville, and Calaveras Co., California, in winter); Condor, iii, 1901, 22 (Kadiak, Alaska).—A.umn, Auk, xviii, 1901, 177 (republication of -orig. descr. ). LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS LUDOVICIANUS Linnzus. LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain slate-gray, darkest (approaching slate-color) on pileum, fading gradually into paler gray (no. 6 to no. 8) on upper tail-coverts and into white on outermost scapulars; lores, orbital region, and auricular region black, forming a conspicuous longitudinal patch on sides of head; the gray of forehead paling slightly along upper margin of the loral portion of this black patch; wings and tail black; secondaries tipped with white; a white patch at base of primaries (except the outermost), this occupying both webs, and more extended but less sharply defined on inner webs than on outer; inner webs of secondaries dusky next to shaft for entire length, the marginal portion broadly“ and rather abruptly grayish white on basal portion but becoming narrower and less definite terminally; rectrices (except two middle pairs’) broadly tipped with white, this greatly increasing in extent to the outermost, which is white for much the greater part, only a subbasal spot on inner web and part of shaft being blackish; entire under parts, including malar region, white, the sides and flanks faintly shaded with gray, the chest also sometimes with a very faint shade of the same; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—Above brownish gray (smoke gray), the pileum and hind- neck narrowly barred or vermiculated with narrow lines of darker gray and broader ones of pale buffy or brownish gray; scapulars, lesser and middle wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts with more distinct narrow dusky bars and with the paler bars broader, more buffy; greater wing-coverts and secondaries tipped with grayish buffy, vary- ing to pale cinnamon; chest, sides, and flanks pale buffy grayish or gravish buffy narrowly barred or vermiculated with dusky; otherwise similar to adults but with black patch on sides of head less sharply defined and duller black (especially the loral portion), white portion of tail more or less strongly (sometimes deeply) tinged with buff or cinnamon, and with bill and feet brownish. «Occupying more than half the width of the web. >The pair next to the middle usually have a small white terminal spot. 10384—voL 8—03-——16 242 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 200-223 (211.3); wings 91-99 (95.1); tail, 92-104 (99); exposed culmen, 14.5-17 (16); tarsus, 27-28 (27); middle toe, 16-18 (17).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 197-217 (211.1); wing, 88-98 (92.9); tail, 89-101 (96.3); exposed culmen, 15.5-16.5 (16.1); tarsus, 25-27 (26); middle toe, 15-17 (15.8).? Coast district of South Carolina and Georgia to southern Florida, and westward over the coastal plain of the Gulf States to Louisiana.‘ [Lanius] ludovicianus Linnzxvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 134 (based on Pie-griesche dela Louisiane, Lanius ludovicianus, Brisson, Orn., ii, 1760, 162, pl. 15, fig. 2).—Gueiiy, Syst-Nat., i, 1788, 298, part (not of p. 302¢).—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 69, part. Lanius ludovicianus Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 26, 72; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 26; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 363.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 300, pl. 37; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 135, pl. 237.—(?) JaRpINE, Contr. Orn., 1848, 83 (Bermudas, 1 spec., spring 1847).—Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 118, in text (crit.).—Bresm, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 145 (monogr.).—Gunptaca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 469 (Cuba?; see Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 404).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 213 (monogr. ).— (2?) Brann, Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas ).— Scrater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359.—Dresser and Suarrs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,,1870, 595, part (monogr.).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 149, part.—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 187.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 245, part.—AmeRIcAN OrniTHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 622, part.—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 14 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, etc., s. w. Florida; not observed at Key West).—Morrmer, Auk, vii, 1890, 342 (Orange Co., Florida; habits).—SHarps, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no, xlvii, 1897, p. vii (Andros I., Bahamas). [Lanius ludovicianus] a. ludovicianus Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 194, part (in synonymy). Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus Paumer (W.), Auk, xv, July, 1898, 248 (crit.). «Seventeen specimens. 5 Ten specimens, from Florida. Specimens from South Carolina and Georgia compare in average measurements with Florida examples as follows: Ex- . Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. as culmen. Oe MALES. Ten adult males from Florida.............-.-..2---2--+--+- 95,2 99.2 16.2 27 17 Seven adult males from Georgia and South Carolina...... 96.3 98.8 15.6 27.1 17.1 In coloration the two series agree minutely. cI have not been able to examine satisfactory specimens from Louisiana, and have doubts as to whether the birds from that State (the true L. ludovicianus) are identical with those from Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. If different the latter (upon which, exclusively, the above descriptions are based) should be called Lanius ludo~ vicianus ardosiaceus (Vieillot), @ =Tyrannus tyrannus, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 243 L{anius] ludovicianus Cananis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 74, part.—Couzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 338.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 467, part. (?) Lanius ludovicus Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 8 (Bermudas, autumn and winter). Collyrio ludovicianus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 325; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 237. —Taytor, Ibis, 1862, 128 (Florida). [Collyrio] ludovicianus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 391, no. 5935. Collurio ludovicianus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, June, 1866, 443 (Liberty Co. and Savannah, Georgia).—Covxs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 112 (South Carolina; habits); Check List, 1873, no. 135.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 418, pl. 19, fig. 4. [Collurio ludovicianus] var. ludovicianus Bairp, Brewrr, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 413. : [Collurio] ludovicianus Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 125. [Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides] a. ludovicianus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 561 (synonymy). [Lanius] americanus LataHam Index Orn., i, 1790, 69 (Louisiana; based on Pie- griesche de la Louisiane Daubenton, PL. Enl., pl. 397). Lanius ardosiaceus ViEiLLor, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 81, pl. 51 (Georgia, Florida, and Louisiana); Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 729.—Bonaparrs, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826. (?) Lanius ardesiaceus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 112. Lanius carolinensis Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 57, pl. 22, fig. 5.—LicnrensrEqn, Verz. Doubl., 1823, no. 505.—Bonaparts, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1824, 358; iv, 1824, 272.—Lmsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 373.—Harriavp, Naumannia, ii, 1852, 52 (Cuba?). LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS MIGRANS Palmer. .NORTHERN LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. Practically identical in coloration with Z. /. ludovic‘anus, but gray of upper parts averaging slightly paler” (especially the gray along upper margin of the black loral space) and under parts less purely white, having, as a rule, a more decided tinge of gray to the white of the chest, sides, and flanks; proportions distinctly different, the bill being much smaller and the tail decidedly shorter than wing, instead of the reverse. Young practically indistinguishable from that of L. /. ludovicianus, but perhaps averaging slightly more buffy and more coarsely vermiculated above. @One specimen, however, from southern Illinois (no. 107476, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Mount Carmel, Jan. 5, 1886; J. J. Turner) has the upper parts quite as dark as the darkest example of L. J. ludovicianus and the under parts darker than in any other example of the species, being entirely pale gray (between no. 7 and no. 8 of my Nomenclature of Colors), including even the axillars, under wing-coverts, and under tail-coverts. An adult male from Lexington, Kentucky (no. 168822, coll. U.S. Nat. Mus., Nov. 21, 1898; Dr. Edgar A. Mearns), is absolutely indistinguishable in colora- tion from the darker specimens of L. 1. ludovicianus. Both these specimens are, how- ever, referable to L. 1. migrans according to proportions. each having the small bill of that form and the tail shorter than the wing. 244 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 190-219 (205.1); wing, 95-102 (98.2); tail, 86-98 (94.6); exposed culmen, 13.5-16 (14.9); tarsus, 26-27 (26.7); middle toe, 16-18 (16.6).“ Adult female.—Length (skins), 193-218 (205.7); wing, 92-101 (96.5); tail, 88-97 (98.1); exposed culmen, 14-16 (14.9); tarsus, 26-28 (27.2); middle toe, 16-17 (16.2).? Greater part of United States east of the Great Plains, but very local in more eastern districts; breeding north, to New Brunswick (York County), Maine (Bangor), New Hampshire (Hanover), Vermont (Mount Mansfield, etc.), northern New York (Lewis and St. Lawrence counties), Quebec (Montreal), Ontario (Hamilton; Kingston; Beau- maris), Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and southward to mid- land Virginia and western North Carolina, Kentucky (probably also Tennessee’), and eastern Kansas; in winter, southward to Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas (El Paso, February; Fort Clark, January; West Caranchua Creek, January; Washburn, August). Lanius excubitroides (not L. excubitorides Swainson) PraBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 292 (Boston, Massachusetts, in winter). Lanius excubitoroides Hoy, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 308 (Wisconsin).— Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 290 (Indiana). Collyrio excubitoroides Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 327, part (Marion Co., Illinois; Racine, Wisconsin; Independence, Missouri); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 238, part.—McItwraitu, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 87 (Hamilton, Ontario). e Collurio excubitoroides Barrp, Review Am. Birds, June, 1866, 445, part (Wiscon- sin; Michigan; Ilinois).—Coves, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 277 (New Eng- land).—Earton, Oologist, iv, 1878, 2, 3 (New York; nesting habits). [Collurio ludovicianus.] Var. excubitoroides Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 125, part. Collurio ludovicianus . . var. excubitoroides Cours, Check List, 1873, no 135a, part. «Nineteen specimens. b Twelve specimens. There is a slight difference in measurements between eastern and western speci- mens, as indicated by the following averages: Ex- ; Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. sn culmen. OG: MALES. Nine adult males from Ontario to Virginia ...............- 99. 4 95.7 14.8 26.9 16.9 Ten adult males from Wisconsin to Kentucky-.-...-....--.. 97.1 93.6 14.9 26.5 16.2 FEMALES. Six adult females from Maine to Virginia..............-... 97.2 94.3 14.7 27.2 16.2 Six adult feraales from Illinois.............------+----+-+++ 95. 8 91.8 15.2 27.1 16 ¢ Owing to lack of specimens and records, the exact southern limits of the breeding range of this form are, like the northern limits of that of L. 1. ludovicianus, unknown. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 245 Collurio ludovicianus, var. excubitoroides BAirpD, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 421, part.—Purpir, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1887, 21 (Cranston, Rhode Island, 1 spec., Sept. 2).—Mrrrram, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 54 (Lewis Co., New York).—Lanepon, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, iv, 1879, 120 (Madisonville, Ohio, Aug. 22). C[ollurio] ludovicianus, var. excubitoroides NeELson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 104 (Illinois, chiefly on prairies). Lanius ludovicianus excubitoroides Mrrriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 228 (Lewis Co., New York, breeding). Collurio ludovicianus var. excubitoroides . . b. excubitoroides Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 102, part. C[ollurio] ludovicianus . . var. excubitoroides Rripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 371 (Illinois). Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 561, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 188, part.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 149a, part.—CaHoon, Forest and Stream, xix, no. 12, Oct., 1882 (Taunton, Massachusetts, Sept. 12).—American Ornitnoxoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 622a, part.—Cooxz, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 233, part (Minne- sota; Iowa; Wisconsin; Illinois; Indian Territory ?).—AveErtLi, Auk, vi, 1889, 74 (Bridgeport, Connecticut, 5 specimens, August).—Muuuer, Auk, viii, 1891, 119 (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Aug. 22).—McItwrairs, Birds Ontario, 1894, 346 (Hamilton, Ontario, breeding).—Utrey and Watuace, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1895, 156 (Wabash, Indiana, summer resid.). [Lanius ludovicianus] b. excubitorides Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 194 (excl. syn. part). 7 Lanius ludovicianus (not of Linnzeus) WoopxHouss, in Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 76 (Indian Territory; Texas).—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 308 (Wisconsin).—Mrnot, Birds New Engl., 1877, 105 (Massachu- setts).—Dxane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club., iv, 1879, 119 (Concord, New Hamp- shire, Jan. 20); v, 1880, 50 (Abbott, Maine, breeding).—Purpin, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 186 (breeding at Bangor, Maine; Saybrook, Connecticut, Nov., Jan.).—Scort, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 223 (Long Beach, New Jersey, Apr. 5).—Baee, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 237 (Oneida Co., New York, July 19).—Les, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 118 (St. Law- rence Co., New York, July 23, Aug. 9).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 118 (crit.).—Kwowzrton, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1882, 64 (w. Ver- mont, breeding).—Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Crn. Club, vii, 1882, 253 (District of Columbia).—Wintis, Auk, i, 1884, 193 (Montreal, breeding).—Browng, Auk, i, 1884, 291 (Framingham, Massachusetts, Jan. 29).—Frost, Auk, ii, 1885, 379 (Hanover, New Hampshire, breeding; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 317 (Roane Co., Tennessee, Mar. 18, 20).— Dutcuer, Auk, vi, 1889, 188 (Suffolk Co., Long Island, Aug. 28).—CHap- MAN, Auk, vi, 1889, 304 (Tappan, New Jersey, Aug. 24).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 517.—Nxaruine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 316, part, pl. 17, fig. 4-—Sronz, Auk, xi, 1894, 139 (Cape May, New Jersey, summer).— McIiwrarrn, Birds Ontario, 1894, 345 (near Hamilton).—Butter, Birds Indi- ana, 1897, 1006 (whole State; summer resid., wintering in southern part).— Fiemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43 (Beaumaris, n. Ontario).—Moors, Auk, xviii, 1901, 196 (York Co., New Brunswick, breeding). L[anius] ludovicianus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 467, part. Collurio ludovicianus ALLEN, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 495 (w. lowa); Am. Nat., 1869, 579 (New York and New England examples; crit.).—Purpin, e Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 115 (Massachusetts).—Maynarp,+Am. Sportsman, v, 1875, 313 (Newtonville, Massachusetts).—Rip@way, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 246 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. iii, 1878, 164 (Wabash Co., Illinois, breeding).—Mzrrtam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 53 (Lewis Co., New York, breeding).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 82 (Princeton, New Jersey, Dec. 17).—Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 119 (Bangor, Maine, breeding).—Merritt (H.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 250 (Bangor, Maine, breeding). Collyrio ludovicianus Trippx, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1873, 235 (lowa).— Trnney, Am. Nat., xxi, 1887, 90 (Williamstown, Massachusetts). Lanius ludovicianus migrans Parmer (W.), Auk, xv, July, 1898, 248 (Kingston, Ontario; coll. U. §. Nat. Mus.).—Howetz, Auk, xviii, 1901, 343 (Mount Mansfield, Vermont, breeding).—Howsr, Auk, xix, 1902, 92 (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Sept. 19). Lanius ludovicianus (migrans) Howr, Auk, xvi, 1899, 190 (Newport, Rhode Island, 1 spec., Aug. 29). LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS EXCUBITORIDES (Swainson). WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE. Similar to Z. 1. mzgrans, but gray of upper parts decidedly paler (between slate-gray and no. 6 gray), changiag abruptly to white on upper tail-coverts; white of scapulars more extended (occupying prac- tically the whole of scapular region) and moreabruptly contrasted with gray of back; forehead and supraloral region paler gray than crown, sometimes whitish; under parts purer white; size averaging slightly larger. (Young practically undistinguishable from that of Z. J. migrans.) Adult male.—Length (skins), 197-215 (207.6); wing, 97-103 (100.7); tai!, 92-105 (99.4); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.3); tarsus, 27- 29 (28.1); middle toe, 16.5-18 (17.1).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 200-216 (204.5); wing, 93-103 (98.7); tail, 92-102 (95.4); exposed culmen, 14-16 (14.8); tarsus, 27-29 (27.7); middle toe, 16-17 (16.6).? Arid districts of western United States and British Provinces, from eastern border of the Great Plains to western margin of the Great Basin (eastern Washington to southeastern California); north to Assiniboia (Long Lake), Saskatchewan (St. Louis), Manitoba (Car- berry, etc.); breeding southward to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southeastern California, and over northern Mexico at least as far as State of Durango (Papasquiero; Ciudad Durango)—probably to Sinaloa (vicinity of Mazatlan and Guanajuato; in winter,’ southward over whole of Mexico, as far as Isthmus of Tehuantepec.@ @The gray is darker in worn midsummer plumage. > Ten specimens. ¢Some of the specimens from Guanajuato are in worn plumage, as if taken during the breeding season, but unfortunately no date is recorded on the labels. @ Winter specimens have been examined from the following localities in Mexico: Oaxaca (Tehuantepec City; Cuicatlan); Colima (plains of Colima); Vera Cruz (Mira- dor); Mexico (Amecameca; Tlalpam); Territory of Tepic (Tepic); Sinaloa (Mazat- lan); Jalisco (Mascota); San Luis Potosi (Jesus Maria); Tamaulipas (several localities). Breeding birds have been examined from Durango (Papasquiero; Ciudad Durango), and Chihuahua (Casas Grandes). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 247 Lanius eccubitorides Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 115, pl. 34. Lanius excubitoroides Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328.— Woopnovusg, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 77 (Texas). [Lanius] excubitoroides Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1872, 13, part. Collyrio excubitoroides Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 327, part (excl. Mississippi Valley and most Californian localities); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 75, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 238, part; Rep. Ives’ Col. Exp., pt. v, 1861, 5; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 11 (San Elizario and El Paso, Texas; Gila R., Arizona; Fort Yuma, California. )— Kennerty, Rep. Pacific R.-R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 3, 1859, 25 (Little Colo- rado R., etc.).—Covuss, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 73 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—Butcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 34, 295; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, 75.—Srevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. for 1870 (1871), 464 (La Bonte Creek, Wyoming). [Collyrio] excubitoroides Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 391, no. 5940, part. Collurio excubitoroides Bartrp, Review Am. Birds, June, 1866, 445, part (localities in Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Dakota?, and Mexico; Lower California?).—(?) Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548, part (plateau region and temperate region Vera Cruz).—Coorer, Orn. Cal., 1870, 138, part.—ArKen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 198 (Colorado).— Merriam, Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 677, 714 (Salt Lake, Utah; Fort Hall, Idaho).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 19, fig. 3. [Collurio ludovicianus.] Var. excubitoroides Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 125, part. Collurio ludovicianus . . var. excubitoroides Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 135a, part.—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov. 1873, 181 (Colorado) .—HznsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 43 (Utah), 60 (Denver, Colorado), 78 (Fort Garland, Colorado), 107 (Bowie, Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 233 (localities in Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Arizona; habits). Collurio ludovicianus, var. excubitoroides Barrp, BREweErR, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 421, part.—Nertson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 340 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming), 346 (Salt Lake City, Utah), 353 (near Elks, Nevada).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 272 (Mazatlan, -Oct. to Apr.; Colima); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca; Oct.). Collurio ludovicianus excubitoroides Rrip@way, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 11 (Carson Valley, Nevada; breeding).—Srnnerr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 16 (Brownsville, Texas). Collurio. ludovicianus . f. excubitoroides Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 453, part (localities in Nevada and Utah). Collurio ludovicianus, 6. excubitoroides Ripaway, Field and Forest, May, 1877, 197 (Colorado). Collurio ludovicianus var. excubitoroides . . . b. excubitoroides Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 102, part. 4 [Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides] b. excubitorides Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 562, part. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 561, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 188, part.—Ripa@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 149a, part; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Huexotitla, Puebla, Oct.; crit).—Nznrune, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 11 (s. e. Texas, breed- ing); Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 316, in text, part.—Brewsrrr, Bull. 248 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 145 (Arizona; crit.); Bull., Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 172 (Triunfo, Lower California, Dec. ).—Brupine, Proc. U. 8.Nat. Mus,, v, 1883, 537 (La Paz, Lower California, winter ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- cists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 622a, part. —FERRARI-PErREz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Huexotitla and Puebla, Puebla, Oct. ).—Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 294 (Concho Co., etc., w. Texas; habits).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 31 (Tucson, Santa Catalina Mts., etc., Arizona).—Bxrcxuam, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 683 (Corpus Christi, San Antonio, etc., Texas; habits).— Coogs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 233, part (w. Manitoba, w. Texas, etc.—Tuompson, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 613 (Manitoba, summer; habits).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 520 (resident, but chiefly sum- mer).—Fisner, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 114 (desert region, s. Cali- fornia and Nevada).—Jovuy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 778 (Soledad, San Luis Potosi, Dec.; Nogales, Sonora, breeding; descr. nest).—GRINNELL (J.), Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 43, (Los Angeles Co., California, winter straggler); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 61 (resident e. of, Sierra Nevada, from Shasta Valley and Plumas Co. to Fort Yuma and Indio).— Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 392. Lfanius] ludovicianus excubitorides Rripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 467, part. Lanius ludovicianus excubitoroides Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 89 (San Juan Co., Colorado; habits).—ALLen and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 160 (Colorado Springs, Colorado).—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 325 (w. Manitoba).—ALuen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 40 (n. e. Sonora and n. w. Chihuahua, Sept., Feb. ). : C[ollurio] l[udovicianus] excubitorides Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 338. Lanius ludovicianus (not of Linnzeus) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 312 (New Mexico).—Maximiuian, Journ. fiir Orn. 1858, 191 (Upper Mis- souri R.).—Dresser and SHarpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 595, part (crit.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1883, 218, part.— Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 245, part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Mexico). Collyrio ludovicianus (not of Baird) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106, (New Mexico).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 480 (San Antonio, Texas, sum. resid.). LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS MEXICANUS (Brehm.) MEXICAN SHRIKE, Similar in coloration to LZ. /. dudovicianus, but the deep slate-gray of upper parts giving way abruptly to white or grayish white® on upper tail-coverts; outermost rectrices with much less white, the inner web of outermost with more than middle third black; grayish white edging to inner webs of remiges broader, more distinct; bill decidedly smaller. Young decidedly darker than that of Z. 1. ludovicianus or any other of the conspecific forms, with chest and sides more densely vermiculated on a more decidedly grayish grounel color. Adult male.—Length (skins), 203-216 (206.2); wing, 96-106 (101.1); tail, 96-107 (100.3); exposed culmen, 14-16.5 (14.8); tarsus, 26-28 (27.1); middle toe, 16-17 (16.4).? “In females the color is more gray than in males, but it is always conspicuously and abruptly different from that of the rump. , b> Right specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 249 Adult female.—Length (skins), 200-212 (204.3); wing, 95-101 (98.5); tail, 93-101 (98.5); exposed culmen, 13-14.5 (13.8); tarsus, 26-27 (26.6); middle toe, 16-17 (16.8).¢ Southern Mexico, from southern Tamaulipas (Ciudad Victoria; Miquihuana)¢ and Territory of Tepic (Tepic;* Santiago”) southward through States of Hidalgo (Irolo;* Tula), Vera Cruz (Orizaba, etc.), Puebla (Chalchicomula),? Mexico (Ajusco; Amecameca; Tlalpam), Jalisco (Mascota), etc., to Oaxaca. (?) Lanius carolinensis (not of Wilson) Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., i, 1827, 368 (table-land of Mexico); Isis, 1834, 784.—LicuTenstern, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 2; Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 58 (reprint). (?) Lanius ludovicianus (not of Linneus) Bonaparre, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 112 (Mexico). L{anius] mexicanus Bream, Journ. fiir Orn., ii, Mar., 1854, 145, 148 (Mexico).— Cazanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 74, part (Mexico). (?) Lanius mexicanus Scuater,, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 375 (Oaxaca; Feb., Mar.); 1864, 173 (crit.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 46.—Ducis, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 141 (Guanajuato). Lanius excubitoroides (not L. excubitorides Swainson) SciarErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 173 (City of Mexico). [Lanius] excubitoroides ScLater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13, part. Collurio excubitoroides Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 445, part.—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548, part, at least (plateau and temperate regions, Vera Cruz). (?) Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 398 (foot of Mount Orizaba, Vera Cruz, summer). LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS GAMBELI Ridgway. CALIFORNIA SHRIKE Most like Z. /. migrans in coloration, and sometimes not distin- guishable as to coloration of upper parts; but averaging slightly darker and duller gray above, with the upper tail-coverts usually abruptly white or much paler vray, as in L. l. excubitorides; under @Six specimens. : Specimens from the Territory of Tepic and State of Jalisco have larger bills than those from nore eastern localities, average measurements of the two series being as follows: . Ex- ‘ Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. es culmen. i. MALES. Six adult males from eastern and central Mexico........-. 103 101.5 14.3 27 16.5 Two adult males from Territory of Tepec....-..........--- 96.5 96.5 16.7 27.5 16 FEMALES. Five adult females from eastern and central Mexico ...-.. 98.2 98.4 13.6 26.7 16.4 One adult female from State of Jalisco......-.--.---------- 100 99 14.5 26 16 I am unable to discern any difference in coloration. > Breeding specimens examined from these localities. 250 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. parts, however, usually either browner than in other forms or with more or less distinct transverse bars or vermiculations of pale gray or brownish gray on chest and sides of breast. Adult male.—Length (skins), 202-218 (210.4); wing, 94-99 (98); tail, 93-104 (97.8); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.2); tarsus, 26.5-28 (27.6); middle toe, 16-17 (16.9).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 202-205 (203); wing, 95-97 (96.4); tail, 93-98 (95.6); exposed culmen, 14.5-15 (14.8); tarsus, 27-28.5 (27.6); middle toe, 17-17.5 (17.3).? Coast and interior valleys of northern Lower California, California, Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia; south in winter to Cape San Lucas, and through western Mexico as far as the State of Morelos (Cuernavaca, January 10).°¢ Lanius elegans (not of Swainson) GamBeL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1848, 261 (California) . Lanius excubitorides (not of Swainson) ScuaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 126 (San José, California). Lanius excubitoroides HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859, ‘65 (California).—Ripe@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 391 (Murphys, Calaveras Co., California). Collyrio excubitorides Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 327, part (Presidio, Petaluma, Santa Clara, San José, Tulare Valley, and Fort Tejon, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 238, part.—(?) Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon).—Coorrr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1870, 75. Collurio excubitoroides Bainp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1866, 445, part (San _ Francisco, etc., California).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 138, part. [Collurio ludovicianus] Var. excubitoroides Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 125, part. : Collurioludovicianus . . excubitoroides Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 135a, part —. Collurio ludovicianus, var. excubitoroides BarrpD, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 421, part. Collurio ludovicianus (excubitoroides?) Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1874, 171 (Sacramento, California, breeding). Collurio ludovicianus . . . 8. excubitoroides Ripveway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 453, part (Sacramento, California). Collurio ludovicianus var. excubitorotdes . . . b. excubitoroides Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 102, part. [Lantus ludovicianus excubitorides] b. excubitorides Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 562, part. ; Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Couns, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 561, part; Check List, 2d ed. 1882, no. 188, part.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 149a, part.—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 622a, part.—(?) Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 184 (Ventura Co., California).— (?) Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 46 (Grays Harbor, Washington).— Merriam (Florence A.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 121 (Twin Oaks, San Diego Co., California, breeding). @Ten specimens. » Five specimens. ¢ Specimen in Biological Survey collection, which also contains two from Alamos, Sonora (December 29 and January 27). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 251 ® Collurio ludovicianus, f. excubitorides Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 411 (Stockton, etc., California). L[anius] ludovicianus gambeli Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 467 (California; U.S. Nat. Mus. ). Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 614.—CHapman, Auk, v, 1888, 399.—Brewsrer, Auk, x, 1893, 237 (Chilli- wack, British Columbia; crit.); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 172 (Cape St. Lucas district, winter).—AmeErican OrniTHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 622b.—Anruony, Auk, xii, 1895, 142 (San Fernando, Lower California).—GrinneLt (J.), Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 43 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (Chilli- wack, British Columbia).—Arxinson (W. L.), Condor, iii, 1901, 9 (Santa Clara Co., California; nesting habits). L{anius] lLudovicianus] gambeli Barry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 393. (?) Lantus ludovicianus (not of Linnzeus) ORNITHOLOGICAL Commirres, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 193 (Columbia R.).—Townsrenp (J. K.), Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 152 (Columbia R.). Lanius ludovicianus GAmBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., n.s., i, 1847, 44, part (California); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1847, 200 (California).—Town- sEND (C. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887; 222 (Red Bluff and Mount Lassen, n. California). Collurio ludovicianus Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 66 (centr. Cali- fornia); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 411 (Marysville and Summit Meadows, California). LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS ANTHONYI Mearns. ISLAND SHRIKE, Darkest of all the forms of this species. Similar in coloration to L. 1. ludovicianus, but gray of upper parts still darker (nearly slate color), especially on pileum, and more uniform, the scapulars almost wholly deep gray; white spot at base of primaries much smaller; under parts of body much more strongly tinged with gray, becoming distinctly gray (about no. 6) on sides and flanks; lateral rectrices with much less of white, this extending only about 22 mm. from the tip on inner web of exterior rectrix. Adult female.—Length (skin), 206; wing, 95; tail, 95; exposed culmen, 15; tarsus, 28; middle toe, 17.4 Santa Cruz Island (Santa Barbara group), southern California. [Collurio ludovicianus] ludovicianus (not Lanius ludovicianus Linneus) HensHaw, Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, App. Hs, 237 (Santa Cruz I., California; crit.>). Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (not Lanius excubitorides Swainson) Buaxe, Auk, iv, 1887, 380 (Santa Cruz I.). Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi Mearns, Auk, xv, July, 1898, 261 (Santa Cruz L., Santa Barbara group, California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—American OrRNI- THOLOGISTS’ Unton Commirrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 122 (Check List no. 622c).— OsBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, 233 (Santa Cruz I.; crit.). @QOne specimen, the type. (No. 163074, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Santa Cruz Island, California, June 5, 1897; R. H. Beck.) bIn text, under C. J. var. excubitoroides. 252 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. e L{anius] l[udovicianus] anthonyi Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. &., 1902, 393. Lanius anthonyi Grinnewy (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June 25, 1902, 62. LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS MEARNS], new subspecies.¢ SAN CLEMENTE SHRIKE. Similar to Z. 2. anthonyz, but upper tail-coverts abruptly white, more white on scapulars, white spot at base of primaries larger, and under parts of body much less strongly tinged with gray. In white upper tail-coverts, greater extent of white on posterior scapulars and at base of primaries, similar to Z. /. gambelz, but the gray of upper parts very much darker (quite as dark as in Z. 2. anthony#), and with much less of white at base of primaries and on lateral rectrices. Adult female.—Length (skins), 200-208 (204); wing, 93-96 (94.3); tail, 88-100 (94.7); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.7); tarsus, 26-27 (26.7); middle toe, 16-17 (16.3).? San Clemente Island, Santa Barbara group, southern California; Santa Margarita Island, Lower California (Pacific side). (?) Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (not Lanius excubitorides Swainson?) Bryant -(W. E.), Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci., ii, 1887, 306 (Guadalupe I., Lower Califor- nia, 2 specs., Dec. ). : Lanius ludovicianus gambeli (not of Ridgway) GrinneLi, Rep. Birds Santa Bar- bara Islands, etc., 1897, 19 (San Clemente I.; habits; descr. nest and eggs); (?) Auk, xv, 1898, 235 (Santa Catalina I.). Family CORVIDA. THE CROWS AND JAYS. Rather large to very large® ‘‘conirostral” or ‘‘cultrirostral” ten- primaried acutiplantar Oscines without subterminal notch to maxil- lary tomium; the planta tarsi separated, more or less distinctly, from the acrotarsium by a narrow interval which is either smooth or occu- pied by small roundish or ovate scales, the outer plantar lamina, with the lower portion (sometimes one-third or more), divided into trans- verse scutella; nostrils covered, more or less, by a tuft of antrorse plumules, or, if exposed, circular and without distinct overhanging membrane, or else” longitudinal, with prominent superior operculum; outermost (tenth) primary shorter than secondaries, not more (usually less) than half as long as longest primary. Bill variable in shape, but always more or less elongate, compressed conical, with culmen more or less strongly curved terminally,’ never «Type, no. 134781, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult female, San Clemente Island, Santa Barbara group, southern California, Aug. 27,1894; Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, U.S. A. >Three specimens; two from San Clemente Island, one from Santa Margarita Islands, Lower California. The latter and one of the former not quite adult, retain- ing traces of the juvenile plumage. ¢ The ravens are the largest of Passerine birds. @In the genus Cyanocephalus. ¢Except in Cyanocephalus, which also has the terminal portion of the culmen flattened. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 253 distinctly (usually not at all) notched, and never distinctly angulated (deflexed) basally. Nostril usually roundish and nonoperculate,¢ usually completely hidden by an antrorse latero-frontal tuft.? Rictal bristles distinct. Wing variable as to relative length; long and pointed in subfamily Corvine, short and rounded (often much shorter than tail) in subfamily Garruline; outermost primary (tenth) short, usually about half as long as ninth, or a little more; eighth to fifth primaries longest. Tail very variable as to form and: relative length, but never emarginate nor forked; usually more or less rounded, often graduated (sometimes eneeieey so). Tarsus longer than radials toe with claw, variable as to relative thickness; acrotarsium distinctly scutellate;° lateral toes much shorter than middle toe (the inner usually Jonger than the outer); middle toe with its basal phalanx united for about half its length to both lateral toes; hallux, with claw, shorter than middle toe, with claw, not longer than lateral toes (often shorter). The preceding diagnosis is not entirely satisfactory and can only be regarded as a provisional one, since authorities are by no means unanimous as to the limits of the Corvide. This uncertainty as to the proper limits of the family has necessitated the framing of a diagnosis specially applicable to the American forms. Several of the Old World types which have been referred to the Corvide are more or less aber- 1ant, and some of them certainly do not belong here. Among the latter may be specially mentioned the Australian genus Strepera, which, with the genus Cracticus, has by some authors been referred to the Laniide, though a more consistent view of their relationship would entitle them to the rank of a family, Streperide.?¢ Besides the Streperide and Laniide, the nearest relations of the Corvide seem to be the Paradiseide, which, according to Dr. Sharpe,‘ differ chiefly in the abnormal character of the feet, which have the outer toe but little shorter than the middle one, and the hallux, includ- ing its claw, equal to or longer than the middle toe, with its claw. Some of the smaller Corvide of the subfamily Garruline present a remarkably close general resemblance to the Paride, notwithstanding the great difference in size. Nevertheless, the resemblance seems to be a purely superficial one, since the internal structure does not bear @ Longitudinal and operculate only in genus Cyanocephalus. b Wholly exposed, the tufts being absent, in genera Cyanocephalus, Calocitta, and Psilorhinus among American genera. ¢Booted in the Palearctic genus Fregilus, which, together with Pyrrhocoraz, is otherwise aberrant, the two constituting the subfamily Fregiline of some authors. d8ee Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1875, 337, and Newton, Dictionary of Birds, pt. i, 1893, 116. According to Parker the true Corvide are egithognathous, while Gymnorhina is compoundly egithognathous or desmognathous by ‘‘ankylosis of the inner-edge of the maxillaries with a highly ossified alinasal wall and nasal septum.” ¢Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 4. 254 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. out the close relationship suggested by the external appearance. Even the external characters, when closely examined, show many points of difference. Thus, the divisions of the tarsal envelope are essentially different, the Paride lacking the longitudinal space between theanterior and outer postero-lateral plates; the basal phalanx of the middle toe is united in the Paride, almost if not quite to the whole length of the basal phalanx of the outer toe, but only for about half this length in the Corvide; the feathers of the antrorse nasal tufts are different in the two groups, being bristly throughout in the Corvide, ‘‘ with lateral branches reaching to the very tip,” while in the Paride they are ‘broader, with the shaft projecting considerably beyond the basal portion, or the lateral branches are confined to the basal portion and extended forward” (Baird). The family Corvide is so nearly cosmopolitan that only New Zealand and portions of Polynesia are without representatives. The group is most developed, however, in the northern hemisphere. America possesses nearly half the genera and species of undoubted ¢ Corvidee enumerated by Dr. Sharpe in his catalogue of the Corvide ix the British Museum. A somewhat singular fact in connection with the distribution of this family on the Western Hemisphere consists in the circumstance that while members of the subfamily Garruline extend from the northern limit of forests almost to the southern extremity of the temperate districts of South America, no part of the continental portions of tropical America being without its representatives, the subfamily Corvine reaches its southern limit in the Greater Antilles and on the highlands of Honduras, no peculiar species occurring south of Central Mexico or Jamaica, the Greater Antilles lacking any representation of the Garruline and the Lesser Antilles being without a single member of either group. KEY TO THE GENERA OF CORVIDA. a. Tail much shorter than wing, the latter long and pointed, with primaries exceed- ing longest secondaries by more than length of tarsus, the sixth, seventh, and eighth longest. (Subfamily Corvine.) 0 @The genera Strepera, Struthidea, Picathartes, Glaucopis, Heteralocha, Creadion, Puleulia, Graculus, Pyrrhocorax, Corcorax, and Podoces are excluded from the above enumeration as being more or less doubtfully members of the family. >Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 4) gives the subfamily Corvinee wider limits. He includes with the Corvine, as here defined, the Garru line, separating only the Fregilinee. The latter are restricted in their range to the Palzearctic Region and Australia, and comprises the genera Graculus Brisson (= Fregi- lus Cuvier), Pyrrhocorax Vieillot, Corcorax Lesson, and Podoces Fischer. As already stated on page 253, the limits of the family are as yet by no means satisfactorily defined and it may here be stated that the subfamily divisions are equally unsettled. So far-as the American forms are concerned, however, the groups Corvine and Gar- ruling are sufficiently distinct, the only question being as to whether they should rank as subfamilies or groups of inferior grade, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 255 b. Nostrils roundish, non-opereulate, more or less covered by antrorse latero- frontal tufts; bill more or less compressed, with base of culmen narrow and extended but little behind the frontal antise; color of plumage not. blue; wing more than 175 mm. c. Larger (wing not less than 230 mm. uence much more); bill compressed (much higher than broad), the calnee strongly curved; nasal tufts more than one-third as long as maxilla; plumage (in American species) wholly Dlacxae oie os oe Bas oe clea cis gee be nine nae St Seana Corvus (p. 256) ec. Smaller (wing much less than 230 mm.); bill nearly cylindrical (slightly higher than broad), the culmen nearly straight (slightly curved termi- nally); nasal tufts less than one third as long as maxilla; plumage mainly gray, or brown with white spots or streaks, the wings and tail black and White 22 ses cee' Veen, dice coecee cle oeeeaecbeke cases Nucifraga (p. 280) bb. Nostrils longitudinal, distinctly operculate, wholly exposed (no antrorse latero- - frontal tufts); bill depressed, with basal portion of culmen broad and flat- tened, extending considerably behind the frontal antie;@ color of plumage blue; wing less than 175 mm.....-..-..------------ Cyanocephalus (p. 283) ua. Tail nearly if not quite as long as wing, often longer, sometimes much longer, the latter comparatively short and rounded, with primaries exceeding longest secondaries by much less than length of tarsus, the fifth, sixth, and seventh longest. (Subfamily Garruline.) 6. Tail much longer than wing, graduated for half its length, or more. c. Nostrils covered by antrorse nasal tufts; orbits partly naked; no crest; tenth primary falcate; wings and tail metallic bluish and greenish, the latter without white tips; scapulars white..........-...----------- Pica (p. 286) cc. Nostrils wholly exposed; orbits entirely feathered; a conspicuous recurved crest; tenth primary normal; wings and tail plain blue or grayish blue, the latter with broad white tips; scapulars bluish, like back -.Calocitta (p. 292) bb. Tail not much, if any, longer than wing, not graduated for more than about one-third its length (usually much less, sometime nearly even). c. Nostrils completely exposed, with considerable of a naked space behind HEM .o cccccarenise Secatdcoemnedeess.s anasaamaomceeue Psilorhinus (p. 298) cc. Nostrils more or less hidden by antrorse nasal tufts. d. Under parts of body either white, yellow, green, or purplish, abruptly defined against black or dark brown of chest and throat. e. Larger (wing not less than 139.5 mm.); under parts of body white or pale yellow (purplish in some South American species); back, etc., blue OF purplish... sseclsscess sesiceecscee eee scks ee eees Cyanocorax (p. 303) ee. Smaller (wing less than 139 mm.); under parts deep yellow or green; back, etc., green (sometimes tinged or washed with blue). Xanthoura (p. 305) dd. Under parts of body neither white, yellow, green, nor purplish. , e. Under parts uniform black or with at least the anterior half abruptly black; head and neck entirely black ....-..--.---.- Cissilopha (p. 312) ee. Under parts not uniform black; if black anteriorly, the black merging gradually into blue of posterior portions and the head conspicuously crested. f. Plumage partly blue; longest primaries exceeding secondaries by less than length of commissure. g. Without any distinct crest. h. Sides of head, including nasal plumes, black, conspicuously and abruptly contrasted with the color (blue or lavender) of crown or throat; ox both 2<.cc+25 + osenseseescebes eee Cyanolyca (p. 318) “The form of the bill in this genus is very similar to that of Stwrnus and Sturnella, of the families Sturnide and Icteride, respectively. 256 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. hh. Sides of head and nasal plumes not black, nor conspicuously (if any) different from color of crown or throat. ; Aphelocoma (p. 323) gg. Conspicuously crested (crest pointed) -...------ Cyanocitta (p. 345) f. Plumage without any blue (mostly grayish or brownish); longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than length of commissure. Perisoreus (p. 364) Genus CORVUS Linngzeus. Corvus Lixnuus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 105. (Type, by elimination, C. corax Linneus. ) Lycus (not of Fabricius, 1787) Born, Isis, 1822, 55. (Type, Corvus monedula Linneeus. ) Monedula (not of Linnzeus, 1762, nor Coquebert, 1798) Breuw, Isis, 1828, 1273. (Type, Corvus monedula Linnzeus. ) Corone Kaur, Naturl. Syst., 1829, 99. (Type, Corvus corone Linnzeus. ) Coloeus Kaur, Naturl. Syst., 1829, 114 (Type, Corvus monedula Linnezeus.) Coleus SHarpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 25. (?) Gazzola Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 75; Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1854, 828. (Type, G. typica Bonaparte.) Amblycoraz Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 829. (Type, Corvus violaceus BonaPaRTE.) . Pterocorax Kaur, Journ. fiir Orn., ii, no. 12, Suppl. Nov., 1854, p. lv. (Type, Corvus scapulatus Daudin. ) Coraz Kaur, Journ. fiir Orn., ii, no. 12, Suppl. Nov., 1854, p.lv. (Type, Corvus corax Linnzeus?) Anomalocorax Frrzincer, Sitz. Ak. Wien, xliv, Abth. 1, 1863, 209. (Type, Corvus splendens Vieillot. ) Trypanocoras SUNDEVALL, Meth. Av. Tent., 1872, 43 (ex Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., i, 1854, 1383=nomen nudum). (Type, Corvus frugilegus Linneus. ) (?) Heterocoraz Suarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 11. (Type, Corvus capensis Lichtenstein.) a (?) Rhinocorax SHarpx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 45. (Type, Corvus ajffinis Ruippell.¢) Microcoraz Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 48. (Type, Corvus jamaicensis Gmelin. ) (?) Macrocorax SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877,51. (Type, Corvus fuscica- pillus Gray.©) Large Corvine, with the wing more (usually much more) than 230 mm. long; nasal plumes covering at least the basal third of the maxilla; wings long and pointed, reaching nearly or quite to tip of tail, the eighth or seventh primary longest, the four outermost with inner web sinuated; tail rounded or slightly graduated. Coloration (of American species).—Entirely dark colored, without any white except, sometimes, on concealed basal portion of feathers of the neck, etc.; all the species except one (C. jamazcens?s) uniform black, more or less glossy, or glossy steel-blue and violet (C. mexicanus). Nidification.—Nest of twigs, strips of bark, etc., lined with finer materials, open above, placed in trees (more rarely on cliffs or build- @The type species of these supposed genera I have not been able to examine. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 257 ings). Eggs 3-8, light bluish or greenish (more rarely whitish) more or less thickly speckled with brown or olive. Range.—Nearly cosmopolitan (absent only in Lesser Antilles, Cen- tral and South Ameryica, Madagascar, New Zealand, and part of Polynesia). Three of the five West Indian species (C. jamarcensis, “. nasicus, and C. leucoynaphalus) seem very distinct in their exposed nostrils, semierect nasal plumes, large naked postocular space, and more com- pressed bill, but the other two (C. solitarius and C. minutus) are intermediate in these characters between the above-mentioned forms and the continental type, or exhibit a combination of their char- acters. Consequently, 1 am obliged to consider the generic name Microcoraz, Sharpe, a synonym of Corvus. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CORVUS. a, Feathers of throat elongated, lanceolate, distinctly outlined. (Ravens. ) ° o. Feathers of neck, upper back, and breast gray basally. (Corvus coraz. ) c. Eighth (third from outside) primary usually longer than sixth, sometimes longer than seventh. d. Larger, with stouter bill and relatively shorter and thicker tarsi (adult male with exposed culmen averaging 81.5, depth of bill at nostrils 29, tarsus 68). (Northern North America, from Arctic lands to New Bruns- wick, higher Alleghenies, British Columbia, etc. ) Corvus corax principalis (p. 259) dd. Smaller, with more slender bill and relatively longer and thinner tarsi (adult male with exposed culmen averaging 74.4, or less, depth of bill at nostril 25.6, or less, tarsus more than 68). e. Larger, with relatively larger bill (adult male averaging wing 430.8, tail 236.7, exposed culmen 74.4, depth of bill at nostrils 25.6, tarsus 69.8). (Western United States and southward through Mexico to highlands of northern Honduras.).........-------- Corvus corax sinuatus (p. 262) ee. Smaller, with relatively smaller bill (adult male averaging wing 402.6, tail 221, exposed culmen 68.2, depth of bill at nostrils 24.2, tarsus 68.4). (Revillagigedo Islands, western Mexico, north to San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands, California. )...Corvus corax clarionensis (p. 264) ce. Eighth primary (third from outside) usually shorter than sixth, never (?) longer than seventh. (Commander Islands, Kamchatka. ) Corvus corax behringianus (extralimital) ¢ bb. Feathers of neck, upper back, and breast pure white basally. (Southwestern United States and Mexican plateau.).......---.. Corvus cryptoleucus (p. 265) aa. Feathers of throat normal (short and blended). (Grows. ) b. Nostrils completely hidden by antrorse nasal plumes, the latter directed forward in line with longitudinal axis of maxilla. “Corvus corax behringianus Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 263 (Bering Island, Commander group, Kamchatka).—Corvus grebnitzkii Stejneger, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, 1885 (pnb. Apr. 10, 1884), 97 (Bering I.; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). The characters of this form are given in view of the possibility that it may occur as a straggler in some of the westernmost Aleutian Islands. 10384—voL 3—03——17 258 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. c. Bill less compressed, higher terminally, where more abruptly decurved. d. Larger (wing 264.5 or more); plumage moderately lustrous, essentially black. e. Larger (wing averaging more than 279.5, exposed culmen averaging 47 or more, tarsus averaging 51 or more); under parts faintly glossed with violet. (Corvus americanus. ) jf. Larger (exposed culmen of adult male averaging more than 51, tarsus averaging more than 60.5). g. Larger, with relatively smaller bill and feet; wing of adult male aver- aging 321, tail 181, exposed culmen 51.5, tarsus 61.5. (Eadtern North America, except Florida and extreme northern districts.) Corvus americanus americanus (p. 267) gg. Smaller, with relatively larger bill and feet; wing of adult male averaging 304, tail 174, exposed culmen 51.8, tarsus 62.5. (Penin- sula of Florida.)..---.---.----- Corvus americanus pascuus (p. 269) Jf. Smaller (exposed culmen of adult male averaging less than 48, tarsus averaging Jess than 58). g. Larger, with relatively larger feet; wing of adult male averaging 302.5, tail 170.5, exposed culmen 48, tarsus 57.5, middle toe 36. (Western United States.) ....--.--.----- Corvus americanus hesperis (p. 270) gg. Smaller, with relatively smaller feet; wing of adult male averaging 283.5, tail 137.5, exposed culmen 46.5, tarsus 51, middle toe 33. (Northwest coast, from Puget Sound to Kadiak Island and Alaska PONINSUA, ) ai. areistorseien tease Corvus americanus caurinus (p. 272) ee. Smaller (wing averaging less than 279.5, exposed culmen averaging less than 45.5, tarsus averaging less than 48); under parts rather distinctly glossed with green or greenish blue. (Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, from Massachusetts to Texas. ) Corvus ossifragus (p. 273) dd. Smaller (wing less than 260); plumage highly lustrous, dark steel blue, with violet on pileum, wings, etc. (Mexico.) Corvus mexicanus (p. 275) cc. Bill more compressed, less deep terminally, where culmen less strongly decurved. d. Larger (wing 261, tail 149, exposed culmen 51, tarsus 51.5); bill narrower, less high at base; nasal plumes reaching far in advance of nostrils. (CaM ies acem tie Oe Seheeeptanacicnt lataae et dels Corvus palmarum (p. 276) dd. Smaller (wing 233, tail 134.5, exposed culmen 43.5, tarsus 48.5); bill more conical, higher at base; nasal plumes reaching but little in advance of mostril, (Cuba. jeccmeweu se cicc secinclccavdeee ciee Corvus minutus (p. 276) bb. Nostrils exposed, the nasal plumes directed obliquely upward. ce. Smaller (wing less than 254); back and under parts sooty slate. (Jamaica. ) Corvus jamaicensis (p. 277) ce. Larger (wing 279.5 or more); back and under parts glossy black. d. Feathers of neck and body gray basally. (Cuba.)..Corvus nasicus (p. 278) dd. Feathers of neck and body pure white basally. (Corvus leucognaphalus. ) e. Larger, with smaller feet (wing averaging more than 305, tarsus averag- ing 53, middle toe averaging 40); plumage less glossy. (Porto Rico.) Corvus leucognaphalus leucognaphalus (p. 278) ee. Smaller, with larger feet (wing averaging less than 305, tarsus averaging 57, middle toe averaging 44); plumage more glossy. (Haiti.) Corvus leucognaphalus erythrophthalmus (p. 279) BIRDS OF NORTH gAND MIDDLE AMERICA. 259 CORVUS CORAX PRINCIPALIS Ridgway. NORTHERN RAVEN, Adults (sexes alike).—Entire plumage deep glossy black; the wing- coverts, secondaries, innermost primaries and tail glossed with violet (the gloss on wings more purplish, sometimes inclining to bronze on secondaries); primary-coverts and longer and outermost primaries glossed with bluish or greenish; under parts glossed with blue or greenish blue, becoming more violaceous on lanceolate feathers of throat; shafts of primaries becoming whitish basally; feathers of neck, etc., light gray basally; bill, legs, and feet black; iris deep brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 622-675.5 (648.5); wing, 419.5464 (438); tail, 235-259.5 (247); exposed culmen, 76.5-92 (81.5); depth of bill at nostril, 26.5-31.5 (28.5); tarsus, 62-71 (68); middle toe, 43-54 (47.5); graduation of tail, 48-73.5 (54.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 572-667 (624); wing, 413-440.5 (426); tail, 229-246.5 (242); exposed culmen, 68-81.5 (76.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 24-28 (26.5); tarsus, 63-73 (61.5); middle toe, 43-51 (46.5); graduation of tail, 44.5-58.5 (50).? Arctic and Boreal Provinces of North America; south to eastern British Provinces, portions of New England, and Atlantic coast of @Sixteen specimens. > Fourteen specimens. Eastern and western specimens compare in average measurements as follows: _ | Depth : Locality. Wing. | Tail. ned Be at Tarsus. ae Wied oF culmen. trils. ‘ tail. MALES. Ten adult males from Greenland, Un- gava, ete ...-...2..2..00-005 Reieipecnckes 432.5 | 244.5] 81 28.5 67.5 | 46.5 87 7 Six adult males from Alaska............ 446.5 | 250 81.5 29 69 48.5 53.5 Three adult males from British Colum- - Did wesmisne si eccctennpesasenstipsedeeei 437 252 79.5 28 69 50.5 68.5 One adult male from mountains of Pennsylvania ....-....---------------- 432 241.5 79 28 73.5 47.5 58 FEMALES. Six adult females from Greenland, Un- PAV A) OC soos cntennccctdishersemesmesetind 425 246.5 76.5 26.5 66 46 47.5 Eight adult females from Alaska ....... 426 240 75.5 26.7 66.5 45.5 51.5 Two adult females from British Colum- S PDUs, ctwictevoisinicnssiced dipeinine seals anledintseneiad 423 241.5 73.5 26 65 47 71.5 Two adult females from Michigan and mountains of Pennsylvania -.......--. 409.5 | 241.5 74 25 62.5 41 43 The specimens from British Columbia, Michigan, and Pennsylvania are not typical, but incline more or less toward C. c. sinuatus. Their measurements are not included in the extremes and averages given in the diagnosis, which are restricted to measure- ments of specimens from Greenland, Ungava, Alaska, and other extreme northern localities, 260 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. United States, higher Alleghenies,¢ region of the Great Lakes. western’ and northern Washington, etc. Corvus coraz (not of Linneus) Witson, Am. Orn., ix, 1825, 136, pl. 75, fig. 3.— Dovenry, Cab. Nat. Hist., i, 1830, 270, pl. 24.—Swarnson and RicHarp- son, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 290.—Nvurrait, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 202.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 476, pl. 101; Synopsis, 1839, 150; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1848, 78, pl. 224.--Witis, Ann. Rep. Smithson Inst. for 1858 (1859), 283 (Nova Scotia; resid. ).—RernHarpt, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Green- land).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 313 (Kayne I., Bering Straits).—ScHLecEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 11, part (Greenland; Labrador).—Hanrtine, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 112 (Beechey I., Barrow Straits).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 40 (Alaska); 1874, 104 (s. w. Greenland); Zweite Deutsche Nordpolfahrt, ii, 1874, 185 (e. Greenland; crit. ).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 226, part; 2d ed. 1882, no. 338, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 204, part; in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 178 (Pribi- lof I.; introduced from Unalaska).—NewrTon, Man. N. H. Greenland, 1875, 99.—Saarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 14, part (VancouverI.; FortSimp- son; 49th Parallel ?).—Fx1ip1ne, Ibis, 1877, 405 (Smiths Sound, lat. 81° 44”).— Apams, Ibis, 1878, 426 (St. Michael, Alaska).—Kumuten, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 78 (Cumberland Sound, etc.; habits).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 223 (Long Beach, New Jersey).—Merritu (H.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 249 (coast Maine, resid.).—BarcHELpER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 149 (Grand Falls, New Brunswick; Houlton, Maine).— Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 236 (bet. Godbout and Point de Monts, prov. Quebec, breeding).—Ex.iorr, Mon. Seal Islds., 1882, 128. C[orvus] coraz Bonapartr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1824, 359; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 387, part.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 416, part. [Corvus] coraz (var.?) Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 162, part. Corvus corax var. littoralis (not Corvus litioralis Brehm, 1831) Ho.portt, in Kroyer’s Tidskrift, iv, 1843, 390 (Greenland; Labrador). Corvus lugubris AGassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1846, 188 (= nomen nudum). Corvus carnivorus ‘‘Bartram’’> Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 560, part (coast New Jersey); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 423, part.—CoopErR and Suckey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 210, part ( Vancou- : ver I.; Washington ?).—Covzs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 225 (Henley Harbor, etc., Labrador; habits).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolwich, iv, 1864, 12 (British Columbia).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 289 (Long Island; coast New Jersey).—Datu and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 285 (Nulato, Alaska; habits, etc.).—Dax, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v, 1873, 27 (Unalaska; Shumagin), v, 1874, 274 (throughout Aleutians). @The southern limits of this form are not satisfactorily known, material being tack- ing for determination of the question. The few eastern specimens which have been examined seemed to be decidedly nearer typical C. ¢. principalis than C. c. sinuatus. Ihave not been able to examine a specimen of the raven which breeds along the coast of New Jersey, Virginia, etc., nor an example from the mountains of North Carolina or Tennessee. References to these more southeastern localities are therefore placed in the synonymy of C. ¢. principalis provisionally only. The same uncer- tainty pertains to the status of the ravens which breed in southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and other portions of the Mississippi Valley. References to them are, ten- tatively, placed under C. ¢. sinuatus. > Corvus carnivorus, the raven, Bartram, Travels in Florida, 1791, 290 (Pennsylvania). Bartram was not a consistent binomialist, and the birds he named were rarely described so as to admit of positive identification. It is generally conceded, there- fore, that his names can not properly have a place in systematic nomenclature, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 961 Corvus carnivorous MayNarD, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 153 (Magdalen Islands, etc. ). Corvus corax var. carnivorus BairD, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 233, part.—(?) Nexson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 25 (n. e. Illinois; rare winter visit. ). Corvus corax carnivorus Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 280, part.—NELson, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,”’ 1881 (1883), 73 (Aleutian Islands, etc. ).—Merrrram, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 231 (Lewis Co., New York, resident).—(?) Fox, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1882, 192 (Lookout Mt., Tennessee).—CHAMBER- LAIN, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., i, 1882, 42 (New Brunswick) .—Bzan, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 158 (Sitka; Yakutat Bay; Eschscholtz Bay; Plover Bay, Siberia?).—-Brewstrr, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 378 (Gulf St. Lawrence; habits).—Finsca, Journ. fiir Orn. , 1883, 270 (Chilcat R., Alaska ).— McLernezcan, Cruise ‘‘Corwin.’’ 1884, 116 (Kowak R., Alaska).—TurNer, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 241 (Fort Chimo, Ungava); Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Nearer Islands, Alaska). [Corvus corax] y. carnivorus DuBois, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1873, 5, part. (?) Corvus corax sinuatus (not Corrus sinuatus Wagler) Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 106 (mountains w. North Carolina, above 3,000 ft.).—Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 319 (Roane Co., e. Tennessee).—Seron, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (w. Manitoba).— Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 167 (habits, etc. ).—AMERICAN ORNI- THOLOGIsTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 486, part.—Netson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 165 (habits, etc.).—Townsenp, Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (Kowak R.,n. w. Alaska); Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1885 (1887), 92 (Kotzebue Sound; Kowak R.).—(?) Strong, Auk, viii, 1891, 245 (Delaware Co., Pennsylvania, Dec.).— (?) McI:wrairx, Birds Ontario, 1892, 276.—(?) Harcn, Birds Minnesota, 1892, 266 (about Lake Superior and along Red R.).—Nurtine, Bull. Labr. N. H. Univ. Iowa, ii, no. 3, 1893, 273 (lower Saskatchewan ).—ATKINSON, Biol. Rev. Ont., i, 1894, 99 (Port Arthur, n. shore Lake Superior, breeding).— (?) Ruoaps, Auk, xvi, 1899, 311 (Clinton Co., w. Pennsylvania). (?) Corvus corax sinuatus? Raoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 46, 63 (int. British Columbia). Clorvus] corax principalis Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 361 (St. Michael, Alaska; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Corvus corax principalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed. 1896, 613.—BisHor, Auk, vi, 1889, 147 (Magdalen Islands, breeding).—CHAmBER- LAIn and Hagerup, Auk, vi, 1889, 293 (s. Greenland; habits).—AMmERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union Commirrex, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 11 (no. 486a) ; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 486a.—Wanrren, Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 201 (mountain districts).—Fawnnin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 32.—THomp- son, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 567 (localities in Manitoba; habits).— MacrarianE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 439 (Anderson R., etc.).— Stone, Auk, xi, 1894, 137 (s. New Jersey, breeding); 1895, 505 (McCormick Bay, w. Greenland).—Brnpirz, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 400, pl. iv, figs. 1, 2 (eggs).—Wooprurr, Auk, xiii, 1896, 83 (Mendosia, n. e. Illinois, 1 spec., Oct.).—Kwnicut, Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 84 (common resid. on coast, more rare in int.).—Jos, Auk, xv, 1898, 55 (islands Penobscot Bay, breeding).—Grinnetu (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 128 (Sitka).—Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 185 (spruce reg. mts. West Virginia).—Porter, Auk, xvii, 1900, 72 (Newfoundland).—Biertow, Auk, xix, 1902, 29 (Newfoundland, locally common).—Batuey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 280, pl. Corvus corax nobilis (not Corvus nobilis Gould) Patmrr (W.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 262 (Canada Bay, Newfoundland; Black Bay; Straits of Canso). 262 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CORVUS CORAX SINUATUS (Wagler). MEXICAN RAVEN. Similar to Cc. principalis, but averaging smaller, with relatively smaller and narrower bill and longer and more slender tarsus. Adult male.—Length (skins), 618.1-694.3 (654.2); wing, 396.2-459.7 (480.8); tail, 218.4-254 (236.7); exposed culmen, 66-80 (74.4); depth of bill at nostrils, 23.4-27.9 (25.6); tarsus, 64.8-73.7 (69.8); middle toe, 39.4-58.4 (47.2); graduation of tail, 39.4-63.5 (48.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 592.7-656.2 (631.6); wing, 386.1- 431.8 (408.9); tail, 208.8-251.5 (228.8); exposed culmen, 64.8~-76.2 (69.8); depth of bill at nostrils, 22.9-27.4 (24.4); tarsus, 63.5-73.1 (66.8); middle toe, 40.147 (41.7); graduation of tail, 34.3-61 (48.5).? Western United States in general and southward over plateau and mountains of Mexico and Guatemala to pine region of northern Hon- duras (between Opotelma and Seguatepeque). Range essentially coin- cident with limits of arid division of the Upper and Lower Sonoran or Austral life zones, but invading, locally, portions of the Boreal ‘‘islands,” and probably also, sporadically, the western and central portions of the humid division of the Sonoran or Austral life zones (to Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, etc.°). 4 Twenty-five specimens. bTwenty specimens. Specimens from Guatemala and southern Mexico are larger than those from northern Mexico and the southwestern United States, as shown by the following measurements: Depth Ex- * . Gradua- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed bf oe Tarsus. sr tion of culmen. tril: Oe: tail. Ss. MALES. One adult male from Guatemala........ 435 241.5 71 24 72.5 45.5 60.5 Eightadult males from southern Mexico.| 434.5 | 238.5 76.5 26.5 70.5 49 51 Sixteen adult males from western United States and Sonora ...-... Sueskwer 429 235. 5 73.5 25.5 69 46 49 FEMALES, One adult female from Guatemala....-. 419 239 73.5 26.5 71.5 47 51 Four adult females from southern MO@XICO sccncuececnatenicaten saaveescece 423 241.5 73 25.5 69 46 48.5 Fifteen adult females from western : United States and Sonora .....-....-.. | 405.5 | 227 69 24 66 42.5 48.5 Two adult females from Lower Cali- fornia .....2......020ee20e+ Punsraatageaa 405.5 | 220 7 24 64.5 | 48 49.5 ¢As stated on p. 260, the status of the ravens breeding east of the Great Plains and south of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence (except those of the Boreal islands of the Appalachian Mountain district, which are almost certainly C. c. principalis) has not been satisfactorily determined, owing to the difficulty of acquiring material for study. The assignment of central Mississippi Valley records to C. c. sinuatus and Atlantic coast records to C. ¢. principalis is therefor purely provisional or tentative. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 263 Corvus] sinuatus WaauEr, Isis, 1829, 748 (Mexico; ex Lichtenstein, manu- script). Corvus corax sinuatus Rrpaway, Proc., U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 355.— American OrnirHotocists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 486,—FrRrani- Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Puebla, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Cooprr, Auk, iv, 1887, 92 (Ventura Co., California).—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 158, part (w. Kansas; Texas).—Mrarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 256 (mountains of Arizona, breeding down to 3,000 ft.)—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 94 (San Francisco Mt., ete.) —Sronk, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 214 (Mount Orizaba to summit).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 381.—Benpirg, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, pt. 2, 1895, 396, pl. 4, fig. 3 (egg).—(?) GrinnELL, Pasadena Acad. Sci., pub. no. 1, 1897, 6, 10, 16 (Santa Barbara and San Nicolas islands, @ California).—(?) Burier, Birds of Indiana, 1897, 879 (Dubois and Martin counties, breeding).—Linrow, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, 68 (Los Angeles Co., California; descr. nests).— Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 279. Corvus corax sinatus (typographical error) Rrpaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 331. Corvus] corax sinuatus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 361. Corvus corax sinuatus ? Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 358 (Mount Orizaba). Corvus cacalotl Wacurr, Isis, 1831, 527 (Mexico; based on ‘‘Cacalotl Hernandez, Thes. p. 48, cap. 174’’).—Bonaparrs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 115 (Mexico).—Maximitian, Reise Nord-Am., ii, 1841, 289 (upper Missouri) ; Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 195 (do.)—GamBeL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 47 (California).—Newserry, Rep. Pacific R. R., Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 82 (California, etc.).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 563; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 20; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 424.— Kennerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 31, pl. 20, head (New Mexico; Arizona).—Scnuarer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 21 (Chimaltenango and Duefias, Guatemala, alt. 6,000 ft.); 1860, 34 (plains of Duefias, Guate- mala).—Tay.or, Ibis, 1860, 112 (mountains of Honduras, bet. Opotelma and Seguatepeque, alt. 5,000 ft. ). Corvus cacalotl ? Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869 553 (alpine reg. and Cerro Colorado, near Tehuacan, Vera Cruz. ) C[orvus] cacalotl Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 387 (North America). Corvus catotoll BonaParte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 28. Corvus major PauL von WtRTEmBuRG, Erste Reise in Nordl. Amerika, 1835, 294, ' footnote (Nebraska; nomen nudum). Corvus nobilis Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., v, 1837, 79 (Mexico; type in coll. Brit. Mus. ). CLorvus] nobilis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 386 (Mexico). [Corvus coraz] #. nobilis Dusois, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1873, 5 (Mexico). Corvus splendens (not of Vieillot, 1817) ‘‘Gould”? Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 115 (erroneous citation of C. nobilis Gould). ‘Corvus splendens (?) Kenneriy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 11 (Camp 110, New Mexico). : Corvus corax (not of Linnzeus) WoopHovs:, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Colorado R., 1853, 78.—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 54, part (California; New Mexico; habits).—Scniecet, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 11, part (upper Missouri R.; Mexico).—ALuen, (?) Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 525 (Indiana); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 178 (Kansas; Colorado; Wyoming; Utah).—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 226, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 338, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 204, part.—SHarpg, Cat. a@Specimens from these islands not seen by me; they may be referable to C. s. clarionensis. 264 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 14, part (Mexico).—McCuzsney, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 80 (Fort Sisseton, Dakota).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 486, excl. syn., part (Guanajuato, Guadalajara, Orizaba, alpine reg. Vera Cruz, Mazatlan, etc., Mexico; Estan- suelas, Duefias, Chimaltenango, ridge above Calderas, Volean de Agua, Vol- can de Atitlan, Quezaltenango, and San Geronimo, Guatemala; between Opotelma and Seguatepeque, Honduras). [Corvus] corax ScuateR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 40. C[orvus] corax Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 416, part. [Corvus] corax (var.?) Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 162, part. Corvus carnivorus ‘Bartram’? Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 560 (chiefly); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.,), atlas, pl. 21; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 423, part; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 20 (Jama- cha Ranch, California; Espia, Sonora).—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).—Hewry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—Coorrr and Sucxiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 210, part, pl. 21.—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 252 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 146 (Vera Cruz).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 494 (San Antonio, etc., Texas, winter).—Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 189 (Guanajuato; Guadalajara).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 282.— Srevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. for 1870 (1871), 465 (Colorado).— Sow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (w. Kansas).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 37, fig. 6 (bill). [Corvus] carnivorus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 11, no. 6184. Corvus corax, var. carnivorus BatrD, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 234, part.—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 283 (Mazatlan); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 25 (Barrio and Tapana, Oaxaca).— (?) Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 375 (s. Illinois, resid. ).—(?) Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., ix, 1877, 49 (Richland Co., Illinois, breeding).—BEnpirg, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 123 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; descr. nest and eggs). : Corvus corax . . var. carnivorus Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 184, (Colorado).—Yarrow and HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1872 (1874), 20 (Nevada; Utah).—Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 65, 83 (Denver and Fort Garland, Colorado), 122 (New Mexico; Arizona; habits); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 324 (habits). [Corvus corax] y. carnivorus Dusors, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1873, 5, part. Corvas corax carnivorus Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 10 (Nevada); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 280, part.—(?) Lanapon, Journ. Cinc. Soc. N. H., 1880, 125 (Union Co., Ohio, 1 spec., Sept., 1879).—Bxupina, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 531, 541 (Cerros I. and La Paz, Lower California) ; vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora), 348 (Victoria Mts., Lower California). Corvus corax, f. carnivorus Ripaway, Field and Forest, June, 1877, 208 (Colorado). Corvus corax . . . #. carnivorus Rrpeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 512 (Nevada; s. Idaho; Utah; habits, etc.). CORVUS CORAX CLARIONENSIS Rothschild and Hartert. CLARION ISLAND RAVEN, Similar to C. c. senuatus, but smaller, especially the bill. Adult male.—Length (skins), 552.4; wing, 395-412.7 (402.6); tail, 215.9-226.1 (221); exposed culmen, 64~-71.6 (68.2); depth of bill at BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 965 nostrils, 23-25.4 (24.2); tarsus, 66.8-70 (68.4); middle toe, 48.2-44.2 (43.7); graduation of tail, 38.1-53.3 (45.7).# Adult female.—Length (skins), 527-571.5 (544.5); wing, 393.7-408.9 (400.7); tail, 210.8-232.4 (220.8); exposed culmen, 66-68.6 (66.9); depth of bill at nostrils, 22.9-25.4 (23.4); tarsus, 64-69.8 (66.9); mid- dle toe, 40.4-45.7 (44); graduation of tail, 35.6-44.4 (41.1).2 Clarion and San Benedicto islands, Revillagigedo group, off western Mexico; San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands, Santa Barbara group, southern California.¢ Corvus corax sinuatus (not Corvus sinuatus Wagler) Townsenp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 186 (San Benedicto I.).—Grinne.t, Pub. i, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1897, 16 (San Clemente I., California).—AnrHony, Auk, xv, 1898, 315, 318 (San Benedicto and Clarion islands). . Corvus corax clarionensis RorascHitp and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., ix, July 25, 1902, 381 (Clarion I., Revillagigedo group; coll. Tring Mus.). CORVUS CRYPTOLEUCUS Couch. WHITE-NECKED RAVEN. Similar to C. coraw sinuatus, but decidedly smaller, with relatively shorter and deeper bill, longer nasal plumes, and with the feathers of the neck and breast pure white for at least the basal half. Adults (sexes alike).—Entirely glossy black, the upper parts (except hindneck) with a violet sheen, the under parts faintly glossed with bluish; feathers of hindneck, sides of neck, lower throat, chest, and «Three specimens; one each from Santa Catalina and San Benedicto islands, one ’ from Clarion Island, the latter measured by Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert, only the wing, culmen, and depth of bill being measured. b Five specimens, from San Benedicto and San Clemente islands. The two males from San Benedicto and Santa Catalina islands compare in measure- ments with that from Clarion Island, as follows: Depth Ex- . . Gradua- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed of eae Tarsus. a tion of culmen. tril: $ tail. Ss. MALES. One adult male from Santa Catalina TSANG! 2,23) ce ceded Saasedisieseics eens 412.7 | 226.1 71.6 24.1 68.6 44,2 53.3 One adult male from San Benedicto TAN sssscsanessceseees vacvennardecec 400 215.9 69.1 25.4 66.8 43,2 38.1 One adult male from Clarion Island ....| 395 |........ 64 23 10 || setenwdellnentemens ¢None of the specimens examined from San Benedicto, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente islands are as small as the single specimen from Clarion Island (Revilla- gigedo group) whose measurements are given by Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert, except the length of the tarsus, which is in all of them less than in the latter; but some allowance should doubtless be made for differences in methods of measure- ment, and the Clarion Island specimen may have been an unusually small one. At any rate, the island birds which I for the present refer to this form are evidently nearer to it than to the mainland bird. 266 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. breast with basal half or more (concealed) pure white; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—Head, neck, and body dull black, the plumage of neck, chest, and breast white beneath the surface; feathers of throat short, not lanceolate; wings and tail as in adults; basal half of mandible light-colored (flesh color in life). Adult male.—Length (skins), 457.5-508 (484); wing, 337-379 (355.5); tail, 193-214 (199); exposed culmen, 52-59 (57); depth of bill at nos- trils, 20-22.5 (21); tarsus, 58-68.5 (62); middle toe, 37.5-43.5 (40.5).% Adult female.—Length (skins), 439.5-489 (459); wing, 327.5-360.5 (847.5); tail, 181.5-211 (195.5); exposed culmen, 49.5-58 (53); depth of bill at nostrils, 20-22.5 (22); tarsus, 55.5-64 (59); middle toe, 35-42.5 (88). Great Plains, from southeastern Wyoming (Cheyenne) and western Nebraska (Cherry County, Sidney, ete.), southward to central Mexico, through States of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas, and Guanajuato; westward through New Mexico and Arizona to coast of southern California (Los Angeles County). Corvus eryptoleucus Coucn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, no. ii., 1854, 66 (Tamau- lipas, n. e. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R: Surv., ix, 1858, 565; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 22; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 20 (Janos and Charco Escondido, Tamaulipas) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 425.—Kennerzy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 31, p]. 22 (Llano Estacado, Texas).—Dressrr, Ibis, 1865, 494 (Eagle Pass, Texas).—Burcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 284 (Arizona; Texas).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 227; 2d ed., 1882, no. 339; Birds N. W., 1874, 206.—AIKEN, Proc. Bost., Soc. N. H., 1872, 203 (e. base Rocky Mts. , Colorado) ; Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 16 (Cheyenne, Wyoming) .—Ripeway, Bull Essex Inst., v, 1873, 184 (Colorado); Field and Forest, June, 1877, 208 (Boulder Co., Colorado, breeding); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 281.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 233, 242, pl. 37, fig. 8 (bill); iii, 1874, 518 «Thirteen specimens. bFourteen specimens. Specimens from the Lower Rio Grande Valley seem to average smaller than those from Arizona to western Texas, as the following measurements show: Ex- Depth . Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed il Tarsus. bt oles culmen. ae. Oe: 8. MALES. Nine adult males from Arizona to western Texas.| 359 204 57.5 21 62.5 40.5 Three adult males from jhe lower Rio Grande Walley sncsisssicennernceanecieneetemsriecedeuadoe 351 195.5 53.5 20.5 61 40.5 One adult male from Guanajuato, Mexico........ 351 199.5 55 21.5 60.5 40 FEMALES. Ten adult females from Arizona to western Texas.| 352.5 | 196 53.5 20 69.5 38.5 Four adult females from lower Rio Grande WiC ys viarci eeisieatttccminsion giana ciceieciorciccnm aia ay 337 192.5 53 19 58 37 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 267 (descr. eggs).—Hernsuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 122 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, Dec.), 160 (Tucson, Arizona, breeding); Zool. Exp. w. 100th Merid., 1875, 326 (habits).—Snow, Birds of Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 8 (Phillips Co., w. Kansas).—McCautey, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 669 (Red R. valley, n. Texas).—SHarpsg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 15, footnote.—Goss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 118 (San Marcial and Galisteo, New Mexico; habits); Auk, i, 1884, 100 (Wallace, w. Kansas, Oct.); Hist. Birds of Kansas, 1891, 382 (w. Kansas, resident).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1882, 201 (Tucson, Ari- zona; notes).—AMERICAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Union, Check’ List, 1886, no. 487.—SaLvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 488.—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 158 (w. Kansas and Nebraska; Texas localities).— Benpire, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 555 (Fort Huachuca, Arizona; habits; descr. nest and eggs); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 402, pl. 4, figs. 4-7 (eggs).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., v, 1893, 37 (San Pedro, n. e. Sonora).—Sinexey, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 371 (Rio Grande City; Duval Co.).—Bruner, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soc. for 1896, 122 (Cherry Co.; near Sidney; Republican R.).—Grinnetu (J.), Pasadena Acad. Sci. pub. no. ii, 1898, 32 (Los Angeles Co., California).—Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. §., 1902, 280. [Corvus] cryptoleucus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6222.—Covgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 162. Clorvus] eryptoleucus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 41.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 362. CORVUS AMERICANUS AMERICANUS Audubon. AMERICAN CROW. Adults (sexes alike).—Entire plumage deep black; the back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, wing-coverts, and secondaries with a gloss -of metallic violet; the alula, primary coverts, primaries, and outermost rectrices glossed with greenish blue; the middle rectrices glossed with duller or more bluish violet than the back, etc; under parts slightly glossed with bluish violet; bill, legs, and feet, deep black; iris brown. Young (in jirst winter).—Similar to adults, but the violet and bluish green gloss of upper parts less distinct, especially on wings and tail; under parts duller black, with a grayish or dull slaty cast to the lower abdomen and anal region. Young.—Head, neck, and body dull sooty or grayish black, the back slightly glossed with violet; wings and tail as in adults, but less strongly glossed with violet, etc.; iris grayish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 406.5-489 (450.5); wing, 305-337 (821); tail, 167.5-195.5 (182); exposed culmen, 48-53.5 (51.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 17.5-20.5 (19.5); tarsus, 60-65.5 (62); middle toe, 35.5-40 (88).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 385-470 (421.5); wing, 282-326.5 (805); tail, 154.5-198 (177); exposed culmen, 45.5-50 (48); depth of _ bill at nostrils, 17.5-19.5 (18); tarsus, 55-61 (57.5); middle toe, 32.5-36.5 (35).? @ Eleven specimens. > Fourteen speciniens. 268 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Temperate eastern North America (Canadian district of Boreal Province southward), except peninsula of Florida; north on Atlantic coast to Newfoundland and Magdalen Islands (southern Labrador?), on west side of Hudson Bay to Nelson River, and in the interior nearly to the Arctic coast (lower Anderson River); west to beginning of the arid region. : Corvus corone (not of Linnzeus) Witson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 79, pl. 25, fig. 3.— Bonapartr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 56.—Swarnson and Ricuarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 291.—Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 209. Corvus americanus AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 317 (e. United States; type in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ?); v. 1839, 477, pl. 156; Synopsis, 1839, 150; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 87, pl. 225.—Bonarartsg, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.— Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 221.—Jarprnz, Contr. Orn., 1848, 79 (Bermudas, resident).—Huropis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 5 (Bermudas, introduced!).—Woopnouss, Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Ool. R., 1853, 78, part (Indian Territory).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 566, part (Nelson R., Hudson Bay territory; District Columbia; li- nois; Fort Riley, Kansas; Fort Union, etc., Nebraska?); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 23; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 426, part.—ScHLEGEL, Bijdr. Dierk., ii, 1859, 10 (monogr.); Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 24.— Covzs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 226 (off coast Labrador, 1 spec., July 14); Check List, 1873, no. 228, part.—ScuaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 146 (Nova Scotia).—Buaxisron, Ibis, 1862, 7 (plains Saskatchewan ).—(?) ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 61 (North Dakota).—Barrp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 233, part, pl. 37, fig. 5. -McCuEsney, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 80 (Fort Sisseton and Fort Berthold, Dakota).—Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1883, 379 (Gulf St. Lawrence; habits).—(?) Szron, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (w. Manitoba, sum- mer).—AmeERIcaN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 488, part.— Cooks, Bird Migr. Mississippi Val., 1888, 158 (dates, etc.).—Rip@way, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 331.—BisHop, Auk, vi, 1889, 147 (Magdalen Islands, breed- ing).—Patmer (W.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xili, 1890, 262 (Magdalen and Mingan Islands; St. Johns, Newfoundland).—Macraruang, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 439 (lower Anderson R., breeding).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 568 (Manitoba; habits, etc.).—Nurrine, Bull. Labrat. N. H. Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 274 (lower Saskatchewan; habits).—Dwicat, Auk, x, 1893, 10 (Prince Edwards I., breeding).—Brnoprrz, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 405, pl. 4, figs, 8-12, pl. 5, figs. 21, 22 (eggs).—NeEHR- inc, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 309.—CouBravux, Ottawa Nat., 1900, 29 (s. Saskatchewan, summer res.).—FLemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 40 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. w. Ontario).—Battey (Florence M.); Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 281, part. C[orvus] americanus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 385.—MaxiMILian, Journ. fur Orn., 1858, 198 (critical, habits, etc.).—Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 112 (n. e. Illinois).—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 362. [Corvus americanus] Barrows and Scawarz, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., no. 6, 1895, 1-98 (range, habits, food, etc. ). [Corvus] americanus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 12, no. 6198.—Couzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 162, part. [Corvus americanus] a. americanus Couxs, Birds N. W., 1874, 206, part. [Corvus americanus] var. americanus Barrp, BrewEr, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 233, part. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 269 Corone americanus Boucarp, Catal. Avium, 1876, 202, no. 8808. Corone americana Suarpr, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus.. iii, 1877, 34, part (Toronto, Ontario; ‘‘Upper Canada’’). Corvus frugivorus Couxs, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, 346 (ex Corvus frugi- vorus, the common crow, Bartram, Travels, 290; Pennsylvania); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 340.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 282.— (?) Nenrune, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 168 (Galveston Bay and near Brazos R., s. e. Texas).—Merrtam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 236 (Point du Monts, prov. Quebec, Canada).—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., i, 1882, 42 (New Brunswick, sum. resid.).—(?) Oaiupy, Scient. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., iii, 1882, 49 (Navarro Co., n. e. Texas, resident; habits) . CLorvus] frugivorus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 417. CORVUS AMERICANUS PASCUUS Coues. FLORIDA CROW. Similar to C. a. americanus, but averaging smaller, except bill and feet. Adult male.—Length (skins), 413-482.5 (452); wing, 279.5-324 (304); tail, 153-185.5 (175); exposed culmen, 48-55.5 (51.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 18-20 (19): tarsus, 58.5-66.5 (62.5); middle toe, 36-88.5 (88).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 425.5-457.5 (488); wing, 293.5-311.5 (804); tail, 166.5-175 (169); exposed culmen, +8-53.5 (51); depth of bill at nostrils, 18-20.5 (19); tarsus, 58.5-63.5 (62); middle toe, 37.5-39.5 (38).4 Peninsula of Florida.? Corvus americanus, var. floridanus (not Corvus floridanus Bonaparte, 1826) Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 568 (near Fort Dallas, s. Florida; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 67, fig. 1.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 247.—(?) Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 10 (Coosada, Alabama). C[orvus] var. floridanus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 560. [Corvus americanus] var. Corvus floridanus Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 427. [Corvus americanus] var. floridanus Covzs, Key, 1872, 163. Corvus americanus . . . var. floridanus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 228a. Corvus floridanus Bairp, BREwER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 37, fig. 9 (bill). [Corvus americanus] b. floridanus Cougs, Birds N. W., 1874, 206 (synonymy). [Corvus americanus] var. floridanus HensHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1879, 305 (crit.). Corvus frugivorus floridanus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 184; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 282a.—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 341. C[orvus] f[rugivorus] floridanus Covss, Key, N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 417. Corvus americanus floridanus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 488a.—Scort, Auk, vi, 1889, 319 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida); vii, 1890, 311 (East Key, Florida).—Morrimer, Auk, vii, 1890, 341 (Orange Co., Florida; habits).—Benvire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, pt. 2, 1895, 413, pl. 4, figs. 18, 14 (eggs). @Six specimens. b(?) Also coast district of Georgia, Alabama, ete. F 270 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. C[orvus] americanus floridanus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 362. Corone floridana SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 35, footnote. Corvus americanus (not of Audubon) AuLueN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 297, part, excl. syn. part (e. Florida).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 155, part (Florida). Clorvus] a[mericanus] pascuus Cours, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1879, 84, in text (in lieu of Corvus floridanus, preoccupied ). Corvus americanus pascuus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Commirres, Auk, xvi, 1899, 112. CORVUS AMERICANUS HESPERIS Ridgway. WESTERN CROW. Similar to C. a. americanus, but decidedly smaller, with bill rela- tively smaller and more slender. Adult male.—Length (skins), 387.5—-444.5 (412.5); wing, 282-325 (302.5); tail, 159-190 (£71); exposed culmen, 45.5-50.5 (47.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 15-17.5 (16.5); tarsus, 54.5-58.5 (57.5); middle toe, 33-38 (35.5)." . Adult female.—Length (skins), 394-426 (408.5); wing, 278-300 (295); tail, 160.5-183 (169.5); exposed culmen, 43-48 (45.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 15-16.5 (16); tarsus, 53-59 (55.5); middle toe, 30.5-37.5 (34).? Western North America, from Rocky Mountains (from eastern portion of arid region?) to Pacific coast, except coast district from Straits of Fuca and Puget Sound northward; north, in the interior, to British Columbia (Fort St. James); south to southwestern Texas, New Mexico, and southern Arizona, but not recorded as breeding at extreme southern localities. Corvus ossifragus (not of Wilson) GamBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 47 (coast California); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 203 (do.).— Woopuovss, Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 78, part (Texas?, New Mexico; California).—Nrwegerry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1857, 83 (Willamette and Columbia rivers; coast Oregon and California).+-(??) Hatcn, Birds Minnesota, 1892, 270. ¢ Corvus americanus (not of Audubon) Maxrmiuian, Reis. in Nord-Amerika, i, 1839, 140 (upper Missouri R.)—Gamset, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 47, (California and ‘‘interior’’).—McOatt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., S 1851, 214 (New Mexico, Texas, etc.).—WoopHouss, Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuiii and Col. R., 1853, 78, part (New Mexico, etc. ).—Nrwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1857, 82 (California; Des Chutes R., Oregon).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 566, part (Tulare Valley and Presidio, Califor- nia; Fort Vancouver, Washington); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 426, part.— Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 54 (California).—Cooprmr and Suck- LEY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 1i, 1860, 211 (Washington, chiefly e. of «Thirteen specimens. + Ten specimens. ¢A flock of ‘‘not less than a hundred and fifty’’ said to have been seen near Minneapolis. Sept. 21, 1869. ~ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 271 Cascade range).—Dressrr, Ibis, 1865, 494 (San Antonio, etc., Texas).— StEvENsoN, Prelim. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. for 1870 (1871), 465 (La Bonte Creek, Wyoming).—Atzsn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 178, part (Utah?); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874,.46 (upper Missouri R.), 61 (Yellowstone, Heart R., ete., Montana).—Ho.pen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 203 (Sherman, Wyoming).—Covurs, Check List, 1873, no. 228, part; Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 606, part (Souris R., North Dakota, and Missouri R., Montana, breeding).—Yarrow and Hernsuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1871-73 (1874), 20 (Provo, Utah).—Hxnsuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 160 (Apache, Arizona, Nov.); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 7 (Provo, Utah); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 327 (Provo, Utah; Navajo Creek, New Mexico; Apache, Arizona; habits. )— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 243, part.— Riveway, Field and Forest, June, 1877, 208 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 514 (Sacramento Valley, California; Truckee Valley and Humboldt marshes, Nevada; habits, ete.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 422 (central California, resident; crit. ).—(?) McCavtey, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv., Terr., iii, 1877, 669 (McClellan Creek, n. Texas).—SterHens, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 94 (Rio Mimbres, New Mexico, Apr.; South Park, Colorado, Oct.).—Mxarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 166 (Fort Kla- math, e. Oregon, May); Auk, vii, 1890, 256 (Mogollon Mts., etc., Arizona, breeding in pine and spruce belts).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 148 (San Juan Co., Colorado).—AmERICAN OrniTHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 488, part.—AntHony, Auk, iii, 1886, 166 (Washington Co., Oregon).—Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 181 (Ventura Co., California, resi- dent).—Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 21 (Mineral Creek and Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; not in summer).—Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 290 (Concho Co., w. Texas, breeding).—Townsenp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 212 (upper Sacramento Valley, California; habits).—Emerson, Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 7, 1887, 422 (Volcano Mts., San Diego Co., California).—(?) Beckum, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 669 (Leon Springs, Texas, Mar.).—Hassrovcx, Auk, vi, 1889, 240 (Eastland Co., Texas).—Brxpine, Land Birds Pacific Coast Distr., 1890, 113 (localities in California, Oregon, Washington, and Nevada).— Caapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 142 (British Columbia).—Mzr- riam, N. Am. Fauna, no..3, 1890, 94 (San Francisco Mt., Arizona); no. 5, 1891, 100 (Lemhi Valley, Fort Lapwai, etc., Idaho).—Fisner, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 71 (Pahrump Valley, Nevada, Feb., Mar.; Bakersfield, San Joa- quin Valley, etc., California).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 46, part (int. British Columbia; crit.).—Ricumonp and Kyowtron, Auk, xi, 1894, 305 (Gallatin Valley, etc., Montana).—Tuorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 215 (Fort Keogh, Montana).—Benoirz, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, pt. 2, 1895, 405, part.—Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 117 (Okanogan Co., Washington ).—MerriLL, Auk, xiv, 1897, 356 (Fort Sherman, Idaho).—Cooxe, Birds Colorado, 1897, 92 (resident; descr. nest and eggs).—GrinNELL (J.), Pasadena, Ac. Sci., Pub. ii, 1898, 32 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident).—(?) Koxss, Auk, xvii, 1900, 354 (Cape Disappointment, Washington, abundant resid.).— (?) Rarupun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 136 (Seattle, Washington, common ).— Barizy (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 201, part. C[orvus] americanus Hensnaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv. 1879, 305 (habits). [Corvus americanus] a. americanus CovuEs, Birds N. W., 1874, 206, part. Corone americanus Boucarp, Cat. Avium, 1876, 282, no. 8833, part (California). Corone americana Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 34, part (Colville, British Columbia; California; 49th Parallel ?). 3 272 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Corvus frugivorus (not of Coues ex Bartram) Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 282, part.—Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 340, part.—Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 40 (Boerne, w. Texas).—(?) Horrmann, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxi, 1882; 400 (Fort Berthold, Dakota).—HznsHaw. Auk, iii, 1886, 75 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, Oct.). Clorvus] frugivorus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 417, part. C[orvus] americanus hesperis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 362 (Fort Kla- math, Oregon; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Corvus americanus hesperis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 613.—Merritt, Auk, v, 1888, 262 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 33 (e. and w. sides Cascade range, British Columbia). Corvus caurinus (not of Baird) (?) Cooper and Suck ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 211, part (coast Oregon ).—Coorsr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 285, part (California; n. Rocky Mts.).—Hrnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 251 (Los Angeles, California; habits; notes).—Brnprrg, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1877, 123 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon).—Evrrmany, Auk, iii, 1886, 181 (Ventura Co., California; resident). Corvus americanus var. caurinus Netson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 360 (Nevada; California). Corvus (americanus var.) caurinus Coopsr, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., vi, 1875 (1876), 197, (crit.; descr. nest and eggs). CORVUS AMERICANUS CAURINUS (Baird). NORTHWEST CROW, Similar to C. a. Aesperis, but smaller, with relatively smaller feet. Adult male.—Length (skins), 374.5-413 (401); wing, 274.5-292.5 (288.5); tail, 152-170.5 (163); exposed culmen, 43.5-49 (47); depth, of bill at nostrils, 16-17.5 (16.5); tarsus, 46-53 (51); middle toe, 31.5- 35 (38). Adult female.—Length (skins), 326.5-409 (881.5); wing, 256.5-284.5 (272); tail, 144.5-162.5 (153); exposed culmen, 41.5-47.5 (45); depth of bill at nostrils, 15-17 (16); tarsus, 45-51 (48); middle toe, 28-33 (30.5).? Northwest coast of North America, from northwestern Washington (Neah Bay, Puget Sound, etc.) to Kadiak Island and Alaskan penin- sula (Kukak Bay). Corvus cawrinus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, June 29, 1858, 569 (Fort Steilacoom, Washington; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 24; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 428.—Coorrr and Sucktey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 211, part, pl. 24 (coast Washington; habits).—Daut and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 286 (Sitka, Alaska).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 285, part.—Frinscu, Abh. Nat. Brem., iii, 1872, 41 (Sitka); Journ. fir Orn., 1883, 270 (Chilcoot and Tsetchli, Alaska).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 248, pl. 37, fig. 3.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 664 (Barclay «Sixteen specimens, > Fourteen specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 273 Sound, Alaska).—Bzan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 159 (Sitka, Georges I., and Port Althorp, Alaska).—Covxs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, 342.— AmericAN OrniTHoLogists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 489.—Netson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 168 (Sitka; Georges I.).—Bexpine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 115 (British Columbia; notes).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 142 (Ashcroft, Westminster, Mount Lehman, and Van- couver I., British Columbia; Cape Disappointment and Kalama, Washing- ton; crit.; measurements).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 33 (coast).—Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 45 ( Grays Harbor, Washing- ton).—Ruoaps, Auk, x, 1898, 18-21 (crit.; measurements) ; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 46, part (coast British Columbia, crit.).—Brnprrn, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 414, pl. 4, fig. 15 (egg).—GrinneLt (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 128 (Sitka).—(?) Kozsé, Auk, xvii, 1900, 354 (Cape Disappoint- ment, Washington; abundant resid.; habits; food).—Bow.ns, Condor, ii, 1900, 84 (near Tacoma, Washington; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Grin- NELL, Condor, iii, 1901, 23 (Prince William Sound, Alaska).—Rarasun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 136 (Seattle, Washington; common resid. ).—BaILEy (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 282. [Corvus] caurinus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6214. C[orvus] caurinus Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 417.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 363. [Corvus americanus.] Var. caurinus Cours, Key, 1872, 163.—Hensnaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1879, 305 (crit.). Corvus americanus . . var. caurinus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 228d. [Corvus americanus.] b. ? caurinus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 206, part (syn- onymy). Corone caurina Smarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 36 (Vancouver I.). Corvus americanus caurinus Ruoaps, Auk, x, Jan., 1893, 31, part (includes Ca. hesperis); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1893, 63, part (do.). Corvus frugivorus caurinus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 184; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 232b. CORVUS OSSIFRAGUS Wilson. FISH CROW, Similar to C. americanus, but smaller than the smallest race of the latter (C. a. caurinus), with relatively smaller bill; plumage much more glossy black, the gloss more bluish above, more greenish beneath. Adults (sexes alike).—Entire plumage glossy black, the upper parts glossed with bluish violet (more purplish violet on lesser wing-coverts and secondaries), the under parts glossed with bluish green or green- ish blue; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 379-394 (382.5); wing, 264.5300 (278); tail, 148-176.5 (158.5); exposed culmen, 40.5-45 (48); depth of bill at nostrils, 14.5-15.5 (15); tarsus, 45.5-50 (48); middle toe, 33.5-40 (35.5).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 356-406.5 (873); wing, 264.5-289.5 (271.5); tail, 1387.5-165 (152); exposed culmen, 39-42 (40.5); depth of @ Nine specimens. . 103884—voL 8—03——18 274 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bill at nostrils, 13.5-15 (14); tarsus, 44.5-47 (46); middle toe, 32.5- 38-5 (34).” Atlantic and Gulf coast districts of United States, including penin- sula of Florida; north to lower Hudson Valley and shores of Long Island Sound (breeding in eastern Connecticut near Rhode Island border), casually to Massachusetts (Plymouth County, Wareham, Springfield, etc.); west along the Gulf coast to Louisiana; not restricted to the immediate coast, but extending back to base of Blue Ridge Mountains (at least in summer), and abundant about lakes and streams throughout interior of Florida. Corvus ossifragus Wiison, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 27, pl. 37, fig. 2.—BoNAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1824, 360; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 57; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27 .—Waca.er, Sept. Av., 1827, Corvus, sp. 12.— Norraty, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 216.—AupDuBoN, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 268; v, 1839, 479, pl. 146; Synopsis, 1839, 151; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 94, pl. 226.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 751; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 67, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 429.— ScuteceL, Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterd., 1859, 14; Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 32.—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 85 (s. New England); Bull. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 297 (e. Florida).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vill, 1866, 289 (near New York City). —Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 229; Birds N. W.., 1874, 207, footnote (synonomy).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 251, pl. 37, fig. 7.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 19 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Mar. 16); Auk, iv, 1887, 162 (Ware- ham, Massachusetts, 1 spec., July 16).—Mzrrram, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877, 49 (rare sum. visit. to Connecticut).—Purpre, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 13 (New England records); v, 1880, 240 (Long and Staten islands, New York, breeding).—Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 45 (near West Point, New York, 1 spec., May 7).—Eaaun, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iti, 1878, 47 (Rockaway, Long I., July 17).—Auten, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 47 (as to New England occurrences).—BickNELL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 151 (Riverdale, New York, 1 pair, Feb. 24).—Zereca, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 239 (Seabright, New Jersey, Apr. 14); v, 1880, 205 (New Jersey, Long I., etc.; habits; measurements).—Purpiz, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1830, 240 (Long I.; Staten I.).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 159).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 283; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 250 (Charlottesville, Virginia, common).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- aists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 490.—Cooxsn, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 159 (s. Louisiana).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 319 (Punta Rassa, s. w. Florida, resident).—Eames, Auk, vi, 1889, 338 (Stratford and Fairfield, Con- necticut, breeding); x, 1893, 89 (Bridgeport and Fairfield, Connecticut, @ Eight specimens. Florida specimens compare in measurements with more northern ones as follows: Ex- Depth F Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed oF bill Tarsus. Middle ‘ culmen. ee toe. MALES. Five adult males, Long Island to North Carolina.| 275.5 157 42.5 15 48.5 37.5 Four adult males from Florida.................-.-- 281.5 159 42.5 15 47 34 FEMALES, Four adult females from District of Columbia ....| 273.5 153 40 14 46.5 34,5 Four adult females from Florida.............----- 269.5 151 40 14 45.5), 83.5 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 275 Mar. to May; Mount Vernon, New York, breeding).—Scuicx, Auk, vii, 1890, 329 (Seven-mile Beach, New Jersey, breeding).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 124 (Cuba? ; very doubtful).—Brnnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, pt. 2, 1895, 415, pl. 4, figs. 16, 17 (eggs).—Nenruine, Our Native Birds, etc., 1896, 311.—Monrais, Auk, xiv, 1897, 100 (Springfield, Massachusetts, 1 spec., June 9).—Hrti, Auk, xix, 1902, 93 (New London, Connecticut, and near Rhode Island border, breeding). C[orvus] ossifragus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 315.—Bonaparre, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 385.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 363. [Corvus] ossifragus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6213.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 163.—(?) Scuarer and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 40 (Cuba ).—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14 (Cuba?). Corone ossifraga Boucarp, Catalog. Avium, 1876, 282, no. 8853. Coleus ossifragus Saarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 29. Corvus maritimus ‘‘Bartr[am]’’ Covzs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 343 (ex Corrus maritimus, the great sea-side crow or rook, Bartram, Travels). CLorvus] maritimus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 417. CORVUS MEXICANUS Gmelin. MEXICAN CROW, Somewhat like C. oss{fragus, but decidedly smaller and plumage much more lustrous. Adults (sewes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, wing-coverts, and second- aries lustrous dark violet; sides of neck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and primary coverts, lustrous dark violet-blue; alula, primaries, and tail dark steel blue, the middle rectrices tinged with violet and the outermost primaries more greenish blue; sides of head and under parts lustrous dark steel blue or greenish steel blue, becom- ing more decidedly greenish posteriorly, the anterior portions some- times inclining to violet; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 362-388.5 (370.5); wing, 246.5-259 (250.5); tail, 146.5-158 (155.5); exposed culmen, 40-42 (41); depth of bill at nostrils, 18-14.5 (14); tarsus, 38.5-42.5 (41); middle toe, 28-31.5 (30).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 338-355.5 (344); wing, 231-241.5 (236); tail, 143.5-158.5 (148); exposed culmen, 37.5-40.5 (88.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12.5-13 (13); tarsus, 38-41 (89); middle toe, 27.5-29 (28).° @ Kight specimens. 5 Six specimens. There seems to be no difference between specimens from opposite sides of Mexico; following are their average measurements: Ex- Depth 2 Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed a a Tarsus. sr cuimen. ae es trils. MALES. Four adult males from Tamaulipas .:.......------ 253 153.5 41.5 14 41 80.5 Four adult males from Sonora to Tepic ....-.--... 250 157 40.5 13 40.5 29.5 FEMALES. One adult female from Tamaulipas ........-...... 236.5 | 144.5 38.5 13 38 28 Five adult females from Sonora and Sinaloa...... 234.5 | 147.5 38.5 13 39 28.5 276 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The greater part of Mexico; north to Sonora (Alamos; Camoa; Altata) and Tamaulipas (Linares; Alta Mira), south to San Luis Potosi (Valles) and Territory of Tepic (San Blas; Acaponeta; Navar- rete) and Colima (Manzanilla). [Corvus] mexicanus Guertin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 375 (based on Mexican Crow Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, i, 396).—Larnam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 164.— Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 18, no. 6219. Corvus mexicanus LicHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 1; Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 56 (reprint).—ScHLEGEL, Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterd., ii, 1859, 11, pl. 1, fig. 25; Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 25.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 37, fig. 11.—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 283 (Mazatlan; Colima; habits).—Satvin and Gopmav, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 488.—Jouy, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 782 (Tampico, Tamaulipas).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 630 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).—Netson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1898, 50 (Tres Marias Islands; strageler).—Lantz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Altata, Sinaloa). x Clorvus] mexicanus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 233.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 363. Corone mexicana SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 36. CORVUS PALMARUM Wiirttemberg. PALM CROW. Adults (sexes alike).—Entirely black, strongly glossed with violet on upper parts, the under parts faintly glossed with the same; edges of alule, primary coverts, and primaries glossed with violet-bluish; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown? Adult female.—Length (skin), 368.5; wing, 260.5; tail, 149.5; exposed culmen, 51; depth of bill at nostrils, 16; tarsus, 51.5; middle toe, 29.5. Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. Corvus palmarum PauL von WirrremBerG, Erste Reise Nordlich. Amerika, 1835, 68, footnote (Cibao Mts., Santo Domingo). Corvus solitarius Pau von WiirtremBerc, Naumannia, ii, Zweites heft, 1852, 55 (Loma de San Juan, ‘‘Haiti,’”’ i. e., Santo Domingo?).—Bonaparts, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 829.—ScHLEcEL, Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterd., ii, 1859, pl. 1, fig. 17; Mus. Pays.-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 24 (Santo Domingo).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 75 (Gantier, Haiti); Auk., iii, 1886, 229; Birds W. 1., 1889, 116; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 181, 146 (Haiti; Santo Domingo).—Cuzrrin, Field Col. Mus., Pub. 10, Orn. Ser. i, no. 1, 1896, 17 (Maniel, Santo Domingo; notes). [Corvus] solitarius Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6216 (Haiti) —Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 14. Microcorax solitarius SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 49 (Santo Domingo). Corvus jamaicensis (not of Gmelin) Sati#, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 232 (Santo Domingo).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1886, 94 (Santo Domingo). CORVUS MINUTUS Gundlach. LESSER CUBAN CROW, Adults (seacs alike).—Similar in coloration to C. americanus, but very much smaller; first primary shorter than secondaries, nasal plumes BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 277 shorter and less dense (quite covering nostrils, however), and bill dif- . ferently shaped, being much more compressed and more rapidly taper- ing to the point; length (skin), 330.5; wing, 282.5; tail, 135; culmen, 43.5; depth of bill at nostrils, 15; tarsus, 48.5; middle toe, 32.5.2 Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. Corvus minutus GuNDLAcH, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1852, 315 (Cuba); Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 97; 1874, 189; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 290.— Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 569, footnote.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 234, footnote.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 229; Birds W. L., 1889, 116; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 129, 146 (Cuba). [Corvus] minutus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 18, no. 6218.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. Corvus], minutus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 363. Coleus minutus SuaRrpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 29, footnote. CORVUS JAMAICENSIS Gmelin. JAMAICAN CROW. Adults (sewes alike.)—General color uniform sooty slate, deepening into black on head; wings and tail darker sooty slate or dull slate- blackish, very faintly glossed with violet; bill, legs, and feet black; iris grayish brown. Adult mate.—Length (skin), 384; wing, 287.5; tail, 145; exposed culmen, 51; depth of bill at nostrils, 17.5; tarsus, 50; middle toe, 35. Adult female.—Length (mounted specimen), 330.5; wing, 224; tail, 136; exposed culmen, 46; depth of bill at nostrils, 17.5; tarsus. 48; middle toe, 32.5. Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. Corvus jamaicensis Guein, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 367 (based on Chattering Crow Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, i, 377). —Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 154. Corvus jamaicensis GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 209; Tllustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl. 52.—Denwny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38.—Azsrecut, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 202.—SciaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 146.—Marcu, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 300.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 228; Birds W. I., 1889, 115; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 109, 130 (Jamaica).—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 178. [Corvus] jamaicensis GRay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6215.—SciaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 40.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. C[orvus] jamaicensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 385.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 234.—Newron (A. and E.) Handb, Jam., 1881, 103. Corone jamaicensis Boucarp, Catalogus Avium, 1876, 282, no. 8854. Microcoraz jamaicensis SHaRre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 48. [Corvus] nasicus (not of Temminck) Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 18, no. 6217 (fide Sharpe). @The single specimen examined is in worn plumage, so that the color characters can not be satisfactorily made out. In coloration it is of a duller black than most specimens of C. americanus; but Mr. Cory describes the species as “‘glossy black, showing purple reflections,” etc. The measurements given by Mr. Cory are larger than the above, being as follows: ‘‘Length (skin), 15 [=381 mm.]; wing, 10.35 [862 mm.]; tail, 6 [162.4 mm.]; tarsus, 2 [50.8 mm.]; bill, 1.80 [45.7 mm.].”’ 278 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CORVUS NASICUS Temminck. CUBAN CROW. Adults (sexes alike).—Entirely black, the plumage with a dull violet gloss; feathers of head, neck, and body gray basally; rictal and post- ocular regions naked; nasal plumes short, inclined upward terminally, exposing the nostrils; bill black, becoming paler (more or less horn- colored) terminally; iris brown; legs and feet black. Adult male.—Length (mounted specimen and skin), 406.5-419.5 (413); wing, 284.5-286 (285); tail, 165.5-174 (169.5); exposed culmen, 58-58.5 (58); depth of bill at nostrils, 21-21.5 (21); tarsus, 53.5-58 (55); middle toe, 38.5-40.5 (39.5). Adult female.—Length (mounted specimen), 406.5; wing, 279.5; tail, 165.5; exposed culmen, 58; depth of bill at nostrils, 20; tarsus, 53.5; middle toe, 37.5. Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. 2 Corvus nasicus TemMINCK, Pl. Col., ii, 1838, pl. 418 (type in coll. Leyden Mus. ).— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—Gunpuacu, Repert. Fisfco- Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 290; Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 137.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 229; Birds W. I., 1889, 116; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 146 (Cuba; Isle of Pines; Grand Caicos, Bahamas).—CHapMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, 1892, 303 (San Pablo, Cuba; notes). C[orvus] nasicus WacuEr, Isis, 1829, 749.—Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 315.— Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 234.—Ripeaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 363. [Corvus] nasicus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. Microcorax nasicus SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 49 (Cuba). Corvus americanus (not of Audubon) Lemsrys, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 65. C[orvus] americanus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 231, excl. syn. (Cuba). Corvus jamaicensis (not of Gmelin) Gunpzacu, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1853, 316 (Cuba); 1859, 296 (do.) ; 1861, 414 (do.).—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 16 (Cuba).—Tureneman, Journ. fir Orn., 1857, 152 (Cuba). Corvus ossifragus (not of Wilson) ScuuzcEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 32, excl. syn. part (Cuba). CORVUS LEUCOGNAPHALUS LEUCOGNAPHALUS Daudin. PORTO RICAN CROW. Adults (sewes alike).—Entire plumage black, the wings and tail with a violet gloss; feathers of the neck and body pure white at base, this white occupying the basal half or more of the feathers of the hind- neck, upper back, breast, sides, abdomen, and flanks; bill, legs, and feet black; iris red?; length (skins), 439.5-457.5 (447.5); wing, 300- 321.5 (308.5); tail, 189.5-203.5 (195); exposed culmen, 53.5-58 (55); depth of bill at nostrils, 19-22.5 (21.5); tarsus, 51.5-55.5 (53.5); mid- dle toe, 38.5-40.5 (40).¢ @ Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 279 Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. Corvus leucognaphalus Daupin, Traité d’Orn., ii, 1800, 231 (Porto Rico; coll. Paris Mus. ).—ScHecEt, Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterd., ii, 1859, pl. 1, fig. 28; Mus. Pays- Bas, Coraces, 1867, 32.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 168 (Porto Rico).—SunpEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet. Ak. Férh. Stockh., 1869, 598 (Porto Rico).—Gunp.acu, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 214 (Porto Rico).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 227, part (Porto Rico); Birds W. I., 1889, 114, part (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 109, part (do.). CLorvus] leucognaphalus Gray, Gen. Birds, ‘ii, 1849, 315.—Barirp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 234 (Porto Rico). Corvus leuccgnaphilus Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 145, part (Porto Rico). Corone leucognaphalus Boucarp, Catalogus Avium, 1876, 282, no. 8855 (Porto Rico). Microcorax leucognaphalus SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 49, part (Porto Rico). [Corvus] leucognaphalus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6220.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 40, part (Porto Rico).—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14, part (Porto Rico). CORVUS LEUCOGNAPHALUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (Wiirttemberg). HAITIAN CROW, Similar to C. leucognaphalus, but smaller (except bill), with larger feet; plumage of head, neck, and body distinctly glossed with bluish; iris varying from light reddish brown to bright orange-red.¢ Adult male.—Length (skins), 413-442 (427.5); wing, 293.5-302 (297.5); tail, 1'78.5-186.5 (182.5); exposed culmen (one specimen), 53.5; depth of bill at base, 20-22.5 (21.5); tarsus, 56-58 (57); middle toe, 43.544 (48.5).? Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. Corvus erythrophthalmus Paut von WtRITEMBURG, Erste Reise Nordlichen Amer- ika, 1835, 68, footnote (Santo Domingo).—Harriaus, Naumannia, 1852, 54.— Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 829. [Corvus] erythrophthalmus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6221. Corvus leucognaphalus (not of Daudin) Saiz, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 232 (Santo Domingo).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 94 (Haiti).— ScHiecEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 32 (Santo Domingo).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 153 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 74 (Gantier, Haiti; Almercen, Santo Domingo); Auk, iii, 1886, 228, part (Santo Domingo); Birds W. I., 1889, 114, part (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 109, part (Santo Domingo).—Sronz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 446 (Santo Domingo).—Cuerrig, Field Col. Mus., Pub. 10, Orn. Ser., i, no. 1, 1896, 17 (Santo Domingo; habits). Corvus leucognaphalus ? Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 153 (Haiti). [Corvus] leucognaphalus Sctater and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 40, part (Haiti).—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14, part ( Haiti). Corvus leucognaphilus Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 145, part (Santo Domingo). Microcorax leucognaphalus SHarpx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 49, part. [Corvus] dominicensis Cory, Auk, iii, no. 2, Apr., 1886, 228, in text (Santo Domingo; coll. C. B. Cory). « According to Cherrie. 6 Two specimens. 280 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus NUCIFRAGA Brisson. Nucifraga Brisson, Orn., ii, 1760, 58. (Type, Corvus caryocatactes Linnzeus. ) Caryocatactes Cuviir, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 399. (Type, Corvus caryocatactes Linneeus. ) Picicorvus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, May 6, 1850, 384. (Type, Corvus colum- bianus Wilson. ) Small Corvine (wing less than 200 mm.) with under tail-coverts and part of rectrices white, the body uniform gray, or else brown spotted or streaked with white. Bill about as long as head (or a little longer or shorter), very varia- ble as to relative length and thickness, the basal depth from one-third to nearly one-half the length of exposed culmen; basal width of mandi- ble (at malar antiz) about equal to basal depth, but anterior to nostril the bill decidedly compressed; culmen varying from nearly straight to decidedly convex; gonys also variable, sometimes decidedly convex and ascending terminally, sometimes with terminal portion slightly concave; commissure nearly straight or slightly arched. Nostril cir- cular, hidden by well-developed antrorse tufts. Rictal bristles distinct. Wing long, the tip well produced (equal to more than one-fourth to nearly one-third the length of wing), rounded; tenth primary much shorter than secondaries, not more (usually less) than one-half as long as ninth; seventh, seventh and sixth, or sixth primaries longest; inner webs of five outer primaries more or less distinctly sinuated. Tail . about three-fifths to two-thirds as long as wing, more or less rounded. Tarsus usually shorter than exposed culmen (slightly longer in NV. hemispila); middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral toes with claws reaching decidedly beyond base of middle claw; hallux about as long as lateral toes, much stouter, its claw nearly as long as digit. Coloration.—Under tail-coverts and more or less of lateral rectrices white; wings black, with or without white markings; head, neck, and body brown, streaked or spotted with white, or else plain gray, becoming white on anterior portion of head. Nidification.—Nest in coniferous trees, bulky, open above, com- posed of dry twigs, strips of thin bark, pine needles, etc. Eggs usually 3, pale greenish, more or less speckled or spotted with brown, gray, etc. Range.—Boreal coniferous forests of the Palearctic and western portions of Nearctic Regions. (Four species, only one in America.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF NUCIFRAGA. a. General color brown, more or less streaked or spotted with white; secondaries not broadly (if at all) tipped with white; lateral rectrices extensively black at base. (Palearctic species) aa. General color plain brownish gray; secondaries broadly tipped with white; lateral rectrices white for entire length. (Western North America.) Nucifraga columbiana (p. 281) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 281 NUCIFRAGA COLUMBIANA (Wilson). CLARKE’S NUTCRACKER, Adults (sexes alike) in winter.—Nasal tufts, anterior portion of fore- head, lores, eyelids, anterior portion of malar region, and chin, white, usually more or less soiled or tinged with dirty yellowish; rest of head, neck, back, scapulars, and under parts (except chin and under tail-coverts), plain smoke gray or drab-gray, the head somewhat paler than other portions; rump darker gray than back, deepening into grayish black on upper tail-coverts; under tail-coverts pure white; wings and two middle rectrices black, glossed with purplish blue or violet, especially on wing-coverts and secondaries, the latter (but not the tertials) very broadly tipped with white; four outermost pairs of rectrices white, the fifth pair with outer web mostly white and inner web mostly black; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adults in summer.—Similar to winter adults but the gray paler and browner (light brownish drab-gray). Young.—Similar to summer adults, but gray rather paler (that of the head fading gradually into the white of anterior portions), lesser wing-coverts dusky grayish brown, middle, greater, and primary coverts indistinctly tipped with the same, and black of wings and tail duller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 292.5-315 (302.5); wing, 190.5-198.5 (194.5); tail, 114-118.5 (116.5); exposed culmen, 37.5-45.5 (42); depth of bill at tip of nasal tufts, 11.5-12.5 (12); tarsus, 35-88 (36.5); middle toe, 23-25 (28.5).% Adult female.—Length (skins), 279.5-297.5 (289); wing, 187.5-192.5 (189.5); tail, 111-118.5 (114); exposed culmen, 37-39.5 (38); depth of bill at end of nasal tufts, 10.5-11.5 (11); tarsus, 32.5-36 (85); middle toe, 20.5-25 (22.5.)¢ 2 Coniferous forests of western North America, from high mountains of New Mexico, Arizona (San Francisco and White Mountains), and northern Lower California (San Pedro Martir Mountains) to north- western Alaska (Kowak River, Bristol Bay, etc.). (Western forest districts of Boreal Province and Boreal ‘‘islands” within arid division of Transition and Upper Austral life-zones.) Casual in southeastern South Dakota, Nebraska, western Kansas (Finney and Marshall counties), western Missouri (Kansas City), and Arkansas (Crittenden County). Corvus columbianus Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 29, pl. 20, fig. 3 (Columbia R.).— Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1824, 359; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., iii, 1828, 57.—Nurtratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 218. Nucifraga columbiana Aupugon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 459, pl. 362; Synopsis, 1839, 156; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 127, pl. 235.—Bonaparte, Geog. and a@Six specimens. 282 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Comp. List, 1838, 28.—Nurraut, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 251.—McCatt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 217 (Santa Fé and Taos Mts., New Mexico).—SHarpz, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 56 (Black Hills, Dakota; Vancouver I.; Colorado, etc.).—RicumMonp and Know.ron, Auk, xi, 1894, 305 (Mystic Lake, etc., Montana).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, pt. 2, 1895, 418, pl. 3, figs. -22, 23 (eggs).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 491.—Nernruinea, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 312.—MircHett, Auk, xv, 1898, 309 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, 9,000 ft. to timber line).—GrinneLt (J.), Pasadena Acad. Sci., pub. ii, 1898, 32 (Los Angeles Co., California, above 6,000 ft.).—Brunrr, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soc. for 1896 (1898), 123 (Sidney; Pine Ridge; Fort Kearney; North Platte, abt. winter 1895-96).—Murriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 119, fig. (Mount Shasta, California; habits).—Parxgr (W. H.), Condor, ii, 1900, 115 (Wasatch Mts., Utah; descr. nest and eggs).—Jounson (H. C.), Condor, iv, 1902, 87 (Wasatch Mts.; descr. nest and eggs).—Bartry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 282, fig. 349. [Nucifraga] columbiana Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 9, no. 6165. N[ucifraga] columbiana Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 312. Nucifraga columbianus Jounson (H. C.), Condor, ii, 1900, 49-52 (Wasatch Mts., Utah; breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs) . [Picicorvus] columbianus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 384.—Covzs, key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 163. Picicorvus columbianus NEWBERRY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1857, 83 (Cascade Mts., Sierra Nevada, etc.; habits).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 573, 925; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 430.—Xanrus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).—Hewnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—KEnNERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 32 (75 miles w. Albuquerque, New Mexico).—Cooper and Sucxiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 212 (Washington, e. of Cascades; Fort Laramie, Wyoming; Fort Kearney and Milk R., Nebraska).—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 91 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, Oct. to Mar.; crit.); Ibis, 1872, 52 (biography ); Check List, 1873, no. 230; 2d ed., 1882, no 344; Birds N. W., 1874, 207.—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolw., iv, 1864, 121 (Vancouver I.; Fort Colville, Washington; etc. ).— Dawu and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci.,i, 1869, 286 (Sitka, Alaska).— Coopsr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 289.—SrEvEnson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv., 1870, 465 (Colorado).—Ho pen and ArKeEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 203 (Wyoming).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 255, pl. 38, fig. 4 —Yarrow and Hrnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Survey, 1872 (1874), 20 (Otter Creek, Utah; habits).—Hrnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv. 1873 (1874), 83 (Fort Garland and Rio Grande, Colo- rado; measurements, etc.), 122 (White Mts., Arizona); 1876, 252 (Tejon Mts., California); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 328 (Nevada; near Fort Garland, Rio Grande, Rio Blanco, and Huerfano R., Colorado; White Mts., Arizona; habits); Auk, iii, 1886, 75 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, breeding in mts. ).—Brnpirz, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 44 (breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs); Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii, 1877, 159 (Camp Harney, Oregon; descr. nest and eggs); Orn. and Ool., vii, 1882, 105-107, 113-114 (breeding habits, etc.); Auk, vi, 1889, 226 (breeding habits, etc.); vii, 1890, 92 (Boulder Co., Colorado; descr. nest and eggs).— Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 515 (Sierra Nevada, East Humboldt, and Wahsatch mountains; habits), Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 284; Auk, iv, 1887, 255 (Nushagak, Alaska), 256 (Kowak R., Alaska).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 139 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding at 6,500 to 13,000 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 283 ft.; notes).—Goss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 44-45 (Sangre de Cristo Mts., Colorado; breeding habits); Auk, vi, 1889, 123 (Marshall Co., w. Kan- sas, | spec., Aug. 13; Fort Kearney, Nebraska); Hist. Birds, Kansas, 1891, 386 (Marshall Co.).—Barcnutprr, Auk, i, 1884, 17 (descr. young. )— Acrrssore, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. Dakota, 2 specs., Oct., 1883).—AmeErRICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 491.—Townsenp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 212 (Mount Shasta, etc., n. California; habits).—NELson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 168 (Sitka).—Cooxn, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1883, 159 (Vermilion Co., Dakota, 1 spec., Oct.; Nebraska).—Mmarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 257 (San Francisco Mts., Arizona, breeding in pine and spruce belts; Mogollon Mts., Oct.; habits).—Mrrriam, N. Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 94 (San Francisco Mts., Arizona).--Anruony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 239 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California).—Krtioaa, Auk, xi, 1894, 260 (Finney Co., w. Kansas, 3 specs., Oct. 10).—Mrrcnent, Auk, xi, 1894, 327 (Crittenden Co., Arkansas, Apr. 1, 1891).—Bryanr (J. A.), Auk, xii, 1895, 82 (near Kansas City, Missouri, 1 spec., Oct. 28, 1894). P[icicorvus] columbianus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 418.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 364. Corvus megonyx WacuEr, Syst. Av., 1827, Corvus, sp. 20. Genus CYANOCEPHALUS Bonaparte. Gymnorhinus (not Gymnorhina Gray, 1840) Maxiuutan, Reise Nord. Amer., ii, 1841, 21. (Type, G. cyanocephalus Maximilian. ) Cyanocephalus Bonaparte, Oss. Stat. Zool. Eur. Vert., 1842, 17. (Type, Gymno- rhinus cyanocephalus Maximilian.) (See Salvin, Ibis, 1873, 103.) Gymnokitta Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 382. (Type, Gymnorhinus cyano- cephalus Maximilian. ) : . Gymnocitta (emendation) Covrs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 98. Small Corvine (wing less than 160 mm.) with wholly exposed and slightly operculate nostrils, flattened mesorhinium, and uniform bluish gray or grayish blue plumage. _ Bill about as long as head, elongate subcuneate, nearly as broad as deep, with nearly straight outlines, its depth at base less than one- third the length of exposed culmen, its basal width about the same; culmen straight to near tip, which is slightly decurved, the tip rather broad, the mesorhinium broad and flattened; gonys slightly convex; commissure straight to near base, where slightly deflected to the rictus. Nostril wholly exposed, longitudinal, more or less oval, but nearly straight on upper edge, where a slightly developed opercu- lum is more or less evident. Rictal bristles distinct but small. Wing long, its tip well produced (longer than exposed culmen) and rounded; tenth primary shorter than secondaries, but more than half as long as longest primary; eighth and seventh primaries longest, the sixth a little shorter; inner webs of four or five outer primaries slightly sinu- ated. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, even or very slightly rounded. Tarsus about equal to exposed culmen or slightly longer; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; outer toe, with claw, reaching to or very slightly beyond base of middle claw, the 284 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. inner toe a little shorter; hallux about as long as lateral toes, much stouter, its claw shorter than the digit and strongly curved. Cia —Uniform bluish gray or grayish blue (more dattiivdty blue on head), the throat streaked with white. Nidification.—Nest essentially similar in form and composition to that of Vuczfraga, but in open pifion woods of arid districts, instead of moister pine and fir forests. Eggs similar to those of Vucifraga. Range.—Western United States, in mountains. (Monotypic.) CYANOCEPHALUS CYANOCEPHALUS (Maximilian). PINON JAY. Adult male.—General color uniform dull grayish blue, paler on posterior under parts, deepening on pileum, hindneck and auricular region into a much darker and more purplish blue, the malar and sub- orbital regions brighter blue (almost azure blue); chin, throat, and median portion of chest broadly streaked with grayish white; anal region very pale bluish gray or grayish white; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but averaging decidedly smaller and usually much duller in color, the prevailing color bluish gray rather than grayish blue. Young.—Similar to the adult female, but still duller, without any blue except on wings and tail; color of pileum, hindneck, back, etc., plain gray, darker on the first; under parts entirely uniform pale gray, becoming grayish white on anal region. Adult male.—Length (skins), 259-287.5 (272.5); wing, 148-159.5 (154); tail, 104-116.5 (114); exposed culmen, 33.5-37.5 (36); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 37.5-38.5 (88); middle toe, 22.5-23 (28).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 244-267 (254.5); wing, 142-147 (144.5); tail, 101-108 (104); exposed culmen, 31-32.5 (31.5); depth of bill at nostrils 8; tarsus, 34~36.5 (35.5); middle toe, 18-20.5 (19.5).? Pifion and juniper woods of western United States; north to south- ern British Columbia (interior), Idaho, etc., south to northern Lower ‘California (San Pedro Martir Mountains), Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas; east to eastern side of Rocky Mountains, in winter (sometimes regularly) to Nebraska (Long Pine, Cherry County, Sioux County, Fullerton, Nance County, near Fort Robinson, etc.), casually to eastern Kansas (Lawrence). Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Maximiuian, Reise in Nord-amerika, ii; 1841, 21 (upper Missouri River). [Gymnokitta] cyanocephalus Bonaparts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 382.—Covuzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 163. @ Five specimens. > Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 285 Gymnokitta cyanocephala Barrp, Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Rocky Mts.); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 574; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 431.—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 165, pl. 28.—Kennerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 10 (95 miles w. Albuquerque, New Mexico); x, pt. iv, 1859, 32 (do.; habits),\—Newserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1857, 83 (Des Chutes Basin, e. Oregon; habits).—Hernry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—Fritner, Ann. Rep. Smithson Inst. for 1864 (1865), 427 (Fort Tejon and Fort Crook, California; habits).—Couzs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 91 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, resid.; habits); Ibis, 1872, 152 (biogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 231; Birds N. W., 1874, 209.—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 292 (more barren districts of Sierra Nevada).—A1kEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 204 (Wyoming).— Barrp, Brewer, and. Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 260, pl. 38, fig. 2.— Yarrow and Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1872 (1874), 21 (Nevada; Utah).—Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 84 (Fort Garland, Colorado; habits), 122 (Silver City, Tulerosa Lake, and Fort Wingate, New Mexico; habits); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 331 (Nevada; locs. in Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico; habits); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 112 (habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 8 (near Lawrence, e. Kansas, 6 or 7, Oct. 23, 1875).—Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 24 (City of Rocks, s. Idaho, Oct.); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 517 (pifion and cedar woods, Sierra Nevada to Wasatch Mts.; habits, descr. nest, etc.).—Brnpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xviii, 1877, 156 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; descr. nest and eggs).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 1388.—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 139 (San Juan Co., Colorado, 7,000 to 13,000 ft.).—-Goss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 43 (Sangre de Cristo Mts., Colorado; breeding habits). G[ymnokitta] cyanocephala Maxiu11t1an, Journ. fir Orn., 1858, 193 (descr., etc. ).— HensHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1879, 306 (Des Chutes Basin, etc., e. Oregon; habits; desc. nest and eggs). Gymnocitta cyanocephala Couxs, Ibis, Apr., 1865, 165, in text (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 98; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 345.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 285. G[ymnocitta] cyanocephala Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 418. P[silorhinus] cyanocephalus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 14. [Nucifraga] cyanocephala Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 10, no. 6166. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus StrsnecER, Auk, i, July, 1884, 230.—AmMERIcAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no: 492.—TownsEnp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 213 (Fort Crook, n. California).—Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 21 (Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona, 3,000 to 4,000 ft., Sept. to Noy.; habits).— Cooks, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 159 (Lawrence, Kansas).—BELDING, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 116 (localities in California, Oregon, and Nevada).—Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 257 (Mogollon and San Francisco Moun- tains, Arizona; habits).—Mzrrriam, N. Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 94 (San Francisco, Mts., Arizona).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 388 (Lawrence, Oct., 1875).—AntHoNy, Zoe, iv, 1893, 239 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower Cali- fornia, abt. in May).—Kettoae, Auk, xi, 1894, 260 (Finney Co., w. Kan- sas, winter resid. up to 1891).—Brnopire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 424, pl. 8, figs. 24, 25 (eggs).—Nearuine, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 314.—GrinneELt (J.), Pasadena Ac. Sci., Pub. ii, 1898, 32 (Los Angeles Co., California; irreg. visit.).—Maruarp, Auk, xv, 1898, 198 (Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., California, Dec., 1895).—Mircneni, Auk, xv, 1898, 309 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, 8,000 ft. upward).—Bruner, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soc. for 1896 (1898), 124 (Pine Ridge near Fort Robinson, etc. ).—Mzr- 286 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM riamM, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 121 (Shasta Valley, etc., n. Cali- fornia, Sept. 28).—Barss, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., sec. ann. meeting, 1901, 74 (Long Pine and Kennedy, n. w. Nebraska, Sept. to Nov.; numerous).— Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 235 (Black Hills, Wyoming, breeding; habits):— Oxsrrnotser, Auk, xix, 1902, 300 (Guadalupe Mts., w. Texas).—JoHnson (H. C.), Condor, iv, 1902, 14 (American Fork, Utah; habits).—BarLEy (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 284. C[yanocephalus] cyanocephalus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 364. Cyanocephalus wiedi Bonaparte, Obs. Stat. Zool. Eur. Vertebr., 1840-41 (1842) (See Salvin, Ibis, 1873, 103). Cyanocorax cassini McCatt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, June, 1851, 216 (Santa Fé, New Mexico). Cyanocorax cassinii Barry, Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Santa Fé). Genus PICA Brisson. Pica Brisson, Orn., ii, 1760, 35. (Type, Corvus pica Linnzeus. ) Cleptes¢ Gampet, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, Dec. 1847, 46. (Type, Corvus hudsonius Sabine. ) Large long-tailed Garruline with tenth (outermost) primary falcate, the head without any crest, and the plumage black and white in large, conspicuously contrasted areas.’ Tail very long, forming much more than half the total length, excessively graduated (lateral rectrices but little if any more than half as long as middle pair), outermost primary narrow, falcate, about half as long as ninth primary; bill rather stout (depth at nostrils more than half the distance from nostrils to tip of maxilla), its width at base of nasal plumes a little greater than its depth at the same point; nasal plumes well developed, covering nearly basal half of maxilla; tarsus slender, about twice as long as distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; middle toe (without claw) a little more than half as long as tarsus. Coloration.—Wings metallic greenish blue, varied with greenish or violet (sometimes both), the inner webs of primaries chiefly white; tail rich metallic green varied with bronze, purple, and violet near end; scapulars, belly, sides, and flanks, pure white; other parts blackish. Nidification.—Nest in trees; nest proper more or less completely inclosed within an open ‘‘lattice-work” of large dead twigs. Eggs 7-10, dull grayish white or pale gravish (sometimes slightly greenish), densely speckled with grayish brown or olive. Fange.—Palearctic Region and western portion of Nearctic Region. The genus Pica is most nearly related to the Palearctic genus Cyano- polius Bonaparte,’ but differs conspicuously in the faleate first pri- a «Klénrns, a thief.’ b Whence the term ‘‘pied.”’ ¢ Cyanopolius Bonaparte, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1849, 75. (Type, C. cooki Bonaparte. )— Cyanopica Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850, 86. (Type, C. vaillanti Bonaparte, = Corvus cyanus Pallas.) —Dolometis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 222. (Type, Corvus cyanus Pallas. ) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 287 mary and style of coloration; Cyanopolius having only the pileum, sides of head, and hindneck black, the under parts being whitish or pale vinaceous-gray, the hack, scapulars, and rump light gray or vinaceous- gray, the wings and tail light grayish blue. The only other American genus of jays with a very long and grad- uated tail is Caloc’tta, of Mexico and Central America, which has uncovered nostrils, a conspicuous recurved crest, and the plumage chiefly blue. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PICA. a. Bill and naked orbital space black. (Western North America in general.) Pica pica hudsonia (p. 287) aa. Bill and naked orbital space yellow. (California.)....-.-- Pica nuttalli (p. 291) PICA PICA HUDSONIA (Sabine). AMERICAN MAGPIE, Similar to P. p. pica,* but averaging decidedly larger; feathers of throat with setaceous shafts less developed, and with more or less con- cealed white spotting; white spot on inner web of first (innermost) primary averaging mich smaller, rarely, if ever, occupying the edge of the web; secondaries averaging more greenish blue. Adults (sexes altke).—UHead, neck, chest, upper breast, back, lesser wing-coverts, lower rump, upper and under tail-coverts, anal region, thighs, lower abdomen, and under wing-coverts, uniform black, the crown glossed with bronze or bronzy greenish, the back faintly glossed with bluish green or bluish in certain lights; scapulars, lower breast, upper abdomen, sides, and flanks, white; a broad band of grayish white across upper rump; prevailing color of middle and greater wing- coverts and secondaries metallic steel blue, varying to bronzy green; alula, primary coverts, and primaries blackish, glossed, more or less, with greenish bronze, bluish green, or steel bluish, the inner webs of the primaries mostly white; this most extensive on the longer quills, on the first restricted to a large subterminal patch or spot, usually more or less broadly margined along the edge of the web with blackish; occasionally the outermost secondary also is marked with a subtermi- nal white spot; tail bright metallic bronzy green, passing into metallic @[ Corvus] pica Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 106.—Pica pica Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 62, part.—Corvus rusticus Scopoli, Ann., i, 1769, 38.—Pica rustica Dresser, Birds Europe, pt. xxii, 1873 (vol. iv, 509, pl. 260).—Pica melanoleuca Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 121.—Pica albiventris Vieillot, Faun. Frang., 1820, 119.—Pica europea Boie, Isis, 1826, 551.—Pica germanica Brehm Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 177.—Pica septentrionalis Brehm, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 178.—Pica hiemalis Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 178.—Pica caudata Keyserling and Blasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, 45; Gould, Birds Europe, iii, 1835?, pl. 216; Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 1873, pl. 216; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1839, 107.—Pica varia Schlegel, Rev. Crit., 1844, 54; Dier. Nederl., Vég., 1861, pl. 13, figs. 7, 7a; Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 390.—Pica vulgaris Brehm, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 173. (Europe. ) 288 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. purple subterminally, the latter into darker and more bluish green for the terminal portion (extensively); inner webs of. rectrices uniform blackish, slightly glossed with greenish, and outer web of outermost rectrix wholly dark bronzy greenish; bill, bare orbital space, legs, and” feet black; iris brown, with a grayish outer ring (concealed by eyelids). Keung, —Sinilar to adults, but black of head, neck, etc., much duller, without metallic gloss; feathers of throat usually with the basal white spots much larger, often conspicuously exposed and frequently occu- pying, as large wedge-shaped spots, the central portion of the feathers of chest and upper breast, as well as throat; white of scapulars and sides of breast usually more or less tinged with sooty brown, espe- cially on tips of feathers; grayish band across upper rump indistinct, sometimes obsolete; wings and tail as in adults, but metallic colors rather more brilliant; bare suborbital space much larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 404-493 (459.5); wing, 181.5-211.5 (208); tail, 235-302.5 (268); exposed culmen, 33-39.5 (36.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 11.5-15 (18.5); tarsus, 45-50 (48); middle toe, 23.5-28 (26).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 404-473.5 (440.9); wing, 190-206 (197.5); tail, 231.5-283.5 (259.5); exposed culmen, 31-36.5 (34.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12.5-14.5 (13); tarsus, 43-48.5 (46); middle toe, 22.5-28 (25).? Treeless or more sparsely wooded districts of western North Amer- ica, except coast and interior valleys of California; north to north- western Alaska (Kowak River, Hotham Inlet, head of Bristol Bay, Alaskan Peninsula, Shumagin Islands, Kadiak, etc.); south to south- «Fifteen specimens. bTwelve specimens. Specimens from the coast of Alaska (Kadiak, Shumagin Islands, Nushagak, etc.), apparently have decidedly shorter tails, on the average, than those from elsewhere, but with a larger series the difference may prove less marked than the following measurements seem to indicate: Bx. | Of bil Middl 2 a * 0 1. 1 e Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed at nos- | 287sus. |" 46, a culmen. tril. MALES, Eight adult males from Western United States....| 205.5 | 281.5 36.5 18 48.5 25.5 Seven adult males from coast of Alaska........... 200.5 | 258 87.5 14.5 47.5 26 FEMALES. Eight adult females from Western United States..| 197.5 | 270.5 33.5 12.5 46 24 One adult female from interior of Alaska (Fort TROGOG) ns sexncineavandeanasaaseeareeetbnesene 207 288 36 14.5 46.5 28 Four adult females from coast of Alaska........-. 197.5 | 242.5 34 14 45.5 27 The supposed female from Fort Reliance may possibly be a male, the length of wings and tail slightly exceeding the same measurements of any other adult female in the series measured. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 289 ern Arizona (Santa Catalina Mountains, September, November), New Mexico (San Miguel County, where breeding at 7,000 to 12,000 feet, Raton Mountains, etc.), and western Texas; east to western portion of the Great Plains, and to Lake Winnipeg; rare or casual winter visitant or straggler to southwest side of Hudson Bay (York Factory), Ontario, Michigan, northeastern Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, lowa, eastern Nebraska, etc. Corvus pica (not of Linnzeus) Forster, Philos. Trans., xxii, 1772, 382 (Hudson Bay).—Wiutson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 75, pl. 35, fig. 2.—Bonararrs, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1823, 360, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., iii, 1828, 57.—Swarnson and Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 292.—Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 18382, 219.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iv., 1838, 408, pl. 357. Pica pica Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 62, part (American references and localities). Corvus hudsonius Sasrng, App. Franklin’s Journ., 1823, 25, 671 (Cumberland House, Hudson Bay). Pica hudsonica Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27.—Maximiian, Reise in Nord-Amerika, i, 1839, 508 (upper Missouri R.); Journ. ftir Orn., iv, 1856, 197 (crit.).—Woopnovuss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 77 (New Mexico).—Kernnerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1857, 10 (Little Colorado R., Arizona); x, pt. 3, 1859, 32 (do.).—Nrwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1857, 84 (Mptolyas R., Oregon, Columbia R., and n. coast California).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R., Surv., ix, 1858, 576; 2d ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 25; x, pt. 3, no. 2, 1859, 14 (near Fort Massachusetts and Cochetope Pass, New Mexico); Cat. N. An. Birds, 1859, no. 432.—Cooper and Suckuey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 213, pl. 25 (Oregon and Washington e. of Cascades; Puget Sound after breeding season).—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 8 (Forks Saskatchewan, Nov., Feb.; plains Saskatchewan; breeding).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Wool- wich, iv, 1864, 121 (British Columbia) .—Couvss, Ibis, 1865, 159, in text (Raton Mts., New Mexico); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 93 (do.).—DaLu and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 286 (Sitka; Unga, Shumagin group; Kadiak).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 296 (Vancouver I.; Fort Col- ville, Washington).—Srrvenson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. for 1870 (1871), 465 (Colorado).—Ho.pEN and Arxken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 204 (Wyoming).—Finsca, Abh. Nat. Brem., iii, 1872, 39 (Alexandrovsk, Alaska).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (Shawnee Co., Kansas, Oct. ).—Da., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., v, 1878, 28 (Shumagins; Alaska peninsula).—Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 687 (Idaho; Utah).—Bairn, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 38, fig. 1. [Pica] hudsonicus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 382. Cleptes hudsonicus GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 46 (New Mexico) . [Pica] melanoleuca var. hudsonica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 164. Pica melanoleuca . . var. hudsonica Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 233.—Yarrow and HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1872 (1874), 20 (e. Nevada; Utah).—Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 65 (Den- ver, Colorado), 84 (Fort Garland, Colorado; habits), 123 (Rio Puerco, New Mexico); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 334 (habits); Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1877, 1309 (Carson City, Nevada). Pica melanoleuca . . . Var. hudsonica Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 8 (rare summer resid.). 10384—voL 8—03——19 290 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Pica melanoleuca var. hudsonica Cougs, Birds N. W., 1874, 211, part.—Scort, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 94 (Twin Lakes, Colorado). [Pica melanoleuca var. hudsonica] b. hudsonica Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 211 (synonymy). P{ica] melanoleuca hudsonica Hensaaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1879, 306 (Nevada; eastern California; habits). Picu melanoleuca hudsonica Rrpeway, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, Jan., 1875, 11, 15 (Carson City and Truckee Valley, Nevada).—Covzs, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. iii, 1877, 669 (Fort Garland, Colorado; Fort Union, New Mexico, etc.); iv, 1878, 607 (mouth of Milk R., etc., Montana). Pica caudata var. hudsonica ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, July, 1872, 150 (e. Colorado) , 157 (South Park), 169 (Ogden, Utah), 178 (w. Kansas; Colo- rado, up to 11,000 ft.; Wyoming; Utah).—Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1878, 184 (Colorado).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 266.—Benpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 125 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; habits). P{ica] caudata . . var. hudsonica Ripaway,-Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 375 (n. Illinois, accid. in winter). . P{ica] caudata var. hudsonicus Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 112 (n. e. Illinois, accidental). Pica caudata hudsonica Finscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 270 (Portage Bay, Alaska). Pica rustica, var. hudsonica Barrp, Orn. Simpson’s Exp., 1876, 380 (Utah). Pica rustica, £. hudsonica Ripeway, Field and Forest, ii, June, 1877, 208 (Colorado) . Pica rustica . . . 8. hudsonica Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 520 (e. slope Sierra Nevada to Wahsatch Mts.; habits, etc. ). Pica rustica hudsonica Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Mar. 27, 1880, 4; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 286.—Horrman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1882, 400 (Fort Berthold, Dakota).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 347.— Netson, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1881 (1883), 73 (head of Bristo] Bay, Alaska).— BecxkHam, Auk, ii, 1885, 142 (Pueblo, Colorado).—McLenrcan, Cruise ““Corwin,’’ 1884, 116 (Kowak R. and Hotham Inlet, Alaska).—AcGERsgore, Auk, li, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, winter). [Pica pica] €. hudsonica Dusois, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1873, 5. P{ica] rustica hudsonica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 420. Plica] pica . . . var. hudsonica Jornpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. 8., 4th ed., 1884, 94. Pica pica hudsonica Rrpeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355; xvi, 1893, 664 (Shumagins, Alaska); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 333.—AmERICAN ORNITHOL- ogists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 475.—Anrnony, Auk, iii, 1886, 166 (Washington Co., n. w. Oregon, resident).—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (w. Manitoba).—Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 166 (Fort Yukon, Fort Reliance, etc.).—Netson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 163 (Shumagins, Kadiak, etc.).—Townsrnn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 210 (Fort Crook, n. e. California).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 157 (w. Manitoba; w. Kansas; Vermilion, Dakota—formerly, in winter; w. Dakota).—Brpine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 107 (Alpine Co., California; e. slope Sierra Nevada, up to 7,000 ft.).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 32 (breeding e. of Cascades; coast in winter).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 375 (fall and winter visit, formerly resident).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 565 (Lake Winnipeg, York Factory, etc.).—McIiwrairs, Birds Ontario, 1892, 272 (Sault Ste. Marie, rare winter visit).—Fiser (A. K.), N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 68 (Toquerville, Utah, Dec.).—Lows, Auk, xi, 1894, 268 (Wet Mts., Colorado).—Dunn, Auk, xii, 1895, 395 (Chicago, Illinois, J spec., Oct. 17, 1892).—Bunnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 349, pl. 3, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 291 figs. 11-13 (eggs).—Neuriina, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 315.—Bruner, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soc. for 1896 (1898), 118 (West Point; Norfolk; Harrison; Cherry County; breeding); Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union, sec. ann. meeting, 1901, 54 (Cherry and Sioux counties, n. w. Nebraska, breeding).—CLARKE, Auk, xv, 1898, 274 (Odessa, e. Ontario, 3 specs. ).—Murcneni, Auk, xv, 1898, 309 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breedingat7,000 to 12,000ft. ). —McGrecor, Auk, xvi, 1899, 78 (Alturas, Modoe Co., n. e. California, abundant ).—Mr- r1aM, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 118 (e. side Shasta Valley, n. Cali- fornia, 1 spec., Sept. 29).—Bargs, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., sec. ann. meeting, 1901, 74 (Chadron, n. w. Nebraska, breeding).—FLemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 40 (Port Sydney, Ontario, 1 spec., summer, 1887).—FisueEr (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 11 (Mono Lake, s. e. California, Sept.).—Batey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 270, pl. P{ica] pica hudsonica Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352. Pica melanoleuca (not of Vieillot) AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 152; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 99, pl. 227.—Cazor, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1845, 73 (Mich- igan; crit.).—McCaut, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 217 (w. Texas, lat. 29° 15’, Nov.). PICA NUTTALLI Audubon. YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE, Similar in coloration to P. pica hudsonia, but bill and bare orbital skin bright yellow, and size decidedly less.“ Adult male.—Length (skins), 381-443.5 (406.5); wing, 181.5-196.5 (187.5); tail, 229-254 (237); exposed culmen, 30.5-32.5 (31.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12-13 (12.5); tarsus, 43.5-49.5 (47.5); middle toe, 22.5-25 (23).? ; Adult female.—Length (skins), 409-451 (423.5); wing, 182-194.5 (186.5); tail, 230.5-249.5 (239); exposed culmen, 30-31 (80.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12; tarsus, 44.5-50 (48); middle toe, 29.5-26.5 (23.5).° «The average measurements of P. nuttalli agree more nearly with those of P. p. pica than with any other form, comparing with the latter as follows: Ex- Depth 2 Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed - a Tarsus. Mids culmen. s . trils. MALES. Six adult males of Pica pica pica (Europe) .....-- 190 239 33.5 12.5 48 27.5 Six adult males of Pica nutfalli...........--.------ 187 237.5 31.5 12.5 47 23 Eight adult males of Pica pica hudsonia from western United States..........2:....2..2-22222- 205.5 | 281.5 36.5 13 48.5 25.5 FEMALES. Seven adult females of Pica pica pica (Europe)...| 186 232.5 32.5 12.5 47 26 Seven adult females of Pica nuttalli.........-...-- 186 239.5 30.5 12 48 23 Eight adult females of Pica pica hudsonia from western United States...........--.2.....222220- 197.5 | 270.5 33.5 12.5 46 24 b Six specimens. «Seven specimens. 292 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Central California, from Ventura, Kern, and Tulare counties on the south to Tehama County on the north; chiefly the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, more rare and irregularly distributed along the coast. Pica nuttulli AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 450, pl. 362 (Santa Barbara, Califor- nia; type in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 104, pl. 228.—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27.—Nvcrrati, Man. Orn. U.8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 236.—Newperrry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1857, S4, pl. 26.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 578; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 26; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 433.— Herrmann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 54 (w. slope Sierra Nevada, California and Oregon).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 295 (int. valleys and coast s. of Monterey to Santa Barbara).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 38, fig. 3.—Rrpeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 519 (Sacramento); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 287.—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 66 (Santa Clara Co. ).—AMERICAN ORNITIOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 476.—Evermann, Auk, ili, 1886, 181 (Ventura Co., California).—Townsenp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 211 (upper Sacramento Valley; habits).—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 442 (‘Columbia River’’).—Fisurr (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 68 (Visalia; Tulare Co.; San Luis Obispo; Santa Ynez R., etc.).—Bernprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 355, pl. 3, fig. 14 (egg).—Bartow, The Avifauna, i, 1885, 20 (habits).—Fisner (W. K.), Condor, ii, 1900, 137 (Mount St. Helena, Napa C'v., California).—NoacK, Condor, iv, 1902, 78 (vocal powers).— Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 271. Plica] nuttelli Bonapartr, Consp. Ayv., i, 1850, 383.—Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 421.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352.—McGreeor, Auk, xvi, 1891, 78, in text (Shasta Co.). Pica uuttallii AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 152.—Woopnousg, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 77 (San Francisco to San José). Cleptes nuttalli GAMBEL, Journ. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 46 (Santa Bar- bara; habits). [Pica melanoleuca.] Var nuitallii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 164. Pica melanoleuca . . var. nuttalli Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 233a. [Pica melanoleuca var. hudsonica] c. nuttaili Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 212 (syn- onymy). Pica melanoleuca mitalli Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 172 (Sacra- mento).—HEnxsaaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1876, 252 (Santa Clara Valley and Santa Barbara, California). Pica cundata, var, nuttalli Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Aim. Birds, ii, 1874, 270. Piece rustica nuttalli Cougs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 348. Plica] r[ustior] nuttalli Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed.,-1884, 421. Pica ? (Pica var.) nuttalli Cooper, Prov. Cal. Ac. Svi., vi, 1875, 198. Genus CALOCITTA Gray. Calocitia Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 50. (Type, Picu bullockii Wagler, = P. formosa Swainson.) Callicitta, (emendation) Cananrs, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 225. Cyannras not of Swainson, 1831) Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 380. (Type, Pica butlockii Wagler, = P. formosa Swainson. ) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE .AMERICA. 298 Large, long-tailed Garrulinw with wholly exposed nostrils, a con- spicuous recurved crest, conspicuous white tips to shorter rectrices, and underparts mainly white. Bill stout, its depth at nostrils greater than half the distance from anterior edge of nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen and gonys distinctly convex. Nostrils wholly exposed, beveled off anteriorly, margined above and behind by the membranous covering of the nasal fossw. Nasal tufts entirely absent ((\ collie) or but slightly developed (C. formosa and subspecies). A long and very conspicuous erectile crest springing from forehead or anterior portion of crown, composed of rather narrow, rather stiff, somewhat spatulate, and more or less recurved feathers. Wings rather long, the primaries exceeding second- aries by about the length of the bill; seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest and nearly equal, the tenth more than half as long as the longest. Tail very long (middle rectrices at least one and one-third, sometimes nearly three times, as long as wing), much graduated (middle rectrices much more than twice as long as lateral pair). Tarsus much longer than exposed culmen (about equal to length of commis- sure), with planta tarsi undivided, except on lower portion; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus. Coralia aa plain blue (the back, etc., sometimes grayish); crest black (sometimes with white tips); four outermost rectrices very broadly tipped with white; underparts mainly white, the chest and throat black or else chest crossed by a curved black band. Nidification.—Nest bulky, composed of thorny twigs, placed in a thorny tree. Eggs unknown. Range.—Western Mexico to Costa Rica. (Two species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CALOCITTA. a. Throat and chest black, or mostly black; sides of head black, with pale blue malar patch. b. A pale blue superciliary spot; crest-feathers entirely black or with indistinct bluish tips. (Western Mexico.).....-.-.----- Calocitta colliei, adult (p. 294) bb. No blue superciliary spot; crest-feathers conspicuously tipped with white. Calocitta colliei, young (p. 294) aa. Throat and chest white, the latter margined below by a curved band or collar of black; sides of head white, or bluish white (sometimes with a blackish triangular malar or suborbital patch). b. A more or less distinct triangular malar or suborbital patch of black; back and scapulars distinctly gray, with little if any bluish tinge; occiput with more or less of black (often wholly black). (Southwestern Mexico, from States of Colima and Puebla south to Oaxaca.) ...--.- Calocitta formosa formosa (p. 295) bb. No trace of any dusky malar or suborbital patch (or else back and scapulars distinctly bluish); back and scapulars distinctly bluish; occiput bright blue, without any black. (Chiapas to Costa Rica. ) Calocitta formosa azurea (p. 296) 294 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CALOCITTA COLLIEI (Vigors). COLLIE’S MAGPIE-JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—Frontal, loral, postocular, and auricular regions, chin, throat, and chest, uniform black; crest black, the longer feathers more or less distinctly bluish at tips; a superciliary spot of pale blue or bluish white, extending posteriorly to beneath the crest, where deepening into the dull campanula blue of the occiput; a bifurcated malar patch of flax flower blue, the upper arm extending upward to the lower eyelid, the lower edge margined with white; upper parts, except as described, plain blue, duller or more grayish on back and scapulars, deeper (dull french blue, or approaching cyanine blue) on upper tail-coverts and tail; four lateral rectrices very broadly and abruptly tipped with white; under parts, posterior to chest, white, the sides and flanks tinged with gray; bill, legs, and feet black. Young.—Similar to adults, but all the feathers of the crest broadly and abruptly tipped with white, feathers of occiput and hindneck also tipped with white (these tips broader on lateral portions, forming con- tinuous white bordering upper and posterior margins of black auric- ular space), and pale blue superciliary patch absent (replaced by black). Adult malv.—Length (skins), 654-749 (693); wing, 210.5-221 (214.5); tail, 485-508 (463.5); exposed culmen, 33-36 (84.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 14.5-15 (15); tarsus, 44.5-48 (£7); middle toe, 27.5-30.5 (29.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 575-724 (653.5); wing, 198-216 (205); tail, 406.5-508 (448.5); exposed culmen, 33-36 (34); depth of bill at nostrils, 18-15 (14.5); tarsus, 44.5-47.5 (46); middle toe, 30-31.5 (30.5).¢ Western Mexico, north to southern Sonora (Alamos, Camoa, Plomosas, etc.) and western Chihuahua (Jesus Maria, El Carmen, ete.), south to Jalisco (San Sebastian, Zapotlan, Guadalajara, etc.), east to Guanajuato and Durango (Huasamota). {Occasional specimens show a greater or less amount of white or pale bluish on the throat and chest, sometimes forming a large patch, mar- gined below bya black collar. Such examples have the appearance of being hybrids or ‘‘intergrades” between C. co/lict and C. formosa; but since among them are specimens from extreme northern localities, they can only be considered as representing individual variation; hybridism or intergradation with C. formosa being of course possible only where the two occur together, which, if anywhere, would be in the extreme southern portion of the range of ( collze/.] Pica colliei Vigors, Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, 353, pl. 12 (San Blas, Territoria de Tepic, w. Mexico; type in coll. Brit. Mus.); Zool. Voy. ‘‘Blossom,”’ 1839, 22 pl. 7 (San Blas; Mazatlan).—Scuirce., Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 43 (w. Mexico). @Seven specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 295 [Cyanurus] colliei Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 381.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 6, no. 6126. Cyanurus colliei Dueks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 139 (Guadalajara; Guanajuato). Calocitta colliaei Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 592. Calocitta collie’ Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., i, July, 1870, 334 (Mazatlan).— Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 284 (Mazatlan; habits).— Saarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 89 (San Blas).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 236.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 507.—Stonz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 442 (‘‘Aca- pulco’’).—Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 782 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco; habits, etc.). [Calocitta] colliei ScLatER and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 40. C[alocitta] coltiei Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 350, footnote. Pica bernettii Gray, in Griffith’s ed. Cuvier’s Anim. Kingd., Aves, ii, 1834, 334, plate (Mazatlan). Corvus bullockit (not Pica bullockii Wagler) Aupuson, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 483, pl. 96 (‘‘Columbia River’’). Pica bullockiit (not of Wagler) Aupuson, Synopsis, 1839, 152; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv., 1842, 105, pl. 229 (‘North California’). Garrulus bullockii Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 230 (‘‘Colum- bia R.’’). Cyanura bullocki Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 115. Cyanurus bullocki Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 115; 1850, 84 (diagn. and synonymy); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27; Nuovi Ann. Sc. Nat. Bolong., ii, 1839, 3438. C[alocitta] bullockii Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 50, part. P{silorhinus] bullockii Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 308 (excl. syn. part). Calocitta. elegans Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., i, June, 1870, 335 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; coll. Bremen Mus. ;=young). CALOCITTA FORMOSA FORMOSA (Swainson). BULLOCK’S MAGPIE-JAY. Similar to C. collve‘, but smaller, with relatively much shorter tail; sides of head chiefly white; chin, throat, and chest white (the latter crossed by a black collar), and the back gray instead of blue. Adult male.—Pileum (including occiput and crest), a patch on side of neck (behind auriculars), a more or less well developed triangular patch on malar region (extending upward to eye), and a curved band or collar across chest, black (crown and occiput sometimes mixed or tinged with blue); hindneck, back, scapulars, ramp, and wings plain ash gray, the first and last more or less tinged with blue, especially the secondaries, basal half of primaries, primary coverts, and alule; upper tail-coverts and tail plain blue (dull cobalt or ultramarine), the four outermost rectrices very broadly tipped with white and with their inner webs blackish; sides of head (except as described) and under parts (except collar across chest) white, the first sometimes tinged with pale purplish blue, especially on malar region; bill, legs, and feet black; iris browy;“ length (skins), 457-520.5 (486); wing, « According to Xantus, manuscript. 296 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 187-193.5 (191); tail, 284.5-334 (806.5); exposed culmen, 30.5-33 (81); depth of bill at nostrils, 12.5-15 (14.5); tarsus, 42-46 (44.5); middle toe, 28-30 (29.5).¢ Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but somewhat smaller and with the crown and occiput more or less blue (sometimes entirely blue except along lateral edges); length (skins), 482.5-514.5 (490.5); wing, 178-193.5 (183); tail, 267-314 (287.5); exposed culmen, 29-34 (30.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12.5-14 (18.5); tarsus, 39-45.5 (42.5); middle toe, 28.5-80 (29.5)? Southwestern Mexico, from the States of Colima and Puebla to Oaxaca. Pica formosa Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 437 (Temascaltepec, Mexico). [Cyanurus] formosus Swanson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495, in text. Calocitta formosa ScuarErR, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 381 (Oaxaca; crit.).— Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 285 (Colima; Manzanilla Bay; Rio de Ja Armeria).—Lawxencz, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Juchitan and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 88, part (Oaxaca; San Juan del Rio).—Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 423 (Acapulco, Guerrero).—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Chietla, Puebla).—Sarvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1887, 508, part (Mexican references and localities).—Sronz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 442 (Mexico). [Caloctita] formosa ScuatER and Satvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 40, part (Mexico). , : C[alocitta] formosa Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 350, footnote, part (Mexico) . : Pica bullockii Waaurr, Syst. Av., 1827,.fol. 11, p. 6 (Mexico).—ScniErceL, Mus. ' Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 43 (e. Mexico). C{alocitta] bullockit Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 50, part. [Cyanurus] bullocki Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 380 (‘' Vera Cruz’’). C[allicitta] bullockt Casants, Mus. Heiri., i, 1851, 225 (Mexico). Garrula gubernatriz Temminck, Pl. Col., ii (livr. 78, Jan. 1828), pl. 436 (Mexico; Leyden Mus. ). P[silorhinus] gubernatriz Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 308. Cyanurus gubernatric Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850, 84 (Mexico). CALOCITTA FORMOSA AZUREA Nelson. CENTRAL AMERICAN MAGPIE-JAY. Similar to C. f. formosa, but more brightly colored (back, scapulars, and wings dull cerulean or glaucous blue instead of gray), crown and occiput bright (deep flax-flower or azure) blue, sides of, head entirely white,’ or bluish white (except a black post-auricular spot), white tips @ Six specimens. bFive specimens ¢The blackish triangular malar patch of C. f. formosa sometimes indicated in speci- mens from Chiapas, but in all specimens examined from Guatemala and southward entirely absent. In many specimens the sides of head, and occasionally the chin, strongly tinged with flax-flower blue. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 297 to rectrices more extended, and size (except length of tail) averaging somewhat larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 413-571.5 (500.5); wing, 181.5-208.5 (192.5); tail, 235-343 (291.5); exposed culmen, 28.5-36.5 (32.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 14-16.5 (15); tarsus, 42.5-48.5 (46.5); middle toe, 28-32 (30).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 470-488 (471); wing, 180.5-1938 (185.5); tail, 931-275.5 (251.5); exposed culmen, 30-35.5 (33); depth of bill at nostrils (one specimen), 14; tarsus, 43.5-48 (46); middle toe, 29.5-31.5 (30.5).? State of Chiapas (Huehuetan), southern Mexico, and southward through Guatemala to western Costa Rica; chiefly on the Pacific side, but occurring in southeastern Guatemala (Rio Managua) and in Honduras (?). Calocitta formosa (not Pica formosa Swainson) ScuatEeR and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 22 (both coasts, Guatemala).—ScLaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 145 (Guate- mala).—Satvin, Ibis, 1870, 114 (Costa Rica).—SnHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 88, part (Honduras; Nicaragua).—Bovucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 37.—Nvrtine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 393 (La Palma de Nicoya, w. Costa Rica); vi, 1883, 374 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua), 384 (Sucuya, Nicaragua), 392 (Ometepe, Nicaragua; habits, etc.).—ZmLtEepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 113 (Nicaragua; Bojaces and Liberia, w. Costa Rica).—Sa.yin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1887, 509, part (Savana Grande, Escuintla, Retalhuleu, Rio Montagua, Chuacas, and Zacapa, Guatemala; Tigre I. and Comayagua, Hon- duras; Ometepe I., Nicaragua).—Unpgrwoop, Ibis, 1896, 437 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).—Lantz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Naranjo, Guatemala). [Calocitta] formosa ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 40, ou (Guate- mala, Costa Rica). C'[alocitta] formosa Rripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 350, part (Costa Rica). «aTwelve specimens. bThree specimens. Specimens from Guatemala and southward are smaller than those from Chiapas, and, as a rule, are appreciably less distinctly blue in the color of the back, etc.; but without a much larger series I am unable to determine whether the differences are sufficiently obvious or constant to justify further subdivision ofthe species. Average measurements according to locality are as follows: Ex. Depth : Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed ve Le Tarsus. saad culmen. trils. MALES. Five adult males from Chiapas............-.------ 202 315 35 15.5 46.5 81 Three adult males from Guatemala ..............- 190.5 | 266.5 30.5 15 45.5 29.5 Four adult males from Nicaragua and Costa Rica.| 188.5 | 273.5 31 14.5 45.5 30 FEMALES, Two adult females from Chiapas..............-.-- 186.5 | 261.5 34,5 14 47 30.5 One adult female from Nicaragua...........-....- 182.5 | 231 80>. Noseasecars 43.5 30 298 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Calocitta bullockii (not Pica bullocki Wagler) Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 358 (Comayagua, Honduras). ([Cyanurus] bullockii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 6, no. 6125 (Guatemala). Cyanurus gubernatrix (not Garrula gubernatrix Temminck) Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 113 (Tigre I., Pacific side Honduras; habits). Culocitta formosa azurea Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan. 1897, 55 (Huehuetan, Chiapas, s. e. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Genus PSILORHINUS Ruppell. Psilorhinus Riipprtt, Mus. Senckenburg, 1837, 188. (Type, P. mexicanus Riippell. ) Large, plainly colored Garruline, with the nostrils wholly exposed. Bill stout, compressed (much higher than broad at nostrils); culmen curved throughout, shorter than tarsus. Frontal feathers bristly, erect posteriorly, semi-antrorse anteriorly, forming a slight crest over base of the maxilla. Nostril rounded, beveled off anteriorly to the sur- face of the maxilla. Wings and tail about equal in length, the latter averaging a little the longer; seventh to fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, the tenth much longer than the tarsus, the longer with tips rather narrow and straight; longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than length of middle toe, or of bill from nostril. Tail graduated for more than length of tarsus, the rectrices rather broad. Tarsus about twice as long as length of bill from nostril, the planta- tarsi entire, except at extreme lower portion; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus. Colorat‘on.—Head, neck, and chest plain deep sooty brown, darker on pileum and sides of head; upper parts plain sooty brown, grayer (sometimes somewhat glaucous) on remiges and rectrices, the latter sometimes tipped with white; under parts of body varying from white to sooty gray or brown. Mdification.—(Unknown.) FRange.—Eastern Mexico to Costa Rica. (Two species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PSILORHINUS. a. Rectrices without white tips. (Psilorhinus morio. ) b. Under parts of body very pale brownish gray or grayish brown, passing into white posteriorly. (Northeastern and arid portions of east-central Mexico. ) Psilorhinus morio morio (p. 299) bb. Under parts of body deep brownish gray or grayish brown. (Southern and humid portions of east-central Mexico. ) . .Psilorhinus morio fuliginosus (p. 300) aa. Rectrices (except middle pair) broadly tipped with white. (Psilorhinus meai- canus. ) b. Larger (wing and tail averaging more than 203, tarsus averaging 52); white tips to rectrices narrower (averaging 29). (Southeastern Mexico. ) Psilorhinus mexicanus mexicanus (p. 301) bb. Smaller (wing and tail averaging decidedly less than 203, tarsus averaging decidedly less than 51); white tips of rectrices broader (averaging more than 30.5). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 299 ce. Larger (wing averaging 195, tail 195.5); bill much larger (length from nostril averaging 27.5, depth at nostrils 15.5); white tips to retrices smaller (that on inner web of outermost averaging 32); under parts less purely white. (Guatemala to Costa Rica.)..-.-. Psilorhinus mexicanus cyanogenys (p. 301) cc, Smaller (wing averaging 187, tail 190); bill much-smaller (length from nostril averaging 24, depth at nostrils 14.5); white tip to rectrices larger (that on inner web of outermost averaging 44.5); under parts more purely white. (Yucatan) ccctacoustsearcacen Psilorhinus mexicanus vociferus (p. 303) PSILORHINUS MORIO MORIO (Wagler). BROWN JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—Head and neck plain dark sooty brown, fading gradually into uniform grayish brown or sepia on hack, scapulars, rump, and wpper tail-coverts; wings and tail plain deep olive-grayish, appearing more bluish or glaucous in certain lights; dark sooty color of throat fading on chest into light grayish brown or drab, this into very pale brownish gray or dull grayish white on remaining under parts; bill wholly black, wholly yellow, or partly of both colors; iris brown?; legs and feet yellow or black or partly of both colors. Youny.—Not essentially, if at all, different in coloration from adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 397.5-442 (421); wing, 201.9-215.9 (208.5); tail, 210.3-226.1 (218.2); bill from nostril, 26.2-31.7 (28.4); depth of bill at nostrils, 15.5-16.5 (16); tarsus, 47.5-52.1 (50); middle toe, 30.5-34.3 (82.3).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 393.5-426.5 (414); wing, 198-206 (202); tail, 200.5-214.5 (209); bill from nostril, 25.5-28 (26.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 15-15.5 (15.5); tarsus, 49.5-51.5 (50.5); middle toe, 30-88 (381).? Northeastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leon (Boquillo; China; Monterey), Tamaulipas (Montemorelos; Alta Mira), and in arid districts of San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, and Vera Cruz. Plica] morio Wack, Isis, 1829, 751, part ¢ (Mexico; ex Corvus moriv Lichten- stein, manuscript). Pica morio Waaurr, Isis, 1831, 527.—ScuieceL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 44, part (Mexico). Corvus morio LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1831, 1; Journ. fir Orn. 1863, 56 (reprint).—Eypoux and Gervais, Voy. ‘‘ Favorite,’ v, Zool., 1839, 54 (‘‘San Francisco, California’’). Psilorhinus morio Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 51. P{silorhinus] morio Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 308.—Cotrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 419.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352, part.—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 94, 95, 96, part (crit. ). [Psilorhinus] morio Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 381.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 6, no. 6127.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 164.—ScLaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873, 40, part. T «Seven specimens. » Four specimens. ¢Based on young. 800 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. . Ps[ilorhinus| morio CABANis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 226, excl. syn. part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Psilorhinus morio ScuatTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 300 (Cordova, Vera Cruz) ; 1859, 365 (Jalapa); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 145, part (in synonymy ).— BatrpD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 592 (Boquilla, San Diego, and China, Nuevo Leon); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 68, figs. 1, 2; Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 21 (Boquilla, etc., Nuevo Leon); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 444.—Scuarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 363 (City of Mexico; Atlantic tierra caliente).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (hot and temperate regions, Vera Cruz, up to 9,000 ft).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 232.—Bairp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 304, part, pl. 42, fig. 2 (Cordova and Mirador, VeraCruz; Boquilla, ete., Nuevo Leon).—Bovcarp, Catalog. Avium, 1876, 280, no. 8765 (Mexico; ‘‘ Texas’’).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 139, excl. syn. part (Orizaba).—Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Jalapa and Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz).—Satvin and Gopmaxy, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 505.—Stonr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 442 (Mexico).—RicHMonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 630 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).—CHapmay, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 31 (Jalapa). Psilorhinus mexicanus, part, RiprEt., Mus. Senckenb., 1837, 189 (supposed young from Tamaulipas).—Satvin and GopmAv, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 506, part (localities Tamaulipas, and Boquilla and China, Nuevo Leon) .@ PSILORHINUS MORIO FULIGINOSUS (Lesson). SOOTY JAY. Similar to P. m. mor/v, but darker, especially the under parts, which from the breast backward are deep sooty gray or grayish brown, instead of whitish or pale brownish gray. Adult male.—Length (skins), 380-420 (386.4); wing, 190-217 (200); tail, 190-224 (203); bill from nostril, 27-30 (28.3); depth of bill at nostrils, 16-17.5 (16.8); tarsus, 49-55 (51.8); middle toe, 31.5-85 (83. 1).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 380; wing, 190-198 (194); tail (one specimen), 193; bill from nostril, 25-27 (26); depth of bill (one speci- men), 16; tarsus, 49-49.5 (49.2); middle toe, 29-32 (30.5).¢ Southeastern Mexico, in humid districts of San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo?, Vera Cruz (Pasa Nueva; Buena Vista), Chiapas (Guichicovi), and Tabasco (Montecristo). Pica fuliginosa Lesson, Traité d’Orn., i, 1831, 333, part (descr. supposed adult; Mexico).—Pucueran, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1853, 550 (crit.).—Harrnaur, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 424 (crit. ). (?) Psilorhinus morio (not Pica morio Wagler?) ScuaTer and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 363, part (Atlantic tierra caliente?).—SumicuRast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554, part (hot region of Vera Cruz).—SHarpk, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1875, 139, part.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1887, 505, part. «These specimens are in the collection of the U. 8. National Museum, and are true P. morio. bSeven specimens, from Pasa Nueva, southern Vera Cruz. ¢Two specimens, from Buena Vista, southern Vera Cruz. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3801 Psilorhinus morio LAwrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 25 (Guichicovi, Chiapas). P{silorhinus] morio Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352, part.—Nronn, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 94, 95, 96, part (crit.). [Psilorhinis] morio Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 40, part... PSILORHINUS MEXICANUS MEXICANUS Riippell WHITE-TIPPED BROWN JAY. Similar to P. morio mor/o, but rectrices (except middle pair) broadly tipped with white. Adult male.—Leng th (skins), 19-457 (433); wing, 100.5-212 (206.5); tail, 200.5-213.5 (206); bill from nostril, 28-31.5 (29.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 16.5-17.5 (17); tarsus, 51-53.5 (52.5); middle toe, 31-33 (32); length of white tip to inner web of outermost. tail-feather, 28-B1.5 (29.5)." Adult female.—Length (skins), 414-419 (416.5); wing, 190.5-202 (196); tail, 190.5-207 (198.5); bill from nostril, 26-26.5 (26.2); depth of bill at nostrils, 16.5; tarsus, 51-51.5 (51.2); middle toe, 33; length of white on inner web of outermost tail-feather, 16.5-35.5 (26).” Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Catemaco) Oaxaca, Chiapas (Guichicovi) and Tabasco (Montecristo). Plica] morio, part, WaGuiEr, Isis, 1829, 751 (supposed female or young; Mexico). Psilorhinus morio Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. NX. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 304, part (spec. no. 23917, from Mirador, Vera Cruz). Pica fuliginosa, part, Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 333 (supposed young; Mexico). Psilorhinus imevicanus RéppELL, Mus. Senckenb., 1837, 189, pl. 11, fig. 2.— Sgarve, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 140, part (Mexico).—Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 50, part, in text (Mirador). P[silorhinus] mexicanus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352, part (s. Mex- ico).—Sronge, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 94, 95, 96, part (s. Mexico). P{silorhinus] cyanogenys (not of Sharpe) Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352, part (Mirador, Vera Cruz) .¢ (2?) Psilorhinus cyanogenys Lanrz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1898), 222 (Rinconada, Mexico). PSILORHINUS MEXICANUS CYANOGENYS (Sharpe). CENTRAL AMERICAN BROWN JAY. Similar to P. we. mericunus, but smaller, and with the white tips to the rectrices larger. uldults.—Length (skins), 362-416.5 (393); wing, 182.5-206 (195); tail, 185.5-209.5 (195.5); bill from nostril, 26-29 (27.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 14.5-16.5 (15.5); tarsus, 47-51 (48.5); middle toe, 29-32.5 (30.5); length of white tip to inner web of outermost tail-feather, 25-42 (32). « Four specimens. ¢ » Two specimens. «Specimen with distinct bluish gray malar patch. “ Fifteen specimens, so few of which have the sex determined that I am unable to vive separate measurements for the two sexes. 3802 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica). Although the name cyunogenys was based by Dr. Sharpe on what was clearly an unusual development of the lighter colored triangular malar patch, and is therefore misleading, it is nevertheless necessary to retain it for the southern form, since it is the only one based on the Central American bird. In most specimens this malar patch is obsolete, sometimes quite obliterated, and in no specimen is it blue in color, but dull gray. In none of the Central American birds is it nearly so distinct as in an example of true P. wexicanus from Mirador,‘ State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, in which it is very conspicuous, its color being clear ash gray. Psilorhinus morio (not Pica morio Wagler) Moors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Omoa, Honduras; Belize, British Honduras).—SciarErand Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 22 (Quirigua and Iguana, ce. Guatemala).—Tay tor, Ibis, 1860, 113 Tauleyi, Honduras).—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 83 (Costa Rica) .— Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 145, excl. syn. part (tierra caliente, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San José and Turrialba, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 304 (Nicoya, Turrialba, etc., Costa Rica). —Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 304, part (Guatemala; Honduras; Costa Rica).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 59 (San José, Costa Rica). Pica morio (not of Wagler) ScHiEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 44, part (Costa Rica). Psilorhinus mexicanus (not of Ruippell) Scuarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 363 (Guatemala; Honduras; Costa Rica), 1870, 837, 839 (San Pedro, Honduras; crit.).—Satvin, Ibis, 1869, 314 (Costa Rica; crit.).— Suarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 140, part (Honduras; Costa Rica). — Bovcanxn, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 37.—ZELEDoN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 113 (Cartago, Alajuela, and El Zar- cero de Alajuela, Costa Rica.)—Nurrine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 496 (Irazti, Costa Rica).—Satvrin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 506, part (localities in Guatemala, British Honduras ?, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica).—Rineway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352, part (Costa Rica) ; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 588 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Srong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 443 (Nicaragua).—Cuerriz, Auk, ix, 1892, 250 (Costa Rica, 2,500-4,500 ft.).—Unprrwoop, Ibis, 1896, 437 (Volcan de Mira- valles, Costa Rica).—Lantz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1898), 222 (St. Tomas, Guatemala). [Psilorhinus] mexicanus Scuatrr and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 40, part (Guatemala; Honduras; Costa Rica). P[silorhinus] mexicanus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352, part (Costa Rica).—Sronz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 94, 95, 96, part (crit.; Nica- ragua; Costa Rica). Psilorhinus cyanogenys SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 140, pl. 9 (Pearl Bay Lagoon, e. Nicaragua; coll. Brit. Mus.). P(silorhinus] cyanogenys Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352, part (Pearl Bay). @No. 23917, coll. U. 8, Nat. Mus.; Dr. C. Sartorius, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 808 PSILORHINUS MEXICANUS VOCIFERUS (Cabot). YUCATAN BROWN JAY. Similar to P. m. cyanogenys, but smaller, especially the bill; the white at tips of rectrices more extended, and the under parts of the body whiter (posterior half, including thighs, pure white). Adults.—Length (skins), 374.5-401.5 (385.5); wing, 181-189 (187); tail, 183-196 (190); bill from nostril, 23.5-25 (24); depth of bill at nostrils, 14.5-15 (15); tarsus, 43.5-50 (46); middle toe, 27.5-30 (29); length of white spot on inner web of outermost tail-feather, 38-51 (44.5).¢ Yucatan. Corvus vociferus CaBot, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1843, 155 (Yucatan; coll. &. Cabot, jr.); Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H.. iv, 1844, 464 (do.). P(silorhinus] vociferus Svonn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1891, 95, in text. Psilorhinus mexicanus (not of Riappell) Cuarmay, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 282 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan). Genus CYANOCORAX Boie. Cyanocorax Born, Isis, 1826, 975. (Type, Corvus pileatus Temminck, = Pica chrysups Vieillot. ) ; Coronideus>® Casants, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 225. (Type, Cyanocorax hya- cinthinus Cabanis, =('. violaceus Du Bus.) Large-sized Garruline with frontal, loral, and posterior nasal plumes erect and stiff, the nostrils hidden by well-developed antrorse tufts, and the crown more or less crested. Nodification.—(Unknown?) FRange.—Costa Rica (Atlantic side) to Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Para- guay, and southern Brazil. (Eight species, only one of them occur- ring north of the Isthmus of Panama.) There is much difference in certain respects involving external structure among the species which are here referred to Cyanocora in a more restricted sense than that usually employed, and a further subdivision may be desirable. The type, Pica chrysops Vieillot, differs conspicuously from all the rest in the structure of the crest, which is well developed on the crown and occiput (especially the latter), and is composed of very stiff feathers, the tipsof which turn upward, producing the appearance of coarse velvet. The style of coloration, however, even to the head markings, is quite the same as in @. cayanus, C. affinis, C. sclater/, and C. cya- nopogon, in which the crest is very different, the feathers being decumbent at their tips instead of the reverse. C. mystacalis is a little aberrant in its more slender bill and wholly white five outer «Three specimens. b“Von yoporidevs, €c95, 6 nom. prop.” 304 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. retrices. C. violaceus (type of Coronideus Cabanis) is structurally quite identical with C. cyanopogon, C. cayanus, etc., but lacks any white on the tail, has no blue or white markings on the head, and has the under parts of the body grayish violet instead of white or pale yellow. (@. cyanomelas agrees with C. violaceus inthe respects men- tioned, but has the crest scarcely if at all developed, and has no light- colored nuchal area. It will be seen, therefore, that any further sub- division of the genus would necessitate a considerable addition to the number of genera. Pica cerulea Temminck (= Corvus azureus Vieillot) is, however, so different in its conspicuously exposed nostrils and differently con- structed crest that its removal from Cyanocoraw seems to me to be quite necessary. CYANOCORAX AFFINIS ZELEDONI Ridgway. TALAMANCA JAY. Similar to (. a. ufinés,¢ but decidedly brighter colored, with under parts of the body and tips of rectrices light creamy yellow instead of white or yellowish white. Adults (sexes alike).—Head (except occiput), neck (except hind- neck), and chest uniform black; a conspicuous superciliary patch, a smaller patch immediately beneath posterior half of eye, and an elongated patch on anterior and upper portion of malar region, cam- panula blue; occiput and nape duller and more purplish blue; lower hindneck, back, and rump plain dull heliotrope purple or dull brown- ish violet-blue, the scapulars similar but rather darker; wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail dull violet-blue or plum purple, the latter broadly tipped with pale creamy yellow or yellowish white; under parts of body light creamy yellow; bill, legs, and feet black; iris sulphur-yellow.? Adult male.—Length (skins), 345.5-362 (354); wing, 158-167.5 (161.5); tail, 159-169 (163); bill from nostril, 20.5-23 (21.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12.5-15 (14); tarsus, 48.5-50 (49.5); middle toe, 30-33 (31).° aldult female.—Length (skins), 305-330 (819.5); wing, 156-157.5 (157); tail, 147.5-151 (149.5); bill from nostril, 20.5-21.5 (21); depth of bill at nostrils, 13; tarsus, 49.5-51.5 (50); middle toe (one specimen), 30.5.4 , @ Cyanocorax affinis Pelzeln, Sitz. Ak. Wien, xx, 1856, 164.—Cyanocorax sclateri Heine, Journ. fir Orn., viii, Mar., 1860, 115. b Zeledon, manuscript. ¢¥our specimens. @ Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 805 Isthmus of Panama northward to eastern Costa Rica (Talamanca). (?) Cyanocorax pileatus (not Corvus pileatus Temminck) Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 188 (Rio Truando and Nercua, n. w. Colombia). Uroleuca pileata Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 296 (Panama R. R.). Cyanocorax afinis (not of Pelzeln) Scuarer and Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 354 (Panama R. R.).—Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 191 (Calobre and Bugaba, Veragua).—Snarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 121, part (Chepo, Isthmus of Panama).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1887, 504, part (Costa Rica; Veragua; Isthmus of Panama).— ZeLEDoN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 113 (Talamanca).—S tvaport, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, 5. (near Pita, Isthmus of Panama). [Cyanocorax] afinis Sctarzrr and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Veragua). Cyanocorax affinis zeledoni Ripaway, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 255 (Talamanca, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Banas, Auk, xviii, 1901, 368 (Divala, Chiriqui). Genus XANTHOURA Bonaparte. Xanthoura Bonaparry, Consp. Ay., i, May 6, 1850, 380 (Type, Corvus neruvianus Gmelin, =C. yncas Boddaert. ) Xanthura (emendation) Bonararrr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850 (pub. Mar. 14, 1851), 83. Xanthocitta Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 223 (ex. Bonaparte, manuscript) (Type, Corvus peruvianus Gmelin, =C. yncas Boddaert. ) Rather small Garruline, allied to the genus Cywnocorar, but distin- guished by smaller size (wing less than 139.5, usually less than 127 min.) and different coloration; upper parts (except of head and neck, but including four middle rectrices) uniform green; under parts of body and four lateral pairs of rectrices yellow (under parts of body sometimes light green); chin, throat, chest, lores, and auricular region black; prefrontal plumes and malar patch (sometimes pileum and hind- neck also) blue; forehead more or less white or yellowish white (this sometimes extending over pileum and hindneck). Nidificution.—Nest in small trees or bushes, open above, composed of thorny twigs, etc. Eggs, 3-5, grayish, greenish, or buffy white, speckled with grayish brown, etc. Range.—Southern Texas to Peru and Venezuela. (Two species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF XANTHOURA. a. Spots on eyelids deep blue, ‘like malar patch; breast unicolored (yellow or green). b. Naso-frontal plumes much developed, conspicuously erect, or else whole pileum and hindneck whitish.» (Yanthoura yucas and subspecies. )¢ @ This reference may possibly pertain to true C. affinis, but in the absence of speci- mens for examination I am unable to determine the matter. The geographical position of the localities mentioned would, however, rather favor the supposition that the reference belongs here. : bThe two characters often combined. ¢All extralimital (South American). 10384—voL 8—03——20 306 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bb. Naso-frontal plumes slightly developed, scarcely, if at all, erect; pileum (except forehead) and hindneck always bright blue. (Xanthoura luauosa and sub- species. ) c. Under tail-coverts light green. d. Larger and brighter colored, with more white on forehead; back distinctly green (rarely tinged with blue); wing of male averaging 119, tail 134, exposed culmen 26, tarsus 38.5. (Eastern portion of Mexican plateau, from Vera Cruz and Puebla to highlands of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas. ) Xanthoura luxuosa luxuosa (p. 306) dd. Smaller and duller colored, with less white on forehead; back more bluish green, more or less tinged with pale blue; wing of adult male averaging 113, tail 126, exposed culmen 25, tarsus 37.5. (Lower Rio Grande Walley cease etaeeeccecetess Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens (p. 308) cc. Under tail-coverts yellow (sometimes tinged with green). d. Under parts of body mostly light yellowish green; wing of adult male averaging 122, tail 141.5, exposed culmen 28, tarsus 39.5. (States of Oaxaca, (tuerrero, Michoacan, and Chiapas, southern Mexico; north- western Guatemala.)....--.----------- Xanthoura luxuosa vivida (p. 309) dd. Under parts of body wholly clear yellow or (in some Guatemalan exam- ples) slightly tinged with green; wing of adult male averaging 114, tail 135, exposed culmen 26, tarsus 37. (Eastern and central Guatemala to Yucatan and northern Honduras. ) Xanthoura luxuosa guatimalensis (p. 310) aa. Spots on eyelids white; breast bicolored (a conspicuous yellow crescent between black of chest and green of breast). (State of Jalisco, southwestern Mexico). Xanthoura luxuosa speciosa (p. 311) XANTHOURA LUXUOSA LUXUOSA (Lesson). GREEN JAY. Adults (sewes alike).—Nasal tufts, broad malar patch (extending up to and involving posterior half of lower eyelid), and small spot imme- diately over posterior half of eye deep campanula blue; crown, occi- put, and hindneck campanula blue (slightly paler than malar spot, etc.), forehead white, or yellowish white; lores, chin, throat, chest, auricular region, and a superciliary line connecting the latter with the loral space deep black, the jugular portion with a strongly convex, abruptly defined outline; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wings plain yellowish green (varying from clear parrot green to nearly oil green), the wings, rump, and upper tail-coverts rather lighter or brighter than back; four middle rectrices duller or darker green, becoming more bluish green terminally; four lateral rectrices clear yellow (between maize yellow and lemon yellow); under parts, poste- rior to chest, including under tail-coverts, pale yellowish green, the lower portion of the abdomen and anal region pale yellow, and feathers of other portions pale yellow beneath the surface; under wing-coverts pale yellow; bill black; legs and feet brownish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 254-299.5 (273.5); wing, 112.5-128 (118.5); tail, 129-145.5 (184); exposed culmen, 25-27.5 (26); depth of BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 307 “bill at nostrils, 10-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 36.5-40 (88.5); middle toe, 21- 28.5 (21.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 254-274.5 (264); wing, 112.5-118 (114.5); tail, 121.5-136.5 (127.5); exposed culmen, 23-27 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5-11 (10); tarsus, 35-88.5 (36.5); middle toe, 20-22.5 (21).? Eastern edge of Mexican plateau, from States of Vera Cruz and Puebla to Nuevo Leon (Monterey) and southern Tamaulipas (Victoria, Alta Mira, etc.). P{ica] chloronota, part, Waauer, Isis, 1829, 750 (description of supposed young male; Mexico). Garrulus lucuosus Lesson, Rev. Zool., Apr., 1839, 100 (Mexico). Cyanocorax luxuosus Du Bus, Esquis. Orn., iv, 1848, pl. 18.—Scuarrr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 300 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 144 (Mexico).—ScuiE- GEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 53, part (Mexico). [Cyanocorax] luauosus Scharrer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Mexico). [Xanthoura] lucuosus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 380 (Mexico). Xanthoura lucuosa Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (hot and temp. regions Vera Cruz).-—FERRARI-PEREz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Jalapa).—(?) Sronz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 444 (Mexico).— Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 30 (Jalapa). X[anthoura] luxuosa Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358, part. Xanthura luxuosa SHarvre, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 132, part (Jalapa) .— SciaTEr, Ibis, 1879, 88, part (crit.).—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 502, part (Guanajuato; Valley of Mexico; Perote, Puebla; Cordova and Jalapa, Vera Cruz). [Cyanocorax yncas.] Var. 6. luxuosa Duzors, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., 2™° ser., xxxvili, 1874, 494, part (Mexico). [Cyanurus] luxuosus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 5, no. 6119 (Mexico). Cyanocitia luxuosa Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 139 (Guanajuato). @ Hight specimens. + Seven specimens. Specimens from northern and southern extremes of the range of this form average, respectively, as follows: Ex- Depth 4 Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed of ut Tarsus. Se culmen. trils. en ADULT MALES. Five specimens from Monterey, Nuevo Leon...... 120 182.5 25 10 38.5 21.5 Three specimens from Vera Cruz and Puebla ..... 116 137 27 10.5 38 21.5 ADULT FEMALES. Three specimens from Monterey, Nuevo Leon ....} 115 127° 24 9.5 36.5 20.5 Four specimens from Vera Cruz and Puebla «....- 114,5 | 128 25.5 10.5 38.5 22 The specimens from Nuevo Leon are practically identical with those from Vera Cruz and Puebla in coloration, in this respect differing yuite obviously from Rio Grande Valley examples (X. duauosa glaucescens). 308 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. NX[anthocitia] luxwosa CaBpanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 224 (Mexico). Nanthoura luxuosa luxuosa Ripeway, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 28 (crit.). Cyanocoruc peruvianus (not Corvus peruvianus Gmelin) Cassrx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1848, 89°(mountains of Vera Cruz). Corrus perurianus (not of Gmelin) LicaTenstErn, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1831, 1 (Mexico). C[yanocorax] cyanocapillus CABANIs, in Tschudi’s Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1849, 233, footnote (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; coll. Berlin Mus. ). XANTHOURA LUXUOSA GLAUCESCENS Ridgway. RIO GRANDE GREEN JAY. Similar to A. /. daeruosu, but smaller (the bill especially) and colora- tion paler and duller; back, etc., chromium green or sage green, usu- ally more or less glossed (often extensively) with pale blue; white of forehead usually more restricted, sometimes obsolete; prevailing color of under parts very pale glaucous-green, often glossed with pale blue; yellow of lateral rectrices, ete., rather paler. Young.—Pileum, hindneck, and malar patch greenish blue, the fore- head and palpebral spots similar but paler, and the nasal tufts darker; black of chin, throat, chest, etc., much duller than in adults; under parts of body very pale yellowish green or greenish yellow anteriorly, fading on flanks, abdomen, under tail-coverts, etc.. into very pale creamy yellow; otherwise, like adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 256.5-277 (268); wing, 110-117.5 (118); tail, 118-131 (126); exposed culmen, 23-25.5 (25); depth of bill at nos- trils, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 35.5-38.5 (37.5); middle toe, 20-22 (21).¢ Adult funue.—Length (skins), 246.5-275.5 (258.5); wing, 104-116.5 (112); tail, 122-131.5 (127.5); exposed culmen, 24-25.5 (24.5); depth of billat nostrils, 10; tarsus, 34-39.5 (37.5); middle toe, 19.5-22.5 (20).¢ Lower Rio Grande Valley, in southern Texas and northern Tamau- lipas (Matamoras) and Nuevo Leon (San Diego, Rodriguez), from the coast as far up the valley as Laredo, Texas. Cyanocorax luxuosus (not Garrulvs luruosus Lesson) Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (Rio Grande, Texas).—Cassmy, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 1, part, pl. 1? (Texas). Xanthoura lisuosa Barrp, Rep. Pacifie R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 589 (Rio Grande, Texas; Matamoras, Tamaulipas; San Diego, Nuevo Leon); Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 21 (do.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 442.—Drusser, Ibis, 1865, 495 (lower Rio Grande Valley).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rivew.y, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 42, fig. 1 (Nuevo Leon).— AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 483.—BEnDIRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 383, pl. 3, figs. 15-17 (eggs) .—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 326, pl. 32, fig. 5.—Stve.ey, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex. 1894, 371 (Hidalgo). X[anthoura] lurvosa Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358, part. aSeven specimens. >The plate is colored more like true VY. durvosd, and may have been made from a specimen of that form. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 309 Nanthura hicuosa Saarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 182, part (Texas ).— Merri, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 136 (Fort. Brown, Texas; habits, etc.).—Srnnerr, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sury., iv, 1878, 29 (Browns- ville and Hidalgo, Texas; habits, descr. nest and eggs, measurements, etc. ); y, 1879, 400 (Lomita, Texas; habits, etc.)—Scuarer, Ibis, 1879, 88, part (crit.).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 296.—Satvix and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 502, part (Rio Grande Valley; San Diego, Nuevo Leon). [Xanthoura] yncus var. lusuosa Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166. Xanthoura yneas . —. var. luxuosa Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 238. Nanthoura luxuosa var. luxuosa Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 456, part. : Nanthura yneas var. lieruosa Merritt, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, Nov., 1876, 89 (near Hidalgo, Texas; descr. nest and eggs). Nanthoura incas, var. luxuosa Barrp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 295, part. [Cyanocorax] luauosus ScuareR and Satyrx, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part. [Cyanocorax yneas.] Var. 6. lurnosa Deno, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., 2" ser., xxxviii, 1874, 493, part (Texas). NXanthura luxuriosa Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 358. X[anthura] luvuriosa Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 424. Cyanocorax yncas (not Corrus yneas Boddaert) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., v, 1852, 115 (Texas). Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens Rrpaway, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 28 (Fort Brown, Texas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—AMERIcAN OrntrHoLogists’ Union Commir- rrr, Auk, xviii, 1901, 302. —Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. %., 1902, 277. r XANTHOURA LUXUOSA VIVIDA Ridgway. TEHUANTEPEC GREEN JAY Similar to _X. @. durvosu, but larger (especially the bill); under tail- coverts pure yellow or but slightly tinged with green (instead of wholly light green); coloration in general brighter; white of forehead more extended and often tinged with yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 275.5-297 (289); wing, 118-131 (122); tail, 132.5-153.5 (141.5); exposed culmen, 27-29 (28); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.5-18 (11.5); tarsus, 36-42.5 (89.5); middle toe, 20.5-94 (22.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 256.5-285 (276.5); wing, 114-128 (119.5); tail, 122.5-143 (185); exposed culmen, 25.5-26.5 (26); depth _ of bill at base, 10-12 (10.5); tarsus, 37-40 (38.5); middle toe, 20-21.3 (20.3).° Southwestern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (St. Efigenia; Cacoprieto; Pluma; Santo Domingo), Guerrero?, Michoacan?, Chiapas (Guichi- covi),¢ and northwestern Guatemala (Nenton). «Ten specimens. > Five specimens. ¢No specimens have been examined from the States of Guerrero and Michoacan, but two examples from the Sierra Madre of Colima (collected by Xantus), though 310 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (2) Cyanocorar luxnosns (not Garrulus luxuosus Lesson?) ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays- Bas, no. 32, livr. 9, 1867, 53, part (spec. no. 3). [Cyanocorax] luxuosus ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part. Nanthoura luxuosa (not Garrulus luxuosus Lesson) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 285 (Sierra Madre, Colima). Nanthura luxuosa ScLateR, Ibis, 1879, 88, part (crit.).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 502, part (Sierra Madre, Colima; Cacoprieto and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca). . Nanthura guatemalensis (not of Bonaparte) Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 25 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca). Nanthoura luxuosa vivida Rineway, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 28 (Pluma, Oaxaca; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). XANTHOURA LUXUOSA GUATIMALENSIS (Bonaparte). GUATEMALAN GREEN JAY. Similar to _X. 2. vivzda, but under parts of body entirely yellow or but slightly tinged with green, and green of upper parts duller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 264-284.5 (276); wing, 110-118 (114); tail, 182-139 (185); exposed culmen, 25-28 (26); depth of bill at nostril, 10.5-12 (11); tarsus, 35-40 (87); middle toe, 18-21.5 (19.5).¢ eldult female.—Length (skins), 244-272 (257); wing, 107-109 (108); tail, 119-126 (122.5); exposed culmen, 24-95 (24.5) depth of bill at base, 10-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 34-36 (85); middle toe, 18.5-20.5 (19.5).? Yucatan; Campeche; eastern and central Guatemala; British Hondu- ras; northern Honduras (San Pedro, Santa Ana, Omoa, Chamelicon, etc.) intermediate, are rather nearer to this form than to X. 1. speciosa, the Jaliscan sub- species. Two fine specimens from Nenton, northwestern Guatemala, although appreciably more yellow below, are clearly referable to this type and not to the bird of central and eastern Guatemala (.V. 1. guatimalensis). It may therefore be considered as reasonably certain that the range of the present subspecies includes all of the Mexican States named above. « Kight specimens; five from Yucatan, three from Honduras. > Three specimens, from Yucatan. Yucatan and Honduras specimens, respectively, average as follows: Ex- Depth F Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed of bill Tarsus. Middle culmen,| 2 nos- toe. ‘| trils. Five adult males from Yucatan.............-...-- 113 | 135 25.5 10.5 36.5 19 Three adult males from Chamelicon and Santa Ano, HONQUIAS Si c2cicc mwcienewcmecceceeeeness 115 | 184.5 27 11.5 38.5 20.5 Nine adults (none sexed) from Guatemala ....... 112 | 128 26 11 37.5 22 Specimens from central Guatemala (Choctum, Vera Paz, Coban to Clusec, etc.) are less purely yellow beneath than those from Yucatan and Honduras, some speci- mens being quite strongly tinged with green. The three specimens from Chameli- con, Honduras, and those from Yucatan are wholly pure yellow (intermediate between naples yellow and canary yellow) below, a few only of those from the last-named country being very slightly washed with green on sides. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 311 X[unthoura] guatimalensis Bonaparte, Consp. Avy., i, May 6, 1850, 380 ((ruate- mala; see Sclater, Ibis, 1879, 88). Cyanocorax guatemalensis ScLaTeR and SALVIN, Ibis, 1859, 22 (Cababon, (suate- mala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Moors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Omoa, Honduras).—Tayior, Ibis, 1860, 113 (Honduras).—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 144 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala) . [NXanthoura incas] var. guatemalensis Barry, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 295. NXanthoura luxuosa var. guatemalensis Ripaway, Am. Journ. Scei., iv, Dec., 1872, 456. N[anthoura] lucuosa guatemalensis Ripaway, Auk, vii, Oct., 1890, 192, in text. Nanthoura guatemalensis Cnapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 281 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; crit.). NXanthoura luxuosa guatemalensis Ripaway, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 29 (crit.). Cyanocorax yncas (not Corvus yncas Boddaert) Scutece., Mus. Pays-Bas, no. 32, livr. 9, 1867, 53, part (spec. no. 4, from Guatemala; said to be Bonaparte’s type). [Cyanocorax yncas.] Var. 9. cyanocapillu (not Cyanocorax cyanocapillus Cabanis) Dusots, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., 2™ ser., xxxviii, 1874, 498, excl. syn. part: (crit.; Guatemala). Xanthura cyanocapilla Saarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 131 (Guatemala). X{[anthoura] luxuosa cyanocapilla Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358. Xanthoura luxuosa cyanocapilla Srong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 208 (Tekanto, Izamal, and Ticul, Yucatan).—Lanrz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sei. for 1896-97 (1898), 222 (St. Tomas, Guatemala). (Cyanurus] cyanocapillus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 5, no. 6118 (Vera Paz, Guatemala) . Cyanocorax luauosus (not Garrulus luauosus Lesson) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 201 (Merida, Yucatan).—Bovcarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 37. [Cyanocoraz] luxuosus Scrarer and Sarvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Guatemala; Honduras). Xanthura luxuosa Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 502, part (Merida, Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras; Cahabon, Yzabal, Choc- tum, Zapote, Savana Grande, Rio Chiguati, Patio Bolas, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Omoa and San Pedro, Honduras). XANTHOURA LUXUOSA SPECIOSA Nelson. JALISCAN GREEN JAY. Similar to X. 2. vivida, but larger (except bill and feet); palpebral spots white or bluish white, instead of rich blue; forehead yellow- ish white or light yellow, this more extended than the white in_X. /. wiwida, and extended backward, more or less distinctly, along edges of the blue occipital and nuchal patch; occiput, nape, and hind- neck much paler blue than in X. /. w/vida (pale campanula or purplish azure instead of rich campanula or almost smalt blue), the hindneck paler than occiput, and all the feathers of this blue area distinctly pale @Dr. Sclater’s argument against the applicability of the name to the present form is, however, quite untenable, some examples having the under parts exactly as purely and wholly yellow as the Venezuelan bird (.\. yncas chloronota), to which Dr. Sclater thinks the above name referable. 312 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. yellow ut bases; black jugular patch bordered posteriorly by a con- spicuous curved band of clear lemon or deep canary yellow, confluent in the middle portion with a longitudinal area of the same color occu- pying the median portion of breast and abdomen, both strongly, though not sharply, contrasted with the general light apple green color of the under parts of the body; sides of neck, behind black auricular area, distinctly and more or less extensively yellow, this confluent with the above-mentioned post-jugular collar. Adult male.—Length (skins), 297-309.5 (301.5); wing, 124-125 (124.5); exposed culmen, 26.5—29 (28); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.5-12 (11.5); tarsus, 40-41.5 (40-5); middle toe, 21-24 (28).“ Adult female.—Length (skins), 279.5-294.6 (287); wing, 120-124 (122); tail, 129.5-188.5 (184); exposed culmen, 26-27 (26.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.5-11 (10.9); tarsus, 39.8-40.6 (40.4): middle toe, 21.5-22.1 (21.8).? State of Jalisco, southwestern Mexico (San Sebastian). Nanthoura luauosu speciosa Netson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 265 (San Sebastian, Jalisco; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). Genus CISSILOPHA Bonaparte. Cissilopha Bonapartsr, Consp. Ay., i, May, 1850, 380. (Type, Pica san-blasiana Lafresnaye. ) Cissolopha (emendation) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 592. Rather large Garrulinee (wing more than 127), with the head, neck, and at least anterior half of the under parts uniform black, the rest of the plumage blue (in some species with white spots at tips of rectrices in female or young). Nidificat‘on.—(Essentially as in related genera.) Range.—Mexico to northern Nicaragua. This genus is rather difficult to characterize, for the reason that, while the style of coloration is remarkably uniform and distinctive, no two of the species agree exactly in structural details. All are very stout-billed, except (. melanocyanea, which further differs from the rest in having the feathers of the pileuam much developed, especially on the occiput, forming, when erected, a bushy crest, and also in having the posterior half of the under parts blue. C. san-blastana has a slender median crest on the forehead composed of narrow, nearly straight, elongated feathers. (C. beechett and C. yucatanica are with- out any crest. C san-blusiana has the nostrils wholly exposed; in C. yucatanica they are partly exposed, the nasal plumes being very short; while in C. beechet: and C. melanocyanea the nasal plumes are longer, quite covering the nostrils. The wing ix decidedly more rounded in C. melanocyanex than in the others, the sixth, fifth, fourth, «Three specimens. >/Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 313 and third primaries being longest, instead of the seventh, sixth, fifth, and fourth, as in the other three. Any further subdivision would, however, hardly be justifiable, except possibly in the case of C. wrlanocyaner, which differs in more respects from any of the other species than any two of them do from one another. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CISSILOPHA. a. A distinct frontal crest of narrow, nearly straight, feathers; nostrils largely exposed. (Cissilopha san-blasiana. ) b. Back, etc., bright cerulean blue. (States of Jalisco and Colima and Territory of Tepic, southwestern Mexico. ).-Cissilopha san-blasiana san-blasiana (p. 313) bb. Back, etc., bright cobalt or ultramarine blue. (State of Guerrero, south- western Mexico.)......----.-------- Cissilopha san-blasiana pulchra (p. 314) aa. No frontal crest, but feathers of whole pileum more or less elongated; nostrils mostly or wholly concealed. b. Under parts entirely black, except thighs and under tail-coverts; feathers of pileum only slightly elongated, not forming a distinct crest. ¢e. Nostrils partly exposed; back, etc., light cerulean or turquoise blue; smaller (wing less than 203). d. Bill black; rectrices without white terminal spots. (Yucatan; eastern Guatemala; British Honduras. ). .Cissilopha yucatanica, adult male, (p. 315) dd. Bill yellow; rectrices with white terminal spots. Cissilopha yucatanica, young (p. 315) ce. Nostrils wholly covered; back, etc., rich smalt blue; larger (wing more than 203). (States of Sinaloa and Sonora, northwestern Mexico. ) Cissilopha beecheii (p. 316) bb. Under parts dull blue posterior to chest; feathers of pileum distinctly elon- gated, forming a bushy, decumbent crest. (Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, and northern Nicaragua.)........-...----- Cissilopha melanocyanea (p. 317) CISSILOPHA SAN-BLASIANA SAN-BLASIANA (Vigors). SAN BLAS JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—Entire head, neck, upper portion of back, and under parts, except thighs and under tail-coverts, uniform black; thighs and under tail-coverts dull or dusky ultramarine blue; upper parts (except of pileum, hindneck, and upper back) uniform bright cerulean or sevres blue, more greenish on wings (verditer blue on ter- tials), the tail cobalt or almost ultramarine blue; under surface of remiges and rectrices slate-black; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet (in dried skins) horn color. ¢ Young.—Similar to adults, but black of under parts duller (some- times tinged with dull blue), feathers of hinder crown and occiput more or less tinged or tipped with blue, and bill partly (sometimes wholly) yellowish or flesh colored. Adult male.—Length (skins), 274.5-305 (294.5); wing, 135-139.5 (187); tail, 187.5-145 (142); exposed culmen, 30-31 (30.5); depth of bill @Xantus, manuscript. 314 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. at nostrils, 12.5-14 (18.5); tarsus, 40-42 (40.9); middle toe, 25-26.5 (25.5).@ Adult female.—Length (skins), 266.5-317.5 (297.5); wing, 127-142 (134.5); tail, 134.5-151 (148.5); exposed culmen, 28.5-30.5 (30); depth of bill at nostrils, 12.5-14 (13); tarsus, 38.5-41 (39.5); middle toe, 23-26.5 (25). States of Jalisco and Colima and Territory of Tepic, southwestern Mexico. Pica san-blasiana LarrEsNayE, Mag. de Zool., 2° sér., année 1842, Ois., 1, 2, pl. 28 (San Blas, Jalisco, s. w. Mexico; Geai de San-Blas Néboux, Rev. Zool. 1840, 290, 323). C[yanocorax] sanblasianus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 307. [Cissilopha] sanblasianus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 380 (‘‘California”’). Cissolopha sanblasianus LawrEncE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 284 (plains of Colima, Manzanilla Bay, and Los Trochos, Colima).—Stonz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 444. Cissilopha sanblasiana Cours, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 7, 1877, 11 (Mita Point, ‘Sinaloa,’ i. e., Territory of Tepic). Cissolopha sanblasiana Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 592 (San Blas). C[issolopha] sanblasiana Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 350, footnote. LCyanurus] sanblasianus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6091. Cyanocitta sanblasiana ScuatTeR and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 269 (crit. ). Xanthura sanblasiana SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 182 (w. Mexico). Cyanolyca sanblasiana SALvin and Gopmavn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 496, part (San Blas; plains of Colima; Manzanilla Bay; Los Trochos). [Cyanurus] geoffroyt (not Cyanocorax geoffroyi Bonaparte) Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6094 (‘‘ California;’’ fide Sharpe). CISSILOPHA SAN-BLASIANA PULCHRA (Nelson). ACAPULCO JAY. Similar to C. s. san-blasiana, but tail decidedly longer and color of back, etc., rich ultramarine blue, deepening into smalt or cyanine blue on tail; under tail-coverts and thighs cyanine blue. Adult male.—Length (skins), 324-330 (828); wing, 185-144 (138.5); tail, 146-159 (153); exposed culmen, 30-82 (31); depth of bill at nos- trils, 18.5; tarsus, 40.5-42.5 (41.5); middle toe, 23.5-26.5 (25).¢ State of Guerrero, southwestern Mexico. Pica san-blasiana, part, LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., 2° sér., année 1842, Ois., 1, 2, part (Acapulco). Cissolopha pulchra Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 56 (Acapulco, Guerrero, s. w. Mexico; coll U. 8. Nat. Mus.). 4 Five specimens. + Seven specimens, ¢Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 315 CISSILOPHA YUCATANICA (Dubois). YUCATAN JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—Head, neck, and under parts uniform black, the latter passing into dusky blue on under tail-coverts; upper parts (except pileum and hindneck), bright cerulean or deep turquoise blue, the tail deeper blue (approaching cobalt), and the tertials more greenish (glaucous-blue or verditer blue); bill black; legs and feet yellow. Znmature.—Similar to adults, but bill yellow, rectrices (except middle ones) more or less broadly tipped with white, and black of under parts rather duller, with thighs and under tail-coverts more distinctly bluish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 310.5-326.5 (320.5); wing, 137-147.5 (141); tail, 184.5-150 (142.5); bill from nostril, 21-23 (22.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12-13 (12.5); tarsus, 40.5-43.5 (42); middle toe, 93.5-25.5 (24.5).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 317.5-830 (825); wing, 137-143 (139.5); tail, 184.5-148.5 (141.5); bill from nostril, 21.5-23 (29.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12.5-13 (12.7); tarsus, 39.542 (41); middle toe, 24-25.5 (25).? Yucatan (including Meco and Mugeres islands); British Honduras; eastern Guatemala (Peten district); State of Tabasco (Frontera) south- eastern Mexico. [Cyanocitta] beachii (not Pica beecheii Vigors) Bonapartr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 378 (excl. syn.). Corvus (Pica) beecheii Eypoux and Gervais, Mag. de Zool., 1836, pl. 72; Voy. ‘‘Favorite,’’ 1839, pl. 20. Cyanocitta crassirostris (not of Bonaparte) Pucueran, Rey. Zool., 1858, 196 (Old R., British Honduras).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (near Belize, British Honduras).—Satvin, Ibis, 1861, 353 (Guatemala; Belize, British Hon- duras).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 201 (Merida, Yucatan). [Cyanocitta] crassirostris ScLATER and Satvriy, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39 (Belize, British Honduras; Yucatan). [Cyanurus] crassirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 5, no. 6103. Cyanoritta yucatanica Dusois, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., 2™° ser., xl, no. 12, Dec., 1875, 18, 16 (Yucatan; coll. Brussels Mus.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, pl. 35. Xanthura yucatanica Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 133 (‘‘Honduras’’; Yucatan). Cyanolyca yucatanica Savin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 498 (Meco and Mugeres islands, Yucatan; Old River, British Honduras). Cissolopha yucatanica Stonx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 208 (Shkolak, etc., Yucatan); 1891, 444.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 282 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; habits; crit.). Cyanocitta germana Scuater and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Feb. 15, 1876, 270 (Belize, British Honduras; coll. Salvin and Godman). Corvus cimiciphagus Donp&, La Emulacion, iii, no. 16, 1878, 13 (Yucatan). aSix specimens. > Four specimens. p' ip 316 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CISSILOPHA BEECHEII (Vigors). BEECHEY’S JAY, Adults (sexes ulike),—Head, neck, and under parts (except thighs and under tail-coverts) uniform black; thighs and under tail-coverts dull hyacinth or dark cyanine blue; upper parts (except pileum and hindneck) uniform rich smalt blue; under surface of wings and tail slate-black; bill usually black, sometimes yellow; iris yellow;@ legs and feet yellow. (Young not seen.) Adult male.—Length (skins), 362-413 (380); wing, 164.5-175 (171); tail, 176.5-199 (187.5); bill from nostril, 27-30.5 (28); depth of bill at nostrils, 14-15.5 (14.5); tarsus, 48.5-50 (49.5); middle toe, 28.5-30.5 (30).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 345.5-368.5 (354.5); wing, 155.5- 171.5 (167); tail, 165-186.5 (179.5); bill from nostril, 25-27.5 (26.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 14.5-15.5 (15); tarsus, 47-52 (50); middle toe, 27.5-B1 (29.5).° States of Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Culiacan, etc.) and southern Sonora (north to Alamos), northwestern Mexico; State of Jalisco (San Blas) ?. Pica beecheit Vicors, Zool. Journ., iv, Jan., 1829, 353 (Montereale@, s.w. Mexico); Zool. Voy. ‘‘Blossom,’’ 1839, 22, pl. 6. Pica beecheyii Barrp, in Stansbury’s Great Salt Lake, 1853, 333 (Monterey). Clyanolyca] beechii CaBpanis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 223, footnote. Cyanolyca beecheyi Satvty and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 497 (Mazatlan and Tres Marias, Sinaloa; San Blas, Colima).—Lantz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Culiacan, Sinaloa). [Cyanocitia] beachii Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 378 (‘‘Monterey’’). Cyanocorax beecheyi ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 44 (<‘‘Califor- nia’’).—Frnscu, Abh. nat. Verh. Brem., i, 1870, 333 (Mazatlan). [Cyanurus] beecheti Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6101 (‘‘California;’’ w. Mexico). Cyanocitta beecheii ScuaTER and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 269, 270 (crit. ). Cyanocitta beecheyi LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 283 (Mazatlan; “Tres Marias’’; habits). Cyanocitta beecheyti Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 592. Xanthura beecheti SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 133 (n. w. Mexico). [Cyanocitta] beecheyit SctateR and Sauvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 39 (w. Mexico). C[issolopha] beecheti Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 350, footnote, in text. Cissolopha beecheyi Netson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 50 (Tres Marias, fide Xantus; doubtful!). Cissolopha beechett Stone, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 444. a“Tris and feet gamboge yellow” (Xantus, manuscript). bSix specimens. ¢Four specimens. Two specimens from Alamos, Sonora, have much more slender bills than any from the State of Sinaloa, but I am not able to discern any other difference. @2J have not been able to identify this loeality. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 317 C[yanocitta] crassirostris Bonapartr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 378 (“Mexico orien- tale’’). Cyanocorax ceyffroyi Bonapartr, Compt. Rend., xxxi, 1850, 564 (San Blas, Jalisco; coll. Paris Mus.).—Barrp, Rep. Pacitic R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 592. [Cyanocitta] geoffroyi Boucarn, Catalog. Avium, 1876, 279, no. 8736. CISSILOPHA MELANOCYANEA (Hartlaub). HARTLAUB’S JAY, -ldults (sexes alihv).—Head, neck, chest, and breast uniform black; back, scapulars, rump, and wings uniform verditer blue, varying to cerulean blue; upper tail-coverts and tail deeper and less greenish (cerulean to almost cobalt) blue; abdomen, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts dull grayish blue; bill black, sometimes (in younger individuals?) partly yellow; iris yellow;“ legs and feet black or yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 2979.5-297 (288); wing, 180-139 (135); tail, 142-153.5 (149.5); exposed culmen, 26.5-98.5 (28); depth of bill through nostrils, 11-12.5 (11.5); tarsus, 38.5-42 (40); middle toe, 24— 25.5 (24.5).? aldult femule.—Length (skin), 320; wing, 133.5; tail, 155; exposed culmen, 25.5; tarsus, 38.5; middle toe, 22.5. ° Highlands of Guatemala (up to 8,000 feet), Salvador, Honduras, and northern Nicaragua (Chontales). [I have not seen a young bird in first plumage, but have examined several that are evidently less than a year old. These have the bill mostly yellow, and the black of the head, etc., less intense. Two specimens labeled as from Honduras are quite like Guatemalan examples; but a third,” also said to be from Honduras, is so different in coloration from all the other specimens examined (eleven in num- ber) that I suspect it may have come from some different district of Honduras from the other specimens mentioned. In this example, the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are bright cerulean blue, deepen- ing into cobalt on the tail, instead of verditer blue and dull cerulean blue, respectively, as in true C. melanocyanea, while the under parts of the body are dusky cobalt blue instead of grayish glaucous-blue or dull grayish cerulean blue. It thus appears to agree with a specimen from Chontales, Nicaragua, mentioned by Salvin and Godman (Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, p. 499), which ‘‘is darker, as regards the blue colour” than any Guatemalan example examined by those authors; hence it seems not improbable that northern Nicaragua and adjacent parts of Honduras may be the home of a darker race of this species. « Heyde and Lux, manuscript; a specimen with bill partly yellow and probably a younger bird, though in fully adult plumage, had the irides “‘light brown.”’ » Three specimens. ¢ One specimen. a4 No, 42292, coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Lawrence collection), Honduras; A. Edwards. 318 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. A specimen from Salvador in the National Museum collection agrees in color with Guatemalan specimens. | rarrulus (Cyanocoraz) melanocyaneus Harriaus, Rev. Zool., 1844, 215 (Guate- mala). C[yanolyca] melanocyanea Capants, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 223, footnote. Cyanolyca melanocyanea SALVIN and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 498 (Duefias, Volcan de Fuego up to 8,000 ft., Santa Maria, below Quezaltenango, San Gerénimo, Tactic, and Coban, Guatemala; bet. Seguatepeque and Tau- levi, Honduras; Chontales, Nicaragua).—Lantz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Palin and Amatitlan, Guatemala). [Cyanocitta] melanocyaneus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 378 (Guatemald). Cyanocitta melanocyaneu ScLATER and Sayin, Ibis, 1859, 21, pl. 5, fig. 6 (Duefias, Guatemala; descr. eggs).—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 144 (Guatemala) ; Ibis, 1873, 373 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Owen, Ibis, 1861, 63 (San Gerénimo, Guatemala).—Bovucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 37. [Cyanocitta] melanocyanea Scuarer and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39 (Guatemala). Cyanocorax melanocyuneus SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 359 (between Seguatepeque and Taulevi, Honduras).—Tayztor, Ibis, 1860, 112 (Hon- duras).—ScuieceL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 45 (‘‘Colombia;’’ Guate- mala?). [Cyanurus] melanocyaneus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6102 (Guatemala). Xanthura melanocyanea SHarPe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 134, pl. 6 (Coban, Guatemala). Cissolopha melanocyanea Stonx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 444 (Coban). Genus CYANOLYCA Cabanis. Cyanolyca® CaBantis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 223. (Type, Cyanocorax armillatus Gray and Mitchell.) Neotropical Garruline with nasal tufts and sides of head black, con- spicuously contrasted with the color (blue or lavender) of the pileum or throat, and with the frontal feathers more or less erect and bristly. Nidification.—(Unknown.) Range.—Southeastern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela. (Nine species. ) The above imperfect diagnosis characterizes a group of Neotropical jays which are obviously related to one another more closely than to any others, the very considerable difference between certain specific types rendering a more satisfactory diagnosis difficult. It may be found necessary to subdivide the group and restrict the generic name Cyanolyca to C. armilluta and its nearer allies (imeridana, quindiuna, turcosa, jolyxa, and viridicyanea); but in this case it would be neces- sary to make three additional genera for the four Central American species, only two of which (C. ornata and C. cucudlata) are closely allied. Cyanolyca is related to Aphelocoma through two small species of southern Mexico and Guatemala (C. nana and C. pumélo), which with the coloration of Cywnolyca have the more slender form of Aphelocomu. aon kvarveos, blau, und Aixos, Dohle.” BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 319 KEY ‘TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CYANOLYCA. a. Throat bluish or silvery, abruptly contrasted both with black on sides of head and color of chest. b. Chest bicolored (blue, crossed above by « band of black or white). (South American species, except C. pulchra.) bb. Chest unicolored (brown, black, or dull grayish blue). ce. Back and chest sooty brown; whole crown very pale blue or bluish white; throat purplish blue. (Cyanolyca pulchra.®) ce. Back and chest black or blue; only part of the crown (if any) bluish; throat silvery white or pale purplish blue. d. Pileum and back black or dusky blue; chest black; depth of bill at nostrils 9ormore. (Highlands of Costa Rica, Chiriqui, and Veragua.) Cyanolyca argentigula (p. 319) dd. Pileum, back, and chest blue; depth of bill at nostrils not more than 8. (Southeastern Mexico.)..........-.-..2.------ Cyanolyca nana (p. 320) aa. Throat black or very dark blue, not abruptly contrasted (sometimes concolor) with black of sides of head and color of chest. b. Bill slender (depth at nostrils not more than 10); chest and hindneck blue; crown and occiput purplish blue, like hindneck. (Guatemala; State of Chi- apas, southern Mexico.)...-...........-.-.------- Cyanolyca pumilo (p. 321) bb. Bill stouter (depth at nostrils not less than 10.5); chest and hindneck black; crown and occiput azure blue, abruptly defined. ce. Light blue occipital patch margined laterally with white; neck brownish black or blackish brown. (Southern Mexico; Guatemala.) Cyanolyca mitrata (p. 322) cc. Light blue occipital patch not margined laterally with white; neck black. (Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui.)...... Cyanolyca cucullata (p. 323) CYANOLYCA ARGENTIGULA (Lawrence). SILVERY-THROATED JAY, Adults (sexes alike). —Head, neck, and chest black; anterior portion of crown crossed by a band (about 6.3-7.6 wide) of pale grayish lavender or silvery white, extending from each extremity backward in a nar- row stripe, along each side of the crown and occiput to about the end of the auricular region, the posterior portion of this streak of a deeper lavender hue; entire throat (but not chin) pale lavender or silvery white, forming a very conspicuous, sharply defined patch, broader at its posterior extremity, where very sharply defined, with a convex outline; lower back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts posterior to chest dusky purplish blue, gradually shading into the black anteriorly; wings and tail dull smalt or cyanine blue, their under surface grayish black; bill, legs, and feet black. Young.—Similar to the adults, but the lavender marking on top of head wanting or but slightly indicated, the whole crown and occiput being dusky purplish blue. @ Cyanocitla pulchra Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1875 (pub. Feb., 1876), 163 (Quito, Ecuador; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Sclater and Salvin, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 272 (crit.).—Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 116 (Quito). 320 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. _ldult male.—Length (skins), 250-255 (252.2); wing, 122-125 (123); tail, 130-131 (130.5); exposed culmen, 22.5-26 (24.2); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5-10 (9.7); tarsus, 35-36 (35.5); middle toe, 20.5-21 (20.7).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 245-250 (247.2); wing, 117.5-124 (119.8); tail, 125.5-131 (128.5); exposed culmen, 28-24 (23.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 10-10.5 (10.2); tarsus, 34.5-36 (35.2); middle toe, 18.5-19.5 (19.2).? Eastern Costa Rica (Talamanca; Volcan de Irazi) and Chiriqui (Vol- can de Chiriqui, Caribbean slope, 7,000 to 9,000 feet). Cyanocitta argentigula Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, Feb., 1875, 88 (Talamanca, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Sciarer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 268 (crit.).—Zrtepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10. Cyanocorax argentigula Snarpy, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 128.—ZELEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 118 (Faldas de Volcan de Irazi).— Riweway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xi, 1889, 541 (Irazi; descr. adults and young; crit. ). Cyomolyca argentiguia Sauvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, Apr., 1887, 501, pl. 34.—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 57 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 9,000 ft.). CYANOLYCA NANA (Du Bus). DWARF JAY. Adult male.— Above plain grayish blue, brighter and more purplish blue on pileum, the forehead and a narrow stripe thence backward above upper margin of the black orbital and auricular patch more or less distinctly, but not abruptly, paler (flax-flower) blue; chim, nasal tufts, and entire loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions uniform black, forming a conspicuous and sharply defined patch covering sides of head; entire throat pale grayish purplish blue (purplish pearl blue); remaining under parts dull grayish blue, paler posteriorly, darker anteriorly, deepening on upper chest (next to pale bluish throat-patch) into dusky blue; under surface of wings and tail sooty slate color; bill, legs, and feet black; length (skins), 213.5-236 (224.5); wing, 109-117.5 (113); tail, 110.5-117.5 (112.5); exposed culmen, 17.5-20.5 (18.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 7-8 (7.5); tarsus, 30.5-33 (32); middle toe, 15-18 (17).¢ Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but smaller and duller in color; length (skin), 208; wing, 107; tail, 106.5; exposed culmen, 16.5; depth of bill at nostrils, 7; tarsus, 28.5; middle toe, 15.¢ Young.—Similar to adult female, but with the pale throat-patch much. ess distinct and more restricted, shading gradually posteriorly «Two specimens, from Volcan de Chiriqui (Caribbean slope). > Three specimens; two from Volcan de Chiriqui, one from Talamanca, Costa Rica. ‘Five specimens. 4 One specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3821 into the dull bluish of lower throat and chest; dull blue of pileum without any lateral paler stripe, and forehead same color as crown. Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (mountain district), Mexico, and Oaxaca (Llano Verde; Mount Zempoaltepec; Reyes). Cyanocorax nanus Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux., xiv, pt. ii, 1847, 103 (Mexico; coll. Brussels Mus.); Rev. Zool., 1848, 243; Esquis. Orn., 1848, pl. 25.— SciatTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 204 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (do.).—Scuircrt, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 49 (Mexico). [ Cyanocitta] nanus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 378 (Mexico). Cyanocitta nana Scrater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 381 (Llano Verde, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (Jalapa).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (alpine reg. Vera Cruz). [Cyanocitta] nana SciatTer and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39. [Cyanurus] nanus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 5, no. 6108 (Jalapa). Aphelocoma nana Suaree, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 118 (Cordova, Vera Cruz).—Sauvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 495 (near City of Mexico, etc.). Cyanolyca nana Stong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 444 (Jalapa). CYANOLYCA PUMILO (Strickland). STRICKLAND’S JAY. Adult male.—Nasal tufts, forehead, and loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions uniform black, this black area margined above by a line of white crossing the hinder part of the forehead and extending thence backward along sides of crown and occiput to end of auricular region; crown and occiput dull ultramarine or cobalt blue, the remaining upper parts less purplish blue (dull cerulean blue on wings and tail); under parts uniform blue (similar to upper parts, but slightly paler and duller), deeper and more purplish blue on chest, this shading into dull black on throat and chin; under surface of wings and tail slaty black; bill, legs, and feet black; length (skin), 256.5; wing, 119; tail, 120.5; exposed culmen, 24; depth of bill at nostrils, 10; tarsus, 33.5; middle toe, 20.¢ Adult female.—Sometimes quite indistinguishable from the adult male in coloration, but averaging slightly smaller and usually with the blue of a slightly more greenish hue (inclining more or less to verditer blue on under parts, etc.); length (skins), 232.5-238.5 (235); wing, 109.5-117 (112.5); tail, 108.5-117 (113); exposed culmen, 20- 20.6 (20.8); depth of bill at nostrils, 8-9.5 (9); tarsus, 29.5-33 (81.5); middle toe, 17-17.9 (17.5).? Young.—Similar to adults, but with the black portions of head and throat replaced by dull dusky grayish, and without the white line across forehead and along sides of crown. Highlands of Guatemala and State of Chiapas (Tumbala) southern Mexico. — @One specimen. + Three specimens, 10884—voL 3—03——21 322 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cyanocoraax nanus? (not of Du Bus) Srrickyanp, in J: ardine’s Contr. Orn., 1849, 122, pl. 33 (Guatemala). Cyanocoraz pumilo SrRicKLAND, in Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1849, 122, in text (Guatemala; coll. H. E. Strickland).—Snarrs, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 127 (Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala). C[yanocorax] pumilo Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 204 (erit.). [Cyanocitta] pumilo Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 378.—Sciarrr and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 39 (Guatemala). Cyanocitta pumilo ScuaTER and Savy, Ibis, 1859, 21 (Guatemala).—Saxvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 292. [Cyanurus] pumilio Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1878, 5, no. 6107. Cyanolyca pumilo Savin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., i, Apr., 1887, 500 (Calderas, Volcan de Fuego, Sierra de las Nubes, and San Pedro Carcha, Guatemala). CYANOLYCA MITRATA Ridgway. AZURE-HOODED JAY. Adults (sewes alike).—A broad patch covering the occiput and posterior half of crown (wider posteriorly), light azure blue, paler (sometimes silvery white) anteriorly, and margined along each side by a line of white, which at its posterior extremity curves downward behind the auriculars; rest of the head and neck, all round, uniform black, more or less brownish posteriorly, where, on chest and upper back, the brownish black merges gradually into dull cyanine blue, and this into the general dull french blue of the upper and under parts; under surface of wings and tail grayish black; bill, legs, and feet, black; length (skins), 266.5-317.5 (289); wing, 125.5-139 (133.5); tail, 132-148.5 (139); exposed culmen, 22.5-25.5 (23.5); depth of bill through nostrils, 11-11.5 (11.3); tarsus, 39.5-43 (41.9); middle toe, 20.5-28 (21.5).¢ Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (temperate region), Oaxaca, and Chiapas; Guatemala; northern Honduras? Pica ornata (not of Wagler, 1829 ®) Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 41 (Mexico). C[yanocorax] ornatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 307. Cyanocorax ornatus ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 204 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (do.).—ScutzcEn, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 47 (Mex- ico).—Snarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 127, part (Jalapa; Guate- mala).—Ferrrant-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Jalapa).— Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Jalapa; crit.).—Sronx, Proc. _ Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 443 (Jalapa). [Cyanocitta] ornata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 379.—ScLaTER and SaLvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Mexico; Guatemala). Cyanocitta ornata Scuater and Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 21 (Cahabon, Guatemala; Honduras).—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 381 (Teotalcingo, Oaxaca); 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (Jalapa; Coban, Guatemala).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (temperate reg, Vera Cruz).—Bovucanp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 37. @Eleven specimens. So few of the specimens have the sex determined that I am unable to indicate the sexual difference in measurements. > Ysis, 1829, 749; India orientale; (=Cissa ornata). "BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 323 C[yanolyca] ornata Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 223 (Mexico). Cyanolyca ornata Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 499.— Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 30 (Jalapa).—Lanrz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Coatepec, Vera Cruz). [Cyanurus] ornatus Gray, Hand-list, ii. 1870, 4, no. 6099 (Mexico). [Cyanocitta] cyanicollis Licurenstr1n, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 9 (Mex- ico; nomen nudum!). Cyanolyca mitrata Ripeway, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 255 (to replace preoccupied name ornata). CYANOLYCA CUCULLATA (Ridgway). COSTA RICAN AZURE-HOODED JAY. Similar to C. mitrata, but slightly smaller, blue hood without any lateral white margin, and hindneck deeper (less brownish) black. Adult male.—Length (skins), 250-260 (254); wing, 116-120 (118); tail, 122.5-129 (127.1); exposed culmen, 24-97.5 (26.1); depth of bill at nostrils, 12-19.5 (1¥.2); tarsus, 36-39 (87.5); middle toe, 21-91.5. (21.4).¢ Eastern Costa Rica (Navarro, El Zarcero de Alajuela, Rio Sucio, etc.); Veragua (Chitra); Chiriqui (Volean de Chiriqui, 7,000 ft.); Isth- mus of Panama. Cyanocitia ornata (not Pica ornuta Lesson) SALvin, Ibis, 1870, 114 (Costa Rica).— ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10. [Cyanocitta] ornata ScLater and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Costa Rica). Cyanocorax ornatus (not of Gray) SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 127, part (Veragua). Cyanocorax cucullatus Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, Apr. 20, 1885, 23 (Navarro, e. Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 113 (El Zarcero de Alajuela and Rio Sucio, ev. Costa Rica). Cyanolyca cucullata Sauvin and Gopany, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, Apr., 1887, 500 (Rio Sucio and Navarro, e. Costa Rica; Isthmus of Panama).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 57 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 7,000 ft.). Genus APHELOCOMA Cabanis. Aphelocoma> Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 221, footnote. (Type, Gar- rulus californicus Vigors. ) Medium-sized or rather small jays, without any crest, and with the prevailing color uniform blue or blue and gray. Nidification.—Nest in bushes, small trees, or vines, open above, composed of dry twigs, etc., lined with finer materials. Eggs 3-6, pale greenish or bluish speckled with brown, etc. (immaculate greenish blue in A. steberit arizonx.) Range.—Western United States to highlands of (ruatemala; Florida (one species). (About nine species.) «Four specimens; three from Volcan de Chiriqui (Caribbean slope), one from Chitra, prov. Coclé, Panama. ~ b“Von deans, Schlicht, und «67,7, Haupthaar.”’ 324 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. No other genus of jays is likely to be confounded with this, the only form closely approaching Aphelocoma being the two small and aber- rant species of Cyanolyca (C. nana and C. puméto) found in southern Mexico and Guatemala. These small Cyanolyce come so very close to Aphelocoma in structural characters that J am unable to discover any points of material difference, but their style of coloration is very distinct. Aphelocoma is, ou the other hand, closely related to Cyanocitta, from which it differs chiefly in total absence of any crest. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF APHELOCOMA. u. Under parts chiefly light grayish or whitish. b. Tail longer than wings; a more or less streaked jugular and gular area, differ- ent in color from breast, etc. (or else pileum, hindneck, and sides of head gray, not blue). c. Blue of pileum fading anteriorly and laterally into a much paler (sometimes whitish) hue. (Florida.)..-....--.-.---.----- Aphelocoma cyanea (p. 326) ee, Blue of pileum equally intense throughout. d. Sides of chest extensively uniform blue, and feathers of lower median por- tion of chest blue with median spots or broad streaks of white. «. Under parts paler, the breast and sides not darker than pale brownish gray. Jf. Smaller and lighter colored (back brownish gray, blue of a dull cobalt hue). (Aphelocoma californica.) 7. Blue of head, etc., darker; under parts darker. h. Larger, except bill (wing of adult male averaging 128.5, tail 141, exposed culmen 26.5, tarsus 41.5); back paler gray; under parts paler, with under tail-coverts usually white or but faintly tinged with blue on longer feathers. (California, except portion south of San Fernando, San Gabriel, and San Bernardino mountains and north into Oregon; east slope of Sierra Nevada.) Aphelocoma californica californica (p. 327) hh. Smaller, except bill (adult male averaging wing 123, tail 136, exposed culmen 27.5, tarsus 40); back darker gray; under parts darker, with under tail-coverts usually pale blue or strongly tinged with this color. (Southern California south of San Fer- nando, San Gabriel, and San Bernardino mountains; northern Lower California.) ....... Aphelocoma californica obseura (p. 330) gg- Blue of head, etc., paler; under parts nearly pure white. (Cape district of Lower California.) _ Aphelocoma californica hypoleuca (p. 331) Jf. Larger and darker colored (back deep sooty, blue of a dull ultramarine hue). (Adult male averaging wing 135.5, tail 148.5, exposed culmen 33, tarsus 46.5.) (Santa Cruz Island, southern California. ) Aphelocoma insularis (p. 331) ee. Under parts darker, the breast and sides ash gray or light mouse gray. f. Under tail-coverts grayish blue. (Rocky Mountain plateau of United States, east to Davis Mountains, Texas. ) Aphelocoma woodhouseii (p. 333) if. Under tail-coverts white (the longer sometimes tinged with pale gray or bluish at tips). (Plateau, of Mexico, south to States of Hidalgo and Mexico, and north to Sutton Co., Texas. ) Aphelocoma cyanotis (p. 335) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 325 dd. Sides of chest not extensively, if at all, blue, and feathers of lower, median portion of chest whitish, with indistinct grayish edges. e. Larger (adult male averaging wing 143, tail 147, exposed culmen 27, tarsus 43); no distinct white superciliary streak. (Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Tlaxcala, Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca.) Aphelocoma sumichrasti (p. 336) ec. Smaller (adult male averaging wing not more than 133.5, tail 146, exposed culmen 27.5, tarsus 40.5); a distinct white superciliary streak. f. Darker, the blue of a light cobalt or azure hue, back and breast dis- tinctly brownish gray; bill and feet much stouter (exposed culmen of adult female averaging 26, depth of bill at base 9.5, tarsus 39.5), (Southwestern Texas, from Davis Mountains east to Kerr County.) Aphelocoma texana (p. 337) Jf.,Paler, the blue of a light grayish cerulean hue, back and breast ashy gray; bill and feet much more slender (exposed culmen of adult female 25, depth of bill at nostrils 8, tarsus 38). (Southern Chi- huaghua.) caves eens eeedecekck es Gage Aphelocoma grisea (p. 337) bb. Tail decidedly shorter than wing; no streaks on throat or chest, the under parts being plain grayish, deeper on chest, paler (often white) posteriorly. c. Tail distinctly rounded at tip. (Aphelocomu sieberii.) d. Larger (wing of adult male averaging more than 16, tail averaging more than 146). e. Brighter colored, the pileam, hindneck, wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail distinctly blue. Jj. Darker, the blue of a cobalt hue; posterior under parts pale grayish, even the under tail-coverts at least partly gray. (Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, southern Hidalgo, Mexico, Morelos, and Michoacan. ). Aphelocoma sieberii sieberii (p. 338) Jf. Paler, the blue of a cerulean hue; posterior under parts white, the under tail-coverts pure white or with the longer ones but slightly grayish. g-. Larger, except bill and feet (wing of adult male averaging 178, tail 158.5); breast, etc., more brownish gray. (Southwestern part of Mexican plateau in States of Jalisco and Colima. ) Aphelocoma sieberii colime (p. 339) gg. Smaller, except bill and feet (wing of adult male averaging 167, tail 146.5); breast, etc., more bluish gray. (Northeastern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Hidalgo, eastern San Luis Potosi, southern Tamaulipas, southern Coahuila, and eastern Zacatecas. ) Aphelocoma sieberii potosina (p. 340) ee. Duller colored, the pileum, hindneck, wings, tail, etc., dull grayish blue. (Southern Arizona and New Mexico; northern Chihuahua and Sonora. ) Aphelocoma sieberii arizone (p. 340) dd. Smaller (wing of adult male averaging less than 158.5, tail averaging less than 139.5). e. Larger, with smaller bill (wing of adult male averaging 158, tail 136, exposed culmen 26.5, depth of bill at nostrils 9.5); coloration slightly paler. (Northwestern and central portion of Mexican plateau, in States of western San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, northern Jalisco, southwestern Chihuahua, and Sinaloa.)..-.-- Aphelocoma sieberii wollweberi (p. 341) ee. Smaller, with larger bill (wing of adult male averaging 146, tail 126.5, exposed culmen 29, depth of bill at nostrils 10); coloration slightly deeper. (Northeastern Mexico, in State of Nuevo Leon and north to Chisos Mts., southwestern Texas. ) Aphelocoma sieberii couchi (p. 342) ce. Tail even or truncated at tip. (‘‘Mexico.’’) .Aphelocoma ultramarina (p. 343) 326 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. aa, Under parts uniform bright blue, similar in color to upper parts. (Aphelocoma unicolor. ) lL. Smaller, with the blue of a cobalt hue (wing of adult male averaging 161.5, tail 158.5). (Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Mexico. ) Aphelocoma unicolor unicolor (p. 344) bb. Larger, with the blue of a cerulean hue (wing of adult male averaging 167, tail 157.5). (Highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas. ) , Aphelocoma unicolor celestis (p. 345) APHELOCOMA CYANEA (Vieillot). FLORIDA JAY. Adults (sewes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, scapulars, wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail plain dull azure blue, the first fading anteriorly and laterally into paler blue on forehead aud superciliary region (the latter sometimes white or bluish white); sides of head (auricular, orbital, and malar regions) duller blue, becoming dusky on lores and immediately around eyes; back and rump smoke gray or drab-gray, the latter tinged with blue; chin and upper throat grayish white, gradually shading into light gray on chest, the feathers with narrow shaft-lines of dusky; feathers of lower chest blue, forming a semicircular collar confluent laterally with blue of sides of neck; breast, abdomen, sides, and flanks light smoke gray, deepest laterally, fading into white on anal region; under tail-coverts dull azure blue; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, auricular region, etc., deep mouse gray (rather browner posteriorly, where feathers some- times indistinctly tipped with paler); back, scapulars, ramp, and upper tail-coverts paler and browner gray (sometimes pale drab-gray or hair brown), the feathers sometimes with paler tips; chin, throat, and abdo- men dull whitish; under tail-coverts light gray; rest of under parts light grayish, deeper across lower part of chest, where forming a more or less strongly indicated semicircular collar; wings and tail as in adults, the smaller wing-coverts, however, grayish, and the greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with pale grayish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 288-294.5 (291); wing, 112-117 (115.5); tail, 186.5-145.5 (140.5); exposed culmen, 25-27.5 (26); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 37.540 (38.5); middle toe, 21.5-22.5 (22).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 266.5-282 (273); wing, 105-113.5 (109); tail, 129-137.5 (132.5); exposed culmen, 24-25.5 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.4-9.1 (8.9); tarsus, 35.5-39 (37); middle toe, 19,5-29.5 (21).¢ Peninsula of Florida (in oak scrub, irregularly distributed). Garrulus cyaneus ViertLot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xii, 1817, 476 (Florida, etc.). _ Aphelocoma cyanea Cours, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 84, in text.—American OrnI- THoLoaists’ Union Commirrnn, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 112. a¥ive specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 397 Garrulus cerulescens ViettLot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xii, 1817, 480 (‘‘ Ken- tucky’’ ).—Orp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1818, 347. P{ica] cerulescens Wacumr, Syst. Av., 1827, Pica, sp. 11. Corvus floridanus Bonaparre, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, 1828, 58 (based on Corvus floridanus, pica glandaria minor, the little jay of Florida, Bartram, Travels, p. 290.).—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 230.— Avupuzon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 444, pl. 87. Garrulus floridanus Bonapartr, Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 59, pl. 14, fig. 1—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 154; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 118, pl. 233.—ScuieeEt, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 64, part (Florida). Cyanurus floridanus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495. [Cyanurus] floridanus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6096. Cyanocorax floridanus Bonaparts, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27. [Cyanocitta] floridanus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 377. Cyanocitta floridana Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 586; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 439.—Taytor, Ibis, 1862, 129.—Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 360.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 298, excl. syn. part (Dummitts and Blue Springs, e. Florida).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 285, pl. 40, fig. 4. Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, 346 (nomencl.).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 164. A[phelocoma] floridana Cazpants, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 221, footnote.—Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 423.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 355. [Aphelocoma] floridana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166. Aphelocoma floridana Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 236; 2d ed., 1882, no. 354..— Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 117.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 291.—AmeErRicAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 479.—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 319 (Gulf coast Florida, north of Punta Rassa) .— Benprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 370, pl. 5, fig. 13 (egg).—NzEHrR- _ Line, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 324. [Aphelocoma floridanu var. woodhousei] a. floridana Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 219 (synonomy). APHELOCOMA CALIFORNICA CALIFORNICA (Vigors). CALIFORNIA JAY, Similar to A. cyanea, but entire pileum uniform blue (deeper blue than in A. cyanea), margined laterally by a superciliary line of white streaks; back browner and rather darker gray; chin, throat, and chest purer white; sides and flanks paler (dull white instead of distinctly grayish). Adults (sexes alike).—Entire pileum, hindneck and sides of neck uniform dull cobalt blue; suborbital, malar, and auricular regions similar but darker, especially the last, which is sometimes quite dusky; back brownish mouse gray or drab-gray; scapulars and rump more bluish gray; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts rather dull azure blue; chin, throat, and median portion of chest white, the last more or less streaked with blue, especially the posterior portion, where the feathers are mainly white with blue edges; sides of chest uniform blue; breast very pale drab-gray fading into dull white on other under parts, the anal region and shorter under tail-coverts pure white, the longer under 828 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tail-coverts usually more or jess tinged with pale blue; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. , Young.—Piieum, hindneck, auricular and suborbital regions, sides of chest, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform mouse gray, the pileum slightly more bluish gray; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts deep drab-gray; lores dusky; a broad postocular or supra-auricular space, narrowly streaked with dusky gray; anterior portion of malar - region, chin, throat, median portion of chest and under parts generally white, faintly tinged across upper breast and on anterior portion of sides with very pale brownish gray; wings (except smaller coverts) and tail as in adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 283.9-315 (288.8); wing, 125.5-132 (129.8); tail, 187-147 (142.7); exposed culmen, 24.9-27.4 (26.4); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.1-10.5 (9.6); tarsus, 40.445 (41.1); middle toe, 21.6— 27 (23.1). “ Adult female.—Length (skins), 254-295 (274.5); wing, 115.6-127 (121.7); tail, 124.5-137 (180.2); exposed culmen, 20.8-26 (24.4); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.9-10.2 (9.6); tarsus, 37.6-46 (41); middle toe, 20.3- 93 (22.2). ° Pacific coast district of United States (north of San Fernando, San Gabriel, and San Bernardino mountains), north to southwestern Wasb- ington, east to, and including, eastern slope of: Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges. Garrulus californicus Vicors, Zool. Voy. ‘‘Blossom,’’ 1839, 21, pl. 5 (Monterey, California).—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1853, 333 (Monterey). Cyanocitta californica Srricktanp, Ann. Nat. Hist., xy, 1846, 342.—GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3d ser., i, 1847, 45.—Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 127 (San José Valley, California); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (San Francisco).—Kennerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 32, part (California).—Newserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 85 (Sac- ramento Valley, etc., California).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, «Ten specimens. bNine specimens. Specimens from Oregon (4. ¢. immanus Grinnell) compare in average measurements with those from northern and central California as follows: ‘ Ex- Depth P Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed a pat Tarsus. MinGle culmen,| “‘trils. : MALES. Six adult males from California........---.-----++ 128.8 | 142.2 26.4 9.6 41.1 23.1 Four adult males from Oregon:.......--2------+++ 180.2 | 142.7 26.2 10.2 43.9 25.5 FEMALES. Seven adult females from California.......-----.- 120.6 | 128.3 24.1 9.4 40.4 22.1 Two adult females from Oregon.......-.-.---+---+ 125 137 25.5 10 43.5 23 In coloration the two series seem to be identical. ‘ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 829 584, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 487, part; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 20, part (San Felipe, Santa Clara Co., Califor- nia).—Hrrrmann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 55 (California; habits).—Scrarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (San Francisco).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 302, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 288, part, pl. 40, fig. 1; iii, 1874, 518 (Verdi, w. Nevada, 4,500 ft., July).—Ripqway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 525 (Sacramento Val- ley and w. foothills Sierra Nevada, California; Carson City, Nevada). Cl[yanocitta] californica GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 45. [Cyanocitta] californicus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 377. Cyanocorax californica GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1847, 201. A[phelocoma] californica Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 221, footnote.— Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 356, part. Aphelocoma californica Bonarartr, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1853, 828; Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854.—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 113 (San Francisco, California).—Br.pine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 422 (centr. California); Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 422, part (localities in centr. and n. California, Oregon, and Washington).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 293, part.—AmEricaAn OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 481, part.—Anraony, Auk, iii, 1886, 167 (Beaverton, Oregon).— (?) Evrrmann, Auk, iii, 1886, 181 (Ventura Co., California).—TownseEnp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 211 (Mount Shasta, Red Bluff, ete. ).—Law- RENCE (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 301 (near Vancouver, Clarke Co., Washing- ton).—FisuEr, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 70 (localities in California) .— Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 374, pl. 5, figs. 15-18 (eggs).— Nrwriine, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 325.—FisuEer (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 11 (Mono Lake, s. e. California, Sept.).—BarLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 275, part. [Cyanurus] californicus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6092. [Cyanocitta californica] var. californica Bairp, BrrweEr, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284. [Aphelocoma floridana.] Var. californica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166, part. Aphelocoma floridana ._. var. californica Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 2360, part. Aphelocoma floridana var. californica Neson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xviii, 1875, 860 (Nevada, California). [Aphelocoma floridana var. woodhousei] c. californica Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 219, part (synonymy). ; Aphelocoma floridana californica Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 356, part. A[phelocoma] f[loridana] californica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 424, part. Cyanocitta floridana var. californica Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 172 (Sacramento Valley; both slopes Sierra Nevada); vii, 1875, 37 (foot-slope Sierra Nevada, near Carson City). Cyanocitta floridana californica Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 174 (e. slope Sierra Nevada); vii, 1875, 18 (Carson City, Nevada). Cyanocitta floridana .. var. californica Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 253, part (Fort Tejon, Walker’s Basin, and near Kernville, s. California); 1877, 1809 (Carson City, Nevada). Cyanocitta var. californica HensHaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1877, 1305 (e. slope Sierra Nevada). Clyanocitta] floridanus californicus HEnsHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1879, 307 (Carson, Nevada, to Dalles, Oregon; descr. young). Cyanocitta superciliosa SrrickLanD, Ann. Nat. Hist., xv, 1845, 260, 343 (crit. nom.). 330 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Corvus ultramarinus (not of Bonaparte) AupuBoNn, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 456, pl. 362. Garrulus ultramarinus (not of Temminck) AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 154; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 115, pl. 232. Garrulus floridanus (not Corvus floridanus Bonaparte) SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 64, part (Fort Tejon, California; ‘‘l’ Amerique Russe ’’). Aphelocoma californica immanis GRINNELL (J.), Auk, xviii, Apr., 1901, 188 (Scio, Oregon; coll. J. Grinnell). APHELOCOMA CALIFORNICA OBSCURA Anthony. BELDING’S JAY, Similar to A. ¢. californica, but smaller (except bill) and darker; back deep brownish mouse gray, the blue parts of a deeper hue; under parts of the body decidedly gray for the anterior half, only the lower abdomen and anal region being distinctly white; under tail-coverts usually strongly tinged with grayish blue. Adult male.—Length (skins), 266.5-287 (273); wing, 122-125 (128); tail, 128-142 (136); exposed culmen, 26.5-29.5 (27.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5; tarsus, 38-41.5 (40); middle toe, 20-21.5 (20.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 259-270.5 (265.5); wing, 116.5-119.5 - (118); tail, 124.5-133 (127); exposed culmen, 25-26 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.5-9 (9); tarsus, 38.5-43.5 (41); middle toe, 19.5-21 (20).? Southern coast district of California, north and east to San Fernando, San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains; northern Lower Califor- nia, as far as San Pedro Martir mountains. Cyanocitta californica (not Garrulus californicus Vigors) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 584, part (San Pasqual, San Diego Co., California); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 20, part (do.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 437, part.—Coorgr, Orn, Cal., 1870, 302, part (San Diego).— Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 288, part. [Aphelocoma floridana.] Var. californica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166, part. ° Aphelocoma floridana . . var. californica Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 2360. [Aphelocoma floridana var. woodhousei.] c. californica Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 319, part (in synonymy). Aphelocoma floridana californica Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 356, part. A[phelocoma] f[loridana] californica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 424, part. Aphelocoma californica Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 293, part.— American Ornirnotoeists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 481, part. —Mor- com, Bull. Ridgw.Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 47 (San Bernardino Valley, up to 8,000 ft.).—Emurson, Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 7, 1887, 422, 426 (Volcano Mts. and Poway, San Diego Co., California; crit.).—Brtpinc, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 110, part (San Bernardino and San Diego counties). MErR1AM (Florence A.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 120 (San Diego Co.; habits).—Barney (Flor- ence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 275, part. @ Six specimens. » Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 331 A[phelocoma] californica Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 356, part. Aphelocoma californica obscura ANTHONY, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., iii, Oct. 11, 1889, 75 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California; coll. A. W. Anthony); Zoe, iv, 1893, 239 (crit.).—AMERIcAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 481b.—Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 379.— Riveway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 600.—GrinneEx (J.), Pasadena Ac. Sci., Pub. ii, 1898, -31 (Los Angeles Co., California, probably n. to Tehachapi). APHELOCOMA CALIFORNICA HYPOLEUCA Ridgway. XANTUS’ JAY. Similar to A. ¢. caléfornica, but smaller (except the bill) and much paler; the blue portions lighter and clearer azure, and the under parts usually whiter, or less strongly tinged with pale brownish gray. Adult male.—Length (skins), 259-296.5 (278); wing, 121-128 (124); exposed culmen, 27.4-28.7 (27.7): depth of bill at nostrils, 9-10.5 (8.5); tarsus, 36-40 (88.5); middle toe, 22.5-24 (23.5). Adult female.—Length (skins), 249-259 (272); wing, 121-126 (123.5); tail, 124.5186 (181.5); exposed culmen, 27.4-28.4 (27.7); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 37-40.5 (39); middle toe, 22.3-23 (22.6).? Cape district of Lower California (Cape St. Lucas, San José del Cabo, San Nicolas, Triunfo; La Paz, ete.), north to about latitude 28°. Cyanocitta californica (not Garrulus californicus Vigors) Barrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 301, 305 (Cape St. Lucas; crit. ).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 302, part (Cape St. Lucas), ; Aphelocoma californica Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 293, part.— Beprne [and Ripewayr], Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 541 (La Paz, Lower California), vi, 1883, 348 (Victoria Mts., Lower California).—AmERIcAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 481, part (Cape St. Lucas). Aphelocoma floridana californica Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 356, part. A[phelocoma] f[loridana] californica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 424, part. A[phelocoma] californica hypoleuca Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 356 (La Paz, Lower California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Aphelocoma californica hypoleuca Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 613.—Bryant, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., ii, 1889, 20 (San Igna- cio, Lower California; descr. nest and eggs).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Commitrer, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 11 (no. 48la); Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 481a.—Brnoprez, Life Hist..N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 378.— Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 123 (crit.; variations; habits; descr. nest and eggs). APHELOCOMA INSULARIS Henshaw. SANTA CRUZ JAY. Most like A. californica obscura in coloration but very much darker, and larger even than A. c. calefornica. 4 ¥ive specimens. > Three specimens. 382 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. dults (sexes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck and sides of chest uniform dull ultramarine or french blue; auricular region, sub- orbital region, and greater part of malar region similar but rather duller or darker; lores and postocular region (upper margin of auric- ular region) blackish; a series of white streaks beginning immedi- ately above the eye and continued backward, above the auricular region; back very dark brownish gray or grayish sepia; scapulars and rump similar but (especially the latter) tinged with blue; wings, upper tail- coverts, and tail dull ultramarine or french blue; chin, throat, and median portion of chest dull white, indistinctly streaked with grayish, the chest streaked with blue; under parts of body pale brownish gray or grayish brown (dull or soiled whitish in worn plumage); under tail- coverts light grayish blue, the thighs tinged with the same; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—Pileum, hindneck, auricular and suborbital regions, and sides of chest dull slate color, slightly tinged with dusky blue; back, scapulars, rump, and smaller wing-coverts dark brownish mouse gray; upper tail-coverts dull grayish blue; chin, throat, and median portion of chest white, the last somewhat streaked with gray; under parts of body pale smoke gray, separated from the white of the chest by a nar- row collar of bluish slaty, connecting the two slaty areas on sides of chest; under tail-coverts and thighs smoke gray; wings (except smaller coverts) and tail as in adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 284.5-318.5 (298); wing, 133.5-140.5 (135.5); tail, 188.5-153.5 (148.5); exposed culmen, 31.5-33.5 (33); . depth of bill at nostrils, 11-11.7 (11.4); tarsus, 44.2-47.2 (46.5); mid- dle toe, 21.8-26.5 (25.1).% Adult female.—Length (skins), 277-305 (292); wing, 127.5-136 (182.5); tail, 142-148.5 (145); exposed culmen, 31.5-31.7 (81.6); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.2-10.4 (10.3); tarsus, 43.5-45.5 (44.7); middle toe, 23-24.5 (23.5).? Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara group, southern California. Cyanocitta floridana . . . var. californica (not Garrulus californicus Vigors) HEn- sHAw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 253, part (Santa Cruz I., Cali- fornia). Aphelocoma insularis HensHaw, Auk, ili, Oct., 1886, 452 (Santa Cruz I., California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593.—BLaxKE, Auk, iii, 1887, 329 (habits).—American OrnirHotogists’ Union ComMitTrEs, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 11 (no. 481.1); Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 481.1.—Townsenp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 141.—Brnpirg, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 379.—Maruurarp, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, 42, in text (habits); Condor, ii, 1900, 42 (measurements).—OBERHOL- sER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, 230 (deser. young).—Barzey (Flor- ence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 276. A[phelocoma] insularis Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 356. « Five specimens. > Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 333 APHELOCOMA WOODHOUSEII (Baird). WOODHOUSE’S JAY, Similar to A. californica obscura, but larger, with more slender bill, and more uniform coloration; under parts of body distinctly gray throughout; under tail-coverts blue; blue of upper parts lighter. Adults (seaes alike).—Head and netk (except chin and throat), wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail, plain dull azure blue, brightest on pileum, where margined laterally by a narrow streak (or series of streaks) of white, the blue dullest on sides of head, where more or less dusky on loral, orbital, and postocular regions; back and scapulars deep mouse gray, sometimes tinged with blue; rump more bluish gray; chin, throat, and chest grayish white, streaked with bluish gray, these streaks broad and very distinct on chest, which is margined laterally by an exten- sion of the blue from sides of neck; breast, sides; and flanks pale mouse gray or smoke gray, the abdomen paler, fading into white on anal region; under tail-coverts light grayish blue or china blue; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. E Young.—Pileum plain mouse gray; rest of upper parts (except wings and tail) plain brownish gray or deep drab-gray; an indistinct superciliary line, or series of streaks, of white; general color of under parts dull light brownish gray, paler on chin, throat, chest, and abdo- men, deeper and more brownish on upper portion of breast, against pale grayish jugular area; wings and tail as in adults, but smaller wing-coverts gray and lesser coverts indistinctly tipped with the same. Adult male.—Length (skins), 272-292 (285.5); wing, 129.5-135.5 (183); tail, 189-147.5 (143); exposed culmen, 26.5-29 (28.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-9.5 (9.4); tarsus, 40-42 (41); middle toe, 20.5-23 (22).“ Adult female.—Length (skins), 261.5-279.5 (271); wing, 120.5-130.5 (126.5); tail, 128.5-140 (185.5); exposed culmen, 24.5-28 (26); depth of billat nostrils, 9; tarsus, 37-41.5 (39.5); middle toe, 19.5-21 (20.5).° Western United States east of Sierra Nevada, chiefly in transition zone; north to southeastern Oregon (Steen’s Mountain), southern Idaho (City of Rocks), and southern Wyoming (Henry’s Fork, Green River, etc.); east to Colorado, western Nebraska (North Platte), New Mexico, and northwestern Texas (east to Davis Mountains); south to southern Arizona and New Mexico; west to southeastern California (White, Inyo, Argus, Coso, and Panamint mountains’), west to western Nevada (West Humboldt Mountains, Truckee Valley ?, etc.). Cyanocorax ultramarinus (not Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte) McCauu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 216 (New Mexico). Cyanocorax californica (not Garrulus californicus Vigors) WoopHouss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 77 (‘New Mexico,” i.e., Arizona). (?) Cyanocitta californica KENNERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 16 (Mojave R., s. e. California). , # Five specimens, b Five specimens, ¢ Mojave River? : 334 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cyanocitta californica (not of Strickland) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—Kennerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 32 (Rocky Mts. ). ; Cyanocitta woodhouseti Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 585 (type from Fort Thorn, New Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); ed., 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 59. Cyanocitta woodhousii Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 925 (Fort Burg- wyn, New Mexico); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 20, pl. 21 (near Coppermines, Arizona); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 438; Rep. Ives’ Expl. Gol., pt. iv, 1861, 6.—Coopsr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 304 (Arizona, etc.).—Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. for 1871 (1872) , 688 (Ogden, Utah. ) — Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 40, fig. 3.— Ripeway, Orn, 40th Parallel, 1877, 526 (West Humboldt and Ruby moun- tains, Nevada; City of Rocks, s. Idaho; Salt Lake City and Parley’s Park, Utah; habits, etc.). Cyanocitta woodhousei Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 92 (Fort Whipple, Arizona; habits).—Srevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., for 1870 (1871), 465 (Henry’s Fork and Green R., Wyoming).—Arxen, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., 1872, 205 (Colorado).—Yarrow and Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1871 (1874), 35 (Nevada). Aphelocoma, floridana var. woodhousei ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, July, 1872, 150, 169, 179 (Colorado City, Colorado; Ogden, Utah).—Covusgs, Birds N. W., 1874, 219, excl. syn. part. [Aphelocoma floridana.] Var. woodhousei Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166. Aphelocoma floridana . . var. woodhousei Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 236a. Aphelocoma floridana woodhousei Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, July, 1881, 140 (San Juan Co., Colorado). Aphelocoma floridana woodhousti Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 355. A[phelocoma] f{loridana] woodhousii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 428. [Aphelocoma floridana var. woodhousei] b. woodhousei Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 219 (synonymy). Cyanocitta californica var. woodhousei Ripa@way, Bull. Essex Inst., y, Nov., 1873, 169, in text (Wasatch Mts., Utah).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 291. Clyanocitta] floridana woodhousii Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 174 (Rocky Mts.). Cyanocitta floridana woodhousii Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 19, 21, 24 (West Humboldt and Ruby mountains, Nevada; City of Rocks, s. Idaho). Cyanocitta floridana . . . var. woodhousei Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 184 (Colorado).—HensHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 337 (Utah; Colorado; Arizona; habits). Cyanocitta floridana . . . var. woodhousii Y arrow and HEnspaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1871-1873 (1874), 21 (Nevada; Utah).—Hewnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 123 (Fort Wingate, New Mexico; Apache and Camp Grant, Arizona).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 37 (centr. and e. Nevada). Aphelocoma woodhousii Ripeway, Field and Forest, iii, June, 1877, 208 (Colo- rado).—SnHarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 114 (Colorado; Arizona).— Bruner, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soc. for 1896 (1898), 121 (North Platte, Nebraska, common). Aphelocoma woodhousei Rrpcway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 184; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 188], no. 292.—American OrnrrHotocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 480.—Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 20 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona),—Merriam, North Am, Fauna, no, 3, 1890, 39 (Grand Cafion of BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 335 the Colorado), 94 (San Francisco Mts., etc., Arizona).—Fisnrer, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 69 (White, Inyo, Argus, Coso, and Panamint mountains, s. e. California; Charleston, Grapevine, Juniper, and Pahroc mountains, Nevada; Beaverdam Mts., Utah).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 37 (Bisbee, s. Arizona).—Lowz, Auk, xi, 1894, 268 (Wet Mts., Colorado, 6,000 to 8,000 ft. ).—Brnpirg, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 372, pl. 5, fig. 14 (egg).—Mircnety, Auk, xv, 1898, 309 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding up to 8,000 ft. ). A[phelocoma] woodhousei Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 355. Aphelocoma woodhouseit Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 274. [Cyanurus] woodhouseiti Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6097. APHELOCOMA CYANOTIS Ridgway. iw BLUE-CHEEKED JAY. Similar to A. woodhousedi, but wing decidedly longer and posterior under parts (including under tail-coverts) white; back more frequently tinged with blue, sometimes almost uniform blue; white superciliary streak much reduced, sometimes obsolete. Male.—Length (skins), 277-302 (287.5); wing, 1387.5-146 (140); tail, 138-147.5 (148); exposed culmen, 26-28.5 (27); depth of bill at nos- trils, 9.4-10 (9.6); tarsus, 39-42 (40.5); middle toe, 91-23 (22.5).¢ Female.—Length (skins), 269-282 (275); wing, 133-187 (135.5); tail, 134.5-140 (136.5); exposed culmen, 23.5-26.5 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-9.6 (9.4); tarsus, 39-41.5 (40.5); middle toe, 20.5-22.5 (21).? Mexican plateau, in States of Mexico (City of Mexico, Tlalpam, D. F.), Hidalgo (Real del Monte, El Chico, Tula, etc.), San Luis Potosi (Jesus Maria, La Parada, mountains near Charcas, etc.), Coahuila (Car- neros, Sierra Encarnacion, Sierra Guadalupe, etc.), and Durango (Cerro Prieto); north to southwestern Texas (Japonica, Kerr County; Paisano, Brewster County; Sonora, Sutton County). Cyanocitta woodhouseii Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 585 (spec. no. 8465, Mexico). Cyanocitta californica (not Garrulus californicus Vigors) ScLatEr and SaLvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 362, part, excl. syn. part (City of Mexico; Tierra fria?). [Cyanocitta] californica ScuaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part. [Cyanocitta californica] var. sumichrasti (not Cyanocitta floridana var. sumichrasti Ridgway, 1873) Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 283, part (City of Mexico). Aphelocoma sumichrasti Stonz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 214, part (Mounts Ixtaccihuatl and Popocatapetl, Mexico, up to 11,000 ft.). A[phelocoma] cyanotis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 357 (Mexico; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). Aphelocoina cyanotis Rrpeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 613.— Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 781 (25 m.s. of Charcas, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 7,000-8,000 ft.).—AmERICAN OrniTHOLoGiIsts’ Unton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 480.1, part (Mexico); Auk, xix, 1902, 321 (Sutton Co., Texas).—Baiiey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 274. & Five specimens. > Three specimens, 836 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. APHELOCOMA SUMICHRASTI Ridgway. SUMICHRAST’S JAY. Similar to A. cyanotis, but larger (except bill), the back and scapu- lars hair brown or drab, abruptly contrasted with blue of hindneck, and under parts much paler and more uniform; chest very indistinctly streaked, with little if any blue; rest of under parts white, shading into very pale grayish brown on upper part of chest, or else merely tinged with this color. Young.—Similar to the young of A. woodhousei,’ but blue of wings and tail darker, back rather browner, and under parts white, instead of gray, only the chest being tinged with the latter color. Adult male.—Length (skins), 284.5-211 (293.5); wing, 136.5-149 (148); tail, 188-153 (147); exposed culmen, 25.5-28.5 (27); depth of hill at nostrils, 8-10.5 (10); tarsus, 40-45.5 (48); middle toe, 22-23.5 (22.5).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 272-287 (278.5); wing, 134.5-141 (138); tail, 136.5-144.5 (140); exposed culmen, 23-27 (24.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 40.5-41.5 (41); middle toe, 21.5-24 (23).¢ Southeastern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Orizaba; Perote), Puebla (Mount Orizaba; Chalchicomula; Tochimilco; San Martin; Tehuacan), Tlaxcala (Huemantla), and Oaxaca (La Parada; Cinco Sefiores; Atlisco; Ejutla, Nacaltepec; Mount Zem- poaltepec; Coixtlahuaca; Tlalpancingo). Cyanocitta floridana (not Corvus floridanus Bonaparte) ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 300 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). Cyanocitta californica (not Garrulus californicus Vigors) ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 302 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 381 (Cinco Sefiores, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143, part (in synonymy).—Sciater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 362, part, excl. syn. part (Oaxaca).—Sumrcnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (alpine reg. Vera Cruz). [Cyanocitta] californica Scuarer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part. Aphelocoma californica Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 492, excl. syn. part (Mexican localities). Cranocitta floridana var. sumichrasti Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Dec., 1873, 199 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). [Cyanocitta californica] var. sumichrasti Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 283, pl. 40, fig: 2, part (Orizaba). Cyanocitta sumichrasti Barrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 283, footnote. Cyanocitta californica var. sumichrasti Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Nacaltepec, Oaxaca). [Aphelocoma californica var. woodhousei] d. swmichrasti Cougs, Birds N. W., 1874, 219 (synonymy). Aphelocoma floridana var. sumichrasti Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 219, in synonymy. Aphelocoma sumichrasti SHaRvE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ui, 1877, 114 (Atlisco, Oaxaca).—Sronz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 214, part ( Chalchicomula, Puebla, 9,000 to 10,000 ft.). A[phelocoma] sumichrasti Rineway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 356. #The young of A. cyanotis not seen. >Six specimens, ¢ Five specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 337 APHELOCOMA TEXANA Ridgway. TEXAN JAY. Similar in coloration of upper parts to A. cyanotis, but white super- ciliary line more developed and back slightly paler and less . bluish gray; in coloration of under parts much paler than A. cyanotis, and closely resembling in this respect A. swmichrasti, the chest being equally devoid of distinct blue streaks and the breast of the same pale grayish brown, this color, however, extending farther backward, especially along the sides; smaller than either A. cyanotis or A. sumichrasti, except bill. Young.—Similar to the young of A. sumichrasti, but gray of upper parts purer and more uniform, that of the pileum quite concolor with that of the back, instead of being considerably darker. (Much whiter below than young of 1. woodhousei.) Adult male.—Length (skins), 274.5-294.5 (285); wing, 131.5-135.5 (183.5); tail, 145-147 (146); exposed culmen, 26.5-28.5 (27.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5; tarsus, 40-41 (40.5); middle toe, 20.5-22.5 (22).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 277-292 (289.5); wing, 122.5-130 (126); tail, 127-141 (183.5); exposed culmen, 25.5-26.5 (26); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-9.6 (9.4); tarsus, 38-41 (89.5); middle toe, 20-22 (21).° Southwestern Texas, from Concho and Kerr counties west to the Davis Mountains (Alpine, Fort Davis, Paisano, etc.). Aphelocoma woodhousei (not Cyanocitta woodhouseti Baird) Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 290 (Concho and Tom Green counties, w. Texas). Aphelocoma cyanotis (not of Ridgway) FisnEr, Auk., xi, 1894, 327 (Paisano, Brewster Co., w. Texas, breeding).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 382, part, in footnote (Edwards and Kerr counties, Texas; crit.).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNnron ComMiTTek, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 480.1, part; Auk, xii, 1895, 165, exel. syn. Aphelocoma terana Ripaway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 70 (near head of Nueces River, Edwards Co., Texas; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).—AMERIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Commrrrez, Auk, xix, 1902, 321 (Check List no. 480.2).—BarLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 275. APHELOCOMA GRISEA Nelson. BLUE-GRAY JAY. Similar to A. tewana, but coloration much paler above, less brown- ‘ish gray below, and with bill and feet decidedly more slender; blue of upper parts pale grayish cerulean, instead of azure; back, scapulars, and rump smoke gray, tinged with pale grayish blue; breast, etc., pale smoke gray. Adult female.—Length (skin), 275; wing, 134; tail, 189; exposed culmen, 25; depth of bill at nostrils, 8; tarsus, 38; middle toe, 20.5. «Three specimens. b¥Four specimens. 10384—voL 8—038——22 338 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sierra Madre of southern Chihuahua (near Guachochi) and Durango (Cerro Prieto). Aphelocoma grisea Neuson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, May 29, 1899, 27 (near Guachochi, Sierra Madre of southern Chihuahua; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). APHELOCOMA SIEBERII SIEBERII (Wagler). SIEBER’S JAY. Adutts (sewes alike). — Above, including sides of head and neck (except lores), plain dull cobalt or deep azure blue, the back usually, but not always, duller and grayer, sometimes distinctly so; chin and upper throat very pale bluish gray or grayish white, the shafts of the feathers black; the grayish white or pale grayish of upper throat gradually deepening into mouse gray or smoke gray on chest, breast, and sides, this gradually fading into paler gray on flanks and abdomen, the lower portion of the latter, together with anal region and under tail-coverts white; the gray deepest on sides of breast, where more or less tinged with blue (whole breast sometimes tinged with blue); bill, legs, and feet black. Young.—Pileum and sides of head deep gray, sometimes tinged with blue; hindneck, sides of neck, back, scapulars, rump, and lesser wing-coverts rather lighter and browner gray; gray of under parts browner, the under tail-coverts pale gray; wings (except smaller coverts) and tail as in adults; mandible with basal half (sometimes tip also) light-colored (flesh color in life), also basal half of maxillary tomium. Adult male. —Length (skins), 316-332.5 (326); wing, 173-188.5 (182); tail, 158-169.5 (164); exposed culmen, 27-28.5 (27.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.9-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 43-44.5 (44); middle toe, 23-25 (24).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 309-326.5 (318.5); wing, 174-184.5 (178); tail, 156.5-169.5 (162.5); exposed culmen, 28-28.5 (28); depth of bill at nostrils, 10-10.5 (10.2); tarsus, 42-43.5 (48); middle toe, 23-95 (24).” Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Mirador, Orizaba, Cofre de Perote, etc.), Puebla (Mount Orizaba, Cerro San Pedro, etc.), Mexico (north slope Volean de Toluca), Morelos (Huitzilac, Titela del Volcan), and Michoacan (Patzcuaro, Nahuatzin, etc.). : P{ica] sieberii Wacusr, Syst. Av., 1827, [page 365, by count], Pica, sp. 23. C[yanocoraz] sieberit Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 307. @Younger individuals, though in adult plumage, have more or less of the basal portion of the mandible, sometimes the basal portion of the maxillary tomium also, light colored (said to be flesh-colored in life). >Four specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 339 [Cyanocitta] sieberi Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 378. A[phelocoma] sieberi CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 221, footnote. Aphelocoma sieberit Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Cerro de San Pedro, Hacienda de San Pedro, and San Salvador el Verde, Pueblo) .— Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 214 (Mount Orizaba, Vera Cruz, 10,000 ft.).—Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 358 (Mount Orizaba).—Cnapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 42 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.). A[phelocoma] sieberiti Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358. [Cyanurus] sieberi Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6093, part (Mexico). Garrulus sordidus Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, June, 1827, 437 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico); Zool. Illustr., 2d ser., ii, 1831?, pl. 86. Cyanurus sordidus Swanson, Fauna Bor. Aci, golly 1831, 495. [Cyanogarrulus] sordidus hokeomnne, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 378. Aphelocoma sordida Suarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 116. Cyanocitia sordida Bairp, Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, pl. 22, fig. 1 (not the text; Mexico); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 60, fig. 1 (not the text, p. 587, except in part).—Scbiater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Sumicurast,4 Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (plateau and alpine reg. Vera Cruz).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N, Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284, footnote, pl. 41, fig. 1. [Cyanocitta] sordida ScLateR and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39, part. [Cyanocitta ultramarina] var. sordida Bairp, Brewrr and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284 (Orizaba and Mirador, Vera Cruz) . Garrulus ultramarinus (not Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte?) Temmincx, Pl. Col., ii, 1838, pl. 489.>—ScutecEet, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 64, part. Cyanocorax ultramarinus ScuatER, Proc. Zoo]. Soc. Lond., 1857, 204 (Jalapa); 1859, 365 (do.). [Garrulus] ultramarinus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6095, part. Aphelocoma ultramarina (not of Sharpe?) Sarvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 493, part (excl. synonyms wltramarinus, couchi, and arizone). Corvus azureus (not of Temminck, 1822) Licurensrern, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég. 1830, 1 (Mexico); Journ. fiir Orn. 1863, 56 (reprint). APHELOCOMA SIEBERII COLIMZE Nelson. COLIMA JAY. Similar to A. s. steber//, but slightly smaller (except bill), and some- what lighter colored, especially the under parts, which are more extensively white posteriorly and of a more brownish, as well as lighter, gray anteriorly; the blue of a more cerulean hue, as in A. s. potosina. Adult male.-—Length (skins), 317.5-325 (321.5); wing, 176-180 (178); tail, 158-160 (158.5); exposed culmen, 26.5-29 (27.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.5; tarsus, 48-44 (48.5); middle toe, 23.5-25 (24).° @ Cyanocitta ultramarina of Sumichrast (Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554) seems to be A. unicolor, since the latter name is omitted from his list, while the present ‘species is given as C. sordida. » According to Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 64), the specimen figured is the type of Pica sieberti Wagler. ¢ Three specimens, 8340 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 302-310.5 (306.5); wing, 172.5-174.5 (173.5); tail, 150.5-153.5 (152); exposed culmen, 26.5-27 (26.9); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.5; tarsus, 41-43.5 (42.5); middle toe, 22-26 (24).¢ Southwestern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Jalisco (La Laguna; Jacala; San Sebastian; Sierra Nevada) and Colima (Sierra Madre). Aphelocoma sieberi colime Neuson, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 27 (Jacala, Jalisco, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. ). APHELOCOMA SIEBERII POTOSINA Nelson. SAN LUIS POTOSI JAY. Similar to A. s. séeber/i, but decidedly smaller, bill larger, and colora- tion of upper parts paler, the blue of a light azure or almost cerulean hue, and the posterior under parts more extensively white (entire flanks and lower abdomen white, or nearly so). Adult male.—Length (skins), 284.5-308 (299); wing, 160-172 (169); tail, 137-151 (146); exposed culmen, 28-29.5 (29); depth of bill at nostrils, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 42.5-44.5 (48.5); middle toe, 24-25.5 (24.5).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 282-302 (293); wing, 154-160.5 (157.5); tail, 182-141 (136); exposed culmen, 96.5-29 (27.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.5; tarsus, 41-42 (41.5); middle toe, 29.5-24 (28).¢ Northeastern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Hidalgo (El Chico, Tulancingo) San Luis Potosi (mountains near Jesus Maria; Villar), southern Tamaulipas (Miquihuana), and southern Coahuila (Carneros); Guanajuato ¢ (?) Cyanocitta sordida (not Garrulus sordidus Swainson?) Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 139 (Guanajuato). Aphelocoma sieberi potosina Netson, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 27 (mountains near Jesus Maria, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). APHELOCOMA SIEBERII ARIZONZ (Ridgway). ARIZONA JAY, Similar in coloration to A. s. wollwebert, but much larger; about the same size as A. s. potosina, but very much paler and duller colored. Adult male.—Length (skins), 291-318.5 (303.5); wing, 163.5-178 (167); tail, 148.5-154.5 (149); exposed culmen, 27.5-32.5 (30.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 41.5-44.5 (42.5); middle toe, 22. 5-24 (23.5).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 282-305 (297.5); wing, 152.5-167.5 (162.5); tail, 186-151 (146.5); exposed culmen, 26.5-30 (28); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.9-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 40.5-44 (42.5); middle toe, 91.8-22.6 (22.1).° @ Three specimens. > Four specimens. ¢ Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 341 Southern Arizona (Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, Huachuca, and Chiri- cahua mountains), southwestern New Mexico (Grant County), and northern parts of Sonora (Cachuta and Bavispe rivers, etc.) and Chi- huahua (San Diego). Cyanocitta. sordida (not Garrulus sordidus Swainson) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 587, part (Copper Mines, Arizona); Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 21 (Copper Mines); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 440.—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 92 (Fort Buchanan and Copper Mines, Arizona).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 305, part (s. Arizona). [Aphelocoma] sordida Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166. Aphelocoma sordida Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 237. [Cyanurus] sieberi (not Pica sieberii Wagler) Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6093, part (Arizona). : Cyanocitta ultramarina, var. arizone Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Dec., 1873, 199 (Fort Buchanan, Arizona; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 292.—HrwnsHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, pl. 12. Cyanocitta wltramarina . . var. arizonw HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 124 (Camp Grant, etc., Arizona; habits); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 338 (30 miles s. of Apache, Camp Grant, and Rock Canyon, Arizona; habits, etc. ). [Cyanocitta sordida] var. arizone Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 41, fig. 2. [Aphelocoma sordida.] Subsp. a. Aphelocoma arizone SHarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 117 (Fort Bayard, New Mexico; Camp Crittenden, Arizona). Aphelocoma sordida arizone Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 185; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 295.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 73 (Chiricahua Mts., s. Arizona); vii, 1882, 201 (Chiricahua and Santa Rita mountains, Arizona; habits; descr. nest and eggs; crit. ). Aphelocoma sieberii arizone Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 355.—AMERICAN OrniTHoLOGIsTs’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 482.—Scorr, Auk, iii, 1886, 81 (Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona; breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs); iv, 1887, 20 (Santa Catalina Mts. ).—Auuen, Auk, iv, 1887, 21 (crit.).—Brnpirg, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 554 (Fort Huachuca, Arizona; habits; descr. nest and eggs); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 380, pl. 5, figs. 19, 20 (eggs). —Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 276. A[phelocoma] sieberii arizone Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 357. Aphelocoma sieberi arizone ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 37 (Cachuta and Bavispe rivers, n.e. Sonora; San Diego, n. w. Chihuahna). p Aphelocoma ultramarina . var. arizone Cours, Check List, 1874, p. 129 (no. 237). Aphelocoma ultramarina arizone Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 357. A[phelocoma] ultramarina arizone Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 424. Aphelocoma ultramarina (not Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte) Savin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 493, part. APHELOCOMA SIEBERII WOLLWEBERI (Kaup). ZACATECAS JAY. Similar in coloration to 4. s. avizonee, but much smaller; similar in dimensions to A. s. potosina, but the blue of a light dull cerulean hue, or intermediate between this and glaucous-blue; back and scapulars 342 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. usually distinctly gray (deep ash gray to bluish gray, rarely grayish blue); under parts paler, more extensively white posteriorly. Adult mule.—Length (skins), 274.5-294.5 (284); wing, 148-164.5 (158); tail, 128.5-144 (185.5); exposed culmen, 24.5-27.5 (27); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 39-42 (40.5); middle toe, 20.5- 24. (23). Adult female.—Length (skins), 272-288.5 (281); wing, 150.5-155 (154.5); tail, 129-136 (132.5); exposed culmen, 24-27 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.5-10.5 (9.5); tarsus, 837-41 (89); middle toe, 19.5-24.5 (22).° Northwestern and central portions of Mexican plateau, in States of western San Luis Potosi (Villar), Zacatecas (Valparaiso, Plateado, Monte Escobedo, Sierra Madre), northern Jalisco (Bolafios, Florencio, Colat- lan), Durango (El Salto; La Providencia), southwestern Chihuahua (Jesus Maria, Colonia Garcia, etc.), and eastern Sinaloa (Sierra de Choix), and Territory of Tepic (Santa Teresa). Aphelocoma wollweberi ¢ Kaur, Journ. fiir Orn., ii, no. 12, Suppl., Nov., 1854, p. ly, footnote (Zacatecas, Mexico; coll. Wollweber). Aphelocoma gracilis Miter, Auk, xiii, Jan., 1896, 34 (Sierra Bolafios, Jalisco, Mexico; coll. G. 8. Miller, jr.). APHELOCOMA SIEBERII COUCHI (Baird). COUCH’S JAY. Similar to A. s. potosina in coloration, but much smaller and bill more slender; similar also to A. s. wollweberi, but still smaller, with larger bill. Adult male.—Length (skins), 261.5-289.5 (273.5);? wing, 144.5- 152.5 (147.5);? tail, 124.5-187 (129); exposed culmen, 25-28 (27);¢ depth of bill at base, 9.5-12 (10.5); tarsus, 39-43.5 (41); middle toe, 91.5-25.5 (23.5).? Adult female.—Length (skin), 261.5-269 (265.5); wing, 142-159.5 (147.5); exposed culmen, 25-26.5 (25.5); depth of bill at base, 10-11.5 (10.5); tarsus, 39-40.5 (39.5); middle toe, 22-23.5 (22.5).@ Southern Nuevo Leon (Guajuco,’ Monterey, Parras, etc.) to south- western Texas (Chisos Mountains). aSeven specimens. bSix specimens. ¢**Tch unterscheide Aphelocoma Wollweberi, die zwischen ultramarina und sieberi steht. Sie ist weniger intensiv blau, mit réthlich grauem Riicken. Wangen und Ohrfedern dunkler blau. Ziigel schwarzlich. Schwanz schwach gegabelt, in dem die mittleren Schwanzfedern kirzer als die seitlichen sind. In geeignetem Licht zeigen die Schwanzfedern Spuren von Binden. “Wollweberi, Linge 10 Par.’’, Schnabel 13’, Fliigel 5” 5”, Schwanz 4” 5/4” 9//”, “Ultramarina, Linge 11 Par.”, Schnabel 13’, Fliigel 58”, Schwanz 4” 57-4” 9/7, “Steberi, Lange 13 Par.”, Schnabel 13’, Fliigel 6” 10’, Schwanz 63”. “Zaccatekas, durch Hrn. Wollweber in hiesiger Sammlung.”’ 4 Two specimens. ¢Guajuco is about 18 miles southeast of Monterey, and is the type locality, as shown by the original labels of the type specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 38438 Cyanocitta ultramarina (not Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 588 (Monterey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 60, fig. 2; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 45, pl. 22, fig. 2 (Montaray west to Parras); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 441. [Cyenurus] ultramarinus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6095, part. Aphelocoma ultramarina Sauvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 493, part. C[yanocitia] couchit Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 588, in text (‘‘ Monterey,” i. e., Guajuco, 18 miles s. e. of Monterey, Nuevo Leon; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). [Cyanocitta ultramarina] var. coucht Barry, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284. Cyanocitta ultramarina, var. couchi Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 298. [Aphelocoma uliramarina.] Subsp. a. Aphelocoma couchi Suarpn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 116. Aphelocoma slfrewnecnt ce couchii Ripgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 185, 229. Aphelocoma uliramarina coucht Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 294. A[phelocoma] couchi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 357. Aphelocoma couchi Miter, Auk, xiii, 1896, 34, 36, in text.—Baixzy (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 276. [Cyanocitta] sordida (not Garrulus sordidus Swainson) Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part. Aphelocoma sieberii couchi OBERHOLSER, Auk, xix, July, 1902, 300 (Chisos Mts., 8. w. Texas). (?) APHELOCOMA ULTRAMARINA (Bonaparte). ULTRAMARINE JAY, Similar in size and coloration to A. steberid steberiz, but tip of tail “*nerfectly even” or truncated.“ ** Mexico.” Clorvus] ultramarinus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, pt. ii, no. 12, May, 1825, 387 (Mexico). [Cyanocitta] ultramarinus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 378. a“. ultramarinus. Cceruleus subtus cinerascenti-albidus, cauda equali. “Length, thirteen inches. Bil/ one inch and a half long, strongly notched at tip, and with the feet black; incumbent setaceous feathers of the base of the bill, partly black and partly blue; whole plumage above, including the wings and tail, bright azure, most vivid and somewhat sericeous on the head and tail-coverts, duller and slightly intermixed with dusky on the back; inner webs and tips of quill feathers dusky; shafts of the wings and tail feathers black; lora black; cheeks dull blackish blue; chin whitish, intermixed with black bristles; whole inferior surface dirty whitish, more tinged with cinereous-on the anterior parts, and becoming purer towards the vent; inferior wing and. tuil-coverts slightly intermixed with blue; inferior surface of the wings and of the tail dusky-gray, the latter darker; wings when closed reaching almost to the middle of the tail, which is seven inches long, and perfectly even at tip.”? (Original description.) This very doubtful form continues to be known only from Bonaparte’s description, quoted above. It is probably the same as one of the larger forms of A. sieberii, but which one can not be determined without examination of the type. 344 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cyanocitta ultramarina SrRicKLAND, Ann. and Mag. N. H., xv, 1845, 260.—Gam- BEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 45 (diagnosis).—Bairp, BREwEr, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284, footnote. [Cyanocitta ultramarina] var. ultramarina Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284. [Cyanurus] ultramarinus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6095. Al[phelocoma] ultramarina Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 221, footnote.— Riveway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 357. Aphelocoma ultramarina Suarrz, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 115. APHELOCOMA UNICOLOR UNICOLOR (DuBus). UNICOLORED JAY. Adults (sexes alike).~Entire plumage uniform dull cobalt blue, except lores and under surface of rectrices, which are dusky, and under surface of remiges, which are brownish gray; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—-Plumage of head, neck, and body, including tail-coverts, lesser wing-coverts, and under wing-coverts, uniform sooty, or dark grayish brown; remiges, rectrices, and larger wing-coverts as in adults; bill partly light-colored (the mandible especially). Adult male.—Length (skins), 274.5-321 (810); wing, 154.5-169 (161.5); tail, 143.5-159 (153.5); exposed culmen, 28-30 (29); depth of bill at nostrils, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 41-43.5 (42); middle toe, 21-23.5 (22.5).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 294.5-310.5 (308); wing, 157-165 (161); tail, 148-160.5 (154.5); exposed culmen, 28.7-30 (29); depth of bill at nostrils, 11; tarsus, 40.5-42 (41.5); middle toe, 20.5-23 (21.5).¢ Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Mexico. Cyanocorax unicolor Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xiv, pt. ii, 1847, 103 (Mexico; coll. Brussels Mus.); Esquis. Orn., 1848, pl. 17.—Scnarer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857, 204 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (do.).—ScHiEceL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces (no. 23, livr. 9), 1867, 49 (Jalapa). [Cyanocitta] wnicolor Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 378 (Mexico).—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Mexico). Cyanocitta wnicolor ScLarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (Jalapa); Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284, footnote, part (Cordova and Mirador, Vera Cruz). Clyanoettta] unicolor Barry, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284, part. Aphelocoma unicolor Saarpru, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 118 (Jalapa).— Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 494, part (Valley of Mexico; Puebla; Jalapa).—Lanrz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Coatepec, Vera Cruz). A[phelocoma] unicolor Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358, part. [Cyanurus] unicolor Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 5, no. 6106 (Mexico). Cyanocorax concolor Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, Feb., 1848, 26 (“South America’; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila), 90 (Puebla, Mexico). (2?) Cyanocitta wtramarina (not Corvus wtramarinus Bonaparte) SumrcHRast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (alpine reg. Vera Cruz). @Six specimens, from Jico, Vera Cruz. Two specimens, from Jico, Vera Cruz. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. BAS APHELOCOMA UNICOLOR CCLESTIS, new subspecies. ¢ CERULEAN JAY. Similar to A. uw. wnicolor but larger, and the blue color lighter, more cerulean. : Adult male.—Length (skins), 321.5-330 (825.9); wing, 165-168 (167); tail, 155-159.5 (157.5); exposed tulmen, 28.7—-29.2 (29); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.5; tarsus, 43-44.5 (44); middle toe, 23-23.5 (23.1).? Adult female.—Length (skin), 317.5; wing, 167.5; tail, 155.5; exposed culmen, 28; depth of bill at nostril, 10.5; tarsus, 43.5; middle toe, 23.¢ Highlands of Guatemala (Totonicapam, Quiche, Chilasco, etc., 4,000 to 10,000 feet), and Chiapas (San Cristobal). Cyanocitta unicolor (not Cyanocorax unicolor Du Bus) Satvry, Ibis, 1866, 194 (Totonicapam, Quiche, and Chilasco, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284, footnote, part (Guatemala). [Cyanocitta] unicolor Sctarrr and Satviy, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Guatemala). C[yanocitta] unicolor Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284, part (Guatemala). Aphelocoma unicolor Suarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 118, part (Vera Paz).—Sauvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 494, part (Totonicapam, Quiche, and Chilasco, Guatemala). A[phelocoma] unicolor Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358, part (Guate- mala). Genus CYANOCITTA Strickland. Cyanocitta STRICKLAND, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xv, 1845, 261. (Type, Corvus cristatus Linneeus. ) Cyanogarrulus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850, 83; Consp. Av., i, May 5, 1850, 376. (Type, Corvus cristatus Linneeus. ) Lophocorax Kaup, Journ. fiir Orn., ii, Nov., 1854, p. lv. (Type, Corvus stelleri Gmelin.) Rather small Garruline with the head conspicuously crested. Coloration.—U pper parts mainly blue, the secondaries and tail (some- times greater coverts also) barred with black; head black or varied with black; lower parts uniform blue, or whitish with a black collar across chest. Midification.—Nest usually in trees (rarely in abandoned buildings), open above, rather bulky, composed of dry twigs, etc., lined with fine rootlets or similar materials, usually with plastering of mud between lining and outer portion. Eggs 3-6, light greenish, olive, or clay color, more or less speckled with deep olive, brown, lavender, etc. Range.—North America in general, including highlands of Mexico and Guatemala. a4Type, no. 144685, coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection), adult male, San Cristobal, Chiapas, Sept. 24, 1895; Nelson and Goldman. b Three specimens, from San Cristobal, Chiapas. ¢ One specimen, from San Cristobal. 346 ' BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The possession of a conspicuous crest will readily serve to distin- guish members of this genus from any other American jays except Calocitta, which has the tail excessively elongated and graduated and the nostrils exposed; and certain species of the purely tropical genera Cissilopha, Cyanocorax, and Uroleuca, in all of which (as in Calocitta) the crest is very different in shape, and the size much greater. The relationships of Cyanocitta are decidedly with. Aphelocoma and related American genera, and not with the Palearctic genus Garrulus, to which Cyanocitta bears some superficial resemblance. Garrulus has the bill much deeper and more compressed, with the gonys strongly convex; the tail much shorter than the wing and nearly even; the primaries much longer, more pointed, and rigid, and the style of col- oration very different. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIZS OF CYANOCITTA. a. Under parts whitish (more brownish gray on breast and sides), interrupted by a black collar across chest; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and rectrices broadly tipped with white. (Cyanocitta cristata. ) b. Larger and brighter colored (adult male averaging wing 131.6, tail 129.3, exposed culmen 25.1, tarsus 35); white terminal spot on outermost rectrix averaging 26.9 in length. (Eastern North~America, except Florida. ) Cyanocitta cristata cristata (p. 347) bb. Smaller and duller in color (adult male averaging wing 126, tail 119.9, exposed culmen 24.4, tarsus 33.5) ; white terminal spot on outermost rectrix averaging (24.1 in length. (Peninsula of Florida. ).Cyanocitta cristata florincola (p. 350) aa. Under parts blue (sometimes dusky or sooty anteriorly); wing-coverts, second- aries, and rectrices without white tips. (Cyanocitta stelleri. ) b. No white spot over eye. c. Head (including crest) and neck black or sooty black; back sooty slate color to sooty black; rump, upper tail-coverts, and posterior under parts dull cerulean blue to china blue. d. Larger (adult male averaging wing 156.2, tail 143.1); coloration darker, with the blue more purplish. (Queen Charlotte Islands and Prince of Wales Island, British Columbia.)-.......... Cyanocitta stelleri carlotte (p. 354) dd. Smaller (adult male averaging not more than wing 151.5, tail 140); colora- tion less dark, with blue less purplish. e. Back and foreneck dark sooty to sooty slate-black, that of foreneck grad- ing more gradually into blue of under parts; forehead usually with few streaks of blue (sometimes with none); blue color darker; size slightly larger (adult male averaging wing 151.5, tail 138.6, exposed culmen 31, tarsus 46.5). (Coasts of Puget Sound northward to eastern shores of Cook Inlet, including Vancouver Island and other coast islands except Prince of Wales and Queen Charlotte group.) Cyanocitta stelleri stelleri (p. 351) ee. Back and foreneck, slaty brown or brownish slate, that of foreneck more abruptly contrasted with blue of under parts; forehead more conspicu- ously streaked with blue; blue color lighter, more greenish; throat more extensively streaked with pale grayish; size slightly less (adult male averaging wing’ 150.5, tail 140, exposed culmen 27.7, tarsus 44.5). (Coast district from Monterey County, California, northward to the Columbia River.¢)............-. Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea (p. 354) @The area between the Columbia River and Puget Sound occupied by intergrades between this and C. s. stelleri. : BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 347 cc. Head (including crest) and neck grayish brown, the crest often tinged with blue; back light brownish gray or grayish brown; rump, upper tail-coverts, and posterior under parts light cerulean or turquoise blue. (Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino ranges of California and mountains of northern Lower California. )¢ J Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (p. 355) bb. A white or grayish white spot immediately above eye. c. Head and foreneck black (crest sometimes tinged with blue). d. Back brownish gray or sooty, without distinct blue tinge; crest very slightly, if at all, tinged with blue. e. Back dusky grayish brown, or sooty; superciliary spot smaller, or else more grayish; forehead streaked with light blue or else streaks obso- lete; blue of rump, etc., deeper. (More northern Rocky Mountains, from Wyoming, ? Utah, Idaho, and eastern Washington northward. ) Cyanocitta stelleri annectens (p. 357) ee. Back clear or light brownish gray or smoke gray, strongly contrasted with black of crest; superciliary spot larger, or else purer white; fore- head conspicuously streaked with bluish white; blue of rump, etc., paler. (More southern Rocky Mountains, from Colorado, ¢and Utah ¢ to States of Zacatecas and northern Jalisco, west-central Mexico. ) Cyanocitta stelleri diademata (p. 358) dd. Back distinctly blue (dull blue or grayish blue); crest distinctly tinged with *blue, (South-central Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Morelos, Mexico, and Michoacan. ).-.-.Cyanocitta stelleri azteca (p. 361) cc. Head and foreneck blue (sides of head more blackish). (Southern Mexico, in States of Hidalgo, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Colima, and Chiapas; Guatemala; Honduras.) -------------- Cyanocitta stelleri coronata (p. 362) CYANOCITTA CRISTATA CRISTATA (Linnzus),. BLUE JAY, Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum (including crest), hindneck, back, scapu- lars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser and middle wing-coverts - plain dull campanula blue or grayish violet-blue, the frontal feathers sometimes tipped with paler blue or bluish white; superciliary space, suborbital and malar regions, greater part of auricular region, chin, and throat very pale bluish gray; a loral patch (extending more or less broadly across base of forehead), narrow postocular streak, and a black collar beginning on nape (beneath crest) and extending thence downward across end of auricular region and along side of neck and connecting with a broader, somewhat crescentic patch across chest, black; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and rectrices rich cobalt or azure blue, broadly tipped with white (except middle pair of rectrices), and barred with black; primaries plain azure blue, paler on exterior quills, the portion beyond sinuated edge grayish; breast, sides, and flanks smoke gray or drab-gray (less brown in winter plumage), paler posteriorly; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts dusky blue; bill and feet black; iris brown. aIntergrading with C. s. carbonacea on east slope of Northern Coast Range and southern portion of Southern Coast Range. 6In winter only. ¢Breeding. } 348 BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young.—Remiges and rectrices as in adults, but white tips less sharply defined (sometimes tinged with grayish) and black bars usually narrower or less distinct; black markings of head and neck less dis- tinct, grayish black or dusky; pileum (including short crest) bluish gray; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and smaller wing- coverts dull grayish; greater wing-coverts without black bars. Adult male.—Length (skins), 247.5-295 (265.5); wing, 125-148 (131.5); tail, 120.5-147.5 (129); exposed culmen, 23-28 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 8-10 (9.5); tarsus, 33-37 (35); middle toe, 19-22.5 (20.5); length of white patch on inner web of lateral tail-feather, 21.5-38.5 (27). Adult female.—Length (skins), 242-279.5 (262.5); wing, 120-139 (129); tail, 117-130 (122.5); exposed culmen, 22-96 (24); depth of bill at base, 8-10 (9); tarsus, 31.5-36.5 (34); middle toe, 18-21 (19.5); length of white patch on inner web of lateral tail-feather, 20-31.5 (26).? — «Thirty-four specimens. » Eighteen specimens. Series from different parts of the country average as follows: e Length Ex- | Depth : of white Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Of Pill | Tarsus, | Middle) tip to culmen. nos- toe. | outer- trils. most rectrix. MALES. Five specimens from Massachusetts to Minnesota and northward ............ 137.5 | 184.5 25.5 9.6 36.5 20.5 26 Nine specimens from Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, and WATE Dai acini crticeiare cia cicinisia are chivas 134 132 25 10 35 21 27.5 Nine specimens from southern Indiana ANE THINGS sc coasc cercee seeseeeeses exe 129.5 | 127 25 9.5 34. 20.5 29 Ten specimens from Louisiana, Missis- sippi, and Alabama...............----- 128.5 | 126 24.5 10 35.5 20 25 One specimen from South Carolina | 134 183.5 25 10 35 21 27 (Anke) q.2 5c .esecspjacieciis sei tuiiedeuotes Two specimens from Texas.............- 181 128 27.5 10 36.5 20 25.5 Eleven specimens from Florida (=C. = cristata flovrincola) ...2-.2-2+-e cence eens 126 120 24.5 9 33.5 20 24 FEMALES. Three specimens from Massachusetts, New York, and Minnesota ............ 134 127 24 9 35 19.5 26 Five specimens from Pennsylvania and WATRINID ete zacee dite ccccmcesodeenecwee 131 122.5 24.5 9 33.5 18.5 27 Five specimens from southern Indiana PNG TNMOIS cies ccd eisisenicawes aeitisan 125 119.5 23.5 9 84 20.5 | 27 Three specimens from Louisiana and AIADAMND :. 05 sateonnsocecenciawmeasess! 125 124 24.5 9 35.5 19.5 23 Two specimens from Texas. .........-.-- 182 123 24.5 10 34 19 22.5 Five specimens from Florida (=C. eris- tata florincola) ......2222-22202eee ence ee 121 113 24 9 38.5] 18.5 21 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 349 Temperate eastern North America, except peninsula of Florida; north on Atlantic coast to Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick (resident), etc., in the interior to about latitude 52°, casually to 56°; west to eastern Assiniboia, eastern North and South Dakota, eastern half of Nebraska, eastern two-thirds of Kansas, eastern Oklahoma and eastern half (approximately) of Texas; south to the Gulf coast, except in Florida. [Corvus] cristatus Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i,1758, 106 (based on the Blew Jay Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 13, pl. 13; The Blue Jay, Pica glandaria carolinensis cerulea, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist. v, 60, pl. 239; Le Geay bleu, du Canada, Brisson, Orn. ii, 55; Buffon, Pl. Col., pl. 529); ed. 12, i, 1766, 157.—Gmeg.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 369.—LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 158. Corvus cristatus W1Lson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 11, pl. 1, fig. 1.—Dovenry, Cab. Nat. Hist., 1832, 62, pl. 6.—Bonararrs, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., iii, 1828, 58.—Nutra.t, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 224.—AupvupBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 11; v, 1839, 475, pl. 102. Garrulus cristatus VinrLLot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xii, 1817, 477; Enc. Méth., ji, 1823, 890; Gal. Ois., 1834, 160, pl. 102.—Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 293.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 154; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 110, pl. 231.—Maximinian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 192 (Indiana; Missouri). —Scuircer, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 62.—TRIPPE, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 177 (Minnesota, resident). P{ica] cristata Waaurr, Syst. Av., 1827, Pica, sp. 8. : Cyanurus cristatus Swatnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 580.—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 494 (s. Texas).—Covugs, Check List, 1873, no. 234, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 214; Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 607 (Pembina, North Dakota).—McCugs- nEy, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 80 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota). [Cyanurus] cristatus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 3, no. 6085.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 165, part. Cyanura cristata Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 434.—Buaxisron, Ibis, 1862, 8 (Forks of Saskatchewan).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 273, part, pl. 42, fig. 3—AtiEn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 138 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas, abundant), 178 (e. Kansas). Clyanura] cristata Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 112 (n. e. Illinois, abt. resid. ). Cyanocorax cristatus BonaParTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27.—WoopHoussE, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 77 (Indian Territory; Texas). 2 C[yanocorax] cristatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 307. Cyanocitta cristata SrRICKLAND, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xv, 1845, 261.—ScLaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 142.—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 289 (vic. New York City).—Suarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 107 (Toronto, Ontario; Ann Arbor, Michigan; 49th Parallel).—Covxs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 98; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 349.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 289, part; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 385.—CHamBERLaIN, Bull. N. H. Soc. New Bruns., i, 1882, 43 (New Brunswick, resid. ).—-NEHR- LING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 168 (s. e. Texas, breeding); Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 317, pl. 17, fig. 1.—OcrLpy, Scient. Proc. Roy. Dubl. 350 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Soc., iii, 1882, 50 (Navarro Co., n. e. Texas, resident; habits).—AGERsBoRG, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, resid.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 477.—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (w. Manitoba, summer).—Cooxsr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 157 (dates, etc. ).—Has- sBrouck, Auk, vi, 1889, 289 (Eastland Co., Texas).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 565 (localities in Manitoba).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 377 (w. to beyond mid. of State).—Dwicurt, Auk, x, 1893, 10 (Prince Edwards I.).—Nvurrine, Bull. Labr. N. H. Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 273 (near Chemawawin, lower Saskatchewan).—Benprrz, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 356, pl. 5, figs. 5, 6 (eggs).—Bzat, Yearbook U. 8. Dept. Agric. for 1896, 197-206, fig. 40 (food, etc. ).—Krnnarp, Auk, xv, 1898, 269 (nesting).— Deane, Auk, xvi, 1899, 182 (habits).—Morrexz, Auk, xvi, 1899, 251 (Cum- berland Co., Nova Scotia, frequent).—FLemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 40 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. w. Ontario, resident) .—CrawrForp, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., sec. ann. meeting, 1901, 77 (Sioux Co., w. Nebraska, May).—GraveEs, Proc. Nekr. Orn. Un., sec. ann. meeting, 1901, 84 (Valentine, w. Nebraska, Sept.).—CovsEaux, Ottawa, Nat., 1900, 29 (s. Saskatchewan, resident).— Bartry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 271, part. C[yanocitia] cristata CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 221.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 421.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358. [Cyanogarrulus] cristatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 376. Cyanocitta cristata florincola (not of Coues) AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGIsTS’ UNION, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 477a, part (Gulf coast to Texas).—BrckHam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 669 (Leon Springs, San Antonio, and Corpus Christi, Texas); Auk, v, 1888, 112 (Leon Springs; San Antonio).—ALLEN, Auk, v, 1888, 324 (Mandeville, Louisiana).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 361, part (Louisiana; Texas). C[yanocitta] cristata florincola Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 353, part (Gulf coast to Texas). CYANOCITTA CRISTATA FLORINCOLA Coues. FLORIDA BLUE JAY. Similar to C. c. crestata, but smaller, and coloration averaging paler and duller, with white tips to greater wing-coverts, secondaries and rectrices smaller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 244-255 (253.5); wing, 119.5-136 (126); tail, 114.5-125.5 (120); exposed culmen, 23.5-26 (24.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-9.5 (9); tarsus, 31.5-35 (33.5); middle toe, 18-29 (20); length of white spot on inner web of lateral tail-feather, 20.5- 99 (24).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 241.5-249 (244); wing, 117.5-127 (121); tail, 108-117 (118.5); exposed culmen, 23-25.5 (24); depth of bill at nostrils, 8-9.5 (9); tarsus, 32-34.5 (33.5); middle’ toe, 17-19.5 (18.5); length of white spot on inner web of lateral tail-feather, 19.5— 25.5 (21).? @ Kleven specimens, » Five specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3851 Peninsula of Florida.¢ Cyanurus cristatus (not Corvus cristatus Linneeus) ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 297 (e. Florida; crit.; measurements).—Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 234, part.—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 162, part. [Cyanurus] cristatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 165, part. Cyanura cristata Merriam, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 87 (St. Johns R. and Okahum- kee, Florida; crit.). Cyanocitta cristata Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 289, part.—Ba1LEy (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 271, part (Florida). C[yanocitta] c[ristata] florincola Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 421 (Florida). : Cyanocitta cristata florincola AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 477a; 2d ed., 1895, no. 477a, part.—Cuapman, Auk, v, 1888, 272 (Gaines- ville, Florida).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 319 (Tarpon Springs, Florida; not at Punta Rassa nor Key West).—Bernprrz, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 361, part, pl. 5, figs. 7, 8 (eggs). Clyanocitta] cristata florincola Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 353; 2d ed., 1896, 353, part. CYANOCITTA STELLERI STELLERI (Gmelin). - STELLER’S JAY. Adult male.—Head (including crest), neck, and upper portion of chest, plain black or sooty black, the forehead usually more or less streaked with blue (cerulean or azure) and chin and upper throat usually more or less streaked with pale grayish; back and scapulars plain dark sooty brown (less brown or more slaty in fresh plumage); rump and under parts posterior to chest blue, varying from greenish blue (china blue) to a less greenish hue, the upper tail-coverts similar, but brighter (almost cerulean blue); wing-coverts and primaries dull cerulean or sevres blue, the greater coverts usually with narrow (some- times indistinct) bars of black; secondaries deep cobalt or dull ultra- marine blue, with four to six innermost ones (including tertials) marked with sharply defined (usually very distinct) curved bars of black; tail dull cobalt blue, with terminal portion usually distinctly barred with black and with indications of bars farther toward base; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown; length (skins), 282-317 (300.2); wing, 144-160.5 (151.5); tail, 183-150 (138.6); exposed culmen, 27.5-32 (31); tarsus, 44.5-50.5 (46.5); middle toe, 22.5-26 (24.7).? Adult female.—Similar to the male and often quite undistinguish- able, but usually slightly smaller, with black bars on secondaries and «It is exceedingly difficult to draw the line satisfactorily between this form and C. c. cristata, for the reason that, as in similar cases, there is a gradual transition between the extremes. After carefully examining, comparing, and measuring a very large series, however, it seems that there is upon the whole more difference between Florida specimens and those from other Southern States than between the latter and northern examples. This is no Jess true of coloration than of size. (See average measurements under C. cristata, on page 348, footnote. ) bTwelve specimens. 352 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tail less distinct, sometimes obsolete; length (skins), 280-313 (301.3); wing, 142.5-157 (149.1); tail, 128.5-147 (137.4); exposed culmen, 27.5- 31 (30); tarsus, 4447.5 (45.8); middle toe, 22.5-25.5 (24.1).* Young.—Wings and tail as in adults, but the blue usually more greenish (china blue to cerulean blue) and usually (?) without dis- tinct black bars on secondaries or rectrices; under parts, rump, and and upper tail-coverts dull slate-grayish, the former becoming darker and more sooty anteriorly; head and neck plain sooty or dark sooty slate, the forehead without any blue streaks. Coniferous forests of northern Pacific coast district, from shores of Puget Sound northward to eastern shores of Cook Inlet, including Vancouver Island and other coast islands, except Prince of Wales island and the Queen Charlotte group. [Corvus] stelleri Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 370 (Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island; based on Steller’s Crow Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, i, 389; Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, pt. i, 249).—Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 158. Corvus stelleri Pauuas, Zool. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 393, pl. 17 (promontory of St. Elias, Alaska).—Bonararte, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 49; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., iii, 1828, 433; Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 44, pl. 13, fig. 1.—Nutrati, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 229. Garrulus stelleri Virtuo, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xii, 1817, 481; Enc. Méth., ii, 1828, 893.—Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 294, part (not pl. 54, which=C. s. annectens).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 62 (Sitka; Nootka Sound). P{ica] stelleri WaGirr, Syst. Nat., 1827, Pica, sp. 10; Isis, 1839, 750. [Cyanurus] stelleri Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495. Cyanurus stelleri Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 235, part. [Cyanurus] stellerii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 165, part. aTen specimens. pas Specimens from Vancouver Island, Sitka, and Kenai peninsula compare in average measurements as follows: Ex- 8 Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Middle culmen. toe. w MALES. Four adult males from Vancouver Island...............--. 158.3 | 141.1 30.8 48.1 24.4 Six adult males from Sitka..............0.ceceee eee eeeeeeee 150 187.4 29.4 45.8 24.8 Six adult males from Kenai peninsula (west side)......... 154.1 | 189.4 30.6 44.2 25 FEMALES. Three adult females from Vancouver Island............--. 147 187.3 28.8 47 24.7 Four adult females from Sitka...............2.2.0 .22 2222. 151 189 29.1 46 24 Three adult females from Kenai peninsula (west side}....| 151.3 | 187.2 30 43.8 25 The series from Cook Inlet, on which Mr. Chapman’s (* s. borealis was based, are in very fresh fall plumage and therefore distinctly darker and more slaty in color of back, etc., and slightly richer blue than specimens taken at other seasons, Which greatly predominate in collections. Compared with specimens from Vancouver Island and other more southern localities taken at the same season they are, how- ever, nowise different, so far as I am able to discern. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 353 Cyanura stelleri Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 581, part (Alaska; Cape Flattery, Straits of Fuca, Fort Steilacoom, and Fort Vancouver, Washington; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 435, part.—CoorEr and SucKLEY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 214, part (Washington).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst., iv, 1864, 122 (British Columbia); Naturalist in Van- couver, ii, 1866, 73.—Dau and Bannisrer, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 286 (Sitka, Alaska; British Columbia).—Coorgr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 298, part (description).—Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., v, 1873, 43 (crit.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 277, part, pl. 39, fig. 1.—Finscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 271 (Portage Bay, Alaska). Cyanura stelleri var. stelleri Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., v, Jan., 1873, 41, footnote. Cyanocorax stelleri Bonaparts, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27.—Finsca, Abh. Nat. Verh. Brem., iii, 1872, 40 (Sitka). C[yanocorax] stelleri Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 307. [Cyanura stelleri] var. stelleri Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ji, 1874, 272, part. [Cyanurus stellert var. macrolophus] a. stelleri Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 214, part (synonymy). Cyanocitta stelleri StrickLanp, Ann. Nat. Hist., xv, 1845, 261.—Newserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1857, 85, part (Puget Sound).—Srarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 108, part (Sitka; San Juan de Fuca; Saturna I., British Columbia “).—Couss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 98; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 350, part.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 290, part.—Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 161 (Sitka, Baranoff I., and Port Althorp, Alaska).—American OrnirHowocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 478, part.—Nertson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 163 (Sitka; Kuskokwim R. ?).—Bernprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 362, part.— NEuRiING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 321, part.—Grinnexy (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 128 (Sitka).—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 77 (Graham Harbor, Cook Inlet).—Ratupun (8. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 136 (Seattle, Washington, resident).—Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 272, part. C[yanocitta] stelleri Cananis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 221 (‘‘ Kamtschatka’’).— Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 421, part.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 353, part. Cyanocitta stelleri sielleri Fisnzr (W. K.), Condor, iv, Mar., 1902, 42, 43 (description; crit.; geog. range). [Cyanogarrulus] stelleri Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 377. [Lophocorax] stelleri Kaup, Journ. fiir Orn., ii, Nov., 1854, p. lv. (?)Garrulus melanogaster VieILLoT, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 891 (no locality given). (?)PL[ica] cyanochlora Wacter, Syst. Av., 1827, Pica, sp. 9 (‘‘ Nova Caledonia”’ ). Cyanocitta stelleri litoralis Maynarp, Ornithologist and Oologist, Apr., 1889, 95 (Vancouver J., British Columbia). Cyanocitta stelleri littoralis CHApMAN, Auk, vii, 1890, 91 (crit. ). Cyanocitta stelleri boreatis CHarpman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xvi, Aug. 8, 1902, 240 (Homer, Cook Inlet, Alaska; coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). “Dr. Sharpe has inadvertantly transposed the respective ranges of the present species and C. cristata. Of C. stelleri he says: ‘‘Hab. Eastern North America, west to the Missouri, northeastern Texas, north to the Red River and Moose Factory ( Ridgway),’’ which is the range assigned to C. cristata by the authors of the History of North American Birds (ii, p. 273). The range of C. cristata is given by Dr. Sharpe as ‘‘North America,’ whereas it is strictly confined to the Atlantic water- shed of the continent. 10384—voL 3—03——23 354 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CYANOCITTA STELLERI CARLOTT/ZE Osgood. OSGOOD’S JAY. Similar to C. s. stellert, but larger and decidedly darker, the blue of a more violet hue (dull cyanine or approaching hyacinth blue on secondaries and rectrices, the rump, upper tail-coverts and posterior under parts dull antwerp blue), the back and foreneck slightly sooty slate-black (decidedly less brown than in C. s. stellert). Adult male.—Length (skins), 310-322 (317.2) wing, 155.5-161 156.2); exposed culmen, 29-32 (30.4); tarsus, 46.5-49.5 (48); middle toe, 26-28 (27.1).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 324; wing, 162; tail, 152.5; exposed culmen, 30.5; tarsus, 48; middle toe, 28.” Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia; also southern portion (at least) of Prince of Wales Island (Howkan),. Cyanocitta stelleri carlottze Oscoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, Sept., 1901, 46 (Cumshewa Inlet, Moresby I., Queen Charlotte group, British Columbia; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—AmeErican OrwirHotocists’ Union ComMITTEE, Auk, xix, 1902, 321 (Check List no., 478d).—Fisuer (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 41, 42, 48 (crit.; geog. range). CYANOCITTA STELLERI CARBONACEA Grinnell. GRINNELL’S JAY. Similar to C. s. steller’, but paler throughout, and averaging slightly smaller; color of head very nearly as in C. s. stelleri, but averaging browner or more sooty, the forehead always conspicuously streaked with blue, and throat more extensively or uniformly pale grayish; back and foreneck much paler, slaty brown or brownish slate, instead of deep sooty; blue of rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts of body light dull cerulean or verditer blue, advancing more over chest, where more abruptly defined against the sooty or brownish slate color of foreneck. Adult male.—Length (skins), 275-317 (280.8); wing, 140.5-158 (150.5); tail, 134-146 (140); exposed culmen, 27-81.5 (29.1); tarsus, 42-46 (44.5); middle toe, 22.5-25 (28.8).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 254-290 (276); wing, 136-147 (143); tail, 125-138 (131); exposed culmen, 25-29.5 (27.7); tarsus, 39-45 (42.7); middle toe, 22-25 (23.7).% Coast district of California and Oregon, from Monterey County, California, to the Columbia River.* @ Four specimens, from Skidegate and Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Islands. bOne specimen, from Howkan, Prince of Wales Island. ¢ Nine specimens. @Ten specimens. eIntergrading with C.'s. frontalis in the district between Monterey County and the San Bernardino Mountains, and from the eastern slope of the northern Coast Range to Trinity Mountains and Mount Shasta; intergrading with C. s. stelleri in the district between the lower Columbia River and Puget Sound. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 855 Corvus stelleri (not of Gmelin) Nurraty, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 229 (Columbia R.).—Avpvuson, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 453, pl. 362, fig. 2 (Colum- bia R.). Garrulus stelleri (not of Vieillot) AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 153. [Cyanurus] stelleri Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6088 (California).—CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 165, part. Cyanura stelleri Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 581, part (Columbia R..; Fort Dallas, Cascade Mts., and Willamette Valley, Oregon; Petaluma, San Francisco Co., Redwoods, and Monterey, California).—Coorrr and SucKLey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 214, part (Oregon).—Coorerr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 298, part; Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1875, 10 (Monterey, California).— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 277, part. [Cyanura stellert] var. stelleri Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ji, 1874, 272, part. [Cyanurus stelleri var. macrolophus] a. stelleri Couns, Birds N. W., 1874, 214, part (synonymy). Cyanocitta stellert (not of Strickland) Newsrrry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1857, 85, part (northern California; Oregon).—(?) SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 108, part (California).—Covxs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 350, part.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 290, part.—AmERI- CAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 478, part.—TownsEnD, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 211 (Humboldt Co., California).—FisHEer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 68 (Monterey and San Francisco, California).—Brnpirz, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 362, part, pl. 5, fig. 9 (eggs).—NzEuRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 321, part.— Antony, Auk, iii, 1886, 166 (Washington Co., Oregon).—Merrit1, Auk, v, 1888, 261 (Fort Klamath, Oregon).—Brewsrer, Auk, v, 1888, 261 (Fort Klamath; crit.).—Brtpine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 109 (n. coast California).—Baitey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 272, part. CL[yanocitta] stelleri Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 421, part.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 353, part. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (not Cyanura stelleri var. frontalis Ridgway) Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, Oct., 1879, 194 (Ft. Klamath, Oregon).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 365, part, pl. 5, fig. 10 (Santa Cruz, Cali- fornia). Cyanocitta s[telleri] frontalis Matut1arp, Condor, ii, 1900, 64 (Marin Co., Cali- fornia). Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea GRINNELL (J.), Condor, ii, Nov., 1900, 127 (Stevens Creek Canyon, Santa Clara Co., California; coll. J. Grinnell).—Bar.ow, Condor, ii, 1900, 1382 (Los Gatos, Santa Clara Co., California).—ALLEN, Auk, xviii, 1901, 174 (republication of orig. description).—FisHEr (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 41, 44 (crit.; geog. range).—BaiLey (Florence M.), Handb, Birds W. U. S., 1902, 273, footnote. CYANOCITTA STELLERI FRONTALIS Ridgway. SIERRA NEVADA JAY, Similar to C. s. carbonacea, but much lighter colored, and average size decidedly less; head, neck, and upper chest deep hair brown (varying to rather dark grayish brown), the pileum (including crest) darker brown and often extensively tinged with blue; forehead usually more extensively streaked with blue; back and scapulars hair brown, broc- coli brown, or drab; rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts of body 356 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. light cerulean or turquoise blue, the secondaries and tail, however, nearly as deep blue as in ©. s. stelleri. Young much paler and browner than that of C. s. stellerd. Adult male.—Length (skins), 284.5-297 (291); wing, 144-149.5 (146.5); tail, 183.5-139.5 (136); exposed culmen, 27.5-30.5 (29.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5-10 (9.9); tarsus, 41-44.5 (42); middle toe, 23-25 (24). Adult female.—Length (skins), 256-292 (284); wing, 136-145 (140.5); exposed culmen, 25.5-27.5 (26); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.5-9 (8.9); tarsus, 38-41 (40.5); middle toe, 23-23.5 (23.1).? Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino ranges and mountains of northern Lower California (San Pedro Martir Mountains). (Intergrading with C. s. carbonata in southern portion of southern Coast Range and on eastern slope of northern Coast Range.) Cyanocoraz stelleri (not Corvus stelleri Gmelin) GamBeEt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 201, part (California). Cyanura stelleri Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 581, part (Fort Tejon, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 435, part.—Hrermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 55 (Warner’s Ranch, etc., California).— Xanrus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).— Feruner, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 427 (Fort Crook, n. e. California; habits).—Cooprrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 165, part. Cyanurus stelleri Netson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 360 (Nevada, Cali- fornia). Cyanocitia stelleri GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 45, part (California).—NeEwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 85, part (California).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 108, part (California). (?) Garrulus coronatus (not of Swainson) ScuieceL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 63, part (California). Cyanura stelleri var. frontalis Rrpgway, Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., v, Jan., 1873, 41, 43 (Sierra Nevada, near Carson City; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 37 (Carson City).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 279, pl. 39, fig. 2.—Brnprre, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 126 (California; descr. eggs). Cyanura stelleri . . var. frontalis Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 235).—HEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 252 (Tejon Mts., Walkers Basin, Mount Whitney, and near Kernville, s. California). Cyanura stelleri frontalis Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 173 (Sierra Nevada). C[yanura] stelleri frontalis HensHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 807 (e. slope Sierra Nevada; crit.; descr. young). [Cyanurus stelleri var. macrolophus] b. frontalis Couns, Birds N. W., 1874, 215 (synonymy). Cyanura stelleri . . . 8. frontalis Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 523 (Sierra Nevada; habits, etc.). Cyanura var. frontalis HensHaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1877, 1305 (e. slope Sierra Nevada). Cyanura frontalis Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 319, 333, 336, 347, 388. [Cyanocitta] stelleri var. frontalis Boucarn, Catalogus Avium, 1876, 279, no. 8732 (California). «Four specimens. > Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 357 Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 184, 218; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 290a.—Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 98; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 353.—Goss, Auk, li, 1885, 217 (descr. nest and eggs).—AMERICAN OrwniTHOLOGIsTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 478a.—Evrrmann, Auk, iii, 1886, 181 (Ventura Co., California).—TownseEnp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 211 (Mount Shasta, California).—Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 46 (Bear Valley, San Bernardino Co., California).—Emerson, Bull. 7, Cal. Ac. Sci., 1887, 422 (Volcano Mts., San Diego Co., California, resident).—Fisaer, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 69 (Owens Lake, Walkers Basin, etc., California).— Brnvire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 365, pl. 5, fig. 10 (egg).—Grin- NELL (J.), Pasadena Ac. Sci., Pub. ii, 1898, 31 (Los Angeles Co., California, breeding).—FisHrr (W. K.), Condor, ii, 1900, 137 (Mount St. Helena, Napa Co., California); iv, 1902, 41, 42 (crit.; geog. range). Clyanocitia] s[telleri] frontalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 422.— Baiey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 273. C[yanocitta] stellert frontalis Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 354. Cyanocttta frontalis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, Mar. 20, 1879, 391 (Cala- veras Co., California). Cyanocitta stelleri, 3. frontalis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, Mar. 21, 1879, 422 (breeding in pine belt of Calaveras Co. from 3,000 ft. up; a few winter in Sacramento Valley). CYANOCITTA STELLERI ANNECTENS Baird. BLACK-HEADED JAY. Similar to C. s. stellert, but with a distinct (though sometimes small) elongated spot of grayish white immediately above the eye; streaks on _ forehead (if present) paler blue or bluish white; chin and upper throat more conspicuously streaked (the streaks grayish white rather than gray); back and scapulars rather paler and grayer, and the blue of rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts of body paler and greener (nearly verditer or china blue). Adult male.—Length (skins), 292-305 (297); wing, 147-164.5 (154); tail, 141-159.5 (148); exposed culmen, 25.5-28 (26.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.5-10 (9.5); tarsus, 42-43.2 (49.9); middle toe, 23-25.5 (24).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 294.5-305 (299); wing, 147.5-150 (148.5); tail, 189-145 (143); exposed culmen, 25-27.5 (26); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 41-43.5 (42.5); middle toe, 23-25 (24).? Eastern British Columbia and more northern Rocky Mountains in general, south to eastern Oregon (Camp Harney), eastern Washington (Walla Walla, etc.), Idaho, Utah (Provo, November 30), Wyoming (Shoshone Lake, September 7); accidentally to western Nebraska (Sioux Co., 1 spec., April, 1891). Garrulus stelleri (not Corvus stelleri Gmelin) Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 294, part, pl. 54 (headwaters Columbia R.). Cyanura stellert Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 581, part (St. Marys Mission, Idaho); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 435, part.—Brnprre, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 126 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; descr. nest and eggs). a¥ive specimens. b¥Four specimens. 358 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cyanura macrolopha (not of Baird) Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 688 (Teton Canyon, Idaho; Shoshone Lake, Wyoming). Cyanurus stelleri . . . var. macrolopha Yarrow and Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’ sSurv. 1872 (1874), 20(Provo, Utah, Nov. 30).—HEnsHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 335, part (spec. from Provo Canyon, Utah, Nov. 30. [Cyanura stelleri] var. annectens Batrp, in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 281, in text (Hell Gate, Montana; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). Cyanocitta stelleri annectens Ruweway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 184, 218; Nom. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 290b; Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 229 (Fort Walla Walla, Washington; crit.).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 351.—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union Commrrres, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 11 (no. 478c); Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 478c.—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890 141, (high mts. int. British Columbia; crit.).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 32 (e. side Cascades; Rocky Mt. district).— Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 99 (Salmon R. Mts., Teton Basin, etc., Idaho).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 45, 63 (int. British Columbia).—Ricumonp and Kyowtron, Auk, xi, 1894, 304 (Gallatin Basin, Montana, 9,000 ft.).—Benprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 369.— Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 177 (Okanogan Co., e. Washington).—MErRILL, Auk, xiv, 1897, 356 (Fort Sherman, n. w. Idaho).—Bruner, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soc. for 1896 (1898), 118 (Sioux Co., w. Nebraska, 1 spec., Apr., 1891).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (British Columbia, 40 miles from coast). —FisHer (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 41, 44 (crit.; geog. range). C[yanocitta] s[telleri] annectens Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 422.— Batxey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 273. C[yanocitta] stelleri annectens Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 354. CYANOCITTA STELLERI DIADEMATA (Bonaparte). LONG-CRESTED JAY. Similar to C. s. annectens, but lighter colored, with white super- ciliary patch much larger (or else purer white), forehead more con- spicuously streaked with bluish white, greater wing-coverts distinctly barred with black, and the deep black crest very strongly contrasted with the clear brownish gray (nearly mouse gray) of the back and scapulars; rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts of body light glaucous-blue. Adult male.—Length (skins), 287-305 (296); wing, 148-159.5 (1538.5); tail, 132.5-153 (142.5); exposed culmen, 27.5-29.5 (28.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 8-10 (9.5); tarsus, 41.5-45 (43.5); middle toe, 22.5-25.5 (24.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 279.5-297 (295.5); wing, 186.5-153 (145); tail, 122-141.5 (181); exposed culmen, 25.5-27.5 (26.5); depth of billat nostrils, 8-10 (9); tarsus, 40.5-43.5 (42); middle toe, 21.5-24 (28).? Rocky Mountain district of United States and Sierra Madre of north- western Mexico; north to northeastern Utah (Wasatch and Uintah mountains) and southern Wyoming; west to Wasatch range and higher mountains of Arizona; east to Colorado and New Mexico; south through Mexican states of eastern Sonora and Sinaloa and western Chihuahua aight specimens. b Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 859 and Durango to northern Jalisco (Bolafios), Territory of Tepic (Santa Teresa), and Zacatecas (Plateado, Valparaiso Mountains, etc.).@ Cyanocitta stelleri (not Corvus stelleri Gmelin) Gamer, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 45, part (Rocky Mts.).—Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 20 (Santa Catalina and Pinal mountains, Arizona). Cyanocorax stelleri (not of Bonaparte) GamBrL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 201, part (Rocky Mts.).—McCatt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 216 (New Mexico).—WoopHouss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 77 (New Mexico). Cyanura stelleri Couns, Ibis, 1865, 159, in text (Raton Mts., New Mexico). Cyanurus stelleri Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 94 (Twin Lakes, Colorado). Clyanogarrulus] diadematus Bonararte, Consp. Av., i, May 6, 1850, 377 (Zaca- tecas, w. centr. Mexico; coll. Darmstadt Mus. ). [Lophocorax] diadematus Kaur, Journ. fiir Orn., ii, Nov., 1854, p. lv. Cyanocitta diademata Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 490, part (Zacatecas; not description, which =C. s. azteca Ridgway). «Four specimens from Durango (Cerro Prieto) and the above-mentioned localities in Zacatecas and northern Jalisco are decidedly smaller than more northern examples, and are appreciably though not distinctly different in color. Instead of showing an approach in the latter respect to C. s. azteca or C. s. coronata, as might reasonably be expected from geographical considerations, exactly the reverse is the case, the dis- tinctive features of the macrolopha type reaching their maximum development in this series. The differences from typical examples of C. s. macrolopha, while appreciable, are, however, of such a character that I would not, without more ample material, favor the subspecific separation of these southern birds. The average maximum and minimum measurements of this series and of a series from the United States are given herewith: Ex- Depth . Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed a Cea Tarsus, of culmen. trils. AVERAGE, MALES. Eight specimens from United States...........--- 158.5 | 142.5 28.5 9.5 43.5 24.5 Two specimens from Durango and Zacatecas..... 147.5 | 135 25.5 9.5 43 22 AVERAGE, FEMALES. Seven specimens from United States......--.----- 145 131 26.5 9 42 23 Two specimens from Zacatecas and northern 5 PalisCO) oe cescuteonarsieaiaaanewenediansseeeeohasert 136 | 127.5 | 23.5 8 38 20.5 MAXIMUM, MALES. Eight specimens from United States .............- 159.5 | 153 29 10 45 25.5 Two specimens from Durango and Zacatecas ....- 151 139.5 26 10 43 22.5 MAXIMUM, FEMALES. Seven specimens from United States.......---...- "168 141.5 27.5 10 43.5 24 Two specimens from Zacatecas and northern TALSEO! wc. wc sinichicss dwalstiasen soeeionase ceeeeRE sees 139.5 | 181.5 24 8 39 20.5 MINIMUM, MALES. Eight specimens from United States .............. 148 131 27.5 8 41.5 22.5 Two specimens from Durango and Zacatecas ..... 143 130 25 9 42.5 21 MINIMUM, FEMALES. Seven specimens from United States.........----- 136.5 | 122 25.5 8 40.5 21.5 Two specimens from Durango and Zacatecas ..... 132 124 23 8 36.5 20.5 360 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. C[yanocitia] s[telleri] diademata Ripaway, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 256, in text.— Baruey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 273. Cyanocitta stelleri diademata AvERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Commitres, Auk, xvili, 1901, 302 —OxserHotser, Auk, xix, 1902, 300 (Davis and Guadalupe mountains, w. Texas). Cyanocorax coronatus (not Garrulus coronatus Swainson) Barrp, in Stansbury’s Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Texas). Cyanocitta macrolopha Barrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, June, 1854, 118 (100 miles w. of Albuquerque, New Mexico; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.).—KeEnnerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 10, 11 (100 miles w. Albuquerque, New Mexico, etc.).—Scrarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (n. Mexico).— Sarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 110 (Colorado).—Ripeway, Field and Forest, 1877, 208 (Colorado).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 489 (Ciudad, Durango, Mexico). [Cyanocitta] macrolopha ScuaTER and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39 (n. Mexico). Cyanura macrolophus Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 582, part (Lara- mie Peak, Wyoming; Fort Massachusetts, Fort Thorn, and 100 miles w. of Albuquerque, New Mexico; Camp 105), 925 (Cant. Burgwyn, New Mexico); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 436.—Kernnerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 32 (100 miles w. Albuquerque, etc., New Mexico).—E ior, New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, i, 1869, pl. 17.—Coorgr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 300 (Arizona, etc. ).—ArKeEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 205 (e. Colorado). Cyanura macrolopha Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 92 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, resident; habits; crit.); Am. Nat., v, 1871, 770 (biography).— Srevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. for 1870 (1871), 465 (Green R., Wyoming).—Barrp, Brewsr, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 39, fig. 3. [Cyanurus] macrolophus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6087. Cyanura stellert var. macrolopha Auten, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 163, 169, 178 (Colorado; Wyoming; Utah).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 281. Cyanura stellert . . . var. macrolopha Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 184 (Colorado).—Hznsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 84 (Georgetown, Fort Garland, etc., Colorado), 123 (Apache, Gila R., etc., Arizona; habits). [OQyanurus stellerii.] Var. macrolophus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 165. Cyanurus stelleri . . . var. macrolopha Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 235a.—HEn- saw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 335 (localities in Utah, Colorado, and Arizona; habits). Cyanurus stellert var. macrolophus ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, J uly, 1872, 150 (e. Colorado).—Covzs, Birds N. W., 1874, 214, excl. syn. part. Cyanura stelleri . . . var. macrolophus Hensuaw, Annot. List Birds Utah, 1874, 7. (Cyanurus stelleri var. macrolophus] c. macrolophus Couxs, Birds N. W., 1874, 215 (synonymy). Clyanura] stelleri macrolopha Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 174 (Rocky Mts. ). Cyanura stelleri macrolopha Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 33 (Wa- satch Mts., Utah). Cyanura coronata var. macrolopha Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., v, Jan., 1873, 41. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 98; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 352.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 290c.—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 189 (San Juan Co., Colo- rado, breeding).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 201 (Chirica- BIRDS Of NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 361 hua Mts., Arizona; habits).—American OrnrrHotocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 478).—Mzarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 256 (Mogollon and San Francisco mountains, Arizona).—Mernriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 39 (Grand Canyon of the Colorado), 94 (San Francisco Mts.).—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 781 (mountains s. of Nogales, Sonora).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N.H., v, 1893, 37 (El Pinita, n. e. Sonora).—Benprrg, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 367, pl. 5, figs. 11, 12 (eggs). C[yanocitta] s[telleri] macrolopha Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 422. C[yanocitta] stelleri macrolopha Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 354. CYANOCITTA STELLERI AZTECA Ridgway. AZTEC JAY. Similar to C. s. diademata, but neck, back, and scapulars dull blue instead of brownish gray, crest more or less tinged or washed with blue, and the general blue color much deeper (rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts of body azure blue instead of pale blue or light tur- quoise blue, the wing-coverts, secondaries, and tail dull paris blue instead of dull cobalt); streaks on forehead more tinged with blue. Adult male.—Length (skins), 279.5-294.5 (284.5); wing, 148.5-152 (149); tail, 189.5-149.5 (148.5); exposed culmen, 25-28 (26); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 40.5-44.5 (42.5); middle toe, 23-24 (28.5).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 279.5-292 (281); wing, 137.5-148 (142); tail, 184-139 (187); exposed culmen, 23.5-25.5 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.9-9.6 (9.4); tarsus, 41-45 (42.5); middle toe, 22.5- 23.5 (28).? South-central Mexico, in the States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba, Mira- dor), Puebla (Hacienda de San Pedro and Tochimilco), Morelos (Tetela del Volcan), Mexico (Popocatapetl, Iztacciahuatl, Ajusco, Valley of Mexico, etc.), and Michoacan (Patzcuaro).° @ Hight specimens. b Five specimens. ¢Specimens from Patzcuaro, Michoacan, are somewhat different from examples representing the other localities mentioned above, being slightly deeper in color, with the crest more strongly washed with blue. They also average slightly smaller. They show an approach toward C. s. coronata, which is the form of the adjacent States of Colima and Guerrero, but are decidedly nearer the present form. Speci- mens average in measurements as follows: Ex- | Depth : Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed o pal Tarsus. Middle culmen. trils. ADULT MALES. Four specimens from State of Mexico (Popocata- PEND sac stents chee acon ede ao eea cs ecemenctate 151 144.5 27 10 42.5 23.5 Four specimens from State of Michoacan (Patz- CUBTO) Fourteen specimens. ¢Twelve specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 363 (Encarnacion, El Chico, etc.), along the southwestern side, through Oaxaca and Guerrero, to Colima (Sierra Madre).¢ Garrulus coronatus Swarnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 487 (table-land of Mexico; type lost; see Salvin and Godman, Biol.-Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 491).—Jarpine and SExsy, Illustr. Orn., ii, 1828 (17), pl. 64 (table-land of Mexico).—Scuircet, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 63, part (Mexico). Pica] coronata Waatuer, Isis, 1829, 750 (Mexico). Cyanurus coronatus Swanson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495 (Mexico).—ScLAaTER and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 22 (Los Choyos and Altos, Guatemala) . [Cyanurus] coronatus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6086. Cyanura coronata Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 583, footnote.— Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 381 (Juquilla, Oaxaca).—SuMICHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (alpine reg. Vera Cruz).—Barrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 39, fig. 4. Cyanocorax coronatus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 109 (Mexico), 115 (Guatemala); 1850, 115 (Mexico); Nuoy. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, ii, 1839, 343. C[yanocorax] coronatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 307. [Cyanogarrulus] coronatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 377 (Mexico). Cyanocitia. coronata SrrickLanD, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1845, 261.—Scuarer, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 302 (La Parada, Oaxaca), 359 (pine region of Hondu- ras, between Seguatepeque and Taulevi); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 142 (Mexico; Guatemala).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 112 (pine reg. Honduras):—LawReEncez, aSpecimens from Guatemala and Chiapas have, as a rule, the white spot on lower eyelid better developed (apparently it is never absent, as is frequently the case with Mexican examples), the grayish white throat-patch larger and almost unbroken, and the general coloration slightly more uniform blue. Specimens from Hidalgo, while having the crest equally blue, have the frontal streaks whiter, the back slightly grayer, and the general blue color lighter, thus showing an approach toward C. s. azteca and C. s. diademata, especially the former, from which they differ decidedly in their distinctly blue instead of black or blue-black crest and foreneck. In fact, unless these Hidalgo specimens are considered to represent an additional subspecies, they must be referred to C. s. coronata, since they are distinctly more similar to the typical form of the latter than to C. s. azteca. Separation of the Hidalgo bird would, however, necessitate separation of the birds from Chiapas and Guatemala also as another form. Average measurements of specimens from different localities are as follows: Ex- | Depth . Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed 2 Ld Tarsus. ve culmen. r . “| trils. ADULT MALES. Four specimens from Hidalgo and Vera Cruz..... 147.5] 141.5 25.5 9.5 42.5 22 Three specimens from Guerrero.......----.-+----- 144 138.5 26 10 43.5 23.5 Two specimens from Chiapas ..........-..-.------ 146 137 26.5 9.5 42 23.5 Four specimens from Guatemala..........-..+++-- 146 139 25.5 9.5 42.5 23 ADULT FEMALES. Four specimens from Vera Cruz..............----+ 141 134.5 25.5 9.5 41 22.5 -Two specimens from Guerrero ......----------++-- 137 131 25.5 10 40.5 21.5 Three specimens from Chiapas............--.--2-+ 142 133 24.5 9 41 23 Three specimens from Guatemala.........-..----+ 140.5) 131.5 24.5 9 41.5 22.5 364 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Cienguilla, alpine reg. Oaxaca).— . (2) Duazs, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 139 (‘‘Tierras calientes”’).—Sanvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 491 (table-land; alpine reg. Vera- Cruz; La Parada, Cienguilla, and Juquilla, Oaxaca; Volcan de Fuego, Bar- ranco de los Chocoyos, Totonicapam, San Raymundo, Santa Barbara, and Chilasco, Guatemala; between Seguatepeque and Taulevi, Honduras). [Cyanocitta] coronata ScuatER and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39 (Mexico; Guatemala). Cyanura coronata var. coronata Ripeway, Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., v, Jan., 1873, 42. [Cyanura stelleri] var. coronaia Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 272 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Belize, British Honduras). [Cyanurus stelleri var. macrolophus] e. coronatus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 215 (synonymy). Clyanocitta] stelleri coronata Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 355. Cyanocitta stelleri coronata Stonn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 445 (Jalapa). Clyanocitta] galeata¢ Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 222 (Bogota, Colombia? ; coll. Heine Mus.). Cyanocitta diademata (not Cyanogarrulus diadematus Bonaparte) Suarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 111, excl. synonymy (Sierra de Oaxaca and La Parada, Oaxaca). Genus PERISOREUS Bonaparte. Perisoreus Bonaparts, Saggio di una dist. met., 1831, 43. (Type, ZLanius infaustus Linneeus. ) Dysornithia®’ Swatnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495. (Type, Corvus cana- densis Linneeus.) Plumage very fluffy, especially on the back; head without distinct crest, but with feathers of entire pileum, very long; bill very short (less than half length of head), depressed, the culmen straight to near tip, where slightly decurved; gonys decidedly convex; nostrils com- pletely hidden by the antrorse nasal tufts; tarsus decidedly more than one and one-half times as long as exposed culmen, rather slender; middle toe about half as long as tarsus, decidedly shorter than exposed culmen; tail nearly (sometimes quite) as long as wing, graduated for considerably more than length of exposed culmen. Coloration.—No bright colors, but uniform gray or dusky hues prevailing;° adults with forehead, nasal tufts, sides of head, throat, and chest white or whitish; occiput (sometimes nearly whole pileum) grayish, dusky, or blackish; upper parts uniform dusky grayish or @Clearly this form, and the supposed locality erroneous. A translation of the original description is as follows: “C. galeata has the blue coloring still more predominating [than in C. coronata Cabanis=C. s. azteca, the true C. s. coronata being evidently unknown, as such, to Cabanis]; the topknot is handsome blue, but its border is blackish; on the other hand, the auricular region and the other parts of the head are blue; the back is also more brightly colored and as blue as the lower parts. “The native place of the species appears to be doubtful.” b “Avis infausta. Th. Svs et opris.”’ ¢In the single Palearctic species the plumage partly rusty BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 365 brownish, the rectrices indistinctly (though sometimes broadly) tipped with whitish; lower parts plain grayish or whitish; young entirely plain dusky, varying from a slaty toa brownish hue, the crown and malar region sometimes whitish. Nidification.—Nest in coniferous trees, open above, bulky, com- posed of dry twigs, strips of bark, plant fibers, etc., lined with softer materials, including feathers. Eggs 3-4, pale gray or grayish white, speckled with brown, gray, and lavender. _ Range.—Northern coniferous forests of the Palearctic and Nearctic ‘Regions (south in high mountains of western United States almost to the Mexican boundary). (Three species, two exclusively North American, one Palzarctic.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PERISOREUS. a. Abdomen and under tail-coverts light tawny or tawny-ochraceous; greater and primary wing-coverts partly cinnamon-rufous. (Northern Europe and Asia.) Perisoreus infaustus (extralimital) @ aa. No tawny or rufous in the plumage. (North American species. ) b. Forehead, sides of head, throat, and chest whitish. (Adults. ) c. Feathers of back without distinct paler shaft-streaks; breast, belly, etc., deep ‘grayish, much darker than white or whitish of throat and chest. (Perisoreus canadensis. ) d. Hindneck blackish or blackish slate, this color invading the occiput to at least the middle portion, and laterally extended broadly to and surround- ing the eye; general coloration darker. e. At least the fore part of crown distinctly white; gray of upper and under parts less brownish. jf. Dusky area of hindneck, etc., more slaty, at least anteriorly, and crown more extensively white; under tail-coverts white, or nearly so; gen- eral coloration not so dark. (New Brunswick, Maine, northern New York, etc., to South Dakota, Alberta, and north to Mackenzie. ) Perisoreus canadensis canadensis (p. 366) Jf. Dusky area of hindneck, etc., more blackish; crown less extensively white; under tail-coverts deep brownish gray; general coloration darker. (Labrador, north to Davis Inlet.) Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus, adults (p. 368) ee. Crown grayish anteriorly, dusky posteriorly, only the forehead being white or whitish; gray of upper and under parts more brownish. (Alaska, north and west of Cook Inlet.) Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons, adults (p. 369) dd. Hindneck gray, or if inclining to blackish this color restricted to the hind- neck, the whole crown, to the occiput, being white; the gray scarcely, if at all, extending laterally to the eyes; general coloration paler. (Rocky Mountain district, from eastern British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, Idaho, and Montana to New Mexico and Arizona. ) Perisoreus canadensis capitalis, adults (p. 370) cc. Feathers of back with distinct paler shaft-streaks; breast, belly, etc., very pale gray or grayish white, little if any darker than color of throat and chest. (Perisoreus obscurus. ) 4 Corvus infaustus Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 107.—Perisorcus infuustus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27. 366 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. d. Smaller and browner (wing averaging less than 136, tail averaging less than 127; back, etc., deep hair-brown to almost sepia, under parts brownish white). (Coast of northern California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. )........--------- Perisoreus obscurus obscurus, adults (p. 372) dd. Larger and grayer (wing averaging more than 139.5, tail averaging more than 133.5; back, etc., deep mouse gray, under parts grayish white). (Interior of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern Cali- formas) soso scaeestescee deer Perisoreus obscurus griseus, adults (p. 373) bb. Forehead, sides of head, throat, and chest dusky grayish, or mostly so. (Young. ) c. Feathers of back with distinct paler shaft-streaks. dl. BrOWNE?s sccccccwimncce wieiamcin Perisoreus obscurus obscurus, young (p. 372) Gd: GUAV Cle 33 caceke scejsseiceeen swe Perisoreus obscurus griseus, young (p. 373) ce. Feathers of back without paler shaft-streaks. d. Crown not paler than back (usually darker). e. Less dark. f. General gray color more slaty. Perisoreus canadensis canadensis, young (p. 366) Jf. General gray color more brownish. Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons, young (p. 369) ee. Darker......--.---- Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus, young (p. 368)¢ dd. Crown paler than back..... Perisoreus canadensis capitalis, young (p. 370) PERISOREUS CANADENSIS CANADENSIS (Linnzus). CANADA JAY. Adult.—Forehead (including nasal tufts), fore part of crown, loral, suborbital, auricular and malar regions, chin, throat, and chest white; hindneck, occiput, posterior portion of crown, and postocular region dull brownish slate-black or blackish slate, more or less tinged with gray anteriorly, next to white of forehead; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain mouse gray, paler next to the blackish of the hindneck; wings and tail slate-gray, the primaries slightly more bluish; remiges and rectrices tipped (not abruptly) with white, the middle and greater wing-coverts also some- times tipped with white, but much more narrowly; under parts of body plain drab-gray, paler (almost, sometimes quite, white) on anal region and under tail-coverts; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Yourg.—Above, including pileum and hindneck, slate color or brownish slate; nasal plumes, and loral, orbital, and auricular regions slate-blackish; under parts, including chin, throat, and chest, plain brownish slate-gray, the under side of head sometimes slightly mixed with whitish; wings and tail as in adults, but whitish tips to remiges and rectrices less distinct; bill partially light-colored. Adult male.—Length (skins), 266.5-289.5 (276); wing, 142-148 (145.5); tail, 185-151 (144.5); exposed culmen, 21.5-22.5 (22); depth of bill at base, 10-12 (11); tarsus, 34-37 (35.5); middle toe, 17-19 (18).? «The differences between the young of these forms are by no means well defined, but they average as above. > Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH, AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 867 Adult female.—Length (skins), 254-274.5 (268); wing, 139.5-147 (144); tail, 189-149 (145); exposed culmen, 19-20.5 (20); depth of bill at base, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 34-36.5 (35.5); middle toe, 17.5-20 (19).“ Eastern division of the Boreal Province (except Labrador and New- foundland), from northern limit of coniferous forests south to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern Maine, higher mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont, and northern New York (Adirondacks), north- ern Ontario, northern Michigan, and northern Minnesota—irregularly, casually, or during winter to Massachusetts (Cambridge, etc.), vicinity of New York City, Pennsylvania (Lancaster County), southern Ontario, southern Michigan, southeastern Wisconsin (Racine), and South Dakota (Crystal Cave, October); west to Alberta (Blueberry Hills, Grand Cache, Banff, St. Anns, etc.); north to Lower Anderson and Mackenzie rivers and westside of Hudson Bay (to south of latitude 60°), etc. [Corvus] canadensis Linn.xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 158 (based on Le Geay brun de Canada Brisson, Orn., ii, 54, pl. 4, fig. 2).—Gmertin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 376.—LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 160. Corvus canadensis Forster, Philos. Trans., lxii, 1772, 386 (Hudson Bay).— Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 33, pl. 21, fig. 1.—Sasinz, App. Franklin’s Journ., 1823, 572.—Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1823, 360; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., iii, 1828, 58.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 232.—AupuBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 53; v, 1839, 208, pl. 107. Garrulus canadensis Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 295.— AvupvusBon, Synopsis, 1839, 155, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 121, pl. 234.—Putwam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 228 (Massachusetts, casual).— ScHLecEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 65, part (Hudson Bay).—Tripps, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 117 (Minnesota, resident) . Perisoreus canadensis BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 590, part (Minnesota; n. United States); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 443, part.—VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 152 (Oxford Co., Maine, winter).—Boarpman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 127 (Calais, Maine, resident).—Lawrencg, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 289 (New York City, accidental).—McIiwrarru, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 91 (Hamilton, Ontario); Birds Ontario, 1892, 274 (Oshawa, Ontario, 1 spec. ).—TuRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 43 (winter straggler).— MaynarD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 375 (Lake Umbagog, Maine, breeding).—Covzs, Check List, 1873, no. 239, part; 2d. ed., 1882, no. 359, part.—Bairp, Briwer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 299, part, pl. 41, fig. 3, pl. 42, fig. 4.Smarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 104.—Ginss, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geod. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 488 (Michigan; in winter as far as s. boundary).—Roserrts, Rep. State Geologist Minn., 1880, 376 (n. Minnesota, abt.).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 297.—MaynarbD, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 167.—Gunwn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 120 (Sturgeon R., Michigan, Aug.)—MeErriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 231 (Lewis Co., New York, resident).—Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 112 (Scarborough, near Portland, Maine, 1 spec., Oct. 15).—Jzrrries, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 181 (Grand Falls, New Brunswick; descr. nest and eggs).—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. N. H. Soc. New @¥Four specimens. 368 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Brunsw., i, 1882, 43 (resident).—Brewsrer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 380 (Anticosti I., resident); Auk, vii, 1890, 91 (near Cambridge, Massachu- setts, 1 spec., Oct. 17).—Srron, Auk, ii, 1885, 335 (Toronto, Ontario, winter 1836 and spring 1837, numerous) .—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 484.—(?) Netson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 164 (head- waters Yukon R. to mouth of Tarnac R.).—Cuapsourne, Auk, iv, 1887, 104 (White Mts., New Hampshire, common).—Ciark, Auk, iv, 1887, 256 (Somerset, Vermont, 1 spec., Aug. 5).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888,. 158 (breeding in n. Minnesota).—CuarKeE (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay Territory).—Waxrren, Birds Penn., 1890, 201 (Lan- caster Co.,1 spec., Feb.,1889).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 566 (localities in Manitoba; habits).—Macrar.ang, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 439 (lower Anderson and Mackenzie rivers; descr. nest).—Morris, Auk, ix, 1892, 395 (Mount Graylock, Massachusetts, 1 spec., June 18).—Wuire, Auk, x, 1893, 225 (Macinac I., Michigan, July 10).—Coox, Birds Mich., 1893, 100 (s. to mid. of s. peninsula).—Nurrine, Bull. Labr. N. H. Univ. Towa, ii, no. 3, 1893, 273 (Grand Rapids, lower Saskatchewan).—ATKINsoN, Biol. Rey. Ont., i, 1894, 99 (Port Arthur, n. shore Lake Superior).—BrEn- pirE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 385, pl. 3, figs. 18, 19 (eggs).— Negriine, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 327.—Bruner, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soc. for 1896-97 (1898), 121 (West Point and Crawford, Nebraska; no date).—Warren (O. B.), Auk, xvi, 1899, 12 (Mahoning, Michigan; habits; descr. nest and eggs; 4 photographs).—Morret1, Auk, xvi, 1899, 251 (Cum- berland Co., Nova Scotia, common resid.; habits).—Cousravx, Ottawa Nat., 1900, 29 (s. Saskatchewan, winter resid.).—Amus, Aux, xix, 1902, 94 (Ayl- mer, Ontario, 1 spec., Nov. 9, 1901), | Perisoreus] canadensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 375.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166, part. Plerisoreus] canadensis CaBants, Mus. Hein, i, 1851, 219.—NeEtson, Bull. Essex Inst.., viii, 1876, 113 (near Racine, Wisconsin, winter, 1839).—Couxs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d. ed., 1884, 425, part.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 359. [Perisoreus canadensis.] Var. canadensis Ripgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 194 (diagnosis) . [Perisoreus canadensis] var. canadensis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 298. [Perisoreus canadensis var. capitalis] a. canadensis Couns, Birds N. W., 1874, 221 (synonymy). ae canadensis canadensis Hown, Osprey, new ser., i, July, 1902, 104, part (crit.). Dysornithia canadensis Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495. Garrulus fuscus Virrttot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xii, 1817, 479; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 992. P[ica] nuchalis Wacimr, Syst. Av., 1827, Pica, sp. 14. Garrulus brachyrynchus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 296 (=young).— Nurravy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., ii, 1834, 599. Garrulus brachyrhynchus Swa1nson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pl. 55. PERISOREUS CANADENSIS NIGRICAPILLUS Ridgway. LABRADOR JAY. Similar to P. c. canadensis, but smaller and decidedly darker in color; the dusky hood blacker, covering most of the crown, and surrounding eyes more broadly, the back, etc., much darker mouse gray, the under BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 369 parts deep smoke gray insteadtof: light drab-gray, and the under tail- coverts gray instead of white. Adult male.—Length (skins), 243-274.5 (261); wing, 136-145 (140); tail, 128.5-146.5 (137.5); exposed culmen, 20-21.5 (20.5); depth of bill at base, 10-11.5 (10.5); tarsus, 33.5-37 (35); middle toe, 17.5-18.3 (18).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 241.5-256.5 (250); wing, 132.5-137.5 (186.5); tail, 125.5-141 (132.5); exposed culmen, 19-21 (20); depth of bill at base, 9.5-12 (10.5); tarsus, 33.5-35 (34); middle toe, 16.5- 18.5 (17.3).4 Peninsula of Labrador, north to Davis Straits; island of Newfound- land. Perisoreus canadensis (not Corvus canadensis Linnzeus) Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 226 (Rigolet, etc., Labrador; habits; notes); Chebk List, 1872, no. 239, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 359, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 299, part.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 297, part.—Portsr, Auk, xvii, 1900, 72 (Newfoundland). [Perisoreus] canadensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 116, part. P[erisoreus] canadensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 425, part. Garrulus canadensis SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 65, part (Labrador). Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, June 5, 1882, 15 (Labrador; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 258.— ReicHENow and Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 401 (republication of orig. descr.).—Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 241 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, resident).—AmERIcAN OrniTHoLogists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 484c.—PaLMER (W.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 263 (Fogo I.; Mingan Islands; Canada Bay, Newfoundland; habits).—Benprrz, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 392, pl. 3, fig. 20 (egg).—Norton, Proc. Portl. Soc. N. H., ii, 1901, 155 (Northwest R., Labrador).—BicEtow, Auk, xix, 1902, 29 (coast n. e. Labrador). P[erisoreus] canadensis nigricapillus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 359. Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons (not of Ridgway) Hows, Osprey, new ser., i, July, 1902, 105, part (crit.). PERISOREUS CANADENSIS FUMIFRONS Ridgway. ’ ALASKA JAY, Similar to P. ¢. canadensis, but dusky hood extending over the crown, leaving only the forehead white; the latter often more or less tinged with smoky gray; the general color of upper and lower parts browner, and size less. Agreeing with P. c. nigricapillus in greater extent of the dusky hood, but this browner, with the anterior portion more distinctly ashy, the forehead less purely white, and the general color, both above and below, decidedly paler, the under tail-coverts dirty whitish or very pale brownish gray. Adult mate.—Length (skins), 256.5-273 (266); wing, 131.5-145 (139); tail, 128.5-138.5 (135); exposed culmen, 18-22.5 (20); depth of bill at base, 10-12 (11); tarsus, 32.5-36 (84.8); middle toe, 16.5-19 (18).? 4 Six specimens. b Five specimens. 10384—voL 8—03——_24 370 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSUEM. Adult female.—Length (skin), 264;.wing, 134; tail, 132; exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 34.5; middle toe, 17.4 Alaska, except treeless coast district north of Alaska peninsula and coast forest from Cook Inlet east and southward. Perisoreus canadensis (not Corvus canadensis Linneeus) Datuand Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 286 (St. Michael, Fort Yukon, etc., Alaska).— Finscu, Abh. Nat. Forh. Brem., iii, 1872, 40 (Kenai Peninsula, Alaska).— Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 239, part. hina Ute 1878, 426 (30 miles n. of St. Michael). [Perisoreus] canadensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166, part. Perisoreus canadensis var. obscurus, part, Rripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1878, 194, part (Alaska); v, Dec., 1873, 199, part (Alaska).—Barrp, BREWER, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 302, part (specimens from Alaska). Perisoreug canadensis fumifrons Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Mar. 27, 1880, 5 (St. Michael, Alaska; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 297b.—RericHEnow and Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 401 (reprint of orig. descr. ).—Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 360.—NeExson, Cruise “Corwin,’’ 1881 (1883), 73 (Alaska Peninsula to Kotzebue Sound); Nat. , Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 164, pl. 11 (lower Yukon; ‘‘Kadiak and Sitkan districts’’).—McLenne@an, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1884, 117 (Kowak R., n. w. Alaska).—AmeErRIcAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 484b.— Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 167 (St. Michael; Yukon R.).— TownsEnD, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1885 (1887), 92 (Kowak R.); Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (do.).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1895, 390.—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 77 (Hope City and Tyonek, Cook Inlet).—Hows, Osprey, new ser., i, 1902, 105, part (crit. ). Plerisoreus] canadensis fumifrons Ripcway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 360. Plerisoreus] clanadensis] fumifrons Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 425. PERISOREUS CANADENSIS CAPITALIS Baird. WHITE-HEADED JAZ, Similar to P. c. canadensis, but larger and lighter colored; whole head white, except immediately round and behind eyes, which, together with the hindneck, are slate-grayish (in more northern specimens inclin- ing to blackish slate); gray of upper and under parts paler. Young paler than that of P. c. canadensis or P. c. fumifrons, with pileum much paler gray or grayish white, the feathers of under parts more or less tipped with white or pale grayish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 263-287.5 (278.5); wing, 146.5-157.5 (153.5); tail, 139-151.5 (146.5); exposed culmen, 20.5-22.5 (21.5); depth of bill at base, 10.5-11.5 (11); tarsus, 34.5-38 (36); middle toe, 18-21 (19.5).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 264-283 (270); wing, 143.5-151 (148.5); tail, 140-149 (143.5); exposed culmen, 19.5-21.5 (21); depth of bill at hase, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 32-35.5 (34. 5); middle toe, 17-19.5 (18).° Higher coniferous forests of the Rocky Mountain district, from 4 One specimen, > Ten specimens, ¢Seven specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 371 easterr. British Columbia (Lac la Hache, Bonaparte, Vernon, Nelson, Field, etc.), northwestern Montana, eastern Washington (Sinzoknoteen Depot, etc.), Idaho (Teton Canyon, Salmon River Mountains, Sawtooth Mountains, etc.), eastern Oregon (Camp Harney, Canyon City Moun- tains, Blue Mountains, Maury Mountains, etc.), to Arizona (White Mountains) and New Mexico (upper Pecos River, breeding above 8,000 feet; San Miguel County, breeding from 9,000 feet to timber line); east to Black Hills, western South Dakota. Perisoreus canadensis (not Corvus canadensis Linnseus) GAmBEt, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 45 (Rocky Mts.); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 201 (do.).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iii, 1857, 14 (Sangre de Cristo Pass, Colorado); ix, 1858, 590, part (Black Hills and Laramie Peak, Wyoming; Sangre de Cristo Pass); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 443, part.— Haypen, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1862, 171 (Laramie Range and Black Hills).—Srevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1870 (1871), 465 (Henrys Fork and Green R., Wyoming).—Merrriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1871 (1872), 689 (Teton Canyon, etc., Wyoming), 712 (Teton Basin, Idaho).—Atten, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 163, 179 (moun- tains of Colorado; Wasatch Mts., Utah).—Covzs, Check List, 1873, no. 239, part.—Brnpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 126 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, resident).—Scorrt, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 94 (Twin Lakes, Colorado, breeding). : [Perisoreus] canadensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166, part. Perisoreus canadensis canadensis Howr, Osprey, new ser., i, 1902, 104, part (Black Hills, Wyoming; crit. ). Perisoreus canadensis, var. capitalis ‘‘Baird MS8.”’ Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1878, 193 (Henrys Fork, Wyoming; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); v, Dec., 1873, 199.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 302, pl. 41, fig. 4.—Couns, Birds N. W., 1874, 221, excl. syn., part.—Hznsnaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, pl. 13.—Nexson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 344 (30 miles s. of Fort Bridger, Wyoming). Perisoreus canadensis . . . var. capitalis Cours, Check List, 1873, 129, App. no. 239b.—HeEnsHAw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 85 (Fort Garland and South Park, Colorado, May, June; habits), 123 (White Mts., Arizona, Aug.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 339 (Snake R., Fort Garland, South Park, Sangre de Cristo Pass, and Alamosa Creek, Colorado; White Mts., Arizona; habits). Perisoreus canadensis, 8. capitalis Rrpaway, Field and Forest, ii, June, 1877, 208 (Colorado). [ Perisoreus canadensis] var. capitalis Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 194.— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, ‘Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 298. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Cours, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 608 (Rocky Mts., lat. 49°); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 362.— Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 239 (Colorado; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 140 (San Juan Co., Colo- rado; habits; notes).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 297a.— Witiams, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt Mts., Montana).—Hxn- sHaw, Auk, iii, 1886, 75 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, breeding above 8,000 ft.).—AmERIcAN OrniTHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 484a.— Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 256-(White Mts., Arizona, resident).—Merrriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 100 (Salmon River Mts., Sawtooth Mts., etc., Idaho).—Ruoans, Auk, x, 1893, 16 (British Columbia); Proc, Ac, Nat. 372 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sci. Phila., 1893, 45, 63 (Lac la Hache, Bonaparte, Vernon, Nelson, and Field, int. British Columbia).—RicamMonp and Knowuron, Auk, xi, 1894, 304 (Montana, up to 9,000 ft.).—Bznprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 388.—Merritt, Auk, xiv, 1897, 356 (Fort Sherman, n.w. Idaho).— Mrrcnett, Auk, xv, 1898, 309 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding from 9,000 ft. to timber line).—Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 235 (Black Hills, Wyoming, breeding).—Howez, Osprey, new ser., i, 1902, 104 (crit.).— Battery (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 277. P[erisoreus] cLanadensis] capitalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 425. P[erisoreus] canadensis capitalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 360. Perisoreus capitalis SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 106, pl. 5, fig. 1 (Colorado). PERISOREUS OBSCURUS OBSCURUS (Ridgway). OREGON JAY. Similar in general appearance to P. c. canadensis, but smaller; upper parts brownish instead of grayish, the feathers of back with distinct whitish shaft-streaks, and under parts dull white instead of grayish. Adults (sexes alike).—Nasal tufts and forehead white, the latter more or less tinged with smoky brown, and often with feathers of the pos- terior portion tipped with sooty brown; rest of pileum dark sooty brown, approaching sooty black; an indistinct whitish collar across lower hindneck; back, scapulars, and rump deep hair brown, varying to deep broccoli brown or almost sepia, the interscapulars with whitish shaft-streaks; wings and tail deep drab-gray, the middle and greater wing-coverts and tertials narrowly margined terminally with whitish, the rectrices more broadly but indistinctly tipped with the same; loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions white or grayish white, usually more or less tinged or mottled with brown; chin and throat white; rest of under parts brownish white, the flanks tinged with grayish brown; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—Entire pileum and hindneck dull sooty brown or grayish sepia, the feathers narrowly and indistinctly margined with paler; no whitish collar across lower hindneck; sides of head similar in color to pileum, the auricular region with indistinct dull whitish shaft-streaks; nasal tufts sepia brown; chin and anterior portion of malar region dirty brownish white; throat dull grayish brown, intermixed with dull grayish white; rest of under parts pale broccoli brown, some of the feathers with indistinct paler shaft-streaks; wings, tail, back, etc., essentially as in adults; bill partly light-colored (fleshy in life ?). Adult male.—Length (skin), 245; wing, 135.5; tail, 128; exposed culmen, 18; tarsus, 33.5; middle toe, 17.¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 240.5-259 (244); wing, 129.5-137 (185); tail, 122-128.5 (126); exposed culmen, 17.5-19 (18); depth of bill at base, 8.5-10 (9.5); tarsus, 32.5-33.5 (32.7); middle toe, 16.5-18 (17).? @ One specimen. bSix specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 373 Pacific coast district, from Humboldt County, California, to southern British Columbia (Vancouver Island and coast of opposite mainland). (?) Garrulus canadensis (not Corvus canadensis Linnzeus) AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 155, part (Columbia R.).¢ Perisoreus canadensis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 590, part (Port Townsend, Shoalwater Bay, and Cascade Mts., Washington); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 443, part.—Cooprr and Sucxiey; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 216, excl. syn. and description (mouth of Columbia R.; Puget Sound; habits; notes).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 307, part; excl. syn., descr., and figs.—Covuzs, Check List, 1873, no. 239, part. [Perisoreus] canadensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166, part. [Perisoreus canadensis.] Var. obscurus Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 194 (first descr. ). Perisoreus canadensis, var. obscurus Rrpa@way, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Dec., 1873, 199 (redescribed; type from Shoalwater Bay, Washington; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 302, part. Perisoreus canadensis . . . var. obscurus Cours, Check List, 1873, 129, App. no. 239a. [Perisoreus canadensis var. capitalis] b. obscurus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 221, excl. syn., part (synonymy). Perisoreus canadensis obscurus (not of Mearns, 1879) Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 361, part.—Hows, Osprey, new ser., i, 1902, 105 (crit.). Pl[erisoreus] c[anadensis] obscurus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 425, part. Perisoreus obscurus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 105, pl. 5, fig. 2 (British Columbia; Straits of Fuca).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 298, part.— American OrnitHoLogists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 485, part.—AntHony, Auk, iii, 1886, 167 (Washington Co., n. w. Oregon; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—TownseEnp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 211, part (Humboldt Co., n. w. California).—Brtpinc, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 111, part (mouth of Columbia R.; Beaverton, Willamette Valley, Puget Sound, etc.).—Swaxztow, Auk, viii, 1891, 397 (Clatsop Co., n. w. Oregon; descr. nest).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 32.—LawRENcE (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 45 (Grays Harbor, Washington).—R#oaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 45, 63 (Nisqually, Washington; Vancouver I. and opp. coast of mainland).—Brnvire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 394, part, pl. 3, fig. 21 (egg).—(?) Rarupun (8S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 136 (Seattle, Washington, fall and winter, breeding in mountains to eastward).—HELLEr, Condor, iv, 1902, 46 (s. Mendocino Co., California, resident).—BatLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 278. Plerisoreus] obscurus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 360, part. PERISOREUS OBSCURUS GRISEUS Ridgway. GRAY JAY. Similar to P. 0. obscurus, but decidedly larger (except feet), and coloration much grayer; back, etc., deep mouse gray, instead of brown, remiges and tail between gray (no. 6) and smoke gray, instead of drab-gray, and under parts grayish white instead of brownish white. @XKither this or P. o. griseus. 374 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 231-269 (254); wing, 188.5-151 (143.5); tail, 180.5-143.5 (188); exposed culmen, 18-20.5 (19.5); depth of bill at base, 9.5-11 (10); tarsus, 33.5-36 (84.5); middle toe, 16.5-18.5 (17).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 246.5-269 (254.5); wing, 134.5-144 (140.5); tail, 131-139.5 (135); exposed culmen, 17.5-20.5 (19); depth of bill at base, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 32.5-33.5 (83); middle toe, 16.5- - 17.5 (17). Interior districts of northern California’ (northern Sierra Nevada, upper Sacramento Valley, Mount Shasta, etc.), north through central Oregon and Washington to interior of British Columbia. Perisoreus canadensis (not Corvus canadensis Linnzeus) NewBerry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1857, 85 (upper Sacramento Valley and Fort Reading, California; Columbia R.).—Frrtner, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 427 (Lassens Butte and Shasta Butte, u. California; habits).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 307, part (n. California and higher Sierra Nevada). Perisoreus canadensis canadensis Hows, Osprey, new ser., i, 1902, 104, part (crit.).@ Plerisoreus] obscurus (not Perisoreus canadensis, var. obscurus Ridgway) HEn- sHAw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1879, 308 (n. e. California to Columbia R.; habits; crit.).—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 360, part. Perisoreus obscurus Rripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 298, part.—AMERI- can OrniTHoLoaist’s Union, Check List, 1886, no. 485, part.—TowNsEND, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 211, part (Mount Shasta, near timber line).— Merritt, Auk, v, 1888, 261 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon).—Brtpine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 111, part (upper Sacramento Valley, Lassens Butte, Shasta Butte, Camp Bidwell, etc.).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ti, 1895, 394, part.—Mrrriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 119 (Mount Shasta, 5,900-6,600 ft. ). Perisoreus canadensis obscurus MEarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, Oct., 1879, 195 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon).—Covzs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 361, part. Perisoreus canadensis (y. obscurus?) Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 423 (Summit Meadows, California). [Perisoreus canadensis var. capitalis] b. obscurus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 221, part (in synonymy). P[erisoreus] clanadensis] obscurus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 425, part. Perisoreus obscurus griseus Ripeway, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 255 (Keechelus Lake, Kittinas Co., e. Washington; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—AMERIcan ORNITHOL- ogists’ Union Comitrez, Auk, xviii, 1901, 302 (Check List no. 485a). Plerisoreus] o[bscurus] griseus Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. $ 1902, 279. 9 «Hight specimens. bSix specimens. ¢Specimens from northern California (Mount Shasta, Camp Bidwell, etc.) and adjacent parts of Oregon (Fort Klamath) are not typical, being both browner and smaller than examples from eastern Washington and British Columbia. They are, however, nearer the latter than to the coast form (true P: obscurus). @ Comment on the critical remarks in the paper cited are quite unnecessary. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 875 Family PARIDZ. THE TITMICE. Small ‘‘ten-primaried” acutiplantar Oscines, with the bill much shorter than the head (much shorter than tarsus), unnotched; nostrils small, nonoperculate, concealed by antrorse latero-frontal plumules; hallux not distinctly, if at all, longer than longest (outer) lateral toe; outer toe not distinctly, if ait all, longer than inner; acrotarsium dis- tinctly scutellate; wing rounded, with seventh to ‘fourth primaries longest, the ninth shorter than fifth (usually shorter than first), the tenth at least one-third as long as the ninth.¢ Bill small, very much shorter than head, more or less conoidal, but extremely variable in relative length and thickness and curvature of culmen, the maxillary tomium, without trace of subterminal notch, the rhamphotheca smooth throughout; gonys relatively long (twice as long as mandibular rami or more). Nostril very small, roundish, non- operculate, latero-basal,,entirely hidden by antrorse latero-frontal plumules. Rictal bristles usually distinct, but never conspicuous (obsolete in Auriparus, Psaltriparus, and allied Palearctic genera). ‘* Tongue obtuse, beset at tip with horny bristles.”’ Wing well devel- oped, but rounded; eighth to fourth primaries longest, the tenth (outer- most) less than half as long as ninth, sometimes scarcely more than one- fourth as long, rarely’ rudimentary, scarcely obvious. Tail variable in relative length, rarely only about half as long as wing,° usually about as long, sometimes much longer, usually slightly rounded, some- times excessively graduated, rarely? emarginate. Tarsus variable as to relative length, but always decidedly longer than middle toe with claw, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; outer toe slightly longer than inner toe, its claw reaching to or beyond base of middle claw; hallux equal in length to inner toe, but much stouter, its claw much larger than that of any of the anterior toes, sometimes nearly as long as the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for most if not the whole of its extent, to the inner by not less than half (sometimes all) of its length. Coloration.—Extremely variable, but never streaked, spotted, nor barred. FRange.—Northern hemisphere in general, chiefly the Palearctic region; one genus, apparently, in Australia.¢ @ Except in the Palearctic genus Remiza Stejneger (—Aegithalus of authors, not Aegithalos Hermann, 1804). b Gadow, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 2. ¢In the Asiatic genus Cephalopyrus. @In genera Cephalopyrus and Sylviparus of the Himalayan district (Paleearcticregion ). e Judging from external characters alone, I am inclined to consider the Australian genus Aphalocephala Oberholser (Xerophila Gould) a member of the Paride. A related Australian genus or subgenus, Sphenostoma Gould, I have not been able to examine. Certhiparus Lafresnaye, of New Zealand, I certainly would exclude. 376 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The characters given above apply to the group which Dr. Gadow designates as the ‘‘Parine typice,” his ‘‘Parine australes” and ‘‘Panurine” being excluded, ay having probably different relation- ships, as are also the genera Suthora Hodgson and Cholornis J. Verreaux, by some authors placed among the Paride. Even as thus restricted there is reason for doubting the naturalness of the group, the Remizine and Psaltriparine together possessing both skeletal and external characters of sufficient importance to suggest the propriety of their separation from the Paride,’ while certain genera (for exam- ple Cephalopyrus Bonaparte) are of still more questionable affinity. Chamxa undoubtedly should be removed if we are to have definable groups of Oscines. In order to show what appear to me to be the relationship of the Paride to allied groups, the following “key” is here presented: u. Outer toe but little if any longer than inner; hallux (without claw) not longer than inner toe (without claw). b. Bill notched, slender, depressed basally; nostrils operculate, the operculum extending anteriorly to end of nasal fossa .........-.---..--------- Sylviide ¢ bb. Bill without trace of notch, stout (relatively shorter and thicker) , not depressed basally; nostrils small, nonoperculate, or else (Chameide) the operculum not extending to anterior end of nasal fossa. c. Tarsus nearly half as long as wing, twice as long as middle toe without claw; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe by only half its length, to inner toe by less than half its length; nostrils large, longitu- dinal, distinctly operculate, wholly exposed; eighth primary not longer CHAM VATS soi scinlomicisereemiemin ems ved ade ners 'sciesbaeiewselnaw sats Chameide cc. Tarsus less than one-third as long as wing, much less than twice as long as middle toe without claw; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe by greater part of its length, to inner toe by at least half its length (entirely adherent in typical forms); nostril small, roundish, nonopercu- late, concealed by antrorse latero-frontal plumules; eighth primary longer than third ec .c: