f
idl

SES

eeeescpeee!

: CORNELL
LAB of ORNITHOLOGY.

LIBRARY
| at Sapsucker Woods |

Illustration of Bank Swallow by Louis Agassiz Fuertes

~
cee eo eee a

CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

“Hl

| l

DATE DUE

12/2 [2 cor

Cornell University

Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924090271929

BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.—C. CHUBB.

250 copies of this work have been printed,

THE BIRDS

or

BRITISH GUIANA,

BASED ON THE COLLECTION OF

FREDERICK VAVASOUR McCONNELL,

CAMFIELD PLACE, HATFIELD, HERTS,

BY

CHARLES CHUBB, F.Z.8., M.B.O.U.,

ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, BRITISH MUSEUM,

VOL. Il.

LONDON:

BERNARD QUARITCH, 11 GRAFTON STREET, W.
1921.

ALERE FLAMMAM,

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

INTRODUCTION.

Tux Itinerary of the Expedition to Mount Roraima iu 1898, in
the present volume, has been written by Mr. J. J. Quelch, who
accompanied the late Mr. F. V. McConnell on that occasion.

During the progress of this work the following genera, species,
and subspecific forms have been described, many of which have
been published elsewhere, but all of them have been referred to
in the present volume :—Pseudoconophaga, p. 4; Mackenziena,
p. 7; Frederickena, p. 8; Sakesphorus, p. 14; Poliolema, p. 35;
Dichropogon, p. 66; Stictomyrmornis, p. 70; Dendrocinclopa,
p. 119; Microcochlearus, p. 159; Vavasouria, p. 319; Microphila,
p. 436 ; Duncanula, p. 440; Cercomacra cinerascens immaculata,
p. 45; C. tyrannina saturatior, p. 46; Grallaria regulus roraime,
p. 80; Hylopezus macularia maceonelli, p. 84; Grallaricula nana
kukenamensis, p. 86; Lochmias nematura castanonota, p. 9;
Sclerurus mexicanus macconnelli, p. 92; Synallaxis macconnelli,
p- 95; S. albigularis josephine, p.96; Automolus turdinus mac-
connelli, p.103; Philydor erythrocercus guianensis, p.107; Dendro-
cinelopa longicauda guianensis, p.120; Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens
ewaminatus, p. 149; R. poliocephalus inquisitor, p- 150; RB. flavi-
ventris gloriosus, p. 151; Microcochlearius josephine, p. 160 ;
Perissotriccus ecaudatus miserabilis, p. 161; Atalotriccus griseiceps
whitelyanus, p. 162; Colopteryx galeatus macconnelli, p. 163;
- Serpophaga helene, p. 169; Pipromorpha oleaginea macconnelli,
p- 170; P. oleaginea roraime, p. 172; Llenia flavogaster mac-
connelli, p. 186; E. cristata whitelyi, p. 189; Legatus albicollis
successor, p. 194; Myiodynastes solitarius duncani, p. 208 ; Empi-
donomus varius parvirostris, p. 231; Pachyrhamphus macconnelli,
p. 274; Alticora fucata roraime, p. 348; Planesticus fredericki,
p- 881; P. fumigatus abariensis, p. 382; P. arthuri, p. 385;

a2

iv INTRODUCTION.

Vireo roraime, p. 393 3 Pachysylvia thoracicus abariensis, p. 395 ;
Notiocorys abariensis, p. 420; Sporophila longipennis, p. 429;
S. gutturalis roraime, p. 435; Duncanula duncani, p. 440;
Pseudochloris roraime, p.457 ; Piranga saira macconnelli, p. 524 ;
Sturnella magna praticola, p. 572; S. magna monticola, p. 573.

Mr. H. Grénvold has, as in the previous volume, prepared the
original drawing of each of the coloured plates and of the text-
figures which have, in the present volume, been reproduced by
the Sun Engraving Company.

It is much to be regretted that, owing to the War and its after
effects, the publication of the présent volume has been so long
delayed.

I have pleasure in expressing my best thanks to the fol-
lowing gentlemen for their assistance during the preparation of
this volume :—Lord Rothschild, Mr. Perey R. Lowe of the
British Museum (Natural History), and Mr. Tom Iredale.

CHARLES CHUBB.

London, November 18th, 1921.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Brerpr, Witttam G., Inness Harriey, and Paun G. Howrs.—
Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, vol. i. New York, 1917,
pp. xx, 504.

‘VNIVUOU FO LINWAS

‘TL ‘TOA ‘faeaonryy "YNVINE) HSILIYG 3O Saaig

‘VWIVUOU JO LINWOS

‘IT Toa ‘Aavsouryy

"'YNVIND HSILiyg JO sagig

~

II.

Itinerary, Vol

BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

ACAWAIO.

Vol. IT

Itinerary,

BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

ACAWAIO.,

BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA. Itinerary, Vol. II.

BiRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA. Itinerary, Vol. II

Il.

BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA. Itinerary, Vol.

BirRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA. Itinerary, Vol. II,

ITINERARY.

le}

Tue second journey to Roraima in August 1898 was specifically
undertaken by Mr. McConnell for the biological exploration of the
mountain, and more especially of the summit. By the permission
of the Directors of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of
British Guiana, I was enabled.to accompany him as his guest. Un-
fortunately at the last moment Mr. McConnell found that the time at
his disposal for the expedition would be much more limited than he
had intended, and we were thus unable to make as detailed researches
as had been planned, and as the district, in fact, requires.

From the fragmentary collections made by the various naturalists who
have visited Mount Roraima, it is quite clear that really remarkable
results await the explorers who, with sufficient time and means, can
make a fairly exhaustive examination of the Fauna and Flora of the
region generally. For a single naturalist such an undertaking would
be probably one of years, thus affording him the opportunity of
training, as assistants, native boys in the locality, who are very quick
to learn.

An expedition limited in numbers is a comparatively easy one for
experienced travellers, as the difficulties of transportation and food-
supplies, on a small scale, can in time be met, though they are always
found to be much more serious than anticipated, and often prejudicial
to the objects in view. In large expeditions these difliculties become
so great that the time is likely to be limited, and the results therefore
by no means really representative either of the localities or of the
various seasons.

In these little known and often trackless parts of the hinterland,
the paucity of people is generally so marked, the numbers varying
much at different times and even settlements being wholly deserted,
that it is unsafe to trust to any great accession of food-supplies. Once
it was our experience cn the first journey, after waiting a day for fresh
supplies at a small settlement, that the quantity gained was actually
much less than had been consumed by our own rather large party
while waiting. Nor is the question of carriers more easily dealt with:
and as, owing to the physical differences between the high sandstone
formation and the alluvial coast-lands, aboriginals of the district
rather than the ordinary coast-settlers become practically essential as
carriers for the success of these expeditions, it may become of first
importance—double journeys with a deficiency of carriers involving a
very considerable extra waste of time.

Conditions of weather, too, have carefully to be considered in relation
to these overland journeys. Through heavy flooding in wet seasons
many places may become too dangerous or even quite impossible to

t

O

Vi ITINERARY.

cross by ordinary channels—it may be in low-lying valleys or across
wide torrential mountain streams, necessitating detours of considerable
length from the direct route, and often of considerable difficulty. As
a matter of fact, so clearly recognised are the difficulties of such travel
in the wet seasons, and so great the drawbacks in the collection and
preservation of specimens, that such times are always avoided unless
some special object be in view.

Even along the great rivers, expeditions in such seasons are by no
means advisable, as will have been seen from the experiences of the
first in 1894, as narrated by McConnell in Vol. I. Unfortunately, our
party proved then to be much too large in every way as compared with
the boatmen obtainable, and the boats were thus undermanned; and as
the wet season was exceptionally heavy and long-continued, everything
was against us. The banks of the rivers were mostly flooded, and the
current extremely rapid; and the whole journey was therefore not
only one of excessive labour, continual delays, and great inconvenience,
but of frequent danger, especially in the rapids and falls, where at
times we narrowly escaped catastrophe. And on reaching the great
savannahs, we found that, owing to the floods, the special object for
which the trip had been organize|—namely, the collection of specimens
of the great caiman alligator, and the huge Arapaima fish, and other
such characteristic forms—to be quite unattainable at the time. Equally
out of question, at that time, were attempts to explore the Kanuku
range of the savannah mountains, to procure the practically unknown
so-called Warracaba tigers and the materials used by the peaimen
(medicine-men) of the Makushi Indian tribe in the preparation of the
deadly Urali poison—materials that were wanted for the chemical and
physiological determination of the essential constituents, which might
be of great use in Medicine. These objects, with others, were accom-
plished later; but, in the meantime, the expedition to Roraima, which
had previously been but a side issue of the trip, dependent on time and
the finding of a sufficient number of carriers, became the most practi-
cable feature, though no special preparation had been made for it
before starting from the coast.

The long dry weather in the latter part of the year affords in every
way the best chances of success in the collection and preparation of
specimens of all sorts, as well as for convenience of travelling; and
the tendency has been therefore general to make such expeditions at
this time. This, in the main, is the explanation of the state of things
referred to by Mr. Burkhill in his Introduction to the Report on the
two Botanical Collections made by us at Roraima (1894, 1898) :—

“It is unfortunate that all the plants collected on the upper parts of
Roraima have been gathered in the last three months of the year.
February brings to Roraima a few bare trees (Appun, ‘Unten den
Tropen,’ ii. p. 226); March brings copious Gesnerads into flower, at
least at the foot of the mountain (Boddam-Whetham, ‘ Roraima ;’)
and April is a month producing more flowers than November (Siedel,
fide im Thurn in Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2. ii. p. 250); but I am
unable to record anything collected above 5,000 feet during these
months.” (Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2. vi. pt. 1. p. 8.

The remark may be allowed here that, as of the four great groups of

ITINERARY. vii

plants, 50°6, 18°2, 23:8, and 27-3 per cent. respectively of these more
or less fragmentary collections proved to be endemic, a rich harvest
certainly awaits extended exploration.

Of the Fauna but little is known, except of the Birds, and, even of
these there is ground for believing, considering the nature of the
country, that much yet remains to be discovered, in spite of the fine
collections made by Whitely during his long stay at the mountain,
when he was able to carry out the only serious work so far attempted
in any branch of its Natural History, and with such excellent results.

For a satisfactory knowledge of the district, detailed examination is
essential; and this from the circumstances of the case requires pro-
longed residence, during which careful attention can be given to the
selection and preservation of the miscellaneous materia] to be obtained
from the different parts of the range and during the different seasons.
As will be mentioned later, the facilities to-day for such an undertaking
are numerous as compared with but even a few years ago, when short
expeditions of three or four months presented very considerable diffi-
culties. Hardships of various kinds are necessarily inseparable from
all such travel, though a sufficiency of funds may reduce them to a
minimum of discomfort. 3

In planning the second journey, we decided to follow the route by
the Mazaruni river, rather than by the Potaro, for two main reasons.
In the first place, the land journey promised to be decidedly shorter,
judging both by the map and the published accounts; and this was of
importance in transporting food and baggage and conserving the
strength of the men for the stiff Roraima work. A good deal of the
higher journey is done by boat on the Upper Mazaruni and its
branches to a point not far distant from the mountain, while the land
routes generaliy across the plateau are laborious in the extreme. In
the second place, McConnell was able to arrange with a friendly gold-
miner working in the Upper Mazaruni, not far trom the first stage of
the land journey, to get in touch with the Indians of the inner district,
who were to put up houses for permanent camps, to provide woodskins
on the upper waterway, and to act as carriers and guides. In both
respects, we were counting our chickens before they were hatched,
and very likely the difficulties on the Potaro route would have been
fewer. To-day with the facilities by steamer, rail, and launch, the
Potaro is unquestionably the Roraima route—the quickest, safest, and
most convenient. ;

To make sure of a sufficient number of Indian boatmen, McConnell
had made arrangements with Ritchie, a settler in the great savannahs,
well known to the people all over the district, to bring down Makushis
enough for two large boats, and himself to act as captain of one and to
be in general charge of all the arrangements for them. From his
familiarity with the people and their language, Ritchie was always of
the greatest service, not only on the trip generally and in the bartering
and payment for food and labour in the districts passed through, but
especially at Roraima, where the Makushis remained contentedly with
him among the Arrekunas while we were away on the top. On the
former trip, in our absence, they had become so frightened and con-
vinced that the Arrekunas were trying to kill them, that they had

52

viii ITINERARY.

faced the dreaded summit to tell us they were going away if we did
not come down; and as it was quite hopeless to argue with them, nor
could we maintain them on the top, we had been obliged to abandon
our work. Underlying tribal feeling and prejudice are much stronger
than may appear ordinarily; and in reality it was a sign of great
consideration and attachment that in their fears, which were quite
genuine, they had not gone off without more ado, as would be the
usual procedure.

Under the circumstances, it was essential to have a boat captain
thoroughly familiar with the navigation of the Mazaruni. No suffi-
ciently trained Indian was obtainable, but we were able to engage a
quiet black captain, licensed for all the rivers, who not only proved an
ideal man for his post, but knew all the best camping-grounds in the
best fishing and hunting districts, which considerably simplified the
work of the men, with whom he became extremely popular—which was
unusual among the two races. Two other experienced black men were
members of the crew. They were both huntsmen and collectors from
the canals district, and had often worked for McConnell on short trips
on the coast.

A personal servant as cook, anda taxidermist, who was a licensed
bird-collector living on the river, completed our party. Both these
men were strong and able outside their ordinary duties to take part in
the general work of the-trip. They were by no means merely passengers
in the boats. Ritchie had brought his Indian wife with him, but we
knew she would be later perhaps the best carrier, as women are
accustomed from early life to do all this kind of heavy work instead
of the men.

The expedition which started on August 20th from Bartika, at the
junction of the Essequibo and Mazaruni rivers, was thus as carefully
planned as McConnell could make it under the circumstances. It was
unfortunate that the time at disposal could not allow anything like a
commensurate benefit to be reaped from it, rich though its results
undoubtedly were.

On the first day we passed through the lower settled part of the
river, which was the site of the earliest settlements of the colony, and
where there are many interesting places to be seen, such as the little
island Kyk-over-al or the Look-out, which was the original capital in
early Dutch times, and where the remains of an ancient archway and
part of the old fort are still to be found. Immediately below, on the
left bank, is the opening of the Kuyuni river, one of the main water-
ways and gold districts, and the locality where the metal was first
obtained in the colony.

Soon one enters a series of small rapids or very heavy water, as the
case may be, before reaching the first serious obstruction at the
Marshall Falls; and for the next fortnight it was a constant struggle
with heavy water and a long series of rapids, cataracts, and falls, often
in close succession, until a long stretch of smooth water is reached
above ‘l'eboco Falls, at the foot of a great bend to the south. Up to
this point the general direction is south-westerly, almost directly
towards Roraima; but above the narrow U-shaped bend, directly north-
wards from Teboco, the course is north-westerly, until the Upper

ITINERARY. 1x

Mazaruni is reached with the great sweep around the Kurubung and
Mérumé Mountains. :

Though the long wet season was over, the water was still high and
the current swift, but our boats were strongly manned, and we were
frequently able to pull up against the rapid water where a weaker crew
would have been obliged to haul up with the ropes, which is always a
tedious process, causing great delay, especially where the boats have to
be lightened of load, as had been the case so frequently on our first
journey along the Essequibo.

It was during this time that we thoroughly appreciated the value of
our captain, Jacob. His experience had been gained mainly on the
gold-mining boats to and from the Puruni river, a branch on the left
bank some seven days’ journey up, which had been the main mining
district in the early days on the Mazaruni fields. His knowledge of
the various states of the river and of its channels was complete, and he
gauged thoroughly the capacity of the crews, never wearying them out
by useless efforts to do an impossible pull against too strong a stream.
It was most exciting at times to watch his handling of the boats,
taking them from a difficult point across the entire width of a very
rapid stream to an.open bend on the other bank where there was an
easy channel. From rock to rock or smali island in front, we would
advance by a series of short and rapid spurts, to the slack water behind
it. Occasionally, where a gap was too wide, we might have to drop
back a little to a point behind in order to make the crossing, again to
go forward.

The operation is one often resorted to on a small scale to breast a
strong current, but on a wide stretch requires considerable judgment ;
for, if a gap proves too wide or rapid for the span, the boat must drop
back, and catastrophe may-wait below in a rocky impassable channel,
or at the best considerable distance be lost ere a safe course be reached,
with the men literally pumped out and badly flurried. So well did
Jacob know the river that he never missed his mark; and it was
amusing to see some of the Indians, who could thoroughly appreciate
such good work, turn round smiling to Jacob when we were across,
shaking their paddles—always eliciting from him the urgent call
“Headway!” to keep the boat going. Many of our people were captains
and bowmen on the Essequibo and thoroughly understood the tactics.

At one of the dangerous cataracts, we came upon a gold-mining
boat with time-expired labourers going down. The water looked ugly,
and the captain and bowman were examining it as to whether it was
safe to run down paddling or to streak down with the ropes, which,
though safer, took more time. On Jacob’s word they ran down at once,
passing us at a terrific pace and cheering for all they were worth—I
suppose at the time and trouble saved, for they are always in such a
hurry to get back. We had a long haul up, not far from the’middle
channel, and grated on rocks most of the time, being heavily laden—
so slight is the difference at times in flood between safety and
catastrophe !

The great falls of the Kaburi were the most serious obstacle, as
they were tco high to haul the bouts up by ropes; nor were they safe
to run coming down, though it has at times been attempted, mostly

x ITINERARY.

accidentally however, when the boat has got too far down in the great
suction towards the drop, and always -with disaster. A boat-load of
men had been drowned some little time previously, the returning
labourers, too anxious to get down quickly for the holidays, having
persuaded the captain to make the attempt and thus avoid the delay of
the laborious haul over the portage at the side.

The roughly crescent-shaped series of falls across the river, with
its numerous tree-clad rocky islands, broken channels, and rushing
foaming cataracts, presented a very beautiful and striking picture, as
is always the case where the rivers are thus broken up by these great
dykes. The full effect can only be got, however, where there is a
really high point overlooking the whole basin, which was not the case
here, where the scene must be taken in sections.

The portage is a rather long and rough path across a rocky island on
the right bank, and it took us a long time to empty the boats and haul
them over by means of skids to a narrow channel above. However, it
gave us the: opportunity of a thorough clean out, the boats always
accumulating a surprising collection of leaves, twigs, rotten wood, and
earth during such trips, and we were able to spread out on the rocks
and dry all the things that had got wet or damp in the falls.

As we had a double crew to haul on each boat, it was a fairly simple
operation, and we were able to send out a couple of Indian huntsmen.
There was too much water about, they reported later, and the bag was
smll—a powis, maam, and bush-tortoise. The last was almost: invari-
ably one of the objects brought in, and they were much appreciated in
pepper-pot. On the return journey, with low water, half-a-dozen men
brought back a heavy bag of bush-hog, wood-deer, accouri, powis,
maam, marudi, and tortoise, the district being a really good one for

ame.

‘ We had splendid bathing, diving and swimming in a large pool on
this island, into which the water rushed down a narrow channel.
When we passed on our return, it was quite a shock to see that the
bottom of the pool, which was nearly dried up, was but a mass of
sharp pinnacles of rock; and it seemed almost beyond belief that we
could have dived head first and played about without injury or even
touching one of them. It gave us quite a nasty feeling at the moment,
though we realised that it was the height of the water in the first
instance that had saved us; still we certainly would not haye dived in
so joyously had we had any idea that these sharp pinnacles lay below,
hidden by the dark dye-coloured water.

A house had been built on the island as a police-station, where gold-
miners were searched on returning from the fields in the early days
when theft was common. It was now abandoned, and furnished good
quarters for the night. Some of the men hung their hammocks
beneath, where there was not a high space. but a very heavy draught
saturated with moisture from the falls; and one of them—an elderly
black man, Pembroke, from the canals—woke in the morning with his
face swollen and fearfully contorted, his mouth and nose being twisted
almost to his ear on one side. He was a short and very broad built
man and rather odd-looking, and this deformity gave him a most peculiar
and sinister appearance. The Indians were convulsed with laughter, as

ITINERARY. xi

they always are over the comic elements in the misfortunes of others,
or even over lack of skill or sign of deficiency in any respect.

The man was certain that the jumby of one of the men who had been
drowned in the falls had done him the injury; and no doubt in his
thoughts and fears about the drowned men he may have had some sort
of half-dream and waking vision under the discomfort of the drawn
swollen face. It was quite impossible to convince him that it was a
chill from the sharp cold and saturated draught from the falls, over
the one side of the face exposed in the hammock. We dressed the
swelling with laudanum and vaseline, put flannel over it and bandaged
it for him; but later he appeared with a mass of leaves—which
probably were beneficial—over it, and an assortment of wraps that
made him a most ludicrous object. He had always called himself
McConnell’s “Old warrior”: he certainly now looked it. It was a
long time before the face was all right again.

As illustrating the danger of running or navigating these larger
falls, and the necessity of having captains thoroughly familiar with
the river in all stages of high and low water, an incident on the return
journey may here be mentioned. It was at the Tupaco Falls, which
apparently is the same place where McTurk and Boddam-Whetham
met with disaster on their return from Roraima in 1878, their boat
being swamped and one man drowned, having gone into a channel in
ignorance of the fact that the fall below could not be run at that time
safely. In approaching these falls Jacob had waited for the second
boat, which always followed us, that he might tell Ritchie, who did not
know the river, to keep very close behind so as to follow in exactly the
same part of the channel, which was very narrow and dangerous, and
to swing his boat round from the main channel, just where the first
boat would disappear behind a set of large rocks on the left.

The approach was through a long and wide rock-studded piece of
water, curving gradually, and passing from mere rapids, through which
we glided swiftly, to a strong and rough cataract of very, broken water,
along which we raced for a time; and then with a call to the bowman
from Jacob, and a heavy turn of the huge paddle, which is always tied
with rope to the boat where the captain stands up holding the long
handle, we were away from what seemed the main current, sharp
round some high rocks on the left, and rushing down a long cataract
to the left bank below, where at the time a set of wooden crosses
marked the graves of some who had been drowned there. The straight
current led, by another turn lower down, to a channel that was safe in
very high water, but was dangerous in the dry season; and Jacob said
that, if Ritchie had not been warned, so rapid was the pace, the boat
might have been dashed on the opposite side in attempting to take the
unexpected turn of the first boat. This was evidently the point where
McTurk and Boddam-Whetham had come to grief.

The mere journey up the rivers does not qualify even a trained captain
to run down the falls unless he knows the channels for the seasons, so
different may be the state of the water; and frequently the channels
taken in going up and down may be even on different sides. A good
captain can always judge by looking over a set of falls, and this is
often done ordinarily in very dangerous places, even when they are

xii ITINERARY.

well known; but it takes time. Frequent accidents, often with heavy
loss of life, were met with in the falls generally, mostly through in-
experience, until legislation provided that both captains and bowmen
were to be licensed for the different rivers—and even among these are
the venturesome ones who take unnecessary risks, resulting at times in
disaster.

As it will be unnecessary to give later any description of the return
through these falls, I might tell here of an exciting incident which will
illustrate another aspect of the dangers in these waters. We were
running the Itakki Falls, down a long cataract of very rough and
heavy water, curving around from left to right, when the large paddle
of the bowman of the second boat caught on a rock below the water ;
and from the half-standing stooping posture in which a bowman places
himself when running the falls, with his legs braced against the sides,
he was pitched up and forward completely out of the boat. By the
merest accident, as he fell, he was able to grip the gunwale with both
hands by the fingers, but unfortunately in the very dangerous position
between the boat and the rocks of the curve along which we were
rushing at a tremendous pace. So narrow was the interspace at times
from projecting rocks in front, that it seemed impossible that he could
escape from being crushed. His grip must have been like that of a
vice, for he was constantly splashed and buffeted by the rough water ;
and any attempt to haul himself up into the boat must have been
disastrous. The man’s life lay, of course, in Ritchie’s steering, and it
was splendid. He had constantly, down the long run, to keep the boat
sufficiently out from the rocks at the side of the curve and from those
projecting into the channel, both for the safety of the man and of the
boat itself, both of these operations usually being very largely a part
of the bowman’s work by heading off the boat with his long paddle.
Ritchie’s success again depended on the pace the paddlers could give
over the rushing water, and this every man in the boat—all Indians—
knew, and they struck with every ounce of their strength to give
Ritchie the extra headway on the boat that success required.

We in the first boat had not seen the accident. Running through
the cataracts is always exciting, and this one from its great curve and
numerous rocks was dangerous. We were spell-bound by it. Jacob’s
attention, even amid the sound of our quick paddles had been caught,
however, by the extra heavy and rapid rattle behind. He had glanced
round for an instant, and then his sharp and loud call ‘‘ Headway!”
rang over the boat in so unusual a tone that we glanced back at him,
and then wé saw. It was horribly fascinating! A human life in our
charge, so to speak, in great jeopardy: the boat leaping forward at a
tremendous pace towards us; and Ritchie, standing to his great paddle,
braced like a figure of energy. Our men probably had glanced back
too at the call, so unusual in the midst of a cataract, for our paddles
rang out even quicker to give extra pace before the oncoming boat,
though the captain’s call was as much one to the men behind as
to ours.

It was like a hard grip off one’s heart when we reached smooth water
below and the Indian was drawn into the boat by two of the others,
safe. He was quiet and trembling, but he at once turned to get

TWINERARY, xii

another large paddle such as he had lost, spares being always carried.
We all seemed more excited than he by the incident. And then we
were all looking at Ritchie and his men, and some of us cheered, for
they had not only saved the man, but themselves also, from a
terrible death, though we had not at first realised what the full
catastrophe might easily have been; and we had been spared witnessing
such an event while utterly unable to render any help. I had wondered
that no one during the run had gone forward to help the man in; but
they knew this would have been suicidal, as, without a bowman in such
a dangerous fall, every man’s paddle was required, the only hope for
the safety of the boat itself, apart from the man’s life, lying in the
extra speed they could give it, and thus enable the captain to hold it
on a course as far out as possible from the irregular rocky curve.
Luckily there was no sudden turn to take as there was at Tupuco, as
then nothing could have saved them without the bowman, who, with
his long paddle, would heave the head of the boat round, away from
the rocks and the boiling cauldron of waters, as the captain swings
round from the stern. The very rapid paddling by the men amid these
rushing waters is always a surprise, and seems unnecessary to a novice,
but there may be submerged rocks, cross-currents, whirlpools, and
sudden turns in the channel, and speed beyond that of the waters is
the great security for the steerage; and for this the captain always
calls at the head of a fall “ Headway!” or ‘“ Give-way!” while the men
pull themselves together for the effort. It may seem tame to write
about, it is a very different thing to go through the experience.

All along the river in these falls and above, the country is covered
with primeval forests, filled with magnificent timber, hard woods,
furniture woods, and others, adapted for all sorts of purposes,
awaiting their application to general industry when the colony has been
developed. Here and there some trees stood out as huge giants, while
others were striking with their yellow or red flowers, or their young
foliage of shades of the same tints, having from a distance the same
floral effect. As our object was Roraima we were not making general
collections of either plants or animals, but at one breakfast camp some
specimens of Henriquezia Jenmani, then unknown to us, were gathered,
after much climbing in surrounding trees to get at the flowers. It was
altogether gorgeous amid the general green. Very brilliant, too, were
many of the creepers, in great masses occasionally, one especially
very much like the golden Allamanda, if not identical; and equally
striking were many of the bromeliads and orchids and other small
epiphytes.

Animal life was very varied. Monkeys and bats were the commonest
mammals met with—the former chiefly represented by the red howler
(Mycetes), more frequently heard than seen; and now and then a sloth
was to be detected hanging among the climbing plants, high up. Blood-
sucking bats were-frequent pests—colony-doctors, the men call them.

Birds were plentiful; and, indeed, the Mazaruni district is a very fine
field for collectors, as shown by the work of Whitely and the brothers
Cozier—oneof whom was our taxidermist,—who contributed very largely
to the McConnell collection. Macaws and parrots, bill-birds, wood peckers,
hawks, kingfishers, hevons, ibises, trogons, jacamars, barbets, swallows,

a

xiv ITINERARY.

tanagers, cotingas, shrikes, tree-creepers, icterids, goatsuckers, hum-
ming-birds, etc., could have been obtained very easily. The notes of
the bell-birds were frequent, and at times the loud long-drawn “ qua-
a-ah” of the calf-bird (G@ymnocephalus) or the “ Ka-ka-kah” of the
bultata (Ibycter) came almost as a surprise. Not less striking was the
loud “ Ha-ha-ha,” down the octave, of the large goatsucker (yctibius)
at night, or the equally vociferous “han-na-qua” of Ortalis in the
morning, though to some this cry is more like the inquiry ‘“ What-o-
clock,” which would be pertinent. The most common of all, however,
was the shrill and piercing “pe-pe-pe-yo” of the greenheart-birds
(Lathria), so characteristic of the Guiana forests. Game birds were also
numerous, for the huntsmen always brought out some one or other kind,
and sometimes several. While camp was being made, and even at break-
fast-time, huntsmen were usually sent out to see what could be got.

Reptiles were not much in evidence, except the common large green
Iguana—the flesh and eggs of which are so greatly prized by many—
and some little whip-snakes: but these mostly have to be looked for, as
is the case also with the Batrachia, though from their varied cries at
night the frogs must be very numerous. The large tree-frog with the
loud “ honk-honk” notes, and the paddler frog were the most notice-
able, the former being at times quite a nuisance overhead in the camp.
So much are the sounds of the paddlers like the stroke and rattle of
the paddles on a boat, that it is difficult at times when they are distant
not to ascribe them to that cause. The perai (Serrasalmo) and some
siluroids were the commonest fishes.

Insects were, of course, the most dominant of the Invertebrates,
spiders also beiug numerous; and it is noteworthy that the largest
specimens of the black scorpion and of Jfygale have been taken in the
Upper Mazaruni district. Lime being practically absent from the
country, shells are not well represented. A few apple-snails (Ampul-
laria), on which some of the hawks and herons so delight to feed, and
Melanias especially, are generally to be seen about the rapids on the
shallow flats or among the rocks. The large blue morpho butterflies,
and swallow-tails and yellow Pierids, of several species, were often to
be seen, as well on the river as on the banks, and many of them also
in the forests, with numbers of other kinds, of which the Heliconiids
and the Satyrids were perhaps thé most plentiful and interesting. In
fact, all the great groups of insects were well represented; and the
fireflies and cicadas came under frequent notice—the latter being very
noisy at our camps with their loud screeching whistle, which was also
very frequently to be heard during the day. So loud are these notes
at times, and so much like a distant railway-whistle, that it seems
almost incredible for them to be produced by these comparatively
small creatures.

Near the head of the falls we had quite a successful hunt—too much
s0, as it proved. At one of the breakfast-camps the men saw fresh
tracks of a large herd of bush-hog, the kairuni or larger peccary as it
turned out, and they came upon them after some time and apparently
pursued them for miles as the herd broke up into smaller sets in different
directions. It was not till late in the afternoon that the hunters began
straggling in with their loads, and to judge from their accounts they

ITINERARY. XV

must have shot more than fifteen peccaries, some far in, which they could
not bring. We did not get them all, though some of the men went back
along the tracks. A camp had already been made for the night, and
all hands became busy cleaning the meat and preparing it for the
“babracot,” which is a framework of green wood with four uprights,
on which the meat is partly smoked and roasted, the process being
repeated day by day to keep the flesh, until it is thoroughly dried and
preserved. The camp was lively that night, and grandly illuminated
by the number of fires under the different babracots required for the
large quantity of meat; and groups of men squatted round with bits of
flesh being roasted on long sticks. :

Unfortunately, when an abundance of fresh meat is obtained, it is
quite impossible to prevent the Indians over-eating. While a big meal
is being cooked, bit after bit of partly roasted flesh is consumed ; and
above all is the delight of the later feast on the tit-bits, the liver,
kidneys, heart, mesenteries, etc., all cut up and packed into the cleaned
maw, which is then roasted on the babracot. It is seldom left, however,
to be thoroughly cooked, being largely eaten before morning: and then
it is no wonder that diarrhcea is the order of the day, with heavy calls
on the Epsom salts and the medicine-box. One rather elderly man,
Adam, was so ill that it was weeks before he was quite strong again.
Whenever I accosted him, it was his usual lament: “ Ehnehbeh ooré”
(I am ill), though at the very first it had been “ Assamanta ooré” (I
am going to die). Luckily, Ritchie was able to control tle consumption
of the dried meat, which was looked upon as ours, and it lasted a
few days.

After leaving the Turisi Falls, the surrounding country rises a good
deal; and down the long stretch south, to the Teboco Falls, views are
had of a lofty mountain, shaped like a sugar-loaf, and a high plateau
behind, apparently part of the sandstone range in the neighbourhood
of the Upper Kuribrong and Potaro rivers. From the long stretch
noxth, after rounding Teboco, as well as along the smooth water above,
frequent views are obtained of elevated land, either in front or behind,
of. which the most striking are the Sororieng Mountains, or the
Swallows’ Nest, on the left bank, far back. The Mérumé Mountains, in
which the creek of that name rises, are an extensive series of ranges
on the right bank up to the Kurubung Mountains, forming the north-
eastern outlier of the great sandstone formation, within the course of
the Mazaruni. Across this great range there is a trail from the creek
to Roraima, which was travelled by Barrington Brown on his geological
survey of the colony, and from his description it must surely be very
formidable, some high vertical escarpments having to be tackled by
means of bush-repe ladders. We were bound further up the river,
where the range was neither so broad nor so lofty; but parts of it
proved to be quite formidable enongh.

After entering the Kurubung creek, we reached its branch, the
Seroun creek, whence the overland journey started, in just under three
weeks from Bartika. We had not, of course, been travelling all the
time. Especially during the heavy work in the falls, it is necessary to
rest the men on Sundays, which is, besides, the recognised day for
washing clothes, overhauling the stores, and cleaning out the boats,

Xvi ITINERARY.

and doing any odd jobs requiring longer time than can be spared on
week-days—+uch as making a sort of bread in empty paraftin-tins.
Some little time, too, had been spent in hunting. :

The Kurubung is a very winding and interesting creek, with many
rocks to be seen, and high peaks and mountains of various and peculiar
shapes. The course wound about so much that the same mountain
would at times be either in front or behind, or on the right or left.
Above the Seroun, the course is broken by the series of the Makrebah
Falls, where there is a fine extent of white quartz sand, and where also
we found a beautiful diminutive new species of Utricularia (U. con-
cinna), white with purple points. The surroundings are very beautiful.
Birds and butterflies were numerous, and we came upon many sun-
bitterns in the short stretches of the windings. These are shy birds,
and are quickly disturbed in the open reaches of the, river.

Above the landing we found a large and nicely thatched house,
which had been put up as McConnell had arranged; but there were no
people. No doubt it was quite unreasonable to have expected them to
remain here waiting for us; still, somehow, we had hoped to find many
in the neighbourhood, because they knew about what time we were
coming. It was unfortunate, for instead of taking three days with a
large party of extra. carriers, whom we could pay off on the other side
of the mountains, the trip across took seven days, with double journeys
for the men, over mostly a very bad track, where heavy loads could
not be carried:

However, there was no help for it, and we began at once to make
arrangements for the start. A suitable place was found in the creek
for the boats, where they would be sheltered from the sweltering sun,
and run no chance of being stranded on the rocks by the falling water
in the dry weather. The men were put to getting materials and making
the baskets in which loads are carried on the back. This took a day,
for the baskets have to be carefully made not to bruise the bare skin,
not to project beyond the shoulders at the sides, and while resting on
the loins not to project above the head, so that in going through
narrow tracks or under branches the man should not be troubled by
the basket being caught in any way. Nasty falls are often the result
if this happens. The strings by which they are carried, one around
the forehead and the other across the chest, have also to be strong and
smooth. They are used alternately to relieve the pressure. With the
exception of a small part below, such baskets are open at the back to
receive the load, which is secured by a string run across from bottom
to top, a mat or broad leaves being placed under it if the objects be
small. The framework is strong, and has the two corner rods long
enough to project below for about three inches, on which the whole
may rest when it is let down. The hands are quite free for a gun
or cutlass, or for climbing, as was the case in this instance, as it
turned out.

In the meantime, we sorted out the stores, so as to leave behind
enougl! for the return journey to Bartika, and for two men who would
be left behind to guard the provisions. and look after the boats. We
were bound to leave two, as the situation was quite isolated; and Adam,
who was not yet quite strong after his bout of peccary, and another

ITINERARY. XVil

Indian were told off. They had a gun and fishing tackle to help add
to their store. Had an Indian settlement been close by, where we
could leave our things in charge of the chief, or had our friendly
miner’s camp not been rather far up the Mazaruni, there would have
been no difficulty. Of course, the men did not like staying in the place,
which to them was surrounded by kenaimas or bad spirits of all sorts ;
and, besides, the people up here were Akkawoios, and other tribes are
mostly considered “bad people.” At length, however, their fears were
calmed—the gun being their main solace, with plenty of powder to
scare away kenaimas, and a lamp and plenty of oil and matches, though
they would always keep a good fire going at night.

The first lot of loads were sent off early next morning under charge
of Ritchie, who was to select a camp ab under half-a-day’s distance,
sending back a sufficient number of carriers for the remaining loads,
while the other men put up a good shelter with the tarpaulins. This
was essential, as rain frequently falls in these mountains, even in the
height of the dry weather, and in some places it is not an easy matter
to get palm leaves for a good roof.

We had remained for the second batch of carriers, to make sure that -
everything requisite should be sent off, and we had only just left the
camp when we came on the “old warrior” leaning on a stick and
limping painfully from an apparently badly swollen knee, which was
thickly bound up with a mass of leaves and rags and bush-rope. His
story was that he had slipped on a difficult part of the rocky track,
and had sprained his knee; and, as it was impossible for him to go on,
he had taken his time to come back as well as he could. Remembering
his face trouble at Kaburi—it was not yet quite all right,—we gave
him our sympathy, but it was impossible to do anything then for him,
as the medicine-box was above. He assured us that the leaves were
the best thing, put on hot, and that there were plenty of ‘very good”
leaves about. Ordinarily we would have looked at the injury, but now
we were really pressed for time, as the men had gone on, and we were
of course anxious to get-over, by good daylight, a trail they had called
“very bad.” Besides, one of us had to return to the camp to tell the
second Makushi—not Adam—to take Pembroke’s load and come on
with us. We couldn’t help wondering how the two men would get on,
as neither spoke the other’s language; but there was this advantage,
that whether prospectors for gold or Indians passed along the creek or
trail, one would be able to speak to them.

We found the track indeed a very bad one, rising very steeply in
places for some 1500 feet. In parts it was very wet and slippery,
over narrow and rough rocky ledges or ridges, winding over, under, or
between huge rocks, mostly hidden by masses of broken debris of all
sorts, with very insecure foothold, and covered by creepers and other
growths, into which one sank occasionally up to the crutch, wondering
if one were going through altogether, as there were at times nasty-
looking chasms on either side not far away. But perhaps the worst
part was over a sort of meshwork of bare and rough tree-roots, often
narrow-edged, from which the soil below had been washed away, or
they had grown over the broken rocks. It was no wonder Pembroke
had come to grief. The only-marvel was how the Indians, with much

XVill ITINERARY.

heavier loads, had got through so easily, and returned in apparently
very good fettle.

It was a great relief when we got through this part up on to the
slope of the ridge where the trail was still bad over rocks arid tree-
roots, but yet not steep. We felt very glad that the earlier part had
not come when the light might not be very good; but, as it happened,
we soon came upon the camp, which Ritchie had wisely pitched not
very far on, considering the nature of the path on the ascent, the
double journey for many, and the fact that it was the first day for such
loads. It had not rained, but we were wet through with perspiration
from the unusual exertion, in which we had at times been creeping or
straddling, clinging on, climbing, and hauling ourselves for security.

Now we learnt that almost certainly Pembroke was malingering,
and that nothing was the matter with his knee, which had been
prepared elaborately to deceive us. Though he had-started strongly from
the camp in the morning with Gold, his canal companion, he had soon
begun to drop behind the Indians, so that the two were by themselves
when they reached the really dangerous steep rocky ridges. Here the
“old warrior” had stopped and told Gold to go on alone—‘‘me no go
bruk me neck pon dem mountain”; and he had waited to come back
to camp when we were starting, and there would be the least chance of
the knee being examined.

It appeared that, on the journey up, he had been thoroughly fed up
and frightened by what the others had told him of the nature of the
overland parts, and after Kaburi he had constantly asseverated—
“Me no go pon dem mountain.” He had been a fine captain in
McConnell’s various hunting-trips on the coast, and McConnell had
only brought him, with great reluctance and after much begging that
he be allowed to come, in spite of all the descriptions given of the kind
of climbing, which evidently the man had either not believed or under-
stood. He had never seen mountains before—now it was quite anothe
thing; and besides he had suffered already, even before he had got to
them. It was more than too much!

McConnell was somewhat chagrined at the fraud, though he had
been somewhat suspicious at the time. He took the philosophic view,
however, that doubtless it was the best thing, as probably we might
have had to deal with a real and serious accident, if not here perhaps
at some even more inconvenient place; and with the consideration
that “he laughs longest who laughs last,” he said the man would
hardly be proud of himself when he found he did not get even a cent
for the trip. As a fact, the lesson was taught for some weeks, but,
eventually, after much begging pardon, he was given a few dollars.

It was lucky for us the next day that two Indians, of those who had
put up the houses, came along the path. They readily turned back to
act as guides and carriers. There were no side trails at the first part,
but later there were several that branched off to various parts of the
upper river, and we should have been quite at a loss to know which
was ours, for the main trail is not necessarily either the widest or the
straightest, and we did not even know that ours was the main track.
Whenever we passed side-tracks afterwards, our guides at once broke
off a small leafy branch and placed it across the opening, which was

ITINERARY. _ xix

a sign to all coming on later—for there are always a good many
stragglers, who may be out of sight—that those trails were barred.
It might not be always necessary, but it was always.done to save
mischance.

The path across to the descent to the river was very irregular:
sometimes up or down steep ridges, under high forest or quite low
open scrub, over rocky ledges .and broken debris with or without the
very tiresome network of bare roots destitute of soil below, and across

-ereeks or through swamps linea with a rank growth of plants like
marantas, cannas, and wild ginger. .

On the return journey through this jungle the roar of the jaguar
was often heard, the animals being attracted by the hunting-dogs,
which the Indians accompanying us held for security on a leash. Our
guides told us that our party was too large to be troubled, but with
two or three people dogs were sometimes carried off by prowling
jaguars, the animals dashing across the path and seizing the dogs,
even when led on the string. At night the dogs were never left on
the ground, but put high up on rough wooden stages made for them.
If they strayed singly they were done fer, their security in hunting
lying in the fact of there being several of them together, and one is
always stiuck by the number of them usually found about the settle-
ments in « state of semi-starvation, where with fowls and pigs—as on
the great savannahs where a few of the latter have been introduced—
they will even devour the excrement of the settlement. These large
cats seem ‘to have a strong taste for dogs, and they will prowl at night
around the large clay-wattled houses on the open savaunahs when dogs
are within, even clawing the strongly-posted door, made of hard-wood ;
thongh one would think they would choose instead to break through
the wattling. It may be that the scent of the dogs is much stronger
through the interstices of the door.

It is peculiar that while jaguars are thus dangerous to dogs singly
or running in single file, three or four experienced dogs hunting
together in a group, with loud larking, can always drive them up a
tree, if there be one for refuge. This is how a noted jaguar-hunter in
Berbice usually secured his object when cattle had been killed or
calves carried off from the-farms. It was easy then to shoot the beast
up the tree.

Where the low open shrubby growths occurred on the rocky parts,
Cozier assured us was. just the kind of place where the cock-of-the-rocks
would have their dancing-ground, and where their nests would be
found. He had often seen them on the Merumé Mountains proper.
The vegetation varied much from this shrubby character in places to
what may more correctly be described as short stunted trees, with
thick stems and open short branches, mostly heavy with small epi-
phytes; and there were many of these amid more shrubhy growths.
We made search for a short time at a few of these places, both going
and coming back, and though we came upon neatly trodden spaces we
found no nests. Their season was earlier in the year. In other places
where the forest was higher, Cozier and the Indians could quite quickly
bring these birds overhead by imitating their sharp cry, “Quank,
quank,” when they had heard them in the distance; and the birds

XX ITINERARY.

would flit about from branch to branch, quite in full view, uttering
their cries, evidently unafraid until startled.

Two very interesting specimens—one a very large tarantula (Mygale)
with a span the size of a soup-plate and the other a very large black
scorpion—were obtained accidentally by the men along the trail. In
passing under a thick dead branch covered by a mass of epiphytes, one
of the men had knocked off quite a Jot of the dead stuff with the top of
his load, and the tarantula had jumped off on to the basket. The man
behind saw it, and they were able to secure it without damage.. The
scorpion was found almost similarly, though it was in the stuff knocked
off on to the ground, which perhaps was lucky.

These large Mygale are the commonly described bird-eating spiders,
and many instances are recorded substantiating this feature of their
habits. I have never myself observed any instance of this kind in my
travels over the length and breadth of the colony, but it was once my
experience along the Upper Korentyn river to have proof of a kind
not very-‘unlike. While occupying for a night the old thatched mission-
house at Apera, attention had been attracted during dinner by the loud
fluttering of some large insect high up under the roof. As bats were
numerous in the little-frequented quarters, and the district was noted
for the depredations of the blood-suckers, a light was kept burning all
night, though it was turned down quite low before we retired to the
hammocks for sleep. But a few minutes of semi-darkness had passed,
however, before there was a heavy flop on the bark floor; and on
turning up the light we found a large Mygale in full possegsion of a
very large hawk-moth. The fluttering insect had evidently drawn the
attention of the spider in its flights against the thatch, and the dark-
“ness had given the opportunity for a successful spring. Though much
turned about with a stick the captor stuck to his prey, and they both
finished their adventure in a large potassium cyanide killing-bottle.
It was a surprise to me to find that the large spider was quite un-
damaged by its fall from the height, which must have been some
sixteen feet or more from the roof. The seizure of a poised humming-
bird, or of some other small species, would be a much less difficult
enterprise.

A quite surprising haunt for these spiders is the hollow in the
central crown of leaves of the pine-apple plants, where they protect
themselves by a thick web across the top, which appears also to be a
sufficient shelter to throw off the rain. On some of the cultivated
aveas on or near the coast, especially where there is little attempt at
clean culture, or in partially abandoned lands in the sandhills, a quite
astonishing number of these creatures could at times be obtained.
Doubtless the very spiny leaves of the plants provide protection against
some common enemy, but I was never able to satisfy myself as to its
nature, whether mammal or bird, reptile or batrachian, though the
peculiarity of the very hairy covering of the diet would suggest one of
the latter, which are much hardier feeders, if the term may be allowed.

Scorpions and centipedes, though not often seen, are common in the
forests, as would soon be evident where heavy rains had flooded the
forest-floor, driving the occupants of the rocky shelters, and of the
dried leaves and débris, off the ground for refuge up the stems of

ITINERARY. XXi

the small, often close, undergrowth. During such partial floods an
astonishing assemblage of insects and arachnids, the latter especially,
may be met with clinging together on the leafy tops of the small stems,
all apparently too much occupied in securing their safety in the flood
than in troubling themselves about attacking each other or about being
attacked. A passage through undergrowth under these conditions, in
puris naturalibus, was once a noteworthy experience on a trip between
the Upper Demerara and Essequibo rivers, in the neighbourhood of
the Great Falls. On a short journey from camp to the Makooroo
Mountain, we had stripped in order to cross a temporarily flooded
valley, carrying our clothes aloft to keep them as <ry as possible for
camping at night; and it was with dread that we saw that, under the
heavy forest, the small undergrowths against which we were continually
brushing, were thick, above the water, with a clinging mass of scorpions,
centipedes, and spiders of all sorts, also the somewhat rare Phrynus
reniformis, which, under its local name of “ting-ting,” has such a
bad reputation for its “sting,” besides caterpillars, bush-cockroaches,
ants, beetles, etc., of all sorts and sizes. Though we had to wade for
quite a long distance, none of the party suffered in any way, the
insects being all too busy clinging to their perches for their own
safety. None of us felt quite happy, however, under the circumstances.

The Phrynus, though ordinarily seldom seen, is at times found in
quite large numbers in dry and dark disused or unfrequented situations,
whether of wood, stone, or earth, and even in the towns, and especially
about old cellars and buildings, abandoned mine-shafts and tunnels, or
in caves or rocky hollows, Their peculiar aspect, derived from their
astonishingly modified appendages, is no doubt responsible for their
very bad reputation among the coast people and settlers generally, by
whom they are regarded as being even more dangerous than the
poisonous snakes, as they are commonly said to “fly at” you. The
pair of limbs modified as long tactile organs, and carried horizontally
extended, allows them to alight safely from long distances, and this
probably explains their reputed habit. Certainly the spines of the
long, anterior, prehensile appendages look forbidding enough, but they
could only be of any real service to the creature in helping it to seize and
secure the small objects on which it would prey. The poison-glands of
the gnathites are comparatively small, and from the similarity of the
poison in all these organisms could certainly not produce effects even
corresponding to those of its larger congeners.

Scorpions and centipedes are very frequently found about the thatch
of the houses up country, and in the Indian settlements, especially in
the more open sheds, and in those that have been unoccupied for some
time. Projecting pegs, or nails, high up on the posts, on which clothes
may be hung, are favourite perches for scorpions, especially at night;
and I have occasionally been stung by them on the fingers while taking
off a garment from such pegs. Luckily such specimens have always
been rather small ones; and beyond the sharp pain at the time before
the application of ammonia, and a slight swelling of the glands of the
shoulder, there was little real discomfort. Cases are not uncommon,
however, where the stings of probably large specimens have resulted in
serious illness, with high fever, greatly swollen glands, and much

c

RXii ITINERARY.

nervous collapse and injury, if not in death; though most likely shock
on a weak heart, and diseased organs, were main contributory causes
in the generality of fatal cases.

Very common objects also in similar situations are the gecko lizards,
commonly known as “wood-slaves.” It was seldom that we found
them with their proper tapering tails. In the larger specimens, these
had usually been lost by some sort of injury, and had been replaced by
the more or less swollen turnip-shaped enlargement that always follows
the damage, and. which gives them so strange, if not repulsive, an
appearance. Among the labourers and people generally on the coast,
these lizards are much dreaded, as they are said to poison the flesh and
cause leprosy if they happen to alight on, and become attached to, the
body, as may occasionally take place when they have been knocked out
of the thatch or otherwise driven from their. hiding-places. The
clinging on of the little harmless reptiles (harmless in this sense only,
for they can bite sharply like most lizards, if they are of any great
size) is of course due to the flattened sucker-like skin of the fingers
and toes—hence their zoological name, Platydactylus; and the little
creatures cling on thus tightly to what they clasp, being unable to do
otherwise. Nothing can shake the belief of the ignorant people that
it is due to their venomous nature, and in any case it will be
asseverated that they give leprosy, which probably is associatéd with
the peculiar warty aspect of the skin, particularly on the enlarged
lump of a tail. ;

Of the various forms of poisonous insects and other organisms to be
met with occasionally over the different parts of the country, there
can be no doubt that specimens as large of their kind as were the
Mygale and the scorpion obtained on the Kurubung Mountains would
be capable of inflicting injury of a very serious, if not fatal, kind.
Fortunately, few of them seek to cause hurt except to their natural
enemies or prey; man may suffer, however, when he has accidentally
or carelessly interfered with them, or has intruded too closely on their
chosen quarters. ;

In several of the creeks, both here and across the Upper Mazaruni
at similar elevations apd at Roraima, I found many specimens of a
new species of prawn, (Palemon) which was remarkable through the
long and thick claws, especially on the right side, in relation to the
size of the body. In the largest males these claws are longer than the
body. (Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, viii. pt. 2, p. 57, pl. vi.) ,In the
water they seemed almost grotesque in appearance, but it was
surprising to watch the perfect ease with which they managed their
unwieldy appendages. The butterfly-net had to be used to secure
them without injury.

The journey across the Kurubung Mountains was perhaps the most
tedious and unpleasant part of the expedition, on account of the:
repeated delays, the frequent rains, and the very bad track—perhaps
largely so because we had not yet got into our stride, so to speak; and
we were very glad when the last day came, though when we saw the
cliff over which the trail disappeared we were aghast’; and had it been
other than a staid Indian guide one would have been under the
impression that some sort of practical joke was being played.

ITINERARY. xxiii.

Ata first glance it didn’t seem possible for anybody to go down such
a place, for there did not appear to be anything to go down on. Far
down was a very deep valley, which we knew to be that of the Upper
Mazaruni. Some hundreds of feet below us were the tops of trees,
clearly high forest from their spread and extent. But between us and
these there was, or seemed to be, nothing but a practically sheer descent,
with some small scattered trees and bushes clinging to the cliff. At
the very top there was bare rock, much weathered, with some projecting
roots growing across from the trees on each side. My first impression
was that there had been a land-slide, and I turned to the guide with
a halting inquiry—‘Tierung ?” (if there was another way); ‘‘Kanneh,
chénie” (no, this was the one), he said.

Thoughts pass quickly through one’s mind at such times; and for a
moment they were on Merume and Barrington Brown and the bush-
rope ladders down the vertical cliffs, and then they were on McConnell.
It was bad enough for me, but worse for him, for he was a very tall,
though not stout, man. Until Roraima, he had always thought he
couldn’t face great cliffs without a feeling of giddiness, yet he had been
four times up and down that mountain on our first journey. But in a
way, this was worse than anything at Roraima as far as I could see
down the top distance. There it had been a very long sloping ledge,
very steeply broken in parts, but broad enough that one could creep on
all fours. Here there appeared to be nothing but a series of irregular
roots and small trees, with broken rocky ledges, down an almost vertical
drop of apparently several hundred feet. Still there was nothing to be
done but to brace oneself for it.

‘Meanwhile, the guides had let down their baskets, examining their
bands and strings, J imagine as an example to our people, for they
must have seen to their baskets earlier, knowing what was coming.
Our men did the same. And then the guides turned round at the top,
load outwards, and began descending backwards as down a ladder,
almost straight at first, slowly by means of the roots, and then latér
quicker by roots, saplings, and rocky projections, in a sort of zig-zag,
where the cliff was clearly not so steep. Some of our people, probably
the more experienced climbers, went directly after this, and we
watched them safely to the same point; and then Ritchie’s wife swung
over with what was probably the biggest, if not the heaviest, load of all,
Ritchie following her at once. Then we faced the ordeal; for it
seemed as though the others were waiting on us.

It was certainly a very trying experience, but there was no time to
think about it, the whole attention being given to a secure grip with
the hands, and then with a half-side look, not down but in, to the cliff
to make sure of secure footing. It would have been awful to have
looked right down, but even with the half-glance Ritchie was in view
just below. There were more roots than we had noticed, coming from
trees at the sides, and the zig-zag was wider, with many rocky pro-
jections, bound in between the roots, preventing any slipping of the
earthy parts. The cliff, too, sloped a good deal more than had appeared
when the whole space was in view at a glance, and the growths at the
side hid the lower parts to a great extent. But for the fact that it was
on such a large scale, and the bottom of the valley so far down, we

c2

XXiv ITINERARY.

should scarcely have been so disturbed at the prospect. As we got
farther down, the roots and rocky ledges were more prominent at the
sides, and there were little steps on the hard earthy slope, so that one
could almost take a half side-position. It had been the nearly vertical
and bare upper part that had given it so forbidding and impossible an
aspect, when we had so unexpeetedly cqme upon it.

‘We all got down quite safely, no basket strings breaking to let any
part of a load come clattering down on heads below, which had been a
half-thought in my mind. We wondered what we should have done
with Pembroke had he been with us—-it did not seem possible that he
could have got down without being let down by a rope.

Before we got a quarter of the way down the steep declivity, the
track curved away to the left, and we were then able to turn wholly
forward, and it was quite a long time before we were on level ground
through high forests, from which the cliffs could not be seen. After a
comparatively short walk we came upon one of the houses built for us,
but unfortunately it was not on the main river, but by a creek in the
bush, where there had evidently been an old clearing for a provision
field or house. Nor was there a single woodskin in sight. Everything
depended on a sufficient supply of these being obtained.

It was evident from our situation here, and the nature of the descent
which we had made, that the trail—at any rate, at the latter part—was
not the same as that followed by McTurk and Boddam-Whetham.
Apparently there were other tracks to points on the river, as the side-
trails had indicated, and probably easier ones; and it was not clear
why this one had been selected for us. All the guide could tell us was
that this was the way, as he had said on the cliff. Perhaps it was the
most direct; but it was clearly a point where we were absolutely in the
hands of the people until they brought the boats, for which McConnell
had made arrangements that they should be awaiting us. On the
banks of the river we should not have felt so cooped up, and probably
there would have been tracks to a settlement where we could hurry up
the people. Here it was apparently flooded country between the creek
and the river, for there was water all about the rocks and under the
trees. The only thing was to wait till the woodskins were brought, as
the guides said they would be.

In the late afternoon McConnell suggested to the guides that they
might go and hurry up their friends, and they went off soon after
through the water. Before sundown another man, who spoke a little
English, turned up with the story that the boats were coming, but by
next morning there were still none. Our new friend had passed the
night close by under a couple of palm leaves he had brought with him
—there were no palms to be seen in the immediate neighbourhood, our
house having been laboriously thatched with some small leaves like
those of a large lily, making a very poor substitute,—and he had shown’
off his accomplishments by singing for a good part of the night
“ Good-bye, my friends, good-bye,” which is a common paddling song
on the rivers, and has been learnt as a “ march-round ” song in many
of the Indian settlements.

Later in the morning McConnell offered the man a gun if he would
get as many woodskins as we needed, and he went off at once through

ITINERARY. AXKV

the water, returning in a comparatively short time with a crowd of
people and a very mueh larger number of boats, old and new, than we
required. He evidently meant to make sure of his gun, and there
was hardly any doubt a settlement must have been not far away where
many of the boats had been made expressly for us, and probably the
man himself was its chief.

We had thought the delay a point of tactics to secure high prices for
the woodskins; and we were therefore much surprised that what was
asked for those we selected was very moderate, considering we picked
out all the largest and best. They had to be paid for in barter—no
one would take money, for a reason we learnt later.

It seems that a German orchid collector, O— s, who had been to
Roraima some years ago for the rare Cattleya Lawrenceana, had given
the people false coin, some stamped base metal, whether in whole or
part payment was not clear; and they had only learnt its nature when
they went later to the gold-mining camp across the river to exchange
it for goods, such as beads, powder, knives, ete. The transaction would
be such a base and cruel fraud on these ignorant aborigines that one
was loth to believe the story as told, and one wondered whether perhaps
the man, with ordinary payments in barter, may have given presents
of common metal tokens to be worn as trinkets on necklaces, which are
so commonly worn by the people, made of teeth, seeds, or beads. Even
this would be a very doubtful proceeding, however, unless they were
already made into necklaces, as the people in these far districts could
not possibly discriminate in the matter. Anyhow, it had caused very
bad feeling against travellers, and it was the common report they would
be killed. This was to be our fate higher up, we understood, by means
of poisoned blow-pipe arrows apparently from among the trees; and
our men were greatly alarmed, even though we assured them we had
enough dynamite—which they all greatly feared—to blow up the
Akkawoios. No doubt it was largely an attempt of the residents to
frighten the strangers, and it would lose nothing of its menace through
tribal suspicion and dread. In fact, we not only did not meet with any
unpleasantness of any kind anywhere, but were cordially received, and
found that a house had been put up specially for us by the chief of the
next settlement, on the Kako, for which no arrangements had been
made. These reports, that travellers will be killed by people farther
up, seem to be common rumours at various times, and no doubt they
had some real cause for their origin in past times. :

We quickly struck camp and started down the creek, which was
much obstructed by rocks, and it was some time before we got out on the
river, Atarather long portage, where the boats had to be carried across,
one of our craft slipped from the heads of the two men as it was being
put down, and striking a rock in the water split right down the middle.
Unfortunately, it was the largest; however, the accident was quickly
rectified, for we had distributed our baggage in a larger number
than we really required, as a precaution against just such a liability.
We were able to rearrange them, setting another quite large one free
for ourselves, as the damaged one was quite useless, and the long time
for needed repairs was out of the question. Woodskins have to be
carefully handled, being easily damaged; and while they float lightly

XXvi ITINERARY.

owing to their broad and curved surface, and are easily taken across
portages and other obstructions, they have a further disadvantage in
that they sink rapidly if swamped, the bark from which they are made
being very heavy—unlike the corials or dug-outs, which are hollowed
out of lighter woods and will keep afloat if they are swamped, though
as a total weight they are much heavier than the woodskins.

Up here the Mazaruni is still quite a large river, flowing north more
than 1000 feet above the point where we had left it at Kurubung, in
its descent passing over a series of very high falls (Barrington Brown,
Canoe and Camp Life in British Guiana). The scenery along the entire
boat-journey was very beautiful, with mountains mostly in view, and
having much the character depicted in the view of the Aruparu River
facing p. xviii, Itinerary, Vol. I., though often bolder and more striking.
Before reaching the Kako creek we had to surmount some small rapids,
but none that gave trouble, though we had to get out and lighten the
woodskins for safety.

The Kako is quite a large creek on the left bank, and is the route—
by a branch on its right bank—to a point from which the land-journey
begins not far north of Roraima. A little way up on the left there was
a settlement of two houses, where we made a camp, as from the number
of people who received us there was a good chance of procuring plenty
of fresh provisions and cassava bread, of which there was already a fair
quantity brought for sale,

The chief was a very kind and considerate elderly man, with the
striking name of Lanceman, which seems to be distinctive in the upper
part of the Mazaruni. He had not only built a house specially for us,
but had prepared a large quantity of food and drinks for our men.
This was mainly in a larger part of the settlement, across a small sandy
savannah and along a high ridge overlooking the Mazaruni valley,
where our fellows were soon at home to the usual kind of entertainment
with cassava and pepper-pot, washed down with large quantities of
slightly fermented cassava and yam drinks—paiwarri and casiri,—which
were not yet in quite a ripe condition, but had to be used as we were
bound to get on next day. Under this friendly treatment—which, as a
fact, is usual among the different tribes on any special occasion as a
sort of welcome or celebration, and is free to all comers—our men
forgot all about the threats of which they had heard, and passed the
night “dancing,” or marching round, as it is in reality, with a heavy
lurching step to.a monotonous sort of chant, mostly like ‘“‘ he-ah, he-ah,”
with an accompaniment of shak-shaks or seed-rattles (mostly made of
seeds of Thevetia, on the coast commonly known as “ good-luck”) and
the soncruus pounding of the hollow trumpet-wood or bamboo on the
ground. The men march round in single file, the women at times
joining in, a hand being placed on the man’s shoulder, though they
are more usually engaged in handing the men large gourds of drink,
which is never refused, and eventually leads to nausea in a continuous
stream of liquid on the floor of the house in which they may be
marching round, or outside, as it may be. After such relief, they are
ready for fresh supplies, until they may become quite dazed or fuddled,
if there is enough drink’ on hand. When the drink is finished, the
dance is soon over,

ITINERARY. xxvii

These dances always comprise the same kind of lurching steps, the
right foot being brought heavily to the ground, and making altogether
a loud clattering sound, which, combined with that of the rattles and
the deep-sounding hollow poles, produces a sort of rhythmic swing
with the tones of the men and women. On big occasions the chant
may vary a good deal, according to the resources of the-leader. Thus
there may be frequent repetition of the description of an event or
thing, or even a sort of narrative, as of the difficulties and success of a
hunt, or the dangers and terrors of a journey like that to Roraima,
always with « sort of intermittent accompaniment like that of ‘‘he-ah,
‘he-ah.” ‘The preliminaries, too, vary a good deal according to the
occasion. The men at times may be decorated with their beautiful
feather crowns, and with elaborate armlets and necklaces (the latter of
the teeth of the peccary) with pendants of feathers, bird-skins, beetles’
-wings, seeds, etc., or decked out with strips of palm-leaves arranged
in a tall crown for the head, a wide shoulder wreath around the neck,
and a sort of kilt around the waist; while the women may appear
equally decorated with ail their beads, seeds, and buttons, arranged as
necklaces, armlets, wristlets, leglets, anklets, and even in loops across
the body, or rarely the whole body may be covered with stripes, dots,
and patterns (like those on the bead-aprons) in red and blue-black dyes
and white clay—some of the men also even thus varying their
decoration, though never as elaborately as the women, so far as my
own experience goes. The face and hands are often thus marked.

On these more special occasions, which may last over a couple of
nights, the number of people gathered together from all directions may
be considerable, and the drink-supplies equally so. Enormous gourds
are filled ready, as well as large boat-like vessels, roughly hollowed out
of the trunk of a tree and ornamented with the roughly carved heads
of the armadillo and the tortoise, one at each end as a sort of handle to
the vessel. One is always surprised at first by the small quantity of
food eaten at these times, but in reality paiwarri is not a mere drink,
for it contains a large quantity of finely comminuted cassava bread,
and is thus to some extent a food also.

The celebration for our people was not on a:very big scale, as the
date of our arrival could not be known in sufficient time, and paiwarri
will not keep good for more than three or four days—it becomes a
purge soon after,—but such as it was they were not fit for much on the
next day. Still, it had been an occasion—a good time—for all con-
cerned, and brought about a much better state of feeling between the
men of the two tribes. The guides, no doubt, had been the medium of
the easy fraternization, as the paiwarri was the incentive.

In the morning we reaped another benefit in a very large supply of.
fresh meat, fish, cassava bread, yams, pumpkins, papaws, and sugar-
eane, for which Lanceman was quite willing that the people should be
paid in money—small silver pieces. No doubt, the guides and our men
had vouched for our characters. Apart from the trip, we were well-
known on the great savannahs from having passed there on our first
journey. Atany rate, we had no further difficulty, and McConnell gave
money or barter, sometimes both, as was most convenient or desirable.
He gave some special. presents and large silver pieces to the chief in

XXVill ITINERARY.

recognition of the work on the house and the entertainment of the men.
As.it happened, we had not made use of the house ourselves, as it was
an open shelter covered over with the same sort of small leaves appa-
rently as the last, and built on a sandy waste shut off from any breeze,
but under the full blaze of the sun and excessively hot. After an
explanation we had camped in the open forest close to the creek, and
below the settlement, which was on a slight elevation farther back.

Our guides left us at this place, but others readily came on to the
next settlement, which we reached after leaving the Aruparu creek,
the branch opening on the right bank of the Kako. The creeks are
small compared with the Mazaruni, and the forest on these higher
rocky areas much less grand and imposing. Still there was plenty of
bird life—ducklars (Anhinga) especially—to be seen, and insects were
numerous and more easily observed; and the frequent windings, with
both banks under close observation at times, gave a special character to
the scenery, as in the illustration in Vol. I. :

The water had fallen a good deal since the wet season, and numerous
nasty snags of submerged trees, which had been uprooted along the
banks, made a very close watch necessary lest our bark canoe should
be bored by one of these very hard and sharp points, often just below
the surface. On the Aruparu we barely escaped being swamped from
an accident of this kind. McConnell had just shot two muscovy ducks,
right and left, one of which we left to be picked up by the boat behind,

and were racing after the other which had been slightly winged and
was fluttering to the bush-lined.bank, when there was a hard scrape
and jar on the bottom of the canoe, and water began pouring in from
a bad rip. Luckily we had pace on and were already not far from the
side, so that by stuffing a cloth quickly to the hole we managed to
reach a clear space to beach the boat in time. Otherwise the woodskin
would have gone to the bottom, and many of our things with it, though
some of them would have floated for a time and been secured by the
other boats. We were glad to know afterwards that the duck had been
found, as it had been the cause of our accident.

It did not take long to make repairs, for the hole, though rather large,
hac not seriously damaged the boat. We filled up the rip with tar
and oakum and tacked on sheets from a paraffin-tin, both inand out, and
were as secure as ever, if not moreso. It had been a different proposition
with the long split up the middle of the other boat at the start.

We could hardly blame our bowman for the accident, though Ritchie
gave him a few directions, as he called them. We had heen so taken
up with the duck, lest it should escape, that snags were quite forgotten.
It was a sharp warning, however, to all, and one well borne in mind on
the still lower streams on our return: we met with no other mischance
of the kind. :

After three days on the water, we reached the lJanding-place to the
settlement. Here we had to secure the canoes by hauling them up
into the forest, where it was very swampy, that they might be safe
from wood-ants and other insects. The paddles we carried with us, to
be left at the house with the headman. We soon came upon an open
house, with one man in it, whom we charged to look after the
woodskins till our return, when we would give him good payment

ITINERARY. Xxix

if they were all right. The settlement was much farther in, and we
did not get to it till much later. :

It does not seem likely, from the description given by Boddam-
Whetham, that the place they called Cashew Cottage could have been
near this site; though there certainly were cashew trees here as at
other places, and only one house, of the usual type, with conical palm-
thatched roof and clay-wattled sides, with open sheds close by, under
which a good deal of the daytime is spent. The house, however, was
an enormous structure of its kind, larger than any I had previously
seen except one at the village of Pelowmata, between the Kotinga and
Ireng rivers, where we had spent a day during the return on our first
journey. It was clearly the home of a large number of people, many
of whom were away at the time. .

Here we saw the only really old Indian I had ever come across in all
the colony. He had long white—almost yellow-tinted—hair, and was
so feeble and helpless that be had always to be taken out to be sunned.
He mumbled to us when we touched him and spoke to him, but we
could not catch his words; and the others said that he was telling us
that he had been with Schomburgk. In this case he must have been
well over seventy, which I believe to be an extreme old age among
these people.

Around the house was a very extensive area of provision-fields, some
of which were in a more or less abandoned state, largely covered with
weeds, but with growths of banana, papaw, and sugar-cane scattered
about. The rest was fairly well kept, and stocked with mainly cassava,
though there were plenty of yam, corn, sugar-cane, pumpkin, banana,
etc., between the large trunks of trees which had been felled to make
the fields, and the smaller parts of which had been burnt when dry in
clearing. It extended over several Jow hills, on one of which the house
was built, and across the intervening valleys. The soil around was
clearly good, and the fields had-thus been spread widely in the neigh-
bourhood of the settlement, rather than at a distance, as so often is the
case when houses have been made on sites not favourable for agri-
culture, but selected for some other special reason.

From the highest elevation in a far corner, we were informed that when
it is clear a view could be had of Mount Roraima, and we went on the
chance, and were rewarded by a splendid spectacle. Above the line of
high trees on the other side of the fields, the mountain rose in vivid
clearness, the grey-white walls of the perpendicular pediment looking
grand and imposing, perched on its sloping glacis. It looked so com-
* paratively near in its clear outline that it was difficult to believe it
was so many miles away, except when one realised that one was looking
at some eight or nine miles of length in the escarpment. Even at that
distance, we saw, or imagined that we could see, some sort of break or
channel on the line, which we were told was an indication of the
position of water falling to the Kako, the fall being a large one in
heavy rains. We had no intention whatever of attempting to find any
new way up on the unknown western face, so that from the apparent
propinquity of the mountain we felt very happy in the belief that we
had come by the very best reute, and that it would not be long before
we rounded the south-eastern corner and reached our destination.

XXX ITINERARY.

We had camped in the forest on the further side of the clearing. and
there the residents had visited ug frequently, bringing large quantities
of cassava and fresh provisions, and of paiwarri and casiri, which we
bought for the men. It is not usual to pay for the drinks, but
McConnell offered some small presents which gave much pleasure and
led to further supplies, which would hardly have been forthcoming
otherwise. There was no scarcity of carriers: still we wanted to get
those who might belong to the southern districts, for we would thus
secure the best guides, as well as those we could pay off at the next
large settlement on our track, without having to give them food for a
return journey. A set of carriers with fresh stock on a large scale
would in this way conserve our tinned supplies of rice, flour, etc., for
the special needs of Roraima. It was fortunate that a party came up
the trail later, and some of the men and women readily joined us,
bringing as well their own stock of cassava, for which McConnell paid
them, At this settlement, as at the last, several baskets of cassava
were ordered to be prepared and kept till our return.

The country around was especially interesting on account of its bird
and insect life. Both in the clearing and in the forest, butterflies, beetles,
ants, etc., were very numerous, and the rasping shrill sounds of the
razor-grinders and cicadas were frequent. So bright and large were
the lights at times of some of the click fire-flies that one became quite
excited at the thought that they were the large and rare lantern-fly
(Fulgora), but the descent of some of them to the glowing fire, which
seems to have a fatal attraction, dispelled the illusion. Columns of
hunting ants were sometimes encountered, marching across country
and rousing everything before them, while they themselves were being
pursued by numbers of small bush-shrikes and ant-thrushes with shrill
discordant cries.

From various directions, mostly from the canopy of foliage above,
came a medley of bird-notes. The harsh quarrelling of macaws and
parrots, the puppy-like yapping of bill-birds, the tap, tap of wood-
peckers—at times seeming quite too loud for birds,—the ringing of the
bell-birds, and the shrill challenge of some hawks, were the most
dominant; but there were dozens of others less persistent, such as the
“quank” of the cock-of-the-rock, the sweet ‘“ ya-wa-ra-shee-ee-re” of
some small tanager, the “‘pe-pe-peyo” of the greenheart bird, the
liquid melody of the music-wren or quadrille-bird, running up and
down the scales, and others which Cozier could recognise. Curiously
enough, the greenheart-birds were not common up here, though usually
they are the most frequently heard throughout the forests lower down,’
at times with such loud, penetrating, and quickly repeated cries as to
be almost deafening, apparently when they have been disturbed by
some passing mammal or larger bird, if one may judge by the disturb-
ance that may be caused by the discharge of a gun. The music-wrens
(Cyphorhinus) are distributed over the hilly districts, and in my
experience are difficult to procure; for even on the Upper Berbice
river, where, on the hills above the lake-like expanse below the Itabru
cataracts, they appeared to be the commonest of the birds, if one could
judge by their notes, it had been difficult to get them.

It would appear that the notes of the bell-birds must vary a good

ITINERARY. xxxl

deal in tone, either according to age or sex. Some years ago, I was
able to write an Occasional Note in Timehri (while I was Hditor) on
the cry of these birds, after I had had a fully adult male under
repeated observation. The bird had been brought down to Georgetown
in a large cage, in which it lived quite healthily: and its cry was
frequent and could at times be heard for long distances away over the
town. It had but two distinct calls: one, “kong-kay,” the latter part
very shrill and prolonged; and the other, not so frequent but melodious
and bell-like, “ do-rong” the latter part also prolonged. In the former
the head was swung round rapidly from side to side on the prolonged
note, in the latter the head was held well up so as to straighten the
throat, the beak being raised. There was never any other cry. But
where numbers of bell-birds are heard repeatedly in the forest, there
is often a sound like “‘kwa-ting,” though a somewhat variable one.
At our camp and around, the notes were heard at frequent intervals,
and so close by that there could be no confusion. We sought repeatedly
to get birds in sight long enough to determine whether this note was
from an immature male or a female, and was representative of the
“ kong-kay ” of the adult, but we were never able to do so. It seems
likely, as Cozier said, that they are the notes of young males practising,
much as a young cock beginning with something very unlike the
crowing of the adult, for at times there were sounds that appeared to
be an imperfect form of both.

Our track at first lay through high forest, but came later to an
extensive abandoned provision-field where there were wide areas of
partly charred or very weathered logs and trunks of large trees, under,
over, and between which we had to make our way, amongst a thick
growth of trumpet-trees, spiny solanums, and scandent grasses and
sedges with sharp leaves and stems. It hardly seemed possible that
there could be any real path through the jungle, except that we came
out on a continuation of the track on the other side to another forest.
It was beyond cqmprehension that it should remain so blocked up, if
it were in regular use; and yet we came on others later of the same
kind and worse. - The trunks were the remains of the trees that had
been felled or burnt through at various periods in making and extend-
ing the provision-fields, the lighter branches being easily burnt for the
clearing and the thick hardwoods left for the processes of time. The
planting is done between, until or unless they can be destroyed, and
new areas are continuously treated in the same way if the ground be
fertile, till abandonment takes place. In spite of our ordinary trail
being often very bad, over rocks and tree-roots, we always disliked the
going across these abandoned fields, since it was not possible to avoid
scratches and cuts from the spines and stems, which often were very
troublesome in healing. g

The forest trail was much of the type that it had been over the
Kurubung Mountains, and the tree-roots—often very sharp and
slippery—were extremely tiresome and dangerous also, especially on
the slopes, where it was difficult to avoid slipping. McConnell un-
fortunately was suffering from chigoes in his feet, probably got at the
sandy camps or settlements on the Mazaruni or the Kako, and the
walk must have been extremely painful. He had suffered similarly on

XXXL ITINERARY,

the first trip when near Roraima. From this cause our journeys were
reduced to half-days, which practically doubled the time over this part
of the trip. The old proverb of the ill wind held good for our men,
who were very glad of thé sborter journeys over such paths.

We came out later on a part of a large savannah, where there were
the remains of two houses, with some cashew trees in fruit, though it
. was not their full season. The fruit was very refreshing, as it was
quite ripe; and we only wished there had been lots more, as there were
at Kwaimatta on the Rupununi, where they extend over several acres,
Luckily the old abandoned fields were not in our way. There were
splendid views of some mountains in the distance and of low-lying
country below us. With the open sky and sunlight, it was like a
breathing space before we branched off into the dull light of the
forest again,

After long stretches of high woods with the same tiresome trail, up
and down steep hills, we came on a branch of the Kukuie creek which
runs into the Mazaruni above the Kako. This was the Ootaro, and
we crossed it near a very high and beautiful fall, where the stream
leaps down to the valley for some 300 feet or more. It was a perfect
site for an early camp. The valley was deep, wide, and open, and it
afforded a chance of seeing the nature of the surrounding country
which lay before us in a beautiful picture of living green, the hills
bounding the curving valley in the distance. On one side of the falls
the rocks were much broken away, and by clambering down for some
twelve feet, below the bushes at the top, one could get an uninterrupted
view of the country, but it was impossible to see the bottom of the
falls. The vegetation was rich with small and filmy ferns, tree-ferns,
selaginellas, bromeliads, orchids, and flowering plants of various kinds,
chiefly Melastomes; and some fine palms were visible at. points below.

The stream widened out somewhat farther up, and we were able to
procure some more of the new prawn with the ridiculously large and
long claws. We made but few attempts for any detailed hunts, as it
was desirable to give the men all the rest possible, considering the
nature of the track and the heavy loads being carried.

We were now clearly on the track followed by. McTurk and Boddam-
Whetham, who had crossed the Ootaro above just such a waterfall;
and we now knew for certain that-instead of a short and direct route
to Roraima, we were making the wide detour round Marima Mountain,
which was taking us many days’ journey eastward away from our
destination. Apparently there was no other way—the guides did not
know of any,—and very likely there were no settlements in the rough
country between Marima and Roraima, when almost certainly there
would have been a trail right through, though a very difficult one for
carriers with loads such as ours. Our only hope now was that they
might take the shorter road travelled by the earlier explorers on their
return, rather than the one followed from this point when going. It
would make a difference to us of at least two days; but we found it
useless asking questions about it, and it was a possibility that the
shorter track was now not open.

Leaving camp we began a long and rough descent to the bottom of
a, deep valley, clearly that of the Ootaro, and after skirting the ridge

‘

ITINERARY. XXxHl

began the ascent of a steep, nearly precipitous mountain on our right,
which must have been a part of the eastern spur of Marima. It was a
terrific climb, mainly over roots and broken rocks, and so steep and
slippery that it was literally a case of hauling oneself up, and so long
that it seemed one would never get to the top. There were frequent
shouts, sounding far away, from men up above and from those below ;
and it was a great relief when, after long pauses for rest, one at last
reached the top, utterly pumped out. It was altogether a painful
climb for the people with their heavy loads; and for McConnell with
his sore feet was a very severe trial. A long rest was taken at the top,
when the baskets could be let down. In all such places the meshwork
of roots is after all a great security, for they not only give the required
hold for both hands and feet, but the rocks are so bound that they do
not become dislodged. One rock loosened and pitching down such a
hill would have been disastrous, as the path was almost straight up.
A peculiar feature all over the upper part was produced by a white
lichen, often met with in patches in these ranges, forming here an
almost snowy carpet, giving a very unusual appearance to the forest
floor.

Gradually the path wound downwards and across low hills and ridges,
until one reached the Kotinga river, flowing swiftly where the channel
is some forty yards wide. We crossed in a very rough and cranky
dug-out, three or four at « time, and were glad that even this insecure
craft was available. It required a very careful balance, and the strokes
of the small paddles sent it swinging from side to side to such a degree
that we often thought it was going right over. It was very long and
narrow, and was therefore very unstable.

In the map in Vol. I. the upper course of the river is not shown.
It flows in reality from the top of Monnt Roraima, leaping from a gap
towards the northern end of the eastern wall, as from a spout low down
below the line of the edge, the water falling quite clear of the side after
rain has fallen heavily. It passes eastwards between Marima and
Waitipu (Wey-ee-te-peur or Sun Mountain), gathering numerous
streams from the adjacent heights.

The track, too, from the Kako should leave from an eastern branch
of that river much farther north, making a wide curve round Marima,
and crossing the Kotinga well east of the line between that mountain
and Waitipu, and thence following the course of the river for many
miles before turning south-west to Roraima.

Some little way up from the place at which we crossed, there was a
sinall settlement with a provision-field, through which we passed where
there were no obstructions. The path led along the river through low
forest, and later passed across one of the terrible, overgrown, abandoned
clearings that was even worse than the first, its thick overgrowth being
closely bound together by a thicket of creepers; and after another long
stretch of forest we came out to the large clearing of the village of
Menaparuti by the Kotinga, which we had thus reached by the long
way round, It was a large settlement of several scattered houses and
sheds, very pleasantly situated, with fine views of the great mountains.

The people were very hospitable, and, following the usual custom,
brought out cassava bread and pepper-pot and quantities of paiwarri

XXXIV ITINERARY.

and casiri drinks. We were surprised at the abundance they had on
hand, but very probably they had been apprised of our coming. Our
carriers thoroughly appreciated the good fare, finishing a first lot in
easy style, and thus provoking a further supply which McConnell’s
presents brought forth. We were particularly interested in some of the
pepper-pots, which were composed of insects. In one were a quantity
of young dark grasshoppers with reddish streaks, from which the
small wings and thin legs had been removed, in another were the
bodies of female cushie-ants; and both were thick with peppers and
some leaves in the liquid, the whole contents forming a sort of thin
stew. The cassava bread at first was just dipped into the fiery hot
liquid, but at the end the whole mass was finished, pepper and all. It
was so thick with pepper that it must have blistered any uriaccustomed
palate. The drinks afterwards were no doubt a welcome relief.

Many other kinds of drinks are met with at times at the various
settlements, such as those made from fermented cane-juice, pine-apple,
corn, cashew, etc. They are fairly strong liquors with a strong taste of
vinegar; but the fresh liquor is very pleasant, except for the lability
of being prepared and served in dirty vessels which have previously
been used for paiwarri or casiri, and have remained unwashed. By the
people themselves such vessels are not regarded as being dirty, and they
do not understand one’s objection to drink from them, except with
the explanation that it is not English fashion. A very usual way in
which ripe bananas are prepared, by being crushed in water to a thin
pulp, is also a very good one, making a very pleasant drink, and
preventing the swallowing of large lumps of the fruit, especially by
children.

The sugar-mill, which is so common an object in the villages, is a
very simple but effective machine. It is made of a good-sized log of
wood, peeled of its bark and planted in the ground in a slightly
inclined position, and having a hole through it at some three or four
feet up, where a platform is made on the leaning side by a transverse
cut in for about four or five inches, an oblique cut from above
removing the piece. The part below the platform is cut close up into
a sort of chin. The cane being placed on the platform is crushed by a
long stout pole inserted‘into the hole; and the juice is collected below
the pointed chin by a gourd or other vessel. As the machine is always
placed outside the houses. the rain keeps it clean, but the collecting
vessels may be in quite a different condition.

It was interesting to find that the cock-of-the-rock was common in
the low forests all around; and along a trail leading to a low hill,
overlooking the Kotinga valley, it was quite easy to call the birds
overhead. Cozier was particularly good in his imitation of their cry,
which he had practised on the Merume mountains while making
collections, though indeed the birds did not appear to discriminate
against quite poor attempts. They would fly to trees with quite open
branches, where they were clearly in view, and they did not seem
at all shy.

We were fortunate in getting quite a large supply of cassava and
other provisions before leaving, so that not only was our depleted stock
again made good, but we had promises of more later. The people were

ITINERARY. XXXV

extremely kind in their attentions, as they were also as regards our
future welfare at Roraima; and they were quite concerned in telling
of an unpleasant report that had got spread over the district that there
had been a serious epidemic at Roraima, and that everybody had either
died or gone away. We wondered whether perhaps small-pox, which
is so deadly among the natives, had been brought from Venezuela or
Brazil, but hoped that the report was not true.

From this point our track necessarily had to cross some high and
steep spurs of the various mountains of the Roraima group, and two of
them indeed proved to be, as regards steepness, on the whole worse
than any yet met with—one particularly being also a very long and
trying ordeal. Luckily, however, there were no sheer escarpments, to
which the one over the Mazaruni had so closely approached. Various
small patches of savannahs, with very rough and pebbly tracks, now
lay between the forests, which were thicker along numerous rocky
channels, where there was little water, or where a stream was almost
lost amid huge boulders; and it was with great joy that we at last
came oub on continuous savannah, and from a high elevation had the
great range of mountains in full view—the vertical-walled Roraima
before us, with other smaller Roraimas on the right: the rugged pile
of Marima behind; and the beautiful Sun Mountain, with its peaked
dome, its terraced slopes and sharp edges, with varying light and shade
all over it, away on our left: and far away in the blue distance the
high plateaux of Brazil. No wonder if, even with aching feet, our step
was more elastic. We were done with the dreary forest: the beautiful
sunlight was over all, and fragrant breezes refreshed us; and, more
pleasing than all beside, our goal was close at hand!

The eastern view of the mountain throws into very bold prominence
the great rounded ridge running from the south-eastern angle of the
wall; and this is increased as one descends the outstanding ridges, and
approaching nearer is able to realise somewhat better the gigantic
proportions. The track is by no means good in these open savannahs,
being very rough and irregular and pebbly, and made worse at the
sides by the mop-like heads of an Eriocaulon, mostly hard and bare on
the shrivelled or dead plants. It leads across and along a succession of
.vidges and valleys, in which at times one has to cross streams with
rocky channels or even half-swampy stretches, until rounding the great
boss of the angle, it joins the southern trail by which we had travelled
on the first journey.

One rather large stream, evidently running to the Kotinga, and
which we had crossed where it was shallowest, over a very smooth
slippery bed. almost at the edge of some high falls, was noteworthy
from the sections of the red jasperous rock, which is jointed and fitted
like neat masonry. There are many other and smaller streams of this
character in the district, and at times the rock is yellowish-green, not
red. Numbers of filmy ferns and other small plants grew in the
crevices and greatly heightened the wall-like appearance. ;

Over these extensive savannah lands, animal life was not abundant.
Some hawks rose at times in the distance or sailed overhead, all
too far to be certain of the species, except the little kestrel or
windhover, which was often close at hand, either on the ‘trees where

Xxxvi ITINERARY.

its presence was proclaimed by its rasping ery of “ Ki-ri-ri,” or poised
hovering in the air, not far up, searching for its prey, mostly small
lizards.

Flights of the smaller macaws and of parakeets—now and then the
brilliant orange and yellow Kissi-kissi (Aratinga solstitialis)—frequently
dashed out of some clumps of trees, chattering shrilly as they made for
some other clump. White-throated swallows were more numerous by
the streams, flying restlessly over the water. There were at times a
few tyrant-shrikes, mostly either the solitary fly-catcher (Tyrannus
satrapa) perching alone and darting out and circling in the air after
some insect, to return again to its perch, or the fork-tailed tyrant
(Muscivora tyrannus), with its peculiarly elongated tail-feathers blown
aside, flying awkwardly to some perch, or sitting unafraid in some
very conspicuous position. At intervals there would be a sight of a
few old witches or Ani cuckoos flitting about the bushes, but never
many of them together. The savannah-starlings or meadow-larks
(Sturnella) occasionally fluttered before us, but at safe distances, though
we were not troubling ourselves about them; and in the curatella
bushes the grey mocking-thrush (Mimus) would now and then .be
noticed in short flights in the open branches. A yellow warbler or
summer-bird (Dendreca) or some other bright species, mostly of the
tanagers, such as Calliste and others, would be seen in the trees and
bushes by the streams, as they flew from branch to branch or across
the water. But more common than all, the little brownish Anthus
would rise from the grass, generally with a little cry, and drop again a
little ahead or by the side. Frequently one heard the cooing of the
pigeons and wood-doves, and at times the little grey ground-doves
would flit from beside the track. But there was never any abundance
either of species or individuals, such as is so noteworthy on the coast
savannahs as a rule.

It would be far from correct, however, to convey the impression that
the avifauna is scanty on these elevated savannah districts, which ma
be regarded broadly as being at a general level of some 3500 feet
above the sea. This is far from being the case, since nearly all the

‘great groups found in the colony are represented by many forms, the

Passerine birds being not only abundant in all the families, but of
many of them, such as the bush-shrikes and ant-thrushes, the tree-
creepers, the tyrant-shrikes, the wrens, thrushes, greenlets, tanagers,
finches, sugar-birds, etc., there are many which are confined to the
district, or at any rate have not so far been obtained elsewhere; thou ‘h,
indeed, this is hardly of special importance, since so little has been
accomplished of detailed exploration in neighbouring localities that
our knowledge of the distribution of the species is literally of the
slightest. Again, while of the non-Passerine birds there are surprising
absences of some of the groups—none of the Gruiformes, Ardeiformes
or Kingfishers, for instance, being met with,—and others, such as the
Charadriiformes, the ducks, and the woodpeckers, are surprisingly few
there is an unexpected abundance of forms of other groups, such as
the humming-birds (of which some 24 species occur), the hawks
pigeons, parrots, and goatsuckers, though in, each one is struck by the
presence or absence of individual species. :

ITINERARY. XXXVIi

It is the case that few of these forms are much under general
observation, nor is this to be wondered at considering that the few
tracks over which travellers pass are usually in the more open and
exposed situations, while the birds are mostly to be found in the copses
or more sheltered places, where plants are more plentifully in flower or
fruit. The extensive cleared lands in the forests for provision-fields
‘are favourite haunts, owing to their open and mixed cultivation, and
where these occur in the wooded valleys they are altogether the most
favourable collecting-grounds for a large variety of the species. The
birds are indeed the great protegtors of the Indian cultivation against
the ravages of their terrible plagues, the insects; and it may well be
doubted whether cultivation would at all be profitable but for their
beneficent work, since the people themselves do nothing to lessen the
number of their pests in the fields. As well as the purely insectivorous
forms, there are numerous species of the mixed feeders, whether grani-
vorous, frugivorous, or carnivorous, to be found in and around these
localities, which offer such favourable opportunities for observation as
against the jungle of the forests, where the birds are either mostly
hidden far above in the high canopy of leaves or equally secure in
a more or less luxuriant undergrowth of small plants, mixed with
creepers and climbers of all sorts. These clearings in the high forests
afford the best opportunities of procuring many of the species not
commonly met with on the lowlands of the coast—such, for instance, as
the hawks of the genera Accipiter, Micrastur, Geranospizias, Leuco-
pternis, Harpagus, etc.; though these and others, such as Gampsonya
and Elanus, are at times obtainable on the fringe of the interior
savannah woods, mainly along the streams.

Bird-life in general is plentiful in the low woods in the wider valleys
and along the streams of the elevated savannahs in the neighbourhood
of the high mountains, but usually there is such a thicket of lower
growth, mainly of creeping or scandent plants, often with sharp cutting
edges or.spines, that native huntsmen alone secure satisfactory results
for the time spent. Even in the open grassy lands the results are
little better, since the stretches of undulating plains and ridges, the
surface of which from a distance presents the aspect of an almost even
rolling sward, are mostly found to be excessively rough and irregularly
evacked, strewn with rocks and the hard stumps of coarse growths,
beneath a deceptive covering of tall grasses and other such plants,
amid which one has laboriously to pick one’s way, eyes to the ground,
if one would avoid bruised shins, sprained ankles, or other worse
mishaps.

Even on the trails it is essential to keep one’s eyes on the ground,
and to stop when one wishes to look about, for the tracks are so
washed and uneven and narrow, all travelling being in single file, that
careless walking is out of the question for safety, especially where it
may be up or down. Wherever trails can be found they are but
irregular lines, so to speak, mostly few and far between, across
enormous stretches of country; and on a special journey the traveller
has the chance of observation of a district, that might fitly be compared
to a drop in an ocean of possibilities. Collections made in such an
area, and even during a few months, can only be regarded as being a

a

XXXVI ITINERARY.

few samples of its life, for one bears in mind that even on the coast,
which is relatively so much travelled over, it is a fairly frequent
experience to obtain, on some one particular occasion, some chance
specimen of a species which had not previously been known except
from the inner or higher lands, but which it becomes clear is common
enough, probably over the colony generally, though it may not be easy
to secure. . ‘

As illustrating this point it will be of some interest to describe the
distribution of a few of the Roraima species and their allies. On a
collecting-trip along the Abary creek, I once shot, at only a few miles
distance from the sea, a single specimén of the white-tailed or grey
kite (Zlanus leucurus), which is now in the Georgetown Museum, and
is the only record of the species from the coast, though it is known
from Roraima and the great savannahs of the interior. The flight of
the bird is exceedingly rapid; and the specimen was obtained by a
mere chance shot as it pitched between the clumps of trees by the
side of the creek, and under the impression that it was a rufous pigeon,
which it somewhat resembles in size and in speed of tlight—so much so
that it is often known as “ pigeon-hawk,” though this may be because’
it preys largely on them. The boatmen at once gave it the name of
“hawk bass” (that is, master), recognizing it as a common terror to the
pigeons and other birds along the creek, though only known to science
from the far interior.

There was once brought to the Georgetown Museum a living specimen
of the Guiana coquette (Lophornis pavoninus), which had been caught in
the Georgetown livery stables, ensnared in cobwebs. Till then the species
had only been known from Roraima and the Merumé Mountains. It
has since been obtained at Bartika, and there can be no doubt that it
must be common in the colony, though it is evidently one not easy to
procure. The tufted coquette (ZL. ornatus) is only known locally from
Roraima and other parts of the far interior highlands, with a range to
Trinidad and Venezuela, but one can hardly believe under the circum-
stances that it is really so restricted in British Guiana. The rafous-
breasted sabre-wing (Campylopterus) also, which had formerly seemed
a very typically restricted Roraima species, mostly obtained at a high
elevation on the slopes (6000 feet), has later been procured at Bartika,
which reveals a quite different range near the coast.

The Charadriiformes present some especially striking features. The
common Brazilian snipe (Gallinago) and the Cayenne or “* Woodcock-
Snipe” (Homoptilura) both occur at Roraima; but while the former
is one of the commonest birds on the coast, found at tinfes by the
hundreds in the swamps and flooded pastures, the other was for long
only known in the colony from the high lands of Roraima and Merumé,
Later a single specimen was obtained on one of my trips by a mere
chance shot on the Hooribea sand savannahs behind Georgetown, and
still later another on the Ituribisci creek on the coast; while Wilson’s
snipe remains a novelty from the Supenaam, also a coast creek. Three
other Roraima species (the spur-winged plover, the American golden
plover, and the solitary sandpiper) are known from many parts of the
interior, and are especially common on the coast, the golden plover, for
instance, being met with on the pastures and low savannahs at times in

ITINERARY. XXXIX

great flights of hundreds—they have been much decreased in recent
years,—and equally so on the sandy flats west of the mouth of the
Korentyn river, where also the turnstone, the sanderling, and the
semi-palmated sandpiper or “nit” (Zreunetes), may at times be just as
commonly seen. Yet these latter forms and the numerous others of
the migrants, such as,the greater and lesser yellow-shanks, the stilts
and other plovers and sandpipers, which are so commonly found on the
coast in their downward migration from the north, have not been
obtained on the Roraima savannahs, though it would seem to be a
most likely place for them, especially on their return journey when
they do not appear to take the coast route. A special case of this kind
is that of the common spotted sandpiper (Aectitis), which at times is
one of the most widely distributed to be seen along the banks of nearly
every stream: it surprises one by its absence from the Roraima. district.
“So, too, in the case of the large golden-eyed thick-knee (Hdienemus),
which would appear to be a typical high savannah and forest bird,
ranging from the Kuyuni and Mazaruni rivers to the Upper Ireng and
the Rupununi and Exsequibo, but apparently not on the coast.

It is remarkable in most of the great groups that many of the
commonest coast forms are those which are frequently found at
Roraima, while others less common on the coast and more abundant
in the interior, or those wholly confined to parts of the high lands,
often do not occur in the range. Thus of the parrots, one of the
Roraima species is the screecher or orange-cheeked amazon (Amazona
amazonica), which is certainly the commonest of the group in the
colony, and especially on the coast where it will be met with by the
hundreds and thousands at times when fruits such as the guava are in
season, as in the great groves on the Korentyn coast, where we were
able to shoot them at any time of the day when they were needed for
curry or soup. Here, too, great flocks of the yellow-headed amazon
(A. ochrocephala) have been found, a'species that is usually so un-
common on the coast that it has often been regarded as confined to
the interior, where it is the chief tame bird in the Indian settlements.
It goes usually by the common name ‘‘ Amazon ”—though “ screecher ”
is also applied to all these species—and is the best talker of the local
parrots, if it has been brought up from the nest, when it will pick up
every variety of sound that it hears. Though ranging over the high
lands in general, it is not recorded from Roraima, neither are other
species with a corresponding range, nor others wholly confined to the
interior. :

The Roraima macaws, the larger “‘ ita parrot” (Ara manilata) and
the smaller species (A. hahni), are two of the very common coast birds,
being met with at times by the hundreds and thousands, especially in
the groves of the Cita palms (Mauritia Alexuosa), or flying to and from
their feeding grounds across the creeks and swamped savannahs, as in
the Abary district, in great flocks for quite long periods continuously.
The three large and beautiful macaws belong particularly to the high
savannahs and mountains, The scarlet and blue (A. macas) is especially
characteristic of the interior. The red and yellow (A. chloroptera)
ranges also close to the coast, and I have met with them at times in
great flocks of several score about the Potaro river. The blue and

d 2

xl ITINERARY.

yellow (A. ararauna) is very frequently to be met with also on the
coast, as along the Hoobaboo creek, not many miles away from George-
town; while on the Mahaicony creek I have on different occasions
seen them crossing the creek by the score for quite a long time in the
morning, for their feeding grounds in the savannahs. The special
range of all three species appears to reach, however, only close to the
vicinity of Roraima; still it would be very peculiar if they did not
actually occur there.

Probably the explanation of many of the peculiarities in the distri-
bution lies in the connotation of the term itself. For what is really
meant by the Roraima district? If it were to be confined to the
actual base and slopes of the mountain, certainly the bird-life would
be considerably limited. But as a fact the district around extends for
a considerable distance at much the same general level, rising frequently
into higher irregular ridges; and the grass-covered areas are broken
by forest clumps, especially along the water-courses. Over the whole
area at their convenience, or as they met with success, the Indian
collectors with their guns and blow-pipes would range from day to
day, unless they were especially sent up the slopes; and the results
would be samples from many directions where they were easily obtain-
able. Numbers of species would be likely to remain unrepresented,
even when seen, either because they would be perceived in flight, or
situated where they offered no chance of close approach, for no Indian
would dream of attempting shots on the mere chance of hitting—the
only justification for the shot being the certainty of the result. Many
specimens are thus at times ruined beyond chance of preservation by
the nearness of the shot, when the men have slowly crept as close as
possible to the object; and if ordinary cartridges with the breech-
loader be given them, there is every likelihood of small specimens
being blown to pieces. With the blowpipes the conditions are more
favourable, but specimens on the wing are out of the question, and
equally so distant stationary objects. Where a traveller would risk a
difficult chance shot in either case, a miss is met with derisive laughter,
by these people, the attempt being either regarded as a foolish one or
is put in the same category as a miss at their usual close quarters.

In going out for game the huntsmen never attempted the slopes of
the high mountains, but made for the open country, over which they
would range for eonsiderable distances. The game birds, such as the
large maam (Zinamus), the small maams (Crypturus), the maroodi
(Penelope), and the hannaqua (Ortalis), which: have so wide a range to
the coast, would hardly be got from the cold slopes, but at the base
level around, where, too, other widely ranging forms, such as the
splendid pigeon (C. speciosa) and the Muscovy duck, would most likely
be got. Considering the occurrence of this last species, while one
might not be surprised at the absence of the widely distributed coast
“vicissi” duck (Dendrocygna discolor), it is strange that the charac-
teristic savannah “ vicissi” (D. viduata), of the interior highlands has
not been obtained.

It is noteworthy that while none of the vultures, caracaras, or
urubitingas are in the Roraima lists, some of them are always to be
seen in the track of the fires, which are set to the dry grass of the

ITINERARY. xli

parched savannahs in the districts around, in dry seasons, where they
uy find an abundance of food either in the small animals trying to
escape the flames, or in those that have been burnt or have been
suffocated with the smoke. It may be mentioned as a peouliar thing
that many of these and of other hawks, which ordinarily are regarded
as carnivorous, carrion-feeding, or insectivorous, are often found with
practically little else of food contents than fruit, seeds, or young leaves
and leaf-buds, which, while it may sometimes be due to a scarcity of
their ordinary diet, is certainly in others a condition of ordinary habit.

Among some of the further villages, inhabited by the peoples calling
themselves Monikos, Sokorikos, Enkarikos,and K wating people, there are
to be seen, suspended from the timbers of the houses, striking representa-
tions of such birds as the Muscovy duck, the swallow-tailed hawk, and
the herons and storks, in easily recognisable form, skilfully made up of
corn-cobs, sticks, and string, the habits of the negrocop being even
indicated by the figure of a fish in its beak. It was interesting to note
how such forms as the heeri (Huwenwra), the nigger-head (Mycteria),
the negrocop (Jabiru), the cocoi heron (Ardea), and the American egret
(Cumerodius) were marked off by their size, the shape of beak, and the
colour of beak and legs. It would seem, therefore, that thease birds are
familiar objects in these districts, from which it is not, in fact, a far
flight to Roraima, where the absence of some of them, as of others,
seems inexplicable except on the theory that they have only not yet
been procured. It may be mentioned, in relation to common names,
that on the coast the herons are usually known as “cranes” and
“ gauldings” according to size and colour. Thus the cocoi heron (known
to the Indians as “‘honoré”) becomes the ‘blue or grey crane,” the
large egret becomes the “white crane,” while the snowy egret and
the blue heron are the “white gaulding” and the “blue gaulding”
respectively.

In one of the nearer villages on the Upper Ireng river, I once saw
a young swallow-tailed hawk being reared entirely on large grass-
hoppers. of the genus Z'ropidacris (called by the Makushis “ Sasa”),
which were plentiful in the locality, and were greedily eaten by the
bird, specimen after specimen being taken and quickly torn to pieces.
In another of these villages the two species of the beautiful fire-tailed
parrots (Pyrrhura) were kept in captivity. One of them is known
from Roraima, as no doubt the other will be later. In these less
accessible districts, far away from the conimon trade routes and
centres, birds and other aniinals in captivity were much less frequently
seen than on the lower savannahs, such as those about the Rupununi
river; and I think it probable that the practice has been encouraged
and become established rather for the purposes of trade and barter,
whether with travellers in the country or on the occasional visits of
the people to the coast, than from any real appreciation or love of the
creatures themselves,

The very beautiful kissi-kissi parrots (Aratinga) and the kestrel are
much more common on the less elevated parts of the plateau than
about Roraima itself, the former being sometimes seen in flights of
several score, wheeling about in squadrons, as it were, and dashing
from copse to copse in the valleys, with piercing cries. It is one of the

xlii ITINERARY.

noisiest of all the parrots. It was always interesting to watch the
kestrels hovering for their prey, and to see them occasionally forced to
drop it, when just rising, by a sudden dash on them, from some perch
close by, of the long and fork-tailed tyrant-bird, which thus easily
secures its food at times—presumably a matter of consideration to
them under the disadvantages of their very ungainly flight, especially
in high winds, when they are considerably hampered by their tail-
feathers being much blown about, the birds being often turned nearly
right over. The little yellow-faced kite (Gampsonyx swainsont) is
commonly met with on these same parts of the plateau, and its absence
from the Roraima list is one of its surprises. Both these tiny hawks
are extremely common on the sandy wastes of the Rupununi savannahs,
especially in the extensive areas of cashew trees. about Kwaimatta,
where the “ki-ri-ri” of the kestrel and the ‘“komeh-twi-twi” of the
kite—from which their Makushi names are derived—are some of the
most frequent and distinctive of the bird-notes.

Many species of finches, some of which are known on the coast as
“ grass-birds” and “ grass canaries,” are to be found about these high
savannahs, the most noticeable being the little Sycalis, specimens of
which would rise suddenly from the grass with a little startled cry, to
drop again quickly but a little aside, or in front, just as does the little
pipit, which, while common at Roraima, is equally so on the wide sand
flats on the Korentyn coast.

The district can hardly be regarded as a good one for mammals,
though no doubt specimens of many small species would well repay the
careful search of the naturalist. The great ant-bear, other ant-eaters,
armadilloes, agutis, and kibihees (Waswa) may at times be obtained in
the vicinity ; but game such as the savannah deer, the red brocket and
the wood brocket, and the peccary, can only be got by hunting-trips of
two or three days in the surrounding country, where also the jaguar
may be met with. On the return on the first journey, as we passed in
the late afternoon south-east of Waitipu (from which position the
mountain loses its peculiar dome shape, and lies extended like a lion at
rest with its head raised to the west), we had heard in a wood not far
away the peculiarly sharp roar of one of these “ tigers,” the cry being
repeated at short intervals, which caused the people to say that the
beast was hungry. Their skins are sometimes seen in the settlements,
mostly cut in strips or made up into hunting pouches; and the claws
are prized for protection against the Kenaima or bad spirit. The
canine teeth are used for the same purpose, and are very frequently
seen in necklaces, especially those worn by children.

The reptiles, batrachians, and fishes would doubtless also well reward
careful and long-continued investigation, which is the great desideratum
for both the animals and plants in this difficult country of such varie¢
physical features. The fishes appear to be all of small species, for the
hooks asked for as barter are the very smallest kinds. The frogs art
rather plentiful to judge from their calls; and one small black anc
yellow species is much used in the near settlements as a beena, fo
good luck in hunting, several being tied up in leaves. The spawn o1
tadpoles are eaten in some places, where small pools or special recesse:
in thé sands along the swiftly running streams are prepared expressl:

ITINERARY. xlid

to give opportunities for deposition and development. Rattlesnakes
and labarrias are to be found in the savannahs and copses, but we saw
only the latter, and a large one, of about five feet in length, was killed
near by at one of our camping-places on the return on the first journey.
It was found while clearing away some loose brushwood and débris not
far from the river-side, and was shot and damaged beyond chance of
preservation as it was escaping to the shelter of some rocks close at
hand.. It had been badly turned about and irritated by the dragging
away of the driftwood, under which it had been concealed. The species
appeared to be different from the common form (Lachesis atrox), for the
jaw stripe was indistinct, and the markings on the side much more
distinct than on the back; while the underside of the tail was reddish-
yellow. A common species of Leptodira, a harmless snake with
markedly triangular head and constricted neck, and body-markings
somewhat like those of the labarria, for which it is mostly mistaken by
those who know little about snakes, is frequently met with in the
thatch of the low houses and old sheds. No doubt it is responsible,
with other such forms, for many of the common tales of recovery from
so-called labarria bites after the use of a large variety of useless
remedies,

Down in one of the valleys on the flat, we had seen a large group of
what in the distance looked like small houses close together, but which
in reality were the mounds of the Termites. Some must have been
more that ten feet in height, and many had an edging like the eaves of
a house. They were intensely hard, and attempts for a short time to
dig in to the galleries were quite futile. We had neither pick nor
crowbar, but we tried, with cutlass and axe, to make a hole at the base
deep enough for a. dynamite cartridge ; but it was hopeless with these
unsuitable instruments, and the explosion merely blew off a small patch
of the outside: It would have been interesting to ascertain the species,
and to see the nature and plan of the galleries, as well as the method
by which the smaller nests are built up into the larger, for they seemed
to be just as securely roofed over. None of them had been torn open
by any ant-bear, for which we were sorry; and we had to leave them
with our curiosity unsatisfied.

Other insects and arachnids were common enough in many places,

-and interesting collections could be made of all the orders, if camps
of at least a few days’ duration were established to deal with the
miscellaneous material in the various localities. On long journeys it
is a hopeless problem, for not only does one get quickly left behind in
attempted excursions from the trail, but when one reaches the site for
the camp, at the end of a long day’s tramp from early morning, weary
and probably foot-sore from a very rough track, there are always so
many little things to be seen to, for one’s own personal welfare and
that of the men also—such as the arrangements of the camp, the
commissariat, the loads, ailments and accidents in general, writing up
of dairy and notes, sanitary requirements, etc.—that but little, if any,
time is left before night for any satisfactory attention to the pre-
servation of miscellaneous material; and after the evening meal, apart
from the matter of light, it is mostly a question of “early to hammock,
early to rise,” the start next morning, after a very early tea, being

xliv ITINERARY.

always an early one, preferably at the first streaks of dawn, to take
advantage to the fullest extent possible of the cool hours.

The insects and others that fix themselves most in one’s remembrance
are surely the pests, such as the sand-flies and ticks; though an
occasional visit of the cushis or umbrella-ants (Ada) and the hunting-
ants may be very troublesome. Mosquitoes are rarely met with on
these open elevated lands, and chigoes and dog-fleas are mostly local to
the settlements or sheds on the sandy wastes, especially abandoned or
unoccupied ones, which we were careful to avoid whenever possible,
preferring our camp in the open, where, even if it was not always very
confortable in bad weather, it was altogether more wholesome in every
respect. Tie cushis were not troublesome to our persons, but some-
times to the stores and clothing, biscuits especially being reduced to

* fragments and carried off during the night, as well as portions of soiled
garments, and even gantlets and helmets (pith) were liable to severe
damage, if not destruction. Hunting-ants were a nuisance on the rare
occasions when they passed through a camp among the trees, stinging
and biting sharply, and driving everything before them—a very un-
pleasant experience if it happens at night, when there may be little or
no light.

The bush-ticks ave a more serious trouble. They are flattened, hard
fellows, small and large, which hold on like grim death, and are very
plentiful in some parts on the low bushes, from which they become
detached as one brushes against them. They often swarm on some of
the wild animals. They are intensely irritating; and, if carelessly
scratched or picked off, leave their sharp jaws in the skin, causing
great and prolonging itching, with swelling and soreness, for it is
almost impossible to avoid rubbing or scratching—often it is done
quite unconsciously,—and especially if there be numbers of them about
oue’s body, which is usually the case if.they are the small kind. As
they are mostly on one’s clothes in the first instance, attention is only
drawn to them when it is too late, and at times they could only be
avoided by having the body thoroughly well oiled or rubbed over
with grease beforehand—a remedy nearly as uncomfortable as the
disease—while tramping perhaps in the hot sun (though it is mostly a
forest trouble), but this is very far from being the case, as the
Indians well know. In their case, however, with bare bodies except
for the narrow loin-cloth, the solution of the difficulty is a much easier
one. If the specimens be large, they can easily be caused to let go
their hold by the application of heat, as from a live goal; but the small
ones require a good dressing over the body with vaseline, kerosene oil,
oil of cajeput, or the so-called crab-oil, prepared from the seeds of the
crab-wood tree (Carapa); and this means waiting until camp is reached
and perhaps after some hours of acute discomfort, if not actual misery.
Luckily it is not.a frequent experience, unless one remains in infested
districts.

The sand-flies may be on occasion even more troublesome, especially
by rocky or sandy places near swamps or streams, where sometimes
they occur in great swarms. They seem to be very local in their
distribution and irregular in their seasons; and even places that bear
their name, because of their usual prevalence, may at times be found

ITINERARY. xiv

free of them, as mentioned in one instance by McConnell in the
itinerary of the first journey. This is mainly due, however, to the
effect of drought, for it would seem they are plentiful everywhere in
low-lying and flooded areas in the wet seasons. The larger species,
commonly known on the rivers as “ Kabowroos”—the “ noongka” of
the Makushis—produces an intense itching where they have pierced
the skin, leaving little clots of blood which soon blacken; and the
exposed parts of the body may be altogether pitted with them. They
may be literally a real torture at times, and cause one to dread the
chance exposure of any part of the body, as in bathing. Luckily they
are easily killed by a slight slap, but the operation would have to be a
continuous one to give any relief; and it is a marvel to witness the
stoical endurance of the Indians under the infliction on their bare
bodies. Familiarity no doubt explains much, though the oiling of the
body, an atmosphere of smoke in the enclosed houses, and frequent
slapping afford relief. Strong-smelling oils give some protection where
clothes are not available, but the effect is only for a time; and at the
camps the ordinary mosquito-netting is not of much use, as the little
insects quickly get through: and one hails the coming of night, when
they are not about. As may be imagined, the work of the naturalist
in the skinning and preparation of specimens, is often one of literally
sore trial. Yet, on the whole, in the cooler, more elevated high lands,
there is a minimum of these various discomforts—if, indeed, they are
not wholly absent.

In the open country, as also on the coastlands and along the rivers,
one is frequently wondering at the flights of the white and yellow Pierids
overhead, often for long periods. Somewhere they must be breeding
in astonishing numbers, possibly in the forest canopy, since no one, as
far as I am aware, has ever come upon the caterpillars in the numbers
that would be required for these swarms. The commonest butterfly
along the track, however, was a species of Junonia, which seems to be
ubiquitous over the savannahs of the sandstone range. At times, many
other species of Nymphalids, Hesperids, Lycenids, etc., were to be
seen; though the most curious of all these insects was a caterpillar of
about three inches in length, with long and thick pink, yellow, and
black hairs, that was crossing the track on a ridge where the grass was
very short and sparse on a rocky ground. It is the only caterpillar I
have ever seen which, from the rapidity of its movements, can really
be described as running. Possibly it found the rocky track hot under
the heat of the sun, or it may have been alarmed by the vibration
from many sandalled feet, but its pace was astonishing, and it must
have been largely habitual. It would have been interesting to rear it,
if circumstances had been favourable: in ignorance of its food-plant, it
would have been a trial for both parties.

The grasshoppers frequently arrested attention by their numbers
and variety—chiefly the red-marked dark species, the young of which
were collected for pepper-pot, and two huge kinds, species of J'ro-
pidacris, one with a blue and the other a red hind-wing. The latter
(the “Sasa”) was once met with in and around some of the Upper
Ireng villages in extraordinary numbers; and the projecting central
poles of the houses in one village, on an exposed plateau, were covered

-

xvi ITINERARY.

with thick layers of them, clinging to each other, and evidently congre-
gated where they could get the warmth of the air escaping through
the apex of the thatch, which is always left loosely layered at this
point, giving a good draught for the smoke of the many fires within at
night. Till quite late in the chill morning, the insects clung to their
perch. In the wooded valley below, they were numerous, particularly
in and around a very extensive abandoned provision-field, where some
tall simaruba trees were so thickly crowded with them in the evenings,
on stem and branches, that the ground beneath had become literally
a bed of their excrement and dead bodies; and it was impossible to
move about without disturbing numbers of them where they clung
thickly to the bushes or rested on the débris on the ground. The
coarse early second growth in these abandoned fields, a thicket of
trumpet trees (Cecropia peltata), young simaruba, spiny solanums, etc.,
with a close overgrowth of scandent coarse grasses, sedges, and creepers
of many kinds, allows insects like these to breed up in excessive
numbers where they are hidden and protected from the hawks, which
so largely help to keep them in check; and I am inclined to think that,
mainly in this way, the great numbers are started, which, from time
to time in favourable seasons, become so great a scourge to the
cultivated areas in different parts of the colony.

It was quite an event to get a record of the true large lantern-fly
(Fulgora) in one of these forests of the sandstone plateau. The species
is known by the name “ Androwa” among the Makushis, and a dead
specimen was brought to me by an Indian who had caught it alive in
the valley. He had secured it because of the brightness of the light of
the enlarged front of the head, to which he pointed; though he had
been at first somewhat alarmed by it, as being some sort of kenaima
or bad spirit. As the man knew nothing of the disputes as to the
luminosity of the species, his testimony must be regarded as valuable
and definite, although it is quite possible that the light may be
dependent on seasons, as a purely sexual character. Eager search for
a living one met with no success. We were rewarded, however, by
finding a fine leaf-insect of the handsome genus Pterochroa, the species
having green front wings—the tint, reticulated veining, and perfect
shape of the apparent leaf being astonishing. But for its movement,
it would never have been detected, the protection being even more
remarkable than in the strange stick insects, which so closely resemble
dried twigs. On the first journey in the Kanuku Mountains, we had
found another species, in which the resemblance was to a fading
yellowish-brown leaf, and equally remarkable in its protective character.

Occasionally we secured some honey at some of the villages for the
men, who are very fond of it. It was dark in colour, much like the
moorland honey, but watery. There was never any real comb, but
large globular or urceolate cells, singly or in groups, filled with honey,
and from which large quantities are at times obtained. It was
generally a stiff task getting at the cells in the hollow parts of large
trees, and when encountered on the track there was seldom time to be
spared, except near a camp, or when they were in the recesses of the
rocks ; and sometimes the small quantity found was no reward for the
effort, though the men were always ready for the attempt.

ITINERARY. xl vii

In some of the savannah copses, a few species of shells occurred, but
they were mostly old dead and broken specimens. ‘They included such
forms as Bulimus oblongus, B. fraterculus, B. regina, Stenogyra octona,
Leptinaria lamellata, etc. In some of the dried up swumps were
numbers of dried and broken apple-snails, of such species as Ampullaria
glauca, A. papyracea, and A. cornu-arietes, inmost cases with very thin
and fragile walls, which often broke into fragments on slight pressure.
Lime was clearly deficient in the plants on which they fed, as it
markedly is from the Guiana soil generally ; and yet about the rocks
and falls in some of the streams there were a couple of species of
Melania (M. atra and M. circumsulcata) with shells of much thicker
and harder texture, as they are more frequently in the waters of the
low lands. Crustaceans were seldom met with. On the burnt savan-
nahs were occasional fragments of a land-crab, and a living one was
once found among the rocks in a stream. Except the prawn already
described, a species of wood-louse was the only other member of the
group noticed. I sought particularly for that ancient type of organism,
Peripatus, but met with no, reward, though in Georgetown and on the
coast generally specimens are not difficult to find. Certainly prolonged
investigation would bring to light many species of these various groups.

Over the savannahs generally, on the slopes of the ridges and in the
valleys, but especially by the banks of the watercourses, among the
rocks and the clumps of trees, and by the moist and swampy places
near steep rocky bluffs, there were many flowering plants occasionally
brightening the picture, though many were small and only observed in
a near view. Many of them, collected on the two expeditions, were
new species, but mostly they were common and widely distributed
over the country. They include such forms as the yellow Byrsonimas,
orange-yellow and purple-red Malpighias, yellow and pink Pavonias,
white and blue and purple convolvuli, pink and yellow and blue
passion-flowers, pink and white and yellow Mandevillas, yellow milk-
worts, yellow Crotalarias and Clitorias and Cassias, red Mimosas, a

_lilae Diperyx, golden Pecilandras, fragrant white Eyrillas, large-flowered
fragrant Clusias, the large-leaved Archytea multiflora with its large
and fragrant apple-like blossoms, white Ternstremias, yellow and red
and purple Melastomas, white Ruellias, yellow Jussieas, red Diantheras,
blue spiny Hydroleas, the striking many-flowered white Tocoyena, a
peculiar blue Didymochlamys, a rubiaceous species (Sipanea) looking
much like a crane’s-bill, red Loganias, blue Solanums, pink Droseras,
yellow and blue bladderworts (Utricularia and Genlisea), blue and red
and yellow gentians, a fluffy and long-podded Asclepiad (Ditassa),
small species of Papalanthus, white and yellow and red Epidendrum—
the last of every variety of shade,—a fragrant yellow Cyriopodium, the
quaint lady’s-slipper (Phragmipediwm), the handsome Cattleya Law-
rencegna, with its rich purple-red flowers, magenta Sobralias, besides
“many others—several of them extending up the slopes of Roraima.

It is not too much to say that detailed investigation over this great
district must add enormously to what is known of the flora. What we
know is the result merely of a few rapid journeys over tracks that are
like threads across the territory ; and of the great mountains we have
only the results of a few fragmentary collections made on parts of one

slvili ITINERARY.

of them. What this must mean in the case of such a very specialised
flora, as that of the upper slopes in particular, will be better realised
when it is pointed out that they show no aspect whatever of uniformity,
but are made up of an altogether irregular series of broken ridges and
valleys, wide or narrow, shallow or deep, with gentle slopes or preci-
pitous faces and bluffs, running across or towards the great escarpments,
as so clearly shown in the illustration facing p. xxiii, Itinerary, Vol. I.
Moreover, the surface may be merely rugged or thickly strewn with
rocks of all sizes, covered with grass or mixed with bushes and
occasional small trees, broken at times by swamps, or closely over-
grown by a thicket of woods and creepers and epiphytes, intersected
by streams and narrow gullies, up to and over the great jumble of
huge rocky masses that in the long course of ages have fallen from the
immense vertical walls, and where the atmosphere amid the vegetation |
is humid and dank in the extreme—an ideal home for the most
luxuriant growth of succulent and delicate flowering plants, and of
cryptogams of all sorts, that literally run riot in every direction, on
and over rocks and other plants, and often forming a most deceptive
carpet over the débris below.

The character of the surrounding savannahs is, of course, much less
varied and broken, still it is sufficiently so to present a very wide
range in environment for plants. At times the surfaces are almost
wholly of bare rock or pebbly débris, or of white and red clays and
sands, irregularly weathered and fissured, where some scanty soil has
collected in little drainage channels, giving roothold for small plants.
Mostly the valleys and ridges are grass-covered, with sparse bushes;
though woods are frequent, especially in small coppice in sheltered
situations or along the watercourses; and according to the elevations
and the nature of the slopes, there are numerous small gullies and
water channels with cascades, pools, and swampy areas, always rich in
vegetation.

Down the steep sheltered sides of the valleys and channels, the sand-
stone is often just covered with a thin carpet of grass, over which. the
water dribbles; and these are favourite situations for masses of the
peculiar-looking bromeliad, Brocchinia reducta, with its rolls of golden
leaves. All about the moist gullies, there are numbers of ferns of
many kinds, with a variety of gentians, orchids, sundews, bladderworts,
xyrids, bromeliads, and other small growths; while among the rocks
and on the broken débris, and along the streams, are larger flowering
trees and creepers, such as species of melastomes, clusias, cassias, etc.,
some of which were in splendid flower, like masses of gold, red, or
purple, and among them the brilliant red clusters of the fruit of a
scandent prickly palm (Desmoncus). Some of the Ternstromias were
especially beautiful, such as the splendid Bonnetia sessilis, with its
fragrant rose-like flowers, though the equally fragrant Archytcea, which
recalls so much the scent of the meadow-sweet, is difficult to surpass
with its masses of apple-like blossoms. In further disricts plants of
Mahuria were found in flower, with beautiful panicles.

It was noticeable that, in these more exposed situations, the plants
of the characteristic Catileya Lawrenceana, which was obtained in large
quantities by Siedel, the first of the German orchid collectors, were

ITINERARY. xlix

much smaller and poorer in growth than in the more humid atmosphere
higher up, though probably the larger growths had been already carried
off. On the stunted trees along the streams and dried-out channels,
small plants were numerous.

One of the most interesting of all the orchids was an Lpidendrum,
apparently Z. schomburgkii, which is very widely distributed ‘on rocks
and stumps, often much exposed to the effect of wind and sun. Its beau-
tiful and abundant groups of red flowers were remarkable in the variation
of the shade of colour, passing at times into pale crimson and magenta,
pink or pale orange, or even to nearly a pale yellow or white, more or
less of the variation being often seen'on the same inflorescence. At
times it was so striking that ib almost seemed, at a first glance, as if
two or three different species were growing together in one clump,.
though the extremes were mostly in individual flowers of different
bunches. The range in size of plant and flower in this hardy species
was even more noticeable than in the Cattleya. They often grew on
bare rock in such exposed situations it was astonishing not that they
were stunted, but that they could survive. The humidity at night no
doubt gives the explanation in this and in other cases, hardly less
remarkable, such as Cyrtopodium cristatwm, a specimen of which was
found growing amid small bare stones on a high hill, its golden,
brown-spotted flowers being very fragrant. The commoner species,
C. andersoni, which goes by the local name of “sugar-cane orchid”
from the appearance of its long and thick, apparently jointed pseudo-
bulbs, which may reach about six feet in length, is often found on
bare rock fully exposed to the sun, as at the rapids of Akra-mukra,
Essequibo river, and in the Kanuku Mountains; but in this case there
are very large reserves of moisture, though the peculiarity remains in
the starting of the young plants originally, unless some proteetion has
been lost in some way from the site. :

It was noteworthy that, while many forms such as the yellow
Jussizas, the blue-belled gentian (Lisianthus wliginosus),and the crimson
campanulate Centropogon surinamensis, which were plentiful in the
valleys of the upper plateau, were also met with in the lower savan-
nahs, some of the most striking of the lower-forms did not reach the
Roraima district. Among these were such forms as the fragrant
purple Rhynchanthera, the deep-blue Stachytarpheta, the sky-blue
Jacquemontia, and the new purple Zpomea irengana, which are so
common at times either along the streams or in the open savannah,
the last apparently flourishing best on the ant-hills.

A rather small spiny Mauritia palm (Mf. aculeata) is somewhat
common in the vicinity; and not far away the great (Eta palms are
plentiful in the valleys, with other such useful plants as the giant reed
or wild cane (Gyneriwm saccharoides), and the Agave form (furercea)
of the plants called “Crowia.” The Cita is not only of use to the
natives as furnishing sandals (which are fairly lasting if allowed to
dry before being used), thatch and fibre, from the leaves—the fibre
being a strong one for string, rope, and hammocks,—but the fruit is
gathered for food, especially in times of scarcity, when the provision-
fields may have failed. The pulp is pressed into large balls, and is
mostly used in the form of a rather thick drink. The wild cane yields

] ITINERARY.

arrow-shafts from the strong pedicels of the inflorescence, the silvery-
pink panicles of which are so much like those of the sugar-cane that
they at times raised false hopes at a distance, the deceptive appearance
being soon corrected, however, as the plants flourish by the banks of
the streams. The Crowia, including also some bromeliads, furnishes a
very fine quality of strong fibre, which is much prized for thread, fish-
lines, and hammock-ropes. The plants grow in profusion on some of
the more arid rocky slopes, where other vegetation is sparse; their
leaves are sometimes used as a thatch in the smaller houses and open
sheds, which are only occasionally occupied.

Farther away, and over the lower districts, many palms are met
with, of which the fruits are used to increase the food supply in hard
times, such as the species of the spiny Acrocomia and Astrocaryum.
The urua palm (Attalea), which occurs so locally in the colony, is very
rarely to be seen in the forest, yet just above the Kotinga we had
passed plants which were taller and finer than any others I had ever
seen, the spread of the leaf reaching to about from 30 to 40 feet.

At Roraima itself I had no opportunity, on this journey, of a close
examination of the provision fields, which were situated on the slopes
of Kukenaam Mountain; but it was clear from the profusion and
quality of the cassava, yams, sweet potatoes, corn, pumpkins, and
sugar-cane, that they grew in good soil and under favourablec onditions,
the disintegration of the volcanic recks in the sand-stone providing
fertile areas that are brought under cultivation both in the valleys and
on the slopes. At some of the outer settlements we had been very
interested in finding plants of a large scandent pea (Dioclea), with
large pink and white, purplish flowers, and of an edible Solanum, not
unlike a tomato, but with oval-oblong yellow fruit and very large
leaves. There were specimens, too, of another kind of Solanum
(S. crinitum), said to be inedible, which, in an abandoned settlement
and field farther away, was found growing luxuriantly to a height of
about ten feet, and forming a thicket over nearly the whole area. The
flowers are large and vivid blue, the fruit bright yellow, nearly round
but inclining to oval, and.of the size of a small orange and very
abundant. The whole plant is covered with thick soft prickles, and
with hard spines scattered about, while the leaves carry spines and are
large, though smaller than in the edible kind. It was not found
growing anywhere as a true wild plant in the country, but in full fruit
and flower it was one of the most striking forms that came under
observation.

In these elevated savannah districts, rubber trees of a species of
Sapium, called by the Makushis “ Kash-a-yé,” occur in favourable
localities. In the neighbourhood of a settlement at some distance
from Roraima, there were several large trees growing in the open,
“from which the people were obtaining supplies. They yield abundant
milk in the wet season, but little in the dry, though it is said to be
then of a finer quality. The rubber is used in making balls for a
game, in which the fun consists in running wildly after the ball which
is kept going in a series of long and high bounces by sharp strokes of
the hand, any miss of the stroke being greeted with shrieks of derision.
Investigation may possibly reveal considerable sources of supply.

ITINERARY, li

On reaching the village at the foot of the mountain we were very
much disturbed at finding that there were no people; nor did there
appear to be signs of recent occupancy, as far as we could judge. We
did not, in fact, examine the empty houses very carefully, for, after all,
the report of some virulent disease might be true. It looked like it,
with the total absence of all the people from so large a village, for
there were some six large houses, each capable of holding some dozens
of inhabitants. There were, however, no signs of burial to be seen in
the immediate proximity, as might have taken place if large numbers
had had to be buried ;.and we wondered whether perhaps the people
were merely away on some kind of celebration.

However, we took no chances; and we all slung our hammocks in
the central building, known as the church. This was a very large and
open structure, raised some three feet from the ground, with a low
open railing around the sides, but quite open above that, and with a
wide-spreading roof coming low down outside the railing—so that it
was perfectly sheltered inside from rain, even in the strongest winds,
while thoroughly ventilated. The other houses, in which the people
had lived, were all of the ordinary clay-wattle at the side, and were .
much warmer, being thus inclosed; but our men all had blankets, and
had been very glad of them in many of our cold camps. Our extra
carriers had been sent back, some two days earlier.

We had reached Roraima early in October, and were thus about a
month earlier than on the first journey. As vegetation in the savan-
nahs was not parched or hardly dried up by the dry weather, we
hoped the results on the summit would be all the better. Our supplies
would allow quite a fortnight or more in the district; yet we could
not help thinking of the extra cassava and fresh provisions we might
have got from the villagers from the fields under Kukenaam and
elsewhere.. We wondered if there were people up at the farther
village below Kukenaam, across the river, but it did not seem worth
while to waste a day’going there. Besides, they would soon know we
were here.

Preparations were at once begun for the ascent, Ritchie remaining
in charge with instructions to send out huntsmen for meat and game—
for deer and maam and marudi can be obtained in the outer districts
—and other men with smaller shot to get whatever specimens of
smaller mammals and birds, ete., were to be found. Cozier and
Gold were to remain below to skin and prepare what was possible.
McConnell intended to remain on the summit only long enough to
make a selection of photographs, and then to come down and organise
the best collection procurable, chiefly of birds, of which Whitely had
obtained so many new and rare species; while I hoped to stay on top
as long as possible or till collecting was exhausted. From our former
trip we knew there was little of animal life to be got; but the flora
was extensive, and the area to be examined large.

McConnell had brought a small tent for use on the summit, with
thick waterproof sheet for the ground. There were besides photo-
graphic apparatus, plant presses, papers for them and collecting tins,
bottles and tubes with formalin, painted canvas bags with clothes and
hammocks, and tarpaulins for camps on the slopes, all these to be taken

lii ITINERARY.

up besides food—enough for about a week for'a small party on the top,
the bulk to be stored in a camp at the foot of the wall, to which
additions could be made as required by a relay of two or three men,
every two or three days, to replace others on the top.

An account of the ascent has already been given in McConnell’s
narrative of the first journey in the first volume, and it will only be
necessary here to add extensions where fresh information has been
obtained. The plant with flowers like balls of crimson silk (Pithecolo-
bium ferruginewm), which is one of the endemic species, was in brilliant
bloom, and it was as an omen of better things to come. Remembering
the fire which had been carelessly set to the dry bracken on the former
trip, and which had worked havoc amid the vegetation all over the
slopes, even endangering our lives when it had blazed fiercely around
us in the tall dry stuff, we had requested everyone to be careful on
this point, though it was usually desirable to burn off dry grass where
possible for the destruction of poisonous snakes. There was therefore
no need to pause now below on the track for things we might get at
leisure later on; still we were obliged to stop awhile at the famous El
Dorado swamp, where there were in fine flower the beautiful pitcher-
plants and Utricularias, gentians, liliaceous plants, Burmannias and
orchids, of very many tints of red and yellow and blue and brown,
many very fragrant, and especially Lriopsis schomburgkii with its long
spikes of brownish-purple flowers, with several others, amid which the
bright golden-yellow leaves of Brocchinia reducta gave the general tint
when seen from a distance. Various small bushes, creepers, shrubs, and
trees, scattered around, were also in flower, with varying shades of red,
yellow, blue and white, mainly reddish+yellow and reddish-blue Mela-
stomas, a golden Cassia, a brilliant yellow Mandevilla, and a rich red
Retiniphyllum, most of them new species. The slope looked brighter,
and was even more fragrant than we had remembered it.

Perhaps one might mention here from the Report on our two
Botanical collections, already referred to, that while among the general
Guiana flowering plants the largest number belong to the Leguminous -
order, then next to the Orchids, the Melastomes coming a poor seventh,
the order of precedence changes among the flora of this upper slope
to the summit, the Orchids coming first, then the Melastomes—the
Legumes being, as it were, nearly out of it.

Entering the forest-belt we found the old track distinguishable at
first, but soon it began to get so overgrown that as we advanced it
became almost impossible to say where it lay; and it was « matter of
trying this part or that to see which was the more likely. Our pro-
gress therefore was slow, and it became certain, considering the rough,
insecure, and treacherous foothold, that we could not reach the wall
till the next day. We pushed on carefully as far as possible, and then
late in the afternoon returned to the edge of the forest-belt to make as
comfortable sleeping-quarters as we could. We hoped to be able to
pierce to the wall next day, make a camp, and perhaps ascend to the
top—the ascent being very doubtful, as from the excessive moisture of
the upper part, the track was likely to be much more obscured by
overgrowths.

In the morning early we started off, and soon found ourselves in

ITINERARY. hi

greater difficulties than on the day before, for there was literally no
trace of a path, and a much worse foothold. It was a close mass of
new vegetation that had grown up in the four years since we had been
here: and it was with great relief that, hearing shouts behind, we
looked round and saw our old guide, Schoolmaster, the very trustworthy
Arrékuna who had cut the trail up to the summit on our former visit.
We had been great friends, and it was a cordial greeting in its way.
He was now the chief of the village under the Kukenaam Mountain,
his father being dead; and hearing that we had come again and had
gone up the mountain, he followed, as he knew from former experience
that the path would be quite obliterated with overgrowth. Another
man had come up with him from his village.

And now we were able to enquire about the villagers from below.
It was true there had been a bad sickness that had carried off many of
the older folk especially, but it had been long ago, and things were all
right now. Jeremiah had taken the people on a visit to another
village, but no doubt he would be back as quickly as he could, when he
heard we had returned to Roraima.

Schoolmaster also told us that his people had brought down supplies
and paiwarri for our men, which McConnell begged that he would
continue regularly, keeping an account until we should come down.
We knew he was thoroughly to be trusted. Then we turned to the
work in hand, the new men leading.

It proved a long task to clear a good path for the carriers through
the very luxuriant vegetation and over the piles of rugged rocks that
in the long course ‘of ages had fallen from the cliffs. It was really a
new track, but the direction was so true that a long way up we came
upon a rocky archway over the path which had been its most charac-
teristic feature, looking like the remains of a large building; and we
finally struck the very beginning of the ledge. There was a difficulty
in finding any place suitable for a camp with the tarpaulin. Where
the ground was fairly level, just against the foot of the wall, it was
bare and rocky; the rest was a steep rumble of rocks, with an open
growth of palms (Geonoma appuniana) over them, the stems being
weak and bent in every direction. However, we bound them together,
and were able to make a shelter for the stores, and eventually managed
to sling our hammocks as best we could, the supports being so flexible
that when we got in we almost rested on the rocks. It did not rain
that night, fortunately for us, and the sides of the tent were made
secure next day with palm leaves. Near the camp the wall was over-
hanging, the water dripping from above falling away from the foot,
and all along one could see how altogether rough and uneven the
surface is in reality, though away it looks so even and smooth.

In the bush around we heard the notes of some birds, and saw what
we took to be a thrush in the rapid glance we had of it. Nothing was
shot, however, in the two or three attempts made, though we sought
for some time. Even if we had hit anything, it was very doubtful
whether it could have been found amid the deep and wide rocky
interspaces, except by a mere chance.

Not far away were some loosely-growing blackberry bushes, apparently
of the same kind as some more luxuriant ones lower down. The fruit

é

liv ITINERARY.

was large and rather acid, not being quite ripe. On the wall were
some pretty little golden-flowered Melastomas; and on trees and wall
and old stumps were numbers of the brilliant crimson Céricularia
Campbelliana. There were none of the white species, U. alpina, to be
seen, of which we had found a single specimen here on our first trip.

The vegetation on the ledge is in general much more dwarf and
scattered than in the upper part of the forest-belt, though there
are, at the lower part especially, very close clumps of a small bamboo,
which is very difficult to penetrate. Upwards it is much more exposed
and wind-swept, and the scanty soil easily becomes washed away—
except in some more sheltered corners. The ledge is very clearly
distinguishable in the picture in Vol. [., facing p. xxii, Itinerary. It
is seen crossing the wall obliquely, from the right-hand side above the
middle of the view, to the top of the left side by the rounded outer
eminence; and from below it presents an irregular but continuous
green surface. The grassy area in the front is a part of the slopes
immediately below the forest-belt, and is just above the El Dorado
swamp, some 5400 feet elevation.

At the highest point, before reacliing the deep gully, where the bluff
is most prominent, the trail runs on almost bare broken rock with very
dwarf growths at the edge, being here sheltered hy the projecting
portions of a sort of irregular ledge above. The unobscured view of the
‘rough and bare face of the walls, the irregular slopes of the forest-belt
and the rock-strewn savannalis below, with the village and the winding
Kukenaam river, and the whole stretch of country away to the horizon,
with mountains in the blue distance, is entrancing and unsurpassable
of its kind. From the greater heights of the summit, everything below
is seen depressed into a more uniform level: here they stood out more
boldly, and present an altogether indescribable picture. One was loth
to turn away from it—it was such a feast for the eyes and imagination.
At various points of the ascent there are fine views obtainable of the
surroundings, but this one from its range and comprehensiveness is
unique.

The stream at the bottom of the deep gully was very small, the
water from above falling like heavy rain, splashing the bare rock of the
wall as well as the few bushes against it on the further side, by which
one can get some little assistance in the ascent. Its size depends on
the rainfall above. It swells quickly after a heavy shower, the rocks
being already saturated ; and in the wet season there must be a very
considerable fall. Roraima-paru would be a general name for all these
places, though a particular one bears the name Kamaiva—hence the
name of the village, Kamaivawong.

The disintegration and breaking away of the upper part of the
wall, which have left this uneven ledge, must have largely been
caused by this stream and the numerous others that soak the upper
edges, in the wet season especially. Even now a rapid process of
alteration is going on, here particularly, and on the western slope down
which must rush a great accumulation of water from above, very largely
through the wide channel by which one enters on to the plateau. The
outer part of this slope is swept clean below of any kind of vegetation.
The sandstone rock all over the mountain is very variable in its

ITINERARY. lv

density: in some places it is quite hard, in others very friable, the
difference being especially noticeablé along the lines of stratification,
as is so clearly shown by the irregularities of the disintegration in the
illustrations opposite pp. xxxi and xxxii, Vol. I.

By keeping to the plants at the foot of the wall, the ascent from the
gully and the descent also are safe enough, though arduous and
requiring much care; but on the outer bare rock the passage is
dangerous, for the slope is not only very steep, but it is inclined out-
wards, and a slip would certainly mean a fall over the edge of about
1000 feet, in spite of the fact that the rock has weathered into a series
of small steps along the strata. On the former journey, as there was
water by the wall, I had ascended by the inner part of these steps on
all fours, and descended them sitting; and slowly as I had gone it was
yet a very unpleasant experience.

McConnell’s narrative of the ascent on the first journey unfortu-
nately breaks off at this point. To complete it, it may be said that
the upper part of the ledge, before it merges into the plateau, is much
less inclined, and bears a good growth of plants—especially of Broc-
chinia cordylinoides—like those found on the top, which are thus being
gradually carried lower down, probably by their seeds. At that time,
as we merely wanted to get a real idea of the undertaking, we had
taken nothing with us but some breakfast and a collecting-tin and net,
intending to return to the camp and go up with our things the next
day, if possible; but once up, Lloyd and I determined to make the
best of the night on top, in order to gain as much time as possible for
collecting all we could of the flora and fauna. McConnell was obliged
to go down to make a selection of photographic apparatus, which the
men would be able to bring up with other necessary things, since the
path was not more difficult than they could manage with light loads—
certainly not worse than parts of our second journey, though there was
much more of it of the same character in the one spell. They had
come up next day; and the three of us remained on top for the night,
which was passed in the rough camp I had made the day before,
enlarging it for the purpose. The camp is shown in the illustration
opposite p, xxix, Vol. I., and was made by putting up a thick shelter
of Bonnetia branches and tops, round a deep recess under some very
projecting rocks in three series above. At the inner part the ground
was dry at this time of year, and as there was nothing dry outside we
had used the leafy clumps of Bonnetia to make a fairly soft covering
over the rocky floor, as well as for blocking the opening. Of course, it
was not very comfortable, especially for McConnell’s length; but it
served to give us protection from the weather, and as a fact, being
tired out, we slept fairly well under our blankets. Failing these on
the first night, Lloyd and I had nursed a fire until he asked whether
the moist sandstone rock overhead might not split from the heat. The
next day the men from the village, where most of the carriers had
been left under the care of the chief Jeremiah, had come up to tell us
they must go away, as I have already related ; and we had gone down
in time to reach the village by nightfall.

Now we had a tent, which we were able to put up on an almost level
space in front of the old camp, where a thick sward of mostly Mono-

e2

lvi ITINERARY.

cotyledonous plants held the pegs securely for the ropes. We cut
away the spiny leaves of some Abolboda and Connellia and some hard
stems of Stegolepis, and as the ground was very wet, covered it with a
thick layer of Bonnetia tops before laying down the waterproof sheet.
The site was a low ridge overlooking the gorge by which we entered
the plateau, and the distance for the men was thus very short. As it
happened, it was by no means the best situation, for just a day or two
before going down, I came upon a deep, wide, and perfectly dry cave
under a great pile of rocks, that would have been a splendid working
room for drying the plants, and a refuge for all of us, being protected
in the front by high slabs that allowed a good light to pass in over
them. It was only a little farther in towards the East, on the left of
a, wide open valley, but approached by a rather narrow passage which
had served to hide it.

The seven illustrations of the summit in Vol. I., from the photo-
graphs taken by McConnell, show very clearly the general configuration
of the plateau and the prevailing character of its vegetation. Another
photograph gives a very good picture of a sheltered site, where trees of
three new species of Didymopanax, Sciadophyllum, and Stifftia were
growing. They were mostly very thick-stemmed, spreading and um-
brageous, the tallest of about 15 feet or more in height; and Jacob
was sent up to stand in the outer branches to give an indication of the
size of one of them, and that one not the largest, being on the outside,
as seen in the photograph.

It may be said at once, there is no forest anywhere on the top of
Roraima. Wherever trees of the genera mentioned or of Bonnetia,
which, may be much taller, are found, the clumps are always small,
situated where some sort of soil has accumulated, away from any great
wash of water, and not exposed to the full blast of the north-eastern
winds. The usual position is in some curve or angle of the valleys,
facing south or west; and ini one such I came upon an unusual growth
of a tree that at a distance looked from its habit like a palm. It must
have been some 25 feet or more in height, with a clean stem, un-
branched except at the top, where there was a thick head of leaves,
from the apparent size of which I concluded it must be of one of the
three genera mentioned above. It must have been drawn up in its
effort to reach fuller light by the crags against which it grew, and it
had the appearance of a tree which had grown among others and then
been isolated. Its site was not very accessible; and as it was not in
flower, nor could I have cut it down at the time, no serious effort was
made to get under it.

The most favourable situation for the tallest Bonnetias was in deep
narrow guilies hollowed out in the wider valleys or open parts of the
plateau. The stronger sunlight above had in places drawn up the
plants to what I estimated as being from 35-40 feet. Here also were
the most luxuriant growths of such plants as the myrtles, cyrillas,
hemp-agrimony, melastomes, tree-ferns, sedges, and grasses, and mis-
cellaneous others.

It will thus be realised that in a general glance round the summit,
there is nothing to relieve the desolation of the disintegrated sand-
stone of which it is composed; and the first impression is as if some

ITINERARY. lvii

titanic conflagration had swept all over it, ‘leaving only bare and
blackened rocks. It is only in detail that one can appreciate the
features of its vegetation, which is most abundant in sheltered nooks
and crannies, and corners, by the pools and behind protecting rocks,
and forming a rough carpet of mixed growths of all sorts scattered
about the valleys, in open exposure to the sunlight.

During the long course of ages, the play of wind and rain has
worked the rock into an astonishing variety of shapes—looking at
times like roughly carved figures of men and animals and familiar
objects—rising often into lofty pinnacles, like great towers and
minarets, over elevated ridges, irregularly terraced and rugged, with
narrow winding gullies and wide open valleys which drain away the
excessive rains through numerous shallow pools and streams. The
highest ridges rise to 8740 feet, and the deepest gullies are some
400 feet below them; and in all one is struck everywhere by the
irregularities of the weathered rock. In places the sandstone may be
hard, but mostly it is soft and friable, easily breaking away, especially
on the weathered and disintegrated projections, so that falls may be
frequent, and constant care is required in laboriously clambering about
them while collecting. It was tantalising at times to note some
apparently new specimen in positions where a broken neck would have
been the almost certain reward of the attempt to reach it. As it was,
bruises were frequent enough where the rotten rock had given way
unexpectedly; and one was chary of climbs up or down really steep
places, preferring long and tedious ways round by safer passages, where
such were to be found, to reach specimens that were at first but a very
few yards off. Collecting therefore was often a very slow process, but
quite unavoidably so—apart from oncoming mists and clouds that
obliterated everything for the time being. One always wondered,
when on some high ridge, whether’they might be permanent.

Occasionally one comes on some comparatively deep pools on the
lower parts of the ridges, where there may be small channels of
running water or cascades from the heights. They are, however, never
large, being generally about some five feet in depth and a little longer
at times; and they had always large numbers of dragon-fly larve in
them. Those in the gullies were usually much larger, but very
shallow, of about one or two feet in depth, with numerous rocks and
much sand. In some of them, but frequently exposed, as if the pools
had dried up leaving a fine greenish scum, were a profusion of quartz
or quartzite crystals, often in masses, the individual crystal often being
about four inches long and an inch through, and quite clear. They
were the cause of much speculation, some of the people bringing them
in under the impression they were diamonds—no doubt with dreams
of the rush that would take place to the distant Roraima, as to other
places where gold or other diamonds had been discovered. ‘All is not
gold that glitters” is as applicable to quartz crystals as to pyrites, It
is not very long ago that a prospector had loaded his boat with blocks
of a peculiarly clear and bright rock-crystal from the Kuribrong river,
under the belief that he had hit upon a whole original formation of
diamonds. The Elizabethan warrior is by no means singular.

During nine days’ continuous exploration it was possible to range

viii ITINERARY.

over nearly the whole area, except to the extreme northern side.
Before this was an enormous gorge, always filled with rising mist;
and it was clearly the channel of the Kotinga stream, into which
many of the valleys discharged their water from far inwards beyoud
the middle line. Representing this in a way, but in the other
direction, was a wide, open, long valley, sloping slightly from the
eastern edge towards the western, past our camp where it spread ont,
and lying not very far from and roughly parallel to the south-western
face by which we had come up. In wet weather its waters would
partly help to swell the various falls over the edge of the great cliff
and also the stream that would discharge from the gorge at the top of
the ledge. It afforded the easiest walking on the plateau, and is seen
in part in the illustration opposite the map in Vol. I. There was
entrance from it to numerous side valleys running towards the
northern gorge, and no doubt in future ages it will be worked down
to a depth comparable with that of the Kotinga to-day, which, when
the outer part has been entirely worn down and broken away, will
leave an approach to the plateau not very unlike in character, though
different in position from that which gives access to-day. :

The fauna is small and insignificant, both as to number of species
and of individuals; but with the exception of a dragon-fly, a wasp, and
a beetle, they were all new to science, and some of them were types
of new genera. A few. of the insects collected were immature or
indeterminable. Besides these there were a few others which became
spoilt, among them an earthworm and a woodlouse. Some medium-
sized black butterflies, though rather common, were very difficult to
catch over the rough ground, and one we managed to secure was
hopelessly damaged. Some dark yellow and pale yellow and white
ones, flying high in the wind, never gave a chance of capture. They
seemed to be passing over rather than to belong to the Roraima
top. With these exceptions the specimens were described by various
naturalists in the ‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society,’ 1900, already
referred to for the new prawn. Those obtained on the first’ trip had
been described in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ 1895.

Of vertebrates there were a small rodent (Rhipidumys) which was
named after McConnell—it had been caught at night in a bucket of
water leaning against the rocks: a Zonotrichia, also appropriately
named after McConnell, as, after great trouble, he had shot the
specimens flying about the scanty vegetation: a small lizard, caught
under some rocks: and a tiny black toad (yellow on the under side)
which was the type of a new genus, Oreophrynella, and of which
several specimens were: collected, as it was the commonest of all the
forms, though very difficult to detect among the small- pieces of
blackened rock, as well as on the general surface. Another new species
of the genus (0. Macconelli) was obtained at the foot of the mountain.
Another form had also been collected. No fish were to be seen in any
of the pools, though at first glance some of the dragon-fly larve had
been mistaken for them. A large white hawk, perhaps a species of
Leucopternis, was seen flying near the top, but almost certainly it
belonged to the slopes, where there would be more food than on the
practically barren top. We had thought an armadillo might be found,

ITINERARY. lix

as some marks in loose earth under some rocks looked like a trail—the
Indians said they were,—and one of the orchid collectors who had
spent a day on top had seen, or thought he had seen one, but none
were met with. Their presence is‘quite probable, though it would
necessarily be a very small species, as food would be limited. It might
be mentioned that a larger toad was obtained below, which was the
type of a new genus, Otophryne, besides other new species.

The invertebrates were a myriapod, two species of spiders, and a
scorpion—other new species were obtained from the slopes,—a dragon-
tly—there was certainly another species also,—a wasp, and six species
of beetles. Of several of these many specimens were obtained, serving
to extend the knowledge of new genera which had been made for them.
The damaged forms are not included.

As these various types had only been discovered after prolonged
search and careful examination of the different parts of the plateau, on
both expeditions, it is not surprising that none of them had been
obtained by Messrs. im Thurn and Perkins on the first ascent of the
mountain, when they hdd been able to remain on the top for but a
few hours.

The plants are peculiarly interesting, being both numerous and
markedly specialised—as was shown by the original collections of
im Thurn, which, considering the short time in which they were made,
were extremely comprehensive. As was to be expected, our additions
—the result of very detailed examination—have extended the know-
ledge of the flora in many directions, there being for instance 38 new
species of flowering plants, two of them being types of new genera
(Connellia and Quelchia), 11 new species of Pteridophytes, Bryophytes,
and Thallophytes, with 10 more new forms collected on the topmost
part of the ledge, in direct contact with the summit; besides 12 other
new species collected on the upper slopes, and many new records of
species from the whole range to the top, several of which are of very
great and even peculiar interest.

Im Thurn has described in detail the aspect of the flora (Zimehri,
vol. v. 1886, and Trans. Linn. Soc. 1887, in which are also the
systematic descriptions by various botanists who worked out the
collections); and certainly much of it is very brilliant with colour.
among which the most striking are the bright crimson clumps of
Ledothumnus sessiliflorus and its varieties, and the rich pink and red,
many-flowered Befarias, and other red Ericaceous plants; though the
fritillary-like red Lisianthus imthurnianus and the deep crimson of
the new Utricularia quelchti, somewhat recalling its congener on the
wall below, are not less striking in their way. Shades of red are the
prevailing tints, especially noticeable also in the pink of the pitcher-
plants (Heliamphora nutans) with its purple and green pitchers, the
pale pink or red Leitgebia imthurniana, aud a Marcetia, with exsert
stamens and yellow anthers. But there are many others, and, one of
the most beautiful, the rich rose-red of the new bromeliad, Connellia
quelchii, about which N. E. Brown, who described it in the Report,
has remarked that it was well worth cultivating.

The white flowers are abundant in the fragrant and rare myrtles,
one a new species, but especially noteworthy in the large and creamy

Ix ITINERARY.

spread of the new Rubiaceous species, Chalepophyllum speciosum, with
their long tubes. The'little blue milkworts—a new species of Monnina
—came as a welcome change; though there are several yellows to be
seen, one of the commonest being a new Lisianthus, with large almost
funnel-shaped flowers.

The most common and widely distributed plant of all on the top,
Bonnetia roraince, which at times is found as a comparatively tall tree,
bears a small flower hidden by its brush of leaves. The plants were
always welcome, however, as affording a little relief to the scene of
blackened rock, though what one mostly saw were bare brown stems
and branches reaching up to a small tuft of small rusty-green leaves
at the top, which at a little distance look more brown than green.
Their very look suggests that they must be very slow-growing. They
occur everywhere in the lower positions, and are shown in many of
the illustrations in Vol. I. In the one opposite the map, many clumps
are seen growing in the exposed open valley, where from their stunted
nature the leafy tops are brought close together, giving a thicker and
more conspicuous appearance than usual in relation to the bare stems
and branches. The wood is hard but very brittle, and somewhat
resinous, so that when green it burns readily. It was our common
firewood in this condition, though supplemented by dead pieces when
the fire was being lighted. ;

Unfortunately, though there were many plants of the fragile and
low-lying Crepinella to be seen, even right by the camp, none were in
flower; nor could I detect anywhere specimens of the new and very
interesting genus of ferns, Lnterosora, which had been found by
im Thurn. Orchids were numerous, but not conspicuous and showy
in any special degree. The little clumps of the small mistletoe, Phora-
dendron, were also plentiful; while ferns were especially abundant, both
in clumps and species, in the more sheltered positions, where they were
thick in the crannies and around the sides of the rocks and other moist
recesses—as were also numbers of other mixed growths of all sorts,
often gathered into a close sward or carpet, as so well seen in the
illustrations in Vol. I., opposite pp. xxix, xxx, and xxxiv. As there
was great difficulty in drying the larger and more succulent plants,
some of the common well-known species, like Brocchinia, were not-
collected.

Though of the flowering plants the orchids are represented by the
largest number of species, the Composite are not far behind; and they
are much more conspicuous in their bushy, shrubby, and arborescent
growths, as seen, for example, in the genera Quelchia, Hupatorium,
and Stiflia. The Ericacee and the Melastomes follow next in numbers
of species, but they are found in very abundant growths, and, as already
indicated, are very conspicuous by the bright colours of their flowers.
Many orders are represented only by one or two species, and they are
often some of the most interesting.

It was noticeable that many plants were not in flower or seed; and
as most of the species are endemic, it is certain that considerable
additions of very interesting material will be made in collections
during other months than those at the end of the year. Besides many
delicate forms may have died away entirely during the drier weather.

{ ITINERARY. Ixi

And these remarks hold good of the slopes below also: so that Burk-
hill’s regret, already quoted, has real cause.

In this connection it will be of interest to mention some of the
special features brought out by Burkhill in his Introduction (loc. cit.)
as to the nature of the Flora of Roraima above 5000 feet. Referring
to the high proportion of endemic species (50°6 per cent.) among the
flowering plants, he writes :—

“The proportion of endemic Spermophyta may seem large, but does
not exceed that on record for some of the mountains of Mexico. Of
far greater interest is the number of endemic genera. The law that
mountains by their isolation and extension, as well as by their latitude,
produce endemic genera, is illustrated by their number in the ranges of
Cis-Equatorial South America: thus there are eleven among the Sper-
mophyta of Roraima, and only two in the Coast Andes, which are
comparatively small and not isolated, but I am aware of no fewer than
thirty-six in the extensive Andes of Colombia, including with them
the Cordillera of Merida.

“The endemic genera are enumerated on p. 7. They belong to as
many orders. One of them—Heliamphora—has no kindred in South
America, but belongs, like Cyrilla, to a North American group; all
the rest have more or less close allies in genera of the South American
continent. Ledothamnus, however, deserves further remark, because it
is one of the very few Ericacee with ericoid leaves which exist in the
New World.”

He points out also the special relationship of the Roraima flora with
that of the Andes, and not with that of the southern mountains of
Brazil, with which.it has been compared, and in which any similarities
noted are much more due to similarities of climate than to any
evidently intimate relationship between them in times past. Thus he
names six genera as common to Roraima and the mountains of South
Brazil, but not reaching the Chilian Andes, being in fact not montane
in a restricted sense: also seven genera of the Andes which extend
from the north to Chili, also to Roraima and the mountains of South
Brazil; while there are fourteen genera of the northern Andes, not.
overpassing Boliva southwards, but reaching Roraima, and not South
Brazil—besides thirteen other Andean genera extending to the Coast.
Andes of Venezuela, reaching to the neighbourhood of Caracas, but
not yet found on the Roraima Group.

A luminous passage may also be quoted from the Report by
Stephani :—‘ The collection of Liverworts made by Messrs. McConnell
and Quelch is a small one, but is of particular interest from a geogra-
phical point of view. Many plants were found which ‘hitherto had
been only observed in the Andes of South America; their unexpected
appearance on the top of Mt. Roraima is quite startling: the curious
Frullania mirabilis, Jack et Steph., is of particular interest, as well as
the very rare and beautiful Plewrozia paradoxa, Jack, both of which up
to this time had not been elsewhere observed.” The collection of
Liverworts contained 40 species.

Clearly therefore one may sum up the matter by saying that recent:
extensions of our knowledge of the Flora of the Roraima district—in
which Mr. McConnell’s special expedition bore an important part—but.

lxii ITINERARY.

serve to show that a very great deal, and probably of remarkable
interest, yet awaits discovery.

During the day with a shade temperature of about 64° F., it was
very pleasant on the summit, except when thick mists or clouds lay
over the mountain and the temperature would sink rapidly many
degrees below that. The nights to us coast-dwellers were very cold,
the temperature ranging on occasions to as low as between 44°-47° F.,
though probably in July and August it may be higher, and lower in
December and January, as would naturally be the case. The morning
was nearly as cold; and early collecting was hardly a joy, as even if
there were no rainy mists or actual rain to soak one through, there
was little to choose between these and the dripping bushes and satu-
rated thick felting of dead and living small plants into which one often
had to penetrate to collect plants or search for animals. The water or
moisture in these places struck one’s body as almost icy. Once we had
attempted an early dip in one of the very clear pools with sandy
bottom, but in the chilly atmosphere we did not repeat it.

Often in the course of long tramps, heavy passing clouds would
settle on the mountain, coming on so suddenly and quickly that at
times one might be caught high up on some ridge, and it was a time
for speculation as to whether they would shift or settle for the rest of
the day. Luckily they always passed away after a little time, otherwise
a descent from some of the ridges and the return to camp might have
been rather doubtful, as there would be but an opaque whiteness
around, and at times we might be miles from the camp with many
ridges to cross. In the rainy season these clouds might settle on
the mountain for days, so that collecting would be-no sinecure, if at
all possible. Even as it was, with the clouds settling down in the late
afternoon or evening, as a rule, and not rising till the morning, it was
a difficult matter drying the plants and keeping the papers dry in the
saturated atmosphere. One was obliged to use a fire under the little
tent, with a drying-pan for the press, which meant late sitting up and
constant attention to prevent injury.

Once we had a very unpleasant experience in a thunderstorm of
great violence, the worst I have ever gone through. We had returned
to camp in the late afternoon to prepare specimens and avoid the
clouds which might settle, and were pottering about not very far away,
keeping a watch for insects or anything else that might be about
before dusk, when strong winds seemed suddenly to rise, and heavy
rain came on, with a very dull light, and then terrific lightning and
thunder broke all around, almost blinding and deafening in their
intensity. Luckily we were in the open, and not on any ridge where
the discharges might be taking place, but the thunder-claps were
literally at one’s ears, and they echoed and re-echoed along the winding
gullies in the most astonishingly loud and sharp manner. It was
altogether a real clashing of the elements, and we were more than
glad when it passed away to Kukenaam on the west, receding in the
distance, but leaving behind peculiar echoes in some of the valleys.
The ioud whistling winds in the Bonnetia trees, aid in these re-
sounding valleys, had been at times like some stormy sounds of the
ocean on the shore, especially when combined with pelting rain, and

ITINERARY. )xiil

they had been in fact rather soothing under our shelter: but thunder-
storms of such severity were quite another matter. The soughing of
the winds in the slender Bonnetia branches and their thin tops, with
recurrent echoes, was always a half-surprise when one woke from fitful
sleep at night, as though one heard the distant murmuring of the seas;
and perhaps the closeness of one’s ears to the ground may have added
to the impression.

After getting the only species of bird noticed on the top, and taking
a representative series of photographs, among them the one of the
tree with Jacob in the branches, McConnell had gone down on the
third day for the special effort on the birds below, and in the most
considerate manner had left our personal servant, George, with me.
As a fact, I hardly know how I could have managed without him, for
as the days passed I began to get so stiff in the back and legs from the
constant soaking with the cold moisture and water, and perhaps too
from the chilly waterproof-sheet at night on the moist ground, that I
had to get about with a sort of half-stoop; and George always had
something hot waiting for me, and he would relieve me greatly by
rubbing me over with vaseline and embrocation and warm cloths,
which kept me going. Besides, he was of the greatest use in helping
me to sort out and prepare the miscellaneous material brought in. We
could not always remember all that had previously been collected, so
that the selection took more time as we went on; and he was of much
more service than any of the untrained Indians could have been under
the circumstances.

At last, however, as new material became practically exhausted, I
decided to join McConnell below, where, as I heard through the relays
of Indians who came up, he was getting a very fine set of birds. I
hoped to be able to do some work on the more sunny slopes of
Kukenaam and in the extensive clearing of the provision-fields, and
perhaps in the unexplored gorge between the two mountains.

We all got down safely, many carriers having come up so that the
loads might not be heavy. Suffering as I was with stiffness in the
back and joints, I found the descent a long and laborious task, for
though the path was now well-worn and open, it had become worse by
the traffic over some of the moistest and steepest parts, where it was
the easiest to slide down on the back and side; and I was literally
plastered with mud and the slime of many small plants before [ got
out of the forest-belt. To make it worse, a cold drenching rain began
falling heavily when I was some two miles from the village, chilling me
to the bone during the slow walk over the narrow rocky track: this
was the last straw for me. For more than a week I was nearly helpless
in my hammock, and it was nearly another before I was able to
attempt the return journey. McConnell told me afterwards that he
had made‘all arrangements with Ritchie to have me carried on our
former track south, which though longer was nothing like as difficult
as the: Mazaruni route; and, of course, the Indians were all sure I was
dying, as a penalty for staying so long on the mountain and going
all over it. With the increasing stiffness, I had realised that such
continuous work, under the moist conditions inseparable from it,
would most likely cause me much suffering later, but with limited

lxiv ITINERARY.

time in such a field one is inclined to run risks that would be
inexcusable otherwise. Certainly it did not occur to me that, outside
of my own possible suffering, I might so considerably inconvenience
McConnell and prolong the expedition through helplessness.

In the meantime, McConnell was a centre of activity not only as to
the birds, but also to the plants, which required frequent changing in
the presses and dry warm paper. When the weather was bad, the
cassava baking-slabs in the houses had to serve as driers, with but the
loss of a paper or two occasionally. He was often out with his gun,
and the men were kept busy ranging over the district. From the little
they brought in, we felt sure they spent the time (or most of it) either
at neighbouring villages or sitting down away from observation. They
had been told that rattlesnakes and labarrias, which are the two
commonest of the poisonous snakes of the colony, were often met with
in the grass, and we had been inclined to look on it as an attempt on
the part of the Arrekunas to frighten them, as the elevation seemed
against it. Schoolmaster, however, assured us it was the case, and
McConnell himself had once had a very narrow escape from a labarria
not far above the village. He was walking through the grass on the
slopes carrying his gun on his arm as was almost habitual with him,
when a sudden feeling came over him—as he said afterwards—that a
snake was in the grass poised for striking; and without waiting to
aim, he just dropped the gun to his hand and pulled the trigger. Some
sort of unusual movement in the grass must have struck his glance in
a sort of unconscious way, for there surely lay a good-sized labarria
with the front of the body blown to pieces by the close discharge, and
it had been just where his leg would have been struck by it. As ‘he
wore no leggings and only thin trousers, it probably would have been a
fatal bite. Considering the amount of travel that has been done all
over the colony, it has been on very rare occasions that so close a shave
has been run. Luckily, these reptiles are mostly on the move at night
and quiescent by day in retired spots, so the chances are few that one
would tread either on or very close to them, and even in the latter
case they often remain quite undisturbed, as happened with the bush-
master mentioned by McConnell in the first volume.

The Arrekuna boys of the two villages proved invaluable in getting
the small birds with their short blowpipe and arrows. After McConnell
began paying them with bright three-penny pieces—new ones obtained
specially for the trip—he had no difficulty in getting all the boys into
service, and even the little chap photographed with the breech-loader
in Vol. I. p. xxiv had proved to be quite an expert in that way. The
tiny blowpipe-arrows were not tipped with poison, as in the larger
ones, the blow itself proving sufficient for the smaller birds; and in
the case of the very smallest, such as the humming-birds, they used a
blunt and thicker-headed arrow, by which the bird was only partly
stunned, giving time to run up and secure it. The plumage was thus
not soiled by blood either then or in the skinning, as sometimes may
happen after the most careful plugging of shot-holes. Perhaps Whitely
had left some of these methods as a tradition in the district, and this
was almost certainly the case as to the manner in which the birds were
carried. Instead of being put into the usual hunting-bag of string or

ITINERARY. lxv

basket-work, they were slung through the nostril on the fine string
of a tightly-bent bow, the bow being carried in the hand; and the
plumage was thus not in the slightest degree rutHed.

The boys were so keen it was difficult to get them to come in before
evening, when it was rather late to sort out the sets and settle up.
For the skinning it did not much matter, as in the cool atmosphere
there was no difficulty in keeping them till the next day, though Cozier
would frequently keep at it till late in the night. He quite understood
this was his busy part of the trip. The boys soon found it was to their
advantage to bring in the less common forms, as they got better pay,
and most for those not previously brought in. McConnell would often
remind them of those we did not want, of which enough had already
been prepared, but naturally not always with success, though the boys
were quite content to take them away to be eaten. They were always
eager and interested in looking over the skins, remarking with
animation on individual forms secured in special places; and many
of them just as eagerly watched and tried to imitate Cozier’s work,
occasionally with remarkable success. The collections being incorpo-
rated in this work, no detailed mention of them is necessary: as was
to be expected they were mostly Passerine birds, and many only
obtainable in the Roraima district.

As the houses were safe from any infection, and some of them only
occupied by two or three women, our Indians soon left the cold church
to sleep where they could have a fire under their hammocks at night,
as is the Indian habit. It apparently suited all parties, until one
woman came to tell us that none of the men came to sleep in her
house: she was by no means satisfied with our assurance that it was
the men’s own business. They frequently made bargains for beads,
and I suppose this was the object behind the complaint.

McConnell’s narrative has already mentioned the perfect passion or
mania among the native peoples for church-going. Any person of any
sort of authority, or claiming it, would be quite readily accepted as
parson, especially if he could sing anything or read or pretend to read
from a book: and the people would come to church whenever they
were called or a bell should ring. The bell seems to be the great thing,
however small a hand-bell it may be. And at the gatherings the
people are perfectly decorous. It is a fine survival, in its way, of the
services that used to be held in the former missions on the great
savannahs, and has been kept alive by the visits of the people to the
various missions along the lower parts of the rivers. Within recent
years there have been established branches of various sections of the
different churches in the savannah districts, and the Indians have been
more than satisfied, At Roraima, with the chief Jeremiah as parson,
services were every day in full swing, though we occupied the greater
part of the building.

Many years ago a young deacon of the Church of England had
spent quite a long time at one of the large villages on the Upper Ireng
river, not very far from Roraima, under urgent request from the chief,
who exercised great authority in the district, and people had flocked
thither from all directions, Jeremiah and his villagers among them;
and in the building which he had put up afterwards on his return to

lx vi ITINERARY.

Roraima, he had regularly carried on church. The imitation of the
manner and ceremonial of the parson was so perfect that it was always
like pure comedy to witness it, though it was painful in a way, since
one saw that underlying it all there was real deep feeling, with the
desire to learn and to worship something that could be but a species
of Mumbo-Jumbo in reality to them. Neither Jeremiah nor any
other could read, though they knew by heart many parts of the service
of the Church of England printed in the Akkawoio language, which
the other Carib tribes understand. Many of them could only pick out
some of the capital letters in the book of the services which the chief
had, but they could repeat many of the chants, the collects, and parts
of the prayers and Psalms, and knew exactly where they were in
different parts of the book, pointing to the places, though they repeated
merely from memory, and were quite at sea if dodged about, Some
of the older women spent the day in the church teaching the younger
to learn these parts as “school,” and they would point with a stick,
word by word, as they had seen the teachers do in the mission school-
houses—at times, however, at what had nothing whatever to do with
the words they were repeating.

Lying in my hammock ill, and in no happy frame of mind from
the waste of precious time, so far as the trip was concerned, I was an
unwilling listener and observer through the whole procedure for many
days; and when I was sufficiently recovered as to be able to draw the
letters of the alphabet and the numbers up to 10, after repeated entreaty
from Jeremiah, and to help him and others to learn them—which they
did in surprisingly quick time—I was considerably taken aback in finding
that these also became a part of the church teaching, with loud and fre-
quent repetition. They sang the chants, however, in a remarkably
pleasing manner ; and the whole service was an altogether astonishing
performance, in which the sermon was not the least peculiar, for Jere-
miah was constantly posing, with rapid and emphatic gesticulations,
sometimes with his head rested on his hand on a high desk at which he
stood, or his hands outstretched or raised aloft, his fingers pointing or
clenched, his voice modulated in tone, either subdued and pleading, or
ringing with denunciation. I must confess I sometimes wished that I
was sufliciently familiar with the language to follow what he said, in
which No, yes, good, bad, dead, come, go, to-day, I tell you, do you
understand, God, Jesus Christ—the last especially—tfrequently recurred
in varying tones.

The deacon had evidently been High Church, and Jeremiah’s sepa-
ration of the sexes, and his bowings and bendings before the altar, were
quite a feature. The altar was represented by a small wooden table, on
which were a large dressed doll, a wooden cross, and some bible and
general newspaper illustrations, of which there were others suspended
around. Jeremiah is shown in his parson’s dress in the illustration
opposite p. xxvii, Vol. I. Under an old frock-coat there is a wide band of
white cloth hanging down to the feet; around thé neck a narrow white
band; and over all a large piece of mosquito-net, as a surplice. His
wife appeared for service with a small piece of mosquito netting over
lrer head, causing McConnell at once to dub her as “the Bride.”
Perhaps it was the distinctive dress for the chief schoolmistress and
choir-leader. It was all very comical and yet pitiful.

ITINERARY. xvii

Associating with these native peoples, as on these long expeditions,
but especially in living among them in their native surroundings, one
cannot help becoming very much interested in them. As a rule,
they are quiet, inoffensive, and placid, giving tle impression of being
apathetic, though this is far from being the case, as their interest can
very easily be roused. Their reserve and apparent indifference are
merely the result of long training in tribal habit, in which they are
taught by example to do for, and rely on, themselves, and to mind
their own business—the boys from quite an early age associating with
their father and other men, learning a man’s work, such as fishing and
hunting, and the making and repair of the various articles used, such
as bows, arrows, and boats, together with basket-work, house-building,
and the clearing of forests for provision-fields; the girls as markedly
keeping with their mother and other women, engaged in all the miscel-
laneous work of the home, such as the getting of provisions from, and
the care of, the fields, the preparation and cooking of the food, looking
to the needs of the men and the family in general, the getting of fuel
and water, the making of hammocks, and the spinning of its materials,
etc. The women thus become the labourers and carriers in all routine
work, and on a journey from home are loaded up with all the neces-
saries of home-life, with the babies and tame pets, such as parrots and
even fowls, if the absence be for long—the men marching in front with
their bows and arrows or gun, carrying perhaps their hammock and a
hunting-bag with their few necessaries and ready at a moment’s call to
secure whatever may offer in the way of game, though probably the idea
of protection had a good deal to do with the formation of this apparently
seltish habit of disregarding the heavy loads of the women.

Unaccustomed as the men are to carrying heavy burdens, except
on rare occasions such as a very successful hunt, it is surprising what
weights—anything from fifty to eighty pounds usually—they will carry
quite willingly on a long day’s tramp, and for many days at a stretch,
on a long expedition, though each individual is always ready at the
start to leave the heavier loads to others, unless special rewards have
been ,promised, such as a gun, to the best carriers. Then many will
attempt considerably to overload themselves, asking for additions to an
already heavy load, no doubt partly to attract attention to what is
being taken. On rough difficult tracks, however, such really heavy
weights are a mistake, as even the strongest men are apt to get knocked
out by bruised back or sore feet, and probably fever, causing consider-
able delay and inconvenience, and perhaps worse liability, if it be in an
uninhabited district.

Though very hospitable to travellers and to each other, always offering
food and drink on arrival, they tend to become, through the tribal
habit of mainly concerning themselves about their own affairs, callous
to the difficulties and sufferings of others, except of their own immediate
relatives—though after all one cannot perhaps say that they differ
much in this respect from the members of civilised societies in general.
In the course of much travelling I have been struck by the fact that
they seldom or never offer to lighten loads for their companions, even
when their own have been very largely reduced by the use of supplies ;
and, unless the captain rearranges the baskets, those with their original

Lxvili ITINERARY.

packs do not seem even to expect relief. On one occasion on leaving
camp I had stopped a young carrier whose load seemed excessive, for
an extra bunch of bananas had been added to it, probably by one of
the older men because he was a new carrier of another tribe. On the
approach of two strong men whose packs had visibly been lightened for
supplies, I indicated that they should take the bananas. They pro-
tested, saying their loads were heavy, as they generally will do, even
though they will subsequently add on considerable quantities of sugar-
cane (of which they are particularly fond) for their own use, if they
happen to passa field. As they made no attempt to take the bunch, I
took it down and slung it over my back, when, seeing my intention to
take it myself, they at once unslung it, cut it in two, and sped along
the trail, with some laughing remark. They were willing to do for me
what they had refused for the stranger; and probably, if, in the first
instance, I had simply cut the bunch into two and handed each his half,
they would have taken it at once and gone on in equally good spirit.
It was a lesson in management.

On another occasion, at one of the breakfast-camps on the first
journey, I had missed a lad who carried a collecting-box. On enquiry
I learnt that some of the men had passed him, lying down with fever,
far back on the track. On going back some good distance I came upon
him, still lying down under the shade of a rock, and with hot fever;
and very likely he would have remained there till night had I not
noticed his absence. It was a case of each man minding his own
business, for each had his own load. I tried to convince them that
they should at least have told me when they came into camp (for I had
been well in front) because I wanted all of them to be looked after, and
I did not wish any of them to be left on the trail at night, and perhaps
to be killed by a jaguar, if they were lying down ill. And yet later on
the same journey, while returning, Lloyd had dropped out through
severe pains in the stomach and fever, and had been passed, reclining
on the ground, by several men who made no attempt to inform me.
His non-appearance at the camp by dusk led to enquiry, and my return
along the track with a lantern. Probably they had thought he was
merely resting and would come on later, but after the former experience
I had expected they would at least have asked him it he were ill or
have told me on reaching camp. Their habit of unconcern was too
strong. Luckily on this first journey I had been particularly fit all
through, and was able to do much that would have been ‘out of the
question on the second.

An instance that betrays a more serious defect may be given of the
treatment of a blind girl at one of the large settlements. I had come
upon her by chance near a house where I seldom passed, and was
struck by her uncertain movements, and her pitiably neglected and
dirty condition, which is altogether unusual among these people. I
then found she was blind in both eyes. The lower parts of her body
and her hands were infested with chigoes and her hair with lice; and
she was alone in the house—a delicate and pathetic figure of wretched-
ness. The people gave her food, but that appeared to be all; and no
doubt they were surprised that I should make so much fuss about the
girl being looked after and kept clean. However, they readily did all

ITINERARY. xix

‘I required at the time, but, on going to the house next day, I found
-she had been taken away to some other place, whither I was quite
unable to ascertain. I could not really at heart regret my action, but
I wondered whether perhaps my interference had done more harm than
good for the girl, and might expose her to greater suffering in new
surroundings unfamiliar to her. It was not a pleasant thought, and,
being quite unable to do anything, I realised that it may not be always
wise to interfere in tribal matters, unless one has the power to shoulder
the responsibility. That sad face and figure of suffering, with its gentle
pathetic voice and spirit of loneliness and resignation, has always been
a living memory with me since,

Though they are very undemonstrative in their affection, exhibiting
little or no sign of welcome, or of regret and farewell at parting, there
is yet ordinarily a very real affection between the various members of
a family, seen particularly at times between husband and wife, and
parents and children, but always in a very quiet, unobtrusive way. I
-was once particularly struck, on a trip on the Upper Berbice river, by
the devotion shown by the parents of a sick child that was rapidly
wasting away with consumption, hastened by the attacks at night of

. blood-sueking bats, which nay be very troublesome to men and animals
in certain localities. The parents kept watch night after night to pro-
tect the child, but in their lonely vigil they would at times unintention-
ally doze off, always to find that, however short the interval, the bats
had been at work on some exposed part of the child, the nose, ear, or
chin, if the toes and fingers were covered in the hammock. Unprovided
with nets or any substitute, the situation was a hopeless one from the
beginning, for they were of the forest Indians, living in houses not
enclosed at the sides.

During much travelling on the first journey in the Makushi country,
we had become quite at home, reciprocally so, with the people, who, as
a rule, are as open in their dealings as the plains they inhabit, if they
are handled sympathetically. Reports of us were spread everywhere,
and we were always welcomed, whole parties at times wanting to
accompany us; and on our leaving, baby after baby would be held out
to us to be blown upon three times, a protective proceeding of their
menfolk, especially of the peaimen or medicine-men, as they would be.
This might be regarded as a sign of farewell, but it had no reference to
the mother, only to the welfare of the child ; and, as such, it was an
animistic rite. At first sight, it would appear as a direct blowing away
of the ills and evils that might affect the child, a literal blowing for
good luck : in reality, it seemed to be something deeper, a leaving behind
of the spirit of the blower, as a sort of guardian spirit for the protection
of the child, explicable only by a real comprehension of their type of
animism, with its wide.range of belief in the power and agency of
spirits.

We met with a very different state of things among the people
of the little-visited districts about the upper Kotingsa, which may be
regarded as on the outskirts of the Makushi tribe. Here they fled to
the forest when possible on our approach, and where the houses were
far out on the savannah, they took refuge in their hammocks, or hid
away behind tle various objects in the houses, until their fears of us, as

f

Ixx ITINERARY.

Brazilians or Spaniards, were allayed, when some of the men especially
became exceedingly inquisitive as to all our belongings, working them-
selves into quite a state of excitement. Remembrance is still vivid
among them of the days of seizure for forced labour—and perhaps in
those distant parts such experiences were not merely of the far past.

At Roraima itself the Arrékunas were very friendly and accessible,
probably owing to the visits of travellers at different times; but it may
be that farther west, in their own special country, they may be much
less so with strangers, as is reported of them. ‘Ihey are a ‘thick-set,
Sturdy, vigorous people, and as a strong mountain tribe seem to be
rather dreaded by the others. They are much more painted ordinarily
with dots and stripes of red dye about the face than is customary on
the lower savannahs, and this gives them a rather fierce aspect—an
impression that would be heightened by their abrupt manner, and
deep, rather harsh tones in speaking.

The more open manners of the Makushis are no doubt partly due to
the tribe being spread over a district that has always been a passage-
way between the Brazils and our coast; and they have thus been more
in touch with travellers, traders, and settlers, and missionaries also.
Articles like combs, razors, scissors, and clothes are much more in
common use, as the result of exchange and barter, or even of their own
trading on trips to the coast with hammocks, basket-work, feather-
crowns, and other curios, and a miscellaneous collection of macaws,
parrots, and other tame animals that make their boats a babel of noise
at times. The trimming and combing of the hair give the people quite
a polished appearance as contrasted with the unkempt Kotinga folk.
They are slighter in build than the Arrékunas, which gives them the
appearance of being taller, and many of them are really quite tall,
though McConnell towered above them all; and it was no wonder that
the boys would sometimes slink up behind him with a couple of sticks,
one by which to measure him and the other to mark the height,
scampering away laughing if they were detected or when they had
succeeded.

The features in these Carib tribes are mostly strongly marked, and
in the men especially bold and prominent, much of the aquiline type,
with strongly developed brow-ridges and the temporal region wide.
McConnell took some very good photographs of a selected series, illus-
trating the various types of the Makushis, full face and profile, of both
sexes, young and old; and a greatly enlarged set of them, forming a
fine ethnological study, together with others illustrating the expedition
generally, and the summit of Roraima in particular, was presented by
him to the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, by whom they
were framed and hung in the Museum in Georgetown, where they form
a quite unique collection in the public galleries.

Altogether they are a very willing folk; and from their. tribal
docility easy to get on with: though often, like children, they must be
humoured. Judged superficially they would probably be said to be
taciturn, when in fact they are inclined to be rather garrulous, but
speaking ordinarily in quiet subdued tones to each other in conver-
sation, and at a little distance giving the impression of silence. Liberal
as they are with food and drinks in their houses, they are yet inclined

ITINERARY. xxi

to be greedy and close in bargaining, though over a long and wide
experience one has to make very large exceptions, which shows that
they are much the same as civilised peoples, with the balance of excuse
on their side, considering the conditions under which they live. Grasp-
ing as they may be as regards their simple needs, and when brought in
touch with the various desirable things that appeal to them and would
often make their lives easier, it is yet quite easy for unscrupulous
traders, travellers, and employers to take advantage of their ignorance,
and unfortunately this has often been the case, though it is doubtless
much less possible to-day than formerly, when there was less Govern-
ment supervision.

A very marked characteristic is the absence of any noisy quarrelling
amongst them, a condition resulting from the real recognition and
practice of personal rights under tribal custom. The only instances to
the contrary that ever came under my notice were those oceasionally
brought about by the excessive paiwarri-drinking at their ceremonial
dances, or on the part of those who had been somewhat contaminated by
residence under civilised conditions. These last, too, would be the
ones likely to disregard the rights of property recognised by tribal
custom or law, if it may be so understood; though there are many
communal features as regards many things. Thus while the prepared
food of a house would be private property as regards a newcomer or
passer-by, the roots in the field of cassava would be available freely for
use and preparation for the time being, it being incumbent on the
user to plant new sticks to supply the area reaped. With the
unsophisticated people, our things were always safe, however exposed
they might be in the house, and even in our absence; and though they
would handle and examine them, item after item, quite unreservedly,
and even take them to pass round to others if they were particularly
interested, there was no thought of purloining, except in the minds of
suspicious owners, who would interrupt them under that impression.
In fact, this perfect freedom of access has a very great deal to do with
getting the people in the frame of mind to fall in with one’s wishes.
True, they would be assured that one had supplies of all the various
kinds of barter for payment, whether for work or for supplies of food,
yet they would be much more keen after seeing and handling them ;
nor were they less interested in one’s personal outfit and apparatus,
articles of which were a never-failing source of amusement and wonder,
such for instance as a triple magnifying-lens, a field-glass, or books on
Natural History with coloured plates, especially of familiar objects
like the jaguar or the tapir, ete. To see these, they would often bring
in strangers who had heard of them at quite long distances away.

One special type of appropriation of property— that of the nipples
of the common muzzle-loading guns used by them—may be mentioned
as an example where their principles may seem not to have been quite
proof against temptation, but which on the other hand may be
explainable otherwise. These nipples often wear down badly; and
sometimes a huntsman will bring his gun in such case, asking for a
new nipple (which is always a part of barter carried) that he may go
and shoot meat for you. It is a simple and transparent way of getting
the gun in use again without paying directly for the means, but it is

lxxii ITINERARY.

recognised on both sides that it is paid for, over and over again it may *
be, by game brought in as presents in return for powder, shot,
and caps.

Occasionally, however, a gun is asked for, under the same pretext,
and is kept for some days before return, when one may or may not
notice that an old nipple has replaced the good one. If it has been
noticed, as it always should be by an examination of the gun, the
huntsman’s explanation would be that he found the new gun not to
suit him (as a fact they are finically particular as to various points
about new guns) and he had transferred the nipple so as to use his own
gun, as he had been doing all the time. One would point out of course
that it was a bad way, that he should have brought his gun for a new
nipple; but excuses are always to hand that he was far away or that
he was in a hurry in the early morning, etc., which may be true
enough: and if one has had, and is likely to have, much meat, it is
not expedient to make too much of the incident, even though one may
suspect an attempt at sharp practice, even where the transfer has been
first mentioned by the huntsman. Still it is always advisable to insist
that the nipple be returned to its proper gun, as a clean fit, and to give
a barter nipple for use, which may, or may not, be an equal fit.
Though apparently simple, some of these people are very astute, and
itis advisable to show that one is awake to possibilities.

‘From long tribal training the men are peculiarly good huntsmen and
bushmen; and where they have had opportunities of river work are
equally good boatmen: and for these occupations their services are
eagerly sought after by the employers and managers in the various
industries of the interior. They are also good ranchmen on the cattle
farms of the savannahs; and, being quick in learning, both men and
women are easily trained in many miscellaneous occupations. Consti-
tutionally, however, they are by no means adapted to any heavy
routine, such as continuous agricultural or mining work, though
even in these they could be encouraged to do a great deal, where
pressure is relaxed: for though fond of repose, they are by no means
idle, as their work in many directions indicates. Properly handled and
administered, along the lines of their triba] development, they might
easily become a very useful and important element in the advancement
of the colony, instead of being, as they mainly are at present, a
backward, if not disappearing feature. Sympathy in management and
a rigid exclusion of any approach to exploitation are the essential
requisites, .

It was very noticeable that the people met with on the distant
elevated Kotinga districts, not far from Roraima, were of a much
coarser-looking type, the women especially. ‘They were much shorter
and thicker, more like some of the people of the Arrawak stock on the
coast, though many of the men were fairly tall; yet it was just in these
parts, reaching across to the upper Ireng river, that we came upon
those really artistic attempts in the representation of birds by means
of string, sticks, and corn-cobs, as already described. They were
quite a puzzle to us as regards the reason for their manufacture, nor
were we able, in our short interval at these settlements, to elicit any
explanation. In all the villages the women and children were very

ITINERARY. Ixxiii

numerous, and the men so few that we wondered what had become of
them. All we could ascertain was that they were far away. The
people call themselves mostly by names taken from the rivers close by,
as the Sokorikos from the Soko creek, and the Quating people from
the main river; but the derivation of the name of the Monikos was
not evident. ‘They were all clearly of the Carib stock, for both
the Arrékunas and the Makushis understood them; and In one
widely scattered village, both Monikos and Makushis lived in close
association.

A very marked feature among the people of these little-travelled
upper savannabs, though not at the two villages near the base of
Roraima and Kukenaam, is the smallness of the women’s aprons.
Beads are evidently scarce, for where the queyus consisted of them,
they were either very small, of but three or four inches either way—
contrasting very strongly with the usual very ample proportions of the
others, of about a foot or even more,—or but a mere central pattern in
a cotton fringe. At times the apron was but a small cotton fringe
without beads, of the type of those worn by girls at puberty, though
the latter would be dyed red. One elderly woman wore but a small
pendent rag of cloth from her waist, a mere strip suspended as an
apron, and it looked much as if it had been improvised on our arrival.
The smaller girls were quite nude, except for small necklaces, mainly
of seeds—a quite unusual condition elsewhere. The seed-necklaces of
the women and children were seldom elaborate, or of any great size,
some of the latter even wearing strings of pieces of crockery and
gun-ramrods. The necklaces of the men, on the other hand, were
often very fine, of the teeth of the aguti, the capybara, or peccary,
mostly the last, and occasionally with one or two of those of the
jaguar, or of its claws, or of the claws of the ant-bear, and generally
with long cotton strings, with or without pendants of feathers, seeds,
insect. wings, etc. Supplying the deficiency of bead ornamentation,
however, the women were much decorated with red and blue-black
dyes, in stripes and dots, over the face, hands, and feet, and occasionally
over other parts of the body, especially for the ceremonial dance
occasions—the men at times also being thus decorated, but to a much
less extent, and with additions of white clay. The arnatto trees grew
commonly at the settlements, and sometimes the good-luck tree
(Vhevetia), from the seeds of which are made the common rattles or
shak-shaks, though occasionally they were found made of deer-hoofs.

In these remote districts, the houses are altogether smaller in
every way than those in the more accessible country; and it is
probably due to the greater poverty of the people, who are far from
chances of employment by which they might furnish themselves with
such articles as axes, cutlasses, and large knives, which appear to be
very few in the settlements. Considering the number of the people,
the houses are also few, and they are thus very much crowded. If the
observed scarcity of men in proportion to women is due to a normal
deficiency, this no doubt will help to explain the conditions. Where
the houses in the open savannahs are far from the sources of supply
for timber and thatch, this is likely also to reduce the size and number
of houses, especially if the number of men is a limited one; and the

Ixxiv ITINERARY.

greater exposure to driving wind and rain tends also in the same
direction.

As a variation from the usual type of houses with conical roof, there
were seen occasional instances of horizontal tops, and there were also
subsidiary houses that were thatched to the ground, though these were
usually found as temporary structures in good hunting districts or
by provision-fields, where they would be only occasionally occupied.
The thatch in such positions was always of a rougher character,
both in its material and construction, clearly indicating its temporary
purpose.

As furniture, instead of the elaborately carved benches met with in
the larger, thriving settlements, and which have been cut from a solid
block of wood, and finished off at the ends with the representation of
the head of an animal, such as the tortoise, ant-eater, or armadillo,
those in these houses were mostly of a very simple type, being merely a
roughly cut piece of wood, or a smooth root-stump, with three prongs
as legs. Both are equally suitable in raising the body above the
ground, and thus preventing the attacks of chigoes on the more
sensitive parts, though there are no lower pieces for the feet as in the
better constructed articles. They are chiefly used by the women
during their various duties, the men usually sitting in their hammocks
during their lighter occupations, such as making and trimming bows,
arrows, and other articles.

The baking-slabs for the preparation of cassava bread, farine, and
parched corn may be a thick plate of sandstone, or a concave structure
of white clay built up on large flat stones, the spaces between being
closed by smaller stones and clay. They are often quite large, about
two feet or more in diameter. Very common objects also are the fish-
traps and hand-nets used in catching the small fishes of these upper
regions. The smaller streams or nearly dried out channels of the
larger rivers are dammed back with stones, sticks, bushes, and grass
for the purpose; and the result is more easily attained when bruised
* bushes, possessing narcotic properties, are thrown into the water, the
partially drugged fishes coming to the surface where they are secured
with the hand-net. In the waters of the lowland country, where fish
is very abundant, there are many methods in use for catching large
numbers by means of pounded or bruised plants of the same nature.

As already indicated by the supplies at the various villages, the
provisions commonly grown are cassava, yam, sweet potato, maize,
banana, plantain, pumpkin, papaw peppers, and sugar-cane, individual
kinds being more or less prevalent in certain localities. Maize is grown
in very large quantities in some parts, and is stored in the cob in the
upper part of the houses, where it is protected from insect attack
by the constant atmosphere of smoke. The parched corn is pounded
or ground, and is either boiled and eaten, or is made into drinks, alone
or mixed with sweet potato or yam. Sometimes one sees pine-apples
(not the wild one which is so common in some places), tannias
(Caladium), and melons; and on one occasion I was very surprised
to find that ground-nuts (Arachis) were being grown.

In travelling over these great stretches of country, from the lowlands
upwards one cannot but be struck by their adaptability for general

ITINERARY. Ixxv

agriculture and the support of quite a large population. The fine
quality of the various products indicates the nature of the soil; and
though in some cases they have been grown in lands just cleared and
brought under cultivation, yet in others they had been obtained where
many other crops had been produced: and this is noteworthy con-
sidering the very primitive methods in use by the people, and what
might be done by advanced methods and suitable appliances. True,
large areas are quite unsuited for agriculture; and this is more
especially the case with the Brazilian territory, west of the Upper
Ireng and Kotinga rivers, which includes the south-eastern districts of
Roraima by which travellers reach the mountain. The British
territory to the north and east is mostly wooded, showing its
possibilities; and where savannahs occur much of them would be
available for grazing, as in the eastern Ireng lands occupied by
Mr. Menzies for a cattle-ranch. If these elevated tracts were opened
out, there would be opportunities for products characteristic of the more
temperate climes, with the great benefits of healthier conditions in
such hill-stations, as compared with the lowlying swampy ‘coast.
There can hardly be any doubt, from what is already ascertained, that
considerable mineral wealth also lies stored away in these regions,
awaiting exploration ; and in the case of the diamond, which has been
found broadcast in the eastern and southern districts below the
great escarpments of the sandstone plateau, and in disintegrated
fragments of that formation, there is every reason for believing that
research will some day lay bare many hidden sources of supply, if not
indeed some original ‘ chimneys” of its formation.

By the end of October I was able to tell McConnell I thought I could
manage the journey. He was anxious to get back, and the Indians
were restless after the long stay. I had been the unfortunate log
blocking the path. Little by little I had been training myself, at first
by getting in and out of the hammock and up and down the steps of the
house, more and more quickly, and then by ranging around the village
as fast as possible, and up and down the rocks and slopes, farther and
farther afield. The long tramp would be very different, especially those
terrible ascents and descents after two or three days, with streams to
be gone through, and perhaps ‘much of it in rain; but it had to be
done, and that was all to be said.

Schoolmaster assured us there was a track round the western part of
Roraima by Kukenaam, across the savannahs to the Kako,.that was
much shorter and easier than the route by which we had come. While
this would have been welcome news at the start, if we had had a guide,
it was of no use now. Our woodskins were nearly at the head of the
Aruparu; besides we had supplies awaiting us at the villages, and
the half-day camps would now just suit me, taking the whole day-to the
half-journey.

The loads were quickly arranged—among them some fine clumps of
Cattleya Lawrenceana, the rare and beautiful Roraima orchid which
grows to such perfection in the moist gorges and for which so many
collectors had already made the journey. Schoolmaster’s people had
prepared large supplies for us; and there was some also from the
village, though Jeremiah had not been in favour with McConnell

Ixxvi ITINERARY.

through his extortionate demands, which he seemed to regard as
excusable because, as he reminded McConnell, we had camped in his
church. Schoolmaster was going to Georgetown with us to be paid off
for all the things his people had supplied during our long stay. It had
been a very convenient arrangement for us, leaving our barter for
eventualities, and a good one for the chief also as he had never been
to town. He and his goods would go to the Rupununi with Ritchie
in the return boats, and his people would meet him at our old
camp at Kwaimatta, where he and his party had been so ill while
waiting for us on the first journey. We had been so trusted,
McConnell was especially careful in all the arrangements for him and
his things.

It is unnecessary to say much of the return journey to the
Kurubung Creek, which we all reached safely. The walk to the
Aruparu had been a very severe trial to me through weakness, and it
was with the greatest relief that the tramp was ended and the wood-
skins reached. At the mouth of the creek we found such a splendidly
exposed bank from the low water that we gladly made a very early
camp to have a good drying of all our things. The picturesque scene
was photographed by McConnell from the opposite bank; facing
p- xx, Vol. I., an illustration is given, where the woodskins are seen in
the foreground, and the drying of plant papers and the changing of
plants in the presses are in process farther back. From the Kako,
Lanceman travelled with us on his way to the gold-mining camp on the
Mazaruni to change the silver into barter.

At the camp on the Kurubung we had an extremely unpleasant
surprise. Pembroke and Adam had not only finished all the food put
aside to last them till our return, but had broached cargo; and about
half of the food for the return journey to Bartika had disappeared.
True, we had exceeded our estimate of time through the extra days on
both journeys and during my illness, but it was not merely a case of
extra food for two men in that time, which would have made not very
much difference. It appeared that many people had passed through
the camp, and even stopped there; and the men had always cooked a
large quantity of food to supply them, probably with the object of
conciliating the strangers, of whom tley would be somewhat afraid.
Ench blamed the other, and it might seem a case of the pot calling the
kettle black; but McConnell knew Pembroke well, and it was out of
the question that the Indian could have influenced him in any way.
As it happened also, when we had reached the camp early, the big
pot was on the fire being tended by Pembroke, and it was full of rice
with salt fish and pork for breakfast, and enough for several people.
McConnell already had cause against him for malingering, but that was
as nothing in comparison: and Pembroke had a bad time of it when he
was called up.

The predicament was really a very serious one, for we had returned,
with ,practically nothing in the way of food, expecting to find full
supplies. The only thing to be done was to go at once on half-
rations—which is very short commons for men in hard work—and to
speed up the return as much as possible, starting as early as light
would allow and camping later than usual. We therefore wasted no

ITINERARY. Ixxvii

time, but got our things into the boats as quickly as possible, and
hastened to drop down the creek.

There was just the chance we might be able to get a bag or two of
rice at the gold-mining camp farther up the river—for it is always the
cereals that make the difference. On the other hand, we should have
lost a day if the attempt failed ; though probably we might be able to
get sufficient to make up a day’s supply even considering that the camp
was so far away from supplies and was under Government regulations
as to the food of the labourers. Anyhow we decided to make the
attempt; and as I knew the manager I started off with a very full
crew in the boat, which had been discharged for the purpose. As it
turned out, they also were running short, and were daily expecting the
proprietor himself in the relief boats with three months’ supplies and a
fresh batch of labourers. We should meet him on the open river, in a
day or two most likely, and could then procure what we needed. To
make it worse at the camp, their ground-provisions had failed, owing to
the very exceptional dry weather of the last three months—a state of
things that seemed to be general along the river, where the Indians
were supplementing their cassava with grated mora seeds mixed in
before baking, and making a by no means pleasant addition.

We therefore dropped down the river feeling secure that we would
meet the boats before passing over the unobstructed course. Even with
little current in the low water, however, we had already rounded
Teboco and passed through the rapids, in which there is a clear view
across, before we came upon them just near camping time—with a
much greater relief than can well be expressed, for in the long series
of falls below there was every possibility that we might pass them in a
different channel without being aware of it. It was an extra pleasure
tosee Mr. Barnard, the proprietor, himself with them ; and he explained
that they had been delayed several days beyond their normal time
owing to the very low state of the river. We were by no means loth
to dine with him that night, the more so that he had fresh meat and
fish, which his huntsmen had obtained while the boats were struggling
with the falls; and our men enjoyed the first square meal they had
had since getting to the Kurubung camp.

With the explanation of our plight we felt our troubles and anxiety
over, for Barnard most kindly offered all the assistance required ; but
as we were already so far down, McConnell only accepted a bag of rice,
knowing the difficulties of the food-supplies in these far distant parts.
As it happened, we were considerably delayed by the low water, and it
must have been a common thought to all of us, though unexpressed,
that it was a pity a second bag had not been taken, for it was with
very tightened belts and sharp desire that we at last reached the land
of plenty at Bartika. What it would have been like if we had missed
Barnard among the falls, none of us cared to contemplate—sufficient
for the day was the evil thereof.

It only remains to add in a few lines that for any traveller to
Roraima to-day, the problem is a very different one, presenting but few
of the earlier difficulties. By the Potaro route, there is a steamer
available to a point on the Upper Demerara river from which a short
railway runs to a station on the Essequibo river, above the first set of

g

lxxviii ITINERARY.

falls—a journey of one day. Here there is a comfortable hotel with
every accommodation. From this station a launch runs, in another
day’s journey, to the Poturo river below the great cataract at Tumatumari.
Here there is another convenient rest-house. Above this there are
facilities available by boat and road for an easy journey of three or
four days to a point below the Great Kaieteur Falls. The portage of
baggage to the top of the plateau being accomplished, the coast people
can be sent back if arrangements had been made for Indians from
above, which could no doubt be done through a Scotch ranch-holder,
Mr. John Menzies, who lives some three or four days’ journey in
towards the mountains from the falls. .At his ranch fresh milk and
probably butter would afford a pleasant change, with fresh meat; and at
some little cost, a good supply of beef could most likely be arranged for
both in going and returning. From this point onwards the journey
would be a fairly direct one of a few days, with carriers already
arranged for with Mr. Menzies, who is sure to be in touch with all the
people in the district.

The Hon. Cecil Clementi, C.M.G., the Government Secretary of
British Guiana, and Mrs. Clementi, have recently travelled over the
track in search of a site which might be suitable for the much
desired hill station for residents in the colony. They extended their
journey to the top of Mt. Roraima, which, to say the least of it, isan
exceedingly fine feat for a lady. ;

But Roraima calls for more than mere visits, however interesting
these may be in themselves. As I have indicated, there are rich
harvests to be reaped from exhaustive biological research, which
necessarily pre-supposes a sufliciency of time and means. With long
experience and first-hand knowledge of the district personally, I have
been desirous for many years to risk everything in a two years’
exploration to complete our work; but means have been lacking. ‘The
tricky and extortionate Jeremiah is now no more, and the most
influential person in the neighbourhood is the chief, Schoolmaster,
whom we always found to be considerate and trustworthy. The way
therefore lies clearly open. Who will tread it ?

JOHN J. QUELCH.

LIST OF THE COLOURED PLATES.

eat FULVESCENS. Fig. 2 ere
HYLOPEZUS MACULARIA MACCONNELLI. Fig. 1 ......

Il. BeRLEpscHIaA RIKERI

Cotowra LEUCONOTUS. Fig. Lowe cece cee eee eee

TIL :
PLacostoMUS SATUBATUS. Fig. 2 we. cece eee eee eee

IV. Saealadaen JOSEPHINE. Fig. 2... ee.
Neorivo nELENE. Fig. 1

PLANESTICUS FREDERICKI. Fig. 1 .

ARTHURT, DIB 2) cccscesssnecainicess aries &

VL MYI0BORUS CASTANEICAPILLUS. Fig. 1 .............02005
BASILEUTERUS BORAIME. Fig. 2 oe. eeee eee ee

VII. Duycanuta DUNCANI, d and Q we ere eee eee
VUL | emene MAJOR. Fig. 3 woe. eeeeee eee eee prereset eres
HEMITHRAUPIS RORAIMEZ. Figs. 1,2 ....c..ccce

IX. PrmanGa MACCONNELLI, ¢ and Q uu... cce cece eee eee
X. PSEVDOAGELEUS IMTHURNI 0.2.0.0... cee ee eee nee cen eee eee

g2

Fig.
. Head and tail of Conopohaga aurita aurita—to show the form

18.

19.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

of the bill and the short tail in comparison with the length
OF the feet .....ccceccecssceecnececeeeeeeeeesea nee cee eee cee cne sae cneene

. Head and tail of Obryéhnpie torquata anthoides—to show the

form of the bill and the long tail, which reaches ache the
feet .

. Head oad Foot of Preudoooanphiie andlancgester—to err

the long and compressed bill and the long leg and toes ......

. Head of Cymbilaimus lineatus—to show the el esa of

the bill

. Head, wing, and tail of Fe as aa ee shaw ‘the

short bill and the formation of the wing and tail ............

. Head of Frederichena viridis—to show the short and stout

Gill, nyseeeeseeleentas canes

- Head of Taraba najor—ta “ilhastewte the slinina of the ‘Bill.

. Head of Thamnophilus doliatus—to show the crest ........

. Head of see aa canadensis—to show the icon anes
crest z sveceeese

. Head of ewes pinot cee to show ‘the ‘sual bill. easiest

. Head and tail of Dysithamnus guttulatus—to illustrate the

small but sharply hooked bill, the absence of a crest, and
the nearly square tail . ash

. Head of Thamnomanes cunita te shee ‘ther wpe ae aieat of the

bill and the numerous rictal bristles ...........-

. Head and tail of Myrmotherula niger ‘Mlastroite: “the

shape of the bill and the form of the tail ..

. Head of Rhopias gularis—to show the spotted ‘broat ae Staten
. A figure of Myrmopagis axillaris—to show the elongated

flank- plumes

. Head and tail of Murniankite pee alae diss ‘hoe and

slender bill, black throat, and rounded tail ..............0000005

. Head of Poliolema cinereiventris—to illustrate the shape of

the bill and the colour of the throat ‘
Head of Her psilochmus pileatus—to show the piopartionately
long bill, which is hooked at the tip

Tail of Formicivora grisea—to show the rounded anid pralunted
formation

Page

xxxli LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig.

20.
21,

22.

23.

42.

. Head of Furnarius rufus—to show ‘ihre Aaa a the Kalk
. Head of Lochmias nematura—to show the shape of the bill .

. Head of Philydor atricapillus—to show the form of the bill

-Head of Terenura maculata—to show the shape of the bill ...

Head of Rhamphocenus melanurus—to show the a abi form
of the bill ddwdenite

Head and tail of nana oi pas at hii ies rictal
bristles and graduated tail .

Head of Manikup albifr ce Mustiate the: Suascobta
feathers on the throat and fore part of head

. Head of weed hc onal show the bare space sean the

eye

. Head and ‘al of. Myrmom nis torquata—to shoe the @ long | bill

.. and short.tail ..

' Head of Barchostild: eusfrons Ae show the ‘east we

. Head of Sclateria nevia—to show the long and slender bill or
. Head of Myrmoderus lonyipes—to illustrate the long bill ......
. Head of rg elise cantator—to show the upper of

the head .

. Head of Mienchonua leucophrys—shown ‘from bore sto) ‘lus.

trate the short rictal bristles’.

. Crown of head of Dichropogon pacilonota—to show the dlendler

bill

. Tail and feet of Hypocnemoides melanopagon—to show dite

* short tail .

. Head of Siistomyemconia nance —¥ ‘slow ‘tte depressed, or

flattened bill

34. Head of Phlegopsis nigromaculata—to show the ‘bord epee

round the eye ........

. Head of Formicarius ie a ee show ‘thee cucenin Tage and

slender eye .......

. Head and foot of Cihvemann Srewtnuutle Ae iow the shane bill

and the scutellated tarsus

. Head, tail, and foot of Grallaria varia—to show the stout bill,

short tail, and. long tarsus .........

. Head and foot of Hylopezus peveniell inte — te stow he eye

ring, form of the hill, foot, and toes

. Head of Grallaricula flavirostris—to show the form of the

hill and the rictal bristles ..........

Head and tail of Sclerurus umbretta—to show the long bill
and rounded tail .

. Head of Bhallanty rigieteila— 40. Sane tas Sipe, of “the

bill

. Head of Automolus leucophthalmus—to show the shape of

the bill

Page
41

43

for] for} lor) oc aca
a ler) Or oO Ooo Re

wT
i)

102

. 106

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. lxxxili

Fig. Paco

46. Head and tail of Xenops asia illustrate the” oe: of
.. the bill and tail . . 103

AT. Hed and tail of Gln orkovadh us ‘Aibietiae- tp: hog: the oxi
of the bill and the peculiar-shaped tail-feathers .. saeaae LLL

48. Head and tail of Dendrocinela turdina—to show the. logked
bill and the shape of the tail . pekais . 115

49. Head and tail of Sittasomus s jleisiine—to. idhowe the ‘Five
.. of the bill and shape of the tail-feathers ............ . 118

50. Head of Dendrocinclopa guianensis—to show the ens and
HOOKER: UL cease tonsennnre sets cies taededauas teeereereade tes eae 119

51. Head of Thripobrotus fusews—to show the slender and com-
. pressed DU pec osacd.ueiky dice sence igaus udecsteeiaeeves sed wy casgingst's 125

52. Head and tail of Campylorhamphus procurvus—to show the
_ sickle-shaped bill and the formation of the tail .............4 129

. Head of Dendrocolaptes certhia—to show the form of the bill. 151
. Head of Mecocerculus setophagoides—to show the small

muscicapine bl ccccs sens evices isms guvenssnae uve subtebsesioes ane neasae 134.

. Head of Ochthornis littoralis—to show the upper aspect of the

eo rT add hues chunk te one nU etch keane har meaieh ania auacaniale 135

. Head of Fluvicola chimazura—to show the upper aspect of the

bull and rictal bristles, scwssccve cisssiecs venues da reeadncee scsadaswa tee 137

. Wing of Arundinicola leucocephala—to show the wing

Pormula:. cer cssveiaesuaninneadnane ces aowaps ands vateneh anaes ae seu les ete 139

. Head of Placostomus superciliaris—to show the upper

_ aspect of the bill, nostrils, and rictal bristles ...............06 143

. Head of Craspedoprion equinoctialis—to show the upper

aspect of the bill, nostrils, and rictal bristles -................+- 147

. Head of Rhynchocyclus flaviventris—to show the apbee aspect

of the bill, nostrils, and rictal bristles ......... . 149

. Head of Ramphotrigon ruficauda—to show Pies upper paepent a

the bill, nostrils, and rictal bristles .....0..... cee cee eee ese eee eee 152

. Head of Todirostrum cinerewm—to show the upper aspect of

the head, bill, nostrils, and rictal bristles ...... 0.0... c.cc0e cesses 154

. Head of Huscarthmus nidipendulus—to show the upper aspect

of the bill, nostrils, and rictal bristles

. Head of Microcochlearius josephine—to show the upper aspect

of the bill, nostrils, and rictal bristles ................ccceceeeuee 159

. Figure of Perissotriccus ecaudatus miserabilis—to show its

small size, short tail, upper aspect of bill, nostrils, and rictal
DELSGLES oii va sit iatat cic eos aca Neltarn. dhe pub oaeaeanrawaucmeNeeareavee ase 160

. Wing of Atalotriceus pilaris—to show the wing formula ...... 162
. Wing of Colopterya galeata—to show the wing formula ...... 163
. Head of Hapalocercus meloryphus—to show the upper aspect

of the bill and rictal bristles ............cccceecceceeecececcueeceeee 164

). Head of Habura pectoralis—to show the wpper aspect of the

bill, nostrils, and rictal bristles .........00. ccc cca cccacceecseceeecs 166

Ixxxiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig. Page

70. Head of Serpophaga subcristata—to show the upper aspect of
the bill, nostrils, and rictal bristles 2........ cc. ee ceeeee eee ee eens 167

» 71, Wing of Pipromorpha oleaginea—to show the aca of the
.. primaries to recurve at the tips .......... . 170

72. Head of Leptopogon ae ee how: fe upper aspect
of the head, bill, and rictal bristles ........ . 173

73. Head of Capsiempis ‘flaveola—to show he crown ae ‘the
. head, bill, nostrils, and rictal bristles .......... .. 174

74. Head of Phyllomyias brevirostris—to show the. upper = aspect
of the bill, nostrils, and rictal bristles ........ wae L176
75. Head of Pheomyias incompta—to show the flatienedl ‘pil, Benen 177
76. Head of Ornithion inerme—to illustrate the shape of the bill . 178

77. Head of Tyrannulus elatus—to show the upper ee of the
bill, position of nostrils, and rictal bristles ......... . 181

78. Head of Tyranniscus nigripillus—to show the upper aspect 0 at
the bill, position of nostrils, and rictal bristles ....... . 182
79. Head of Elania pagana—to show the crest .............0000008. 185

80. A section of the under side of the wing of Elainopsis gaimar ni

—to show the spine at the base of the first primary ......... 192

. Head of Legatus albicollis—to show the upper aspect of the

bill, position of nostrils, and rictal bristles ................0008 194

. Head of Myiozetetes cayennensis—to show the upper aspect of

the bill, partially covered nostrils, and rictal bristles ......... 196

. Head of Pitangus sulphuratus—to illustrate the shape of the

bill and the black bristles on the fore-part of the head ...... 199

. Head of Myiodynastes maculatus—to show the upper aspect

of the bill, the bristles, and the covered nostrils ............ 205

. Head of Megarhynchus pitangua—to show the upper aspect of

the bill, the position of the nostrils, which are covered, and
the rictal bristles ........... Sea ten .. 209

. Head of Onychorhynchus doraniauie—ta sito ‘the “pest,

flattened bill, and highly-developed rictal bristles... agen W2dd

. Wing of Hirundinea seer show the fomnation of

the wing . . 218

. Head of JL fyiobius Barbatinen ts algae. ihe upper mapect of the

bill, position of nostrils, and rictal bristles .......00.....0 cece 214

. Head of Pyrocephalus rubineus—to show the somewhat

flattened bill, nostrils, and rictal bristles ....................0... 219

. Head of Empidochanes fuscatus—to show the depressed bill,

which 1s sharply hooked, and rictal bristles 0.0... 0.000. 000.0000. 221

. Head of Horizopus virens—to show the upper aspect of the

bill, position of nostrils, and rictal bristles ...............00.044 223

. Head of Blacicus andinus—to show the form of the bill,

position of nostrils, and rictal bristles ......... . 225

. Head of Myiarchus ferox—to show the upper aepent e: the bill,

position of nostrils, and rictal bristles

100.
101.
102.
108.
104.

105.

106.

107.

108.

109.

110.

111.
112.

118.
114.
115.
116.
117,

118.

119.

UIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Ixxxv

Page

. Head of Empidonomus varius—to show the sharply hooked

bill and the rictal bristles ........... . 230

5. Wing of Tyrannus tyrannus—to sions fhe Pomenton a ‘the

wing and the incised tips of the outer primaries ............... 233

. Wing of Muscivora tyrannus—to show the incisions on the

three outer primary-quills .............. .. 236

. Head of act i cao shove the a anid fous

of the bill ...... +» 239

. Section of outer panna quill ae ‘Om runes \Runngbrccwento

show the hooked barbs on the outer web ........ccsecee eee eee eee 239

. Head of Pipra aureola—to show the upper aspect of tho bill,

position of the nostrils, and rictal bristles ......... . 241
Head of Chloropipo uniformis—to show the shape at the Bin, 249
Head of Piprites pileatus—to show the bill and rictal bristles. 251
Head of Ceratopipra cornuta—to show the divided crest ...... om
Head of Xenopipo atronitens—to show the form of the bill ..

Head of Chiroxiphia pareola—to show the bill and a

V-shaped patch on the top of the head .. sige ... 256
Wings and tail of Corapipra gutturalis—to aoe the 1 narrow
primary-quills wo... eee a. 258
Wing of Chiromacheris panies aoe fhe narrow pind
curved primaries .......... ... 260
Wing of ane cayana—to ehow “the init ‘second
primary -...... sida . 266
Wing of Plslananrts mior—t0 shaw the shot aca pacdli
form of the second primary ..... . 269
Wing of Pachyrhamphus gr iseigularis—to show ite aborting
and incised tip of second primary ....... . 271
Head of Lathria cinerea—to show the hooked Dill, ‘eowored
nostrils, and rictal bristles . saws . 277

Head of Laniocerca hypopyr rae shaw fhe ane of fhe bill. 281
Tarsus and foot of Lipangus simplex—to show the serrations

on the back of the tarsus ....... . 282
Head of Attila spadiceus sad aoe to os fhe hae sly

hooked bill and rictal bristles 0.0.0.0... .c0ceeseeesesee eee eee eee ees 284
Wing of Phenicocercus carnifex—to show the nen form

of the fourth primary .. waegeiy 290
Wing of Rupicola piepivota— te show thas wing = formals apa 292

Head of Euchlornis riefferi—to show the bill which is hooked
at the tip and depressed at the base and the nostrils, which are
partially covered . ere .. 296

Wing of Cotinga portape—te lows (he: apehubbed primaries . 298

Wing of Xipholena punicea—to show the formation of the
Major upper wing-coverts ...... cece cee eee eee cee ete cee anette eeeees 301

Head of Lodopleura pipra—to show the shape of the bill...... 808

Ixxxvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig. Page
120. Head of Hematoderus militaris—to show the form of the |
bill, the covered nostrils, and the disintegrated crest ......... B06
121. Head of Querula tel am show the shape of the bill
‘ and the covered nostrils .......... . 307
122. Head of Pyroderus jentaia—t0, sie: shies shape pe ie bill and
the partially hidden nostrils .......... . 809
123. Head of Cephalopterus ornatus—to Piety the or snepattefibal ‘ats
--of feathers on the crown -of the -head and. the oe
lappet on the throat ......... sie . 311
124. Head of Calvifrons ie eee dow the aro ead ssmbsneeenen 312
125. Head of Gymnoderus foctidus—to show the black velvety
feathers-on the head and the bare spaces on the sides of the
HOGI se caasinsist awe ‘ a. B14
126. Head of Pe ocnias eundbarha—to show he string like swattles
_ on the chin and throat... 00... ccc cccceccee eee see ees cnecteccnesecneues 316
127. Head and primary-quills of Vavasouria alba—to show the
wattle on the forehead and the ane ee aan
at the tip .. paghanienes . ares etait . 319
128. Tail of Riwavts penta allie is < allatoat ene nisceipar gine 823
129. Tail of Tachycineta albiventris—to show the ae under tail-
coverts ......... -- B25 °
130. Tail of Hirundo enythrogester—to shia Hie long 0 oe ed
feathers. ' sieaecee O2T
131. Tail of Popes mii fastens a Fo tata, tieiteseivests 329
132. Tail of Atticora fasciata—to show its formation... 344
138. ‘Tail of Stelgidopterx equalis—to illustrate its formation...... 349
134, A section of the outer primary of a ae
. .Show the serrations on the outer web.. . 849
135. Head of Polioptila innotata—to show fhe upper aopaah of he
. bill, position of nostrils, and.rictal bristles ...........0...c0.00. 351
136. Head of Heleodytes grisews—to show the form of the bill ... 353
137. Head of Thryophilus albipectus—to illustrate the formation
of theshead and “bull: eo.ci.y ccc .2dsaatesia vines snvscoentiadvayany aovuees B54
188. Head of Cistothorus alticola—to illustrate the short bill ...... 358
139. Head of Troglodytes clarus—to show the long bill... ........... 859
140. Wings and tail of Hentcorhina leucosticta—to show the
length of the tail in comparison to the wing..........00....006 363
141.-Head of Leucolepis arada—to show the peculiar formation of
MOS aM c25 psc paisa scl antay ged aniatae Sacto Momae cds ve aaa gu sue dens 365
142. Wings and tail of Microcerculus bambla—to show the ‘length
of the wings in comparison with the tail. .......00.....cceeccs ese 368
143. Head of Mimus gilvus—to illustrate the shape of the bill...... 371
144. Head of Donacobius pie alanis show the form of the
bill and nostrils ....... . 873
145, Head of Platycichla cterincsdloa te Aap illuste ae ihe age .

the bill and nostrils ......... 0.0... ccecceccccevececcccevuucececercesecs 375

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Ixxxvii

Page

. Head of Cichlopsis gularis—to show the shape of the bill ... 377
. Head of Planesticus as Se illustrate the ee of the

bill wewsvas estes x . 878

. Head of Vijlocieila Jidcaweus—46 how ihe: ort of he hil, 387
. Head of Vireo calidris—to show the slender and hooked bill . 390
. Head of Pachysyloia abel mn show the form of the

bi | stoic. , . 394

. Head of Vir reolanlne Chloragaster—to ahew: the markings 0 on

the sides of the face.. ike . 899

. Head of Cyclarhis gujonensio—to hy fhe aoe ‘stout, “and

hooked bill ............... .... 400

3. Head of Capita! Jaren ts iow the ‘pointed bil., sNoas 402
. Head of Dendraca estiva—to show the pointed bill............ 403
. Head of Seiurus noveboracensis—to show the characters on

the: sidé: OF CHE Tae? ivscccsesocacsceee scan ve naowading sqamelene ok Kurgan v8 407

. Head of Geothlypis Ee show the form of the

bill and nostrils ......... . 409

. Head of Granatellus pelie—te Mastrate Fhe: shape oe the

DIM edetss cise nos tolaestonsgecrase waaeashy ame uastanancdesiondenmosyceg. 410

. Head of Setophaga ruticilla—to show the form of the bill and

nostrils . ‘ .. 411

. Head of Donors @hapionsie—to. hae dhe ‘elendut ‘en

pointed bill sie acsaccansaws dor avewveniones sat avenviavegeacer nee vamsigasie 419

. Head of Cyanocompsa rothschildi—to show the stout and

pointed bill . nas .. 421

. Head of Ovgeobores ernncivoubrie—to. show the hort, hiv

bill, and the position of the nostrils ........... . 423

. Head of Pyrrhulagra portoricensis—to show the ae wf ‘the

bill. sevice eeeces isis . 426

3. Head of Sorenidla iiitelrana—to chow tie a of the bill 427
. Head of Microphila castaneiventris—to show the small bill

with its‘straight culmen........... iiss . 436

. Head of Tiaris pheaphile to shore the fornt af the pill sees 441
. Head of Volatinia splendens—to show the compar ape long

and pointed bill ............. . 443

-. Head of Pitylus rosstea 30 Minsteatar the: fora ae the bill and

covered nostrils ......... 7 . 444

. Head of Periporphyrus auiticopelae=An See ‘the ee of

the bill and the more or less exposed nostrils ..........:.eeeeee 446

- Head of Caryothraustes canadensis—to show the short bill

and exposed nostrils.............44 . 448

. Head of Saltator cayanus-—to show ‘the: fonnation. of ‘the

bul: asses si . 450

. Head of Stcalis Havel ts chai the shee er thre ‘bill. ae utma 453

. Head of Spiza americana—to show the form of the bill and
the marks on the side of the face 0.0.0... eee eee eee eee eee ees 458

Ixxxvill LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,

Fig.

173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.

180.

181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.

187.

Page
Head of Myiospiza humeralis—to show the shape of the bill

and the position of the nostrils ............ccecceseeseeeeeseeeeenes 459
Head of Brachyspiza macconnelli—to show the propor.

tionately long and pointed bill .............. .. 461
Head of Emberizoides sphenurus—to chow ‘thie, form sf itis

bill and the hair-like bristles in front of the eye ............... 463
Head of Coryphospingus cucullatus—to show the slender and

pointed bill and the crest ............4. wee 465
Head of Coccopsis gularis—to show the sounewhas low Will,

which is somewhat depressed at the base ...............cccseeeee 466
Head of Arremon taciturnus—to show the conical and ee

bill and the markings on the face .......... .. 469
Head of Atlapetes personatus—to show dia petted a

somewhat compressed bill .............. . 471
Head of Correba guianensis—to show the huey pote! ant

slightly curved bill and the white line along the side of the

crown ....... . 472
Head of Dace eayena—to ‘slow ths ‘an ok the ‘bill and

position of the nostrils............ .. 476
Head of Cyanerpes suaneue te illustrate the shape a ihe: bill

and position of the nostrils.......... . 480
Head of Chlorophanes inize—to aves “the ‘form of ‘tha ‘bill and

position of the nostrils ......... ... 485
Head of Tersina eecidontalle—fa aioe the upper aspect of

the bill and nostrils .. padeenit ... 487
Head of Citoraphonia ‘caine es “show the ‘anal aud

pointed bill . oie ... 489
Head of Dinagrs sintdoen— to show iki bill, saihiha is depressed

laterally at the base and notched at the tip .. ee ... 490
Head of Lanagrella velia—to show the Jomidy talk long gad

slender bill .............. . 502

. Head of Tangara paradisea—to show eS forall “and, pointed

bulk. eeccsnssceun . 508

9. Head of 7, en giteiaria—to shaw the Seem: af the Bill , . 514
. Head of Ramphocelus carbo—to show the lower mandible ... 518
. Head of Cyanicterus acclaim show the form of the

Bill eects veces . 527

. Head of Lanio falene te show he ‘peculiar ahspe: of the bill . 529
. This figure has been placed here by mistake—see Addenda

and Corrigenda ......... wigesiecrvate OOL

. Head of Hucometis ‘penailinta ta chan the a lisuneasasts, OT
. Head of Mitrospingus oleagineus—to show the form of the

bill and the shape and position of the nostrils .................. 538

Head of Nemosia pileata—to show the proportionately large
bill

LIS! OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Ixxxix

Page

. Head of Lamprospiza charmesi—to illustrate the form of the

Dill Sostrss ca ctnale’ piadideaasiveg tac slend oz seemed Ge eign Mata tetnnaeny wie e ts 543

. Head of Cissopsis leveriana—to show the form of the bill ... 545
9. Head of Schistochlamys atra—to show the shape of the bill... 546
0. Head of Ostenops decumanus—to show the form of the bill,

position of the nostrils, and the coronal crest ......... . 548

. Head of Cacieus cela—to illustrate the form of thie bil,

position of the nostrils, and the small coronal crest ............ 55-4

. Head and neck of Cassidix oryzivora—to show the flattened

culmen, position of — and the saaeeid feathers on
the sides of the neck ....... . 559

. Head and tail of Dolichonyx ‘orpuioria—4a Biow the shape

of the bill and nostrils and the tail-feathers, which are incised
at the tips on the inner webs .......... . 561

. Head of Molothrus dont 40: aoe bls ce 3 the bill

and the position of the nostrils ............ccccse eee eee eee cee eee ere 563

. Head of Chrysomus icterocephalus—to show the ons of the

bill and the position of the nostrils .,........ . 565

. Head of Leistes militaris—to show the shape: we the bill and

position of the nostrils ........ . 568

. Head of Sturnella magna pralioaln= 0 iTlogtmate ihe, shape of

the bill, with its flattened culmen, and position of the
nostrils 571

. Head of Gymnemystaxr mexicanus—to show the form of the

bill, position of the nostrils, and the bare face .. ‘ . 574

. Head of Leterus xanthornus—to show the slings ee the pill

and position of the nostrils.. ese . 575

. Head and tail of Milnioar ‘chrysocephalus—to hoe ‘the

long and attenuated bill, pee of the nostrils, and the
rounded and graduated tail. E78

. Head of Huopsar srotonatue—to dIiuetvate the Souza fe the bill,

position of nostrils, and the long and lanceolated feathers on
the throat and fore-neck ...........c..eccccesceesceceneseeescecensee 581

. Head of Lampropsar guianensis—to show the shape of the bill,

position of the nostrils, and the velvet-like tuft of feathers
behind the nostrils ............ . 583

. Head of Hologuiscalus lugubris—to ce the ona ie the bill

and the shape and position of the nostrils.. es . 584

. Head of Cyanocoraz cayanus—to show the dhape a tha ‘bill,

position of the nostrils, and the stiffened feathers on the
fore-part of the head ........... .

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family Conoporuacip2 .

Conopophaga Vieill...........
aurita aurita (Gmel.) ....

Corythopis Sund. .........065
torquata anthoides (I’wch.) .

[Pseudoconophaga Chubb
melanogaster (Menetr.)'..

Family FormicaRup2% ..

Cymbilaimus Gray ..........
lineatus (Leach) ........
{Mackenziena Chubb ........
‘leachi (Such)]°.......05-
Frederickena Chubb..........
viridis (Vieill.)........4.
Taraba Less.........065 cee
semifasciata (Cab.)......
Thamnophalus (Vieill.) ......
-doliatus (Zann). 0.060.065
Sakesphorus Chubb ..........
canadensis (Linn.) ......
Erionotus Cad. & Hein. ......
punctatus (Shaw) ........
‘amazonicus (Selater) ....
insignis (Salv. § Godm.) ..
Dysithamnus Cab. ..,.......
spodionotus Salv,. § Godin. .
miurinus (Sel. § Salv.)....
saturninus Pelz........+4-
Thamnomanes Cab...........
glaucus Cab. ..... cea
Myrmotherula Sel. ..........
‘ pygmea (Gimel.)

_ -gurinamensis (Gimel.) ....
Rhopias Cab. §& Hein. ........
gutturalis (Sel. § Salv.) ..
Myrmopagis Ridgw. ........
axillaris (Vieill.) ........
Myrmophila Cab. § Hein ....
vavasouri Chubb .......,
behni Berl. & Leverk. ....
Poliolema Chubb............
cinereiventris Sci. & Salv. .
-guttata (Vieill.) 1.0.0...
Herpsilochmus Cad.......,...
sticturus Salv. ..... vee
roraime Lellm...,

ay

Pag
Order PASSERIFORMES .

Formicivora Swains.
grisea (Jodd.) .....4.-..
Terenura Cab. & Hein.,...+...
spodioptila Sel. § Sulu.
Rhamphoceeuus Vieedd.
albiventris Sci. ..........
Cercomacra Scl.
cinerascens

immaculata

tyrannina saturatior Chubd,
Manikup Desmn..........+000.
albitrons (Linn.) ........
Anoplops Cab. § Hein. ......
rufigula (Bodd.)
Myrniornis Herm.

torquata torquata (Lodd.) .

Perenostola Cub. & Hein. ....
rutiifrons (Gmel.) ........
Sclateria Oberh. oo... e eee
neeyia (Gmel.) oe. ..e0e,
leucostigma (Pelz.) ......
saturata (Salv.)......6044
Myrmoderus (2idgw.) .......-
longipes (Swains.) ......
ferrugineus (Miill.) ......
atrothorax (Bodd.) ......
Hypocnemis Cab.............
cantator (Bodd.) ........
Myrmoborus Cab. § Hein. ....
angustirostris (Cad.)......
Dichropogon Chubb.. ........
poecilonota (Cab.)........
Hypocnemoides Bangs &
Penard vsccsscceveces
melanopogon (S¢l.) ......
Stictomyrmornis Chubb ......
neovius (Gmel.) oe... cee
Phlegopsis Zteichenb. ....,...
erythroptera Gould ......
Formicarius Bodd. ..........
colma Bodd. ..........5+
crissalis (Cab.) ..........
Chameza Vig. ...........04-
fulvescens Salv. § Godm...
Grallaria Viet, oo... le.
regulus roraimee Chubb ..
varia (Bodd.) ..........
brevicauda (Bodd.) ......
simplex Salv, § Godm.

xeil SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Hylopezus Ridgw. ........0. 84
macniariamacconnelli Chub) 84
Grallaricula Sel. ......2. 00 ee 6
nana kukenamensis Chubb. 86

Family Furwarup/ .... 87

Furnarius Vieill, ....... 0.0 87
leucopus leucopus Seains.. 87
Lochmias Swains.........00+- 89
nematuracastanonotaChubb 89
Sclerurus Swains......5. weeee 90
caudacutus ( Vieill.) ..... 91
rufigularis Pelz.........06 92
mexicanus macconnelli
RIOD s iccs 6a eae 92
Family Synatnaxipm .. 93
Synallaxis .......... ieee 93
poliophrys Caé........ one 94
macconnelli Chubb ...... 95
albigularis josephinee Chubb 96
guianensis (Gmel.) ...... 97
cinnamomea (Gmel.) .... 98
adusta Salv. §& Godm. .... 100
Berlepschia Ridgw. .....0..06 101
rikeri (Ridgw.) .......... 101
Automolus Reichenb. ........ 102

turdinus macconnelli Chubb 103
albigularis(Salv. § Godm.). 104

cervicalis (Sel.) .......... 105
Philydor Spiv .............. 106
pyrrhodes (Cad.) ........ 107
erythrocercus guianensis :
ChUDD ceca vecccnevens 107
Family XENoPIDZ ...... 108
Nenops Tllig.. cc. cccecveeevee 109
genibarbis Ili... ...... 109
Family Denprocotarripms 111
Glypherhynchus Wied. ...... 111
cuneatus simillimus Hart. &
.. Goods. ..... sibloiele-aaiaie 112
Dendrocincla Gray .......04. 114
fuliginosa ( Vieill.)........ 116
merula (Zicht.) .......... 116
Sittasomus Swains. .......... 117
amazonus Lafr. ........ 118
Dendrocinclopa Chubb........ 119
longicauda guianensis
Chau series tacen geass seas 120
Xiphorhynchus Swains. ...... 120
sororius Berl. § Hart..... 121
pardalotus ( Vieill.) ...... 122

polystictus (Salv. § Godm.) 128

Page

Dendroplex Swazns........... 124
picus (Gmel.).... 0.6.0 eee 124
Thipobrotus Cab. ..... 06.000 126
puucticeps (Sel. § Salv.) .. 126
albolineatus (Liafr.)...... 127

Campylorhamphus Bertoni.... 128
procurvoides (Lafi.) .... 180

Dendrocolaptes Herm......... 131
plagosus Salv. § Godm. ., 181
certhia (Bodd.)........++ 132
Family Tyrannipm .... 133

Mecocerculus Scl.......00.00% 134
setophagoides (Bonap.) .. 134

Ochthornis Sel........0.00005 135
littoralis (Pelz.) ......+. 136

Fluvicola Swains........0.205 137
pica (Bodd.) ......e.ee0> 137

Arundinicola @Ord..........+ 139
leucocephala (Linn.) 140

Colonia J. B. Gray ....e.eeee 141
leuconotus (Lafr.) .....- 142

Placostomus Ridgw. ....... . 148
griseiceps (Salv.) ........ 143
insularis (Allen) ........ 144

saturatus Salv. § Godm. .. 145
gumia Bangs § Penard .. 146
Craspedoprion Hart. ........ 147
guianensis McConnell .... 148
Rhynchocyclus Cab. § Hein... 149
sulphurascens examinatus

ChUDD . o6 a ven va scae vs . 149
poliocephalus inquisitor
CHADD... cise a acee eatieieas 150
ffaviventris gloriosus Chubb 151
Ramphotrigon Bonap......... 152
ruficauda (Spir) .....+.. 153
Todirostrum Less. ......+... 154
cinereum (Linn.) ....... . 154
pictum Selv. ..........65 156
maculatum (Desm.)...... 157
Euscarthmus Wied........... 158

russatus Salv. & Godm. .. 158

Microcochlearius Chubb ..... . 159
josephine (Chubb) ..... . 160
Perissotriccus Oberh. ........ 160
miserabilis Chubd........ 161
Atalotriccus Ridgw........... 162
griseiceps whitelyanus
CRUBD. oo eee ee 162
Calopteryx Ridgw .........06 163
galeatus macconnelli
(Chubb) oo... eee ee eee 163
Hapalocereus Cub. ........4. 164
striaticeps Salv. ........ 165
Habrura Cab. & Hein. oo... 24. 166

brevipennis Berl. § Hart,, 166

SYSTEMATIC INDEX,

Page

Serpophaga Gould. ......... . 167
caudata (Salv.) 6.6.65. .- 168
helense Chubb .......085 169
Pipromorpha Bonap. ......+. 170

oleagineamacconnelliChubd 170
oleaginea roraime Chubb . 172

Leptopogon Cab. .......0.005 173
‘amaurocephalus Cab. .... 173
Capsiempis Cub. § Hein. .... 174
flaveola (Licht.) ........ 175

Phyllomyias Cab. & Hein. .... 176
eriseiceps (Sel. & Salv.) .. 176

Pheomyias Berl. ............ 176
incompta (Cab. & dein.) .. 177
Ornithion Hartl. .........065 178

inerme Haritl,
pusillum Cab. § Hein..... 180
Tyrannulus Vieill. ......... . 181
elatus (Lath.)
Tyranniscus Cab. §& Hein. ,...
gracillipes Sci. §& Salv..... 183
acer Salv. & Godm. ..... , 183
Flenea Sund. .....0. ec ee eee 185
paganamacconnelli Chubb 186

pagana olivina Salv. &
GOdits sass cia eee se 187
pagana ruficeps Pelz, ..., 188

cristata whitelyi Chubb .., 189°

cristata parvirostris Pelz... 190

(brevirostris Tsch.] ...... 192
Elainopsis Ridgw..... Ronen 192
guianensis Berl, ........ 192
Legatus Scl. oo... eee e cece 194
albicollis successor Chubb . 194
Myiozetetes Sel. ..........5. 196
cayennensis (Linn.) ...... 196
sulphureus (Spiz)........ 198
Pitangus Swans. ......6-.0++ 199
sulphuratus (Linn.) .,.. 199
lictor (Licht.).........086 203
parvus Pelz. .......6.005 204
Myiodynastes Bonap. ........ 205

maculatus (P. L. 8. Miiil.) . 206
solitarius duncani Chubdb,, 208

Megarhynchus Thunb......... 209
pitangua (Linn.) ........ 209
Onychorhynchus Fisch. .....2 211
coronatus (P. Z. S. Miill.) . 212
Hirundinea d' Orb. § Lafr. .... 213
ferruginea (Gmel.) ...... 213
Myiobius Gray....... eeetin 214
barbatus (Gmel.) ......0. 215

roraime Salv. & Godm. ..
fasciatus (P, LZ. S. Miill.),. 217
erythrurus Cab...,...,.., 218
Pyrocephalus Gould
saturatus Berl. § Hart... 219

Empidochanes Bee aivedsas aie
cabanisi (Léot.)......604.
salvini Sel,

Horizopus Oberh. .....+.+00+ .
ardesiacus (Laf?.)....... .

Blacicus. Cab.
andinus (Tacz.).....0++ me

Myiarchus Cab. .....s.eseee
tyrannulus (P, 8. L. Mill.)
ferox (Gmel.) .......05 .
pheonotus Salv. & Godm.
[pelzelni Berl.]........4+
nigriceps Scl. .......00

Em pidonomus Cad. & Hein, ..
varius parvirostris Chubb .

Tyrannus Lacép. ....eeeseee F
tyrannus (Linn.) ...++6. '
satrapa (Cad.) .....+005 F

Muscivora Lacép........66 san

tyrannus (Linn.) ....4.-.

xclll

Page
221
221
222
223
224.
225
225»
226

227

228

229

229

230

230

231

233

Family OxyRUNCIDZ..., 239
Oxyruncus Temm., ......++.. 239
hypoglaucus Sal. § Godm. 240
Family PIPRIDE ........ 241
Pipra Linn. ....cccereeseees 241
aureola (Linn.) ......005- 242
erythrocephala (Linn.).... 245
leucocilla (Zinn.) ......6- 246
suavissima Salv. § Godm... 247
virescens Pelz........- .. 248
Chloropipo Cab. § Hein....... 249
uniformis Sav. § Godm... 250
Piprites Cab.... css ceeeceees 251
_ehlorion (Cab.).......04. 251
Ceratopipra Bonap. .......0+5 252
cornuta (Spiz) ........6. 253
iracunda (Salv. § Godi.).. 254
Xenopipo Cab. wo. cscs ee ee ees 255
atronitens Cab........... 255
Chiroxipha Cab. we ..e cree eee 256
pareola (Zinn.).......00% 256
Corapipo Bonap. ........ sees 258
gutturalis (Zinn.) ....,. 259
Chiromachewris Cab........... 260
manacus (Linn.) ......05 261
Neopipo Sel. § Salv........46- 262
helene McConnell ...... 262
Scotothorus Oberh. ..... cee es 263
olivaceus Ridgw. ......65 264
Neopelma Sel. ....... Sooo 264
-chrysocephala Pelz. ...... 265
Family CoTInGip2...... 266
Tityra Viel... cc cece e eee 266.
cayana (Linn.) ....-+5 .» 267

h

xciv SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

: Page
Platypsaris Scel........... o.. 269
minor (Less.) oe cea eee . 269
Pachyrhamphus Gray........ 271
griseogularis Salv. & Godm, 272
rufus (Bodd.)........005 » 278
macconnelli Chubb ...... 274
atricapillus (Merrem) .... 275
Lathria Swains. ..ccsec ce nee 277
cinerea ( Vierll.)......6.- 278
streptophora Salv. & Godm. 280
Laniocerca Less. ......45 ... 281
_ hypyrrha (Vietll.).......5 281
Lipangus Bote ............ «. 282
simplex (Licht.) ......65 283
Attila Less. wc ccc cceeeeeeee 284

spadiceus spadiceus(Gmel.) 285
spadiceus uropygialis( Cab.) 286
spadiceus _ spodiostethus

— Salv.§& Godm. ....-.4. 288
thamnophiloides (Spzr) .. 289
Pheenicocercus Swins. ...... 290
carnifex (Zinn.) ........ 291
Rupicola Briss. ......... 00 292
rupicola (Linn.) ...... .. 298
Euchlornis de Fil, .......... 296
whitelyi(Salv. § Godm.).. 296
Cotinga Briss. vc ec cece eee es 298
cotinga (Linn) .......6.. 299
cayana (Linn.) ......660. 300
Xipholena Gloger...........4- 301
punicea (Pall.) .........: 802
Todopleura Less... ........005. 803
leucopygia Salv. ........ 304
fusea (Viewl.) ........6. 805
Tlwmatoderus Bonap. ........ 306
militaris (Lath.) ......., 306
Querula Vieill. ... eee eee 307
purpurata (P. L. 8. Miill.) 308
Pyroderus Gray .... serene 309
orenocensis afr. ......45 310
Cephalopterus Geoffr....... « 310
ornatus Geoffr. .......06s 310
Calvifrons Daud. ..........., 312
calvus (Gmel.) .......... 313
Gymnoderus Geoffr........-.. 314
foétidus (Zinn.).......... 315
Proenias Iilig. ..... cece ee eee 316
carnobarha (Less.) ...... 317
Vavasouria Chubb .......... 319
alba (Herm.)........0005 320
Family Hinunpinipa .. 323
Riparia Foster ............ .. 823
riparia (Linn.) .......... 823
Tachycineta Cab.........+... 825
albiventris (Bodd.) ...... 325
Hirundo Zinn oo. cee ees 327
erythrogaster Bodd....... 327

Page

Progne Boie .....eeeeeeseees 329
subis (Linn.).....0- eens 330

- chalybea (Gmel.) ......65 331
tapera (Linn.) ....066 «1. 342
Atticora Bote ...... cece eee 344
fasciata (Gmel.) ........ 845
melanoleuca ( Wied.)...... 346
cyanoleuca (Vieill.) ...... 347
fucata roraime Chubb .... 343
Stelgidopteryx Baird ........ 349
equalis Bangs ........66 350
Family Muscicarip@.,.. 351
Polioptila Sel. i.e... eee ees 351
innotata Hellm. ........ 352
Family Trociopytipaz ,, 353
Heleodytes Cab.: .........005 353
griseus (Swains.) ........ 358
Thryophilus Baird ......... . 854
albipectus (Cab.) ......6. 355
Pheugopedius Cub, .......05. 356
griseigula (Lawr.) ...... 356
Cistothorus Cab. ........+6 +. 308
. alticola Salv. & Godm..... 3858
Troglodytes Vieill, .......0.. 359
clurus Berl. § Hart. .... 360
rufulus Cab... 0... cee 362
Henicorhina Sel. & Salv. ...... 868
leucosticta (Cab.)........ 363
Leucolepis Reichenb. ........ 365
arada (Herm.) ........4. 365
Microcerculus Baird.......... 368
bambla (Bodd.) ......., 369
ustulatus Salv. § Godm. ., 370
Family Mimip ......., 871
Mimus Bore ........ seieveas OFL
gilvus (Vieill.) ....... oe. 371
Donacobius Swains........ sa. 873
atricapillus (Linn.) ...... 373
Family Turpipm........ 875
Vlatycichla Baird... .....008. 375
venezuelensis Sharpe ..,. 376
Cichlépsis Cab. 6.0.0.6... e ce 377
gularis Salv. § Godm..... 377
Planesticus Bonap. ........4. 378
leucops(Tacz.) 2... ...605 379

roraime: Salv. § Godu, ., 380
fredericki Chubd
fumigatus abariensis Chubb 382
albiventer (Spitz) ........ 382
gymnophthalmus (Cad.) .. 383
murinus (Salvin)
arthuri Chubb ......0.., 385
pheopygus (Cud.)........ 386

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xcv

Page

Hylocichla Baird ............ 387
fuscescens (Stephens) .... 388
alicitwe (Baird) .....0..8. 388
ustulata (Nuttall). ..-.... 389
Family Vinronipa. ..., 890
Vireo Vierl. ci cccwseukeesnes 890
calidris (Lim.) ......6006 391
olivaceus (Linn,) ......66 392
roraime Chubb .......... 393
Pachysylvia Bonap........... 394

griseiventris Berl, §& Hart. 394
thoracicus abariensis Chubb 395
musicapina (Sel. § Salv.).. 896
sclateri (Salv. § Godm.) ., 397

luteifrons (Scl.) ......04.. 398
Vireolanius Du Bus ........ 399
chlorigaster Bonap. ...... 399
Cyclarhis Swains............. 400
gujanensis (Gmel.) ...... 401
Family Mntorintipa .... 402
Compsothlypis Cab........... 402
elegans (Todd) .......... 402
Dendreeca Gray..........55 «. 403
vestiva (Gicl.) ......0006 404
breviunguis (Sper) ....., 405
Seiurus Swains. ............ 407
noveboracensis (Gmel.),.., 407
Geothlypis Cab. ..........4, 409
zquiuoctialis (Gmel.) ..., 409
Granatellus Bonap. .......... 410
pelzelni Sc... 22... 0.00. 4i0
Setophaga Swains, .......... 41]
ruticilla Linn.) ........ 412
Myioborus Baird ............ 413

pallidiventris (Chapm.) .. 414
castaneicapillus Cab. ..., 415

Basileuterus Cab.............. 416
roraime Sharpe ........ 416
olivascens Chapm. ...... 417
mesoleucus Sch. ........ 418

Family Moracttuipa.... 419

Notiocorys Baird........... : 419
abariensis Chubb ........ 420
Family FRINGILLIDZ weee 421

Cyanocompsa Cab, ........4. 42)
rothschildi (Bartl.) ...... 421

Oryzoborus Cab. ..........., 423
brevirostris Berl, ........ 423
crassirostiis (Gmel.) ...... 425

Pyrrhulagra Bonap. .......... 426

propinqua (Lawr.)

Page

Sporophila Cab. 1... ses ceee 427
intermedia Cab. 1.6.4... 428
longipennis Chubb ...... 429
whiteleyana (Sharpe) .... 480
americana (Gmel.) ...... 431
bouvronides (Less.) ...... 482
lineola (Linn.) ....+.+++ 433
gutturalis roraimxe Chubb . 435
Microphila Chubb ..... 0.0.00. 436
castaneiventris (Cub.) .... 486
minuta (Linn.) ... eee eee 438
Duncanula Chubb oo. .cce renee 440
duncani Chubb ...eeceees 440
Tiaris Swains. 11... eee eeee 441
pheeoptila (Salv. § Gudm.) 442
Volatinia Retchend. .....-..6- 443,
splendens Vieill, ......65 443
Pitylus Cw. oe. cc cee cece eens 444
grossus (Linn.) .....+.60. 445
Periporphyrus Bonap......... 446
erythromelas (Gmel.) .... 446
Caryethraustes Bonap. ...... 448
canadensis (Zinn) ...... 448
Saltator Viedll. .. cc... ccc eee 450
cayanus (Bodd.) ........ 450
olivascens Cad, .......+.. 452
Sicalis Bote so... ...e eee 2 453
flaveola (Zimn.) ..... 00006 454
minor Cab... ..... cee 455
roraime (Chubb) ......6 557
Spiza Bonap.. .icceccscveees 458
americana (Gmel.) ...... 458
Myospiza Ridgw ........ cee 459
humeralis ( Bose.) ...... .. 460
Brachyspiza Ridgw........0.. 461
macconnelli Sharpe ...... 461
Emberizoides Yemm. ........ 463
sphenurus (Vierll.) ...... 463

Coryphospingus Cad. ...... . 465

eucullatus (P. Z. S. Miill.) 465
Coccopsis Reinchend, ......., 466
gularis (Zinn.) ........., 467
Arremon Vieille... ccc cece 469
taciturnus (Herm.) ....., 469
Atlapetes Wagl. ... .....0., 471
personatus (Cud.) ........ 471
Family Cerrupipz....., 472
Coereba Vieill. 00... 0.0.0 .08e 472
guianensis(Cab.) ........ 473
Diglossa Wagl. ... 0.0... eee 474
major Cab... 6c eee ee . 476.
Dacnis Ca. . 02... cece eee 476.
cayana (Lint.) ......000e 476
angelica Bouap........005 478

bicolor (Fieill.) .....+..., 479

xevi SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

Cyanerpes Oberh. .........655 480:
cyaneus (Linn.)......2005 480
ceruleus (Linn.) ....000 483
Chlorophanes Reichenb. ...... 485
splza (Linn.) oo... ee. cee 485
Family Tersinipa..... . 487
Tersina Vieill. 20... eee e eee 487
occidentalis (Scl.)........ 487
Family TanGaripa...... 489
Chlorophonia Bonap. .......- 489
roraime Salv. § Godm. .. 489
Tanagta Linn, .....c cere eee 490
cayennensis Gel. ......... . 492

cyanocephala (Vieil/.) .... 498
xauthogaster (Sundev.) .. 494

finschi (Sel. § Salv.)..... . 495
chlorotica Limm.......... , 496
minuta (Cab.) ......... . 497
violacea (Zinn.) ........ 498

_ plumbea (Du Bus) ...... 500
Tanagrella Swains, .7........ 502
velia (Lim.) ...6.-. cea ee 502
Tangara Brise, ......... sees 503
paradisea (Swadns.) ...... 504
Punctata (Linn) ........ 505
xanthogastra (Scl.) ....., 506
guttata (Cab.) ........6. 507
cayana (Linn.) vecseesee. 508
gyrola (Linn.) .....e.00. 510
mexicana (Linn.) ......- 611

nigrocincta (Bonap.) ..., 512
whitelyi (Salv. & Godm.)., 513

Thraupis Bote ........... vee O14
episcopus (Linn.) ........ 514
melanoptera (Scl.) ...... 516

Ramphoccelus Desm, ........ 518
carbo (Pall.) .........005 519

Piranga Vieill. ....... 0. cca 521
rubra (Zinn)... ei ee eas 522
hemalea Salv. § Godm. .. 523
macconnelli Chubb ...... 524
ardens (Tsch.) ...... “ee. 525

Cyanicterus Bonap. .........- 527
cyanicterus View. ...... 527

Lanio Vieill. oo... 6.0 cece 529
fulvus (Bodd.) ........4. 529

Tachyphonus Vieill. .......... 531
rufus (Bodd.) .......... 532
phoeniceus Swains, ...... 633
luctuosus Lafr. § d’Orb.., 584
surinamus (Linn.)........ 535
intercedens Berl. ........ 536

Page

Eucometis Sel. ..... eevee 537
penicillata (Spa) ......4- 638
Mitrospingus Ridgw. ........ 538
oleagineus (Salv.) ......-- 539
Nemosia Vieill......0cseeeeee 540
pileata (Bodd.) .......++5 540
Hemithraupis Cab. ......065 - 541
hellmayri Berl. ........4. 542
roraime Hellm. ........ 542
Lamprospiza Cab........0.065 543
charmesi Penard .......+ 544
Cissopis Viedl. ..... cece eens 545
leveriana (Gmel.) ....+... 545
Schistochlamys Reichend. .... 546
atra (Gmel.) ..ecereeres . 547
Family IcrERIpDz ...... 548
Ostinops Cab, ssccese cece 548
decumauus (Pall.) ...... 549
viridis (P. LZ. S. Mill.) ., 552
Cacicus Daud. .......00055 .» O04
cela(Linn.) ...s.eeeee .. 554
heemorrhous (Linn.)....+ . 557
Cassidx Lese. ......0-eceeee 559
-oryzivora (Gmel.) ......06 559
Dolichonyx Siwains. ......+4++ 561
oryzivorus (Linn.) ...++- 561
Molothrus Swains. .... ...+ . 563
atronitens Cab........06- 563
Chrysomus Swiins, ......+066 565
icterocephalus (Zinn.) .... 565
Pseudoageleeus Ridgw.......++ 567
imthurni (Sel.) . 6.6... 066 567
Leistes Swains. ...c. creer eens 568
militaris (Zinn.) ...-.... 569
Sturnella Vieid. 0.0... ..00 571
magna praticola Chubd .. 572
magna monticola Chubb .. 573
Gymnomystax Reichenb....... 574
mexicanus (Linn.) ...... 575
Teterus Briss...... ccs cece eee 575
xanthornus (Gmel.) ......- 576
Melanopsar Cass. ..........45 578
chrysocephalus (Zinn.) .. 578
Euopsar Cass. vo... cee ceca 581
croconotus (Wagl.) ..... . 582
Lampropsar Cab. ............ 583
- guianensis Cab........... 583
Holoquiscalus Cass........... 584
lugubris (Swains.)........ 584
Family Cornvipm@........ 586
Cyanocorax Bote ............ 586
cayanus (Linn.).......... 587

hyacinthinus Cab......... 588

BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

oy,

Order PASSERIFORMES.
Family CONOPOPHAGIDA.

Tats family is characterized by the broad, depressed, and
Muscicapine bill, and further distinguished in having four
notches in the posterior margin of the sternum.

It consists of three genera and about fifteen species, all of which
are confined to the continent of South America—from Colombia,
Venezuela, and Guiana on the North to South-east Brazil,
Paraguay, and Bolivia in the South, two of the genera and two
of the species being represented in British Guiana.

Genus CONOPOPHAGA Vieill.
Conopophaga Vieillot, Anal. nouv. Orn. p. 39, 1816. Type C. aurita
(Gmel.).

Myagrus Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 973, for Turdus auritus Lath., isa synonym
of the present genus.

Fig. 1—Conopophaga a. aurita.

The members of this genus are distinguished chiefly by their
VOL. IL B

2 BIBDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

wide and depressed, or flattened bills and short tails, which are
only a little longer than the tarsus.

350. Conopophaga aurita aurita.
CHESTNUT-BELLIED GNAT-EATER,
Turdus auritus Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 827, 1789 (Cayenne).
Conopophaga aurita Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 330 (part), 1890
(Cayenne); Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 184, no. 1839
(part), 1912 (Guiana).

Adult male. General colour above golden brown with dark
edges to the feathers of the back; upper wing-coverts more
rufous-brown than the back, with pale edges to the feathers like
the innermost secondaries; bastard-wing and _ primary-coverts
dark brown; quills brown, rufous-brown on the outer edges and
pale margins to the inner webs ; tail-feathers brown; crown of

*head and nape deep chestnut-brown; a broad patch of silky-
white feathers on the sides of the hinder crown and nape; base of
forehead, lores, a line above the eye, entire sides of face, and
throat deep black ; breast bright chestnut ; middle of abdomen,
under wing-coverts, and under tail-coverts white; sides of the
bedy and flanks greyish brown.

Total length 109 mm., culmen 17, wing 72, tail 29, tarsus 27.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male chiefly in the absence
of the black on the throai, sides of face, base of forehead, and a
line above the eye, which is replaced by grey at the base of the
forehead, rufous on the sides of the face, and white on the thioat
tinged with rufous. Wing 68 mm.

The male and female described were collected on the Ituribisi
River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. lturibisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Abary River, Great Falls Demerara
River (McConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Gmelin) ; Surinam (Penard).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Although this species was originally described from Cayenne it
has not been previously recorded in the Colony of British
Guiana.

CORYTHOPIS. 3

Genus CORYTHOPIS Sund.

Oorythopis Sundevall, K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1835, p. 93. Type C. calca-
rata (Wied).

Fig. 2.—Corythopis t. anthoides.

This genus is distinguished by the longer, thinner, and narrower
bill and the longer tail, which is about double the length of the
tarsus. It differs entirely, too, in coloration, having the appear-
ance of Dendranthus indicus, which is an aberrant Wagtail. It
may not be referable, therefore, to the Conopophagide.

351. Corythopis torquata anthoides.
AMAZONIAN RINGED GNAT-EATER.

Muscicapa anthoides Pucher. Arch. du Mus. Paris, vii. p. 384, 1855
(Cayenne).

Corythopis anthoides Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 480 (Bartica Grove, Cama-
cusa, Merumé Mts., River Atapurau, Roraima, 3500 ft.) ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 335, 1890 (Takutu River).

Corythopis torquata anthowdes Berlepsch, Nov. Zool. xv. p. 164, 1908
(Cayenne).

Corythopis anthoides Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 186, no. 1852
(part), 1912.

Adult. General colour above brown with an olive tinge on the
back, wings, and tail; inner webs of primary and secondary quills
dark brown ; head somewhat darker than the back; throat white

Ba

4 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

with an irregular band of black across the fore-neck and breast,
the black extendin g more or less on to the feathers on the sides of
the body ; sides of body brown; remainder of the under surface
white tinged with buff; under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts
dark brown.

Total length 123 mm., culmen 16, wing 65, tail 51, tarsus 25.

The bird from which the description is taken was collected on
the Ituribisi River:

Breeding- season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nore. Genus PseupoconoporHaca Chubb.
Pseudoconopophaga Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) ii. 1918, July 1,
p. 122.

‘ Fig. 3.—Pseudoconopophaga melanogaster.

This genus, which is founded on P. melanogaster (Menetvr.), is
distinguished from Conopophaga, based on C. aurita (Gmel.), by
its long and narrow bill, the long tarsi and toes, the larger size,
and different coloration.

CORYTHOPIS.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Bartica, Bonasika
River, Abary River, Makauria River, Arawai River (McConnell
collection), Roraima, Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa, Takutu

River, Kamarang River ( Whitely).
Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Pucheran)
Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.
Muscicapa delalandi Less. Traité d’Orn. p. 392, 1830, was

synonymised with Corythopis calcarata Wied, by Dr. Selater in

the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, xv. p. 335.

It has priority over that species. Pucheran in the Archiv. Mus.

Paris, vii. p. 374, 1855, made this determination, and Ménégaux

& Hellmayr (Bull. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, 1905, p. 377) have

confirmed it, though the description does not agree at all well.

They continued Wied’s name, however, but Lesson’s must be used.

They also give the locality as Rio de Janeiro from the label on the

; Venezuela.

specimen.

Corythopis nigrocincta Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 13, 1837
(Prov. Chiquitosensi, Bolivia) ; Mag. de Zool., Ois. 1831-38 ;
d’Orb. Voy. S. Amer., Aves, p. 187, pl. vi. fig. 2, is obviously
the same bird as C. delalandi. It was placed as a footnote
by the late Dr. P. L. Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 335, with
the following remark :—“I only know this bird from the de-
scription and figure of d’Orbigny. It is probably not different
from C. anthoides.” Ménégaux & Hellmayr had already come
to this conclusion when examining the types of this group in the
Paris Museum (¢/r. Bull. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 1905, p. 377).

Family FORMICARIIDA.

This family, which is composed of many peculiar and varied
forms, has two characters which may be observed throughout the
whole of the genera, viz., the sharply hooked bill, which resembles
that of the Shrikes or Buitelier birds of the Old World, and the
fluffy feathers on the back. At the time when Brabourne and
Chubb published their ‘ List of the Birds of South America’ it
consisted of thirty-eight genera and about three hundred and
seventy species, most of which occurred in South America;
twenty-two of the genera and fifty-one of the species were
represented in British Guiana.

6 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus CYMBILAIMUS Gray.
Cymbilaimus Gray, List of Gen. p. 36,1840. Type C. lineatus (Leach).

Fig. 4.—Cymbilaimus lineatus.

This genus is distinguished by the banded plumage, which
occurs in both male and female, the male having white bands and
the crown of the head black, while the female has pale buff bands,
which are much wider on the under surface, and the crown of the
‘head chestnut. The bill is sharply hooked on the upper mandible
and the under mandible is toothed. The wing is rounded, thé
fourth and fifth primary-quills longest and the third about equal
to the sixth. The tail is also rounded and much graduated, the
outer feathers on each side only slightly more than half the
length of the middle ones.

352. Cymbilaimus lineatus.
BanprED BusH-SuHRIKE.

Lanius lineatus Leach, Zool. Mise. i. p. 20, pl. 6, 1814 (Berbice).
Cymbilanius lineatus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 423 (Bartica Grove, Cama-
cusa); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 178, 1890 (British
Guiana). ;
Cymbilaimus lineatus Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 186,
no. 1854, 1912. .
Adult male. General colour above black, narrowly banded with
white, the black interspaces being very much wider than the white
cross-bands ; crown of head black, minutely barred with white ;
entire under surface regularly barred with black and white ;
primary and secondary quills not barred on the inner webs, but
slightly toothed on the edges.
Total length 177 mm., culmen 32, wing 82, tail 72, tarsus 25.
The bird from which the description is taken was collected on
the Bonasika River, 1911.
Adult female. Differs from adult male in having the crown of
the head chestnut, the remainder of upper parts umber-brown

CYMBILAIMUS.—MACKENZIZENA. 7

barred with buff, and the underparts buff narrowly barred with
dark brown. Wing 78 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica,Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Abary River, Mazaruni
River, Arwye Oreek, Tiger Creek, Great Falls Demerara River
(MeConnell collection) ; Berbice (Leach) ; Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam, East Ecuador.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

[Mackenziana Chubb.

Mackenziena Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) ii. 1918, July 1,
p. 123. Type MW. leachi (Such).

Fig. 5.—Mackenziena leachi.

Reichenbach, in 1850, proposed the generic name Nisius and
gave a figure in his Av. Syst. Nat. Vég. pl. Ixxi., which has been
*

\

8 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

associated by previous authors with Thamnophilus leachi Such, as
the type; but, when one compares that bird with the figure, it will
be easily seen that Reichenbach could not have intended it, as the
bill is not anything like it. The species was originally, and has for
many years been, placed in the genus Thamnophilus Vieillot, where
it was equally out of place, as it is so entirely different from that
genus, which was founded on Lanius doliatus Linn. I have pro-
posed, therefore, the new generic title Mackenziena, with the
following characters:—Head not crested, no concealed white
dorsal patch, tail much longer than wing. Bill short and stout,
the depth about two-thirds the length of the exposed culmen ; the
wing, which is shorter than the tail, has the fifth primary longest ;
the tail is rounded and much graduated, the two middle feathers
longest. Coloration: the male is black with ovate white spots and
bars to the feathers, and the female is brown marked with buff. This
genus is named in honour of Mrs. Helen Mackenzie McConnell. |

.

FREDERICKENA Chubb.

Frederickena Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) ii. 1918, July 1,
p. 123.

Fig. 6.—Frederickena viridis.

The chief characters of this genus are the nuchal crest, which is
composed of rather broad feathers with rounded tips; no con-
cealed white dorsal patch; the bill is short and stout, the depth
being about half the length of the exposed culmen ; the wings are
rounded, the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries longest and sub-
equal, the seventh is between the third and fourth; the tail, which
is also rounded and graduated, is about two-thirds the length of
the wing. Coloration: the male is almost uniform, but the female
has the tail and entire under surface barred.

FREDERICKENA. 9

Type F. viridis (Vieill.).
This genus is named in honour of Frederick Arthur, the eldest
surviving son of Mrs. McConnell.

353. Frederickena viridis.
Crestep BusH-SHRIKE.

Thamnophilus viridis Vieill. N. Dict. @Hist. Nat. iii, p. 818, 1816
(Cayenne); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 187, no. 1861,
1912.

Thamnophilus fuliginosus Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 80 (British Guiana) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 183, 1890 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa).

Thamnophilus lunulatus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 423 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa).

Adult male. General colour above and below dark slate-grey;
top of head, sides of face, and throat black.

Total length 200 mm., exposed culmen 23, wing 98, tail 76,
tarsus 35.

The bird described was obtained on the Supenaam River, 1911.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being chestnut- —
brown above, becoming dark chestnut on the head and sides of
face, and the entire under surface blackish barred with white.

Total length 200 mm., exposed culmen 23, wing 90, tail 63,
tarsus 35.

The bird described was collected on the Ituribisi River, Feb.
1907. |

Young male. Similar to adult female, but differs in being darker
above, and most of the feathers have indications of blackish cross-
bars to the feathers on the back, and mottlings and semicircular
crescent-shaped marks at the tips of the inner secondaries. The
under surface similar to the female but much darker, especially
on the abdomen.

The nestling. General colour above chocolate-brown with pale
edgings to the feathers, which give the appearance of cross-bars on
the back and tail ; fight-quills blackish brown on the inner webs ;
under surface buff with dark brown cross-bars, base of feathers
whitish.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

West. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

10 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Makauria River (AfcConnell collection) ;
Bartica, Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne ( Vieillot), Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus TARABA Less.
Taraba Lesson, Traité d’Ornith. p. 375, 1881. Type T. major (Vieill.).

Fig. 7.—Zaraba major.

This genus is characterized chiefly by the short and incon-
spicuous crest. A dorsal white patch. The bill somewhat long
and compressed, the depth about half the length of the exposed
culmen. Wing rounded, the fourth primary longest, the third
about equal to the seventh. Tail also rounded and graduated,
the two middle feathers longest and nearly equal in length to
that of the wing. Coloration: the male is black above and the
female rufous, but both are white on the under surface.

354. Taraba semifasciata.
Para Busu-SaRIKE.

Thamnophilus semifasciatus Cab. J. f£. O. 1872, p. 234 (Para);
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 187, no. 1865, 1912.

Thamnophilus major (nec Vieill.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii.
p. 687, 1848; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 423; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xv. p. 186 (part), 1890 (Takutu River, Quonga).

Adult male. General colour above black with white bases to the
feathers of the upper back and grey bases to those of the lower back;
upper wing-coverts edged with white at the tips; primary and
secondary quills blackish with white edges to inner webs; tail

TARABA.—THAMNOPHILUS. 11

black, with white tooth-like marks on the inner webs of the
feathers ; tips of upper tail-coverts and tips of tail-feathers also
white; entire under surface, including the under wing-coverts,
white, more or less grey on the flanks.

Total length 200 mm., culmen 25, wing 91, tail 76, tarsus 32.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the head,
back, wings, and tail chestnut-brown.

Total length 185 mm., culmen 25, wing 88, tail 74, tarsus 32.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Abary River (McConnell collection) ;
Takutu River, Quonga River ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. North Brazil (Para, Cabanis), Trinidad,
Venezuela.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 687) that he
often found this bird in bushes on the outskirts of woods as well
as in dense woods in the neighbourhood of rivers. It is a very
wary bird, and at the slightest sign of danger hides itself in the
thickest of bushes.

Genus THAMNOPHILUS Vieill.

Thamnophilus Vieillot, Anal. nouv. Ornith. p. 40,1816. Type 7. doliatus
(Linn.).

Fig. 8.— Thamnophilus doliatus.

The chief characters that constitute this genus are the large crest,
which is composed of white feathers with black tips. The concealed
dorsal white patch. The bill is short and stout, the depth being
about one third the length of the exposed culmen. Wing almost

12 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

square, the secondary-quills being nearly equal to the primaries
in length, the fourth and fifth primaries longest, the third about
equal to the seventh. Tail rounded, the two middle feathers
longest and about six-sevenths the length of the wing. Colora-
tion: the male is black banded with white, and the female almost
entirely rufous both above and below.

355. Thamnophilus doliatus.
WHITE-BARRED BUSH-SHRIKE.

Black and White Butcher-bird, Edwards, Gleanings of Nat. Hist. i.
p- 35, pl. 226, 1758 (Surinam).

Lanius doliatus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 136, 1766 (Guiana).

Thamnophilus doliatus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 687, 1848 ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 424; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 207,
1890 (Georgetown); Quelch, Timehri (2) v. p. 938, 1891 (George-
town); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 191, no. 1908, 1912.

“ Check-bird””? (Quelch).

Adult male. General colour both above and below black barred
with white; crown of head white with ovate black tips to the
feathers ; forehead, throat, sides of face, and hind-neck black with
white fringes to the feathers, which impart a streaked appear-
ance ; flight-quills and tail-feathers black, with white marks on
the marginal portion of both webs but not continued across the
feathers.

Total length 154 mm., culmen 20, wing 72, tail 61, tarsus 28.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Bonasika River.

A young male, from the same locality, differs from the adult
in having the flight-quills marked with rufous and the primary-
coverts margined with the same colour, the upper tail-coverts
tipped with rufous, and the lower abdomen and flanks tinged with
ochreous. :

Immature male. Rufous-brown above, with paler cross-bars to the
more advanced feathers, which are dark brown on the sides of the
upper back; upper wing-coverts dark brown margined with rufous;
flight-quills dark brown, marked with rufous or pale buff on the
margins ; tail-feathers similar to those of the adult, with a tinge
of rufous at the tips; a few black feathers on the top of the head ;
under. surface ochreous-white with dark brown cross-bars to the

feathers.

THAMNOPHILUS. 13

The bird from which the deseription is taken was collected on
the Makauria River.

Adult female. General colour above bright rufous; primary
and secondary quills brown on the inner webs and margined with
cinnamon ; crown of head somewhat darker than the back ; sides
of face and nape brown with white, or buffy-white margins to the
feathers; chin and throat whitish, with dark shaft-lines and tinged
with buff; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts orange-buff ;
under wing-coverts and quill-lining cinnamon. Wing 75 mm.

The description is taken from an example collected on the
Abary River in September 1906.

Immature female. Differs from the adult in having dark obsolete
bars on the feathers of the back and dark subapical spots on the
upper wing-coverts, in the absence of the dark streaks on the
throat and sides of the face and the nuchal collar.

Breeding-séason. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi River,
Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Makauria River, Abary
River (McConnell collection) ; Georgetown (Quelch).

Extralimital Range. Northern Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela,
Trinidad.

Habits. Schomburgk’s remarks on this species (Reis. Guian. iii.
p- 687) are as follows :—This is one of the commonest birds near
the coast. Its favourite haunts are the Avicennien bushes and the
damp virgin forest. It is a very lively and restless bird, always
moving about and creeping easily through the densest bush. ‘The
male and femaie are always together. When it is excited it
always raises the feathers on the crown. The Warraus call it
“ Dobenakuh,” and the Macusis call it “ Kubarth.”

Mr. J. J. Quelch, writing on the birds observed at Georgetown
(Timehri (2) v. p. 93), remarks :—The large group of American
Bush-Shrikes and Ant-Thrushes which, as a rule, are confined to
the dense forest; but there is one large and typical species that
occurs, and by no means sparsely, which is known as the Check-
bird (Lhamnophilus doliatus). The Check-bird, like the members
of the family generally, has a strong hooked Shrike-like bill, with
which it can protect itself even against the birds of prey, which it
attacks and pursues with a loud harsh cry. It feeds upon insects

14 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

generally, larvee and ants included. It is a lively bird, constantly
on the move, uttering a by no means pleasing cry, made up of a
succession of harsh and loud sounds, like the other songless birds
generally.

Genus SAKESPHORUS Chubb.

Sakesphorus Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) ii. 1918, July 1, p. 128.
Pro Hypolophus Cabanis & Heine, 1859, nec Miiller & Henle, 1837.
Type H. canadensis (Linn.).

Fig. 9.—Sakesphorus canadensis.

The chief characters of this genus are the long and conspicuous
crest, which is black in the male and rufous in the female, the
absence of a concealed white dorsal patch, the somewhat small
bill, the depth about one third the length of the exposed culmen,
the almost square wing, the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh
primaries longest, the second primary about equal to the ninth,
the rounded tail—the two middle feathers longest, being about
six tenths the length of the wing.

356. Sakesphorus canadensis.
Buack-CrESTED BusH-SHRIKE.

Lanius canadensis Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 134, 1766 (Cayenne).

Thamnophilus cirrhatus (Gmel.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ii.
p. 687, 1848 ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 202, 1890
(Quonga). ; ;

Thamnophilus atricapillus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 423 (British Guiana).

Thamnophilus canadensis Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 190,
no. 1900, 1912.

Adult male. Head, sides of face, and throat uniform black,
upper back smoke-brown, becoming grey on the rump; upper

SAKESPHORUS. 15

wing-coverts black tipped, or edged with white ; quills blackish
brown, with pale outer webs to the primaries and white edgings
to the innermost secondaries ; edges to the inner webs of both
primary and secondary quills white ; upper tail-coverts and tail
black tipped with white, with a white spot on the outer web of
the outermost pair of tail-feathers and white edges to some of the
middle feathers ; abdomen, sides of breast, sides of body, and
under tail-coverts pale slate-erey ; under wing-coverts white.

Total length 143 mm., culmen 20, wing 76, tail 61, tarsus 25.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the crown of
the head chestnut, the back rufous-brown, and the breast ochreous
with black shaft-lines to the feathers. Wing.72 mm.

Immature male. Very similar in colour to the female, but dis-
tinguished partly by its black crest and also by the approach of
black feathers on the throat.

The male and female birds described were collected at Bartica
in 1911, and the immature male on the Abary River, July 1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undeseribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenuam River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Abary River,
Anarica River (McConnell collection); Quonga, Annai, Rupunini
River (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Linné), Trinidad, Venezuela.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 687) that this
bird was fond of the Avicennien-bush near the coast, and that its
life and habits are similar to those of Thamnophilus major, p. 10.

Latham, in his ‘General Synopsis,’ ii, pt. i. p. 83, writes :—
“These inhabit Cayenne, where they breed several times in a

year, and lay three eggs at a time. Their cry is like that of a
young chicken. Feeds on ants.”

16 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

Genus ERIONOTUS Cab. & Hein.

Erionotus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 15, 1859. Type #. ceru-
lescens (Vieill.).

Fig. 10.—Erionotus punctatus.

This genus is distinguished by its small size and inconspicuous
crest. The bill is small, the length of the exposed culmen three
times that of its depth. The wing is rounded, the fourth, fifth,
and sixth primaries longest, the third ranges between the eighth
and ninth in length. Tail also rounded, the two middle feathers
longest, being about five-tenths the length of the wing. Colora-
tion: the male for the most part slate-grey with black on the
crown of the head, wings, and tail; the female rufous on the top
of the head, tail, and outer aspect of.the wing.

Key to the Species.

A. Smaller, wing less than 72 mm.
a. General colour pale slate-grey; upper
tail-coverts tipped with white......... EE. punctatus 3, p.17.
a’, Throat, fore-neck, and breast
ochreous grey; crown of head
PULOUS: inca tits oy de Gel etre aseeaecs Lt. punctatus 9, p. 17.
6. General colour dark slate-grey; upper
tail-coverts not tipped with white... 2. amazonicus ¢, p. 18.
6’. Crown of head, throat, fore-neck,
and breast bright ferruginous...... LE. amazonicus 2, p. 18.
B. Larger, wing more than 72 mm.
c. General colour for the most part black
gine the crown and nape......... EL. insignis 3, p. 19.
. Crown of head and ea se chest-

nut seue 2, insignis 2, p. 19.

ERIONOTUS. V7

357. Erionotus punctatus.
Sprotrep Busx-SHRIKE.

Lanius punctatus Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. 2, p. 327, 1809 (Cayenne).

Thamnophilus nevius Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 687, 1848;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 423 (Roraima, 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xv. p. 197, 1890 (Quonga),

Thamnophilus punctatus Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 189,
no. 1883, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, mantle, wings, and tail black, with
white bases to the feathers on the mantle, white tips to the upper
wing-coverts and edges of the primary and secondarv quills; the
upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers tipped with white and a white
spot on the outer web of the outermost pair of tail-feathers ; inner
edges of primary and secondary quills white towards the base ;
lower back very dark slate-grey ; under surface from the throat
downwards slate-grey, tips of under tail-coverts inclining to
‘whitish ; under wing-coverts white.

Total length 135 mm., culmen 16, wing 67, tail 55, tarsus 19.

Adult female. Quite different from the male ; sides of face and |
back mouse-brown; the under surface similar but somewhat
paler; crown of head tawny; long upper tail-coverts and middle
tail-feathers similar’ but darker, the lateral feathers inclining more
or less. to blackish, with white tips and a white spot on the outer
edge of the outermost feathers; upper tail-coverts tipped with
white; upper wing-coverts brown edged with white, as are also
the innermost secondaries; the outer edges of the quills olive-
brown.

Total length 133 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 65, tail 53,
tarsus 19.

Immature ae Shows scarcely any black on the upper surface,
which is pale slate-colour as well as the under surface, both of
which are tinged with an olive wash.

Of the birds described, the male was collected on the Anarica
River, 1913, the female on the Abary River in September 1906,
and the young male on the Ituribisi River in February 1907.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

West. Unrecorded in British Guiana:

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains, Ituribisi River, Supenaam River, Abar y River, Great

VOL, II. c

18 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Falls Demerara River, Tiger Creek Essequibo River, Anarica
River (McConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela and North
Brazil.
’ Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 687) that he
found this species near the coast and in the neighbourhood of
Mount Roraima, and it appeared to him to be generally distributed
throughout the colony.

358. Erionotus amazonicus.
SciatTEer’s AMAZONIAN Busu-SuHRIKE.

Thamnophilus amazonicus Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 214, pl. 139. figs. 1, 2
(Hast Peru); id. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 199, 1890 (Bartica
Grove, Camacusa, Takutu River); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer.
i. p. 189, no. 1889, 1912.

Thamnophilus ruficollis Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 687, 1848 ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 423 (Camacusa, Bartica Grove); Oates, Cat.
Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus. iii. p. 167, pl. iii. fig. 2, 1903.

Adult male. General colour above and below slate-grey, some-
what paler on the under surface, the feathers on the head and
upper back centred with black, the latter having white bases ;
upper wing-coverts black edged with white; primary and secondary
quills blackish with white on the outer edges ; upper tail-coverts
and tail-feathers black tipped with white; inner edges of primary
and secondary quills also white.

Total length 132 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 65, tail 54,
tarsus 21.

The bird described was collected on the Kamakabra River, 1911.

Adult female. Head and entire under surface rufous, brighter
on the head and paler below; back olive-browa with slate-colour
bases to the feathers and concealed white spots; upper wing-
coverts blackish with white edges ; primary and secondary quills
dark brown, with pale edges on the outer and inner webs; upper
tail-coverts and middle tail-feathers rufous-brown, the former
tipped with white, the outer tail-feathers darker and more
broadly ‘tipped on the outermost, which has a white spot on
the outer web; under wing-coverts pale buff. Wing 65 mm.

The female described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
August 1909.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

ERIONOTUS. 19

Eggs. The eggs of this species in the British Museum are of an
extremely narrow oval form, and moderately glossy. They are
. creamy white, mottled, more densely at the broad end than else-
where, with reddish brown and lilac. Two examples measure
respectively: 1:04 by 0°65, 1:08 by 0°65 (fide Oates, Cat. Birds’
Eggs Brit. Mus. iii. p. 167).

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Abary River,
Arwye Creek, Tiger Creek Hssequibo River, Great Falls Deme-
rara River (McConnell collection); Bartica, Kamakusa, Takutu
River ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Northern Brazil, East
Peru.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 687)
this bird is common in the woods near the coast, where it enlivens
the low bush.

359. Erionotus insignis.
Roraima BusH-SHRIKE.

Thamnophilus insignis Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 450 (Mt.
Roraima) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 424 (Roraima, 5000 ft.); Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 199, pl. xiii, 1890 (Roraima) ; Brabourne
& Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 190, no. 1891, 1912.

Adult male, General colour above and below dark slate-grey ;
crown of head including the crest black; upper back black with
subterminal white spots on the feathers, like those on the hind-
neck ; wings also black, the feathers tipped or edged with white;
upper tail-coverts and tail black tipped with white, the outer pair
of tail-feathers having a white spot on the outer webs ; the quills
bordered on the outer web and edged on the inner web with
white ; the under wing-coverts grey tipped with white.

Total length 155 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 76, tail 66,
tarsus 25, 2

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having an occipital
crest of maroon-chestnut, the forehead black with grey and white
tips to the feathers. Wing 76 mm.

The birds described were collected by Mr. McConnell on
Mount Roraima in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

20 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell collec-
tion); Mount Roraima, 5000 feet ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus DYSITHAMNUS (ab.

Dysithamnus Cabanis, Archiv fiir Naturg. xiii. pt. i. p. 223, 1847. Type
D. guttulatus (Licht.),

Fig. 11.—Dysithamnus guttulatus.

This genus has for many years been compared with and placed
next to Thamnophilus, or those forms included under that name,
neither of which appears to have any very close relationship.

The present genus includes birds of small size and having
no crest. The bill is small'and sharply hooked—the exposed
culmen being about three-fourths the length of the tarsus. The
wing is rounded, the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries longest,
the third is shorter than the sixth but longer than the seventh.
The tail is short and nearly square, the outer feather on each
side being only about 3 mm. shorter than the middle ones. The

DYSITHAMNUS. 21

feet are slender and weak. Coloration: the male and female differ
in colour of plumage.

Key to the Species.

A. Throat lead-grey like the rest of the
under surface in the male.
a. Crown of head dark lead-grey ; lesser
upper wing-coverts blackish ......... D. spodionotus, 3, p. 21.
a’, Crown of head rufous; back rufous-
brown; middle of abdomen white. D. spodionotus, 9, p. 22.
b. Crown of head pale lead-grey; lesser
upper wing-coverts also grey ......... D. murinus, 3, p. 22.
6’. Crown of head dull rufous; back
ochreous-brown; middle of abdo-

men isabelline ..........s::0200000006. De murinus, 9, p. 23.
B. Throat black in contrast to the grey
under surface in the male ..............- D. saturninus, 3, p. 23.

c. Crown of head ochreous-brown like the
back; middle of the abdomen fawn-
COlOUE. s.sseevices ssacaeereneane rede Lo D. saturninus, Q, p. 23.

360. Dysithamnus spodionotus.
ASHY-BACKED BusH-BIRD.

Dysithamnus spodionotus Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 211 (Roraima);
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 424 (Roraima, 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xv. p. 222, 1890 (Roraima) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer.
i. p. 194, no. 1941, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above dark slate-colour, darker and
inclining to black on, the head ; upper wing-coverts black edged
with white ; primary and secondary quills dark brown, edged with
slate-grey on the outer webs ; tail black, fringed with white at the
tip ; under surface fur the most part ash-grey, darker and more
slate-grey on the sides of the body.

Total length 105 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 64, tail 35,
tarsus 20.

The male from which the description is taken was collected on
the Makauria River in August 1910.

Immature male. Differs from the adult male in having the upper
surface olive-brown with a tinge of chestnut on the head ; throat
pale ash-grey, middle of abdomen white ; breast and sides of the
body pale olive-brown; under tail-coverts pale fulvous; under
wing-coverts white, inner edge of quills below buffy-white.

The young male described was collected by Mr. McConnell at
Mount Roraima in October 1898.

22 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Adult female. Fore part of head bright rust-colour which fades
away on the nape into the olive-brown of the back ; outer aspect
of the wings and tail more rufous-brown, inner webs of flight-
quills dark brown with buffy-white edges ; breast and sides of the
body ochreous-brown ; throat and middle of abdomen whitish ;
under tail-coverts and edge of wing pale fulvous ; under wing-
coverts white. Wing 62 mm.

The female described was also collected by Mr. McConnell on
Mount Roraima in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Makauria River
(McConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima, 3500 ft. (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

361. Dysithamnus murinus.
Movuss8-coLoureD BUsH-BIRD.

‘Thamnophilus murinus, Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.S. 1867, p. 756 (Marabi-
tanas); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 423 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa,
Merumé Mts.); W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 318 (Maccasseema,
Pomeroon River) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 195, 1890
(Marakka, Takutu River).

Dysithamnus murinus Brabourne - Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 195, no.
1952, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above, including the head, back,
and tail, bluish slate-colour, with concealed white bases to the
feathers on the back’; lesser upper wing-coverts edged with white,
the greater coverts inclining to olive-brown and are also margined
with white ; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with
olive on the outer webs and white on the inner webs of the latter,
the inner secondaries are very narrowly edged with white at the tips ;
tail-feathers tipped with white ; sides of face pale slate-grey with
white shaft-lines to the feathers; middle of throat, middle of
breast, and middle of abdomen dull white ; sides of neck, sides of
body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts slate-grey ; under
wing-coverts white.

Total length 134 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 62, tail 51,
tarsus 22.

DYSITHAMNUS. 23

The bird described was collected on the Anarica River.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being rust-brown
above, brighter and inclining to chestnut on the head, the absence
of the concealed white patch on the back, and the ochreous-
brown on the underparts. Wing 61 mm.

The description of the female is taken from a specimen collected
on the Kamakabra River in 1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana,

Range in British Guiana. Jturibisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Makauria River,
Anarica River (McConnell collection); Bartica, Kamakusa,
Merumé Mountains, Takutu River (Whitely) ; Marakka, Mac-
casseema, Pomeroon River (W. L. Selater).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne, North Brazil, Venezuela, East
Peru.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

362. Dysithamnus saturninus.
SATURNINE BUSH-BIRD.

Dysithamnus saturninus Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 147, 1869 (Borba);
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 195, no. 1954, 1912.
Dysithamnus ardesiacus (nec Scl. & Salv.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 424
(Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merumé Mts.}; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xv. p. 225 (part), 1890 (Roraima, Takutu River).
Thamnomanes glaucus (nec Cab.) W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 818
(Marakka). 5
Adult male. General colour above bluish slate-colour, including
the head, back, wings, and tail; inner webs of flight-quills dark
brown with pale edges; tail similar to the back, narrowly margined
with white at the tip ; throat black ; breast and sides of the body
slate-colour somewhat paler than the back; the abdomen and
under tail-coverts with more or less white intermixed like the
under wing-coverts.
Total length 130 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 71, tail 48,
tarsus 19.
The male described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
October 1908.
Immature male. Differs from the adult male in having the

24 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

remains of rusty-brown on the wings and under tail-coverts and
the throat grey instead of black.

Adult female. Upper surface rufous-brown; inner webs of
flight-quills dark brown edged with cinnamon-buff ; throat whitish
tinged with buff; breast pale rufous-brown, becoming bright
rufous on the lower abdomen, under tail-coverts, and under wing-
coverts. Wing 70 mm. .

The female described was collected on the Kamakabra River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

_ Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Haxtien, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Great Falls Demerara
River, Arwye Creek. (McConnell collection) ; Bartica, Kamakusa,
Merumé Mountains, Mount Roraima, Takutu River ( Whitely) ;
Marakka (W. Z. Sclater). .

Extralimital Range. ae (British oe Vonezuela,
Central Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus THAMNOMANES Cab.

Thamnomanes Cabanis, Archiv fiir Naturg. xili. pt. i. p. 230, 1847.
Type 7. cesius (Licht.).

Fig. 12.—Thamnomanes cesius.

Head not crested, but a concealed white dorsal patch is present.
Bill sharply hooked, somewhat broad at the base, and profusely,
furnished with rictal bristles; the exposed culmen is about 16 mm.
and about equal to the tarsus in length. Wing rounded, the
fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries longest, the third shorter than
the sixth and longer than the seventh. In the type of the genus

THAMNOMANES. , 25

the wing only slightly exceeds the length of the tail. Tail graduate
and rounded, the six middle feathers longest and subequal. Feet
stronger and stouter than in Dysithamnus. The male and female
differ in colour of plumage.

363. Thamnomanes glaucus.
NortHern Crnereous BusH-BIRD.

Thamnomanes glaucus Cab. Arch. fiir Naturg. 1847, p. 280 (Cayenne) ;
id. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 688, 1848; Salvin, Ibis, 1885,
p. 424 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv.
p- 227, 1890 (Mirakka, Camacusa, Bartica Grove); Brabourne &
Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 196, no. 1959, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above and below dark slate-colour,
with concealed white bases to the feathers on the upper back ;
the flight-quills dark brown, with pale edges on the inner webs ;
the outermost pair of tail-feathers slightly edged with white ;
under wing-coverts grey; under tail-coverts fringed with pale
grey at the tips.

Total length 130 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 73, tail 57,
tarsus 17.

The male bird described was collected at Bartica in 1911.

Adult female. General colour above cinnamon-brown inclining
to rufous-brown on the wings and tail, with concealed white basés
to the feathers of the upper back’; inner webs of flight-quills dark
brown, edged with pale rufous on the inner webs; throat dusky-
white ; breast dusky-brown ; abdomen, flanks, under tail-coverts,
and under wing-coverts bright:rufous: .

Total length 138 mm., culmen 18, wing 65, tail 61, tarsus 16.

The female described was also collected at Bartica in 1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana. °

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Makauria River, Berbice River,
Anarica River (McConnell collection) ; Bartica and Kamakusa
(Whately).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Cabanis),
Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru.

Aabits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

26 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus MYRMOTHERULA Sel.
Myrmotherula Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 234. Type IL. pygmea (Gmel.).

Fig. 138.—Myrmotherula pygman.

The type of this genus is conspicuous by its small size, the
absence of a crest, the small and slender bill which is sharply
hooked, the rounded wing, the third, fourth, and fifth primaries
longest, and the second about equal to the seventh, the tail short
and rounded, longer than the culmen but shorter than the tarsus.
Male and female different in colour.

Key to the Species.
A. Abdomen uniform yellow, throat white. UM. pygmea, d, p. 26.

a. Throat yellowish buff . MM. pygmea, 2, p. 27.
B. Abdomen and throat white ‘profusely

streaked with black ........... MM. surinamensis, 3, p. 27.
b, Throat and abdomen pale fawn-colour

sparsely streaked ...........0068 . ML. surinamensis, 9 , p. 28.

364. Myrmotherula pygmeea.
Pyemy ANT-BIRD.

Muscicapa pygmea Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 933, 1789 (Cayenne).
Formicivora pygmea Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iil. p. 688, 1848.
Myrmotherula pygme@ea Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 425 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 231, 1890; Bra-
bourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 196, no. 1961, 1912.
Adult male. General colour of the upper surface black, the
feathers edged with white or sulpbur- yellow, narrowly on the
head, hind-neck, and outer webs of primary and secondary quills,

and more broadly on the upper wing-coverts; rump and upper

MYRMOTHERULA. 27

tail-coverts dusky without any pale margins to the feathers ; tail-
feathers slightly margined with whitish or sulphur-yellow;
a rather broad white streak below the eye; chin and throat white;
sides of the face and sides of the breast similar to the back ; middle
of the breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, sides of the body, and
under wing-coverts yellow.

Total length 61 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 38, tail 16,
tarsus 17. : :

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but differs in having
the chin, throat, and upper breast yellowish buff, and the feathers
on the sides of the face and the top of the head edged with the
same colour. Wing 41 mm.

The male and female described were collected on the Supenaam
River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River (McConnell collection) ;
Bartica, Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Gmelin),
Northern Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 688)
this bird lives in low brush on the outskirts of the woods, in the
fields cultivated by the natives, and in the neighbourhocd of rivers.

365. Myrmotherula surinamensis.
Surinam ANT-BIRD,

Sitta swrinamensis Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 442, 1788 (Surinam).

Formicivora guadrivittata Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 688, 1848.

Myrmotherula surinamensis Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p- 425 (Camacusa) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 231, 1890 (Takutu River, Cari-
mang River); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 196, no. 1962,
1912. ‘

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface black with
white tips and edgings to the feathers, narrower on head, hind-
neck, flight-quills, and tail-feathers, and broader on the upper
back, where the bases of the feathers are white, and the upper
wing-coverts; sides of lower back and rump lead-grey ; sides of
face and under surface white with narrow black shaft-streaks to
the feathers, the white portion inclining to grey on the sides of

28 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

the breast and sides of the body ; under wing-coverts and inner
edges of the quills white.

Total length 90 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 58, tail 25,
tarsus 16,

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown
of the head and hind-neck bright rufous, streaked with black on
the occiput and hind-neck, becoming paler on the sides of the tace,
much paler and inclining to white on the throat; remainder of
the under surface almost uniform dull white. Exposed culmen
14 mm., wing 49.

The male and female described were collected on the Supenaam
River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Makauria River, Great Falls
Demerara River, Arawai River, Anarica River (McConnell collec-
tion); Kamakusa, Kamarang River, Takutu River ( Whitely).

_ Extralimital Range. Surinam (Gmelin, Henig) ; Cayenne
(British Museum), Venezuela.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis..Guian. iii. p..688) that this
bird lives in the low brush on the outskirts of the woods, in the
fields cultivated by the natives, and in the neighbourhood of
rivers.

Genus RHOPIAS Cab. & Hein.

Rhopias Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 18, 1859. Type R. gularis
(Spix).

Fig. 14. _ Rhopias gularis.

The members of this genus are distinguished at sight in having

RHOPTAS. 29

the throat black, or dark brown, spotted with white. The bill is
small and slender. The wing is rounded, the fourth, fifth, and
sixth primary-quills longest, the third about equal to, or very
slightly shorter than, the seventh. The tail is short and
very slightly rounded, and measures about four-fifths the length
of the wing and about three times the length of the exposed
culmen. Male and female similar in colour in the typical species,
but differ in some of the others,

366. Rhopias gutturalis.
BrRowN-BELLIED ANT-BIRD.

Myrmotherula gutturalis Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1881, p. 269 (Bartica
Grove) ; Salvin, op. cit. 1885, p. 425 (Merumé Mts., R. Atapurau,
Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 233, 1890 (Quonga);
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 197, no. 1969, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface olive-brown
including the head, ear-coverts, back, wings, and tail; upper wing-
coverts tipped with white; primary and secondary quills hair-brown
on the inner webs, which have pale margins; tail somewhat darker
than the back. and inclining to rufous-brown ; throat black, with
white pear-shaped marks at the tips of the feathers ; sides of face
and breast lead-grey; sides of the body, abdomen, and under
tail-coverts olive-brown ; under wing-coverts isabelline buff.

Total length 104 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 50, tail 39,
tarsus 16.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being rufous-brown
above, instead of olive-brown, and in the absence of the black and
white throat-patch, the grey on the breast, and olive-brown
abdomen—these parts being fulvous in the female. Wing 52 mm.

The male and female birds described were collected on the
Supenaam River in 1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Figgs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roriama, Ituribisi River,
Supenaam River, Anarica River, Arwye Creek (McConnell col-
lection); Bartica, Merumé Mountains, Kamarang River, Quonga
( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

30 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus MYRMOPAGIS Ridgw.

Myrmopagis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxii. April 17, 1909,
Type M. axillaris (Vieill.).

Fig. 15.—Myrmopagis axillaris.

This genus is easily distinguished by the long and, usually,
white tlank-plumes which form a conspicuous patch on the sides
of the body. The bill is slender. The wing is rounded, the
fourth and fifth primaries longest, the third about equal to the
sixth. The tail is comparatively long, being about three-fourths
the length of the wing, rounded, and much graduated, the outer
feather on each side being about two-thirds the length of the
middle ones. ‘The male and female differ entirely in colour.

367. Myrmopagis axillaris.
WHITE-FLANKED ANT-BIRD.

Myrmothera axillaris Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xii. p. 118, 1817
(Cayenne).

Formicivora axillaris Cab. in Schomb, Reis. Guian. iii. p. 688, 1848.

Myrmotherula axillaris Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 425 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa, Merumé Mts.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 238,
1890 (Takutu River); Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 194,
1910 (Hoorie) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 198, no. 1982,
1912.

Adult male. General colour for the most part slate-grey,
including the head, back, upper tail-coverts, sides of face, and
sides of breast ; upper wing-coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-
coverts black tipped with white, more broadly on the greater
series ; primary and secondary quills dark brown, margined
with white on the inner webs; tail blackish, with narrow white

MYRMOPAGIS. 31

edges at the tips of the feathers; sides of the body, axillaries,
under wing-coverts, and edge of wing silky-white ; throat, fore-
neck, middle of breast and abdomen black; under tail-coverts also
black fringed with grey.

Total length 99 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 52, tail 36,
tarsus 15.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Ituribisi River in February 1907.

Adult female. Upper parts fulvous-brown including the head,
back, and sides of the breast, becoming rufous on the wings

‘and tail; inner webs of the primary and secondary quills dark
brown, ‘with cinnamon-buff edgings; throat whitish slightly tinged
with buff ; breast and abdomen ochreous-buff, becoming deeper in
colour on the under tail-coverts ; flanks white; under wing-coverts
and inner edges of the quills below cinnamon-buff. Wing
49 mm.

The female described was collected on the Makauria River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guianr.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana,

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Makauria River, Abary River, Berbice
River, Arwye Creek, Great Falls Demerara River, Arawai River,
Tiger Creek Essequibo River, Anarica River (McConnell collec-
tion); Bartica, Kamakusa, Merumé Mts., Takutu River ( W hitely) ;
Hoorie River (Beebe). ,

-Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Vieillot),
Trinidad, Venezuela, North Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 688) that this
bird lives in the low brush on the outskirts of the woods, in the
fields cultivated by the natives, and in the neighbourhood of rivers.

Mr. W. Beebe, in ‘Our Search for a Wilderness,’ p. 194, gives
the following note :—“ One, a White-shouldered Pygmy Ant-bird,
now flits ahead of us, tiny as a Wren, slate-colored, with white
dots on the lesser coverts of the wings and a dotted bar across
the wings. The flanks and under wings are white and although
ordinarily concealed, yet the little fellow flirts his wings every
second, thus flashing out the color, and making himself most con-
spicuous. His call-note is low and inarticulate, but he occasionally
lisps a pleasing little song: chu! chu! chiwee!”

cA

32 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

Genus MYRMOPHILA Cab. & Hein. — >

Myrmophita Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 12, 1859. Type
‘ ML. minor (Salvadori).

Fig. 16. Ty amaptils minor.

In this genus the male has a uniform black throat. .The bill is
short and slender. The wing is rounded, the fifth primary longest,
the fourth about equal to the sixth in length, the third between
the seventh and eighth. The tail is proportionately long, being
more than half the length of the wing. The sexes differ in colour
of plumage.
i Key to the Species.

A. Larger, wing more than 60 mm. ; upper wing-

coverts black tipped with white, in contrast

to the rest of the upper surface ............... MM. vavasouri, p. 82.
B. Smaller, wing less than 60 mm.; upper wing- :

coverts uniform with the rest of the apes
SUTIACE cevudvsenvereseredeere . ML. behni, p. 33.

368. Myrmophila vavasouri.
Vavasour’s LonG-wIncED ANT-BIRD.

Myrmotherula longipennis (nec Pelz.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 426
(Bartica Grove, Camacusa); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 241,
1890; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 198, no. 1988, 1912.”

Myrmophila vavasourt Chubb, ul Brit. Orn. Club, xxxviii. p. 83,

1918.

Adult male. General colour above and below slate-blue, including

MYRMOPHILA. 33

the head, back, inner secondaries, tail, breast, abdomen, sides of
hody, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts ; a white tuft on
the shoulder of the wing ; upper wing-coverts black tipped with
white ; primary and secondary quills dark brown with pale edges
on the inner webs, slate-blue on the outer webs, and narrowly
edged with white at the tips of the secondaries; inner webs of
tail-feathers blackish and narrowly margined with white at the
tips ; chin and throat-patch deep black.

Total length 103 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 66, tail 41,
tarsus 16.

Adult female. Differs entirely from the male in being fulvous-
brown above and inclining to rufous on the wings; sides of the
face, throat, and middle of the breast ochreous-buff ; sides of the
breast, sides of the body, and under tail-coverts fulvous ; middle
of abdomen greyish white. Wing 61 mm.

The types of both male and female are in the McConnell
collection and were collected on the Ituribisi River in February
1907.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

West. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Makauria River, Anarica River (McConnell collection) ; Bartica,
Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

This bird is named in honour of Mrs. McConnell’s second
surviving son.

369. Myrmophila behni.
Berun’s ANT-BIRD.

Myrmotherula behni Berl. & Leverk. Ornis, vi. p- 25, pl. i. fig. 2, 1890
(8. Fé de Bogota) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amey. i. p. 199, no.
1992, 1912.

Myrmotherula unicolor (nec Menetr.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 426 (Bartica
Grove, Camacusa, Roraima, 3500 ft.).

Myrmotherula inornata Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 243, 1890
(Camacusa, Roraima, Bartica Grove).

Adult male. General colour above, including the crown of the
head, sides of the face, entire back, wings, and tail, slate-blua;
VOL. II. D

34 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

inner webs of flight-quills dark brown margined with white ;
throat and middle of breast black ; sides of the body, abdomen,
under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts slate-blue, paler on the
last which have whitish shaft-lines ; under surface of flight-quills
hair-brown with white edges; lower aspect of tail dark brown.

Total length 92 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 55, tail 34,
tarsus 17.

The male described was collected at Mount Roraima, 3500 ft.,

by H. Whitely on January 15th, 1884. Now in the British
Museum—Salvin-Godman collection.
_ Adult female. General colour of the upper surface dark rust-
brown including the top of the head, sides of the face, entire back,
wings and tail; inner webs of flight-quills hair-brown; eye-ring
and throat whitish ; breast, abdomen, sides of the body, and under
tail-coverts pale rust-brown, darker on the flanks and under tail-
coverts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white washed with
cinnamon-buff; under surface of quills pale brown with white
inner edges. Wing 52 mm.

The female described, which is in the British Museum, was also
collected at Mount Roraima by H. Whitely, on October 31st,
1383.

Immature male. Similar to the adult female, but differs in being
more rufous on the fore part of the head and wings; the sides
of the face are pale rutous; throat and breast isabelline-buff;
abdomen, sides of the body, and under tail-coverts pale slate-
grey; under surface of flight-quills dark brown with rufous inner
edgings.

The immature male described was collected at Bartica by H.
Whitely on the 17th of December, 1879, and is now in the British
Museum.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undeseribed from British Guiana.
~ Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River, Bartica, Makauria
River (McConnell collection); Mount Roraima, Kamakusa, Bartica
( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surivam (Penard), Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

POLIOLZMA. 35

Genus POLIOLZMA Chubb.

Poliolema Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxix. p. 42, Jan. 3, 1919.
Type P. cinereiventris (Scl. & Salv.).

Fig. 17.—Poliolema cinereiventris.

This genus is readily distinguished in having the throat uniform
with the rest of the under surface. The bill, which is long
compared with the other genera of this group, has the exposed
culmen about equal in length to the hind toe and claw. The wing
is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth quills longest, the second
about equal to the seventh. The tail is short and nearly square,
the outer feather on each side is only very slightly shorter than the
rest. The feet are small and weak. Male and female entirely
different in colour.

Key to the Species.

A. Abdomen grey like the breast............ P. cinereiventris, 8, p. 35.
a. Upper tail-coverts grey like the back. P. cinereiventris, 2, p. 36.
B, Abdomen ferruginous in contrast to the

grey breast ...........:.ccccesssscesuecoeans P. guttata, 3, p. 36.
b. Upper tail-coverts ferruginous in con-
trast to the back...........c00.0 BP. guttata, 2, p. 37.

370. Poliolema cinereiventris.
GREY-BREASTED ANT-BIRD.

Myrmotherula cinereiventris Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 756
(Cayenne) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 426 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 244, 1890 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa); Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 199, no. 1993,
1912.

Adult male. General colour above and below lead-grey, rather
paler on the throat; the subapical portion of the upper wing-
coverts black fringed with white at the tips; primary and
secondary quills dark brown on the inner webs with pale edgings ;
tail-feathers narrowly tipped with white; under wing-coverts

D2

36 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

black fringed with white; under tail-coverts Jike the abdomen but
broadly margined with white.

Total length 86 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 57, tail 29,
tarsus 17.

Adult female, Upper surface, including the crown of the head,
entire back, and tail, mouse-grey ; outer aspect of wing tinged with
rufous ; inner webs of flight-quills dark brown with buffy-white
edges ; lores, a line over the eye extending on to the sides of the
crown, and sides of the face grey; throat whitish; breast, abdo-
men, sides of the body, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts,
and inner edges of the flight-quills below buff. Wing 53 mm.

The female described was collected at Bartica by H. Whitely on
the Ist November, 1879—now in the British Museum, Salvin
Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Fggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River, Bartica, Berbice,
Arwye Creek, Tiger Creek (McConnell collection); Bartica,
Kamakusa, Mount Roraima (W hitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Selater §
Salvin).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

371. Poliolema guttata.
RUFOUS-BELLIED ANT-BIRD.

Myrmothera guitata Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 251, pl. 155, 1825 (Cayenne).

Rhopoterpe guitata Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 688, 1848.

Myrmotherula guttata Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 425 (Camacusa, Bartica
Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 232, 1890 (Bartica
Grove, Roraima, Camacusa); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i.
p- 197, no. 1967, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, hind-neck, upper back, sides of the
face, throat, and breast dark slate-grey, darker on the head and
paler on the throat ; the feathers of the back are white at the
base, subapically marked with black and rust-brown at the tips;
rump rust-brown with rufous tips to the feathers; lesser upper
wing-coverts greyish brown; median and greater wing-coverts
black tipped with fulvous ; bastard-wing dark brown, the outer
margins of the feathers fulvous; primary coverts and quills dark
brown, with rust-brown on the edges of the outer webs of the

POLIOLZMA.—HERPSILOCHMUS. . 37

latter and pale buff margins on the inner webs, the innermost
secondary quills black with large fulvous spots at the tips, the
spots decreasing in size on the outer secondaries ; upper tail-
coverts and tail black with rufous-buff tips to the feathers, under
surface of tail similar; flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
chestnut ; under wing-coverts dusky.

Total length 87 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 52, tail 29,
tarsus 19.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the
dark slate-grey on the head, hind-neck, upper back, throat, sides
of the face, and breast, replaced by dusky-brown, which is paler on
the breast and becoming whitish on the throat. Wing 49 mm.

The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell on the
Lower Mazaruni River during his expedition to Mount Roraima
in 1898; the female was collected on the Makauria River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Egys. Undescribed from British Guiana,

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Bartica, Kamakabra
River, Makauria River, Lower Mazaruni River, Arawai River
(McConnell collection); Kamakusa, Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne ( Vieillot).

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 688) this
bird inhabits the outskirts of woods. It procures its food, which

consists of insects, on the ground among the leaves under the
bushes. ;

Genus HERPSILOCHMUS Cab.

Herpsilochmus Cabanis, Archiv fiir Naturg. xiii. pt. i. p. 224, 1847.
Type H. pileatus (Licht.).

Fig. 18.—Herpsilochmus pileatus,

The species on which this genus was founded has a somewhat
long bill, in proportion to its general size, which is hooked at the
tip. The wing is rounded, the fourth primary slightly longest.
The tail is also rounded and graduated, the outermost feather on

38 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

each side is about three-fourths the length of the middle ones.
The feet are slender, the tarsus about two-thirds the length of the
tail. Coloration: male and female similar.

Key to the Species.
A. Smaller, tail less than 40 mm.

a. Orown of head black .. a. H. sticturus, 3, p. 38.
6. Crown of head for the most st part chest-
nut ..... vessseese H. sticturus, 2, p. 38.
B. Larger, tail more : than 40 mm.
c. Crown of head black ............ ccc cee eee H. roraime, 3, p. 39.
d, Crown of head black with white ass
to the feathers... ‘ wii. HH. roraime, 2, p. 39.

372. Herpsilochmus sticturus.
SPoTTED-TAILED ANT-BIRD.

Herpsilochmus sticturus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 424 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 245, 1890 (Cama-
cusa, Bartica Grove); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Raney, 1. p. 199,
no. 2000, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, nape, hind-neck, a line in front
and behind the eye black, which colour also extends on to the
middle of the back, where the bases of the feathers are grey and
the subapical portion white; scapulars, rump, and upper tail-
coverts lead-grey; upper wing-coverts black tipped with white, the
white increasing in extent on the greater series; bastard-wing,

_ primary-coverts, primary and secondary quills black margined with
white ; tail black with white marginal spots and white tips to the
feathers, the white increasing in extent on the outer feathers ;
eyelids, lores, and a line over the eye, which is continued on to the
sides of the nape, white like the-throat, middle of the abdomen,
under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts; cheeks,
sides of breast, and sides of the body lead-grey.

Total length 97 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 50, tail 31,
tarsus 19.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the
feathers on the head partially chestnut, the back paler, a tinge of
isabelline on the breast, and much paler on the abdomen and
sides of the body. Wing 49 mm. ~

The female described is the co-type, and was collected by the
late Henry Whitely at Kamakusa on the 8th of May, 1882; now
in the British Museum—Salvin-Godman collection.

HERPSILOCHMUS. 39°

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River, Great Falls Deme-
rara River (McConnell collection) ; Kamakusa, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

373. Herpsilochmus roraime.
Roraima ANT-BIRD.

Herpsilochmus sp. inc., Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 425 (Roraima, 3500 ft.).

Herpsilochmus dorsomaculatus (nec Pelz.) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv.
p. 246, 1890 (‘Twek-quay).

Herpsilochmus roraime Hellmayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, liii.
p. 208, 1903 (Mt. Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i.
p. 200, no. 2002, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head black ; back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts lead-grey, some of the feathers on the middle of the back
white at the base, with black on the apical portion; upper wing-
coverts black broadly tipped with white; flight-quills blackish,
edged with white on the outer and inner webs, more broadly on
the latter ; tail black tipped with white, the outer feathers marked
with white on both webs; lores and a broad line over the eye
extending along the sides of the crown white, followed by a line
of black from behind the eye; a dark spot in front of the eye;
sides of face and throat greyish white ; breast and sides of body
ash-grey ; middle of abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, under
wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills below white; under
surface of flight-quills hair-brown; lower aspect of tail black,
tipped and extensively marked with white on the outer feathers.

Total length 123 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 54, tail 50,

‘tarsus 20.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being paler grey
on the back, the feathers on the crown of the head black tipped
with white, and the breast isubelline. Wing 54 mm.

This species is unrepresented in the McQonnell collection, and
the male and female described above, which are in the British
Museum, were collected at Mount Roraima by the late Henry
Whitely in January 1882 and in 1884—Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

40 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Twek-quay,
Kamarang River ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus DRYMOPHILA Such.

Drymophila Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 559, 1824. Type D. ferruginea
(Licht., nec Mull.). '

Fig. 19.—Drymophila grisea.

The members of this genus have slender bills, short wings, and
long tails. The exposed culmen is about three-fourths the length
of the tarsus, the wing about one-tenth longer than the tail, and
the tarsus nearly half the length of the tail. This genus strongly
resembles Myrmopagis of Ridgway. Coloration: male and female
different.

374. Drymophila grisea.
CAYENNE ANT-WREN.

Turdus griseus Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 39, 1783 (Cayenne).

Formicivora grisea Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 687, 1848;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 426 (Merumé Mts.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xv. p. 249, 1890 (Quonga); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer.

1. p. 200, no. 2009, 1912,

Adult male. Head, hind-neck, back, scapulars, and upper tail-
coverts dusky greyish brown with dark slate-grey bases to the
feathers ; upper wing-coverts black with white tips to the feathers,
including the bastard-wing and primary-coverts ; primary and

DRYMOPHILA.—TERENURA. 41

secondary quills dark brown; tail-feathers black tipped with
white, more broadly on the lateral ones, some of which are edged
with white on the outer webs ; a narrow white line on the base of
the forehead whieh extends over the eye and down the sides
of the neck, where it joins the white on the sides of the breast
and sides of the body; lores, sides of face, throat, breast, and
abdomen black; under tail-coverts black tipped with white ;
under wing-coverts silky-white, those on the outer margin black
minutely tipped with white.

Total length 120 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 53, tail 41,
tarsus 21.

Adult female. Head, back, and wings dusky-brown ; upper
wing-coverts and tail-feathers blackish brown tipped with white ;
lores, sides of face, and throat white, the last tinged with buff;
breast, flanks, and abdomen orange-buff ; under wing-coverts and
inner edges of quills white. Wing 54 mm.

The male and female described were collected on the Abary
River in September 1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undeseribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Takutu River, Ituribisi River, Abary
River, Ireng River, Great Falls Demerara River (McConnell
collection) ; Merumé Mountains, Quonga River ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Boddaert),
North-east and Hastern Brazil.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 687)
this bird lives in the bushes along the river-side.

Genus TERENURA Cab. & Hein.

Terenura Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 11, 1859. Type
T. maculata (Wied).

Fig. 20.—TZerenura maculata.

The members of this genus are birds of small size with pointed
bills which are slightly hooked. The wing is rounded, the fourth

42 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

fifth, and sixth primaries longest, the third about equal to the
seventh. The tail, which is nearly equal to the wing in length, is
rounded and graduated, the two middle feathers longest, the
outermost feather on each side only slightly more than half the
length of the middle ones. The feet are small and slender; the
tarsus exceeds the length of the exposed culmen by about one~
fourth. Coloration: male and female similar.

375. Terenura spodioptila.
ASH-VENTED ANT-WREN.

Terenura spodioptila Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1881, p. 270, pl. ix. fig. 1
(Bartica Grove) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 426 (Camacusa); Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 258, 1890 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 203, no. 2039, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of the head and nape blackish brown ;
back, scapulars, rump, and short upper tail-coverts chestnut ;
wings, long upper tail-coverts, and tail greyish brown ; median
and upper wing-coverts tipped with white, which forms a double
wing-bar ; lores, a line over the eye and along the sides of the-
crown, and sides of the face ash-grey like the entire under surface,
paler on the throat and inclining to white on the axillaries and
under wing-coverts.

Total length 95 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 49, tail 37,
tarsus 15.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown
of the head and nape ochreous, including the lores ‘and sides of
the crown, and the throat and fore-neck tipped with isabelline.
Wing 46 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the descriptions are taken from material in the British Museum.
The male, which is the type of the species, was collected by the
late Henry Whitely at Bartica in June 1880 and the female at
Kamakusa in March 1882.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Bartica, Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam ( Penard).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

RAAMPHOCENUS. AS

Genus RHAMPHOCENUS Vieill.

Rhamphocenus Vieill. N. Dict. d.Hist. Nat. xxix. p. 5, 1819. Type
R. melanurus Vieill.

Fig. 21.—Rhamphocenus melanurus.

This genus, which is unlike any of its congeners, may be easily
distinguished by its long bill, short wings, and long tail. The bill
is long and slender and slightly hooked at the tip of the upper
mandible, and the exposed culmen is almost equal to the tarsus in
length. The wing is rounded, the fourth, fifth, and sixth primary-
quills longest, the third about equal in length to the seventh. The
tail, which exceeds the length of the wing, is almost square at the
tip, the outer feather on each side being shorter than the rest.
Coloration : male and female similar.

376. Rhamphoceenus albiventris.
WHITE-BELLIED ANT-WREN.

Rhamphocenus albiventris Sclater, Ibis, 18938, p. 95 (Surinam) ; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 426 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa);-Sclater, Gat. B.
Brit. Mus. xv. p. 261, 1890 (Quonga) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8.
Amer. i. p. 204, no. 2045, 1912.

Adult male. Head, back, wings, and tail rufous-brown; inner
webs of primary and secondary quills darker brown; tail black
fringed with russet-brown which increases in extent on the two
outermost feathers on each side ; there is a slight indication of a
superciliary streak from the lores over and behind the eye;
cheeks, throat, breast, and sides of the body silvery-grey, the
middle of the abdomen inclining to silky-white like the under
wing-coverts. %

Total length 117 mm., exposed culmen 22, wing 47, tail 43,
tarsus 20.

The bird from which the description is taken was collected on
the Ituribisi River in 1909.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 42 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana. ,

44 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Great Falls Demerara River, Arawai River (McConnell collection);
Bartica, Kamakusa, Quonga River ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Bartlett, Penard).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus CERCOMACRA Scl.

Cercomacra Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 244. Type OC. cerulescens Sclater
(nec Vieill.) =C. brasiliana Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xii. p. 289, 1905.

Fig. 22.—Cercomacra brasiliana.

Oy

The present genus is distinguished chiefly by the large and
graduated tail, which exceeds the length of the wing by nearly
one-fourth. It possesses numerous stiffened black bristles on the
fore part of the head. The bill is hooked at the tip and propor-
tionally long, the exposed portion of the culmen being about

CERCOMACRA. 45

two-thirds the length of the tarsus. The wing is rounded, the fifth,
sixth, and sevénth primaries longest and equal and the fourth
about equal tu the eighth. The tail is long and much graduated,
the outer feather on each side being about half the length of the
middle ones. Coloration: male and female different.

Key to the Species.
A. Bend of wing and margins of upper

wing-coverts uniform with the [p. 45.

rest of the upper surface ......... C. cinerascens immaculata, S ,

a. Under surface ochreous brown... C. cinerascens immaculata, ° ,

B. Bend of wing and margins of upper [p- 46.

wing-coverts white in contrast

to the rest of the upper sur- [p. 46.
FACE. seccern cove staguc segues soe aveesnee C. tyrannina saturatior, 3,

b. Under surface pea chestnut- [p. 46.
rufous ....... wie OC. tyrannina saturatior, 2,

377. Cercomacra cinerascens immaculata.
Tur Bririsa Guiana ANT-W REN.

Cercomacra cinerascens (nee Sel.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 426 (Bartica
Grove, Camacusa); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 264, 1890, part,
specimens a—d; Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 204, no. 2050

part, 1912.
Cercomacra cinerascens immaculata Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,

Xxxvili. p. 84, July 25, 1918.

Adult male. General colour above and below blackish slate-
colour; primary and secondary quills blackish, with pale grey
edgings to the inner webs ; tail somewhat darker than the back,
with indistinct wavy bars and narrow white tips to the feathers ;
under surface slightly paler than the back.

Total length 147 mm., culmen 17, wing 65, tail 57, tarsus 20.

The type, which is in the ‘et pnell collection, was collected
on the Supenaam River in March 1910.

This subspecies differs from C. cinerascens cinerascens in being
darker (both male and female), above and below, in the absence of
the white dorsal patch, and the uniform upper wing-coverts.

According to Hellmayr (Nov. Zool. xii. p. 287) C. napensis Scl.
is synonymic with C. cinerasvens Scl. The Guiana bird therefore
is easily separable from the type of the latter by the characters
given above.

46 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA. ,

Adult female. General colour above very dark ochreous-brown,
becoming paler brown on the head and outer aspect of the wings ;
primary and secondary quills dark brown, with pale edges to the
inner webs; tail-feathers olive-brown regularly, but obscurely,
barred with black and fringed with white at the tips; entire
under surface rust-brown. Wing 63 mm.

The female described was collected at the Great Falls Demerara
River in August 1913.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British’ Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River, Bartica, Great Falls
Demerara River (McConnell collection); Bartica, Kamakusa
(Whitely).

Extralimital Range. ?Surinam, Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

378. Cercomacra tyrannina saturatior.
Gurana AnT-WREN,

Cercomacra tyrannina (nec Scl.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 427 (Bartica
Grove, Camacusa, Roraima, 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xv. p. 265, 1890 (Takutu River); Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer.
Lp. 204, no. 2053, 1912.

Cercomacra tyrannina saturatior Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxviii.

p. 85, 1918.

Adult male. Differs from the type of C. t. tyrannina from
Bogota in being much darker, almost black above, and very dark
slate-colour on the under surface.

Total length 144 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 65, tail 59,
tarsus 23.

Adult female. Differs from the typical female of C. t. tyrannina
in being bright chestnut rufous on the cheeks and entire under
surface.

Total length 129 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 64, tail 56,
tarsus 22.

The male described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
February 1907 and the female in 1909. The types are in the
McConnell collection.

An immature male from the Abary River is, for the most part,

CERCOMACRA.— MANIKUP. 47

like the male but still retains on the under surface a trace of the
female plumage. :

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Makauria River, Bonasika River,
Abary River, Anarica River, Aarawai River, Arwye Oreek, Tiger
Creek Essequibo River (McConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima,
Kamakusa, Takutu River, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. ? Surinam.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus MANIKUP Desm.

Manikup Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tanagars, Manakins, et Todies, pl. 66,
1805. Type AL. albifrons (Linn.).

Fig. 23.— Manikup albifrons.

The type of this genus is easily distinguished by the long white
lanceolate feathers on the top of the head and on the throat.

The wing, which is rounded, has the third, fourth, and fifth
primaries longest and equal, the second about equal to the seventh.
The tail is almost square at the tip and about half the length of
the wing. The feet are proportionally large, the tarsus about
one-fourth longer than the exposed portion of the culmen.
Coloration : male and female similar.

48 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

379. Manikup albifrons.
WHITE-FRONTED ANT-CATCHER.

Pipra albifrons Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. p. 889, 1766 (Guiana: ex
Edwards, pl. 344).

Pithys albifrons Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. lil. p. 685, 1848; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 428 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merumé Mis.,
Roraima 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 294, 1890
(Roraima, Camacusa, Merumé Mts., Bartica Grove); Brabourne &
Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 206, no. 2068, 1912; Beebe, Trop. Wild
Life in British Guiana, p. 182, Jan. 1917 (Bartica).

Manikup albifrons Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxix, p. 42, Jan. 3,
1919.

Adult male. Back and wings dark slate-colour, inner webs of
primary and secondary quills dark brown; upper tail-coverts, a
nuchal collar, ear-coverts, breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts,
axillaries, under wing-coverts, and tail, both above and below,
deep chestnut; crown of head, fore part of face, and the
feathers dividing the white chin and chestnut breast black; a
narrow streak behind the eye, fore part of head and throat white,
the feathers of the two latter much elongated and lanceolate ;
greater under wing-coverts and quill-lining pale brown.

Total length 122 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 72, tail 38,
tarsus 24.

The bird from which the description is taken was collected on
the Ituribisi River in August 1908.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 67 mm.

Young birds are distinguished by the dusky appearance above
and below, the absence of the chestnut collar on the hind-neck,
the white streak behind the eye, the white feathers on the fore
part of the head, and the white on the throat. The specimen
on which these remarks are based was collected on the Ituribisi
River in October 1908. There are two other immature examples
from the Anarica River, rather more advanced, which show the
appearance of white on the middle of the throat.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Anarica River (McConnell collection); Mount Roraima, Kamakusa,
Merumé Mountains, Bartica ( Whitely).

MANIKUP.—ANOPLOPS. 49

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne, North Brazil,
Venezuela.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 685) that he
only met with this bird when he came in contact with a stretch of
land occupied by the unmeasurable “ Wander-ants.” It appears
to come with them and leave at the same time. He did not know
anything of its nidification, neither could the Indians give him
any information on the subject.

Genus ANOPLOPS Cab. & Hein.

Anoplops Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p.9,1859. Type 4. rufigula
(Bodd.).

S

Fig. 24.—Anoplops rufiqula.

The species on which this genus is based hasa bare space round
the eye. A concealed dorsal patch, which is white in the male
and orange-buff in the female. The bill is of normal size and
hooked at the tip. The wing is rounded, the fourth, fifth, and
sixth primaries are longest and equal, the third about equal in
length to the seventh. The tail is almost square at the tip, the
outer feather on each side being only slightly shorter than the
middle ones. Coloration: the dorsal patch white in the male,
orange-buff in the female.

380. Anoplops rufigula.
RUFOUS-FRONTED ANT-CATCHER.

Turdus rufiguia Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 89, 1783 (Cayenne).

Pithys pectoralis Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 685, 1848.

Pithys rufigula Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 428 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa) ;
W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 8318 (Maccasseema).

Gymnopithys rufigula Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 297, 1890.

a rufigula Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 206, no. 2074,
1912.

Anoplops rufigula rufigula Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in Brit. Guian.
p. 229, 1917.
“Yackman-bird” (W. L. Sclater).
VOL. I ig

50 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Adult male. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, some-
what richer and inclining to deep chestnut-brown on the head ;
the base of the feathers on the mantle pure white, which forms
a semi-obscured dorsal patch; inner webs of the primary and
secondary quills blackish with pale fulvous inner margins ; tail
similar to the back but somewhat paler ; cheeks and ear-coverts
deep chestnut, rather darker on the hinder pertion of the latter ;
fore-neck and throat fawn-colour, richer and deeper in colour on
the latter like the outer edge of the wing; breast, abdomen, under
tail-coverts, sides of body, and inner under wing-coverts dusky
fawn-brown.

Total length 136 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 76, tail: 47,
tarsus 27.

Adult female. Similar in the general colour of the plumage to
the adult male, but differs in having the dorsal patch orange-buff
instead of pure white. Wing 75mm.

The birds from which the descriptions are taken were collected
on the Ituribisi River in February 1907.

A nestling in the British Museum, collected by Whitely at
Bartica in January 1880, is uniform chocolate-brown both above
and below.

Breeding-season. June (Beebe).

Nest. Built of small twigs and vine stems lined with a few
pieces of coarse fibre (Beebe).

Eggs. Warm pinkish ground-colour, marked with purplish
red, lilac and Jake, chiefly at the larger end: measurements
21:5 x17 mm. (Beebe).

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Bartica, Makauria
River (McConnell collection); Kamakusa, Bartica (Whitely);
Maccasseema (W. L. Sclater).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Boddaert),
North-east Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 685) that he
only found this bird in the low brush of the coast-woods or on
the ground in search for its food.

The following note is copied from W. L. Sclater (Ibis, 1887,
p- 318) :—‘ This Ant-Thrush, I was told, was commonly known
as the Yackman-bird. It is said to be seen only in pursuit of the
moving troops of the Yackman-ants (Eciton, sp. inc.), which, as
is stated, have no nest, but move in enormous masses through the

ANOPLOPS.—MYRMORNIS. a

forest. The specimen of this bird which I procured was shot
by one of the Indians in my presence, while I was engaged in
watching a troop of these ants which were passing through the

forest.”
See also Beehe, ‘ Tropical Wild Life,’ p. 229.

Genus MYRMORNIS Herm.

Myrmornis Hermann, Tab. Affin. Anim. p. 188, 1783. Type 2 tor-
quata (Bodd.).

he

The species on which this genus was founded is conspicuous by
its large bill, short tail, somewhat thick feet, and Woodcock-like
upper plumage. The bill is hooked at the tip, and the exposed
portion of the culmen is nearly as long as the tarsus. The wing
is almost square, the primaries being only about 20 mm. longer
than the secondaries. The tail is only a little more than one-
third the length of the wing. Coloration: male and female
different.

52 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

381. Myrmornis torquata torquata *.
Cayenne ANT-THRUSH.

Formicarius torquatus Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 43, 1783 (Cayenne).
Rhopoterpe torquata Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 429 (Bartica Grove, Cama-
cusa); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 298, 1890 (Demerara) ;
Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 302, 1910 (Aremu River).

Woodcock Ant-bird (Beebe).

Adult male. Head dark chestnut-brown with slightly paler
shaft-streaks to the feathers; back greyish brown, the feathers
broadly fringed with chestnut, some of the feathers have white
bases with the terminal portion-black, while others have an ovate
black subterminal spot ; rump, upper tail-coverts, und tail chest-
nut; upper wing-coverts black fringed with white or smoky-white
and sometimes greyish brown on the basal portion ; an oblique
band of smoky-white across the outer webs of the primary-quills,
tips of secondary quills bronze-grey, a large patch of white on
the inner webs of the quills, which commences on the third outer
primary, increasing in extent towards the inner secondaries;

lores, a line over the eye, and hinder face speckled with black and .

white; throat and fore-neck black, the feathers on the outer
margin of the black throat-spot tipped with white; breast, sides
of the body, and abdomen dark ash-grey, somewhat paler on
middle of the abdomen; lower flanks rust-brown ; under tail-
coverts pale chestnut; under wing-coverts white barred with
dark brown ; quills below pale brown with a white patch.

Total length 140 mm., exposed culmen 22, wing 93, tail 36,
tarsus 23.

The male from which the description is taken was collected on
the Ituribisi River.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having a chestnut
throat-patch instead of black as in the male. Wing 93 mm.

The adult female described was collected at Bartica.

Nestling. Covered for the most part with down, which is
chestnut-brown in colour. The wing-feathers, which are more or
less developed, are similar in colour to those of the adult. This
specimen was collected on the Kamakabra River.

* This species was unfortunately omitted from Brabourne & Chubh’s
‘Birds of South America,’ vol. i.

MYRMORNIS. 53.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Makauria River, Arawai River,
Arwye Creek (McConnell collection); Bartica, Kamakusa
(Whitely) ; Demerara (Brown).

Exiralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Boddaert).

Halts. Beebe, in ‘Our Search for a Wilderness,’ p. 302,
gives the following note on this species :—“ Keeping to the
left through the open underbrush I intersected another wood
road, then swung around and at last entered the clearing from
the south-east. Hearing a rustling I suspected another tortoise,
and was about to pass on when I saw leaves and twigs flying into
the air behind a log. Creeping from tree to tree I saw that the
commotion was made by.a trio of Ant-thrushes, or, as I prefer to
call them, Antbirds. They took the leaves and leaf-mould in
their beaks and threw them over their backs, all three working
side by side, covering a width of about two feet. They were
Woodcock Antbirds, reminding one, in the general tone of
coloration of the upper parts, of that bird. The chin and throat
were black bordered with white which extended up the sides of
the neck and forward over the eyes. The tail was short and
often held erect over the back, while the strong legs and feet
proclaimed them terrestrial rather than arboreal. When flying
or excited, a row of white spots flashed out from all the wing-
feathers save the first two primaries, but when the wings were
closed only buff markings were visible. Now and then two of the
birds would spy some morsel of food at the same instant and a
tussle would ensue. With angry scolding cries the two con-
testants would strike at each other with their beaks, with wings
wide spread and the elongated feathers of the back raised and
parted exposing the conspicuous white base of the plumes, almost
like a rosette. These white stars were very conspicuous amid the
dark shadows of the forest floor, vanishing instantly when the
wings were lowered. This colour is not visible in flight.... When
the matter of dispute was devoured or had crawled away into safety
the quarrel was at once forgotten, and the birds began scratching
peacefully side by side.as before.”

54 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus PERCNOSTOLA Cab. & Hein.

Percnostola Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 10,1859. Type P. rufi-
frons (Gmel.).

! Fig. 26.—Perenostola rufifrons.

This genus is distinguished in having the head crested, the

feathers of the back long and disintegrated, and the absence of a
concealed dorsal patch.
‘The bill is short and stout, the exposed culmen about two-thirds
the length of the tarsus. The wing rounded, the fourth, fifth,
sixth, seventh, and eighth primaries longest and subequal, the
third slightly shorter foe the ninth. The tail is also rounded
and is about three-fourths the length of the wing. Coloration :
the male and female are quite different in colour.

382. Percnostola rufifrons.
CAYENNE BLACK-HEADED ANT-CATCHER.

Turdus ruftfrons Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 825, 1789 (Cayenne).

Pyriglena funebris Cab. in Bohan; Reis. Guian. ili. p. 684, 1848;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 429.

Percnostola funebris Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 2738, 1890.

Perenostola rufifrons Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 208,
no. 2098, 1912.

Adult mate. General colour above and below dark slate-colour ;
upper wing-coverts, including the bastard-wing, black narrowly
fringed with white at the tips of the feathers; primary-coverts,
primary and secondary quills dark brown margined on the outer
edges with dark slate-colour; tail similar to the back, with
indistinct. dark narrow cross-bars; entire head, sides of face, neck
all round, and throat black ; under wing-coverts and quills below
pale brown; lower aspect of tail blackish.

Total length 151 mm., exposed culmen 20, wing 73, tail 58,
tarsus 30.

PERCNOSTOLA.—SCLATERIA. 55

The male described was collected on the Bonasika River.

Adult female. Entire back, scapulars, and tail dusky brown;
upper wing-coverts black margined with buff at the tips; the
tips of the loose feathers on the rump and outer aspect of the quills
rust-brown, inner webs of quills dark brown, somewhat paler on
the inner edges; crown of head and nape black ; base of fore-
head, a narrow line over the eye, sides of face, sides of neck,
throat, and upper breast bright ferruginous, becoming paler on
the lower breast, abdomen, sides of body, and under tail-coverts ;
under wing-coverts buff, the greater series and quill-lining brown
with pale edges to the inner webs; lower aspect of tail dark
brown. Wing 68 mm.

The female described was collected on the Supenaam River.

Immature male. Similar’ to the adult female on the upper parts,
but much less brilliant in colour on the sides of the face, throat,
and fore-neck; breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts rust-brown.

The immature bird was collected on the Bonasika River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Abary River, Berbice
River, Anarica River, Arwye Creek, Great Falls Demerara River
(Me Connell collection).

Eatralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Gmelin).

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 684) this
bird is more common in the coast woods than in the woods of
the interior.

Genus SCLATERIA Oberholser.

Sclateria Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1899, p. 299. Type
S. nevia (Gmel.).

Fig. 27.—Selateria nevia.

This genus is distinguished by the long and somewhat thin bill
and the smogth non-scutellated tarsi. ‘The exposed portion of the

56 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

culmen is about four-fifths the length of the tarsus. The wing is
rounded, the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh primaries longest
and subequal, the third shorter than the eighth and ninth but
much longer than the tenth. The tail also rounded at the tip and
graduated, the two middle feathers longest and about five-sevenths
‘the length of the wing. Coloration: male and female quite
different.
Key to the Species.

A. Under surface streaked.
a. Throat and breast slate-grey streaked

with white ..... ... WS. nevia d, p. 56.
b. Throat and breast ‘white streaked with
fawn-brown ....... .. S.naevia 9, p. 57.
B. Under surface uniform, not atreaked.
¢. Larger, under parts ash-grey ......... 0. S. leucostigma 3, p. 57.
c’. Larger, and paler chestnut on the
under surface ....... .. &S. leucostigma 9, p. 58.
d, Smaller, under surface “blackish: slate-
colour, ..... . S&S. saturata 3, p. 58.
d', Smaller, and darker chestnut o on n the
under ‘surface decssecssssccesesscsenee SS, Saturata 9, p. 59.

383. Sclateria neevia.
Surinam ANT-CREEPER.

Sitta nevia Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 442, 1788 (Surinam).
Heterocnemis lineata Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 685, 1848.
Heterocnemis nevia Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p, 427 (Camacusa); Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 275, 1890 (Camacusa).

ee asl neévia Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 208, no. 2906,

Adult male. General colour above dark slate-colour, somewhat
darker and inclining to black on the upper wing-coverts, all of
which are tipped with white, including the bastard-wing and
ptimary-coverts ; primary and secondary quills dark brown; tail
sooty-black; head like the back, the short feathers surrounding
the eye and sides of the face have white shaft-lines; throat
white, the feathers slightly tipped with slate-grey ; remainder of
the under surface slate-colour, but paler than the back, with
longitudinal white centres to the feathers on the fore-neck,
breast, and abdomen, somewhat darker and almost entirely
uniform on the flanks, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts ;
under surface of quills and lower aspect of tail dark brown.

Total length 145 mm., exposed culmen 21, wing ls tail 51,
tarsus 25.

SOLATERIA. 57

The male from which the description is taken was collected on
the Kamakabra River in 1911.

Adult female. Differs entirely from the adult male in being
dark chocolate-brown above, instead of slate-colour, the upper
wing-coverts tipped with fulvous, instead of white, and the under
surface rust-brown lined with white, instead of slate-colour with
white lines. Wing 68 mm.

The female bird described was collected on the Ituribisi River

“in 1909.

The young male bird in its first plumage is like the adult
female, though somewhat darker perhaps, and has the fulvous tips
to the upper wing-coverts. As it advances in age, however, these
tips change to white, first on the major series; this change appears
to be one of the first signs that denotes the sex, and the slate-colour
of the adult plumage may be seen approaching in patches on the
back and sides of the neck. The immature bird mentioned was
collected on the Mazaruni River in October 1907.

Breeding-season.. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undeseribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Makauria River,
Abary River, Mazaruni River, Arawai River (McConnell collection);
Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Eatralimital Range. Surinam (Gmelin, Penard).

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 685) that he
met with this bird only in the woods near the coast, where it ran
about on the ground among the low bushes.

384. Sclateria leucostigma.
Spot-wIncED AntT-CREEPER.
Percnostola leucostigma Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 86, 160, 1869 (Barra do
Rio Negro). * :
Heterocnemis leucostigma Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 427 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa, Merumé Mts.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 276,

1890 (Takutu River, Camacusa, Bartica Grove).
Sclateria leucostigma Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 209,

no. 2098, 1912. ,

Adult male. General colour above blackish tinged with slate-
colour, including the head, back, and tail; upper wing-coverts
black, each: with a small white spot at the tip; primary and

58 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

secondary quills blackish brown ; sides of the face dark slate-grey
becoming paler on the throat, breast, abdomen, and under wing-
coverts and darker on the sides of the body, flanks, and under
tail-coverts ; under surface of quills dark brown; lower aspect of
tail sooty-black.

Total length 150 mm.,exposed culmen 17, wing 79, tail 58,
tarsus 23.

The male bird described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
October 1908. :

Adult female. Differs entirely from the adult male in having
the upper parts chiefly chocolate-brown, instead of dark slate-
colour, ferruginous spots at the tips of the upper wing-coverts,
instead of white, and bright ferruginous on the under surface,

instead of slate-grey. Wing 64 mm.

The female described above was collected on the Ituribisi River
in 1909.

A young male of this species, collected on the Mazaruni River
in October 1907, still retains traces of its first plumage, which is
like that of the adult female, in having a few ferruginous
feathers on the under surface and some of the upper wing-coverts
tipped with ferruginous while the remainder have white tips.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eyys. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Makauria River, Mazaruni
River, Tiger Creek, Essequibo River, Arawai River (McConnell
collection) ; Bartica, Kamakusa, Takutu River ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North Brazil, East

* Peru, Ecuador, Colombia.
Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

385. Sclateria saturata.
Roramma ANT-CREEPER.

Heterocnemis saturata Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 427 (Roraima, 3500 ft.) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 276, 1890 (Roraima, British
Guiana).

Sclateria saturata Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. 1. p. 209, no. 2101,
1912.

Adult male. General colour above and below blackish slate-
colour; upper wing-coverts black with white tips to the feathers;

. SCLATERIA,—MYRMODERUS, 59

bastard-wing edged with white on the outer web; primary and
secondary quills blackish ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
tipped with white; under surface of flight-quills smoke-brown.

Total length 156 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 64, tail 56,
tarsus 27. ae ide» eit ae

Adult female. General-colour above chocolate-brown, darker
and tinged with grey on the top of the head and sides of the hinder
face; upper wing-coverts tipped with pale ferruginous; outer
edge of bastard-wing similar; throat and breast chestnut be-
coming darker on the abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts ;
under wing-coverts hair-brown more or less marked with
chestnut ; tail blackish above and below.

Total length 140 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 63, tail 53,
tarsus 24.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection,
and the descriptions are taken from the types in the British
Museum, which were collected at Mount Roraima by the late
. Henry Whitely—Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

_ Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus MYRMODERUS Ridgw.

Myrmoderus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxii. p. 70, 1909.
Type MM. loricatus (Licht.).

Fig. 28.—Myrmoderus longipes.

The chief characters which distinguish this genus are the long
bill, the almost square wing, and the long tarsi. The bill is
slightly hooked. The wing is only slightly rounded, the
secondaries being almost equal in length to the primaries. The

60 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

tail is rounded and graduated and about three-fourths the
length of the wing. Coloration: male and female different.

Key to the Species.

A. Abdomen white.
@. Throat black .......ccceceesesescereseeeeee DL. longipes 3, p. 60.

b. Throat ferruginous .........s-eceeceeeeee DL. longipes 2, p. 60.
B! Abdomen chocolate-brown.
c. Throat black .......s:cceccesseeeereeveevee I. ferrugineus 6, p. 61.
d. Throat white ........ccsccecessessseeceeee DL. ferrugineus 9, p. 61.
C. Abdomen blackish brown. |
e. Throat black ...... . LW. atrothorax S, p. 62.
J. Throat white tinged w with Hh bright f ‘fawn-
colour ........ .. ft. atrothorax 2, p. 62.

386. Myrmoderus longipes.
Swatinson’s AnT-CREEPER.

Drymophila longipes Swains. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 152, 1825 (Trinidad) ;
‘Brabourne & Chubb, B. S§. Amer. i. p. 209, no. 2105, 1912.
Myrmeciza longipes Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 278, 1890

(Quonga).

Adult male. Upper surface bright chestnut including the head,
back, wings, and tail; the feathers on the upper back more or
less white towards the base and forming a somewhat concealed
patch ; inner webs of primary and secondary quills brown with
narrow rufous edgings; forehead, sides of crown, and sides of the
nape grey, the feathers at the base of the forehead have black
shaft-lines; lower sides of face, throat, and fore-neck dark slate-
grey; middle of abdomen inclining to white; flanks fulvous-
brown; under tail-coverts bright cinnamon; under wing-coverts
whitish; under surface of quills brown with rufous edgings ;
lower aspect of tail chestnut like the upper surface.

Total length 140 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 66, tail 53,
tarsus 28.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the throat
whitish and fore-neck pale rufous, instead of black, the breast
whitish, instead of slate-grey, and a black spot on the subapical
portion of the upper wing-coverts. Wing 64 mm.

The male and female described were collected in the Upper
Takutu Mountains in 1909.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

MYRMODERUS. 61

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains (McConnell
collection) ; Quonga River ( W hitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

387. Myrmoderus ferrugineus.
CAYENNE ANT-CREEPER.
Turdus ferrugineus P. L. 8. Mill. Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 141, 11776
(Cayenne).
Myrmonax cinnamomeus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 684, 1848.
Myrmeciza cinnamomea Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 427 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa); Selater, Cat. B. Brit: Mus. xv. p. 280, 1890 (Takutu
River, Berbice).
Drymophila ferruginea Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 210,
no. 2109, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface chestnut
including the head, back, wings, and tail ; lesser marginal upper
wing-coverts white, the remainder of the coverts above black
minutely tipped with white on the lesser series and broadly edged
at the tips with ferruginous buff on the median and greater
series, the primary-coverts similar but the edgings very narrow ;
primary and secondary quills dark brown on the inner webs ;
lores and a line over the eye skirting the sides of the nape black,
the feathers on the sides of the nape tipped with white which
forms a conspicuous white streak ; cheeks, hinder face, throat, and
breast uniform black ; region in front and behind the eye bare ;
the feathers on the lower breast broadly margined with ash-grey,
while those on the sides of the breast are paler and inclining to
white ; middle of abdomen slate-grey ; sides of body and flanks
rust-brown; under tail-coverts chestnut; under wing-coverts
black, the greater series brown fringed with white at the tips ;
quills below brown ; lower aspect of tail rufous-brown.

Total length 150 mm., exposed culmen 19, wing 65, tail 52,
tarsus 27.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Mazaruni River in October 1907.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the throat
white, instead of black, and the lower breast paler and inclining
to white. Wing 64 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

62 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Mazaruni River, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Arawai River
(McConnell collection); Bartica, Kamakusa, Takutu River
(Whately) ; Berbice (British Museum).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Miller), Northern Brazil.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 684) this
bird frequents the woods on the coast, where it hops about in the
low bush or on the ground in search of food.

388. Myrmoderus atrothorax.
BLACK-THROATED ANT-CREEPER.

Formicarius atrothorax Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 44, 1783 (Cayenne).
Myrmeciza atrothoraz Salvin, This, 1885, p. 428 (Merumé Mts.) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 282, 1890 (Merumé Mts.). |
Drymophila, atrothoraz Byrabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 210,

no. 2113, 1912.

Adult male. Head and back bronze-brown ; wings rather darker
than the back and inclining to smoky-black, with minute white
spots at the tips of the upper wing-coverts and those round the
edge of the wing both above and below; inner webs of the primary
and secondary quills dark brown,somewhat paler on the inner
margins ; dorsal feathers white towards the base which forms a
concealed white patch on the back; rump and upper tail-coverts
dull black, very loose and fluffy in texture; tail also black, both
above and below; sides of face, sides of neck, abdomen, and flanks
dark slate-colour ; throat and fore-neck black, as are also the
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts dusky grey.

Total length 143 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 57, tail 56,
tarsus 26.

Adult female, Similar to the adult male above, but differs below
in having the throat white and the remainder of the under surface
for the most part bright ferruginous. Wing 55 mm.

The male and female from which tne above descriptions are
taken were collected on the Supenaam River in 1910.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest.. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Supenaam River, Kamakabra River,

MYRMODERUS.—HYPOCNEMIS. 63°

Makauria River, Abary River, Arawai River (McConnell collec-
tion) ; Merumé Mountains ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Boddaert), North Brazil, Vene-
zuela, Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus HYPOCNEMIS Cab.

Hypocnemis Cabanis, Arch. fiir Naturg. 1847, i. p. 212. Type
AI. cantator (Bodd.).

Fig. 29.—Hypocnemts cantator.

The species on which this genus was founded is a somewhat
small bird. The bill is hooked at the tip, slender in form, and
about two-thirds the length of the tarsus. It possesses short but
numerous rictal bristles. The wing is rounded, the fourth and
fifth primaries longest and equal, the third intermediate between
the seventh and eighth. The tail, which is proportionately long,
is rounded at the tip and graduated, the outer feather on each
side about three-fourths the length of the middle ones. Colora-
tion: male and female similar.

389. Hypocnemis cantator.
Wanrsine AntT-CREEPER.

Formicarius cantator Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 44, 1783 (Cayenne).

Hypocnemis tintinnabulata Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 684,
1848.

Hypocnemis cantator Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 428 (Camacusa, Bartica
Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 285, 1890 (Camacusa,
Bartica Grove) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 211, no:
2120, 1912.

Adult male. Entire head and nape black with white tips to
many of the feathers which form three irregular lines, a narrow

one above each eye which spreads out on the sides of the neck, and

64 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

a broader one on the middle of the crown and nape; mantle

olive-brown with black tips and white bases to the feathers ; upper

wing-coverts black with a white spot at the tips of the feathers;

bastard-wing white on the outer edge; outer aspect of flight- .
quills, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail rust-brown; inner webs

of the primary and secondary quills blackish with whitish edgings;

the tail-feathers have also pale edgings at the tips ; loral streak

white with bristly black tips to the feathers; a spot in front of
the eye entirely black ; throat, fore-neck, breast, and middle of

abdomen white with dark edges and black centres to the feathers,

which are broader on the sides of the breast, narrower on the

middle portion, and almost entirely absent on the abdomen; flanks

and under tail-coverts pale ferruginous ; under’ wing-coverts for

the most part white ; quill-lining pale brown with buffy-white inner

edges ; lower aspect of tail similar to that of the upper surface.

Total length 109 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 55, tail 40,
tarsus 21.

The male described was collected on the Makauria River in
August 1910.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but the pale markings
on the head and face isabelline instead of white, and the upper
wing-coverts rust-brown with buff spots at the tips of the feathers
instead of black with white tips, the feathers on the mantle
uniform olive-brown instead of having black tips with white bases.
Wing 58 mm.

The description of the female is taken from a specimen collected
on the Abary River in November 1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana,

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Makauria River,
Abary River, Arawai River, Tiger Creek, Essequibo River, Arwye
Ureek (McConnell collection); Kamakusa, Takutu River, Bartica
( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Boddaert),
North Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 684) that this
bird is found more commonly in the. woods near the coast than in
those of the interior. It hops about in the lower part of the
bushes and on the ground in search of food.” -

MYRMOBORUS. 65

Genus MYRMOBORUS Cab. & Hein.

Myrmoborus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 9, 1860. Type
Af, lewcophrys (Tsch.).

Fig. 30.—yrmoborus leucophiys.

©

The members that comprise this genus are larger in size than
those of the previous one, and are distinguished in having the
female plumage entirely different from that of the male. It differs
also in the almost entire absence of rictal bristles. The exposed
culmen is about three-fifths the length of the tarsus. The wing
is rounded, the fourth and fifth primaries longest, the third about
equal to the sixth. The tail is rounded at the tip, the outer
feather on each side about three-fourths the length of the middle
ones. Coloration: male and female different. °

390. Myrmoborus angustirostris.
ScHomMBURGK’s ANT-CREEPER:

Conopophaga angustirostris Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 685,
1848 (British Guiana).

Myrmonaz leucophrys (nec Tsch.), Cab. tom. cit. p. 684.

Hypocnemis leucophrys (nec Tsch.), Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 428 (Bartica
Grove) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 288, 1890 (Bartica Grove,
Takutu River).

Hypocnemis angustirostris Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 212,
no. 2180, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above and below dark slate-colour ;
inner webs of flight-quills dark brown with pale edges; fore part
of the head and a line over the eye greyish white; sides of face
and throat uniform black.

VOL. It, F

66 BIRDS OF BRITISH QUIANA.

Total length 122 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 67, tail 43,
tarsus 25. i .
The description is: taken from an example collected on the

Ituribisi River in February 1907.

Adult female. Differs entirely from the adult male in being
rust-brown above with buffy-white spots at the tips of the upper
wing-coverts ; fore part of head bright rufous, paler and inclining
to buff on the sides of the crown; lores and sides of face black ;
under surface for the most part white. Wing 67 mm. ~

The female described was collected on the Supenaam River in
1910.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Liggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Abary River,
Arawai River, Arwye Creek (McConnell collection); Bartica,
Takutu River ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, Northern
and Western Brazil, East Bolivia,

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 685)
this species also frequents the woods near the coast and lives in
the dense bushes, and hops about on the ground in search of food.

Genus DICHROPOGON Chubb.

Dichropogon Chubb, Ann.’ & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) ii. p. 124, 1918.
Type D. pecilonota (Cab.).

Fig. 81.—Dichropogon pecilonota.

The species which I have ‘separated generically had previously
been associated with Hypocnemis of Cabanis, but it differs

DICHROPOGON. 67

altogether in colour as well as in its proportionate forms. The
bill is small and narrow. The wing, which is rounded, has
the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries longest, the second
about equal to the eighth. The tail, which is nearly square at
the tip, is about two-thirds the length of the wing. The legs and
feet are proportionately strong; the tarsus exceeds the length of
the exposed culmen by about two-fifths. Coloration : male and
female similar.

391. Dichropogon peoecilonota.
SPOTTED-BACKED AsNT~OREEPER.

Hypocnemis pecilonota Cab. Arch. fir Naturg. 1847, p. 213, pl. iv.
(Guiana); id. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 684, 1848; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 428 (Roraima, 3500 ft., Camacusa, Atapurau River,
Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 286, 1890
(Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Roraima, Atapurau River); Brabourne &
Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 211, no. 2125, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above and below slate-grey, the
feathers on the middle of the back subapically black and edged
with white at the tips; upper wing-coverts and innermost secon-
daries black margined with white at the tips of the feathers,
outer edge of bastard-wing white like the outer margin of the
first primary ; primasy-coverts blackish with just a trace of white
at the tips; inner webs of flight-quills dark brown with whitish
edges; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black tipped with
white, the latter spotted with white on both webs ; under surface
paler slate-colour than above, especially on the chin, abdomen,
under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts, all of which incline
to ash-grey.

Total length 119 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 64, tail 40,
tarsus 24,

The male bird described was collected on the Bonasika River
in 1911.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the chin,
sides of the face, and fore part of the head brightrufous, somewhat
darker on the hinder crown and nape, and the entire back and
wings suffused with ochreous-brown as are also the lower flanks
and under tail-coverts. Wing 63 mm.

The female described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
November 1906.

FQ

68 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

The young male in its first plumage is evidently like the
female, as there is an example from the Ituribisi River that
shows the remains of rufous on the head, back, wings, sides of
face, and throat.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Makauria River,
Anarica River, Arawai River, Arwye Creek.

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela.

Habits. Schomburgk mentions (Weis. Guian. iii. p- 684) that this
bird frequents the woods near the coast, where it hops about in
the low bushes and on the ground in search of food.

The following note is quoted from Beebe (Our Search for a
Wilderness, p. 324):—“I thoroughly enjoyed this new aspect of
the jungle world. As usual small birds were fairly abundant,
of which apparently 99 per cent. were Antbirds or Woodhewers.
The most common Antbird in the valleys was the Scaly-backed,
slate-coloured except for the feathers of the back, wings, and tail,
which were black tipped with white. At one place two dozen of
these little birds must have been in sight, uttering sharp, snapping
calls, and clinging, like Marsh-Wrens, to upright stems in the
underbrush.” .

Genus HYPOCNEMOIDES Bangs & Penard.

Hypocnemoides Bangs & Penard, Bull. Mus. Harv. Coll. lxii, p 69,
April 1918. Type H. melanopogon (Sclater).

li

i

Fig. 82.— Hypocnemoides melanopogon.

HYPOCNEMOIDES. 69

This genus is distinguished chiefly by its short tail and the
long upper tail-coverts which cover half its length. The wing is
rounded, the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries longest and the
third about equal to the eighth. Coloration: male and female
similar.

392. Hypocnemoides melanopogon.
BLACK-CHINNED ANT-CREEPER.

Hypoenemis melanopogon Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 180 (Chamicurros) ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 428 (Camacusa) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xv. p. 290, 1890 (Guiana); Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 212,
no. 2139, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above dark slate-colour ; upper
wing-coverts black margined’with greyish white ; inner webs of
flight-quills dark brown; tail-feathers black edged with white at
the tips; throat black; remainder of the under surface slate-grey,
paler on the under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts.

Total length 105 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 63, tail 32,
tarsus 21.

The male described was collected on the Anarica River.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male above, but differs on
the under surface in having the throat white with very slight
dark edges to the feathers, instead of uniform black, the feathers
on the back tipped with ash-grey, and the abdomen white instead
of slate-grey. Wing 62 mm.

The female described was also collected on the Anarica River.

An immature male, collected on the Ituribisi River in October
1908, has the throat blackish with white bases to the feathers,
which imparts a spotted appearance.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Figgs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Anarica River, Great Falls Deme-
rara River, Arawai River (McConnell collection) ; Kamakusa
( Whately).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North-west Brazil and
Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

70 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus STICTOMYRMORNIS Chubb.

Stictomyrmornis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxix. p. 59, Feb. 1919.
Type S. nevius (Gmel.).

Fig. 38.—Stictomyrmornis nevius.

The species that I have separated as a new genus under the
above title had also been placed by previous authors in the genus
Hypocnemis. It is, however, easily distinguished by its flat and
muscicapine bill, the width of which at the base is about three-
fifths the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded,
the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and equal, the
third shorter than the sixth but longer than the seventh. Tail
nearly square, the outer feather on each side being about eight-
ninths the length of the middle ones. The feet are small, the
tarsus is about one-fourth longer than the exposed culmen.
Coloration: male and female similar.

393. Stictomyrmornis neevius.
Spot-BacKED ANT-CREEPER.

Pipra nevia Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1003, 1789 (Cayenne).

Hypocnemis therese (part) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 292, 1890
(Oyapoe, Cayenne). .

Hypocnemis nevia Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 218, no. 2142,
1912.

Adult male. Head, upper back, scapulars, and lower back rust-
brown, somewhat more rufous on the upper tail-coverts; the
feathers on the middle of the back have white bases which form
a concealed dorsal white spot, the apical portion black with a pale

STICTUMYRMORNIS. Tt

fulvous pear-shaped mark at the tips ; tail similar in colour to the
back but the feathers darker subterminally and edged with white
at the tips; upper wing-coverts black minutely tipped with
white on the lesser series, more broadly on the median and
greater series where the white is tinged, more or less, with pale
fulvous like the spots on the outer webs of the inner secondary-
quills; outer edge of the bastard-wing white ; primary-coverts
uniform black; inner webs of the primary and secondary quills
blackish with pale edges, the outer margins like the back but
darker towards the base ; the feathers on the top of the head have
dark margins which impart a squamated appearance; base of the
forehead and hinder face dark slate-grey; throat black; fore-neck
and breast white with black tips to the feathers on the latter, the
black increasing in extent on the sides of the breast ; abdomen,
flanks, and under tail-coverts pale fulvous; under wing-coverts
whitish, the outer margin black with minute white spots, the
greater series brown like the quill-lining; lower aspect of tail
brown with a dark subterminal band and whitish at the tip.

Total length 111 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 61, tail 38,
tarsus 20,

The male described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
February 1907.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male on the upper surface
but differs below in the absence of the black on the throat, which
is whitish, and the white on the fore-neck and breast, which is
fulvous like the remainder of the under parts. Wing 58 mm.

The female described was collected on the Kamakabra River
in 1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiaha.

fggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Great Falls Demerara River (Me Con-
nell collection).

Eatralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

72 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

Genus PHLEGOPSIS Reichenb.

Phlegopsis Reichenbach, Syst. Av. p. lvii, 1850. Type P. nigromaculata
(Lafr. & D’Orb.).

Fig. 84,—Phlegopsis nigromaculata.

This genus is distinguished by the bare space round the eye,
the nuchal crest, strong feet, and smooth tarsi. The bill is sharply
hooked, the exposed culmen about two-thirds the length of the
tarsus. The wing is rounded, the fourth and fifth primaries
longest and the third equal to the sixth in length. The tail is
very slightly rounded, the outer feather on each side being only
about 3 mm. shorter than the midd’e ones,

e

394. Phlegopsis erythroptera.
Rurous-wWInGED BARE-EYE.

Formicarius erythropterus Gould, Ann. & Mag, Hist (2) xv. p. 345,
1855 (Demerara) ; id. P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 69.
Phlogopsis erythroptera Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 801, 1890
(Demerara).
_Phlegopsis erythroptera Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i. p. 218,
no. 2151, 1912. tl
Adult (type of the species). Crown of head, sides of face,
throat, and entire under surface black, including the under tail-
coverts and under wing-coverts; upper back and upper wing-
coverts black, the feathers narrowly edged with white, the median,
greater series, and primary-coverts broadly tipped with chestnut ;
basal portion of flight-quills and tips of secondaries chestnut, the
-remaining portion black ; lower back dusky black ; upper tail-
coverts black tipped with maroon-chestnut; tail black above and
below ; flight-quills below rufous at the base, hair-brown on the
apical portion.

PHLEGOPSIS.——FORMICARIUS. 73

Total length 159 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 93, tail 58,
tarsus 31,

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the description is taken from Gould’s type, which is now in the
British Museum.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Fggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guana. Demerara (Gould).

Evtralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North-west Brazil,
Eeuador.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus FORMICARIUS Bodd.

Formicarius Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 48, 1783. Type F. colma
Bodd.

Fig. 35.—Formicarius colma.

This genus is distinguished by the olive-brown upper surface
and glossy feathers on the fore part of the head. The bill is
rather narrow and hooked at the tip. The wing is rounded,
the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and equal, the
second about equal to the sixth. The tail, which is rather
short and rounded, is a little more than half the length of the
wing. The tarsus is scutelluted and about a third longer than the
exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female similar. ;

Key to the Species.

A. Crown of head chestnut in contrast to the

back; under tail-coverts like the abdomen... #. colma, p. 74.
B. Crown of head chocolate-brown similar to the

back; under tail-coverts chestnut in contrast

to the abdomen oo... ec eeeeeeeese 2 ovtssalis, p. 75.

74 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

395. Formicarius colma. -
BoppaAgER?’s AnT-THRUSH.

Formicarius colma Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 44, 1783 (Cayenne) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i. p. 214, no. 2155, 1912.

Myiothera colma Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 686, 1848.

Formicarius nigrifrons Gould, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) xvi. p. 344,
1855 (Chamicurros, on the eastern side of Peru) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885,
p- 429 (Camacusa, Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv.
p- 303, 1890 (Demerara).

Adult male. General colour above including the back, wings,
and tail bronze-brown ; outer edge of bastard-wing pale orange
like the basal portion of the primary-quills, terminal portion of
the primary and secondary quills dark brown; tail-feathers
blackish towards the tips ; fore part of head glossy black ; crown
of head chestnut with black edges to the feathers, occiput and
nape pale chestnut; sides of face, throat, and breast black fading
to brown on the abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts; axillaries
white at the base with blackish tips; inner and greater series of
under wing-coverts blackish, the outer series and basal portion
of quill-lining pale orange; apical portion of quill-lining and
lower aspect of tail dark brown.

Total length 150 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 86, iail 49,
tarsus 28. ;

The male described was collected on the Supenaam River in
1910.

Immature male. General colour above and below rust-brown ;
crown of head, nape, and feathers round the eye chestnut, darker
on the middle of the crown; cheeks, chin, and throat ferruginous,
each feather minutely tinged with black. The black increases as
age advances, and the throat becomes uniform black in the adult
male.

The immature male from which the description is taken has no
exact locality.

Adult female. Hinder crown, nape, back, wings, and tail
similar to those of the adult male, but differs, however, in having
the lores and throat white, breast dark slate-grey, becoming paler
and inclining to white on the abdomen. Wing 85 mm.

The female described was collected on the Kamakabra River in
1911.

Immature female. Differs from the adult female described in

FORMICARIUS. 75

being darker on the breast and abdomen and in having the
feathers of the cheeks, chin, and throat tipped with black.

The description of the immature female is based on an example
collected on the Supenaam River, 1910.

According to Dr. Sclater (Catalogue of the Birds in the
British Museum, xv. p. 302) the female is similar to the male
and the young have the lores and throat varied with whitish. I
am of opinion, however, that this is not the case. The fully adult
female, I believe, is distinguished by its white lores, entire white
throat, and more or less white on the abdomen.

The young males have the lores and throat rufous (never white).
The young females, on the other hand, never have the lores rufous
but always white, and the feathers of the entire throat tipped with
white. Whether the throat is entirely black in the first plumage
is a problem that the present series, though fairly large, do not
enable me to solve.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Makauria
River, Lower Mazaruni River, Abary River (McConnell collec-
tion) ; Demerara (Brown) ; Kamarang River, Bartica, Kamakusa
( Whitely).

Extralimital Range, Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Boddaert),
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 686) that he
found this species in the woods up to an altitude of 4000 feet. It
lives almost exclusively on the ground and feeds on insects,
caterpillars, etc. Its note, which it utters from time to time, is a
peculiar whistling noise. It is often observed following the armies
of “ Wander-Ants.” The “ Warraus” call it Hebakatinerarub.

396. Formicarius crissalis.

Rurous-vENTED ANT-THRUSH.

Myiothera analis (nec d’Orb.), Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 686,
1848.

Myrmornis crissalis Cab. J. f. O. 1861, p. 96 (Roraima).

Formicarius hoffmanni Salvin (nec Cab.), Ibis, 1885, p. 429 (Camacusa),

76 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Formicarius crissalis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 305, 1890
(Carimang River, Takutu River) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer.
i, p. 214, no. 2158, 1912.

Adult. General colour of the upper surface bronze-brown in-
cluding the wings, back, and tail; primary-coverts somewhat
darker; inner webs of the primary and secondary quills dark
brown, pale orange at the base; tail blackish towards the tip; the
upper tail-coverts inclining to rufous; the feathers of the head
have dark centres which impart a scalloped appearance ; lores,
a narrow line over the eye, cheeks, and entire throat black with a
white spot in the middle of the lores; hinder face, ear-coverts,
and sides of neck cinnamon ; breast and lower flanks slate-grey
becoming paler and inclining to white on the middle of the abdo-
men; axillaries and sides of the body silky-white with dark tips to
the feathers; under tail-coverts pale chestnut; under wing-coverts
dark brown, the marginal series and basal portion of flight-quills
below pale orange-buff, apical portion of quills below pale brown;
under surface of tail dark brown with paler edges at the tips.

Total length 164 mm., exposed culmen 21, wing 90, tail 49,
tarsus 34. ,

The bird described above was collected on the Bonasika River.

The female of this species is not represented in the McConnell
collection, but according to a specimen in the British Museum
from Kamakusa, collected and sexed by Whitely, it would appear
to be similar to the adult male. Wing 88 mm.

A young bird from the Anarica River, collected in 1913, is
similar on the upper surface to the adult described, but differs in
having scarcely any black on the lores, the fore part of the face
and throat dark brown with white bases and pale shaft-lines to
the feathers, the cinnamon on the hinder face and sides of the
neck only faintly represented, and the under wing-coverts not
fully developed. The lower mandible and tip of the upper are
almost white.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Anarica River ‘(McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima (Schomburgk); Takutu River, Kama-
rang River, Kamakusa (Whitely).

FORMICARIUS.— CHAM IZA, 17

&

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (British
Museum).

Habits. Schomburgk, on whose collection this species was
founded, remarks (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 686) that he only met with
it in the vicinity of the Roraima Mountains at an altitude of
4000 feet, where it frequents the lower bush. The “ Arekunas”’
call it Pairika.

Genus CHAMZZA Vig.

Chameza Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 395, 1825. Type C. brevicauda
(Vieill.).

Fig. 836.—Chameza brevicauda.

The species on which this genus was founded is more or less
Thrush-like in appearance. The bill is small in proportion to the
general size of the bird. The wing is almost square, the inner
secondaries being only about 10 mm. shorter than the longest
primaries, the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and equal,
the second shorter than the sixth but_longer than the seventh.

78 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.
e

equal. The tarsus is somewhat long, being rather more than
twice the length of the exposed culmen, and strongly scutellated.

397. Chameeza fulvescens.

Merume Ant-Torusa.
(Plate I. fig. 2.)

Chameza fulvescens Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1882, p. 79 (Merumé
Mts.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 429 (Camacusa, Roraima, 3500 ft.) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 308, 1890 (Merumé Mts.,
Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 215, no. 2166,
1912,

Adult male. General colour above fulvous-brown including the
head, back, wings, and tail; upper wing-coverts and inner webs
of the primary and secondary quills rather darker than the back ;
the lateral tail-feathers have a dark subterminal band and edged
with white at the tips; the feathers covering the nostrils fulvous;
the feathers on the chin, cheeks, and behind the eye white marked
with brown and tinged with fulvous; sides of the neck like the
back ; middle of throat white tinged with fulvous ; the feathers
on the fore-neck fulvous margined with black; abdomen white,
the feathers margined with black; sides of the body black,
the feathers broadly margined on one side with white ; under
tail-coverts blackish tipped with fulvous, some of the lateral
ones showing more or less white ; axillaries white edged or tipped
with brown; under wing-coverts white tipped with brown; quill-
lining and under surface of tail pale brown, the latter having the
tips of the feathers edged with white.

Total length 195 mm., exposed culmen 24, wing 103, tail 61,
tarsus 45.

The above description is based on an example collected by
Mr. F. V. McConnell at Mount Roraima in 1898. :

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but rather smaller.
Wing 98 mm. i

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima (MeConnell
collection) ; Merumé Mountains and Mount Roraima (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Birds of British Guiana. Vol. IL. Pl. L

1. Hylopezus macconnelli.
McConnell’s Spotted-breasted Ant-Thrush,

2. Chameeza fulvescens.

Mawwwni A-t TL

i)

GRALLARIA. 79

Genus GRALLARIA Vieill.

Grallaria Vieillot, Analyse nouv. Orn. p. 48, 1816. Type @. varia
(Bodd.).

Fig. 37.— Grallaria varia.

This, genus is characterized by the somewhat stout bill, short
tail, and long legs. The depth of the bill is nearly equal to half

» the length of the exposed culmen, the nostrils are large and oval
in shape. The wing is nearly square, the secondaries being about
14 mm. shorter than the longest primaries, the third, fourth, and
fifth of the latter are longest and equal, the second being
The tail is rounded, the four middle feathers longest and about

80 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

about equal to the sixth. The tail is short and square at the

tip. The tarsus is long, being about one-fifth longer than the’
tail.

Key to the Species.

A. Larger; wing more than 90 mm. [p. 80.
a, Abdomen bright rufous .........0... Ge regulus roraume,
b. Abdomen cream-colour...........:10008 G. varia, p. 81.

B. Smaller; wing less than 90 mm.
ce. Breast and sides of body grey streaked
with white 0.00... ceceesseseeeseeeereeee GL brevicauda, p. 82.
d. Breast and sides of body uniform grey ... G. simplex, p. 83.

398. Grallaria regulus roraimee, subsp. nov.
FULVOUS-BREASTED ANT-THRUSH.

Grallaria regulus (nec Scl.), Salvin, This, 1885, p. 430 (Roraima,
50U0 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 314, 1890 (Roraima) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 216, no. 2178, 1912.

Adult female. Differs from the type of G. r. regulus in being
more grey on the top of the head, nape, and hind-neck; paler
and more olive-brown on the back and the dark fringes to the
feathers less pronounced ; paler and more cinnamon-rufous on
the outer aspect of the flight-quills; ear-coverts darker; throat
more streaked with white or ferruginous; fore-neck ferruginous
intermixed with black, instead of uniform ochreous brown; breast,

- abdomen, and under tail-coverts paler and brighter ferruginous;
and the larger size.

Total length 170 mm., exposed culmen 23, wing 108, tail 39,
tarsus 41.

This subspecies is not represented in the McConnell collection.
The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected by the
late Henry Whitely on Mount Roraima, at an altitude of 5000
feet, on September the 13th, 1883, and is the only specimen that
I have been able to examine from the Colony.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eygs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

GRALLARIA. &1

399. Grallaria varia.

Roya. Ant-THRUSH.

Formicarius varius Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 44, 1783 (Cayenne).

Grallaria varia Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 430 (Camacusa); Sclater, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 315, 1890 (Takutu River, Quonga River,
Camacusa) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 217, no. 2182,
1912.

Adulé male. General colour of the upper surface fulvous-brown
with black edges to the feathers, including the fore part of the
head and back; nape and hind-neck grey with black margins to
the feathers; upper wing-coverts and outer aspect of flight-quills
paler than the back and inclining to cinnamon-rufous with paler
tips to the median and greater coverts, but darker on the primary-
coverts; inner webs of flight-quills dark brown broadly margined
with pale ferruginous on the basal portion; tail cinnamon-rufous;
forehead, lores, and cheeks buffy-white; ear-coverts, sides of
neck, throat, and fore-neck chestnut-brown with pale shaft-streaks
to the feathers, which widen out and become white on the middle
of the lower throat; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
pale ferruginous, darker and inclining to ochreous on the sides of
the body ; under wing-coverts and inner edges of quills below
pale cinnamon-rufous ; remainder of the quill-lining pale brown ;
lower aspect of tail cinnamon-brown.

Total length 166 mm., exposed culmen 21, depth of bill 10,
wing 110, tail 38, tarsus 48.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but everywhere paler
both above and below. Wing 112 mm.

Nestling. Cinnamon-rufous on the upper surface, brighter
rufous on the tips of the greater upper wing-coverts and tips of
flight-quills ; under parts darker and inclining to chocolate-brown
on the fore-neck ; throat much paler cinnamon and almost naked.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection and
the male and female described are in the British Museum—Salvin- _
Godman collection, and were collected by the late Henry Whitely
at Kamakusa, and the nestling at Quonga, Potaro River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

VOL, Il. G

82 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Guiana, Kamakusa, Takutu River, Quonga
River ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Boddaert), North Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

400. Grallaria brevicauda.
Lirtte Ant-TurusH.

Formicarius brevicauda Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 44, 1783 (Cayenne).

Calobathris tinniens Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 686, 1848,

Grallaria brevicauda Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 430 (Camacusa, Bartica
Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 821, 1890 (Camacusa,
Bartica Grove); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i, p. 218,
‘no. 2202, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown including the
head, back, wings, and tail; inner webs of the primary and
secondary quills dark brown with paler margins; ear-coverts like
the back ; throat and under surface white edged with greyish
brown on the breast and more broadly on the sides of the breast
and sides of the body; axillaries and under wing-coverts cinna-
mon-rufous, quill-lining also tinged with the same colour, apical
portion of the quills below brown like the lower aspect of the tail.

Total length 129 mm., exposed culmen 20, wing 80, tail 30,
tarsus 40.

The male described was collected at Bartica.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 77 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed. :

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Makauria River, Arwye River,
Tiger Creek, Arawai River (McConnell collection); Bartica,
Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Eatralimital Range. Cayenne (Boddaert), Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana. Although Schomburgk
met with this species he makes no remark in regard to its
habits.

GRALLARIA, &3

401, Grallaria simplex.
GREY-BREASTED ANT-THRUSH.

Grallaria simplex Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 451 (Mt. Roraima) ;
Salvin, op. cit. 1885, p. 430 (Roraima, 5000 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xv. p. 822, 1890 (Roraima) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8.

Amer. i. p. 218, no. 2203, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface chestnut-
brown including the crown of the head, entire back, wings, and
tail, darker and more blackish brown on the inner webs of the
flight-quills; base of lores and short feathers surrounding the eye
whitish with black bristly tips to the feathers; throat and middle
of abdomen dull white; breast and sides of body dusky grey ;
under tail-coverts chestnut-brown ; thighs similar; under wing-
coverts chocolate-brown ; under surface of flight-quills rust-brown,
paler on the inner edges.

Total length 155 mm., exposed culmen 19, wing 85, tail 43,
tarsus 43.

Adult female. Similar to the-adult male. Wing 78 mm.

A young male collected in August differs from the adult in
being darker and almost entirely grey on the breast and abdomen
with the remains of a few bright rufous feathers on the latter,
which points to the fact that the first plumage is much brighter.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the descriptions are taken from the types in the British Museum,
which were collected by the late H. Whitely on Mount Roraima
in August and September, 1883, at an altitude of 5000 feet.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guaina.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima ( Whitely).
Halits. Unrecorded.

G2

84 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus HYLOPEZUS Ridgw.

Hylopezus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxii. April 17, 1909,
p- 71. Type H. perspicillata (Lawr.).

In this genus the bill is proportionately small, the exposed
culmen being about equal to the hind toe and claw, and slightly
hooked at the tip of the upper mandible. The wing is rounded,
the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries longest and about
equal, the second about equal to the seventh. The tail is short,
being only one-third longer than the exposed culmen. The
tarsus is two-sevenths longer than the tail. The hind toe and
claw are about four-fifths the length of the middle toe and claw.

402. Hylopezus macularia macconnelli.
McConneuy’s SPoTTED-BREASTED ANT-THRUSH.
(Plate I. fig. 1.)

Calobathris macularia nec Temm., Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ii.
p. 685, 1848,

HYLOPEZUS. > 85
Ni

Grallaria macularia Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 430 (Bartica Grove, Cama-
cusa, Merumé Mts., Atapurow River) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xv. p. 824, 1890 (Bartica Grove, Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Atapu-
ae ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 219, no. 2209,

Hylopezus macularia macconnelli Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
xxxvili. p. 86, July 25, 1918.

Adult male. General colour above olive-brown including the
back, wings, and tail; upper wing-coverts tipped with rufous ;
outer edge of bastard-wing, outer margin of outer primary, and
the basal portion of the quills rufous, inner portion of bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and inner webs of quills dark brown ;
crown of head and nape slate-grey ; base of forehead with,
minute dark tips to the feathers; a ring of short rufous feathers
encircling the eye ; ear-coverts brown with pale streaks ; a dark
streak from the gape across the face to below the ear-coverts,
another one on the sides of the chin enclosing a white line
between. them ; chin, throat, breast,,and middle of abdomen
white, the feathers margined with black; sides of body and
under. tail-coverts fulvous; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and
quill-lining at the base rufous, remainder of the quill below
brown.

Total length 132 mm., exposed culmen 20, wing 88, tail 27,
tarsus 34.

The male from which the description is taken was collected on
the Ituribisi River in August 1909.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. “Tris dark brown ;
legs, toes, and claws purplish flesh-colour” (H. Whitely).
Wing 79 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Makauria River, Mazaruni River (McConnell collection) ;
Merumé Mountains, Kamarang River, Kamakusa, Bartica
(Whitely). :

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Brit. Mus.), East Peru.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 685) that he
met with this bird in the dense woods on the Pomeroon River,
where it lives chiefly on the ground. Its nidification was
unknown to him. Its food appeared to consist of insects only.

¢

86 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus GRALLARICULA Scl.
Grallaricula Sclater, P. Z.S. 1885, p. 283. Type G. flaverostris Scl.

fh

ay x .
Fig. 39.—Grallaricula flavirostris.

This genus is characterized by its small size, short and narrow
“bill, the strongly pronounced rictal bristles, short tail, and slender
feet. The depth of the bill is about half the length of the exposed
culmen. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth
primaries longest and subequal, the second about equal to the
eighth. The tail is short and nearly square at the tip, and only
slightly longer than the tarsus. Coloration: male and female
similar.

403. Grallaricula nana kukenamensis,
KuKeEnamM Ant-THRUSH.

Grallaricula nana (nec Lafr.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 4830 (Kukenam,
5000 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 327, 1890 (Kukenam).

Grallaricula nana kukenamensis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, xxxviii.
p. 86, 1918.

Adult female. Differs from an adult female of G. nana nana
(Lafr.) from Bogota in being paler and inclining to ash-grey on
the head and nape; the back, wings, and tail paler and ochreous
brown instead of chocolate-brown, the feathers round the eye
ferruginous instead of black, throat and abdomen pale ferruginous
instead of deep ferruginous (or “intense,” as Lafresnaye expressed
it), the thighs pale ferruginous instead of dusky, and in its
smaller size.

Total length 103 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 62, tail 28,
tarsus 23. :

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the description is taken from the type in the British Museum,
which was collected by the late Henry Whitely in the Kukenam
Mountains, at an altitude of 5000 feet, on August 31, 1883—
Salvin-Godman collection.°

GRALLARICULA.—FURNARICTS. 87

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecofded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range confined to British Guiana. Kukenam Mountains
(Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

Family FURNARIID A.

This family consists of ten genera and about seventy-three
species. Three of the genera and five of the species are repre-
sented in British Guiana.

Genus FURNARIUS Vieill.

Furnarius Vieillot, Analyse d’une nouv. Ornith. element. p. 47, 1819.
Type F. rufus (Gmel.).

Fig. 40.—Furnarius rufus.

The members of the present genus are distinguished by having
the exposed culmen about equal in length to that of the middle
toe and claw. The wing is almost square, the secondaries being
only about 5 mm. shorter than the primaries, the third, fourth,
fifth, and sixth primaries longest and subequal, the second about
equal to the seventh. The tail is slightly rounded and rather
more than half the length of the wing, and the tarsus about the
same length as the tail. Coloration: male and female similar.

404. Furnarius leucopus leucopus.
WHITE-EYEBROWED OVEN-BIRD.

Furnarius leucopus Swains. Anim. in Menag. p. 825, 18388 (Guiana) ;
Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 688, 1848; Salvin, Ibis, 1885,
p. 418; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 18, 1890 (British
Guiana); Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 222, no. 2239, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above cinnamon-rufous, including

88 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

the entire back, wings, and tail, somewhat darker and inclining to
chestnut on the upper wing-coverts; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and primary-quills dark brown, the outer webs and some
of the tips of the last more or less marked with rufous; outer
edge of wing buffy-white, the inner webs pale rufous on the basal
portion, decreasing in extent on the outer quills and becomes a
spot only on the third primary ; crown of head earth-brown, the
forehead and lores rather paler; a whitish line on the sides of the
crown behind the eye; chin and throat white; sides of the face
and fore-neck pale cinnamon-rufous, somewhat paler on the
breast, abdomen, sides of the body, lower flanks, and thighs ;
middle of the abdomen and under tail-coverts dull white, the
latter having dark bases to the feathers; under wing-coverts
similar to the upper surface, except those at the base of the outer
primary which are whitish ; quills dark brown below with a pale
rufous patch; lower aspect of tail similar to that above.

Total length 168 mm., exposed culmen 20, wing 88, tail 51,
tarsus 29, middle toe and claw 19.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller.
Wing 83 mm.

The birds described were collected in the Upper, Takutu
Mountains.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Upper
Takutu River, Ireng River (McConnell - collection) ; Demerara
(Brown).

Extratmital Range. Surinam (Penard), North-west Brazil:

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 688) that he
first met with this bird in the neighbourhood of the Pirara River,
where it enlivens the bush near the banks. It is never still and
all the time uttering its piercing loud note, more persistently
at dawn and sunset. It is usually met with in pairs. The
“* Macusis” call it Nomazko.

LOCHMIAS. 89

Genus LOCHMIAS Swains.

Lochmias Swainson, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 855, 1827. Type L. nematura
(Licht. ).

Fig. 41.—Lochinias nematura.

The birds on which this genus is based are rather small in size
and contain only two species and one subspecific form. The bill,
which is almost straight, is slender and about two-thirds the
length of the tarsus. The wing is rounded. The tail is somewhat
stiffened and fan-shaped and nearly two-thirds the length of the
wing. The tarsus is slender and proportionately long, with
scarcely any trace of scutes. The distribution is confined to
South America. Coloration: male and female similar.

405. Lochmias nematura castanonota.
CHESTNUT-BACKED SHARP-TAILED CREEPER.

Lochmias nematura (nec Licht.) Salvin, Tbis, 1885, p. 418 (Kukenam
Mountains, 5000 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 28, 1890
(“ River Arranparu,” Kukenam).

Lochmias nematura castanonota Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxviii.
p. 87, July 1918. ji

Adult female. Similar to L. nematura nematura (Licht.) from
South-east Brazil, but differs in being rich chestnut-brown on the
upper surface, the white on the under surface more restricted,
the white shaft-lines on the under tail-coverts much less extensive
and almost obsolete, and the smaller measurements.

Total length 146 mm., exposed culmen from anterior part of
nostrils 14, wing 64, tail 43, tarsus 23.

This subspecies is not represented in the McConnell collection
and the description is taken from the type in the British Museum,
which is the only known example. It was collected by the late
Henry Whitely on the Aruparu River inthe Kukenam Mountains
at an altitude of 5000 ft. on the 29th of August, 1883. -

90 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.
Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.
Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Kukenam Mountains ( Whitely).

La«tralimital Range. Surinam (Penard).
Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus SCLERURUS Swains.

Sclerurus Swainson, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 856, 1827. Type 8. umbretta

(Licht.).

\
bok Aaah’
a ha get

sas N

Mitt

SS =

Fig. 42.—Sclerurus wmbretta.

The members of this genus are similar in general form to those
of Lochmias but larger birds, and their geographical distribution
extends to Central America as far as Mexico. The bill is long

SCLERURUS, 91

and nearly straight. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and
fifth primaries longest and equal, the second shorter than the
fifth but longer than the sixth, and the first about equal in
length to the eighth. The tail is stiffened, rounded at the tip,
and rather less than two-thirds the length of the wing. The tarsus
is proportionately short, being about equal in length to that of the
exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female similar.

Key to the Species.
A. Throat fawn-colour.
a. Larger, wing more than 82 mm., culmen

more than 20 mm. ...............02 8S caudacutus, p. 91.
6. Smaller, wing less than 82 mm., culmen
less. than 20 miny.......28c sicndenciset cic ces S. rufigularis, p. 92.
B. Throat bright ferruginous; culmen 26 mm.,
Wits SO is sacavvscains eiewineicw day puseyanaid aa S. m. macconnelli, p. 92.

406. Sclerurus caudacutus,
BLACK-TAILED LEAFSCRAPER.

Thamnophilus caudacutus Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. iii. p. 310, 1816
(Cayenne).

Sclerurus caudacutus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 419 (Bartica Grove, Cama-
cusa, Merumé Mts., Atapurau River); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xv. p. 116, 1890 (Merumé Mts., Bartica Grove, Attapurow River,
Camacusa, Carimang River); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i.
p. 246, no. 2497, 1912.

Sclerurus caudacutus caudacutus Hellm. Nov. Zool. xiv. p. 56, 1907.

Adult male. General colour above and below umber-brown,
paler and more rufescent on the lores, fore part of the head, sides
of the face, and fore-neck ; chin and throat paler and inclining to
fawn-colour; inner webs of the flight-quills somewhat darker
than the outer ones; tail blackish; under wing-coverts rufescent ;
quills below greyish brown ; lower aspect of tail similar to that
above. .

Total length 161 mm., exposed culmen 20, wing 91, tail 68,
tarsus 23, : ;

The bird described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
August 1909.

Adult female, Similar to the adult male. Wing 89 mm.

_An immature bird from the Anarica River is similar to the
adult but everywhere less bright in colour.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

92 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

‘Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Anarica River, Great Falls Demerara
River (McConnell collection) ; Kamakusa, Meruiné Mountains,
Atapurow River, Kamarang River ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Vieillot),
Rio Capim, Para ( Wallace).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

4

407. Sclerurus rufigularis.
PELZELN’s BLACK-TAILED LEAFSCRAPER.

Sclerurus rufigularis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. pp. 87, 161, 1869 (Borba and
aaa Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 247, no. 2505,
1912.

Sclerurus caudacutus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 116 (part,
specimens h, 7), 1890.

Adult male. General colour above and below dark chocolate-
brown ; inner webs of flight-quills brown ; upper tail-coverts
inclining to chestnut ; tail blackish ; a narrow line over the eye,
sides of face, and throat pale rufescent; under wing-coverts
rust-brown; under surface of quills pale brown ; lower aspect of
tail blackish.

Total length 137 mm., exposed culmen 19, wing 80, tail 55,
tarsus 21.

The male described was collected on the Supenaam River in 1910.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 77 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River, Makauria River,
Anarica River (McConnell collection); Kamarang River, Ourumee,
Takutu River, Bartica ( W hitely).

Extralimital Range. Northern Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

408. Sclerurus mexicanus macconnelli.
McConwe.u’s LearscraPEr.

Sclerurus mexicanus macconnelli Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxix.
p- 41, Dec. 1918.

Sclerurus mexicanus (nec Sel.) Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 246,
no. 2508, 1912.

SCLERURUS.—SYNALLAXIS. 93

Adult male. General colour above and below rust-brown tinged
with olive, including the head, back, and wings on the upper parts
and the abdomen, sides of body, and under tail-coverts on the
under surface; inner webs of flight-quills brown with pale inner
edges; upper tail-coverts dark chestnut in contrast with the back ;
tai] dark brown, or blackish, with obsolete bars ; head somewhat
darker than the back, and the feathers being short and rounded
imparts a more or less scalloped appearance; sides of the face,
throat, and breast bright ferruginous, rather darker on the last ;
under wing-coverts pale rufous; under surface of quills pale
brown ; lower aspect of tail blackish.

Total length 118 mm., exposed culmen 26, wing 80, tail 58,
tarsus 22, i

The type from which the description is taken was collected on
the Ituribisi River in February 1907.

In the British Museum there is a male specimen of this bird,
which was collected at Ourumee on the 3rd of October, 1890, by
the late Henry Whitely and is identical with the type described.

_ Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.
' Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River (de Connell collection) ;
Ourumee ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Family SYNALLAXIDA.

This family consists of about twenty-five genera and about two
hundred and sixteen species. Five of the genera and about
twelve of the species are represented in British Guiana.

Genus SYNALLAXIS Vieill.

Synallaxis Vieillot, N. Dict. @’Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 809, 1819. Type
S. ruficapilla Vieill.

Fig. 438.—Synallaxis ruficapilla.

94 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

The species on which this genus was founded are small and
slender birds with short wings and long tails. The bill is slender
and pointed, and the exposed culmen only slightly more than half
the length of the tarsus. The wing is small and rounded, the
fourth and fifth primaries longest, the third slightly longer than
the sixth, and the second about equal to the seventh. The tail is
long, and soft in texture, and exceeds the length of the wing by
about the length of the tarsus. The tarsus, which is somewhat
long, is smooth and slender.

Key to the Species.

A. Crown of head rufous.
a. Abdomen and sides of body similar in

* eolour; tail rufous.
a’. Ear-coverts pale brown with whitish

shaft-streaks ....... secsseee WS. poliophrys, p. 94.
b'. Ear-coverts uniform blackish ......... S. macconnelli, p. 95.
6. Abdomen white in contrast to the oe [p. 96.
tail DYOWN.........cceeeesectestetceeeesseeee Salbigularis josephine,
B. Crown of head brown.
c. Abdomen dark ochreous buff............... S. guianensis, p. 97.
d. Abdomen white ....... S. cinnamomea, p. 98.
e. Abdomen streaked with buffy- white... S. adusta, p. 100.

409. Synallaxis poliophrys.
GREY-BROWED SPINE-TAIL.

Synallaxis poliophrys Cab. J. f. O. 1866, p. 807 (“ Cayana”) ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 39, 1890 (Roraima) ; Brabourne & Chubb,
B. S. Amer. i. p. 228, no. 2303, 1912.

Synallaxis demissa Salvin & Godman, This, 1884, p. 449 (Roraima,
5000 to 6000 ft.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 420.

Adult male. Crown of head, nape, upper wing-coverts, upper’
tail-coverts, and tail both above and below rufous, inner webs of
flight-quills dark hair-brown with cinnamon-buff on the inner
edges; back olive-brown ; sides of the face and sides of the body
dusky ochreous brown ; a pale narrow line over the eye and ulong
the sides of the crown; base of lores and chin, white with black
hair-like tips to the feathers; throat, breast, and abdomen dark
ash-grey ; thighs and under tail-coverts ochreous ; under wing-
coverts and inner edges of quills below pale cinnamon-butf,
remainder of quill-lining dark hair-brown.

Total length 145 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 61, tail 69,
tarsus 18.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 60 mm.

SYNALLAXIS. 95

The descriptions of the adult male and female are based on
specimens in the British Museum collected on Mount Roraima by
H. Whitely at an altitude of 5000 to 6000 ft. in August and
September, 1883.

Immature. Crown of head, wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail
chestnut, inner webs of the bastard-wing and primary-coverts
dark brown, as are also those of the primary and secondary quills,
which are edged with pale rufous; hind-neck, mantle, and back
rufous-brown ; base of forehead, sides of the face, breast, and
abdomen dusky brown, the shafts of the feathers on the ear-
coverts rather paler and somewhat contrasting ; throat inclining
to whitish ; under tail-coverts rufous-brown ; under wing-coverts
rufous ; quills brown below with rufous inner edgings; lower
aspect of tail similar to that above.

Total length 137 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 61, tail 65,
tarsus 22.

The immature bird described was collected by Mr. McConnell
at Mount Roraima in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Mount Roraima (McConnell collection);
Mount Roraima ( W hitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Cabanis).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

410. Synallaxis macconnelli.
McConneEtu’s SPINE-TAIL.

Synallaxis ‘brunneicauda (nec Scl.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 419 (Roraima,
3500 to 5000 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 41 (part), 1890.

Synallaxis brunneicaudalis Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 223,
no. 2311, 1912.

Synallaxis maceonnelli Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxix. p. 78, April
1919.

Adult male. General colour above including the entire back
dull brown, becoming tinged with rafous on the tail; upper wing-
coverts and outer aspect of wing chestnut; inner webs of primary
and secondary quills brown with pale rufous edgings ; crown of
head and hind-neck chestnut ; sides of face and under surface

of body dusky brown; throat silvery grey, with dark brown

96 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

bases to the feathers; under wing-coverts rufous; quill-lining
dark brown, with pale rufous edgings to the inner webs; lower
aspect of tail rufous, rather paler than the upper surface.

Total length 141 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 63, tail 64,
tarsus 23.

The bird from which the description is taken was collected by
Mr. McConnell at Mount Roraima during his expedition in
October 1898.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being rather
paler and inclining to smoke-brown on the under surface.
Wing 61 mm.

There appears to be some doubt as to whether the species
S. brunneicaudalis Sclater, occurs in British Guiana, as when the
late Dr. Sclater wrote Vol. xv. of the ‘Catalogue of Birds in
the British Museum’ there was but one specimen of that species
from Ecuador, and that is certainly not the same as the Guiana
bird. I have therefore described the latter as a distinct species.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (Me Connell
collection) ; Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

411. Synallaxis albigularis josephine.
JOSEPHINE’S WHITE-THROATED SPINE-TAIL.

Synallaxis albescens (nec Temm.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 419 (Merumé
Mts., Roraima 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 43,
1890 (Merumé Mts., Roraima).

Synallaxis albiqularis (nec Scl.) Brabourne & Chubb, B.’S. Amer, ii
p- 229, no. 2817, 1912.

Synallaxis albigularis josephine Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxix.
p- 60, Feb. 28, 1919.

Adult male. General colour above earth-brown including the
fore part of the head, hind-neck, entire back, primary and
secondary quills, and tail; crown and upper wing-coverts chest-
nut; inner webs of greater upper wing-coverts dark brown;
sides of the face, sides of neck, breast, sides of the body, thighs,
and under tail-coverts dusky grey ; throat and middle of abdomen
white ; under wing-coverts pale buff; quill-lining and lower
aspect of tail pale brown.

SYNALLAXIS. 97

Total length 149 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 60, tail 72,
tarsus 21.

The birds from which the descriptions are taken were collected
by Mr. McConnell at Mount Roraima in October 1898. There is
another male specimen from the same locality in which the tail
measures 79 mm.

An immature bird, also collected by Mr. McConnell at Mount
Roraima in October 1898, is similar to the adult on the upper
surface, but the rafous patch on the nape is more restricted ;
under surface for the most part pale ochreous.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but slightly paler in
colour both above and below. Wing 58 mm. ‘

There is also an immature bird, sexed as female, in the Britis
Museum which is rust-brown on the whole of the upper surface ;
under surface fulvous or tawny, inclining to white on the throat
and lower abdomen. ;

Having compared and measured a series of eleven birds from
Beuador, which is the type locality of S. albigularis albigularis,
and East Peru, with eight others from British Guiana, I find
that the latter are darker rufous on the hinder crown and nape
and have the wing and tail measurements larger.

This subspecies is named in honour of Mrs. F. V. McConnell’s
only daughter.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains, [turibisi River, Bonasika River, Abary River (JcCon-
nell collection); Merumé Mountains and Mount Roraima ( W hitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard).

iy

412. Synallaxis guianensis.
GUIANA SPINE-TAIL. f
Motacilla guianensis Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 988, 1789 (Guiana).
Synallazis guianensis Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 419 (Bartica Grove) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 46, 1890 (Bartica Grove) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 230, no. 2821, 1912.

Adult male.. Head, scapulars, and back dark earth-brown with a
slight tinge of rufous on the back and scapulars, and the feathers
on the fore part of the head have dark centres which impart a
more or less scalloped appearance; wings and tail chestnut ;

VOL. II. H

98 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

inner webs of primary and secondary quills dark brown, diminish-
ing in extent towards the inner quills where it is restricted to the
tips of the feathers only, the basal portion being chestnut; sides
of face pale brown, lores white at the base and dusky on the tips ;
chin and throat white; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
pale rust-brown; sides of the body and flanks rufous-brown ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale chestnut like the basal
portion of the quills below; apical portion of quills below dark
brown ; lower aspect of tail like that of its tpper surface.

Total length 140 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 61, tail 70,
tarsus 25.

_ Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 57 mm.

The male described was collected at Bartica in 1911.

There is a specimen from the Rio Negro, collected by Natterer,
in the British Museum which was said by the late Dr. P. L.
Sclater to be S. inornata Pelzeln. This bird appears to me to be
quite different from S. guianensis‘and is worthy at least of sub-
specific rank. I would suggest, therefore, that it be called
Synallaxis guianensis inornata.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana. *

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River, Bartica (Me Connell
collection) ; Bartiva ( W hitely).

Eztralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, Colombia,
North Brazil.

413. Synallaxis cinnamomea.
YELLOW-THROATED SPINE-TAIL.

Certhia cinnamomea Ginel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 480, 1788 (Guiana).

Synallaxis ruficauda (nec Vieill.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii.
p- 689, 1848.

Synallaxis cinnamomea Salvin, 1bis, 1885, p. 419; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xv. p. 50, 1890; Lloyd-Price, Timehri (2) v. p. 64, 1891
(nest and eggs); Quelch, tom. cit. p. 92 (Georgetown); Lloyd,
op. cit. (2) xi. p. 6, 1897 (nest and eggs); Beebe, Our Search for a
Wilderness, p. 304 (Aremu), p. 879 (Abary), 1910; Brabourne &
Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 280, no. 2332, 1912.

* Rootie” (Quelch) ; “Little Spine-tail” (C. A. Lloyd).

Aduit male. General colour above rufous-brown, including the
head, scapulars, and back, being somewhat darker on the head and

SYNALLAXIS. 99

more rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wings chestnut,
with more or less brown on the bastard-wing and primary-coverts
and on the apical portion of the primary and secondary quills—
the first or outermost primary almost entirely brown ; tail chestnut
but rather paler than the wings; an obsolete whitish line from the
lores to above the eye ; throat, breast, and abdomen white with a
tinge of yellowish buff ; sides of the body, under tail-coverts, and
_ under wing-coverts buff; inner edges of quills below cinnamon,
remainder of the under surface of the quills brown; lower aspect
of the tail similar to that of the upper surface.

Total length 140 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 57, tail 59,
tarsus 21.

The male from which the description is taken was collected on
the Abary River in November 1906.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but not quite so dark
in plumage and slightly smaller in wing-measurement. Wing
. 54mm.

__Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. “The nest is tunnel-shaped, built of dry pimpler sticks,
and exceedingly large for the size of the bird” (H. Lloyd Price).
“Tt builds its cumbersome nest in close proximity to those of
wasps” (C. A. Lloyd).

Eggs. “The eggs are of a dull white” (H. Lioyd Price). “The
eggs are dull white and usually four in number” (C. A. Lloyd).

Range in British Guiuna. Upper Takutu Mountains, Bartica,
Bonasika River, Abary River, Anarica River (AfcConnell collec-
tion) ; Annai ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Trinidad, Venezuela,
Colombia. :

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 689) that he
met with this bird in fairly large numbers in the Canuku Moun-
tains, where it frequented the lower dense bushes.

Mr. H. Lloyd Price writes.(Timehri (2) v. p. 64) :—“ Another
nest of dry pimpler sticks is that of a small brown bird commonly
called the ‘ Rutie’ (Synallaxis cinnamomea). The nest is tunnel-
shaped, and exceedingly large for the size of the bird, and may be
found almost everywhere. The eggs are dull white.”

The following note is quoted from Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri
(2) v. pp. 92, 93), who observed this species in Georgetown and
remarks ;—‘“ Quite different from the preceding tyrant birds, but

H2

100 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

inhabiting the same districts on the outskirts of the city, are the
little ‘ Spine-tails,’ commonly known as ‘ Rootie’ (Synallawis cin-
namomea), evidently so named from its ery.

“These little spine-tails are the only town representatives of the
large family of ‘ American Bush-creepers’ or ‘ Spine-tails’ (Den-
drocolaptide), which altogether number more than 200 species.
They are usually, throughout the family, of some shade of brown ;

d in their bills, feet, and spiny tails, the typical forms approach
the true Creepers of the Old World, with which they closely agree
in habits. They are, however, chiefly forest birds, and but few of
them, as in our common ‘ Rootie,’ resort to the reeds and rushes
in open swampy lands, and to the low bush in waste or grassy
places.”

The following note has been copied from Mr. C. A. Lloyd
(Timebri (2) xi. p. 6): writing on the nesting of some Guiana
birds he remarks:—“ The little Spine-tail (Synallazis cinnamomea),
or ‘ Rootie’ as it is called here, also builds its cumbersome nest in
close proximity to those of wasps, and singularly enough, as if not
satisfied with the protection afforded by these pugnacious neigh-
bours, it invariably attaches a portion of the cast skin of a snake
on the outside, possibly as an additional warning to its enemies.
The eggs of the ‘Rootie’ are dull white and usually four in
number. Sometimes one or two strange bluish eggs are found
with them, but no one seems to be acquainted with the bird to
which they belong.”

Mr. Beebe (Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 379) writes:—
“The little ‘ Rooties,’ or Cinnamon Spine-tails—absurdly Wren-
like but in reality Woodhewers which have deserted tree-trunks
for reeds—showed us their homes, concealed in great untidy balls
of twigs. As they flit here and there thtough the bushes and
grasses, they let off a sound like a miniature rattle.”

414, Synallaxis adusta.
* Roraima SPINE-TAIL.

Synallazis adusta Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 450: (Mount
Roraima) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 419 (Roraima, 5000 to 6000 ft.) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 55, pl. iii., 1890 (Roraima) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 282, no. 2844, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface dark chestnut
brown, rather darker on the head; inner webs of the bastard-wing,

Vol. If. Pl. I.

Birds of British Guiana.

Berlepschia rikert.
Riker’s Pointed-tail.

SYNALLAXIS.—BERLEPSCHIA. 101

primary-coverts, primary and secondary quills blackish ; ear-
coverts like the back; cheeks, throat, breast, and abdomen smoky-
white, the feathers on the breast and abdomen margined with
coffee-brown ; sides of the body and under tail-coverts coffee-
brown; under wing-coverts buff; under surface of quills dark
brown ; lower aspect of tail chestnut-brown.

Total length 130 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 85, tail 66,
tarsus 20.

The male described above was collected by Mr. McConnell at
Mount Roraima in October 1898.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 66 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown. |

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount ain (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus BERLEPSCHIA Ridgway.

Berlepschia Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 151, 1887. Type
B. rikeri (Ridgway).

This monotypic genus, which has no very near ally, has a
somewhat long and pointed bill, the ridge of the culmen and the
keel of the lower mandible narrow, and the feathers at the base of
the forehead encroaching on to the posterior portion of the
nostrils. The wing is pointed, the second and third primaries
longest and equal, the first slightly shorter than the fourth but
much longer than the fifth. The tail, which iy about four-fifths
the length of the wing, is rounded and graduated, the feathers are
soft and pointed at the tips. The tarsus is slightly shorter in
length than the exposed culmen, the hinder toe and claw about
equal in length to that of the middle toe and claw.

415. Berlepschia rikeri.
RIkER’s POINTED-TAIL.

(Plate IT.)

Picolaptes rikeri Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 523, 1886
(Santarem).

Berlepschia rikeri Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 151, 1887;
“ Sclater, Ibis, 1889, p 351; pl.-xi.; id. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XV. p- 79,

102 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

1890; Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 288, no. 2415, 1912;
Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxi. p. 39, 1918 (Supenaam River,
British Guiana).

Adult (unsexed). Entire back, upper wing-coverts, innermost
secondaries, and tail rufous-chestnut; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, primary and secondary quills dark brown, some of the
secondaries rufous-chestnut on the outer webs; crown of head,
nape, and sides of neck black with white shaft-lines to the feathers,
the white increasing in width on the nape and sides of the neck;
ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat white with dark brown margins to
the feathers ; fore-neck and upper breast also white, with black
semicircular spots on the margins of the feathers, the white
decreasing and the black increasing on the lower breast and
ahdomen ; lower flanks and under tail-coverts black barred with
white ; under wing-coverts barred or spotted with brown ; under
surface of quills greyish brown ; lower aspect of tail rufous.

Total length 197 mm., exposed culmen 25, wing 102, tail 85,
tarsus 22.

The bird described was collected on the Kamakabra River
in 1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British. Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Jiggs. Undeseribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River, Kamakabra River
(McConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Santarem, Northern Brazil.

Habits. Wurecorded in British Guiana.

Genus AUTOMOLUS Reichenb.

Automolus Reichenbach, Handb. sp. Orn. p. 178, 1858. Type A. leuco-
phthalmus (Wied),

Fig. 44.—Automolus lewcophthalmus.

The. species on which this genus is based is more or less

‘AUTOMOLUS. : 103

Thrush-like in size and general appearance. The bill is somewhat
stout, its depth, at the fore part of the nostrils, is about one-third
the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rather pointed,
the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and subequal, the
second is rather shorter than the sixth. The tail is somewhat

‘Jong and rounded at the tip, the feathers, rather wide, the four
middle ones longest, and their length about six-sevenths that of
the wing. The tarsus is about equal in length to the middle toe
and claw. Coloration: male and female similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Abdomen ochreous-brown; under tail-coverts

rufous. .
a. Throat cream-colour ; no superciliary [p. 108.
line along sides of the crown ............ A. t. macconnelli,

b. Throat white; a white superciliary line
which extends behind the eye and along
the sides of the crown .............ecee eee A. albiqgularis, p. 104.
B. Abdomen and under tail-coverts grey ...... A. cervicalis, p. 105.

416. Automolus turdinus macconnelli.
McConnaie’s AUTOMOLUS.
si dee turdinus (nec Pelz.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 420 (Bartica
rove ).

Pee, turdiuus (nec Pelz.) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 93,
1890 (Bartica Grove); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 241,
no. 2441, 1912.

Automolus turdinus macconnelli Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxix.
p. 60, 1919.

Adult male. Head, back, and wings fawn-brown, head some-
what darker than the back and squamated in appearance ;
primary and secondary quills brown on the inner webs which
are edged with buff on the basal portion; rump, upper tail-coverts,
and tail rufous-chestnut ; the short feathers on the loral space
and ring round the eye pale fawn-colour, with black hair-like tips
to the feathers ; upper cheeks and ear-coverts similar to the back,
with pale shaft-lines to the feathers of the latter ; chin and upper
throat buffy-white followed by pale fawn-colour on the lower
cheeks and lower throat ; breast, abdomen, and sides of the body
ochreous brown; under tail-coverts rufous-chestnut; under wing-
coverts and inner lining of quills cinnamon-rufous ; tips of quills
below pale brown; lower aspect of tail rufous.

104 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Total length 180 mm., exposed culmen 21, wing 89, tail 71,
tarsus 22.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing, 85 mm.

The type from which the description is taken was collected on
the Ituribisi River in 1909.

Having compared British Guiana birds with a typical specimen
of A, turdinus turdinus (Pelz.) in the British Museum, I find
that the Guiana bird differs in being less rufous and more dusky
on the head and upper back, more ochreous on the breast and
abdomen, paler on the throat, and in having the wing and tail
measurements smaller.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam
River, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Mazaruni
River, Arwye Creek (McConnell collection) ; Bartica ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

417. Automolus albigularis.
WHITE-THROATED AUTOMOLUS.

Philydor albigularis Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 450 (Mount
* Roraima) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 420 (Roraima, 8500 to 6000 ft.).
Automolus albigularis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 93, 1890

(Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 241, no. 2443,
1912.

Adult mate. Entire back and wings rufous-brown ; inner webs
of primary and secondary quills dark brown, with buff edgings on
the basal portion ; upper tail-coverts and tail rufous-chestnut ;
head dark chocolate-Lrown; ear-coverts somewhat similar; a
whitish line over the eye extending along the sides of the crown;
the short feathers on the loral space buffy-white at the base and
dark brown at the tips of the feathers; chin and throat buffy-
white ; breast, abdomen, and sides of the body ochreous-brown,
somewhat darker on the last; under tail-coverts rufous-brown ;
under wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous; quills below pale brown

with pale rufous on the inner edges of the feathers ; lower aspect
of the tail rufous.

AUTOMOLUS. 105

Total length 174 mm., exposed culmen 21, wing 87, tail 76,
tarsus 24,

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller.
Wing 79 mm.

The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell during his
journey to Mount Roraima in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.
. Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima ( W hitely).

Habits, Unrecorded.

418. Automolus cervicalis.
OLIVE-CAPPED AUTOMOLUS.

Automolus sclateri (nec Pelz.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 420 (Bartica Grove,.
Camacusa); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 95, 1890 (Camacusa,
Bartica Grove—specimens 7, k, /, m).

Philydor cervicalis Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1889, p. 833 (Camacusa and Bartica
Grove) ; id. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 101, 1890.

Automolus cervicalis Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 241
no. 2448, 1912,

Adult male. Head, back, upper wing-coverts, and outer aspect
of primary and secondary quills olive-brown ; inner webs of the
flight-quills dark brown with buff margins ; rump and upper tail-
coverts dark rufous-chestnut ; the tail similar but somewhat
paler ; fore part of the head rather paler than the hinder crown
with pale shaft-streaks like the ear-coverts and feathers below the
eye ; loral space and feathers in front of the eye whitish at the
base, with black hair-like tips to ‘the feathers ; chin and throat
dull white with a yellowish tinge; breast, sides of the body,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts dusky brown, paler and inclining
to grey on the middle of the abdomen ; under wing-coverts
cinnamon-rufous, inner edges of the quills below similar but rather
paler, remainder of the under surface of the quills pale brown ;
lower aspect of the tail rufous.

Total length 159 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 85, tail 66,
tarsus 20.

The male described was collected on the Ituribisi River in

1909.

106 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller.
Wing 80mm.

. An immature bird from the Supenaam River differs from the
adult in having the fore-neck squamated.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

West. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Makauria River,
Anarica River, Tiger Creek (McConnell collection) ; Bartica,
Kamacusa ( Wiitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, North-west
Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus PHILYDOR Spix.
Philydor Spix, Av. Bras. i p. 73, 1824, Type P. atricapillus (Wied).

Fig. 45.—Philydor atricapillus.

The species on which this genus was founded has a straight bill,
the length of the exposed culmen being rather more than twice
that of its depth. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth
primaries longest, the second’ shorter than the fifth but much
longer than the sixth. Tail proportionately long and rounded at
the tip; its texture is soft and its length about seven-tenths that
of the wing. The tarsus is about one-third longer than that of the
exposed culmen, and the middle toe and claw exceeds in length
that of the hind toe and claw. Coloration: male and female
similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Under surface tawny-ochraceous ......... P. pyrrhodes, p. 107.
B. Under surface olive-yellow .............. P. e guianensis, p. 107,

*

PHILYDOR. 107

419, Philydor pyrrhodes.
CINNAMON-RUMPED PHILYDOR.

Anabates pyrrhodes Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 689, 1848.

Philydor pyrrhodes Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 420 (Bartica Grove) ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 99, 1890 (Bartica Grove); Brabourne
& Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 243, no. 2464, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, hind-neck, and back rust-brown ;
wings darker and inclining to chocolate-brown; rump, upper
tail-coverts, and tail pale cinnamon-rufous ; lores, a line over
and behind the eye, sides of face, entire under surface, including
the under wing-coverts and lower aspect of tail, pale cinnamon-
rufous.

Total length 154 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 80, tail 57,
tarsus 20.

The male described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
November 1906.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller.
Wing 76 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

ggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Abary River (McConnell collection) ; Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralinuital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, Ecuador,
Peru.

Habits. Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 689) simply says
that this bird lives near the coast.

420. Philydor erythrocercus guianensis.
Guiana Dusxy-vENTED PHILypor.

Philydor erythrocercus (nec Pelz.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 420
(Camacusa) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 101, 1890
(Camacusa) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 243, no. 2471,
1912.

Philydor erythrocercus guianensis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxix.
p. 60, Feb. 28, 1919.

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, back and wings dark
olive; inner webs of the upper wing-coverts and flight-quills dark
brown with cream-white margins to the last ; rump, upper tail-
coverts, and tail, both above and below, rufous-chestnut ; lores

108 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

whitish at the base and dusky at the tips of the feathers ;
superciliary line yellowish white ; chin and throat also yellowish
white, becoming darker on the breast and middle of the abdomen
and more olive on the sides of the body and under tail-coverts ;
under wing-coverts orange-buff ; under surface of flight-quills
pale brown with yellowish-white inner edges.

Total length 162 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 90, tail 65,
tarsus 20.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male and differs only in
having the under tail-coverts pale rufous. Wing 79 mm.

There is a specimen in the British Museum, sexed as female,
from Ourumee, which differs from those described and others in
the collection in having the superciliary streak and the feathers
adjoining the hinder ear-coverts rufous. Iam inclined to think,
however, that this must be a sign of immaturity, as some of the
tail-feathers are not fully grown.

_ This subspecies is not represented in the McConnell collection ;
the birds described are in the British Museum, and were collected
by the late Henry Whitely at Kamacusa and Ourumee.

There is also in the collection a male individual from Barro
do Rio Negro, said by the late Dr. Sclater to be one of the
typical specimens of P.e. erythrocercus. The Guiana bird differs,
‘however, from this and another from Para, collected by the late
A. R. Wallace, in being darker on the upper parts, with more
brown and less olive; this applies also to the under surface,
especially on the sides of the body. I have, therefore, separated
these subspecifically.

Breeding-season. Unknown i in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana. :

éggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Kamacusa, Ourumee ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Family XENOPIDA.

This family consists of two genera.and seven species. One
of the genera and one of the species are represented in British
Guiana.

XENOPS. 109

Genus XENOPS Illig.
Xenops Illiger, Prodr. p. 218, 1811. Type X. genibarbis Mlig.

Lily fw A\
g os Se Me
LM WIR \ nN YY

A

Fig. 46.—Xenops genibarbis.

This genus is distinguished by its small size, narrow bill, and
upturned lower mandible. The wing is rather pointed, the third
and fourth primaries longest, the second equal to the fifth, and
the first between the sixth and seventh. The tail is proportion-:
ately long and graduated, the middle feathers slightly longest,
the feathers are broad and soft in texture, and about four-fifths
the length of the wing. The tarsus is about equal in length to
that of the middle toe and claw. ‘Coloration: male and female

similar.
421. Xenops genibarbis.
WHISKERED RECURVED-BILL.

Xenops genibarbis Mllig. Prod. p. 218, 1811 (Cameta, Brazil) ; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 420 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Roraima, 3500 ft.) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 110, 1890 (Bartica Grove, Cama-
cusa); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 245, no. 2489, 1912.

Adult male. Back and upper wing-coverts rust-brown ; head
rather darker with pale shaft-streaks to the feathers; lesser

110 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

upper wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater series
more or less blackish on the inner webs; primary-coverts and
primary and secondary quills also blackish with a band of rufous
across the middle portion of the quills, the secondaries margined
with the same colour at the tips, as are also the outer edges of some
of the primaries ; the innermost secondary entirely dull rufous ;
middle pair of tail-feathers rufous, the next pair black, the fol-
lowing pair also black with an oblique mark of rufous at the tip
on the outer web, the two outer pairs rufous with more ur less
black on the basal portion ; a white line over and behind the eye
and another one across the cheeks; ear-coverts brown with
minute pale streaks ; throat dull white ; remainder of the under
surface dusky brown including the breast, abdomen, sides of the
body, and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and a band
across the under surface of the quills orange-buff, remainder of
‘the quill-lining pale brown; lower aspect of tail rufous and
black.

Total length 122 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 62, tail 48,
tarsus 16.

‘The male described was collected on the Supenaam River in
1911.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but a little smaller.
Wing 56 mm.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. In the crevice of a tree about two feet from the ground,
composed of rootlets and fibres (Beebe).

Leggs. Pure white and three in number (Beebe).

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Makauria River, Anarica River, Great Falls Demerara
River, Berbice River (AdcConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima,
Kamakusa, Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Northern Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia,

Peru.

Norte. XENOPS HETERURUS.

Xenops heterurus Cab. & Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 83, 1859 (Colombia).
This species is not represented in the McConnell collection,

neither are there any specimens in the collection at the National

Museum from British Guiana.

GLYPHORHYNCHUS, 111

Family DENDROCOLAPTID A.

The present family consists of the spine-tailed and tree-
climbing birds usually known as Wood-hewers, which have long
bills of variable forms, long and stiffened tails, short legs, long
toes, and very sharp claws. At the time when Brabourne &
Chubb published their ‘List of the Birds of South America’
there were eighteen genera and about one hundred and seventeen °
species. Nine of the genera and about thirteen of the species
were represented in British Guiana.

Genus GLYPHORHYNCHUS Wied.

Glyphorhynchus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 1149, 1831. Type
G. cuneatus (Licht.).

Fig. 47.— Glyphorhynchus cuneatus.

This genus-is distinguished by the short bill, rather pointed

112 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

wings, somewhat long tail, slender feet, and sharply curved claws.
The bill flattened at the tip of the upper mandible, and the outer
edges turned inwards. The wing is rather pointed, the second,
third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and subequal, the first
slightly shorter than the seventh. The tail is rounded and
graduated, the feathers curved towards the apical portion, and
the shafts extended and bare at the tips. The feet are small, the
two outer toes longest and about equal in length and the inner
and hinder toes, measured from the same point, are nearly equal,
and the claws are sharply curved with needle-like points.
Coloration: male and female similar.

422. Glyphorhynchus cuneatus simillimus.
WEDGE-BILLED Woob-HEWER.

Glyphorhynchus cuneatus (nec Licht.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 421 (Bar-
tica Grove, Camacusa, Roraima 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xv. p. 154, 1890 (Roraima, Camacusa, Bartica Grove) ;
Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 892, 1910 (Aremu River);
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 248, no. 2561 (part), 1912. -

Glyphorhynchus cuneatus stmillimus Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool.
xxiv. p. 419, 1917.

Wedge-billed Pigmy Woodhewer, aa Our Search for a Wilderness,
pp. 839, 892, 1910.

Adult female. Crown of the head, upper back, scapulars, upper
wing-coverts, and outer aspect of flight-quills dark ochreous
brown ; primary-coverts and inner webs of flight-quills blackish
with a patch of white on the basal portion of the latter, inner-
most secondaries tinged with chestnut ; lower back, rump, upper
tail-coverts, and tail rufous chestnut ; forehead somewhat darker
than the crown, with pale shaft-lines to the feathers ; lores similar
with black hair-like tips to the feathers; sides of face ochreous
brown, the feathers streaked or tipped with butty-white; a narrow
superciliary streak also buffy-white ; chin and tliroat ferruginovs .
more or less intermixed with brown; remainder of the under surface
dull ochreous brown with broad buffy-white lanceolate markings
to the feathers on the fore-neck, which fade off into narrow
streaks on the breast and become almost obsolete on the abdo-
men and sides of the body; under tail-coverts similar but inclining
to chestnut-rufous at the tips ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
white, outer edge of wing below ochreous brown ; under surface

GLYPHORHYNCHUS. 113

of flight-quills dark brown with an oblique patch of buff; lower
aspect of tail rufous, the shafts paler than on the upper surface
and inclining to white.

Total length 135 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 65, tail 63,
tarsus 15.

The female form from which the description is taken was
collected on the Supenaam River in 1911.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female but slightly larger.
Wing 76 mm.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. Two feet above the ground—a thin network of rootlets
and fibres (Beebe).

Eggs. The eggs were a broad oval in shape, dull white in
colour, and measured 20 by 16 mm. (Beebe).
| Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Abary River, Anarica River, Arwye
Creek (McConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima, Kamakusa, Bar-
tica (Whitely) ; Aremu River (Beebe). ,

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Jelski),
Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil.

Habits. The following notes are quoted from Beebe (Our
Search for a Wilderness, p. 339) :—‘I secured a Wedge-billed
Pygmy Woodhewer with its single young one, which must have
left the nest that very day. Curiously enough, the latter perched
as often as it clung to the tree-trunks, and keeping this in mind
I found that the measurements of the two birds were very inter-
esting. There was almost no difference between the length of
the wings and beaks of parent and young, but the tail of the young
bird was only 17% inches in length as compared with 4$ inches in
the adult. From this it appears that the climbing habit is not
developed as early in the young Woodhewer as in Woodpeckers,
in which it seems instinctive from the first.

“Resting my camera for a moment against the buttress of a
giant mora, a small brown bird flew out and I recognised another
Wedge-billed Pygmy Woodhewer. Ii flew to a sapling and
peered at me around the side. When I did not move away it
came nearer and voiced its disapproval by a five-syllabled cry,
chik-chik-chik-chik-chik | This made me suspicious, and, peering
down a narrow crevice formed by a deep fold in the buttress I
caught a glint of white, and finally made out three eggs, one of

VOL. II. I

114 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

which seemed to be freshly broken. A safer or cosier place could
not be imagined. The crevice was eighteen inches deep and only
two inches wide, with the opening of the fold almost closed by a
small dangling bush rope. The nest itself was only two feet
above the ground. The eggs were pure white and were laid on
a thin network of rootlets and fibres resting on the black mould
which had collected in the crevice. The following day it took me |
two hours of hard work, cutting and sawing, to reach the nest,
and when Milady spooned up nest and eggs, four good sized
scorpions came with them, unpleasant guests I should think!
There were two eggs in the nest and a broken ane on the ground
outside which the parent had removed the night before. This
egg had probably been broken by the hurried flight of the parent
on the preceding day. The eggs were a broad oval in shape, dull
white, and both measured 20 by 16 mm.”

Genus DENDROCINCLA Gray.

Dendrocincla Gray, List Gen. Birds, p. 18, 1840. Type D. turdina
(Licht. ).

The birds that constitute this genus are of medium size. The
bill is fairly long and somewhat slender, the exposed culmen
about equal in length to that of the tarsus. The wing is rounded,
the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest, the second slightly
shorter than the sixth but longer than the seventh, and the first
about half the length of the wing. The tail is long and somewhat
stiffened, the shafts protruding beyond the webs of the feathers.
at the tips. The two outer toes and claws about equal in length
and longer than the hind toe and claw. Coloration: male and
female similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Larger, wing more than 100 mm., tail’ more ;

than 80, culmen more than 25.. sessscee D. fuliginosa, p. 116.
B. Smaller, wing less than 100 mm., , tail less

than 80, culmen less than 25 .......s0.0e0+0. D. merula, p. 116.

115

DENDROCINCLA.

Fig. 48.—Dendrocincla turdina.

12

416 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

423. Dendrocincla fuliginosa.
VinitLot’s Woop-HEWER.

Dendrocopus fuliginosus Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 117, 1818
(Cayenne).

Dendrocincla fumigata Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 421 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa, Roraima 3500 ft.).

Dendrocincla fuliginosa Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 165, 1890
(Roraima, Camacusa, Bartica Grove); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S.
Amer. i. p. 248, no. 2520, 1912.

Adult male. Head, back, upper wing-coverts, breast, abdomen,
and sides of the body dusky olive-brown ; primary and secondary
quills rufous, with dark shaft-lines and buff edges to the inner
webs, the six outer primaries brown at the tips; upper and under
tail-coverts rufous; tail-feathers rufous with black shaft-lines ;
a short line of buff behind the eye; the short feathers on the
lores and in front of the eye whitish at the base with dark tips;
sides of the face and ear-coverts dusky brown with pale shaft-
lines; chin and throat pale grey, becoming brown with pale
narrow shaft-lines on the fore-neck; under wing-coverts and
greater part of the quill-lining cinnamon-rufous, tips of primary-
quills below brown; lower aspect of tail pale rufous including
the shafts of the feathers.

Total length 226 mm., exposed culmen 29, wing 110, tail 95,
tarsus 30.

The male described was collected on the Demerara River.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 105 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River, Mazaruni River,
Demerara River (McConnell collection); Mount Roraima, Kama-
kusa, Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Vieillot).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

424, Dendrocincla merula.
RED-VENTED WooD-HEWER.

Dendrocolaptes merula Licht. Abh. Ak. Berl. 1820, p. 208 (Cayenne).
Dendrocinela merula Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. +21 (Bartica Grove) ;

DENDROCINCLA.—SITTASOMUS. 117

Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 168, 1890 (Bartica’ Grove);
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 249, no. 2527, 1912.

Adult. Head, back, sides of face, sides of neck, breast, abdomen,
and sides of the body dark sooty-brown ; throat white tinged with
lemon-yellow ; upper and under tail-coverts dark chestnut; wings
and tail chestnut-brown, apical portion of outer primary-quills
dark brown on the inner webs, the remainder of the primary and
the whole of the secondary quills rufous on the inner webs
becoming paler on the edges; under wing-coverts and axillaries
pale chestnut ; quills below pale rufous, becoming dark brown at
the tips of the outer primaries ; under surface of tail'the same as
that of the upper side.

Total length 162 mm., exposed culmen 20, wing 95, tail 61,
tarsus 24.

The bird described was collected on the Supenaam River in
1910.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

léggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Supenaam River (McConnell collec-
fion) ; Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Licht.),
Venezuela, Peru, Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus SITTASOMUS Swains.

Sittasomus Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 355, 1827. Type S. sylviellus
(Temm.).

The species on which this genus was founded are small birds.
The bill is slender and pointed at the tip, the exposed culmen is
about equal in length to that of the inner toe and claw. The
wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest, the
‘second rather shorter than the fifth but much longer than
the sixth, and the first about equal in length to the outer
secondaries. The tail is rounded and graduated, and about the
same length as that of the wing. Coloration: male and female
similar.

118 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Fig. 49.—Sittasomus sylviellus.

a

425. Sittasomus amazonus.

AMAZONIAN OLIVE CREEPER.

Sittasomus amazonus Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 590 (haut Amazone) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 249, no. 2530, 1912.

Sittasomus olivaceus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 421 (Camacusa, Merumé
Mts., Roraima, 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 119,
1890 (Roraima, Merumé Mts.). :

Adult male. Crown of head, nape, upper back, upper wing-
coverts, sides of face, throat, breast, abdomen, and sides of body
dusky olive-brown ; outer aspect of wings rufous, inner webs of
flight-quills dark brown with cinnamon-rufous on the basal
portion ; lower back, rump, upper and under wing-coverts, and

SITTASOMUS,—DENDROCINCLOPA. 119

tail, above and below, bright rufous; axillaries and under wing-
coverts drab-white ; under surface of quills dark brown with
cinnamon-rufous on the inner edges at the base.

Total length 168 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 85, tail 84,
tarsus 17.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 78 mm. |

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the male and female from which the descriptions are taken are
in the British Museum and were collected at Mount Roraima by

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undeseribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima ( Whitely).
Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia, Peru.
TTabits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus DENDROCINCLOPA, Chubb.

Dendrocinclopa Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. xl. p. 107, March 1920,
Type D. guianensis (Chubb).

Fig. 50.—Dendrocinelopa guianensis.

The species on which I propose to base this new genus was
placed by Brabourne and Chubb (B. 8. Amer. i. p. 250) in the
genus Deconychura Cherrie. I find, however, that it differs from
the type of that genus in having twelve tail-feathers instead of
ten. The bill is somewhat long and slender, the exposed culmen
about equal in length to that of the tarsus, The wing is rounded,
the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and subequal, the
second is intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth.
The tail is rounded and graduated, and exceeds the length of

wing. Coloration: male‘and female similar.

120 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

426. Dendrocinclopa longicauda guianensis.
Gurana LONG-TAILED CREEPER.

Dendrocinela longicauda (nec Pelz.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p, 421 (Bartica
Grove, Merumé Mts.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 165, 1890
(Merumé Mts., Bartica Grove).

Deconychura longicauda Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. .p. 250,
no. 2584 (part), 1912.

Dendrocinela longicauda guianensis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
xxxix. p. 61, 1919.

Adult. Crown of head and sides of face rufous-brown with
pale shaft-lines to the feathers; mantle and back uniform
rufous-brown ; flight-quills and tail chestnut-rufous with brown .
tips to the primary-quills on the inner webs; throat fulvous;
fore-neck, breast, abdomen, and sides of body dusky brown, with
pale ferruginous shaft-lines to the feathers on the fore-neck ;
under tail-coverts inclining to rufous ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts cinnamon-rufous; under surface of quills dark brown
with rufous inner edgings.

Total lengch 197 mm., exposed culmen 20, wing 99, tail 104,
tarsus 23,

The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected at
Bartica on the 20th of December, 1880, hy Henry Whitely—
Salvin-Godman collection,

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undeseribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Merumé Mountains, Bartica
(Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus XIPHORHYNCHUS Swains.

Xiphorhynchus Swainson, Phil. Mag. i. p. 440, 1827. Type X. flavi-
gaster Swains.

The species on which this genus was founded has a somewhat
long and compressed bill. The wing is rounded, the third and—
fourth primaries longest and equal, the second about equal to the
sixth, and the first about equal in length to the secondaries. The
tail is rounded and graduated, the two middle feathers slightly
longest. Tarsus about two-thirds the length of the exposed
culmen. Coloration: male and female similar.

XIPHORHYNCRUS. 421

Key to the Species.

A. Larger, wing more than 110 mm. ............. 4. sororius, p. 121.
B. Smaller, wing less than 110 mm.
a. Throat and middle of the feathers on the
fore-neck and breast buffy white; bill
stouter oo... eeeseceeesteeeteeesesssesessreee Ae polystictus, p. 123.
b. Throat and middle of the feathers on the
fore-neck and breast fulvous; bill more
Slender .....cssssesssessseesseersessstereeense Ae pardalotus, p. 122.

427. Xiphorhynchus sororius.
VENEZUELAN W0OOD-HEWER.

Xiphorhynchus sororius Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 63, 1902
(Maipures, Rio Oironoco); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. 1.
p. 250, no. 2540, 1912. © ‘

Dendrocolaptes guttatus (nec Licht.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis, Guian. iil.
p. 690, 1848.

Dendrornis guttatoides (nec Lafr.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 422 (Bartica
Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 128, 1890 (Bartica
Grove).

Adult, Head, hind-neck, and sides of face dark brown with
smoky-white pear-shaped markings on the middle of the feathers
which are minute on the sides of the face and forehead, larger
and widening out on the nape and hind-neck ; mantle and upper
wing-coverts rust-brown, some of the feathers on the mantle
have smoke-coloured shaft-sireaks which are margined with
black ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, primary and
secondary quills rufous chestnut with pale brown tips to the
outer primaries; tail dark chestnut; throat buff, with minute
dark margins to the feathers which increase in width on the
lower throat; breast, ubdomen, sides of body, and under tail-
coverts umber-brown with wide shaft-lines of buff many of which
are narrowly margined with dark brown; under wing-coverts
ochreous buff; quill-lining pale rufous, becoming pale brown on
the tips of the outer primaries-; lower aspect of tail pale rufous.

Total length 240 mm., exposed culmen 39, wing 115, tail 96,
tarsus 24,

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Abary River in July 1906.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. In the holes of trees (Schomburgh).

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

122 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Gwana. Takutu River, Ituribisi River,
Supenaam River, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Makauria River,
Abary River, Anarica River (McConnell collection); Bartica
(Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, North
Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 690) states that he
found this bird distributed over the whole of. British Guiana. It
has the same habits as those of our Common Tree-Creeper (Certhia
familiaris). It lives in the woods but is sometimes found on
isolated trees. Single individuals may also be observed among
flocks that roam through the woods. It nests in the holes of
trees.

428. Xiphorhynchus pardalotus.
CHESTNUT-RUMPED W 00D-HEWER.

Dendrocopus pardaleus Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 117, 1818
(Cayenne).

Dendrornis pardalotus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 422 (Bartica Grove, Cama-
cusa, Merumé Mts., Roraima, 3500 ft. ); Selater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xv. p. 184, 1890 (Roraima, Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Bartica
Grove).

Xiphorhynchus pardalotus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 251,
no, 2547, 1912.

Adult. Head, nape, and sides of face dark brown with small
pale fulvous shaft-lines to the feathers which are more miuute on
the sides of the face ; upper back and upper wing-coverts bronze-
brown which extends along the outer webs of the primary-quills,
some of the feathers of the mantle have rather broad shaft-streaks
which are narrowly edged with blackish ; primary and secondary
quills rufous-chestnut with dark shafts and dark brown on the
apical portion of some of the outer primary-quills; lower back,
rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail chestnut; chin whitish ; throat
ferruginous buff, with slight dark edgings to the feathers, which
increase in width on the fore-neck ; breast and sides of the body
umber-brown with pale broad shaft-lines some of which are
narrowly lined with black on the outer webs, the shaft-lines
obsolete on the lower flanks ; middle of abdomen and under tail-
coverts ferruginous buff more or less intermixed with umber-
brown; under wing-coverts cinnamon-buff; inner portion of

XIPHORHYNCHUS. 123

quills below rufous becoming brown on the outer and apical
portions ; lower aspect of the tail uniform rufous.

Total length 220 mm., exposed culmen 33, wing 108, tail 92,
tarsus 22.

The bird described was collected at Bartica in 1912.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undeseribed from British Guiana.

Rangein British Guiana. Supenaam River, Bartica, Kamakabra
River, Makauria River, Anarica River, Mazaruni River, Arwye
Creek, Tiger’ Creek (McConnell collection); Mount Roraima,
Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Vieillot),
North Brazil.

Halits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

429, Xiphorhynchus polystictus,
SpotreD WooD-HEWER.

Dendrornis polysticta Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 210 (Bartica
Grove) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 422; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv.
p. 135, pl. x. 1890 (Bartica Grove).

Xiphorhynechus polystictus Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 251,
no. 2548, 1912.

4

Adult. Head, sides of face, sides of neck, and hind-neck dark
brown, with smoky-white pear-shaped marks on the middle of the
feathers, more minutely on the sides of the face and fore part of
the head and more coarsely on the hind-neck and sides of neck ;
mantle and upper wing-coverts bronze-brown with pale fulvous
shaft-streaks, which have narrow black margins, to some of the
feathers on the mantle; primary and secondary quills rufous-
chestnut with dark shafts and dark brown tips to the outer
primaries; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rufous-
chestnut; tail similar but somewhat darker on the middle
feathers; chin and throat yellowish white; remainder of the
under surface umber-brown with smoky-white or buffy-white
centres, with narrow blackish margins to the feathers, the pale
centres broader on the breast, narrower on the abdomen, and
almost obsolete on the vent and under tail-coverts, the narrow
black line that fringes the pale portion of the feathers on the
breast is represented by small black spots on the lower abdomen ;

124 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

under wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous; quills below pale rufous
with dark tips to the outer primaries; under surface of tail
uniform rufous,

Total length 243 mm., exposed culmen 38, wing 107, tail 96,
tarsus 23.

The bird described was collected on the Bonasika River, 1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

‘Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Great Falls Demerara’ River, Arawai
River (McConnell collection) ; Bartica ( W hitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus DENDROPLEX Swains.
Dendroplex Swainson, Zool. Journ. iii, p. 354, 1827. Type D. picus
(Gmel.).

The species on which this genus was founded is of medium size.
The bill is compressed, the gonys is long and slightly upturned,
both mandibles about equal in length. The wings are somewhat
pointed, the third and fourth primaries longest, the second shorter
than the fifth but longer than the sixth, and the first about three
fourths the length of the second. The tail is stiffened, propor-
tionately long, and rounded, the four middle feathers, which are
longest, have the shafts naked at the tips and decurved. The
tarsus is about equal in length to the middle toe and claw, and
the toes have very sharply curved claws. Coloration: male and
female scarcely distinguishable.

430. Dendroplex picus.
PicinE Woop-HEWER.

Oriolus picus Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 384, 1788 (Guiana).

Dendroplex picus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 690, 1848 ; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 422; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 188, 1890;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 252, no. 2559, 1912.

Adult. Upper back and upper wing-coverts rust-brown, be-
coming chestnut-rufous on the lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts, primary and secondary quills, and outer tail-feathers,
the middle ones darker and contrasting with the lower back;
outer secondary and primary quills brown at the tips, the brown

DENDROPLEX. 125

increasing on the outermost primary, the shafts of the primary-
quills black ; crown of head and hind-neck dark brown with a
white, or buffy-white, sagittate mark on the middle of each
feather, the short feathers on the forehead and above the eye for
the most part white ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts greyish
white with dark narrow margins to the feathers; throat yellowish
white with dark narrow edges to the feathers, the dark edgings
increasing in width on the fore-neck and upper breast where
they become conspicuous; lower breast, abdomen, sides of the
body, and under tail-coverts earth-brown with white shaft-
streaks, the latter much less pronounced on the abdomen, sides
of body, and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts cinnamon-
rufous like the basal portion of the quill-lining, the terminal
portion of the latter pale brown; lower aspect of tail dull rufous.

Total length 195 mm., exposed culmen 24, wing 95, tail 75,
tarsus 20.

The bird described was collected on the Bonasika River in
1912.

An immature bird, collected on the Ituribisi River in 1909, is
darker than the adult both above and below. The head is darker,
the feathers shorter, the pale markings on the feathers not so
elongated’ and more buffy-white in colour. Throat and central
portion of the feathers below fulvous. The bill also much
darker.

The specimen noted from the Upper Takutu River differs from
the other individuals in being much paler in colour both above
and below.

In a series of twelve fully adult specimens I find considerable
difference in the measurements of the wing, which vary from
88 mm. to 103.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana,

Nest. In holes of trees (Schomburgh).

Féggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Upper
Takutu River, Ituribisi River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasika
River, Abary River, Anarica River, Ireng River (AfcConnell.
collection).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Eastern and Northern
Brazil, Venezuela.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii.. p. 690)

126 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

this bird is distributed throughout British Guiana and has similar
climbing habits to that of our Common Tree-creeper (Certhia
familiaris), Although it usually lives in woods, individuals are
sometimes found on isolated trees. It makes its nest in the holes
of trees.

Genus THRIPOBROTUS Cab.

Thripobrotus Cabanis, Arch. fiir Naturg. 1847, i. p. 339. Type
T. fuscus (Vieill.).

Fig. 51.—Thripobrotus fuscus.

The species on which this genus was based has a somewhat
long, slender, and compressed bill. The wing is rounded, the
third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and equal, the second
intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth and the first is
about equal to the outer secondaries. The tail, which is rounded
at the tip and graduated, is about seven-tenths the length of the
wing, the shafts are bare at the tips and the two middle feathers
longest. The tarsus is shorter than the exposed culmen and the
middle toe and claw about two-thirds the length of the latter.
Coloration: male and female similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Smaller, wing less than 90 mm.
a. General colour darker both above and

DeloW 2. eeesseseeeeeesssessecasecseessseeaee LD. puncticeps, p. 126.
B. Larger, wing more than 90 mm.
b. General colour paler both above andbelow 7. albolineatus, p. 127.

431. Thripobrotus puncticeps.
SPoTTED-CROWNED WOOD-HEWER.

Picolaptes puncticeps Sclater & Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr. pp. 69, 160,
1873 (Interior of Guiana); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 422 (Merumé

THRIPOBROTUS, 127

Mts.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 151, 1890; Brabourne &
Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 254, no. 2591, 1912. . ,

Adult male. Crown of head and sides of face dusky brown with
buffy-white shaft-streaks to the feathers; back, scapulars, and
upper wing-coverts rufous-brown ; outer aspect of flight-quills,
rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail dark chestnut, inner webs of
flight-quills rufous on the basal portion, hair-brown towards the
tips, the first or outer primary entirely of this colour, which
decreases in extent towards the innermost secondaries, where it
is almost entirely absent ; throat pale buff; cheeks blackish with
baffy-white margins to the feathers; breast, abdomen, sides of
body ochreous brown with white broad shaft-streaks to the
feathers, which are fringed with black ; under tail-coverts similar
but inclining to rufous, under wing-coverts and.inner edges of
quills orange-rufous.

Total length 170 mm., exposed culmen 22, wing 87, tail 72,
tarsus 16. :

Adult female. Similar to the type described above. Wing
83 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection and
the descriptions are taken from the type of the species, which is
from Cayenne and is in the collection of the British Museum ;
the female, also in the National Collection, is from the Merumé
Mountains, collected by the late Henry Whitely in June 1881—
Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Merumé Mountains ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. North Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

432. Thripobrotus albolineatus.
> FULVOUS-THROATED WOOD-HEWER.

Dendrocolaptes albolineatus Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 208 (Colombia).

Picolaptes albolineatus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 422 (Kukenam, Roraima,
8500 to 5000 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 152, 1890
(Roraima) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 255, no. 2594,
1912.

Adult male. Crown of head and sides of face pale dusky brown

128 BIRDS OF BRI'TISH GUIANA.

with narrow shaft-streaks to the feathers ; back, scapulars, and
upper wing-coverts pale rust-brown ; outer aspect of quills, rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail rufous, inner webs of flight-quills
dark brown on the apical portion ; chin and throat cream-colour ;
the feathers of the breast cream-white lined with black and mar-
gined with olive-grey, becoming almost uniform olive-grey on
the abdomen; under tail-coverts similar in pattern to the breast
but inclining to rufous ; under wing-coverts and inner edges of
quills below orange-rufous; lower aspect of tail similar to that
above.

Total length 96 mm., exposed culmen 28, wing 943, tail 812,
tarsus 15.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but smaller. Wing
‘85 mm. .

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the birds described are in the British Museum. The male was
collected in the Kukenaam Mountains at an altitude of 5000 feet
by H. Whitely on the 31st August, 1883, and the female at
Mount Roraima, altitude 3500 feet, H. Whitely, on December 6,
1883—both in the Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Kukenaam Moun-
tains ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus CAMPYLORHAMPHUS Bertoni.

Campylorhamphus Bertoni, Aves Neuv. Parag. p. 70, 1901. Type
. C. procurvus (Temm.).

This genus is easily recognised by the long and sickle-shaped
bill which is smooth, much compressed, and more than half the
length of the wing. Coloration: male and female similar.

CAMP YLORHAMPHUS. 129

Fig. 52.—Campylorhamphus procurvus.

130 RIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

433, Campylorhamphus procurvoides.
Guiana Woov-HEWER.

Xiphorhynchus procurvoides Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (2) ii. p. 376,
1852 (Cayenne).

Aiphorhynchus trochilirostris (nec Licht.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian.
iii. p. 690, 1848; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 422 (Bartica Grove, Cama-
cusa) ; Sclater, Gat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 159 (part), 1890 (Bartica
Grove, Camacusa, Mazaruni River).

Campylorhamphus procurvoides Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i.
p. 256, no. 2605, 1912.

Adult. Upper back and upper wing-coverts uniform rust-
brown; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rufous ; wings
and tail rufous-chestnut with a tinge of bronze-brown on the
outer aspect of the primary-quills, which are more or less brown
at the tips; crown of head and nape rather darker than the
upper back with small pale shaft-lines to the feathers, the short
feathers on the cheeks and those surrounding the eye brown
tipped with whitish; hinder face and ear-coverts brown with
whitish shaft-streaks; under surface of body umber-brown
with pale shaft-lines to the feathers, more strongly pronounced
on the throat where they are whiter in colour and rounded in
form, becoming less pronounced or the breast and upper abdomen
and almost obsolete on the vent and under tail-coverts, where
they take the form of elongated narrow streaks ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries cinnamon-rufous, like the inner quill-lining ;
outer quill-lining pale brown ; lower aspect of tail dull rufous.

Total length 228 mm., exposed culmen 54, wing 95, tail 82,
tarsus 18.

The bird described was collected by Mr. McConnell on the
Lower Mazaruni River in 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Lower Mazaruni River, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Bonasika River, Makauria River, Abary
River, Anarica River (McConnell collection) ; Bartica, Kamakusa
{ Whitely) ; Mazaruni (Quelch).

Eatralimital Range. Surinam (Penard) ;. North Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

DENDROCOLAPTES. 131
!
Genus DENDROCOLAPTES Herm.

Dendrocolaptes Hermann, Obs. Zool. p. 185, 1804. Type D. certhia
(Bodd.).

Fig. 58.—Dendrocolaptes certhia,

This genus contains some of the largest species of the family.
The bill is wide at the base and laterally depressed, the culmen
sharply keeled, and the tip of the upper mandible hooked. The
wing is somewhat pointed, the third, fourth, and fifth primaries
longest and equal, the second slightly shorter than the sixth but
longer than the seventh, and the first about three fourths the
length of the second. The tail is rounded and graduated, the two
middle feathers longest, all the shafts protruding, and decurved
at the tips. Tarsus about equal in length to the middle toe and
claw, front claws much more sharply curved than the hind one.
Coloration : male and female similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Crown of head with longitudinal pale fulvous

shaft-streaks; breast with pale elongated streaks

to the feathers ; abdomen broadly barred with

DLOWN. oe eeeeeeeee eee eeerteeetteerestsssssssssssace D plagosus, p. 181.
B. Crown of head without pale elongated shaft-

streaks, the. feathers barred; breast and abdo-

men fulvous narrowly barred with brown ...... D. certhia, p. 132.

434. Dendrocolaptes plagosus.
BLACK-BANDED WooD-HEWER.

Dendrocolaptes plagosus Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 210 (Cama-
cusa, British Guiana); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 421; Sclater, Cat. B.

K2

132 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Brit. Mus. xv. p. 172, 1890 (Carimang River) ; Brabourne & Chubb,
B. 8. Amer. i. p. 257, no. 2617, 1917.

Adult. Back and upper wing-coverts olive-brown with dark
brown bars to the feathers; upper tail-coverts, primary and
secondary quills, and tail rufous-chestnut with a few dark edgings
to the upper tail-coverts ; primary-quills brown on the apical
portion ; crown of head and nape rather darker than the back,
with pale narrow shaft-lines and black edgings to the feathers ;
sides of face buff with brown edgings to the feathers; throat
pale fulvous with dark brown dotted edgings to the feathers ;
breast olive-brown with twin black spots on the feathers; remain-
der of under surface fulvous regularly barred with dark brown,
somewhat brighter on the under wing-coverts ; quill-lining
cinnamon-rufous, becoming darker towards the tips of the quills ;
lower aspect of tail dull rufous.

_ Total length 290 mm., exposed culmen 33, wing 189, tail 122,
tarsus 29.

The bird deseribed was collected by Mr. McConnell, exact
locality in British Guiana unknown.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Anarica River (A/cConnell collection);
Kamakusa, Kamarang River (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. North Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

435. Dendrocolaptes certhia.
Burron’s BarreD WooD-HEWER.

Picus certhia Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 88, 1783 (Cayenne).

Primnocopus undulatus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii p. 689, 1848.

Dendrocolaptes certhia Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 421 (Bartica Grove,
Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Roraima 3500 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xv. p. 173, 1890 (Roraima, Cariacuna, Bartica Grove) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 257, no. 2621, 1912.

“ Tarikua ” (Schomburgk).

Adult. Upper back and upper wing-coverts olive-brown barred
with dark brown which is more or less concentric on the upper
wing-coverts, which have pale central markings ; ; upper tail-
coverts, primary and secondary quills, and tail rufous-chestnut,
with the apical portion of the primary-quills brown, and the

DENDROCOLAPTES, 133

inner portion of the inner webs of the secondary quills inclining
to cinnamon ; head slightly darker than the back, with pale narrow
shaft-streaks and narrow dark brown edges to the feathers ; ear-
coverts similar with whitish shaft-lines; throat and hinder cheeks
dull white with brown margins to the feathers ; remainder of
under surface fulvous barred. with dark brown; under wing-
coverts and quill-lining cinnamon-rufous, the quills somewhat
darker at the tips; lower aspect of tail dull rufous.

Total length 285 mm., exposed culmen 35, wing 132, tail 125,
tarsus 28, middle toe and claw 28.

The bird described was collected on the Makauria River,
August 1910.

A young bird from the Kamakabra River differs from the
adult in being somewhat paler on the upper surface, the feathers
of the head and nape fulvous with narrow dark edgings, but no
conspicuous pale shaft-streaks as in the adult; under surface
also paler; the bill much shorter and for the most part black ;
tail very short, but the feathers well formed.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. In holes in trees (Schomburgk).

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Supenaam River,
Bonasika River, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Makauria River,
Abary River (McConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima, Merumé
Mountains, Kamakusa, Bartica (Whitely.) ,

Eatralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venzeuela, Guiana,
North and North-east Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 689) that he
met with this bird in the Canuku Mountains. lis habit of tree-
climbing is similar to our Tree-creeper (Certhia familiaris). It
makes its nest in holes in trees. The “ Arekunas” and the
* Macusis” call it Tarikua.

Family TYRANNIDA.

This family consists of a large number of genera of various
forms ; the majority however have flattened, or muscicapine bills,
thus representing the Flycatchers of the Old World. The colour
of the plumage is also varied, but the more usual one is green
accompanied by yellow, olive, or grey. .

134 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

At the time when Brabourne and Chubb published their ‘ List of
the Birds of South America’ there were eighty-eight genera and
four hundred and eighty-four species. Thirty-eight of the genera
and sixty-nine of the species are represented in British Guiana.

Genus MECOCERCULUS Sclater.

Mecocerculus Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 113. Type M. setophagoides
(Bonap.).

Fig. 54.—Mecocerculus setophagoides.

The species of which this genus consists are small birds with
flattened bills. The length of the exposed culmen exceeds the
width at the base by about one-third only. The wing is rounded,
the second, third, fourth, and frfth primaries longest and subequal,
the first about equal in length to that of the eighth. The tail is
square at the tip and about half the length of the wing.
The tarsus is rather long, being slightly more than double the
length of the exposed culmen. Hind toe and claw about equal in
length to that of the outer toe and claw. Coloration: male and
female similar.

436. Mecocerculus setophagoides.
BonAPARTE’s CHaT-TYRANT.

Tyrannula setophagoides Bonap. Atti Sesta Riun. Sci. Ital. Milan,
p. 405, 1845 (Santa Fé di Bogota).

Ochthaca setophagoides Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 291 (Roraima, 5000 to
6000 ft. ).

Mecocerculus leucophrys (nec d’Orb.) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.

p- 27 part, 1888 (Roraima).

eae Ae setophagoides Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i, p. 263,

no. 2678, 1912.

Adult. General colour above earth-brown, the upper wing-
coverts broadly edged with fulvous; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, primary and secondary quills dark brown with fulvous
edgings to the innermost secondaries ; tail somewhat paler than
the quills, slightly edged on the outer webs with olive-brown; lores,

MECOCERCULUS.—OCHTHORNIS. 135

a line above the eye which encircles the latter greyish-wnite as
is also the chin ; breast hoary-grey becoming paler and inclining
to yellowish on the lower breast and sides of the body ; abdomen,
under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts sulphur-
yellow; under surface of quills brown with whitish edges to the
inner webs ; lower aspect of tail pale brown.

Total length 117 mm., exposed culmen 9, width at base 7
wing 61, tail 52, tarsus 20.

The bird from which the description is taken was collected at
Bartica, 1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

‘Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasika
River (McConnell cullection) ; Mount Roraima (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, Colombia,
Eucador.

Genus OCHTHORNIS Sclater.

Ochthornis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 81, 1888. Type
O. littoralis (Pelz.).

The species on which this genus was founded has a muscicapine
bill which is hooked at the tip, the width at the base is about half
‘the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the
second, third, and fourth primaries longest and equal, the first
about equal in length to the seventh. The tail is almost square at
the tip and about five-sevenths the length of the wing. The tarsus
is about one-third longer than the exposed culmen. Coloration :
male and female similar.

136 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

437. Ochthornis littoralis.
Narrerer’s Water-TyRant.
Elainea littoralis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. pp. 108, 180, 1869 (Borba, Rio
Madeira). :
Ochtheca murina Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 749; id. op. cit. 1881, p. 214
(British Guiana).
Ochthornis littoralis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 31, 1888;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 264, no. 2685, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, back, and scapulars pale earth-
brown, somewhat paler on the rump becoming darker brown on
the wings and tail but paler on the inner margins of the primary
and secondary quills ; lores and feathers above and below the eye
white ; a spot in front of the eye dark brown with black bristly
tips to the feathers ; chin whitish, remainder of the under surface
ochreous-grey including the axillaries and under wing-coverts ;
under surface of quills and lower aspect of tail pale brown.
‘ Bill and feet black” (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.). ,

Total length 131 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 71, tail 55,
tarsus 18.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the male described, which is in the British Museum, was collected
by the late Henry Whitely at Ournmee in December 1890—
Salvin-Godman collection.

Adult female, Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller.
Wing 68 mm.

Young male. Differs from the adult in having a rufous tinge
both on the upper and under surface. This individual was
collected at the same time and at the same locality as the adult
- male described above.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eqqs.. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Ourumee ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Central Brazil, Eastern
Peru, Eastern Eeuador.

flabits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

FLUVICOLA. 137

Genus FLUVICOLA Swains.

Fluvicola Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 172, 1827. Type F. elimazura
(Vieill.).

Fig. 56.—Fluvicola climazura.

The members of this genus are conspicuous by their black and
white colour. The bill is sharply hooked at the tip of the upper
mandible and furnished with black bristles at the base: the width
of the base is about two-thirds the length of the exposed culmen.
The wing is rounded, the second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries
longest and subequal, the first about equal in length to that of the
ninth. The tail is slightly rounded at the tip and about two-
thirds the length of the wing. The tarsus is about twice the
length of the exposed culmen and the hind tee and claw about
equal in length to that of the inner toe and claw. Coloration:
male and female similar.

438. Fluvicola pica.
W-AHITE-SHOULDERED WATER-TYRANT..

Muscicapa pica Bodd. Tab). Pl. Enl. p. 42, 1783 (Cayerme)..

Fluvicola bicolor Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 708, 1848:

Fluvicola pica Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 291; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xiv. p. 35, 1888 (Georgetown) ; Lloyd Price, Timehri (2) v. p. 64,
1891 (nest and eggs); Quelch, tom. cit. p. 91 (Georgetown) ;
Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 181, 1910 (Georgetown) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 264, no. 2686, 1912.

“Cotton-bird” (Schomburgk) ; Silk Cotton-Bird (H. Lloyd
Price).

Adult male. Hinder crown, nape, back, wings, and tail black ;
innermost secondary quills edged with white at the tips and along

138 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

the outer webs; tail-feathers margined with white at the tips and
the central pair white at the extreme base; scapulars, innermost
lesser upper wing-coverts, ramp, and upper tail-coverts white like
the forehead, sides of face, throat, and under surface of body in-
cluding the axillaries, and under wing-coveris; rictal bristles
black ; quill-lining and lower aspect of tail also black with white
tips to the latter.

Total length 126 mm., exposed culmen 1], width at base 7,
wing 69, tail 49, tarsus 21.

The male described was collected on the Abary River in
July 1906.

Adult female. Similar to that of the adult male both in colour
and measurements.

Breeding-season. April according to Beebe, ‘Our Search for a
Wilderness,’ p. 131.

Nest. “ Built in thorn bushes not far from the ground and is
composed of plant-cotton” (Schomburgk). In low bushes especi-
ally when they hang over water. “It builds a dome-shaped nest
of dry pimpler sticks” (ZZ. Lloyd Price).

_ Eggs. “It lays two, cr at the most three white eggs” (Schom-
burgk). “The Silk Cotton-bird lays three eggs, which are white
faintly spotted with red” (Hi. Lloyd Price).

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Bartica,
Bonasika River, Abary River (McConnell collection); George-
town (Brown, Beebe, Quelch).

Extralimital Range. Surinam Penard), Venezuela, Colombia.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guin. iii. p. 703) this
bird is more common on the coast than in the hinterland. Its
favourite haunts are in trees and bushes growing oh the banks of
ditches. Its nest is built in the thorn bushes not far from the
ground and is composed chiefly of plant-cotton, that is why the
natives and settlers call it the “ Cotton-bird.” It lays two, or at
the most three, white eggs.

The following note has been taken from Beebe (Our Search
for a Wilderness, p. 65):—“ The White Shouldered Ground Fly-
catchers or ‘‘ Cotton-birds”’ which scurry along the ground over
pitch and fallen logs. Their tails continually wag from side to
side, and they come within a few feet us, uttering low inquiring
notes: pit! pit! They, too, are clad in white, except for back,
nape, wings, and tail.”

FLUVICOLA.—ARUNDINICOLA. 139

The following note has been copied from H. Lloyd-Price
(Timehri (2) v. p. 64) who remarks as follows: —“ In low bushes,
especially when they hang over water, the little black and white
silk Cotton-bird (Fluvicola pica), builds a dome-shaped nest of dry
pimpler sticks and lays three eggs, which are white, faintly
spotted with red.”

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 91) observed this species
in Georgetown, and remarks:—“ A very common small Tyrant,
about 4-5 inches in length, known as Cotton-bird (Fluvicola pica),
is also usually to be found about the grassy parts of the town,
and more especially by the trenches of the outskirts among grassy
and busiy wastes. These pretty but sober-coloured little birds
feed chiefly on worms and insects which they seek among the
grass and low bush and on the ground. They are not at all shy,
but will allow of one’s close approach.”

Genus ARUNDINICOLA d’Orb.

Arundinicola d’Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid. Ois. p. 884, 1840. 4.
leucocephala (Linn.).

Fig. 57.—Arundinicola leucocephala.

This genus is also conspicuous by the black and white plumage
of the male. The bill is proportionately long, hooked at the tip
of the upper mandible, and finished with rictal bristles at the base;
the width at the basal portion is about three-fifths the length of
the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the fourth, fifth, and
sixth primaries longest and subequal, the first is short, the second
abnormally narrow, slightly longer than the third, and about
equal to the eighth. The tail is slightly rounded at the tip and
rather more than two-thirds the length of the wing. The tarsus
is short, being only slightly longer then the exposed culmen.
Coloration: male and female different.

140 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

439. Arundinicola leucocephala.
WHITE-HEADED Marsu-Tyrant.

Pipra leucocephala Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. ii. Prodr. p. 33, 1764
(“Surinami”’). : ners

Arundinicola leucocephala Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iti. p. 703,
1848 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 291 (Bartica Grove) ; Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xiv p. 37, 1888 (Bartica Grove) ; Lloyd Price, Timehri
(2) v. p. 64, 1891 (nests and eggs); Quelch, tom. cit. pp. 91, 92
(Georgetown) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 264, no. 2690,
1912. i

“The Parson” (Schomburgk) ; “ Parson-bird ” (Quelch).

Adult male. General colour above and below including the
back, wings, and tail on the upper surface, and the breast,
abdomen, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts on the lower
parts ; a concealed patch of white on the lower flanks ; primary
and secondary quills brown on the inner webs and at the tips
above, and similar though somewhat paler below; lower aspect
of tail black; entire head, throat, and neck all round white ;
rictal bristles and a few hair-like tips to the feathers in front of
the eye black.

Total length 123 mm., exposed culmen 15, width at base 9, wing
61, tail 44, tarsus 17.

The male from which the description is taken was collected on
the Abary River in November 1906.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the hinder
crown, back, and sides of breast ash-grey, the wings dark brown,
the middle of the breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and the
under wing-coverts grey edged with white. Wing 54 mm.

The female described was collected on the Abary River in
July 1906.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. Built of grass stems and plant-cotton and usually found
in a bush near water (Schomburgh).

Eggs. “ White, usually one or two in number ” (Schomburgh).

Range in British Guana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasica River, Abary River,
AnaricaRiver (McConnell collection); Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, Colombia,
Peru, Brazil, Boliva, Argentina,

Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 703) that this beautiful

ARUNDINICOLA.—COPURUS. 141

bird has owing to the white head and black body plumage, been
christened ‘‘ The Parson” by the settlers. Its favourite haunts
are the banks of the ditches and bogs near the coast. It is usually
seen sitting on a branch overhanging the water, or on the protrud-
ing twig of a tree which has fallen into the water, where it darts
off in pursuit of insects tlying past. Its nest is built of grass-
stems and plant-cotton, lined with feathers and usually found
near a ditch. The eggs are one or two in number and white in
colour. The female is different in colour to the male, and the
young male is like the female. .

Beebe (Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 65) remarks that the
“‘ White-headed Marsh Flycatchers perching in the reeds and
making fierce sallies after passing insects.”

Mr. H. Lloyd Price (Timehri (2) v. p. 64) remarks: —“ A
small black bird with a white head will frequently be observed
among the grass-birds; this is not inappropriately called the
Parson Bird (Arundinicola leucocephala).”

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. pp. 91, 92), who observed this
species in Georgetown, remarks:—“In similar places to the
preceding (Fluvicola pica) on the outskirts of the town will be
found another Small Tyrant, somewhat smaller than the Cotton-
bird and known as the Parson-bird (Arundinicola leucocephala).
These birds like the foregoing, frequent the neighbourhood of
water, perching on the small twigs and stems, but chiefly on .the
reeds and reed-like growths. AJmost invariably they will be
seen in pairs, darting from bush to brush in search of insects.
The common name is evidently taken from the resemblance of its
colours to those of a parson and his gown.”

Genus COLONIA Gray.

Colonia J. K. Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon’s ed. Cuv. Anim. Kingd. vi.
(Class Aves, I.) p. 336, 1829. Type C. colonus (Vieill.).

This genus is distinguished by the elongation of the two
middle tail-feathers and long outer primary-quill. Coloration :
male and female similar.

142 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

440, Colonia leuconotus.
Norruern LoNG-TAILED TYRANT.
(Plate III. fig. 1.)

Copurus leuconotus Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 235 (Bogota); Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 291; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 51, 1888;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 267, no. 2715, 1912.

Copurus pacilonotus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 703, 1848.

Adult male. General colour both above and below black; crown
of head and nape pale slate-grey with dark centres to some of the
feathers on the crown; base of forehead, a line over the eye,
middle of back, and upper tail-coverts greyish-white. “Bill and
feet black” (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.)

Total length 270 mm., exposed culmen 8, width at base 9,
wing 86,-tail 56, middle feathers 196, tarsus 14.

The male described was collected on the Mazaruni River in
October 1907.

Adult female. Similar to adult male but differs in having the
middle tail-feathers much shorter’ and the abdomen dark slate-
grey.

Total length of middle tail-feathers 130 mm., wing 77.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mazaruni River, Bartica, Arawai
River (McConnell collection); Canuku Mountains (Schomburgh).

Eztralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Colombia, West
Ecuador.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iv. p. 703)
this bird is somewhat rare in British Guiana, as he states that he
only met with single individuals which frequented the trees on
the outskirts of the woods in the Canuku Mountains. He was of
opinion, too, that it migrated during the rainy season. Of its
nidification, he knew nothing.

Birds of British Guiana. Vol. I, Pl. IIL

1. Copurus leuconotus.
Northern Long-tailed Tyrant,

2. Placostomus saturatus,
* Guiana Flat-bill.

PLACOSTOMUS. 143

Genus PLACOSTOMUS Ridgw.

Placostomus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. xviii. p. 208, Sept. 2,
1905. Type P. swuperciliaris (Lawyr.).

Fig. 58.—Placostomus supercjliaris.

The species on which this genus is based has a wide flat bill,
ithe width at the base being nearly equal to the length of the
exposed portion of the culmen. The wing is rounded, the second,
third, and fourth primaries longest and subequal, the first about
equal in length to that of the fifth. The tail is square at the tip
and about half the length of the wing. The tarsus about three-
eighths the length of the tail and the hind toe and claw about
equal to the middle toe and claw. Coloration: male and female

similar.
Key to the Species.
A. Under surface fawn-colour, not yellowish or
greyish. F
a. Larger, wing 68 mm.; coronal patch white. P. griseiceps, p. 143.
6. Smaller, wing 53 mm.; coronal patch yellow P. insularis, p. 144.
B. Under surface yellowish or grey, not fawn-

colour.
c. Larger, wing 59 mm.; coronal patch fiery :
Chestnut oo... eects PB. saturatus, p. 145.
d, Smaller, wing 56 mm. ; coronal patch bright
VONOW~\. sctenniniwigaistnian a ceigaigevinas¥ate P. gumia, p. 146,

441. Placostomus griseiceps.
GREY-HEADED FLAT-BILL.

Platyrhynchus griseiceps Salvin, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. vii. p 15, 1897
(Annai) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 269, no. 2743
1912.

Adult male. Crown of head dark slate-colour with white bases

144 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

to the feathers on the middle of the crown, which forms a con-
cealed white patch; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, upper
wing-coverts, and innermost secondaries, pale umber-brown, some
of the lesser upper wing-coverts edged with buff, centre of coverts,
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and inner webs of the primary
and secondary quills blackish, inner edge of flight-quills buffy-
white ; inner webs of tail-feathers dark brown; sides of the face
paler than the crown and showing slightly paler shaft-streaks ;
lores whitish at the base ; rictal bristles black ; chin and throat
white; remainder of the under surface fawn-colour, including the
axillaries and lesser under wing-coverts; greater series of under
wing-coverts and quills below brown, the inner edges of the
latter buff ; lower aspect of tail also brown.

Total length 98 mm., exposed culmen 11, width of bill 13,
wing 68, tail 33, tarsus 14.

The male described was collected on the Bonasika River in 1912.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but the white coronal
patch more restricted. Wing6lmm. The female described was
collected on the Makauria River. :

Young. Sooty-brown above, including the head, with pale tips
to the feathers; under surface whitish with a tinge of fawn-colour.
This bird was collected on the Ituribisi River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Makauria River, Abary River
(McConnell collection); Annai (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. North Brazil, Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

442. Placostomus insularis.
Topago YELLOW-CRESTED FLAT-BILL. |
Platyrhynchus mystaceus (nee Vieill.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 292

(Roraima, 3500 to 6000 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 67,

1888 (Twek-quay). ;
Platyrhunchus insularis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. ii. p. 148, 1889

(Tobago); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 270, no. 2750,
1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface dusky olive-

PLACOSTOMUS, . 145

brown with rust-brown edges to the upper wing-coverts and
flight-quills, inner edges of the latter isabelline ; fore part of the
head slightly darker than the back, the feathers on the middle of
the crown and nape golden-yellow which forms a more or less
concealed patch; lores, a line over the eye, and base of ear-coverts
yellow, tips of ear-coverts, hinder-face, and moustachial streak
dusky brown; chin and throat lemon-yellow becoming pale
umber on the breast and ochreous-yellow on the abdomen, under
tail-coverts, sides of body, and under wing-coverts ; under surface
of quills brown with pale edges ; lower aspect of tail bronze-brown.

Total length 85 mm., exposed culmen 9, width of bill 9, wing 53,
tail 27, tarsus 17.

The male described was collected at Mount Roraima by Mr.
McConnell in October 1898.

Another individual, collected at the same time as the bird
described, is very similar in general plumage but there is no
coronal patch, and the under surface is rather paler. Wing 53 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima (MeConnell collec-
tion); Mount Roraima, Mount Twek-quay ( W hitely).

Extralimital Range. Island of Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

443. Placostomus saturatus.

Gourana FLat-BiL1.

(Plate III. fig. 2.)

Platyrhynchus saturatus Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1882, p- 78 (Merumé
Mts.) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 292 (Camacusa); Sclater, Cat. Bb.
Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 66, 1888 (Merumé Mts., Camacusa) ; Brabourne
& Chubb, B. §. Amer. i. p. 270, no. 2747, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above umber-brown somewhat
darker and inclining to dusky on the head ; primary-coverts and
inner webs of the flight-quills dark brown with pale edges to the
latter; a dark copper-red patch on the middle of the crown; sides
of face and sides of neck similar to the back but somewhat paler ;
throat white ; breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, sides of body,
and under wing-coverts sulphur-yellow more or less tinged with
umber-brown on the breast and sides of the body; under surface

VOL. IL. L

146 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

of quills pale brown with whitish inner edgings ; lower aspect of
tail pale brown. “Bill blackish; feet whitish” (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 92 mm., exposed culmen 10, width of bill 10,
wing 59, tail 30, tarsus 17.

The description is taken from an example collected on the
Bonasika River in 1911.

Adult female. Similar in respect of plumage to the adult male
but the coronal patch not so conspicuous. Wing 59 mm. The
female was collected at Bartica.

Young in first plumage. Smoke-brown above, including the
head, back, and upper wing-coverts with pale tips to the feathers ;
the breast similar but paler; abdomen sulphur-yellow. Wing
51mm. This specimen was collected at Bartica in 1912.

There are four other individuals, each from a different locality,
which show no- trace of the coronal patch and have a wing-
measurement of 54mm. These I presume to be immature birds
and, if so, the coronal mark would be the first sign of the approach
to maturity.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Bartica, Kamakabra
River, Bonasika River, Makauria River, Abary River, Anarica
River (McConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North-east Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

444, Placostomus gumia.
Surinam GOLDEN-CROWNED FLAtT-B1LL.

Platyrhynchus superciliaris (nec Lawy.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 292 (Bar-
tica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, xiv. p. 68, 1888 (Bartica
Grove).

Hisiehmcns coronatus (nec Scl.) Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i:
p. 270, no 2752 (part), 1912.

Placostomus coronatus gumia Bangs & Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
Harvard Coll. lxii. no. 2, p. 74, 1918. :

Adult male. Upper surface including the back, wings, and tail
dark olive-green inclining to brown on the flight-quills and tail-
feathers ; primary-coverts and inner webs of primary and second-
ary quills dark brown with pale edges to the latter; middle of
crown yellow skirted on each side with chestnut; base of fore-

PLACOSTOMUS.—CRASPEDOPRION. 147

head, supraloral streak which extends over the eye and along the
sides of the crown, a spot behind. the eye and another on the
lower cheeks black; lores, a narrow circle round the eye, and a
line extending backwards behind the eye yellowish white ; ear-
coverts, chin, and throat lemon-yellow; remainder of the under
surface, including the under tail-coverts, sulphur-yellow more or
less mixed with grey on the breast and sides of the body; outer
under wing-coverts greyish; quill-lining brown with whitish
edges; lower aspec} of tail pale brown.

Total length 82 mm., exposed culmen 11, width of bill 9,
wing 56, tail 14, tarsus 15.

The male described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
February 1907.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the middle
of the crown fiery chestnut, instead of yellow, and, in this par-
ticular specimen, more yellow on the under surface. Wing 51 mm.

The female was collected on the Bonasika River in August 1910.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Figgs. Undeseribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Kamakabra River,
Arawai River (McConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus CRASPEDOPRION Hartert.

Craspedoprion Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 609, 1902. Type (6) equi-
noctialis (Sclater).

Fig. 59.—Craspedoprion equinoctialis.
L2

148 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

This genus is easily distinguished by the broad and flattened
bill, the width being about equal to the length of the exposed
culmen. The wing is rounded, the third and fourth primaries
longest, the second about equal to the sixth, and the first to about
that of the eighth. The tail is almost square at the tip and about
three-fourths the length of the wing. The hind toe and claw are
almost equal in length to that of the middle toe and claw. Colo-
ration: male and female similar.

445. Craspedoprion guianensis.
British GUIANA FLAT-BILL.

Rhynchocyclus olivaceus guianensis McConnell, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
xxvii. p. 106, 1911 (Abary River).

Craspedoprion guiananensis Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 270,
no. 2754, 1912.

Adult (type of the species). Head, back, and upper wing-
coverts very dark green with pale buff edgings to the outer greater
upper wing-coverts and innermost secondary quills; bastard-wing
and primary-coverts brown; primary and secondary quills dark
brown on the inner webs and edged with buffy-white, some of the
outer webs fringed with green; tail-feathers pale brown; sides of
face, throat, breast pale slate-grey which extends more or less
along the sides of the body; abdomen and under tail-coverts
sulphur-yellow ; under wing-coverts white; quills below brown
with buffy-white inner edges ; lower aspect of tail pale brown.

Total length 137 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 72, tail 57,
tarsus.17..

The bird from which the description is taken was collected on
the Abary River in September 1906. ;

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Kamakabra River,
Makauria River, Anarica River, Abary River (McConnell col-
lection).

Extralimital Range. North Brazil, Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

RHYNCHOCYCLUS. 149

Genus RHYNCHOCYCLUS Cab. & Hein.

Rhynchocyclus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 56, 1859. Type
R. flaviventris (Wied).

Fig. 60.—Rhynchocyclus flaviventris.

The species on which this genus was founded is rather a sinall
bird with a depressed bill which is hooked at the tip of the upper
mandible, the width at the base is about equal to the length of the
exposed culmen. The rictal bristles are only feebly developed.
The wing is rounded, the second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries
longest and equal, the first about equal in length to that of the
eighth. The tail is long and square at the tip and about five-
sixths the length of the wing. The tarsus is about twice the
length of the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female
similar.

Key to the Species.
A. Upper surface dark olive-green;° throat
greyish ; fore-neck yellowish green.

a. Larger, wing more than 60 mm.; tail

more than 50 mm. ........ ce eee R. s. examinatus, p.149,
6. Smaller, wing less than. 60 mm. ; fail
less than 50 mm. R. p. inquisitor, p. 150.
B. Upper surface yellowish g green; “throat and
fore-neck ochreous- yellow .. tececeee BR. f gloriosus, p.151.

446. Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens examinatus.
PELZELN’s FLAT-BILL.

Rhynchocyclus assimilis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. pp. 110, 181, nom. nud.,
1869 (Rio Negro, N. Brazil); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i.
p. 271, no. 2759, 1912.

Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens (nec Spix) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 295
(Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merumé Mts., Roraima 3500 ft.);
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 168 (part), 1888 (Carimang
River).

Ehynchocylus sulphurescens examinatus Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. xi.
p- 108, March 1920 (Bartica).

Adult male. General colour of upper surface, including the
Peron

150 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

head, sides of face, back, upper tail-coverts, and lesser upper wing-
coverts, dark green with a slate-colour tinge on the head; median
and greater upper wing-coverts fringed with greenish-yellow on
the outer webs; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish ;
primary and secondary quills blackish fringed with green on the
auter webs and whitish on the inner ones; tail also blackish
fringed with green on the outer webs of the feathers ; the under
surface for the most part ash-grey with a greenish tinge and more
or less yellow on the abdomen; under wing-coverts whitish, quill-
lining dark brown with pale inner edges; lower aspect of tail dark
brown with white shafts to the feathers.

Total length 125 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 67, tail 54,
tarsus 18,

The male described was collected at Bartica in 1912.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 65 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown,

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam
River, Bartica, Anarica River, Arawai River, Great Falls Demerara
River, Arwye Creek (McConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima,
Merumé Mountains,? Kamarang River, Kamakusa, Bartica
( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

447. Rhynchocyclus poliocephalus inquisitor.
Sciater’s FLAT-BILL.

Rhynchocyclus poliocephalus sclateri Hellmayr, Verh. Ges. Wien, liii.
p- 207 (part), 1903 (Barra do Rio Negro); Brabourne & Chubb,
B.S. Amer. i. p. 272, no. 2767, 1912.

Ehynchocyclus megacephalus (nec Swains.) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xiv. p. 170 (part), 1888 (Merumé Mts.,-Kamarang River).

Tthynchocyclus poliocephalus inquisitor Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
xl. p. 108, March 1920 (Bartica).

Adult male. General colour above dark oilive-green including
the head, back, tail, and lesser upper wing-coverts ; median and
greater upper wing-coverts dark brown with yellowish tips to the
former and outer margins of the latter ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dark brown; primary and secondary quills also dark
brown, the outer webs narrowly edged with olive-green and mar-
gined with grey on the inner webs; tail-feathers dark brown

RHYNCHOCYCLUS. 151

edged with olive-green on the outer webs and slightly paler on
the margins of the inner webs ; crown of head rather darker than
the back ; loral space and the short feathers above and below the
eye greyish white; throat, breast, and sides of neck yellowish
green with a tinge of ash-grey on the chin and throat ; abdomen,
under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts lemon-yellow ; under
surface of quills dark brown with pale inner edges; lower aspect
of tail pale brown with a slight indication to paler margins on
the inner webs.

Total length 105 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 58, tail 42,
tarsus 16.

The male described was collected at Bartica in 1911.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller. .
Wing 56 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana, ‘Supenaam River, Bartica,
Anarica River, Great Falls Demerara River (AdeConnell collection).

Habits. Unrecorded.

448. Rhynchocyclus flaviventris gloriosus.
YELLOW-VENTED FLAT-BILL.

Cyclorhynchus flaviventer Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 700, 1848.

Rhynchocyclus flaviventris Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 295; Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 171, 1888 (British Guiana).

Rhynchocyclus flaviventer Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 272,
no. 2770 (part), 1912.

Rhynchocyclus flaviventris gloriosus Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
xl. p. 108, March 1920 (Quonga).

Adult. Upper surface yellowish olive-green including the
head, entire back, lesser upper wing-coverts, outer edges of the
primary-quills, and outer margins of tail-feathers ; median and
greater upper wing-coverts and innermost secondary quills dark
brown with sulphur-yellow margins to the feathers; inner webs
of flight-quills dark brown edged with white ; inner webs to tail-
feathers pale brown; base of lores, sides of face, throat, and
upper breast ochreous-yellow; sides of breast and sides of body
dusky-grey ; abdomen and under tail-coverts lemon-yellow ;
under wing-coverts white, those round the margin pale yellow ;.

152 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

under surface of quills brown with white edges; lower aspect of
tail pale brown.

Total length 111 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 57, tail 47,
tarsus 17.

The type described was collected on the Abary River in
November 1906.

I have not been able to compare any sexed specimens from
British Guiana, but I have examined a male and female from
Colombia, in the British Museum, which are identical both in
colour of plumage and wing-measurement.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains Abary
River (MeConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Hast Brazil, ‘Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela,
Colombia.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 700) that this
bird lives in the outskirts of the woods, in the plantations, and in
the gardens of the natives.

Genus RAMPHOTRIGON Bonap.

Ramphotrigon Bonaparte, teste Gray, Gen. & Subgen. B, App-no. 808 d,
1855. Type &. ruficauda (Spix).

Fig. 61.—Ramphotrigon ruficauda.

The species on which this genus was based is conspicuous by
its entire rufous tail and the outer aspect of the wings, which are
also rufous. ‘The bill is depressed, hooked at the tip of the upper
mandible, and furnished with bristles at the base. The wing is

RAMPHOTRIGON, 153

rounded, the second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and
subequal, the first about equal to the seventh. The tail is square
at the tip and nearly equal to the wing in length. The tarsus
only slightly exceeds the length of the middle toe and claw, and
the hind toe and claw are about equal in length to that of the
exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female similar.

449. Ramphotrigon ruficauda.
RoUrFowus-TAILED FLAT-BILL.

Platyrhynchus ruficauda Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 9, pl. xi. fig. 1, 1825 (in
sylvis fl. Amazonum).

Elaenea spadicea Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 702, 1848.

Rhynchoeyclus ruficauda Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 296 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa, Merumé Mts.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 172,
1888 (Carimang River).

Ramphotrigon ruficauda Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 272,
no. 2771, 1912.

Adult male. Head, sides of face, sides of neck, hind-neck, back,
scapulars, and lesser upper wing-coverts dark olive-green ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts dark brown; median and
greater upper wing-coverts, primary and secondary quills brown
broadly margined with rufous, more narrowly on the quills,

which are edged with cinnamon on the inner webs; upper tail-

coverts and tail pale rufous with black shafts to the tail-feathers ;
lores whitish at the base of the feathers; eyelid pale yellow;
throat, sides of body, and abdomen dusky olive-green intermixed
with yellow which is more pronounced on the abdomen; under
tail-coverts and under wing-coverts cinnamon; axillaries straw-
yellow ; under surface of quills brown with pale rufous edges ;
lower aspect of tail pale rufous including the shafts. “ Bill
plumbeous, base of lower mandible whitish; feet pale brown ”
(Cat. B. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 152 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 77, tail 69,
tarsus 16. :

The male described was collected on the Abary River in
September 1906. a . i

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 73 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Lggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

154 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Bartica,
Abary River, Berbice River, Great Falls Demerara River
(Me Connell collection).

Lxtralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, Last Peru.
Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus TODIROSTRUM Less.

roe le Lesson, Traite d’Orn. p. 884, 1830. Type 7 ctnereum
inn. ).

Fig. 62.—Todirostrum cinereum.

This genus is easily distinguished by the peculiar shaped bill
which is an elongated spatule, similar to that of a Tody. The
wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and
equal, the second about equal to the sixth. The tail is rounded
and graduated and nearly three-fourths the length of the wing.
The tarsus is somewhat long, being nearly two-thirds the length
of the tail, and the hind toe and claw are almost equal in length
to that of the middle toe and claw. Coloration: male and female
similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Under surface of body uniform yellow, no
dark shaft-streaks to the feathers .......... T. cinereum, p. 154.
B. Under surface of body not uniform, but
having dark shaft-lines to the feathers.
6. Ear-coverts white; bill entirely black;
dark shaft-streaks on throat darker and
DrOad er wos yavecsagdes annmaceens ince vecaeas tos T. pictum, p. 156.
c. Kar-coverts brown; bill partly white;
dark shaft-streaks on throat aig and
NALTOWEL... cece ses esses eee sseceeresseeseeeee Li maculatum, p. 157.

450. Todirostrum cinereum.
BLACK-CROWNED Topy-TyrRant.

Todus cinereus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 178, 1766 (Surinam).
Triceus cinereus Cab. in Schomb. Bois Guian. iii, p. 702, 1848.

TODIROSTRUM. 155

Todirostrum cinereum Salvin, Ibis,“ 1885, p. 292 (Bartica Grove,
Merumé Mts., Roraima 3500 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 69, 1888 (Bartica Grove, Roraima); Quelch, Timehri (2) v.
p- 91, 1891 (Georgetown) ; Lloyd, op. cit. xi. p. 4 (nests and eggs) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B, 8. Amer. i. p. 272, no. 2778, 1912.

Todirostrum cinereum einereum Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness,
p. 181, 1910 (Georgetown).

“ Pipitoorie” (Quelch).

Adult male. Entire crown of head, sides of face, and hind-neck
black; back dark slate-grey ; upper wing-coverts black edged
with yellowish-white ; primary and secondary quills also black
edged on the outer webs with yellow and on the inner ones with
buffy-white ; tail black both above and below, the two outer
feathers tipped and the outermost edged with white on the
outer web ; lower cheeks and entire under surface bright yellow,
rather paler and inclining to whitish on the chin ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts very pale yellow; under surface of quills
brown with pale inner edges. ‘Bill and feet black” (Cat. B.
Brit. Mus.).

Total length 96 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 46, tail 33,
tarsus 21.

The male from which the description is taken was collected on
the Bonasika River in 1912.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 40 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Long and purse-like (C. A. Lloyd).

Eggs. Small in size, two in number, and white in colour
(C. A. Lloyd). ,

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains, Supenaam River, Bonasika River, Mazaruni River,
Anarica River, Arawai River (McConnell collection).

Eatralimital Range. Surinam (Linné), Trinidad, Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 702) this
species is distributed throughout the Colony, and is most
commonly observed on the Cecropia trees.

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 91) gives the following
note in reference to this species ‘at Georgetown :—“ Among the
large trees with dense foliage, as well as the flowering shrubs
which the little Flower-peckers (Certhiola) frequent, will also

156 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

be often seen the little Broad-billed Tyrant-bird, known also as
Pipitoorie (Todirostrum cinereum).”

The following noteis copied from ©. A. Lloyd (Timehri (2) xi.
p: 4) :—‘* The Pipiturie (Todirostrum cinereum) is remarkable for
the manner in which it departs from the generality in the con-
struction of their nests. The Pipiturie builds a long purse-like
nest in which to lay its two small white eggs.”

451. Todirostrum pictum.
PAINTED Topy-TYRant.

Todirostrum pictum Salvin, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vii. p. xv, 1897
(Annai); Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 278, no. 2783, 1912.
Adult (? male). Crown of head, sides of face, and nape black ;
back dark slate-grey ; wings black with yellow margins to the
median and greater upper wing-coverts and inner secondary-
quills, primary-quills somewhat paler with, olive-green edges to
the outer webs and whitish margins to the inner webs; tail dark
brown with olive-green edges to the outer webs ; loral streak and
ear-coverts white; throat white with black longitudinal shaft-
streaks to the feathers; remainder of the under surface yellow
with black shaft-lines to the feathers on the breast and sides of
the body, a slight ochreous tinge: on the middle of the breast;
under wing-coverts white tinged with yellow ; under surface of
quills brown with pale inner margins ; lower aspect of tail brown.
Total length 86 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 44, tail 29,
tarsus 18.

The bird described was collected on the Makauria River in
August 1910.

I have measured the type in the British Museum, which is
sexed as female, and from its smaller size (wing 38 mm.) I am
inclined to think that the bird described above must be a male.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Makauria River (McConnell col-
lection) ; Annai (W hitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

TODIROSTRUM. 157

452. Todirostrum: maculatum.
Srorrep Topy-TYRant.

Todus maculatus Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tanagras, des Manakins-et des
Todiers, pl. 70, 1805 (‘ Guiane”’).

Todirostrum maculatum Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 292 (Bartica Grove) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 78, 1888 (Bartica Grove); Bra-
bourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 278, no. 2784, 1912.

Adult (? male). Crown of head black with white margins to
some of the feathers on the fore part of the head; back and
scapulars slate-grey ; upper wing-coverts and flight-quills dark
brown with pale edgings to the feathers; bastard-wing and
primary-coverts uniform dark brown; tail dark brown on the
middle feathers, becoming paler on the outer ones, which are
slightly tipped with white, the lower aspect similar ; the short
feathers at the base of the forehead and supraloral streak pale
grey; ear-coverts pale brown; cheeks and throat white with dark
pear-shaped marks on the middle of the feathers becoming yellow
on the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts, which have dark
shaft-streaks to the feathers on the breast and sides of the body;
axillaries and under wing-coverts white with a few dark dots on
the latter; under surface of quills dark brown with white inner
edges.

Total length 95 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 47, tail 32,
tarsus 19.

The bird from which the description is taken was collected on
the Abary River in July 1906.

I have not been able to examine a female bird of this species,
as the only ones that are sexed in the British Museum are males.

An individual, collected on the Bonasika River in 1911, which
is moulting its primary-quills, has the crown of the head white
with dark tips to a few of the feathers.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Figgs.. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Bartica, Bonasika River, Abary
River, Anarica River (McConnell collection) ; Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

158 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus EUSCARTHMUS Wied.

Euscarthmus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii, p. 45, 1881. Type
-E. nidipendulus Wied.

Fig. 63.—Euscarthmus nidipendulus.

The species included in this genus are small birds with pro-
portionately long bills, long tails, and long tarsi.’ The bill is
pointed and hooked at the tip of the upper mandible, the width at
the base is about half the length of the exposed culmen. The
wing is almost square, the second and third primaries longest and
equal, the first about equal in length to the innermost secondary.
The tail is square at the tip and about three-quarters the length
of the wing. Coloration: male and female similar.

453. Euscarthmus russatus.
~Roppy Topy-Tyrant.

Euscarthmus russatus Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 445 (Roraima) ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 292 (Roraima, 5000 to 6000 ft.); Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 82, pl. ix. fig. 1, 1888 (Roraima); Bra-
bourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 276, no. 2811, 1912,

Adult. Back, wings, and tail olive-green; upper wing-coverts
margined with pale rufous which forms a double wing-bar; outer
aspect of flight-quills yellowish green, the inner webs dark brown
with pale edgings; tail brown with olive-green margins to the
feathers and indistinct blackish bars; crown of head and nape
blackish brown ; base of forehead, sides of face, throat, and breast
pale rufous, becoming much paler and inclining to whitish on
the middle of the abdomen; sides of the body dusky olive-green ;
thighs, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts pale rufous;
axillaries lemon-yellow; under surface of quills pale brown with
paler inner margins; lower aspect of tail also pale brown.

EUSCARTHMUS.—MICROCOCHLEARIUS. 159

Total length 93 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 48, tail 33,
tarsus 19,

The bird described was collected by Mr. McConnell at Mount
Roraima in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell collec-
tion) ; Mount Roramia ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus MICROCOCHLEARIUS Chubb.

Microcochlearius Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxix. p. 98, 1919.
Type M. josephine (Chubb).

Fig. 64.—Microcochlearius josephine.

The species on which this genus was founded has tbe bill
flattened, the width at the base is about two-thirds the length of
the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth,
fifth, and sixth primaires longest and subequal, the second about
equal in length to the seventh and the first to about that of the
ninth. The tail is slightly rounded at the tip and about four-
fifths the length of the wing. The tarsus is about half the length
of the tail and the middle toe and claw are about half that of
the tarsus. Coloration : male and female similar.

160 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

454, Microcochlearius josephine.

JOSEPHINE’S ToDY-TYRANT.
(Plate IV. fig. 2.)
Euscarthmus josephine Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxiii. p. 182, ,
May 28, 1914.

Adult (type of the species). General colour of the upper surface
olive-green including the head, back, wings, and tail; inner webs
of flight-quills brown with pale inner margins; lores whitish at
the base ; ear-coverts pale brown; throat and entire under surface
lemon-yellow suffused with dusky grey on the throat where the
yellow is very pale, becoming deep ochraceous-yellow on the breast,
sides of the body, thighs, and under tail-coverts; under wing-
coverts rather paler yellow than the abdomen; under surface of
quills brown with pale inner edges; lower aspect of tail brown
with white shafts to the feathers.

Total length 109 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 55, tail 44,
tarsus 20.

The type was collected on the Supenaam River in 1910.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Fags. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Supenaam River (McConnell
collection).

Habits. .Unrecorded.

Genus PERISSOTRICCUS Oberh.

Perissotriceus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. p- 64,1892. Type
P. ecaudatus (Orb & Lafr.).

Fig. 65.—Perissotriccus ecaudatus.

The species included in this genus are conspicuous by their

Birds of British Guiana. _ Vol. . Pl. IV.

1. Neopipo helene.
Mrs. McConnell’s Manakin

2. Microcochlearius josephine.
Josephine’s Tody-Tyrant

PERISSOTRICCUS. 161L

small size. The bill is flattened, the width at the base being equal
to about half the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is
slightly rounded, the second to the fifth primary-quills longest
and the first nearly as long as the second. The tail is square at
the tip and about equal in length to that of the exposed culmen.
The tarsus is about equal to the tail (in P. ecaudata) in length,
and the hind toe and claw are about equal in length io the middle
toe and claw. Coloration: male and female similar.

455. Perissotriccus ecaudatus miserabilis.
GUIANA SHORT-TAILED Pygmy TYRANT.

Todirostrum ecaudatum WOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 47, Mag. de Zool.
1837 (Yuracares, Bolivia).

Orchilus ecaudatus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 89, 1888; Bra-
bourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 278, no. 2829, 1912.

Perissotriccus ecaudatus miserabilis Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(ser. 9) iv. p. 801, Oct. 1919.

Adult. Back, wings, and tail yellowish green; primary-coverts
uniform dark brown; flight-quills blackish brown with green
margins on the outer webs and pale edges to the inner ones; tail-
feathers dark brown fringed with green; head and sides of face
dark ash-grey; the short feathers at the base of the bill and
surrounding the eye white; throat and entire under surface
silky-white with a tinge of yellow on the flanks, edge of wing,
and under wing-coverts, and a wash of ash-grey on the sides of
the breast; under surface of quills and lower aspect of tail brown.

Total length 58 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 34, tail 12,
tarsus 13,

The bird described was collected on the Bonasika River.

Having compared the four examples of this bird in the
McConnell collection with a specimen in the British Museum
from Bolivia, which is the type-locality of P. ecaudatus (d’Orb. &
Lafr.), I find that they are darker green on the back, darker
grey on the crown of the head and face, and inclining to grey on
the under surface. It differs also in having the lower mandible
black and the feet much darker than the Bolivian bird.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed. ‘

VOL. IL. M

162 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range confined to British Guiana. Bartica, Bonasika River
Arwye Creek, Arawai River (McConnell collection).
Habits. Uhrecorded.

’

Genus ATALOTRICCUS Ridgw.

Atalotriccus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xviii. Sept. 2, 1905,
p. 208. Type A. pilaris (Cab.).

Fig. 66.—Atalotriccus pilaris.

This genus is distinguished chiefly by the absence of a crest
and in having the four outer primaries very narrow and much
reduced in length. Coloration: male and female similar.

456. Atalotriccus griseiceps whitelyanus.

Atalotriccus griseiceps whitelyanus Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(ser. 9) iv. p. 801, Oct. 1919.

Adult male. Allied to A. griseiceps griseiceps (Hellm.), but
differs in having the back uniform green. Total length 97 mm.,
exposed culmen 10, wing 43, tail 36, tarsus 16.

Adult female. Sicilee to the adult male but smaller. Wing
38 mm., tail 28.

This form | is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the material on which this subspecific form was based consists of
two fully adult males and one female, which were collected by
the late Henry Whitely at Quonga in October and November,
1887, and are now in the British Museum—Salvin-Godman col-
lection.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Quonga (W hitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

COLOPTERYX. 163

Genus COLOPTERYX Ridgw.

Colopterix Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 519, 1887. Type
C. pilaris (Cab.).

Fig. 67.—Colopteryx pilaris.

This genus is distinguished by having an elongated crest and
the three outer primary-quills much reduced in length, but
about normal in width. The bill is depressed, the width at the
base being about half the length of the exposed culmen. The rictal
bristles are well developed. In the wing the fourth, fifth, aud
sixth primaries are longest and subequal. ‘The tail is proportion-
ately long, being nearly seven-eighths the length of the wing.

_ The hind toe and claw are about equal to the middle toe and claw,
which are about two-thirds the length of the tarsus. Coloration:
male and female similar.

457. Colopteryx galeatus macconnelli.
McConnevu’s Henmetep Pyemy Tyrant.

Colopterus cristatus Cab. Arch. fiir Naturg. 1847, i. p. 253; Schomb.
Reis. Guian. iii. p. 702, 1848.

Colopterus galeatus (nec Bodd.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 293 (Bartica
Grove, Camacusa); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 91 (part), 1888
(Bartica Grove, Camacusa); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i.
p. 278, no. 2884 (part), 1912.

Lophotriccus macconnelli Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxix. p. 90,
June 4, 1919.

Adult. General colour above olive-green, including the head,
back, wings, and tail; the crest-feathers on the fore part of the
head black with olive-green margins which imparts a squamated
appearance ; upper wing-coverts dark brown margined with olive-
green; primary-coverts uniform brown; flight-quills brown, the
outer webs fringed with olive-green, the inner ones narrowly edged
with whitish; tail-feathers brown slightly fringed with olive-

M2

164 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

green ; ear-coverts pale brown; throat pale dusky-brown with
yellowish-white margins to the feathers; breast and sides of the
body yellowish green ; abdomen, under tail- coverts, under wing-
coverts, and axillaries very pale lemon-yellow; under surface of
quills pale brown with very narrow pale inner edges; lower
aspect of tail uniform greyish brown.

Total length 92 mm., exposed culmen 9,! wing 46, tail 39,
tarsus 17.

The bird from which the description is taken was collected on
the Ituribisi River in November 1906.

This bird was wrongly compared with Lophotriceus spicifer by
me in the ‘ Bulletin’ of the British Ornithologists’ Club, xxxix.
p- 90,1919. It should have been compared with Motacilla galeata
Bodd., which was founded on Daubenton’s “Figuier hupé de
Cayenne,” Pl. Enl. pl. 391, fig. 1, Habitat : Cayenne and Lower
Amazonia, from which it differs subspecifically—being larger in
measurement and brighter in colour.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Arwye Creek
(McConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. ? Venezuela.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 702) that this
bird is distributed throughout British Guiana and is most
frequently observed on the Cecropia trees.

Genus HAPALOCERCUS Cab.

Hapalocercus Cabanis, Archiv fiir Naturg. 1847, i. p. 254. Type
HT. meloryphus (Wied).

Fig. 68.—Hapalocercus melorhyphus.

This genus is based on birds of small size. The bill is small and
narrow, the width about equal to half the length of the exposed

HAPALOCERCUS. 165

culmen. The wing is rounded, the second to the sixth primary-
quills longest and equal, the first about equal to the eighth. The
tail is rounded at the tip and about four-fifths the length of the
wing. The tarsus is about one-third longer. than the exposed
culmen. Coloration: male and female similar.

458. Hapalocercus striaticeps.
STRIPED-HEADED Pyemy TYRANT.

Hapalocercus striaticeps Salvin, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vii. p. xvi, 1897
(Annai, British Guiana); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 280,
no. 2849, 1912.

Adult. Crown crested, the feathers dark brown with pale
margins, which look like a longitudinal streak along the centre
of the crown ; forehead more or less rust-brown; lores and a line
-over the eye smoky-white ; nape and sides of neck rust-brown ;
back and upper tail-coverts yellowish green with a tinge of rust-
colour on the rump; lesser upper wing-coverts dark brown with
pale rufous margins, which are paler and inclining to whitish on
the median and greater series; primary-coverts almost uniform
brown; flight-quills dark brown with pale edges to some of the
outer webs and slightly paler on some of the inner edges ; tail-
feathers brown with pale edgings; sides of face for the most
part dark brown ; throat and entire under surface yellow with a
tinge of rufous along the outer edge of the wing below ; quills
below pale brown, the inner edges slightly paler; lower aspect of
tail pale brown with slight rufous edgings on the inner webs.

Total length 103 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 45, tail 39,
tarsus 15.

The bird from which the description is taken was collected on
the Abary River in November 1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs, Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Abary River (McConnell
collection) ; Annai ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

166 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus HABRURA Cab. & Hein.

Habrura Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 53, 1859. Type H. pecto
ralis (Vieill.).

hi
HK
may \
fh BM
iy i
4 Di
i (
t

Fig. 69.—Habrura pectoralis.

The species on which this genus was founded is a small bird.
The bill is narrow, the width being about half the length of the
exposed culmen. The wing is almost square, the secondaries
being only about 3 mm. shorter than the primaries, the second,
third, and fourth primaries longest, and the first about equal in
length to the filth. The tail is proportionately long, being about
four-fifths the length of the wing. The tarsus is about half the
length of the tail. Coloration: male and female similar.

459. Habrura brevipennis.
SHORT-WINGED Pyemy TYRANT.

Polystictus brevipennis Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 40, 1902
(Caicara); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 280, no. 2853, 1912.

meee die pectoralis (nec Vieill.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 293 (Roraima,

Habrura pectoralis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 96 (part), 1888
(Roraima).

Adult male. Fore part of head and sides of face dark brown
with white edgings to the feathers ; hind-neck, back, and scapulars
rust-brown, rather more rufous on the rump and upper tail-
coverts ; upper wing-coverts brown with rufous margins like the
innermost secondary-quills; primary-quills dark brown with pale
edgings on both the outer and inner webs ; tail brown with pale
margins to the feathers; short feathers at base of bill whitish ;
chin blackish at base with yellowish-white tips to the feathers ;
sides of neck, breast, sides of body, and thighs fawn-colour, some-
what paler on the lower throat; middle of abdomen and under

HABRURA.—SERPOPHAGA. 167

tail-coverts creamy-white; axillaries and under wing-coverts
buff; under surface of quills brown with pale buff on the inner
margins; lower aspect of tail pale brown.

Total length 87 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 42, tail 34,
tarsus 17.

The male described was collected in the Upper Takutu Moun-
tains in 1908.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but differs in the
absence of the dark bases to the feathers on the chin. Wing
39 mm.

The female described was collected by Mr. McConnell at Mount
Roraima in October 1898.

” Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains (Adc Connell collection).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus SERPOPHAGA Gould.

Serpophaga Gould, Voy. Beagle, Zool. iii. p. 49, 1841. Type 8. swb-
cristata (Vieill.).

Fig. 70.—Serpophaga subcristata.

One of the chief characters in this genus is the elongated crest,
with white bases to the feathers which form a more or less
concealed spot. The bill is small and pointed. The wing is
rounded, the second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest
and almost equal, the first about equal in length to that of the
tenth. ‘The tail is long and square at the tip and about equal in
length to that of the wing. The hind toe and claw are about half
the length of the tarsus. Coloration: male and female similar.

168 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Key to the Species.
A. Smaller, wing less than 50 mm.; upper

sunfaee paler ops vesesserseee S. caudata, p. 168.
B. Larger, wing more than 50 mm. 3 upper
surface darker........:cccccseesseereseecreeeeeee Si helena, p. 169.

460. Serpophaga caudata.

Orinoco TYRANT.

Capsiempis caudata Salvin, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vii. p. xvi, 1897
(Ourumee, British Guiana).

Serpophaga caudata Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 282, no. 2877,
1912,

Adult female. Crown of head, back, scapulars, and lesser upper
wing-coverts ochreous-brown ; median.and greater series hair-
brown broadly tipped with buffy-white which form two wing-bars;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills also heir-brown, sill
pale margins to the last which are wider on the inner webs ; tail
dark brown paler at the tip, outer web of the outermost feather
on each side white ; a whitish loral streak, with dark tips to the
feathers, from the nostrils to above the eye; sides of the face
paler than the crown; chin, throat, and fore-neck pale buff;
breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts lemon-yellow,
darker and more or less grey on the sides of the body; under
wing-coverts and axillaries sulphur-yellow; under surface of
flight-quills hair-brown with whitish inner margin ; lower aspect
of tail dark brown with whitish shafts and tips and outer webs of
the outermost feather on each side.

Total length 103 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 47, tail 46,
tarsus 11.

The above description is taken from the type in the British
Museum which was in the act of moulting its flight-quills and
tail-feathers.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Bartica (McConnell collection) ;
Ourumee ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana. |

SERPOPHAGA 169

461. Serpophaga helense.

Mrs. McConneu’s FLYCATCHER,

ee helene Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xl. p. 61, Dec. 31,

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, back, lesser upper
wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts dark smoke-brown ; median
and greater upper wing-coverts tipped with smoke-white ; outer
edges of flight-quills smoke-white ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts blackish brown; flight-quills blackish brown margined
with white on the inner webs; tail blackish with whitish tips to
the feathers, the outer web of the outermost feather on each side
white ; lores greyish white at the base, tips blackish ; breast dark
ochreous-green with a slight tinge of fawn-colour ; abdomen, sides
of body, and. under tail-coverts lemon-yellow ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts pale sulphur-yellow; under surface of flight-
quills dark brown with yellowish-white margins ; lower aspect of
tail hair-brown with pale tips to the feathers and whitish along
the outer web of the outermost feather on each side.

Total length 105 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 52, tail 50,
tarsus 19.

The male from which the description is taken was collected at
Bartica, 1912.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but differs in being
everywhere paler. Wing 52 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Bartica, Abary River
(MeConnell collection).

Habits. Unrecorded.

This species is named in honour of Mrs. F. V. McConnell.

170 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus PIPROMORPHA Bonap.

Pipromorpha Bonaparte (ex Schiff. MS.), Ann. d. Sci. Nat. Zool. i,
p- 134, 1854. Type P. oleaginea (Licht.).

Fig. 71.—Pipromorpha oleaginea.

The species on which this genus was founded are birds of
medium size with scarcely any rictal bristles, The bill is narrow,
the width being less than half the length of the exposed culmen.
The wing is rounded, the outer primary-quills narrowed at the
tips, especially the outermost, and slightly recurving outwards,
the second to the fifth longest and equal, the first about equal in
length to the sixth. The tail is square at the tip, the feathers are
broad, and about five-sevenths the length of the wing. The
hind toe and claw are about equal in length to that of the middle
toe and claw. Coloration: male and female similar.

Key to the. Subspecies.

A. Larger, wing more than 64 mm.; back

' dark green; abdomen ochraceous rufous. P. 0. macconnelli, p. 170.
B. Smaller, wing less than 64 mm.; back
paler green ; abdomen orange rufous... P. 0. roraima, p. 172.

462. Pipromorpha oleaginea macconnelli.

McConneu’s Oity Fiycatcuer. ‘

Mionectes oleagineus (nec Licht.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iti. p. 702,
1848; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 293 (part) (Bartica Grove and Cama-
cusa); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 112 (part), 1888
(Camacusa, Bartica Grove, Cayenne); Brabourne & Chubb, B. s.
Amer, 1. p. 284, no. 2892, 1912.

Mionectes oleagineus oleagineus Beebe, Trop. Wild Life Brit. Guian.
p- 223, 1917.

Pipromorpha oleaginea macconnelli Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(ser. 9) iv. p. 803, Oct. 1919.

Adult, General colour above dull dark green including the

PIPROMORPHA. 171

head, entire back, scapulars, and lesser upper wing-coverts ;
median and greater coverts dark brown margined with bronze-
green like the primary-coverts ; outer aspect of Aight-quills also
bronze-green, inner webs dark brown edged with buff; tail bronze-
green; sides of face, throat, sides of neck, and sides of breast dull
green but paler than the back; remainder of the under surface
ochreous more or less tinged with green; axillaries and under
wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous; under surface of quills brown
with rufous edgings; lower aspect of tail bronze-brown.

Tota) length 119 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 67, tail 48,
tarsus 17.

The bird from which the description is taken was collected on
the Anarica River in 1913.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 62 mm.

Breeding-season. March (Beebe).

Nest. For description of nest, see Beebe infra.

Eggs. For description of eggs, see Beebe infra.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Anarica River, Arwye
Creek, Great Falls Demerara River, Arawai River (McConnell
collection) ; Kamakusa, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralinital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne.

Habits. The following notes have been copied from Beebe
(Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 223 et seq.):—“ The
nest of this species is really a duplicate of other forest flycatcher
hangnests— Colopterus, Rhynchocyclus, and probably many others
whose nests are unknown. Hanging from small vines in the
densest forest, usually close to the ground, it looked like some
large, mossy, cornucopia-shaped fruit, fastened, pear-like, by its
little end. The entrance, near the bottom and to one side, was
hidden from sight of the casual observer by overhanging tendrils
of living moss which acted effectively as a curtain. Upon enter-
ing its home the bird found itself in a narrow, upward slanting
tunnel that led to a hole in the roof of the cave in which rested
the eggs. It was necessary for her to push through this opening
and to drop gently, with the utmost care, upon the eggs below.
The parent was tnen in a tiny cup of a room whose walls were
thickly lined with soft hair, backed by fine shreds of jungle bark.

“The body of the nest was composed entirely of living tree moss
skilfully woven together to form a waterproof mass. Scattered

-

172 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

through this were a few small roots and strips of bark to give
stiffening to the structure. The inner lining was composed entirely
of this material, closely packed together until it formed a soft
and impenetrable mat. Within this was the lining of animal hair,
thicker at the bottom, upon which the two or three white eggs
were deposited. Tne whole nest was about 30 em. high and 13 cm.
wide at the bottom. The interior room had a depth of 9 cm., but
the nest-cup proper was only 5 cm. deep with a diameter of 4 cm.

“When placed very low in the undergrowth the nest of the Oily
Flycatcher was very hard to find. It agreed so thoroughly with its
surroundings in the dull jungle twilight that one would pass it by
again and again without noticing the outlines against the dark
green background, or, if seen, it would be taken for an over-
large, naturally drooping bunch of moss.

“The first nest I discovered was hanging from a small liana about
18 inches from the ground ina dark thicket. My knee accidentally
struck against it, but I would have passed on without noticing if
the mother bird, startled, had not flown up, seemingly, from
beneath my feet. I cautiously moved back behind a conveniently
thick bush not ten feet away and waited for her to return. She
did so in avery few minutes and quickly disappeared into the
hidden tunnel of her home. A few quick steps, and with my hand
over the hole, she was my prisoner. This occurred on the last day
of March.

«There were three eggs in the nest, all of a dull glossless-white,
and rather pointed at the end. The shells were thin and had small
striations or corrugations running from the middle to the small
end. They measured 21x 14°5, 21x15, 20x14°5:-mm.”

\

463. Pipromorpha oleaginea roraime.
Rorama Oty Fiycatcuer.

Mionectes oleagineus (nec Licht.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p.293 (part) (Mount
Roraima and Merumé Mts. 3500 to 6000 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xiv. p. 112 (part) (Mt. Roraima and Merumé Mts.); Brabourne
& Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 284, no. 2892, 1912.

Pipromorpha oleaginea roraime Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(ser. 9) iv. p. 808, 1919.

Adult male. Similar to P. 0. macconnelli, but differs in heing
rather smaller, paler on the upper parts, and more brightly coloured.
on the abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and, under wing-

coverts.

PIPROMORPHA.——LEPTOPOGON. 173

Total length 116 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 62, tail 45,
tarsus 16.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the above description is taken from the type, which is in the
British Museum.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima and Merumé
Mountains ( W hitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus LEPTOPOGON Cab.

Leptopogon Cabanis, Arch. fiir Naturg. 1844, pt. i. p. 275. Type
L. superciliaris Cab.

Fig. 72.—Leptopogon superciliaris.

In this genus the bill is compressed, the width at the hinder
portion of the nostrils being about one-third the length of the
exposed culmen, the tip of the upper mandible is hooked and
the rictal bristles are well developed. The wing is rounded, the
third and fourth primaries longest, the second is about equal to
the sixth and the first about three-fourths the length of the
second; there is an indication of a small spine on the under
surface at the base of the first primary. The tail is square at the
tip and about five-sixths the length of the wing, and the tarsus is
about one-fifth longer than the exposed culmen. Ooloration :
male and female similar.

464. Leptopogon amaurocephalus.
ScHoMBURGK’s FLycaTcHER.

Leptopogon amaurocephalus Cabanis, Arch. fiir Naturg. 1847, i. p. 251
(Brazil); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 293 (Merumé Mts., Roraima

174 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 117, 1888 (Roraima,
Merumé Mts.); Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. thes. 1. p. 285, no. 2899,
1912.

Adult. Crown of head, back, lesser upper wing-coverts, upper
tail-coverts, outer margins of flight-quills and tail-feathers dark
olive-green; median and greater upper wing-coverts broadly
tipped with buff; outer webs of some of the secondary-quills
marked with buffy-white; inner webs of flight-quills blackish
margined with white; inner webs of tail-teathers hair-brown ;
sides of face olive-green with more or less black and greyish
white intermixed; lores whitish at the base; chin and throat
greyish white; remainder of the under surface including the
axillaries and under wing-coverts greenish yellow ; under surface
of flight-quills dark brew with white margins; lower aspect of
tail-feathers brown with white shafts.

Total length 110 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 60, tail 55,
tarsus 15,

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
by Mr. McConnell at Mount Roraima during his expedition
in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Jéggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell col-
lection); Merumé Mountains, Mount Roraima ( Whately).

Extralimital Range. Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus CAPSIEMPIS Cab. & Hein.

Capsiempis Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 56, 1859. Type
C. flaveola (Licht.).

\ Fig. 73. asa flaveola.

CAPSIEMPIS. ~ 175

In this genus the hill is flattened, the width at the base being
about three-fifths the length of the exposed culmen and furnished
with rictal bristles. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, fifth,
and sixth primary-quills longest and equal, the second about equal
in length to the eighth. The tail is rounded at the tip and
graduated and almost equal in length to that of the wing. The
tarsus is about one-third longer than the middle toe and claw.
Coloration: male and female similar.

465. Capsiempis flaveola.

RovunD-WINGED FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa flaveola Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 56, 1823 (Bahia).
Capsiempis flaveola Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 120, 1888;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 285, no. 2903, 1912.

Adult. General colour above yellowish green including the
head, back, upper wing-coverts, and scapulars; median and
greater upper wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, which forms
a double wing-band; flight-quills dark brown edged with yellow
on the outer webs and fringed with white on the inner ones; tail-
feathers brown very slightly edged with yellow; lores and a
narrow superciliary streak white; cheeks and throat yellowish
white ; remainder of the under surface yellow; under wing-
coverts silky white; under surface of quills brown with pale
inner margins; lower aspect of tail pale brown.

Total length 97 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 48, tail 46,
tarsus 16.

The bird described was collected in the Upper Takutu Mountains,
which is the only specimen in the McConnell collection and is in
rather bad condition. There are no examples of this species
from British Guiana in the National collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Takutu Mountains (McConnell col-
lection).

Extralimital Range. Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, East Peru,
Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

176 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus PHYLLOMYIAS Cab. & Hein.

Phyllomyias Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 57, 1859. Type
P. brevirostris (Spix).

Fig. 74.—Phyllomyias brevirostris.

The species on which this genus was founded are birds of
somewhat small size. The bill is short and flattened, the width
at the base being about half the length of the exposed culmen.
The wing is rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries
longest and subequal, the first about equal in length to the sixth.
The tail is square at the tip and proportionately long, being nearly
as long as the wing. The tarsus is strongly scutellated and about
twice the length of the exposed culmen. The hind toe and claw
are about equal in length to the middle toe and claw.

466. Phyllomyias griseiceps.
GREY-HEADED FLYCATCHER. '

Tyranniscus griseiceps Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.S. 1870, p. 873 (Baba-
hoyo, Ecuador); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 294 (Bartica Grove,
Roraima 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 184, 1888
(Bartica Grove, Roraima).

Phyllomyias griseiceps Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 286,
no. 2910, 1912.

Adult female. Back, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, and lesser
upper wing-coverts dull olive-green ; crown of head and nape
tinged with grey; median and greater upper wing-coverts dark
brown with olive-grey tips to the feathers; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and flight-quills blackish with whitish inner
margins, outer edges of secondaries also whitish; tail hair-
brown with olive margins to the feathers; supraloral streak and
eyelids whitish ; ear-coverts similar to the crown; a dark spot in
front of the eye ; cheeks yellowish dotted with black; chin and
throat grey with blackish bases to the feathers; breast and sides
of breast yellowish olive, inclining to grey on the sides of the

PHYLLOMYIAS.—PH ZOMYIAS. 177

body; abdomen and under tail-coverts lemon-yellow; axillaries
and under wing-coverts sulphur-yellow; under surface of flight-
quills and lower aspect of tail hair-brown.

Total length 99 mm., exposed culmen 6, width 5, wing 46, tail 40,
tarsus 14, ,

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the female described was collected by the late Henry Whitely at
Mount Roraima, 3500 ft., on the 22nd of January, 1884; and a
second specimen, also a female, was collected by him at Bartica,
December 1879, both of whith are in the British Museum—Salvin-
Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Bartica (W hitely).

Extralimital Range. Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela.

Halits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus PHAOMYIAS Berl.

Pheomyias Berlepsch, Nov. Zool. ix, p.#1, 1902. Type P. incompta
(Cab. & Hein.).

Fig. 75.—Pheomyias incompta.

The species that constitute this genus are birds of small size.
The bill is short and flattened, the width at the base being about
three-fourths the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is
rounded, the second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and
subequal. The tail is square at the tip and about three-fourths
the length of the wing. The tarsus, which is scutellated, is about
twice the length of the exposed culmen. The hind toe and claw
are about equal in length to the middle toe and claw. Coloration :
male and female alike.

467. Pheomyias incompta.
NortHERN Movusz-coLtourep FLYCATCHER.

Elainea incompta Cab. & Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 59, 1859 (Cartagena).
Phyllomyias semifusca Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 293 (Bartica Grove).
VOL. Il. =

178 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Myiopatis semifusca Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 123 (part),
1888 (Bartica Grove).

Phaeomyias incompta Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 286,
no. 2918, 1912.

Adult. General colour of the upper parts dusky olive-brown
somewhat darker on the top of the head; median and greater
upper wing-coverts brown broadly tipped with buff; bastard-wing
and primary-coverts uniform brown; flight-quills dark brown
with pale margins to the outer webs of the inner secondaries
which become very narrow on the primary-quills, the inner
webs have also pale margins; tail pale brown slightly paler
at the tips of the feathers; a slightly indicated pale streak
above the eye; ear-coverts similar to the crown; throat pale ash-
grey with a tinge of yellow; cheeks-and sides of neck dusky
olive-yellow becoming paler on the middle of the breast and sides of
the body ; abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts sulphur-yellow, paler on the last ; under surface of quills
brown with pale edgings ; lower aspect of tail pale greyish brown.

Total length 110 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 62, tail 53,
tarsus 19. ,

The specimen described ‘was collected on the Bonasika River in
1912.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Bonasika
River, Abary River (McConnell collection); Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus ORNITHION Haril.
‘Ornithion Hartlaub, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 835. Type O. inerme Harti.

Fig. 76.—Ornithion inerme.

The members of this genus are also birds of small size. The

ORNITHION. 179

bill is short and depressed, the width at the base is about half the
length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the second,
third, and fourth primaries longest and equal, the first primary is
shorter than the fifth but longer than the sixth. The tail is square
at the tip and about three-fourths the length of the wing. The
tarsus is scutellated in front and about equal in length to the
middle toe and claw. Coloration: male and female similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Base of forehead white in contrast to the
crown of the head; breast and abdomen
lemon-yellow ...... . O. inerme, p. 179.
B. Base of forehead uniform with ‘the crown of
the head; breast and abdomen sulphur-
YELLOW oie eeccsseesessssceseeeersseesssssseesssseee OJ pusillum, p. 180.

468. Ornithion inerme.
Harrcavus’s FLYCATCHER.

Ornithion inerme Hartl. J. f£. 0. 1858, p. 85 (Bahia); Salvin, Ibis,
1885, p. 293 (Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p- 125, 1888 (Carimang River) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer.
1. p. 287, no. 2921, 1912.

Adult. Crown of head and lores dark slate-grey, a conspicuous
line of white across the base of the forehead; the short feathers
round the eye whitish; sides of face dusky; hind neck, entire back,
upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and lesser upper wing-coverts dark
green; median and greater upper wing-coverts blackish tipped
with yellowish white ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish
brown ; flight-quills similar with pale margins on the inner webs
and green edgings on the outer webs of the secondaries; tail dark
brown, the feathers slightly fringed with green; chin greyish
white; throat grey; breast yellowish green; abdomen, under
tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts lemon-yellow,
rather paler on the last; under surface of flight-quills brown
with yellowish-white inner edges.

Total Jength 80 mm., exposed culmen 7, wing 43, tail 28,
tarsus 12.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
at the Kamakabra River.

._ Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

. N2

180 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Kamakabra River (McConnell col-
lection) ; Bartica, Kamarang River ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. East Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

469, Ornithion. pusillum.
Lirttz FLYCATCHER.

Myiopatis pusilla Cab. & Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 58, 1859 (Cartagena).
Ornithion pusillum Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 294 (Bartica Grove) ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 126, 1888 (Bartica Grove).

Adult ‘male. General colour above olive including the hind-
neck, sides of neck, and ear-coverts, back, upper tail-coverts,
scapulars, and lesser upper wing-coverts; median and greater
upper wing-coverts tipped with whitish which forms a double wing-
bar ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts brown like the flight-quills,
outer webs of the last slightly fringed with olive-green, inner
webs of flight-quills whitish ; tail similar in colour to the flight-
quills with pale margins to the tips of the feathers ; crown of head
darker than the back and inclining to dusky brown; throat pale
grey; breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and under wing-
coverts sulphur-yellow ; under surface of flight-quills hair-brown ;
lower aspect of tail similar but paler and having white shafts to
the feathers, P

Total length 94 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 51, tail 42,
tarsus 13.

The male described is in the British Museum, and was collected
by the late Henry Whitely at Bartica in June Hoe pals
Godman collection.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male: Wing 47mm. The
female measured is from the Arawai River. :

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana,

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guana. Arawai River (McConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Burtlett); Trinidad, Cayenne.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

x,

TYRANNULUS. 181

Genus TYRANNULUS Vieill.

Tyrannulus Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Orn. p. 31,1816. Type T. elatus
(Lath.),

Fig. 77.—Tyrannulus elatus.

The species on which this genus was founded is a small bird
and has a crest and patch of yellow in the middle of the crown.
The bill is proportionately small, the width being about two-thirds
the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the
second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and equal, the
first about equal in length to that of the sixth. The tail, which is
square at the tip, is about three-fourths the length of the wing.
The tarsus is about twice the length of the exposed culmen. The
hind toe and claw are about equal in length to the middle toe and
claw. Coloration: male and female similar.

470. Tyrannulus elatus.
Latuam’s FLYcatcaer.

Sylvia elata Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 549, 1790 (Cayenne).

Tyrannulus elatus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iit. p. 702, 1848;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 294 (Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xiv. p. 128, 1888 (Bartica Grove); Brabourne & Chubb,
B. 8. Amer. i. p. 287, no. 2927, 1912.

Adult. Back olive-green ; upper wing-coverts dark brown with
yellowish-white tips to the median coverts and yellowish-white
outer edges to the greater series, like the innermost secondary-
quills; flight-quills blackish, the outer webs slightly edged
with yellowish green and margined with sulphur-yellow on the
inner webs ; tail dark brown, tipped and margined on the outer-
most pair of feathers with yellowish white; head black, the
feathers long and narrow which form a crest, the central feathers
lemon-yellow; sides of face and throat grey, more or less mixed
with whitish; breast and sides of the body yellowish olive;

182 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

abdomen and under tail-coverts yellow; under wing-coverts and
inner edges of quills below pale sulphur-yellow, remainder of
quill-lining dark brown ; lower aspect of tail brown edged with
yellow at the tip.

Total length 92 mm., exposed culmen 7, wing 50, tail 40,
tarsus 13.

The bird described was collected at Bartica in 1912.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

éggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

ange in British Guiana. Bartica (McConnell collection) ;
Bartica (Whitely).

Lxtralimital Range. Cayenne (Latham); North-east Brazil,
Eastern Peru, Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus TYRANNISCUS Cab. & Hein.

Tyranniscus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 57, 1859. Type
L. nigricapillus (Lafy.).

1

Fig. 78.—Tyranniscus nigricapillus.

The members of this genus are likewise small birds, but there
is no crest and the crown is uniforin. The bill is flattened, the
with at the base being about equal to half the length of the exposed
culmen. The wing is rounded, the second, third, and fourth
primaries longest and equal, the first about equal in length to the
sixth. Tail square at the tip and about five-sixtls the length of
the wing. Tarsus about twice the length of the exposed culmen.
The hind toe and claw are about equal in length to the middle toe
and claw. Coloration: male and female similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Throat yellow like the breast ............004. T. gracilipes, p. 183.
B. Throat white in contrast to the breast ...... T. acer, p. 188.

TYRANNISCUS. 183

471. Tyranniscus gracilipes.
SLENDER-FooTED FLYCATCHER.

Tyranniseus gracilipes Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.8. 1867, p. 981 (Pebas,
E. Peru) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 294 (Roraima, 3500 to 5000 ft.) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 138, pl. xi. fig. 2, 1888
(Roraima) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 288, no. 2984,
1912. ,

Adult male. Back olive-green ; head dark slate-colour ; wings
dark brown or blackish with yellowish-white margins to the outer
webs of the median and greater upper wing-coverts and outer
edges of the innermost secondaries ; inner margins of flight-quills
whitish ; tail pale brown, the feathers slightly edged with olive-
green ; the short feathers round the eye greyish white; cheeks,
breast, and sides of the body greenish yellow, inclining to white
on the chin; abdomen and under tuil-coverts lemon-yellow ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts pale sulphur-yellow, inner edges
of the quills below white, remainder of the quill-lining brown ;
lower aspect of tail greyish brown.

Total length 101 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 50, tail 44,
tarsus 17,

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection,
and the male from which the description is taken is in the
British Museum and was collected at Mount Roraima by the late
Henry Whitely on June 29, 1883—Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Brit. Mus.), Venezuela, Central
and Eastern Peru, Bolivia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

472. Tyranniscus acer.
Guiana FLYCATCHER.

Tyranniscus acer Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 206 (Bartica Grove) ;
‘Salvin, op. cit. 1885, p. 294 (Camacusa, Roraima 3500 ft.);
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1383, 1888 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa, Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 288,
no, 29385, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Lite in British Guiana,
p. 221, 1917.

Adult male. General colour above green; head slate-grey ;

184 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

median and greater upper wing-coverts blackish brown edged
with sulphur-yellow ; outer webs of the secondary-quills narrowly
fringed with sulphur-yellow;. bastard-wing and primary-coverts
dusky brown; flight-quills dark brown with white edges to the
inner webs; tail pale brown, the feathers slightly edged with
green; sides of face like the crown of the head, with whitish
shaft-lines to the feathers; throat whitish; breast and sides of
the body greyish green; abdomen and under tail-coverts lemon-
yellow; under wing-coverts pale sulphur-yellow; quills below
brown with pale inner edges ; lower aspect of tail pale brown.

Total length 95 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 48, tail 43,
tarsus 17.

The male from which the description is taken was collected on
the Anarica River in 1913.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. See Beebe infra, p. 185.

Figgs. See Beebe infra, p. 185.

Range in British Guiana. Bartica, Anarica River (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima, Kamakusa, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. North Brazil.

Habits. Fhe following notes are copied from Beebe (Tropical —
Wild Life in British Guiana,*p. 221) :—‘‘Idly I watched a tiny
bird, a flycatcher, flitting about overhead, in the very summit of
a mango tree. Presently it dived into a bunch of moss, one of a
dozen on some dead branches, but did not immediately appear
again. I waited and still it remained invisible. From a condition
of. lazy inattentiveness, I sat up, imbued with concentrated
interest, and felt for my glasses, my eves never leaving the tuft
of moss. The closest scrutiny revealed nothing, and I was half
tempted to believe that the bird had eluded me. But the
insatiable, inexplicable will-to-learn—the fluid life, as Bergson
would have it—overcame the sloth of the material body, and up
I went. I climbed swiftly, so that I might keep beyond the ever-
increasing area of irate ants, and finally tracked the branch. My
flycatcher shot out, and raising his diminutive crest, scolded me
roundly for my unwarranted intrusion. The nest was most
ingeniously hidden, and I could not find the entrance until 1 had
carried it to the ground and examined it carefully. The owner
was a Guiana Tyrantlet, one of the most inconspicuous of his great
Flycatcher family, and one of the smallest, less than four inches

TYRANNISCUS.—ELANEA. 185

in length. He was olive and grey, with his wing-feathers touched
with yellow; and his voice was sharp, uninelodious, and several
sizes too large.

“‘But what he lacked in splendor of garb and sweetness of
tone was more than compensated by his skill in architecture.

“The nest was composed chiefly of fresh growing moss inter-
mixed with the green calyxes of mango blossoms. The whole
was bound together with interwoven tendrils of young vines.
The interior lining of the deep cup was made up of five con-
secutive layers of material, making, with the bird on the nest,
an absolute waterproof pocket. The outer layer was of coarse
fibre, the second of animal hair, the third of wild cotton, the
fourth of animal hair, and the fifth, the inner, of wild cotton.
The inner layer was very thick, and at the bottom formed an
exceptionally soft bed for the eggs.

“The outside diameter of the nest was 10 cm., with a depth of
8cm. The interior cup was 4 cm. in diameter at the top, by
6 cm. deep.

“The two small, dull-white eggs were rather heavily. ‘dude’
at the larger end is small spots of chestnut, underlaid with
specks of lilac, the tendency being to form a ring. A few tiny
specks scattered over the entire shell, but were so small as to be
scarcely noticeable. The shell was very thin. The two eggs
averaged 16 by 12°5 mm.”

Genus ELEANEA Sund.

Elenea Sundevall, K. Vet.-Ak. Hand]. 1835, p. 89. Type EH. pagana
(Licht. ).

Fig. 79.—LElenea pagana.

The species on which this genus was founded has the head’
crested, the feathers of which are white, or yellow at the base,

186 BIRDS OF BRITISH. GUIANA,

and form a more or less hidden coronal patch, which varies in
extent, however, in some of the species included in this genus.
The bill is short and wide, the width at the base being about
equal to the length of the exposed culmen, and the tip of the upper
mandible is sharply hooked. Rictal ,bristles feebly developed.
The wing is rounded, the second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries
longest and subequal and the first about equal in length to the
seventh. The tail is square at the tip and proportionately long,
being about six-sevenths the length of. the wing. The tarsus is
about twice the length of the exposed culmen. The hind toe
and claw are almost equal in length to the middle toe and claw.
Coloration: male and female similar.

Key to the Subspecies.

A. Larger, wing more than 70 mm.
a. Crest white; throat ash-grey, breast
olive-green.

a’. Throat greyish white, back pale [p. 186.
: OLIVE oe .eeeeeeeeceeceeereeeesteeeeeee Ht, pagana macconnelli,
&. Throat citron-yellow; back dark
ochraceous olive ................ 2. pagana olivina, p. 187.
é. Crest. rufous; throat and breast
dusky grey....cc.cccceseeesereee H, pagana ruficeps, p. 188.
B. Smaller, wing less than 70 mm. |
ce. Abdomen and under _ tail-coverts [p. 189.
sulphur-yellow ..........0:200. LH. cristata whitelyi,
d, Abdomen and under _ tail-coverts [p. 190.
BVCVISD weiss eee eeeeeeseeeeeeseeee Lh oristata parvirostris,

473. Elenea pagana macconnelli.
YELLOW-VENTED CresTED FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa flavogaster Thunberg, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. viil. p. 286,
1822 (Brazil), not JL. flavigaster Latham, Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. 52,
1801.

Elainea pagana (nec Licht.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 701,
1848 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 294 (Bartica Grove, Roraima 3500 ft.);
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 187, 1888 (Roraima, Bartica
Grove); Quelch, Timehri, (2) v. p.90, 1891 (Georgetown); Beebe,
Our Search for a Wilderness, pp. 132 (fig. 67), 192, 1910 (George-
town).

Elenia flavogaster Brabourne. & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 288,
no. 2988 (part), 1912.

Hlenia flavogaster macconnelli Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
iv. (ser. 9) p. 304, Oct. 1919.

“ Muff-bird ” (Quelch).

ELENEA. 187

Adult male. Hind-neck, back, lesser upper wing-coverts, and
upper tail-coverts dusky olive-brown ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts brown like the median and greater wing-coverts and
flight-quills, the median and greater series of coverts broadly
margined with dull white, as are also the outer edges of the inner
secondaries; outer margins of primary-quills yellow; tail pale
brown ; crown of head, which is crested, similar in colour to the
back with yellowish-white bases to the feathers ; ear-coverts and
‘sides of neck similar to the back; lores, feathers encircling the
eye, and throat greyish white; breast and sides of body yellowish
olive-brown ; middle of abdomen, vent, under tail-coverts,. axil-
laries, an'd under wing-coverts sulphur-yellow like the inner
margins of the quills below, remainder of quill-lining pale brown,
as is also the under surface of the tail.

Total length 155 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 78, tail 68,
tarsus 20,

The male described was collected on the Supenaam River.

Adult female. Similar td the adult male in general plumage, but
differs in tle much Jess pronounced white coronal patch. Wing
78 mm.

The female described was collected at Bartica in 1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains, Ituribisi River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasika
River, Abary River (McConnell collection); Mount Roraima,
Bartica (Whitely); Georgetown (Quelch, Beebe).

Latralimital Range. Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.

Habits. Aveording to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 701),
this bird is usually observed in flocks frequenting the outskirts of
woods, and the gardens of the natives, where it flies from tree to
tree in search of insects.

474, Eleenea pagana olivina.
Guiana Orustep FLYCATCHER.

Elainea olivina Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 446 (Roraima) ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 294 (Camacusa, Roraima, 5000-6000 ft.);
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 146, pl. xii. 1888 (Roraima).

Elenia olivina Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 289, no. 2952, 1912.

188 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Adult male. General colour above dark olive-green including
the head, back, lesser upper wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts ;
median and greater upper wing-coverts tipped with white,
forming a double wing-bar; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
uniform dark brown ; flight-quills dark brown slightly edged on
the outer web and more broadly on the inner one with whitish ;
tail rather paler brown than the flight-quills; crown of head
slightly darker than the back with a well pronounced yellowish-
white coronal patch; ear-coverts like the back ; cheeks, throat,
breast, and sides of body pale olive-green ; middle of abdomen,
under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts sulphur-
yellow ; quill-lining brown with rather paler inner edges ; lower
aspect of tail pale brown.

Total length 147 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 77, tail 70,
tarsus 19.

The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell at Mount
Roraima in October 1898.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 72 mm.

A young female in the British Museum differs from the adult
in being coffee-brown on the crown of the head, hind-neck, lesser
upper wing-coverts, back, and upper tail-coverts. Paler and less
yellow on the under surface with a dark band across the upper
breast.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection); Mount Roraima (Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

475. Eleenea pagana ruficeps.
RUFOUS-HEADED CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

Elainea ruficeps Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. pp. 108, 179, 1869 (Borba);
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p, 294 (Merumé Mts.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xiv. p. 152, 1888 (Merumé Mts.).

Elenia ruticeps Brabourne & Chubb, B, 8. Amer. i. p. 289, no. 2945,
1912, i

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, sides of neck, back, —
scapulars, upper tail-coverts, and lesser upper wing-coverts dusky

ELENEA. 189

olive-brown; coronal patch, which is more or less obscured,
cinnamon-rufous ; median and greater upper wing-coverts soot-
black with pale greyish tips to the feathers, which form an
irregular double wing-bar; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
flight-quills also soot-black, with pale edges to some of the outer
webs of the last and white margins to the inner ones; tail-feathers
dark brown becoming paler at the tips ; chin, throat, and remainder
of under surface dusky grey intermixed with sulphur-yellow
which is much increased on the abdomen and under tail-
coverts; axillaries and under wing-coverts sulphur-yellow ;
under surface of flight-quills dark brown with pale margins ;
lower aspect of tail hair-brown with white shafts to the
feathers. “ Bill brown, paler at the base of the lower mandible ;
feet black” ( Whitely).

Total length 141 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 72, tail 64,
tarsus 21.

The male from which the description is taken was collected by
Mr. McConnell at Mount Roraima during his expedition in
October 1898.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller..,
Wing 66 mm. .

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana,

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell collection) ;
Merumé Mountains ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range, Brazil.

476. Eleenea cristata whitelyi.
WHITELY’s Crestep FLYCATCHER.

Elainea albiceps (nec d’Orb. & Lafr.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 294
(Roraima, Merumé Mts.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 141.
(part) 1888 (Merumé Mts. and Roraima).

ee Cage Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 289, no. 2941,

912.

Elenia cristata whitelyi Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 9)

iv. p. 804, Oct. 1919.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface dusky olive-
brown including the hind-neck, back, lesser upper wing-coverts,
and upper tail-coverts ; wings brown, median and greater upper

190 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

wing-coverts broadly tipped with whitish, outer webs of flight-
quills narrowly edged with the same colour, inner webs more
broadly margined with dull white; tail uniform pale brown ;
head somewhat darker than the back ; the feathers of the crest-
rather long and pointed ; no indication of a coronal patch ; ear-
coverts similar. to the back; lores, feathers round the eye, cheeks,
and throat greyish white; breast and sides of body olive-grey and
more or less tinged with grey; abdomen and under tail-coverts
pale sulphur-yellow like the axillaries and under wing-coverts ;
under surface of quills brown with pale inner edges; lower aspect
of tail uniform greyish brown.

Total length 127 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 65, tail 81,
tarsus 18.

The female from which the description is taken was collected on
the Abary River in July 1906.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female but slightly larger.
Wing 70 mm.

The male compared is in the British Museum, and was-collected
at Mount Roraima on November 28, 1881, by the late Henry
Whitely—Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Abary River (McConnell collection) ;
Merumé Mountains, Mount Roraima (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Brazil, Peru, Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

A477, Eleenea cristata parvirostris.

SHORT-BILLED CRESTED FLYCATCHER,

Elenia parvirostris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. pp. 107,178, 1869 (Curytiba) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i, p. 290, no. 2955, 1912.
‘Elainea albiceps (nec Lafr. & d’Orb.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 294
(Merumé Mts., Roraima 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 141 (part), 1888 (Roraima, Merumé Mts.) ; Quelch, Timehri (2)
_v. p. 90, 1891,(Georgetown).

“ Muff-birds” (Quelch).
Adult female. General colour of the upper surface olive-brown

including the head, back, lesser upper wing-coverts, and upper
tail-coverts ; median and greater upper wing-coverts, and inner-

ELANEA. 191

most secondaries dark brown edged with white ; bastard-wing
and primary-coverts uniform pale brown; flight-quills dark
brown narrowly edged with white on the outer webs and more
broadly on the inner ones; tail dark brown with narrow olive
edges to the feathers on the outer webs; a well-marked coronal
patch of white ; sides of face and ear-coverts similar to the back ;
throat pale ash-grey ; breast and sides of the body yellowish olive-
grey; abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts very pale sulphur-yellow; quills below brown with pale
inner edges ; lower aspect of tail pale brown.

Total length 132 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 71, tail 54,
tarsus 17. ;

The female from which the description is taken was collected
on the Abary River in September 1906.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female, but differs in being
rather larger. Wing 75 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

- Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takatu Mountains, Abary
River (McConnell collection); Mount Roraima, Merumé Moun-
tains (Whitely) ; Georgetown (Quelch).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, Paraguay,
Argentina.

Habits. Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. pp. 90, 91), who
observed this species in Georgetown, remarks :—“ Among some
of the commonest of the birds seen about the streets and gardens
of the town are various species of greyish Tyrant-birds, with
rather small flattened bills, commonly known as Muff-birds.
These are species of the genus Llainea, the two commonest are
E. pagana and EF. albiceps.

“These birds feed on seeds and insects, but particularly the
latter; and when they have secured some tit-bit are often to be
seen chased by the Kiskadees and compelled to drop the treasure.
At such times they erect their crests to great advantage as though
with a desire to fight, but they have neither strength nor courave
‘to face their tyrants.”

192 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Note. “¢HLAINEA BREVIROSTRIS.

“ Elainea brevirostris Tsch. Fauna Per. p. 159 ; Cab. in Schomb. Guiana,
iii. p. 701; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 272. i
“ According to Dr. Cabanis, specimens of this species were
obtained by Schomburgk near the coast which agreed with others
from Pern. We have not been able to recognise the bird in
Mr. Whitely’s collection.’—Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 295.
I can only add to what Salvin wrote, that I have failed to find
any trace of the species in the McConnell collection.—C. U.

Genus ELAINOPSIS Ridgw.

Elainopsis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. xviii. p. 210, 1905. Type
E. gaimardii (d’Orb.).

Fig. 80.—Elainopsis gaimardit.

The chief character in this genus is the spine at the base of
the first, or outer primary on the under surface of the wing. The
bill is short and pointed, the upper mandible is hooked, the width
at the base is about half the length of the exposed culmen. The
wing is rounded; the second, third, and fourth primaries longest
and equal, the first about equal in length to that of the sixth.
The tail is square at the tip and nearly as long as the wing.
The tarsus is about twice the length of the exposed culmen,
and the hind toe and claw almost equal in length to the middle
toe and claw. Coloration: male and female similar.

478, Hlainopsis guianensis.
BERLEPSCH’s CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

Elainea elegans Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 298 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa,

Merumé Mts., Mt. Roraima).
Elainea gaimardi (nec d’Orb. & Lafr.) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 150, 1888 (Mt. Roraima, Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Bartica

Grove).

ELAINOPSIS. 193

_ Elenia guianensis Berlepsch, Proc. iv. Intern. Orn. rigs London,
1905, p. 421, 1907 (Camacusa); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer.
i. p. 290, no. 2961, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper parts olive-green,
including the hind-neck, back, upper wing-coverts, and upper
tail-covertsi; median and greater upper wing-coverts edged with
whitish ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform brown ;
Aight-quille dark brown with green or whitish edgings on the
outer web and pale edges on the inner webs; tail-feathers pale
brown with olive-green edges; crown of head blackish, with a
large white coronal patch ; sides of face dusky ; loral streak and
short feathers surrounding the eye greyish white; throat pale
grey becoming darker on the breast and sides of the neck, where
it is more or less intermixed with yellow like the sides of the
body ; abdomen, under-tail coverts, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts yellow, paler on the last; under surface of quills brown
with buffy-white inner margins; tail below pale brown.

Total Jength 119 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 55, tail 49,
tarsus 18.

The male ‘described was collected on the Makauria River in
August 1910.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 53 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Makauria River, Arawai River
(McConnell collection); Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains,
Kamakusa, Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Trinidad, North-east Brazil.

Nore. I notice that Berlepsch has recorded Elainoides flavivertex
(Sclater) from Cayenne (Nov. Zool. xv. p. 134), but I have not
found any trace of its occurrence in British Guiana.

VOL. II. ie)

194 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus LEGATUS Scl.
Legatus Sclater, P.Z.8. 1859, p. 46. Type L. albicollis (Vieill.).

Fig. 81.—Legatus albicollis.

This genus is distinguished by the absence of a crest, in having
the crown of the head yellow, and by the almost entire absence
of rictal bristles. The bill is rather depressed, the width at the
base being nearly equal to the length of the exposed culmen.
The wing is rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries
longest and subequal, the first about equal in length to that
of the fifth. The tail is square at the tip and about five-sevenths
the length of the wing. The tarsus is rather less than one-third
the length of the tail, and the hind toe and claw are almost equal
in length to the middle toe and claw. Coloration: male and
female similar. .

479. Legatus albicollis successor.
LirrLe WHITE-NECKED FLYCATCHER.

Elenia albicollis (nec Vieill.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 701,
1848.

Legatus albicollis (nec Vieill.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 95 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 155 (part), 1888
(Camacusa, Bartica Grove); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i.
p. 292, no. 2977 (part), 1912.

Legatus albicollis successor Chubb. Bull. Brit. Orn: Club, xl. p. 43,
Dec. 8, 1919.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface smoke-brown
including the back, wings, and tail; median and greater upper
wing-coverts narrowly edged with white like the innermost
secondary-quills ; inner webs of flight-quills broadly margined

LEGATUS. 195

with buffy-white: upper ‘itail-coverts narrowly edged with
chestnut, tail-feathers also fringed with the same colour ; crown
of head black, with a large yellow coronal patch in the middle; a
whitish line running from the base of the forehead over the eye
along the side of the crown and meeting on the nape; a spot in
front of the eye and ear-coverts black or blackish brown; cheeks
and throat whitish inclining to pale lemon-yellow on the hinder
face ; a dark moustachial streak on each side of the throat which
joins the dark brown on the breast, the feathers on the latter being
margined with pale lémon-yellow—the margins increasing in
width on the lower breast and sides of the body—the dark pattern
of the feathers lanceolate in form ; abdomen paler and inclining
to white; under tail-coverts yellow with dark spear-head markings
on the centre of the feathers ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
sulphur-yellow ; under surface of quills dark brown with rufous
inner edges; lower aspect of tail brown with very narrow
rufous edgings to the feathers.

Total length 146 mm., exposed’ culmen 11, wing 77, tail 57,
tarsus 17.

The exact locality in British Guiana of the male described is
not viven.

Adult female, Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 71 mm.

The female described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
August 1909.

The young bird in its first plumage can always be recognised
by the rufous margins to the feathers.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Hogs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Great Falls Den e-
rara River, Arawai River (McConnell collection); Bartica,
Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Extnalimital Range. Cayenne.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 701) that he
found this bird rather common near the coast, and that its habits
and mode of lite are similar to those of Myiobius erythrurus

(q.t. p. 218).

196 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus MYIOZETETES Scl.

Myjiozetetes Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 46. Type M. cayennen sis
(Linn.).

Fig. 82.—_Myiozetetes cayennensis.~

The type of this gefus has’ the head crested and the feathers
on the middle of the crown are orange-yellow. The rictal bristles
are numerous but feebly developed. The bill is more or less
depressed, the width ‘at the base being about equal to three-
fourths the length of the exposed culmen, the tip of the upper
mandible is sharply hooked and the nostrils are covered with
black bristles. The wing is rounded, the second, third, and
fourth primaries longest and the first about equal in length to
the seventh. The tail is square at the tip, the feathers rather
wide and about three-fourths the length of the wing. The tarsus
about one-fourth longer than the middle toe and claw. Colora-
tion: male and female similar.

Key to the Species.

a. Smaller, wing less than 90 mm.; a broad

white superciliary line; coronal patch

orange-red ; sides of face black ............... dh. cayennensis, p. 196.
b. Larger, wing more than 90 mm.; no super-

ciliary streak ; coronal sae ‘anal sides

of face grey.. saiaes scssserseee DL. sulphureus, p. 198.
480. Myiozetetes cayennensis,

CayYENNE FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa cayennensis Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 827, 1766 (Cayenne).
Elenea cayennensis Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Gigs. iii, p. 701, 1848,

MYIOZETETES. 197

Myjiozetetes cayennensis Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 295 (Bartica Grove,
Roraima, 3500 ft,); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit, Mus. xiv. p. 160, 1888
(Roraima, Bartica Grove); Quelch, Timehri (2) v. p. 90, 1891
co ; Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 292, no. 2981,

Adult female. General colour above dark smoke-brown including
the crown of the head, back, wings, and tail; a concealed patch
of orange-red on the middle of the crown; base of forehead
and line over each eye, which unites on the nape, white ;
lores and sides of the face including the ear-coverts black ;
median and greater upper wing-coverts and outer webs of flight-
quills narrowly margined with rufous as are also the upper tail-
coverts and tail-feathers, inner webs of flight-quills for the most
part rufous on the basal portion; chin and throat white, remainder
of the under surface yellow becoming much paler on the vent and
under tail-coverts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts also yellow ;
under surface of flight-quills dark brown broadly margined with
rufous on the inner edges; lower aspect of tail brown with buff
edgings at the tips.

Total length 152 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 83, tail 62,
tarsus 18, :

The female from which the description is taken was collected
on the Abary River in November 1906.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female but larger in size.
Wing 90 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Jiggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Supenaam River, Makauria River,
Abary River, Arwye Creek, Arawai River (McConziell collection) ;
Bartica, Mount Roraima, 3500 ft. ( Whitely); Georgetown (Quelch).

L«tralimital Range. Northern Brazil, Venezuela, Hcuador,
Peru.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 701)
this bird is usually met with in flocks on the outskirts of woods
and in the gardens of the natives, where it flies from tree to tree
in pursuit of insects,

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 90) observed this species
in Georgetown, and remarks :—“ A fifth form of Kiskadee (Myio-
zetetes cayennensis) is also fairly common about the city, though
chiéfly seen on the outlying parts.”

198 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

481. Myiozetetes sulphureus.
SuLpuury Fiycarcuer.

Muscicapa sulphurea Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 16, pl. xx., 1825 (Brazil).

Myiozetetes sulphureus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p 295 (Bartica Grove) ;
W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 318 (Maccaseema); Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 164, 1888 (Bartica Grove) ; Brabourne & Chubb,
B. 8. Amer. i. p. 298, no. 2986, 1912. ~

Adult female. Entire back and lesser upper wing-coverts and
upper tail-coverts olive-green ; median und greater upper wing-
coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts brown; flight-quills
also brown somewhat darker on the inner webs which are broadly
{ringed with yellowish white, increasing in extent towards the
base; tail uniform brown; head and sides of face slate-grey
racher darker on the ear-coverts, with a bright yellow patch on
the middle of the crown ; chin ash-grey, inclining to white on the
middle of the throat; sides of breast and sides of body greenish
yellow; middle of breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries,
and under wing-coverts bright yellow.

Total length 182 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 102, tail 70,
tarsus 20.

The female described was collected at Bartica in 1911.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female but rather larger in
measurements. Wing 110mm. ~

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

iNest. Unrecorded in British Guaina.

#ggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

: Range in British Guiana. Bartica, Bonasika River, Great Falls
Demerara River (McConnell collection) ; Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne, Trinidad, Venezuela, North and
Central Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

PITANGUS. 199

Genus PITANGUS Swains.

Pitangus Swainson, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 165, 1827. . Type P. sulphu-
ratus (Linn.).

Fig. 83.—Pitangus sulphuratus.

The species included in this genus are birds of somewhat
large size and distinguished chiefly in having a patch of stiffened
black bristles on the forehead and in front of each eye. The bill
has the culmen keeled, the gonys rounded, the upper mandible
sharply hooked, and the width at the base about equal to half the
length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the second,
third, and fourth primaries longest and equal, the first about equal
in length to the sixth. The tail is square at the tip and about
eight-elevenths the length of the wing. The tarsus is propor-
tionately short, being slightly shorter in length than the exposed
culmen and the hind toe and claw. Coloration: male and female
similar.

Key to the Species.
A. Throat white in contrast with the rest of
the under surface.
a, Larger; wing more than 95 mm., tail
more than 75 MM..............:0cccee ee P. sulphuratus, p. 199.
6. Smaller; wing less than 95 mm., tail
less than 75 mm. .... P. lietor, p. 208.

B. Throat pale Seale like the rest of the
under SUrtaCe .........cccsseeseseerseeeeeee EP. parvus, p. 204.

482. Pitangus sulphuratus.
KiskADEE FLYCATCHER.

Lanius sulphuratus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 137, 1766 (Cayenne).
Saurophagus sulphuratus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ili. p. 698, 1848,

200 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Pitangus sulphuratus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 296 (Bartica Grove);
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 176, 1888 (Georgetown, Bartica
Grove) ; Lloyd Price, Timehri (2) v. p..61, 1891 (nest and eggs) ;
Quelch, t. c. p. 88 (Georgetown) ; C. A. Lloyd, op. cit. (2)'xi. p. 4,
1897 (nest and eggs); Oates, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus. iii.
p- 200, 1903; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer, i. p. 293, no. 2992,
1912.

Pitangus sulphuratus sulphuratus Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness,
pp. 112-181 (Georgetown), p. 135 (Hoorie Creek), p. 247 (Aremu
River), p. 892, 1910.

Adult. Head and sides of the face black with a somewhat
concealed orange and white patch in the middle of the crown ;
base of forehead white with black hair-like tips to the feathers ;
a broad white line over each eye extending along the sides of the
crown and joining on the nape; lores and feathers in front of the
eye black stiffened shafts only, like the rictal bristles; entire back,
scapulars, wings, and tail smoke-brown, darker on the hind-neck
where a blackish collar is indicated ; upper wing-coverts slightly
edged with rufous; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-
quills blackish brown, the last edged on the outer and, much more
broadly, on the inner webs with rufous which is increased in
extent on the secondaries ; tail dark brown, the feathers more or
less edged with rufous; chin and throat white which extends on
to the sides of the neck ; remainder of the under surface including
the breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under
wing-coverts rich yellow; flight-quills below brown with broad:
rufous margins; lower aspect of tail brown, the middle feathers
slightly edged with rufous.

Total length 205 mm., exposed culmen 23, wing 110, tail 80,
tarsus 25.

The bird from which the description is taken was collected at
Bartica in 1911.

Breeding-season. April (Beebe).

Nest. Built of dry grass, lined with feathers, and very deep; ‘is
usually placed in the fork of an outer branch of a small tree, or
tall bush near a river (Schomburgk). Is an untidy looking
object built of dry grasses with an entrance at the side (Lloyd-
Price). Builds a large globular nest (C. A. Lloyd). In Bois
Immortelle trees (Beebe).

£iggs. Three in number which are creamy-white, spotted with
grey and brown, chiefly at the round end (Lloyd-Price). Lays

PITANGUS, 201

three egys with blackish-brown spots which are concentrated
towards the larger end (C. A. Lloyd).

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Supenaam
River, Bartica, Abary River (McConnell collection); Bartica
(Whitely); Georgetown (Quelch: Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Linné); North Brazil, Peru,
Ecuador.

Habits. Schomburgk gives the following note in regard to this
bird (Reis. Guian. ii. p. 435):—“ Tt had searcely dawned before I
heard a sound as though it came from a ‘ Gras-concertina,’ it
was so beautiful and clear, the intervals were also in perfect time
which made it a complete melody. LI listened to it perfectly spell-
bound and was at a loss to know whether it was a fairy or a bird.
My Indian told me that it was the ‘ Flageolet-bird or Singing
Frenchman.’ ”

According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 698) this bird
is one of the commonest species in the Colony. It is found in
plantations where one can see it on almost every tree and hear its
loud peculiar voice. It is distributed throughout the settlement.
People on their first arrival are immediately attracted by it and,
in many cases inquire, in a police-like manner, ‘ Qu-est-ce-que-
dit.’ bed

In Volume I. of his travels, Schomburgk also writes: —“It is
a cantankerous bird and is always on the ‘ war-path’ with its
fellow species. As soon as it sees a hawk it immediately starts
off in pursuit of it, all the time uttering its loud cries. I have
been assued that it takes nestlings from their nest and devours
them, but I have never been able to convince myself as to the
correctness of this statement. I have, however, noticed that small
birds, as soon as they see it, start in pursuit of it as though it had
committed some such crime.

“The nest, which is built of dry grass and lined with feathers,
is usnally placed in the fork of an outer branch of a small tree, or
tall bush growing near a river, but I have also seen it in trees on
the outskirts of the woods and those in the fields cultivated by
natives. The nest is very deep.”

Lloyd Price (Timehri (2) iv. p. 61), writing on the nests and
eggs of some common Guiana birds, remarks :—“ One of the most
common of birds, and certainly the first to be noticed, is a brown
and yellow Tyrant-shrike called the Keskeedie (Pitangus sul-

202 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

phuratus), a fierce and bold little fellow, who is constantly to be
seen flying around and even attacking the numerous hawks and
vultures, when they approach too near his dwelling. The nest of
this bird is an untidy-looking object, built of dry grasses, and
always placed in a conspicuous position ; sometimes in a low bush
close to the ground; at others on the branch of a high tree. The
entrance is at the side, and the eggs, three in number, are of a
creamy white, spotted with grey and brown, chiefly at the round
end.”

J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. pp. 88, 89) observed this species
in Georgetown, and remarks:—‘ One of the most typical and
the commonest about town, is the large Kiskadee (Pitangus sul-
phwratus), whose loud, harsh and fierce ery of ‘ kis-kii-kiskadee ’
is to be heard at all times of the day and all over the city, though
often they give utterance to a more subdued note like a nasal
‘tweek.’

“Tt is a fierce and cruel bird, having special fondness for the
young of other birds as food, taking them from the nest when
chance offers. Their diet is a liberal one, since they feed on flesh,
fruits, seeds, worms, insects, etc.; and while on the one hand
they are of use in gardens as insectivorus creatures, on the other
they are nuisances as being equally destructive to fruits. Of
grapes and peppers they are extremely fond, and they will often
be noticed swallowing large quantities of the fruits. Thef are
markedly quarrelsome and pugnacious, and will never hesitate in
attacking and driving away larger birds such as vultures and
hawks, which they often seem to delight in pursuing. The
swallows and humming-birds, however, often attack and pursue
them, and occasionally when the Kiskadees are darting and
pecking at a hawk or vulture, a humming-bird may be seen
pursuing the Tyrant and driving him off.”

C. A. Llovd (Timehri (2) xi. p. 4) writes as follows :—‘*‘ The
Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphwratus) is remarkable for the manner in
which it departs from the generality in the construction of their
rests. The Kiskadee builds a large globular nest, and lays three
eggs, spotted with blackixh brown, the spots being concentrated
towards the larger end. Young Kiskadees are often infested with
the larve of a species of Astrus (Dermatobia nozialis), known here
as the ‘mosquito worm.’ At times these parasites are present
in such astonishing numbers that it is difficult to understand how

PITANGUS. 203

the birds can live to arrive at maturity. We have seen a young
Kiskadee so infested with these disgusting larvee that it was unable
to close its wings, while its body was distorted tu such an extent.
as to be hardly recognizable. The Kiskadee is the commonest
Tyrant found in the Colony.”

e
483. Pitangus lictor.
Licutvenstetn’s FiycatTcHer.

Lanius lictor Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 49, 1823 (Para).

Scurophagus lictor Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 698, 1848.

Pitangus lictor Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 296 (Bartica Grove); Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 178, 188 (Bartica Grove); Quelch,
Timehri (2) v. p. 89, 1891 (Georgetown); Beebe, Our Search for
a Wilderness, p. 116, 1910 (Georgetown), p. 207 (Aremu River),
p- 357 (nesting); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 293,
no. 2996, 1912.

Adult female. Head and sides of the face black with a coronal
patch of orange and white coloured feathers ; base of forehead
and lores whitish with black hair-like tips to the feathers; a broad
line of white over each eye along the sides of the crown and
uniting on the nape; entire back, scapulars, and wings smoke-
lrown with a slight greenish tinge; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts uniform brewn; flight-quills dark brown edged with rufous
on the outer webs and much more broadly with cinnamon-
rufous on the inner ones; upper tail-coverts slightly fringed
with rufous ; tail-feathers dark brown more or less fringed with
rufous ; chin and throat white; remainder of under surface pale
yellow including the breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries,
and under wing-coverts ; under surface of quills broadly edged
with cinnamon-rufous; lower aspect of tail pale brown with
paler edgings to the middle feathers.

Total length 166 mm., exposed culmen 19, wing 88, tail 69,
tarsus 19.

The female from which the description is taken was collected
at the Takutu Mountains in 1908.

Adult male. Similar to adult female but slightly larger. Wing
93 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

diggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Rangein British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains (1cConnell

204 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

collection) ; Bartica (Whitely); Georgetown (Quelch) ; Aremu
River, Georgetown (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Brazil, Peru, Colombia.

Schomburgk says (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 698) that the habits of
this bird are very similar to those of S. sulphuratus, but not nearly
80 aggressive in its manner and more peaceful and, at times,
solitary (supra, p. 199.)

J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 89) observed this species in
Georgetown and remarks :—‘The name kiskadie is applied to
several different species, all of which utter the same cry ; but the
above large form (Pitangus sulphuratus) is the commonest of all
about the town. A smaller bird (Pitangus lictor) is also very
common. Its habits are similar to the larger species.”

The following is taken from Beebe (Our Search for a Wilder-
ness, p. 357):—“The big kiskadees were nesting about every
hundred yards. This was the first time in the Colony that we had
seen these latter birds nesting away from human habitation, so
’ this open savanna region would appear to be their natural home,
while the other yellow Tyrants frequent wooded river-banks.”

484. Pitangus parvus.
LittLe YELLOW-BILLED FLYCATCHER. ’

Pitangus parvus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. pp. 111, 181, 1869 (Marabitanas) ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 296 (Camacusa, Merumé Mts.) ; Sclater, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 179, 1888 (Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Cari-
mang River); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 294, no. 2997,

1912.

Adult male. Crown of head and sides of the face black, with a
more or less concealed patch of bright yellow on the middle of the
crown ; base of forehead and a broad streak over each eye which
meets on the nape white ; lores and feathers in front of the eye
black and bristly in texture ; back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts
olive-green ; upper wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and flight-quills blackish brown, the outer webs of the innermost
secondaries fringed with sulphur-yellow and the inner webs of all
the quills margined with the same colour, much more broadly on
the secondaries ; tail blackish brown with very slight pale edgings
to the feathers ; chin whitish ; throat and remainder of the under
surface bright yellow including the breast, abdomen, under tail-
coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts. It may be observed

PITANGUS.—MYIODYNASTES. 205

that the shafts of some of the feathers on the throat are extended
into black hair-like tips. Quills'below brown with yellowish-white
inner edgings ; lower aspect of tail pale brown.

Total length 150 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 83, tail 67,
tarsus 16. :

The male described was collected on the Supenaam River in
1910.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 77 mm.

The immature bird differs from the adult in having whitish
margins to the feathers on the upper parts.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Ituribisi River, Supenaam River
(McConnell collection) ; Merumé Mountains, Kamarang River,
Kamakusa (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cuca, Northern Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus MYIODYNASTES Bonap.

Myiodynastes Bonaparte, Comp. Rend. Paris, xxxviii. p. 667, 1854,
Type I. maculatus (P. L. 8. Miill.).

Fig. 84.—Myiodynastes maculatus.

The type of this genus has the bill depressed, the width at the

206 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

base being about three-fifths the length of the exposed culmen, the
upper mandible is sharply hooked at the tip, and the nostrils and
loral space covered with black bristles. The wing is rounded,
the second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and subequal,
the first about equal in length to the eighth. The tail is square
at the tip and about Seven-tenths the length of the wing. The
tarsus is about equal in length to that of the exposed culmen and
only slightly longer than the middle toe and claw. Coloration :
male and female similar.

Key to the Species.
A. Upper surface for the most part brown; tail

for the greater part rufous; throat and ;
under surface narrowly streaked with
YOWN, .ievsewioc wise sa puanaiteue sane doucbieneens M. maculatus, p. 206.
B. Upper surface chiefly black; tail mostly
_ black; throat and under surface broadly [p. 2u8.
streaked with black ...........0..cccccee scene M. solitarius duncani,

485. Myiodynastes maculatus.
SvREAKED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa maculata P. L. S. Mill. Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 169, 1776
(Cayenne). ,
Muscicapa audax Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 984, 1789 (Cayenne).
Scaphorhynchus audax Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ui. p. 699, 1848.
Myiodynastes audax Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 296 (Bartica Grove) ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 185, 1888 (Bartica Grove).
Myiodynastes maculatus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 294,
no. 8002, 1912.
Myiodynastes maculatus maculatus Beebe, Trop. Wild Life, p: 184,
1917. ’

Adult female. General colour above dark brown with pale
margins to the feathers which imparts a streaked appearance; an’
orange-yellow patch on the middle of the crown which is more or
less obscured by the dark tips to the feathers ; the short feathers
at the base of the forehead and over the eye whitish with dark
shaft-streaks ; lores and short feathers in front of the eye
black and bristly in texture; upper portion of ear-coverts
blackish, the lower portion and cheeks smoky-white, followed by
a dark line along the cheeks; crown of head dark brown
with paler brown margins to the feathers like the hind-neck ;

MYIODYNASTES. 207

back also dark brown with slate-grey bases to the feathers and
pale grey, or whitish margins to the feathers ; upper wing-coverts
dark brown with rufous or whitish edges to the feathers like the
primary and secondary quills—the last are much more broadly
margined with buffy-white on the inner webs; upper tail-coverts
and tail-feathers dark brown broadly margined with rufous ; throat,
breast, abdomen, and sides of the body dull white with dark
shaft-lines to the feathers—the dark streaks narrow on the throat
and lower abdomen and wider on the breast, upper abdomen, and
sides of the body ; under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts sulphur-yellow with dark shaft-streaks; quills below
brown with ochreous-yellow edgings which become paler on the
secondaries; lower aspect of tail rufous with a tinge of grey
skirting the shaft-lines, which are white.

Total length 195 mm., exposed culmen 20, wing 100, tail 71,
tarsus 17.

The female from which the description is taken was collected
on the Abary River in July 1906.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female.

Another example, collected on the Abary in November 1906,
appears to be an immature bird and difters from the adult in the
absence of the yellow coronal patch where the feathers are broadly
margined with rufous, as are also the upper wing-coverts.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Bartica, Abary River (ddcConnell collection); Bartica
( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Jelski), Trinidad, Tobago,
Venezuela, North Brazil, East Peru.

Habits. This bird according to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii.
p- 699) is rare near the coast and inhabits the more open parts
of the interior. He first met with it near Wat-ipukari Bay on
the Rupununi River. This bird makes itself conspicuous by its
loud voice. Its nesting habits are similar to those of P. sulphu-
ratus (supra, p. 199.)

208 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

486. Myiodynastes solitarius duncani.
Duncan’s Sotirary FlycatcuEr.

Myiodynastes solitarius (nec Vieill.) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 185, 1888 (Bartica Grove) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i.
p- 394, no. 3004, 1912,

Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius (nec Vieill.) Beebe, Trop. Wild Life,

p. 134, 1917.
Myiodynastes solitarius duncant Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xl.

p. 62, Dec. 31, 1919.

Adult male. General colour above blackish with white or
rufous margins to the feathers which imparts a more or less
streaked appearance ; a large coronal patch composed of yellow
and white feathers and tipped with black ; a line of white feathers
with dark shaft-streaks from the base of the forehead over the
. eye and along the sides of the crown; lores and feathers in front
of the eye black and bristly in texture; ear-coverts black ; cheeks
white followed by a rather broad moustachial streak of black; hind-
neck, back, scapulars, and innermost secondaries black with white
margins to the feathers and slate-grey bases to the feathers on the
back ; upper wing-coverts blackish edged with rufous, some of
the median and greater series margined with white ; flight-quills
also blackish edged with rufous on the outer webs and with white
on the inner ones; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers dark brown:
margined with rufous ; throat and entire under surface yellowish
white, including the axillaries and under wing-coverts, with broad
black shaft-streaks to the feathers; under surface of quills brown
with pale inner edges; lower aspect of tail brown with rufous
edgings to the feathers.

Total length 196 mm., exposed culmen 21, wing 111, tail 79,
tarsus 19.

The male from which the description is taken was collected on
the Supenaam River in 1913.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains,
Arawai River, Supenaam River (McConnell collection) ; Bartica
( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

This subspecies is named in honour of Mrs. F. V. McConnell’s
second surviving son.

MEGARHYNCHUS. . 209

Genus MEGARHYNCHUS Thunb.

Megarhynchus Thunberg, Diss. de Gen. Megarh., Upsala, 1824. Type
MM. pitangua (Linn.).

Hi
H i
ith

Wh

a

A

Fig. 85.—Megarhynchus pitangua.

This genus is distinguished chiefly by the peculiar shape of the
bill, which is more or less boat-shaped, the upper mandible is
hooked, the width at the base being about two-thirds the length of
the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the second, third, and
fourth primaries longest and equal, the first intermediate in length
between the sixth and seventh. Tail square at the tip and about
seven-ninths the length of the wing. The tarsus, which is pro-
portionately short, is about equal in length to that of the middle toe
and claw. Coloration: male and female similar.

487. Megarhynchus pitangua.
Piraneua FiycatcHEer.

Lanius pitangua Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 186, 1766 (Brazil).

Megarhynchus pitangua Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 296 (Roraima, 3500 ft.)
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 189, 1888 (Roraima) ; Quelch,
Timehri (2) v. p. 89, 1891 (Georgetown); Brabourne & Chubb,
B.S. Amer. i. p. 295, no. 8006, 1912.

VOL. U1. “?

210 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Megarhynchus pitangua pitangua Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness,
- ” pp. 247 (Mazaruni River), 392, 1910.

Immature. General colour of the upper surface smoke-brown
including the back, wings, and tail; upper wing-coverts and flight-
quills narrowly edged with rufous and the latter more broadly on
the inner webs; upper tail-coverts and tail also edged with
rufous ; crown of head and sides of face black ; a broad line of
white from the base ot the bill over the eye to the sides of the
hinder crown; chin and throat white ; remainder of the under
surface bright yellow, paler on the under tail-coverts and under
wing-coverts ; quills below brown broadly edged with rufous;
lower aspect of tail brown with narrow rufous edgings to the
feathers. .

The bird described above was collected by Mr. McConnell at
Mount Roraima in October 1898,

Adult male. Crown of head blackish brown with a concealed
coronal patch of yellow ; a broad white line from the base of the
bill which joins on the nape ; lores and sides of face black ; back
and scapulars olive-brown ; upper wing-coverts paler than the
back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform dark brown ;
flight-quills hair-brown narrowly edged. with rufous or white on
the outer webs and broadly margined with buif or white on the
inner ones; tail also hair-brown with rufous fringes to the
feathers ; chin and throat white ; remainder of under surface
bright yellow, somewhat paler on the under tail-coverts, axillaries,
and under wing-coverts ; under surface of quills pale brown with
rufous inner margins; lower aspect of tail similar with white
shafts to the feathers. “Bill and feet black” (Cat. B. Brit.
Mus.).

Total length 212 mm., exposed culmen 30, wing 123, tail 86,
tarsus 20.

The male from which the description is taken was collected on
Mount Roraima.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller.
Wing 119 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

éggs. Undeseribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Ituribisi River

MEGARHYNCHUS.—ONYCHORHYNCHUS. 211

(McConnell collection); Mount Roraima (Whitely) ; Georgetown
(Quelch); Mazaruni River (Beebe). |

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,-.
Brazil, Paraguay, Panama to Mexico.

Habits. Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timebri (2) v. p. 89), who observed
this species in Georgetown, remarks:—“ A third kiskadie
(Megarhynchus pitangua) is also often met with, commonly among
the tamarind trees. This is the largest of all. The cry of this
bird is harsher and deeper than the common species (Pitangus
sulphuratus), but not so loud and piercing. It is altogether a less
fierce and pugnacious bird, and will often be seen perched in the
same attitude for long periods.”

Genus ONYCHORHYNCHUS Fischer.

ee Fischer, Zoognosia, p. 31, 1814. Type O. coronatus
(P. L. S. Mill).

a

Fig. 86.—Onychorhynchus coronatus.

This genus is easily distinguished by the long and erectile
crest, which covers the whole of the crown and nape. The bill is
wide and flattened, the width being about half the length of the
exposed culmen, the tip of the upper mandible sharply hooked,
and the gape fornished with largely developed rictal bristles.
Coloration; male and female similar.

212 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

488. Onychorhynchus coronatus.
Roya Great-CreEst.

Muscicapa coronata P. L. S. Miiller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 168, 1776
(Cayenne). ;

Muscivora regia Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 192, 1884 (Camacusa);
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 297 (Camacusa).

Onychorhynchus coronatus (P. L. 8. Mill.) Brabourne & Chubb, B.
8. Amer. i. p. 295. no. 3008, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, back, sides of face, and sides of
breast dark olive-brown ; darker on the upper wing-coverts, which
have minute whitish spots at the tips; flight-quills olive-brown
on the outer webs, dark brown on the inner ones, which are
margined with yellowish buff ; a narrow band across the rump
cinnamon-buff ; upper tail-coverts rufous-buff with dark markings
towards the tips; tail chestnut ; a fan-shaped crest on the fore
part of the head deep red with steel-blue tips to the feathers;
throat whitish with a tinge of lemon-yellow ; breast, abdomen,
axillaries, and under wing-coverts ochreous-buff barred with olive-
brown on the breast and sides of the abdomen; under tail-coverts
pale fawn-colour ; under surface of flight-quills brown edged with
yellowish buff ; lower aspect of tail rufous-brown.

Total length 141 mm., exposed culmen 24, wing 73, tail 59,
tarsus 14.

The specimen from which the above description is taken was col-
lected by Mr. McConnell on the Cotinga River in November 1898.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but differs in having
the crest orange with steel-blue tips instead of deep red. Wing
73 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Cotinga River,
Tiger Creek (McConnell collection); Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Northern Brazil, Eastern Peru.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana,

HIRUNDINEA. 213

Genus HIRUNDINEA d’Orb. et Lafr.

Hirundinea WVOrb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 46, Mag. de Zool. 1837
Type H. bellicosa (Vieill.).

Fig. 87.—To show the formation of the wing.

This genus is distinguished by its long and more or less swallow-
like wings. The bill is fat and wide, the width at the base being
about three-fourths the length of the exposed culmen, The wing
is rather pointed, the second and third primaries longest and sub-
equal, and the first primary shorter than the third but longer than
the fourth. The tail is square at the tip and about two-thirds the
length of the wing. The tarsus is short, being only about equal
in length to the middle toe and claw. Coloration: male and
female alike.

489. Hirundinea ferruginea.

¢ YAYENNE SWALLOW FLYCATCHER.

Todus ferrugineus Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 446, 1788 (Cayenne).

Hirundinea ferruginea Sclater, Ibis, 1869, pl. v. fig. 2; Salvin, Ibis,
1885, p. 297 (Roraima, 5000 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 195, 1888 (Twek-quay Mt.) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer.
1. p. 295, no. 3012, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper parts including the head,
back, tail, and outer aspect of the wings dark smoke-brown; inner
and basal portions of the flight-quills rufous-chestnut ; loral streak,
fore part of cheeks, and throat greyish white barred with brown ;

.remainder of the under surface deep chestnut but much paler on
the axillaries, under wing-coverts, and quill-lining ; lower aspect
of tail and tips of quills below dark brown.

Total length 172 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 113, tail 73,
tarsus 18.

214 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 108 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the above descriptions are taken from specimens in the British
Museum collected by the late Henry Whitely on Mount Roraima
and Twek-quay Mountains—Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana. -

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima and Twek-quay
Mountains ( Whitely). ;

Extralimital Range. North Brazil. a

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus MYIOBIUS Gray.

Myiobius Gray, List Gen. Birds, first edition, p. 30, 1840. Type I. bar-
batus (Gmel.).

Fig. 88.—Myiobius barbatus. e

The members of this genus are small birds with flat bills, the
width at the basal portion being about half the length of the exposed
culmen ; the upper mandible is sharply hooked at the tip and the
base is furnished with well-developed rictal bristles. The wing
is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and equal,
the second shorter than the fifth but much longer than the sixth.
The tail is proportionately long, being nearly six-seventhse the
length of wing, and is square at the tip. The tarsus is about one-
fourth longer than the exposed culmen, and the hind toe and claw
are about equal in length to the middle toe and claw. Colo-’
ration: male and female similar. :

MYIOBIUS. 215
4
Key to the Species.

A. Rump er ie heecestecscctserevesssssny LL, barbatus, p. 215,
B. Rump coffee-brown.
a. Larger; wing more than 65 mm., tail

more than 60 mm..............cccce eee eee eee MM. roraime, p. 216.
b. Smaller ; yee less than 65 mm., tail less
than 60 mm. littettttiesesees DL fasciatus, p. 217.
C. Rump rufous .........cceeeeceseeeeeeeeeeee LM erythrurus, p. 218,

490. Myiobius barbatus.
WHISKERED FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa barbata Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 933, 1789 (Cayenne).

Myiobius barbatus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 701, 1848 ; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 297 (Roraima, 3500 ft., Merumé Mts., Camacusa,
River Atapurau, Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 199, 1888 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Roraima, River Atapurow);
Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 296, no. 8017, 1912.

Adult male. Head, back, and upper wing-coverts dark green
with a yellow crest on the middle of the crown, some of the
feathers tipped with green; flight-quills blackish on the inner
webs with pale inner edges ; lower back and rump sulphur-yellow
like the abdomen and under wing-coverts ; upper tail-coverts and
tail blackish; throat greyish white ; breast dusky-grey ; under
tail-coverts ochraceous buff; lower surface of flight-quills dark
brown with pale inner edges; lower aspect of tail blackish. “ Bill
dark brown, base of lower mandible white; feet pale brown”
(Cat. B. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 120 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 70, tail 57,
tarsus 17.

The male described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
November 1906.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 61 mm,

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Figgs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Makauria River, Abary River, Berbice
River, Arwye River, Great Falls Demerara River (McConnell
collection); Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa,
Kamarang River, Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Northern Brazil, Venezuela.

216 BIRDS OF BRITISH Nee

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 701,
this bird frequents the outskirts of woods on the river-sides and
in the plantations.

491. Myiobius roraimee.
Roraima FLYCATCHER.

Myiobius roraime Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 207 (Mount
Roraima, 8500 ft.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 297; Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 268, pl. xviii, 1888 (Twek-quey Mt., Carimang
River); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 298, no. 3039,
1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, hind-neck, back, wings, and upper
tail-coverts coffee-brown ; the base of the feathers on the crown
of the head bright orange-rufous; median and greater upper
wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous ; primary-coverts and flight-quills
dark brown, outer margins of the latter similar in colour to that
of the back, inner margins orange-buff; tail-feathers dark brown
fringed on the outer webs with coffee-brown ; rictal bristles black
inclining to white at the base; lores yellowish white at the base ;
cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dusky olive-green ; chin
and throat yellowish white ; breast and sides of body olive-green ;
abdomen yellow, becoming paler and inclining to white on the
vent and under tail-coverts; thighs coffee-brown; axillaries,
edge of wing, and under wing-coverts sulphur-yellow; under
surface of quills hair-brown broadly margined with buff on the
inner edges ; lower aspect of tail hair-brown. “ Bill dusky on
the upper mandible, yellowish on the lower mandible” (Salvin &
Godman). ,

Total length 137 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 70, tail 63,
tarsus 19.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 65 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the above descriptions have been taken from material in the
British Museum which includes the original specimens obtained
by Whitely at Mount Roraima in 1881—Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown. °

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Twek-quay
Mountain, Kamarang River, Takutu River (JZ. Whitely).

Habits, Unrecorded.,

MYIOBIUS. 217

492. Myiobius fasciatus.
Littte Brown FLycatcHER.

Muscicapa fasciata P..L. 8. Mill. Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 172, 1776
(Cayenne). :
Myiobius nevius Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 297 (Roraima, 3500 ft.) ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 209, 1888.
ase fasciatus Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 298, no. 3040,
Adult male. General colour of the upper surface smoke-brown
‘becoming rust-brown on the upper tail-coverts; middle of crown
bright lemon-yellow, inclining to white on the nape, with smoke-
brown tips to the feathers; median and greater upper wing-
coverts dark brown with buffy-white tips to the feathers ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills blackish brown, the inner
margins of the last and some of the outer edges of the secondaries
whitish ; tail hair-brown; lores whitish; rictal bristles black ;
hinder face and sides of neck similar to that of the hind-neck ;
throat greyish white; fore-neck tinged with fawn-colour as are
also the thighs ; remainder of under surface yellowish white with
brown shatt-streaks to the feathers on the breast and sides of the
body ; axillaries sulphur-yellow; under wing-coverts and inner
edges of quills below buff; remainder of the quills below hair-
brown ; lower aspect of tail similar but rather paler.

Total length 121 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 59, tail 53,
tarsus 16.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being more rust-
brown on the upper parts and in having the coronal patch orange
in front and yellowish white on the hinder part which forms a
nape patch. Wing 55 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the descriptions are taken from examples in the British Museum
collected by Whitely on Mount Roraima at an altitude of 3500 feet
—Sualvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. ‘Yrinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil,
Bolivia, and Argentina.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

218 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

493. Myiobius erythrurus.
RED-TAILED FLYCATCHER.

Myiobius erythrurus Cab. Arch. fiir Naturg. 1844, i. p. 249, pl. 5. fig. 1
(Guiana); id. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 701, 1848; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 297 (Camacusa, Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 203, 1888 (Carimang River); Brabourne &
Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 296, no. 8025, 1912.

Terenotricus erythrurus erythrurus Beebe, Our Search fora Wilderness,
pp. 313, 392, 1910 (Aremu River).

Buff-tailed Tyrantlet (Bebee).

Adult male. Head, hind-neck, and upper back slate-grey
becoming paler grey on the sides of the face and sides of the
neck—still paler and inclining to whitish on the chin; wings dull
rufous including the median and greater under wing-coverts and
innermost secondaries ; outer edge of wing with the bastard-wing
and primary-coverts blackish, as are also the inner webs of the
flight-quills which are margined with pale rufous; lower back,
upper tail-coverts, and tail cinnamon-rufous ; breast, abdomen,
under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts pale cinnamon-rufous ;
under surface of flight-quills dark brown with rufous edgings
which increase in width on the inner ones; lower aspect of tail
the sume as above.

Total length 93 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 51, tail 38, tarsus 16.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Anarica River in 1913.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 45 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Anarica River,-Arawai River, Great Falls Demerara River
(McConnell collection) ; Bartiva, Kamakusa, Kamarang River
(Whately) ; Aremu River (Beebe). ,

Latralimital Range. Venezuela.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 701) that this
bird is usually found in flocks in the outskirts of the woods and
gardens of the natives, where it may be seen flying from tree to
tree in search of insects.

The following note has been copied from Beebe (Our Search
for a Wilderness, p. 313) :—“ A Buff-tailed Tyrantlet. This waif

MYIOBIUS.—PYROCEPHALUS. 219
y ®
of the upper air was less than three and a half inches in length
wiih rather unusual coloring, the fore part of the body gray, the
back, wings, lower breast, and tail rufous. Its claim to the
Flycatcher family was proved by the broad beak and remarkably
long bristles.”’ |

Genus PYROCEPHALUS Gould.

Pyrocephalus Gould, Voy. ‘ Beagle,’ Zool. iii. p. 44, 1841. Type
P. rubineus (Bodd.).

Fig. 89.—Pyrocephalus rubineus.

The species on which this genus was founded is easily dis-
tinguished by the bright and contrasting colours in the male.
The bill is somewhat flattened and rather wide at the base, the
width being slightly more than half the length of the exposed
culmen, the upper mandible is sharply hooked, and the base is
furnished with rictal bristles but only feebly developed. The
wing is rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries longest
and equal, the first about equal in length to the sixth. The tail
is long, nearly square at the tip, and about five-sevenths the length
of the wing. The tarsus is about one-fourth longer than the
exposed culmen and the hind toe and claw intermediate in length
between the outer and middle toe and claw. Coloration: male
and female different.

494, Pyrocephalus saturatus.
Dusky Rusy FriycatcHer.

Myiarchus coronatus (nec Gmel.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii.
p. 700, 1848.

Pyrocephalus rubineus (nec Bodd.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p- 297 ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 211, 1888 (British Guiana).

Pyrocephalus saturatus Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1x. p. 34, 1902:
(Altagracia, Venezuela) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 298,
no. 3045, 1912.

Adult male. Back, wings, tail, and sides of the face sooty-black

220 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

somewhat paler on the flight-quills, lateral tail-feathers also paler
than the middle ones, the outermost pair narrowly edged on the
outer webs and at the tips with white, as are also the tips of the
middle feathers ; entire crown of head and nuchal crest bright
scarlet ; throat and entire under surface also scarlet but not so
bright as the head; axillaries and. under wing-coverts blackish
with a slight admixture of scarlet on the latter ; quills below and
lower aspect of tail brown with white tips to some of the latter.

Total length 118 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 71, tail 48,
tarsus 17,

Thé example from which the description is taken was collected
in the Upper Takutu Mountains in 1908.

Adult female., Differs from the adult male in having the crown
of the head earth-brown like the back, the throat dull white, the
breast streaked with brown, and the abdomen paler red. Wing
68 mm.

The young of both sexes are dark brown on the upper surface
with buffy white edgings to the feathers, the outermost pair of
tail-feathers white on the outer webs. Throat and fore-neck white,
breast and sides of body brown with whitish margins to the
feathers ; abdomen and under tail-coverts white or buffy white.
The red on the tinder surface usually appears first on the under
tail-coverts and increases towards the throat.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains (McConnell
collection) ; Annai (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 700) that this
species is found only in the higher and dry savannas, where the male
and female sit in pairs waiting to catch insects flying past. He also
says that the natives of Brazil regard this bird as a token of love.
When young couples become engaged, they are presented with
a sun-dried specimen which is worn on the breast, and it is
believed that, as long as this is done, the lovers will be true to each
other at whatever distance they may be apart. Joyful and
confident, the young man will walk any distance to meet his
sweetheart so long as he wears his token. Schomburgk did not
observe the bird nesting. The “ Macusis” and the “ Arekunas”
call this bird Waitakuri.

EMPIDOCHANES. 221

Genus EMPIDOCHANES Sclater.”

Empidochanes Sclater, Catalogue of American Birds, p. 228, 1862.
Type £. fuscatus (Wied).

\
\
Fig. 90.—Empidochanes fuscatus.

In this genus the bill is entirely black and depressed, the width
at the base is about two-thirds the length of the exposed culmen,
the upper mandible is sharply hooked, and the rictal bristles well
developed. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth
primaries longest, the second about equal to the sixth and the
first rather shorter than the eighth. The tail is rounded at the
tip and about equal in length to the wing, and the tarsus about
one-third longer than the exposed. culmen. Coloration: male
and female similar. ,

Key to the Species.

A. Throat, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and cs
' under wing-coverts yellowish white ......... E. cabanisi, p. 221.
B. Throat dusky; under tail-coverts, axillaries,
and under wing-coverts cinnamon..,.......... HE. salvini, p. 222.

*

495. Empidochanes cabanisi.
Leotaup’s Dusky FiycatcHER.

Empidonax cabanisi Léotaud, Ois. Trinid. p. 232, 1866.

Empidochanes olivus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 297 * (Bartica Grove).

Empidochanes cabanisi Brabourne .& Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 299,
no. 8050, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above olive-brown including the
‘head, sides of face, back, scapulars, and lesser upper wing-
coverts ; median and greater upper wing-coverts dark brown
tipped with fulvous which forms a double wing-bar ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown with whitish

* I have been unable to find any quotation of this reference in
vol. xiv. of the ‘Catalogue of Birds,’ nor can 1 trace any specimen from
Ba rtica Grove in the British Museum.

222 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

edgings to the inner webs of the last which become buff on the
inner secondaries, the outer webs on some of the primaries also
have pale edges; rump and upper tail-coverts inclining to dark
ochraceous ; tail brown; the feathers’ on the lores dusky and
bristly in texture with a pale line running to above the eye ;
throat yellowish white; remainder of the under surface sulphur-
yellow, including the axillaries and under wing-coverts, with a
dusky band across the breast which is darker on the sides ; under
surface of quills brown with pale inner margins ; lower aspect of
tail pale brown.

Total length 144 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 78, tail 76,
tarsus 16.

The bird described was collected at Bartica in 1911.

There are no specimens of this species from British Guiana in
the British Museum. ‘

Young. Head, back, and tail rust-brown ; wings dark brown
with fulvous tips to the median and greater upper wing-coverts
and outer edges of some of the flight-quills and buffy-white
margins on the inner webs of the latter; the pale loral streak
slightly indicated; remainder of the under surface including the
under wing-coverts whitish tinged with yellow.

The bird mentioned above was collected on the Ituribisi River
in August 1909.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Fogs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Makauria River, Abary River, Anarica
River (McConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia.

496. Empidochanes salvini.
Satvin’s Rorama FiycatcoHer.

Empidochanes salvini Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 218, 1888
(Mount Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 299,
no. 8053, 1912.

Empidochanes pecilurus Salvin (nec Sclater), Ibis, 1885, p. 298
(Roraima, 5000 ft.).

Adult. Head, back, scapulars, and lesser upper wing-coverts —
dark slate-colour ; greater upper wing-coverts, bastard-wing, and

EMPIDOCHANES.—HORIZOPUS. 223

primary-coverts dark brown with pale edges to some of the
feathers; flight-quills also dark brown with buff margins to
the inner webs ; tail dark brown inclining to rufous on the inner
webs on the basal portion; sides of face like the crown of the
head ; throat ash-grey becoming slate-grey on the breast and
sides of the body ; abdomen whitish ; under tail-coverts, axil-
laries, and under wing-coverts fulvous; under surface of quills
brown with buff inner edges; lower aspect of tai! pale brown.

Total length 137 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 78, tail 61,
tarsus 16.

The bird described was collected by Mr. McConnell at Mount
Roraima in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (Me Connell
collection) ; Mount Roraima ( Whitely). ;

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus HORIZOPUS Oberh.
Horizopus Oberholser, Auk, xvi. p. 331, 1899. Type H. vérens (Linn.).

Fig. 91.—Horizopus virens.

This genus has no very strong character by which to distinguish
it. It has, however, the usual flattened bill, which is sharply
hooked at the tip of the upper mandible; the width at the base is
about two-thirds the length of the ganesed culmen. The wing
is somewhat pointed, the second and third primaries longest, the
first almost equal to the fourth and much longer than the fifth.
The tail is square at the tip and more than two-thirds the length
of the wing, and the tarsus about equal in length to the exposed
culmen. Coloration: male and female similar.

224 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

497. Horizopus ardesiacus.
LAFRESNAYE’S PEEWEER.

Tyrannula ardesiaca Lafresnaye, Revue Zoologie, 1844, p. 80 (Colombia).

Contopus ardesiacus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 298 (Roraima, 5000-6000 ft.) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 237, 1888 (Twek-quey Mt.,
Camarang River).

Horizopus ardesiacus Brabourne. & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 301,
no. 3069, 1912.

Adult female. General colour above and below dark slate-grey;
greater upper wing-coverts dark brown edged with slate-colour’
at the tips; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills
blackish brown, the last paler on the edges of the inner webs; tail
dark brown ; crown of head darker than the back and inclining to
black ; under surface of body rather paler than the back ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts dusky brown.

Total length 154 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 85, tail 70,
tarsus 12.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
by Mr. McConnell at Mount Roraima in October 1898.

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in being darker in
colour and rather larger in measurement. Wing 90 mm.

The male, which is in the British Museum, was ‘collected by
the late Henry Whitely at Twek-quey Mountain, Kamarang
River, January 25, 1886—Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell collec-
tion); Mount Roraima, Mount Twek-quey, Kamarang River
( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

BLACICUS. 225

Genus BLACICUS Cab.

Blacicus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Ornith. 1855, p. 480. Type B. caribeus
(d’Orb.).

Fig. 92.—Blacicus andinus.

This genus is distinguished by having the lower mandible
white; the width of the bill at the base is equal to about three-
fifths the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded,
the second, third, and fourth primaries longest—the first is rather
shorter than the fifth, but longer than the sixth. The tail is square
at the tip and about six-sevenths the length of the wing. The
tarsus is rather longer than the exposed culmen, and the middle
toe and claw are about equal in length to the hind toe and claw.
Coloration: male and female similar.

498. Blacicus andinus.
BLACK-HEADED PEEWEE.

Empidonaxz andinus Tacz. P. Z.8. 1874, p. 539 (Lake Junin, Peru).

Contopus brachytarsus (nec Scl. Ibis, 1859, p. 414) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xiv. p. 240, 1888 (Guiana).

Blacicus andinus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 301, no. 3074
1912.

Adult. General colour of the upper surface dark earth-brown
with a tinge of slate-grey, darker and inclining to blackish brown
on the top of the head; wings blackish brown with pale edges to
some of the feathers, including the inner webs of the flight-quills ;
tail pale brown ; lores whitish at the base; sides of face and breast.
pale are ; throat, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries,
and under wing-coverts’ white with a tinge of yellow on the
abdomen ; under surface of quills and tail-feathers pale brown.

Total length 136 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 71, tail 60,
tarsus 14. '

VOL. Il. Q

226 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Abary River in July 1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Etggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Abary River (Me Connell collection).

Eixtralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Norz.—I have not found any trace of the following species in
British Guiana :—Muscicapa fusca: Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl.
d’Hist. Nat. p. 84, 1783, founded on Gobemouche brun, Pl. Enl. v.
pl. 574. fig. 1. “Planchesia fusca (Bodd.),” Brabourne &
Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 302, no. 3078, 1912.

Genus MYIARCHUS Cab.

Myiarchus Cabanis in Ts¢hudi’s Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 152, 1845. Type
MM. ferox (Gmel.).

MN

Fig. 93.—Myiarchus ferox.

The members of this genus are rather large birds with some-
what flattened bills, which have a keeled culminal ridge. The
width of the bill at the base is about half the length of the exposed
culmen, the upper mandible is sharply hooked at the tip, and the
base is furnished with rictal bristles, though not particularly
numerous. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth
primaries longest and equal, the second about equal to the sixth
and the first about equal to the eighth. The tail is nearly equal

MYIARCHUS. 227

in length to the wing and almost square at the tip. The tarsus is
slightly longer than the exposed culmen, and the hind toe and
claw are intermediate in length between the outer and middle toes
and claws. Coloration: male and female similar.

Key to the Species.

A. The inner webs of the tail-feathers mar-
gined with rufous ...............ccccceeee ees MM. tyrannulus, p. 227.
B. The inner webs of the tail-feathers not
margined with rufous.
b. Larger; wing more than 85 mm., tail
more than 80 mm.
b'. Crown of heal and. back dusky olive-

Drown’ ssieworcse cavpmney es ape ensaeseewane M. ferox, p. 228.
Crown of head and back blackish...... M. pheonotus, p. 229.
c. Grille: wing less than 85 mm., tail
less than 80MM... scene WE nigriceps, p. 230.

499. Myiarchus tyrannulus.
Rusty-TAILED FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa tyrannulus P. L. 8. Miiller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 169, 1776

(Cayenne).
Myiarchus tyrannulus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 251, 1888 ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 802, no. 8080, 1912.

Adult. General colour of the upper surface olive-brown with a
greyish tinge, darker and inclining to earth-brown on the head ;
median and greater upper wing-coverts and secondary-quills dark
brown with pale ash-grey margins to the feathers; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and primary-quills also dark brown, the last
slightly edged with rufous on the outer webs and margined with
pale buff on the inner ones; upper tail-coverts slightly tinged
with rust-brown ; tail dark brown, all the feathers, except the two
middle ones, broadly margined with rufous on the inner webs;
ear-coverts like the back; throat and breast pale ash-grey ;
abdomen, under tail-coverts, sides of body, axillaries, and under
wing-coverts lemon-yellow ; under surface of flight-quills brown
with pale inner edges; lower aspect of tail for the most part
rufous, brown on the middle feathers and near the shafts of the
lateral ones.

Total length 173 mm., exposed culmen 19, wing 90, tail 84,

tarsus 23.
Q 2

228 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

The bird described was collected on the Abary River in July
1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Takutu River, Abary River (Mc Con-
nell collection) ; Bartica, Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Testigos and Margarita Islands,
Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

500..Myiarchus ferox.
Fisrce FLYcATcHER.

Muscicapa ferox Gmel. Syst: Nat.-i:-p.. 934, 1789 (Cayenne).

Myiarchus ferox Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 700, 1848; W. L.
Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 318 (Maccassema, Pomeroon River) ; P. L.
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 253, 1888 (Bartica Grove, Cama-
cusa); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 802, no. 3085, 1912;
Beebe, Tropical Wild Life Brit. Guiana, p. 134, 1917.

Myiarchus tyrannulus (nec Miill.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 298 (Camacusa,
Bartica Grove).

Adult female. Back, scapulars, and lesser upper wing-coverts
olive ; crown of head and ear-coverts dark brown ; wings also
dark brown, with pale margins to the median and greater upper
wing-coverts and outer webs of the flight-quills, inner webs of the
last margined with whitish; tail uniform dark brown ; throat
and breast ash-grey ; abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and
under wing-coverts lemon-yellow ; under surface of quills brown
with pale inner edges ; lower aspect of tail pale brown.

Total length 173 mm., exposed culmen 21, wing 87, tail 87,
tarsus 22.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Supenaam River in 1910.

Adult male. Similar to the aduli female but rather larger.
Wing 92 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

_ Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Supenaam
River, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Great Falls Demerara River

MYIARCBUS, 229

(McConnell collection) ; Pomeroon River (W. L. Sclater); Bartica,
Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 700)
this bird frequents the coast, the river borders, and the plantations.

501. Myiarchus pheeonotus.
WHITELY’s FiycatcHER.

Myiarchus pheonotus Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 207 (Merumé
Mts.) ; Salvin, op. cit. 1885, p. 298 (Roraima, 3500 ft.); Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 255, 1888 (Merumé Mts., Roraima) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 308, no. 8090, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, wings, and tail dark soot-brown,
with pale margins to the median and greater upper wing-coverts
and outer webs of the inner secondary-quills, inner webs of flight-
quills more broadly edged with whitish ; outer, tail-feathers
slightly paler on the outer edges ; hind-neck, sides of neck, entire
back, scapulars, and lesser upper wing-coverts dark olive-green ;
lores more or less grey at the base; ear-coverts brown; throat and
breast pale ash-grey ; abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and
under wing-coverts sulphur-yellow ; quills below brown slightly
paler on the inner edges ; lower aspect of tail brown, rather paler
on the outer web of the outermost feather.

Total length 184 mm., exposed culmen 20, wing 92, tail 83,
tarsus 18.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 88 mm.

The male and female described were collected by Mr. McConnell
at Mount Roraima in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Norte. MYIARCHUS PELZELNI.

Myiarchus pelzelni Berlepsch, Ibis, 1888, p. 189 (Bahia); Sclater, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 255, 1888 (Cayenne); Brabourne & Chubb,
B. 8. Amer. i. p. 803, no. 3089, 1912.

Although this species has been known to occur in Cayenne,
I can find no trace of its occurrence in British Guiana.

230 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper
Takutu Mountains (A/eConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima and
Merumé Mountains ( JVhitely).

fTabits. Unrecorded.

502. Myiarchus nigriceps.
ScuatEer’s BLACK-HEADED FLycaTcHER.

Myiarchus nigriceps Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 68 (Pallatanga, Ecuador);
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 298 (Roraima, 3500 ft., Merumé Mts.,
Camacusa); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 258, 1888 (Roraima) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. 1. p. 208, no. 3098, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head black; back olive-green ; outer
edges of the greater upper wing-coverts and seeondary-quills
inclining to green; under surface for the most part yellow.

- Fotal length 172 mm., exposed culmen 20, wing 81, tail 74,

tarsus 18, middle toe and claw 14.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but smaller. Wing 73 mm.

The specimens from which the descriptions are taken were
collected on the Ituribisi River, 1908 and 1909.
Breeding-season, Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Jiggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Arawai River (MeConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. North Brazil, Venezuela,Colombia, Ecuador.
' Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

N

Genus EMPIDONOMUS Cab. & Hein.

Empidonomus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 76, 1859. Type
EL. varius (Vieill.).

Fig. 94.— Empidonomus varius.

“In this genus the pill is flattened, its width at the base is about

MYIARCHUS. —EMPIDONOMUS. 231

two-thirds the length of the exposed culmen, and the tip of the
upper mandible is sharply hooked. The wing is inclined to be
pointed, the second, third, and fourth primaries are longest and
incised on the inner webs at the tips, and the first is almost equal
in length to the fifth. The tail is square at the tip and about
three-fourths the length of the wing. The tarsus is about one-
fifth longer than the exposed culmen, and the hind toe and claw
about equal in length to the middle toe without claw. Coloration:
male and female similar.

503. Empidonomus varius parvirostris.
Gur1aAna STREAKED FLYCATCHER.

Tyrannus rufinus (nec Spix) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 700
1848.

Einpidonomus varius Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 298 (Roraima 3500 ft.,
Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 265; 1888 (Bar-
tica Grove, Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 303,
no. 3098, 1912.

Empidonomus varius varius (nec Vieill.) Beebe, Trop. Wild Life Brit.
Guiana, p. 225, 1917.

Empidonomus varius parvirostris Chubb, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, xl.
p. 75, January 1920.

Adult male. General colour above dusky-brown with whitish
edges to many of the feathers ; crown of head, lores, and ear-
coverts dark brown with a concealed patch of orange-yellow on
the middle of the crown ; base of forehead and a broad line over
each eye white very slightly tinged with sulphur-yellow; back
dusky-brown, with grey bases and rather paler edges to the
feathers ; general aspect of the upper wing-coverts dark brown,
the marginal coverts narrowly edged with rusty-brown, the inner
ones margined with white on the outer webs like the median and
greater series and secondary-quills ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts almost uniform brown; flight-quills also dark brown,
fringed with yellowish white on the inner webs; upper tail-
coverts and tail dark brown with dark rufous margins to the
feathers ; cheeks and throat grevish white ; breast and sides of
neck pale dusky-brown, with dark shaft-lines and pale margins
to some of the feathers—the margins becoming sulphur-yellow on
the lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts almost uniform sulphur-yellow ; under sur-,

232 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

face of flight-quills pale brown, the inner edges yellowish white ;
lower aspect of tail also pale brown.

Total length 160 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing $97, tail 76,
tarsus 15,

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Kamakabra River in 1911.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male in coloration but rather
smaller in measurements. Wing 86 mm.

The young bird differs from the adult.in having the feathers
of the upper surface edged with rufous and in the absence of the
yellow coronal pateh.

Breeding-season. April (Beebe).

Nest. Vide Beebe infra.

Eggs. Vide Beebe infra.

Range in British Guiana. Kamakabra River, Bena River,
Abary River, Arawai River (McConnell collection) ; Bartica, Mount.
Roraima ( Whitely).

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 700) that the
mode of life and habits of this bird are similar to those of
Tyrannus melancholicus (q. v. p. 234).

' The following notes are quoted from Beebe, ‘ Tropical Wild Life
in British Guiana,’ p. 225 :—

“Though the eggs of this species have been collected, no de-
scription of the nest has been given. The genus Empidonomus is
very closely allied to Tyranwus, so one would expect corresponding
nests. They proved to be somewhat similar, but the nest of
Tyrannus, though rather a shabby affair, was much more specialised
than that of the bird in question. In Tyrannus the nest hollow
was cup-shaped and well lined with grass, and the whole structure
was more skilfully put together with a more careful gradation of
material.

“ A nest of the Varied Flycatcher was taken on April 20, from
one of the outer branches of a small dead guava tree. At
first sight it appeared to be merely a weak flimsy platform of
twigs fashioned like the nest of a dove and placed in an exposed
position. If the parent birds had not been seen, it might easily
have been taken for the nest of a dove. It was built in a small
fork and was partly supported by a dead branch that grew close
by. Every puff of wind caused it to sway and shake, and it was
difficult to believe that it would not soon fall to pieces. The basic.

EMPIDONOMUS.—TYRANNUS. 233

material was small twigs and vine stems. In the centre was a
shallow depression for the eggs, which was lined with coarse stems
of a common weed that grew hereabouts. The depth of the
depression was 2 cm. and the platform was 13 cm. in diameter,
by 8 cm. in height.

“There were two eggs in the nest, one of which was infertile.
Measurements averaged 23 x 16 mm.”

Genus TYRANNUS Lacépéde.
Tyrannus Lacépéde, Tabl. Ois. p. 5, 1799 Type T. tyrannus (Linn.).

——

cas)

8

Fig. 95.—To show the incised tips of the outer primary-quills.

The members of this genus are some of the largest birds of the
family. ‘The bill is depressed, the width at the base is about two-
thirds the length of the exposed culmen, the upper mandible is
sharply hooked, and the base is furnished with bristles. The wing
is more or less pointed, the second and third primaries are longest,
the first is intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh, the
three outer primaries are sharply incised on the inner webs at the
tips. The tail is slightly emarginate at the tip and the feathers
rather broad, and the tarsus is about equal in length to the
middle toe and claw. Coloration : male and female similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Back slate-grey; head black; under surface,

for the most part, white .............0c008 T. tyrannus, p. 234.
B. Back olive-green ; head grey; under oe

for the most part, yellow wo... = Z satrapa, p. 234,

234 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

504. Tyrannus tyrannus.
Common KinG-BIRD.

Lanius tyrannus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 94, 1758 (Carolina). ;
Tyrannus tyrannus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 304, no. 3100,
1912.

Adult female. Head and sides of face black with a slaty-grey
tinge ; a concealed bright orange-red patch on the middle of the
crown; hind-neck, sides of neck, back, lesser upper wing-coverts,
and scapulars dark slate-colour ; median and greater upper wing-
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills dark
brown with pale edges to many of the feathers; upper tuail-
coverts black, narrowly fringed with white; tail-feathers also
black, rather broadly tipped with white ; throat, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts white; breast pale ash-grey; axillaries and
under wing-coverts pale brown; under surface of quills similar
but paler ; lower aspect of tail dark brown tipped with white.

Total length 187 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 116, tail 83,
tarsus 21.

The female described above was collected on the Abary River
in November 1906. .

Adult male. Similar to the adult female, but the coronal patch
more extensive, and slightly larger in measurements. Wing
122 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Abary River (Me Connell collection).

Extralimital Range. Peru, Beuador, Colombia. North through
Central America and the United States to Canada.

505. Tyrannus satrapa.
Lesser YELLOW-BREASTED KING-BIRD.

Tyrannus melancholicus (nec Vieill.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii.
p. 700, 1848; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 299 (Roraima, Merumé Mts.,
Camacusa, Bartica Grove); W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 318 (Mac-
cassema); P. L. Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 273, 1888 saa
Camacusa, Bartica Grove); Lloyd-Price, ‘Timehri, (2) v. p. 61,
1891 (nest and eggs) ; Quelch, tom. cit. p: 90, 1891 Cee ;
Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, PP 137, 392, 1910 (Barima
River).

Laphyctes satrapa Cab. at Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 77, 1859 (Caracas).

TYRANNUS. 235

Tyrannus satrapa Byabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i, p. 804, no. 3104,
1912.

« Kiskadie” (Queleh).

Adult male. Head and sides of face ash-grey ; a large concealed
patch of orange-red on the top of the head ; back, scapulars, and
lesser upper wing-coverts olive-green ; bastard-wing gniform
dark brown; median and greater upper wing-coverts brown,
edged with olive-green like the primary- -coverts ; flight-quills
dark brown, slightly edged on the primaries and more broadly on
the seondartbn with olive-green, the inner webs margined with
yellowish white; upper tail-coverts and tail dark brown, with
olive-green fringes to the former and pale edges to the latter ;
cheeks and throat pale ash-grey ; breast greenish yellow ; abdo-
men and sides of body bright yellow ; under.tail-coverts, axillaries,
and under wing-coverts lemon-yellow: marginal under wing-
coverts and under surface of flight-quills pale brown witb sulphur-
yellow margins to the feathers; lower aspect of tail uniform
brown,

Total length 200 mm., exposed culmen 25, wing 113, tail 91,
tarsus 19,

The description is. taken from a male collected at Bartica
in 1911.

Adult female. Similar to the male in coloration but slightly
smaller in measurements. Wing 110 mm.

The young bird differs from the adult in the absence of the
concealed orange-red patch on the crown of the head, which is
represented by lemon-yellow, in having the upper wing-coverts,
upper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers fringed with rufous, and the
throat and fore-neck white.

_ The young bird described above was collected on the Ituribisi
River in 1909.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. A small round nest made of dry sticks, lined with grass,
and generally placed in the upper branches of low trees (£7. Lloyd
Price).

Eggs. Three in number; white spotted with red-brown and
grey (H. Lloyd Price).

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains, Ituribisi River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Abary
River, Tiger Creek (McConnell colléction); Mount Roraima,

236 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa (Whitely); Pomeroon River
(W. L£. Sclater) ; Barima River (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela, Margarita
Islands, Colombia.

Habits. Schomburgk states in his Reis. Guian. iii. p. 700 that
the habits of this species are similar to those of Saurophagus=
Pitangus sulphuratus, but is a much more quiet and sedate bird.

The following note is quoted from Mr. H. Lloyd Price, “The
Nests and Eggs of some common Guiana Birds ” (Timehri, (2) v.
p. 61) :—“ Tyrannus melancholicus makes a small round nest of
dry sticks, lined with grass, generally found in the upper
branches of low trees; the number of eggs laid are three, which
are white, thickly spotted with red-brown and grey.”

Mr. J. J. Quelch, who observed this species in Georgetown,
remarks (Timehri, (2) v. p. 90) : “A fourth kiskadee (Tyrannus
melancholicus) is also very plentiful about the city. This bird is
much more active than the preceding form (Megarhynchus
pitangua), and is stronger on the wing than P. sulphuratus owing
to its longer pinions. It is, however, much less lively, noisy and
quarrelsome than this common form.”

Genus MUSCIVORA Lacép.
Muscivora Lacépéde, Tabl. Gis. 1799, p. 5. Type IL tyrannus (Linn.).

SS

Fig. 96.—To show the incisions on the three outer primary-quills.

This genus is easily distinguished by the peculiarly shaped tips
of the first three primary-quills and the scissor-shaped tail with
the very long outer feathers. Coloration: male and female
similar.

MUSCIVORA. 237

506. Muscivora tyrannus.
Fork-TaILeD FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa tyrannus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 8325, 1766 (Cayenne).

Milvulus tyrannus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 699, 1848 ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 299 (Roraima 3500 ft., Bartica Grove) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 277, 1888 (Camacusa).

Muscivora tyrannus Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 304,
no. 3107, 1912. ;

Adult male. Entire head and sides of face black with a large
concealed patch of lemon-yellow on the crown of the head ; back,
scapulars, and lesser upper wing-coverts ash-grey, somewhat
darker on the last; bastard-wing dark brown; median and
greater upper wing-coverts, primary-coverts, and flight-quills
dark brown with pale edges to some of the feathers, inner webs
of flight-quills whitish on the basal portion ; upper tail-coverts
and tail black, the outer pair of tail-feathers, which are elongated
and much extended beyond the others, white, for a considerable
distance, along the basal portion of the outer web ; cheeks, throat,
and entire under surface of body pure white, including the
axillaries and under wing-coverts ; under surface of flight-quills
brown with white inner edges; lower aspect of tail blackish
brown, the long outermost pair of feathers edged with white on
the outer webs of the basal portion.

Total length, to tips of middle tail-feathers 181 mm., to tips of
long outermost feathers 374, exposed culmen 18, wing 117, tail—
middle feathers 70, penultimate pair 110, outer pair 258, tarsus 18.

The male described was collected on the Abary River in
November 1906.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male in the colour of the
plumage, but differs in the smaller measurements.

Total length, to tips of middle tail-feathers 171 mm., to tips of
long outermost feathers 298, exposed culmen 15, wing 107, tail—
middle feathers 66, penultimate pair 105, outer pair 199, tarsus 17.

The young bird differs from the adult in the absence of the
yellow coronal patch, in having the wings very pale brown, and
the short tail-feathers.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

238 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Guiana. Takutu River, Bonasika River,
Makauria River, Lower Mazaruni River, Demerara River, Arawai
River (Me Connell collection) ; Mount Roraima, Kamakusa, Hartica
(Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Throughout South America to Argentina
and Central America to Mexico.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 699) this
species inhabits the Savannas, where it may be observed in large
flocks sitting on the Curatella-trees and other lower bushes, where
they dart out in pursuit of passing insects. Towards the evening
they all rise simultaneously and fly to their roosting-place, and
return to the savannas in the morning. After the rainy season—
September and October—he observed for several days in succession,
countless numbers of these birds pass over Georgetown; they .
approached from the north and proceeded southward. It. was
remarkable that the flocks always arrived at Georgetown regularly
in the afternoon between three and five o’clock, and settled in
the tall trees in the vicinity of the town, remaining there until
the morning, when they continued their journey, according to the
Colonists, to the savannas. This is the only time that the bird is
met with near the coast. The migration takes place at the same time
every year ; and the Colonists regard it as a sure sign that the
rainy season is over. Schomburgk was unable to learn anything
about its nidification. He thought it quite probable that the
species did not breed in the Colony, and the large flocks that
passed through seem to confirm it. Schomburgk mentions that
during the months of May, June, July, and August, he only met
with solitary individuals in the savannas.

@
OXYRUNCUS. 239

‘Family OXYRUNCID.

This family, which consists of one genus and four species only,
is represented in British Guiana by one of the species, which
appears to be rare, and restricted to the higher altitudes in the

western portion of the Colony.

Genus OXYRUNCUS Temm.

Oxyruncus Temm. Man. d’Orn. i. p. Ixxx, 1820. Type O. eristatus
(Temm.).

Fig. 98.

Section of outer primary-quill to
show the hooked barbs on the
Fig. 97.—Oxyruncus hypoglaucus. outer web.

»

In this, the only genus of the family, the head is crested with
narrow and brightly coloured feathers. The bill is proportionately
long, narrow, and sharply pointed but not hooked. The wing is
rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries longest and
equal, and the first about equal in length to the fifth. The tail is
square at the tip, the feathers ten in number, and its length about
two-thirds that of the wing. The tarsus is about equai to the
exposed culmen in length, and the hind toe and claw about equal
in length to the middle toe and claw. Coloration: male and
female similar.

e
240 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

507. Oxyruncus hypoglaucus.
es WHITE-BELLIED SHARPBILL.

Oxyrhamphus hypoglaucus Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p 206
(Mount Roraima) ; Salvin, op. cit. 1885, p. 291 (Merumé Mts.) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 282, 1888 (Mount Roraima,
Merumé Mts.); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 305,
no. 3110, 1912.

«

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface green including
the head, back, wings, and tail; the short feathers on the forehead,
above the eye, and sides of the face barred with white and tipped,
or otherwise marked with blackish ; middle of crown more or less
blackish, with a somewhat concealed crest of narrow silky-red
feathers ; the feathers on the hind-neck dark at the tips, by
which a narrow dark collar is indicated ; the bases of the feathers
on the back are pale grey which sometimes show through ; some
of the median and greater upper wing-coverts have dark centres
and pale edges to the feathers like the innermost secondaries ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish edged with
green, inner webs of quills margined with white towards the base ;
tail-feathers blackish, margined with green and tipped with white ;
throat, breast, and abdomen white with dark ovate spots; sides of
body and under tail-coverts similar but washed with sulphur-
yellow ; axillaries and inner under wing-coverts uniform sulphur-
yellow, the outer or marginal coverts tipped with brown; under
surface of quills brown with sulphur-yellow inner edges; lower
aspect of tail pale greyish brown with pale tips to the feathers.

Total length 146 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 91, tail 57,
tarsus 20.

The specimen described was collected by Mr. McConnell at
Mount Roraima in October 1898.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 88 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Lgqs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection); Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

PIPRA. 241

Family PIPRID.

This family consists of twenty genera and, at the time that
Brabourne and Chubb published their ‘ List of the Birds of South
America,’ about ninety species. Ten of the genera and about
sixteen of the species are represented in British Guiana.

Genus PIPRA Linn.

ss Mus. Adol. Fred. Prodr. ii, p. 82,1764. Type P. aureola
inn

Fig. 99.—Pipra aureola.

The species included in this genus are birds of small size with
bright plumages of varied colours. The bill is slightly hooked at
the tip of the upper mandible, the depth of the bill, at the base of
the feathers on the culmen, is about half its width and the width
about four-fifths the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is
rounded, the third and fourth primaries longest and equal, the
second about equal to the fifth, and the first about equal to the
sixth, Tail short and square at the tip. Tarsus about one-third
longer than the exposed culmen. Hind toe and claw about equal
in length to the inner toe and claw. Coloration: male and female
entirely different.

Key to the Species.

A. Throat red; crown of head and nape
also red ; upper tail-coverts black ... P. aureola, p. 242.
-B. Throat black.
b. Crown of head and nape orange;

upper tail-coverts black ............... P. erythrocephala, p. 245.
c. Crown of head and oe white ; upper i

tail-coverts black .. sesssseee P. Leucocilla, p. 226.
d. Crown of head white ; “nape ‘black ;

upper tail-coverts ide? gcasancnie: oot suavissima, p. 247,

VOL. Il. R

242 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

C. Throat olive-green streaked with dull
white ; crown of head olive-green with
a yellow coronal patch ................. 2. virescens, p. 248,

508. Pipra aureola.
ORANGE-HEADED MANAKIN.

Black and Yellow Manakin Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 83, pl. 83.
fig. 2, 1747 (South America).

Parus aureola Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 191, 1758 (“ Hab. in America”’).

Pipra aureola Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 389, 1766 (‘‘Hab.: in America
australi”) ; Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 696, 1848 (Barima River) ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 299 (Bartica Grove) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xiv. p. 2938, 1888 (Bartica Grove) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8.
Amer. i. p. 805, no. 3111, 1912.

Pipra aureola aureola Hellmayr i in Wytsman’s Gen. Av., Fam. Piprida,
9, p. 6, pl. 2. fig. 7, 1910; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British
Guiana, p. 284, 1917.

Adult male. Crown of head, hind-neck, breast, and middle of
abdomen bright red ; forehead, cheeks, and throat paler and more
orange-red ; back, wings, tail, above and below, sides of the body,
and under tail-coverts velvety-black ; inner webs of flight-quills
marked with white, which begins with a small spot on the outer
primary, increasing in extent towards the inner secondaries where
it covers almost the whole of the inner web; outer edge of wing
orange-yellow ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white with dark
tips to the former; quills below black, with a large white patch
across the middle.

Total length 106 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 63, tail 27,
tarsus 15.

The specimen described was collected on the Abary River in
September 1906.

Adult female. General colour above yellowish olive-green
including the head, back, wings, and tail; sides of body and
under tail-coverts similar but paler ; throat, middle of breast,;and
middle of abdomen orange-yellow. Wing 63 mm.

The female described was collected on the Abary River in
November 1906.

Immature male, Similar to the adult female. The first approach
of the male plumage is usually seen by the red on the ear-coverts
and breast.

Nestling. Described by Beebe, infra, pp. 244-245.

Breeding-season. March (Beebe).

PIPRA. 243

Nest. See Beebe, infra.

fogs. See Beebe, infra.

Range in British Guiana. Bartica, Bonasika River, Anarica
River, Abary River (MeConnell collection) ; Merumé Mountains
and Mount Roraima (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Hust
Ecuador, North-east Peru, North Brazil.

Halits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 696).
this bird inhabits the light coast-woods and feeds chiefly on juicy
fruits. Schomburgk says that he had a good opportunity of
observing it during a stay at the mouth of the Barima River.
He writes :—“ Close to the camp stood a fig-tree full of small
ripe fruit, which was visited all day by numbers of this bird
for the. purpose of feeding on the fruit.” He did not observe
it breeding. The “ Warraus ” call it Odles.

The following notes have been copied from Beebe (Tropical
Wild Life in British Guiana, pp. 234-237) :—

“These charming little birds were abundant, and often seen in
the jungle, either in pairs or in company with small flocks of
other birds. But their life-history as noted in our records was as
fragmentary as the brief glimpses we had of them. Then came
a series of lucky birds’ nesting days and we discovered four nests
of the orange-headed manakins.

“The first was close to an animal trail in heavy reedy second
growth about a mile from Kalacoon. The nest was in a small,
slender-stemmed bush, only three feet from the ground, in the
fork of a branch. There were two eggs, and as we did not get a
chance to secure the female we disturbed neither eggs nor nest.

‘Three days later the bird left as we approached. Backing off
some distance, we squatted and waited for her reappearance. In
five minutes she returned, settled on the nest, caught sight of us,
and flew up scolding harshly. She was uniformly dark olive-green,
with lighter throat, dark bill, and bright red legs and feet. At
this moment, without warning, a full-grown jaguar rushed us,
growling, turning aside when about eight feet away, only when
we stood up and he perceived that we were other than deer or
whatever jungle prey he had evidently expected. After the
excitement had passed, one of our number shot a bird from near
the nest, only to find that he had killed a helmeted flycatcher by

mistake. Ultimately the rightful owner returned and was secured.
RZ

“944 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

“One egg had disappeared. The nest was Vireo-like, cup-
shaped, suspended from the forked twigs. It was not very firm,
light showing through it everywhere. The material was coarse
grasses and thin rootlets. Cobweb was used where the nest was
in contact with the twigs, and several dead leaves were loosely
attached with this material to the outside of the nest. The dia-
meters of the nest were, 70 mm. outside and 50 mm. inside ; the
depths, 50 mm. outside and 40 inside.

“The egg measured 21x 155 mm. The ground colour was
dull yellowish white, with numerous pale brown and lilac
markings, mostly linear, running lengthways, and more numerous
around the larger end.

“Two days later, on March 10, I sat down in a smal] glade near
the same animal trail. It was early morning and the sun was not
near its full strength. JI listened to the chirps of hirds drinking
at a black jungle creek near by, and watched a humming-bird pick
cobweb in the intervals of violent battle with another species.
Then a female manakin whiryed past, and I followed her as she fed
on smal] berries near the tops of some saplings. After fifteen
minutes of this fitful occupation she swooped downward, straight
to a tiny nest, which to this moment had been invisible to me.
Here, suspended from a slender fork just over a pool of black
water, she brooded two eggs.

“A week later the young birds hatched, and on March 20, I
photographed and examined the three-days-old young. One of
them, a female, was reddish flesh-colour, with yellow gape and
yellowish-brown legs and feet. The eyes and the upper surface
of the wings were dark leaden.

“The down was sparse, long, and whitish grey in colour, there
was none on the hind leg, but a line of six, strong feather-sheaths
with Jong down attached along the outer aspect of the side of the
body, with traces of at least three covert-sheaths. These all lay
along the femur.

“Ten primaries were’ apparent, looking like small, nearly
straight claws, giving to the posterior side of the forewing a saw-
like appearance. ‘The outer four feathers were somewhat larger
and perfectly straight ; the succeeding six were quite distinct,
being curved forward. Only a single claw-like feather-tip
appeared on the thumb.

PIPRA. 245

“Tn the crop of the nestling were two kinds of small, fleshy
seeds, two-inch worms, and a small brilliant green beetle.

“A week later, on March 27, I examined the second nestling,
“a male. It sat silently crouched far down in the nest until
disturbed, when it uttered a shrill chirp. The flight-feathers were
almost full-grown, but quite unbroken from, their sheaths, Even
a kingfisher does not exhibit such long continued sheathing. In
the crop was a single, sharp-studded, flattened, circular seed with
the flesh all dissolved away.”

509. Pipra erythrocephala.
GOLDEN-HEADED MANAKIN.

Golden-headed Black Tit-Mouse Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, i. p. 21,
pl. 21. fig. 2, 1748 (Surinam).

Parus erythrocephalus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. i. p. 191, 1758
(“ America australi” = Surinam).

Pipra erythrocephala Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. p. 339, 1766
(Brasilia); Hellmayr in Wytsman’s Gen. Av., Fam. Pipride, 9, p. 7,
1910; Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, pp. 844, 343, 348, 1910
(Aremu River); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 305,
no. 8116, 1912.

Pipra aurocapilla Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 696, 1848 ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 300 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merumé Moun-
tains, Atapurau River, Roraima 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xiv. p. 296, 1888 (Georgetown, Bartica Grove, Camacusa,
Attapurow River, Roraima).

Adult male. General colour above and below glossy blue-black ;
crown of head, sides of face, and hind-neck orange-yellow, fringed
with red on the latter ; thighs red.

Total length 79 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 55, tail 19,
tarsus 14.

The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell on the
Lower Mazaruni River during his expedition to Mount Roraima
in 1898.

Adult female. General colour above and below olive-green,
somewhat paler and inclining to whitish on the lower abdomen,
vent, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts. Wing 59 mm.

Immature male. The young male first assumes the plumage of
the female and then changes, as the present bird was doing, to the
male plumage first, by assuming the orange-yellow on the sides of
the face and the dark feathers on the breast and wings.

246 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

This specimen was also collected on the Lower Mazarani River
by Mr. McConnell in 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. See Schomburgk, infra.

Figas. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takuta Mountains, Ireng
River, Ituribisi River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Kamakabra River,
Bonasika River, Lower Mazaruni River (AfcConnell collection) ;
Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. North-east Venezuela, Northern Brazil.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. ili. p. 696)
the habits of this bird are very similar to thuse of C. pareola,
though he met with it more often solitary or in pairs, and nearly
always in dense woods or shrubs, especially along the banks of
rivulets in the woods. Its nest is also like that of C. pareola,
p. 256.

510. Pipra leucocilla.
WHITE-CROWNED Buack MANAKIN.

Parus leucocilla Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. Prodr. ii. p. 88, 1764 (Surinam).
Pipra leucoerlla Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 697, 1848 ; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 300 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merumé Mts.);
W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 318 (Maccasseema); P. L. Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 297, 1888 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa) ;
Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 311, 1910 (Aremu River) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 806, no, 3120, 1912.
Adult male. Crown of head and nape white ; remainder of the
plumage velvety blue-black.
Total length 91 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 64, tail 24,
tarsus 16.
The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell on the
Mazaruni River in 1898 during his expedition to Mount Roraima.
Adult female. General colour above green, with a slaty tinge on
the head ; under surface grey, including the under wing-coverts
and axillaries ; a band of green across the breast. Wing 63 mm.
The description of the female is taken from an example collected
on the Ituribisi River in February 1907.
Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.
Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.
£ggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.
Range in British Guiana. Cotinga River, Ituribisi River,

PIPRA. 247

Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Mazaruni River,
Kamakabra River, Makauria River, Anarica River, Arwye Creek,
Great Falls Demerara River, Arawai River (McConnell collection) ;
Bartica, Kamaskusa, Merumé Mountains ( Whitely) ; Maccasseema
(W. L. Sclater); Avemu River (Beebe).

Extralinital Range. Surinam, Cayenne, Venezuela, North
Brazil, North Peru.

Halts. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 697) this
species frequents the dense woods, and consequently he had but
little opportunity of observing its habits. He observed it singly
and ‘in pairs when it came out into the bushes growing along the
rivulets in the woods.

The following note is quoted from Beebe (Our Search for
a Wilderness, p. 311) :—“ Exquisite white-capped Manakins, clad
in shining black save for their snowy caps. Their flight, unlike
their white-breasted cousins which we met in Venezuela, was
noiseless. They were far from silent however, twanging their
little vocal chords in an apology for a song—a wheezy, grass-
hopper-like buzz. The females were silent, sombre little beings—-
dull olive-green above, with a grayish cap and paler below.”

511. Pipra suavissima.
ORANGE-BELLIED MANAKIN.

4
Pipra serena (nec Linn.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 697, 1848,
Pipra suavissima Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1882, p. 79, pl. i. (Merumé
Mts.) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 300 (Atapurau River, Bartica Grove,
Roraima, 8500-4000 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 300,
1888 (Merumé Mts., River Attapurow, Roraima, Bartica Grove) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. 1. p. 807, no. 8132, 1912.

Adult male. General colour, both above and below, for the most
part velvety-black ; fore part of head white, fringed with blue on
the posterior margin ; upper tail-coverts blue; abdomen rich orange.

Total length 83 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 58, tail 24,

tarsus 15.
The male described was collected on the Kamakabra River in

1911.

Adult female. General colour above green ; throat greyish ;
breast dusky green; abdomen and under tail-coverts yellow ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries greyish white. Wing 58 mm.

The female described was collected by Mr. McConnell at Mount.
Roraima daring his expedition in October 1898.

248 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range conjined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika
River, Makauria River, Anarica River, Arwye Creek, Great Falls
Demerara River, Tiger Creek, Arawai River (McConnell collec-
tion); Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains, Kamarang River,
Bartica (Whitely).

Halits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 697) that he first
met with this bird in the vicinity of the Roraima Mountain, where
it frequented the tall trees as well as the low bush. Its nidification
is unknown to him.

512. Pipra virescens.
OLIVE-GREEN MANAKIN.

Pipra virescens Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. pp. 128, 187, 1869 (Barra do Rio
Negro); Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 208 (Bartica Grove) ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 300 (Camacusa) ; Selater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xiv. p. 802, 1888 (Bartica Grove, Carimang River); Brabourne &
Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 307, no. 3136, 1912.

Tyranneutes brachyurus Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1881, p. 269 (Bartica
Grove) ; Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 208.

Pipra brachyura Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, pp. 342, 348, 392,
1910. i

Adult male. General colour above olive-green including the
head, back, upper wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts ; a large
concealed patch of yellow on the middle of the crown ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills brown on the inner webs,
the last having pale inner edges; tail pale brown ; sides of face,
sides of neck, and sides of the body similar to the upper surface ;
throat streaked with whitish ; middle of breast, middle of abdo-
men, and under tail-coverts sulphur-yellow ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts pale sulphur-yellow; greater under wing-coverts
and under surface of flight-quills dark brown with pale inner
edges ; under surface of tail pale brown.

Total length 76 mm., culmen 10, wing 54, tail 18, tarsus 13.

The male described was collected on the Mazaruni River in

October 1907.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but differs in having
scarcely any concealed yellow patch on the crown. Wing 50mm.

PIPRA, 249

The female described was collected on the Supenaam River in
1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. See Beebe infra, p. 249.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribiri River, Supenaam River,
Mazaruni River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Kamakabra River,
Makauria River, Anarica River, Tiger Creek, Arawai River
(McConnell collection); Kamakusa, Kamarang River, Bartica
( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. North Brazil.

Habits. The following notes are copied from Beebe (Our
Search for a Wilderness, p. 342) :—

“It was a veritable mite of a bird, the Golden-crowned Manakin
clad in forest green with a tiny crown spot of yellow. From head
to tail he measured less than three inches, and-of all the marvels
which we have encountered in our travels the most remarkable
was how such a tiny creature, considerably smaller than our Ruby-
crowned Kinglet, could produce such a tremendous volume of
sound. His chuckle-de-deé ! can easily be heard a hundred yards
away through dense forest,

‘We discovered the nest of one of these birds a short distance
from the mine clearing in a sapling about seven feet from the
ground, a very frail affair suspended in the fork of a branch. It
was merely a thin cup of fine bush-threads and rootlets, while |
two or three small leaves were fastened to the bottom with strands
of cobweb. One could see through it anywhere. It was only
12 inches across and 3 of an inch deep.”

Genus CHLOROPIPO Cab. & Hein.

Chloropipo Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p. 90, 1859. Type C. flavi-
capilla (Sclater),

Fig. 100.—Chloropipo uniformis.

In this genus the bill is somewhat wide and short, the width at

jaa

250 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

the base being about four-fifths the length of the exposed culmen,
and the upper mandible is hooked at the tip. The wing is
rounded ; the third, fourth, and fifth primary-quills longest and
equal, the second about equal in length to the sixth, and the first
slightly shorter than the eighth. The tail is square and rather
more than five-eighths the length of the wing. The tarsus exceeds
the length of the exposed culmen by about three-eighths.

513. Chloropipo uniformis.
Roraima Green Manakin.

Chloropipo uniformis Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 427 (Mount
Roraima).; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 299 (Merumé Mts.) ; Sclater, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 286, 1888 (Twek-quey Mt., Carimang River);
Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 808, no. 3145, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper parts dark olive-
green; inner webs of flight-quills dark brown; tail-feathers
blackish ; chin and throat inclining to dark grey; breast and
sides of the body dark olive-green, becoming paler and inclining
to yellow on the abdomen and under ailecoverta: axillaries and
under wing-coverts pale sulphur-yellow.

Total length 140 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 81, tail 55,
tarsus 16. .

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but paler on the
under surface. Wing 76 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the descriptions are taken from the types in the British Museum,
which were collected at Mount Roraima by the late Henry
Whitely—Salvin—Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range conjined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Merumé
Mountains, Twek-quey Mountain, Kamarang River ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

PIPRITES. 251

Genus PIPRITES Cab.

Piprites Cabanis, Archiv fiir Naturg. xiii. part i. p. 284, 1847. Type
P. pileatus (Temm.).

Fig. 101.—Puiprites pileatus.

The species on which this genus was based are larger than the
average sized birds in the family Pipride. The bill is sharply
hooked at the tip of the upper mandible; the depth immediately
behind the nostrils is equal to about half the length of the exposed
culmen and about two-thirds the width of the bill. The wing is
rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries longest and equal,
the first is shorter than the fifth but much longer than the sixth.
The tail is slightly rounded and about three-fifths the length of
the wing. The hind toe and claw nearly equal in length to the
middle toe and claw. Coloration: male and female similar.

|
514, Piprites chlorion.

GREEN MANAKIN.

Hemipipo chlorion Cab. Archiv fiir Naturg. xiii. pt. i. p. 234, 1847
(Cayenne) ; id. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 697, 1848.

Piprites chlorion Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1882, p. 78; Salvin, Ibis,
1885, p. 299 (Bartica Grove, Merumé Mts., Roraima, 3500 ft.) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 285, 1888 (Roraima, Bartica
Grove, Merumé Mts.); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 808,
no. 8152, 1912. .

Adult ? male. General colour above yellowish green, including
the fore part of the head, entire back, and lesser upper wing-
coverts ; hinder crown, nape, hinder face, sides of neck, breast,
and sides of body pale slate-grey; median upper wing-coverts
black with green margins, the greater series similar but inclining
to yellow at the tips, especially on the inner ones which are like the
innermost secondaries ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-
quills black, more or less fringed with green on the outer webs ;
the flight-quills fringed with yellowish white on the inner webs ;

252 _BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

tail-feathers black fringed with green, pale, earth-brown at the
tips and on the outermost pair of feathers; base of forehead,
lores, and a slight tinge on the throat rust-brown; eye-ring
yellowish ; fore part of cheeks, throat, and under tail-coverts
lemon-yellow ; middle of abdomen whitish; edge of wing, axil-
laries, and under wing-coverts sulphur- yellow like the inner
margins of the quills below ; greater series of under wing-coverts
and quills below blackish on the former and brown on the latter ;
lower aspect of tail pale brown.

Total length 121 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 70, tail 47,
tarsus 17.

The specimen described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
1909.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male.

Breeding-season, Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

iggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica (MeConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima, Merumé Moun-
tains, Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Northern Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus CERATOPIPRA Bonap.

Cergtopipra Bonaparte, Anteneo Italiano, vol. 2, No. 11, p. 316, Aug.
1854 (Consp. Volucrum Anisodactylorum, p. 6, 1854). Type
C. cornuta (Spix).

Fig. 102.—To show. the divided crest.

The chief character in this genus is the divided nuchal: crest.
The bill is short and rather wide at the base, the exposed
culmen being only slightly longer than the width. The
wing is rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries longest

CERATOPIPRA. 253

and subequal, the first intermediate in length between the. fourth
and fifth. The tail is square at the tip and nearly two-thirds the
length of the wing. The tarsus is slightly less than half the length
of the tail, and the hind toe and claw about equal in length to
the middle toe and claw. Coloration: male and female entirely
different.

Key to the Species.

A. Throat ved - ........:cccccccsecsseseseseessense OL cornuta, p. 258.
B. Throat black... ccccecceeeceseeseeeeeeee GO, tracunda, p. 254.

515. Ceratopipra cornuta.
SCARLET-HEADED MANAKIN.

Pipra cornuta Spix, Aves Brasiliensis, ii. p. 5, pl. 7. fig. 2, 1825 (“in
sylvis fl. Amazonum’’); Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 696,
1848; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 299 (Roraima, 3500-3700 ft.).

Ceratopipra cornuta Bonap. Vol. Anisod. p. 6, 1854; Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 288, 1888 (Roraima) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8.
Amer. i. p. 809, no. 3153, 1912.

. Adult male. General colour above and below glossy blue-black ;
crown of head, occipital crest, sides of face, throat, and thighs
bright red ;.inner webs of flight-quills dark brown ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts yellowish olive- green slightly tinged with red
en the outer margin of the wing below ; under surface of flight-
quills and tail-feathers blackish.

Total length 125 mm., exposed portion of culmen 9, wing 68,
tail 41, tarsus 18.

The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell during his
expedition to Mount Roraima in Octoher 1898.

Adult female. General colour above olive-green ; inner webs of
flight-quills dark brown margined with white ; breast dull olive-
green ; throat and under tail-coverts dull lemon-yellow ; middle
of abdomen, axillaries, and under wing-coverts whitish yellow ;
under surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail pale brown.
Wing 67 mm.

The description of the female is taken from an example also
collected at Mount Roraima by Mr. McConnell during his ex-
pedition in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana,

Vest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Féggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

254 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell collec-
tion) ; Mount Roraima ( Whitely).
Extralimital Range. North Brazil (Rio Negro district).

Habits. Schomburgk' states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 696) that he
first met with this beautiful species in the neighourhood of Mount
_Roraima at an altitude of 4000 feet. Its habits are like, those of
its congeners of the same genus. It is found chiefly in low bush,
though peonsionelly 2 in taller trees, and is a gregarious species.

The “ Arekunas” call it Kerepika.

516. Ceratopipra iracunda.
Roraima MANnaxIn.

Pipra tracunda Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 447 (Mount Roraima) ;
’ Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 300.
Ceratopipra iracunda Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ae p. 288, ‘pl. xix.,
1888 (Mount Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. ‘Amer. i.
p- 809, no. 3154, 1912.

Adult male. Wings, back, tail, throat, breast, abdomen, under
tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts black; crown of head, nape,
sides of face, and thighs scarlet-red.

Total length 111 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing’’65, tail 35,
tarsus 18.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the description is taken from the type which is in the British
Museum, and was collected by the late Henry Whitely on Mount
Roraima, at an altitude of 3500 feet, on the 20th of June, 1883—
Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

XENOPIPO. 255

Genus XENOPIPO Cab.

AXenopipo Cabanis, Archiv fiir Naturg. xiii. pt. i. p. 285, 1847. Type
XX. atronitens Cab.

Fig. 103.—Xenopipo atronitens.

The chief character in this genus is the exposed mesorhinium.
The upper mandible is slightly hooked, the width of the bill at the
base being equal to about four-fifths the length of the exposed
culmen. The wing is rounded, the second, third, fourth, and fifth
primaries longest, the first about equal in length to the seventh.
The tail is slightly emarginate and about two-thirds the length of
the wing. The tarsus is about two-thirds the length of the tail
and the hind toe and claw about equal to the middle toe and claw.
Coloration: male and female different.

517. Xenopipo atronitens.
Buiack Manakin.

Xenopipo atronitens Cab. Archiv fiir Naturg. xiii. pt. i. p. 235, 1847
(British Guiana); id. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iti. p. 697, 1848;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 299 (Merumé Mts., Roraima); Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 287, 1888 (Merumé Mts.) ; Brabourne & Chubb,
B.S. Amer. i. p. 809, no. 8155, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above and below glossy steel-blue;
flight-quills and tail-feathers blackish above and pale brown below.
“Bill plumbeous ; feet black” ( Whitely).

Total length 119 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 72, tail 45,
tarsus 15.

The specimen described was collected on the Berbice River.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface dark green,
rather darker on the fore part of the head; flight-quills and tail-
feathers. blackish brown above and pale brown on their under
surface ; under surface of the body paler and more yellowish

‘green; axillaries and under wing-coverts greyish white. Wing

71 mm. : ;

256 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

The female described above was collected on the Abary River
in September 1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Fgs. Undescribed: from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Berbice River, Abary River (MeCon-
nell collection); Merumé Mountains and Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Central and Northern Brazil.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iti. p. 697)
this bird lives on the borders of the coast-woods frequenting trees
and low bush.

Genus CHIROXIPHIA Cab.

Chiroxiphia Cabanis, Archiv fir Naturg. xiii. pt. i, p. 285, 1847. Type
C. pareola (Linn.).

Fig. 104.—Chiroxiphia pareola.

The species on which this genus was based has a short bill which
is hooked at the tip, and the width at the base exceeds the length of
the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the primaries are
obliquely cut at the tips, which are most conspicuous in the males.
The tail is slightly rounded and about three-fifths the length of
the wing. The tarsus is nearly half the length of the tail, and
the hind toe and claw rather shorter than the middle toe and claw.
Coloration: male and female different.

518. Chiroxiphia pareola.
BLvUE-BACKED Manakin.

‘Pipra pareola Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 839, 1766 (“ Brasilia”).

Chiroxiphia pareola Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 695, 1848 ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 800; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 307
(British Guiana); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i. p. 309,
no. 3160, 1912.

Chirowiphia longicauda (nec Vieill.) Cab. in schon, Reis. Guain. iii.
p- 695, 1848.

Adult mate. Forehead, lores, sides of crown, nape, hind-neck,

CHIROXIPHIA. 257.

sides of face, throat, and entire under surface of body, including
the axillaries and under wing-coverts, black like the upper surface
of the wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail ; mantle, back, and
inner portion of the lesser upper wing-coverts wedgwood-blue ;
a silky red V-shaped patch on the crown of the head.

Total length 113 mm., exposed calmen 7, wing 76, tail 43,
tarsus 20.

The specimen described was collected on the Abary River in
September 1906.

Adult female. General colour above and below green, paler on
the under surface of the body ; inner webs of the flight-quills
brown ; pale and inclining to grey on the base of the forehead
and throat; abdomen and under tail-coverts yellowish green ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts greyish white ; under surface
of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail pale brown. Wing 70 mm.

The female from which the description is taken was collected
on the Mazaruni River in July 1906.

Immature male. Similar in colour of plumage to that of the
‘adult female. The first approach of male plumage in this individual
is an outline of the triangular red patch on the crown of tlie
head. ;

Another young male, but more advanced, has the red patch on .
the top of the head fully developed, the forehead, sides of the
crown, nape, sides of face, and throat black, and the remainder of
the plumage green, showing here and there traces of black.

Both these individuals were collected on the Abary River in
September 1906.

Breeding-season. “‘ April and May” (Schomburgk).

Nest. “The nest is built in a tall bush, being a slight structure,
composed of mosses and plant-wool ” (Schomburgk).

Eggs. ‘Two in number” (Schomburgh).

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Mazaruni
River, Abary River (dcConnell collection) ; Annai (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Brit. Mus.), Eastern Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 695) that he met
with this pretty species on the Rupununi River in the vicinity of the
Wai-ipukari-bay in dense low bush, mostly in pairs but sometimes
in small flocks. In habits it much resembles our Tits; it is a
lively species and haunts the low bush, through which it moves
with great agility in search of insects; but when the smaller

VOL. II. 8

258 BIRDS OF BRITISH~QUIANA.

Ficus species are ripe it feeds on the fruit. In nearly all the
species of this family the female has a sober and modest plumage.

The nest is built in a tall bush, being a light structure,
composed of mosses and plant-wool, and contains two eggs.
The “ Macusis” call it Warikuiyeh and the “ Warraus” call it
Ponoromth.

Genus CORAPIPO Bonap.

Corapipo Bonaparte, Anteneo Italiano, vol. 2, No. 11, p. 316, Aug. 1854
(Conspectus Volucrum Anisodactylorum, p. 6, 1854). Type C. gut-
turalis (Linn.).

Fig. 105.—To show the narrow primary-quills.

The species on which this genus was based is somewhat small in
size. The bill has scarcely any hook at the tip of the upper
mandible, and the width at, the base is very slightly less than the
length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the third
primary longest, the second and fourth about equal, and the first
intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth. The tail is
square at the tip and nearly half the length of the wing. The
tarsus is about three-fifths the length of the tail, and the hind toe
‘and claw are about equal in length to the outer toe and claw.
Coloration : male and female entirely different.

CORAPIPO. 259

519. Corapipo gutturalis.
WHITE-THROATED MANAKIN.

Pipra gutturalis Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 340, 1766 (Cayenne) ; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 800 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merumé Mts.,
Roraima); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 801, 1888 (Bartica
Grove, Merumé Mts., Camacusa).

bash a gutturalis Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 310, no. 3169,

Adult male. General colour above and below black glossed
with steel-blue especially on the crown of the head, back, and
wings; throat, fore-neck, and middle of upper breast pure white,
as are also a portion of the primary and secondary flight-quills;
under surface of flight-quills brown with a white patch on the
inner portion; lower aspect of tail dark brown. “ Bill brown,
base of lower mandible whitish ; feet brown” (Whitely).

Total length 84 mm., exposed culmen 7, wing 55, tail 26,
tarsus 15.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface grass-green,
flight-quills dark brown on the inner webs and margined with
white; throat, middle of breast, middle of abdomen, and under
tail-coverts white more or less tinged with green; sides of body
green ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills
below greyish white, remainder of the quills below and lower
aspect of tai] pale brown. Wing 55 mm. _

The description is taken from a female collected on the
Ituribisi River in October 1908.

The young male in its first plumage is very similar to that of
the adult female, but differs in having more white on the under
surface. The first appearance of the male plumage is marked
by the black on the forehead and lores ‘which extends to below
the eye.

‘The immature bird mentioned above was collected on the
Bonasika River in 1912.

Another young male, which is much more advanced, has
nearly attained the full plumage of the adult bird, only a few
green feathers on the upper surface and a similar number of
white ones on the abdomen remain.

This specimen was collected on the Ireng River during
Mr. McConnell’s expedition to Mount Roraima in October 1898,

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

$2

260 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ireng River, Mazaruni River, Ituri-
bisi River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Makauria
River, Abary River, Arwye River, Arawai River, Tiger Creek
(McConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains,
Kamakusa, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Linné).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus CHIROMACHZERIS Cab.

Chiromacheris Cabanis, Archiv fiir Naturg. xiii. pt. i. p. 285, 1847.
Type C. manacus (Linn.).

Fig. 106.—To show the narrow and curved primaries.

The chief character in this genus is the wing formula. The
bill is short and very slightly hooked at the tip, the width at the
base being about three-fourths the length of the exposed culmen.
The wing is rounded, the primary-quills very narrow and bent
inwards, the fifth primary longest, the second, third, fourth, and
sixth subequal, and the first rather shorter than the seventh.
The tail is square at the tip and about half the length of the wing.
The tarsus is about two-thirds the length of the tail, and the hind
toe and claw almost equal in length to the middle toe and claw.
Coloration: male entirely different to the female.

CHIROMAGH ARIS. 261

520. Chiromacheris manacus.
WHITE-BREASTED MANAKIN.

Pipra manacus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 340, 1766 (Cayenne); Cab.in Schomb.
Reis. Guian. iii, p. 696, 1848; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 301 (Bartica
Grove, Camacusa); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 313 (Bartica
Grove, Camacusa); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 310,
no. 3171, 1912.

Manacus manacus manacus Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 392,
1910.

Adult male. Forehead, lores, and crown of head blue-black like
the upper back, scapulars, wings, and tail; outer primaries brown
with pale edges on the inner webs which become white on the °
secondary-quills; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark
lavender-grey ; lesser marginal upper wing-coverts, ear-coverts,
hinder face, and hind-neck white, the feathers minutely marked
with dark brown or blackish; throat and sides of neck, upper
breast, sides of body, axillaries, and inner under wing-coverts
white; lower breast, abdomen, lower flanks, and under tail-
coverts lead-grey ; the outer or marginal under wing-coverts
blackish ; under surface of flight-quills pale brown on the apical
portion, white at the base; lower aspect of tail dark brown.

Total length 105 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 50, tail 31,
tarsus 21.

The description of the male is based on a specimen collected on
the Abary River in July 1906.

Adult female. Entire upper surface grass-green ; inner webs
of fligbt-quills brown with pale margins; under surface of body
yellowish green ; throat more or less tinged with grey; axillaries
and under wing-coverts pale grey, inclining to whitish on the
inner edges of the flight-quills. Wing 53 mm.

The specimen described was collected on the Supenaam River.

The young male in its first plumage is like the female. The
first appearance of the male dress may be seen on the throat and
sides of the face and the black on the crown of the head.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana,

Nest. According to Schomburgk, the nest is similar to that of
Chiroxiphia pareola (q. v.), p. 256.

‘Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Abary River, Arwye Creek, Great

262 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Falls Demerara River, Arawai River (McConnell collection) ;
Bartica, Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Northern Brazil, Venezuela, East Ecuador,
North Peru.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 696) that he more
often met with this species in the sand-hills on the Demerara
River in light woods and usually in small flocks. In flying it
utters a note exactly like the humming of a top after which
follows a sound like the cracking of a hazel-nut, finishing up with
a booming which appears to be peculiar to this species.

The nest is similar to that of Chirowiphia pareola, and is usually
found in low bush, which led to the supposition that its food
consisted of insects rather than fruits.

Genus NEOPIPO Scl. & Salv.

Neopipo Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.S. 1869, p. 438. Type NV. cinnamomea
(Lawyr.).

The species on which this genus was based is one of the smallest
of the family. The bill is slightly hooked on the upper mandible,
the width at the base being rather more than half the length of the
exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the second, third, and
fourth primaries longest and equal, the first about equal in length
to the fifth. The tail is slightly rounded at the tip and about
three-fourths the length of the wing. The tarsus is rather more
than one-third the length of the tail, and the hind toe and claw
are nearly equal in length to the middle toe and claw. Colo-
ration: male and female similar.

521. Neopipo helens.
Mrs. McConnE.u’s Manakin.
(Plate IV. fig. 1.)

Neopipo cinnamomea (nec Lawr.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 301 (Camacusa) ;
Sclater, Cat: B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 303 (part), 1888 (Camacusa).

Neopipo helene McConnell, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxvii. p. 105, 1911
(Supenaam River); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 311,
no. 3180, 1912.

Adult male. Lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, above
and below, under tail-coverts, breast, axillaries, and under wing-

NEOPIPO.—SCOTOTHORUS. 263

coverts cinnamon-rufous ; throat, cheeks, and lores greyish white ;
top of head olive-brown, with a partly concealed patch of yellow
on the middle of the crown; lower hind-neck similar to the
crown but tinged with grey ; sides of face grey; upper back and
outer aspect of wing rufous-chestnut; inner webs of upper wing-
coverts and flight-quillsblackish; primary-coverts uniform blackish.

Total length 91 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 50, tail 36,
tarsus 14.

The description is taken from the type of the species, which was
collected on the Ituribisi River in October 1908.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but differs in having
the sides of the crown and nape dusky grey and the middle of
the crown rufous. Wing 47 mm.

The female described was collected on the Makauria River in
August 1910.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana,

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Makauria River
(MeConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus SCOTOTHORUS Oberh.

Scotothorus Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1899, p. 208.
Type S. turdinus (Wied).

The birds of this genus are larger, compared with the rest of
the family, and dull in colour. The bill is sharply hooked at the
tip of the upper mandible, the width at the anterior portion of the
nostril being about half the length of the exposed culmen and about
equal to the depth. Rictal bristles numerous but only feebly
developed. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth
primaries longest, the second shorter than the sixth but longer
than the seventh. The tail is square at the tip and about three-
fourths the length of the wing and the tarsus about twice the
length of the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female
similar.

264 RIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

522. Scotothorus olivaceus.
Ripeway’s Managin.

Heteropelma amazonum Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 301 (Roraima, Camacusa,
Bartica Grove).

Heteropelma wallacti (nec Scl. & Salv. 1887) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xiv. p. 319, pl. xx., 1888 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Roraima).

Scotothorus olivaceus Ridew. Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, xix. p. 118,
1906 (Rio Mato, Venezeula); Brabourne & Chabh, B.S. Amer. i.
p. 312, no. 3184, 1912.

Scotothorus wallacii (nee Sel. & Salv.) Beebe, Our Stach for a Wilder-
ness, p. 822, 1910 (Aremu River).

Adult. Head, sides of the face, hind-neck, back, lesser upper
wing-coverts, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts dark olive-green ;
wings and tail golden brown with a tinge of the same colour on
the crown of the head; inner webs of flight-quills dark brown,
paler on the inner edges; under surface paler than above and
pervaded by a yellowish tinge—especially on the under wing-
coverts ; under surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail
pale brown. “ Bill and feet horn-colour” (Cat. B, Brit. Mus.).

Total length 154 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 87, tail 64,
tarsus 21.

The specimen described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
October 1908.”

There appears to be no difference of plumage between the male
and female.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana,

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Ituribisi River,
Supenaam River, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Makauria River,
Abary River, Arwye Creek, Tiger Creek (McConnell collection) ;
Mount Roraima, Kamakusa, Bartica (Whitely); Aremu River
(Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiaua.

Genus NEOPELMA Scl.
Neopelma Sclater; P. Z.S. 1860, p. 467. Type WV. aurifrons (Wied).

This genus is easily distinguished by its orange-yellow crest.

NEOPELMA. 265

The bill is short and slightly hooked at the tip of the upper
mandible. The rictal bristles are numerous and strongly developed.
The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest,
the second is intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh.
The tail is square at the tip and about five-sixths the length of the
wing. The feet are weak in structure, and the tarsus is about
twice the length of the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and
female similar.

523. Neopelma chrysocephala.
GoLDEN-CROWNED MANAKIN.

Elenea oes (nee Wied) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 701,
1848.

Heteropelma chrysocephalum Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. pp. 125, 185, 1869
(Marabitanas, Rio Icanna).

Heteropelma igniceps Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 801 (Camacusa, Roraima) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 322, pl. xxii, 1888 (Camacusa,
Essequibo River).

Scotothorus chrysocephalus Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 312,
no. 3191, 1912.

Adult male. Entire back, wings, and tail olive-green ; inner
webs of flight-quills dark brown with pale edgings ; inner webs of
tail-feathers also brown ; sides of the crown dusky olive-green ;
middle of crown from the forehead to the nape rich orange ; lores
greyish ; sides of face green with a greyish shade ; sides of neck
and sides of breast olive-green; chin, throat, and fore-neck grey
with’ sulphur-yellow centres to the feathers; breast greyish olive-
green, more or less streaked with yellow like the sides of the body ;
abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts lemon-yellow; axillaries
and under wing-coverts sulphur-yellow—the greater series of the
latter and under surface of quills brown with pale inner margins
to the last ; lower aspect of tail pale brown.

"Total length 119 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 71, tail 47,

tarsus 17.

The specimen described was coilected on the Abary River in
September 1907.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller.
Wing 67 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

266 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Lower Mazaruni River, Bartica, Anarica River, Berbice River
(McConnell collection); Kamakusa, Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Selater), North Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Family COTINGIDA.

This family, which consists of many peculiar forms, is distributed
in Central America, some of the West India Islands, and the
tropical portion of South America. When Brabourne and Chubb
published their ‘ List of the Birds of South America’ it was
represented by twenty-nine genera and one hundred and twenty-
two species ; twenty of the genera and thirty-two of the species
occur in British Guiana.

Genus TITYRA Vieill.
Tityra Vieillot, Anal. nouv. Orn. p. 89, 1816. Type 7. cayana (Linn.).

Fig. 107.—To show the miniature second primary.

This genus is easily distinguished by the somewhat stout bill
with its rounded and exposed nostrils and sharply hooked upper
mandible, also by the bare space round the eye and almost.entire
absence of rictal bristles. The wing is rounded, the third and
fourth primaries longest and equal, the first about equal in length
to the fifth and the second very short and sharply attenuated.
The tail is almost square at the tip and rather more than half the
length of the wing. The tarsus is about equal in length to that

‘

TITYRA. 267

of the exposed culmen. The hind toe and claw are nearly equal in
length to the middle toe and claw. Coloration: male and female
only slightly different.

524, Tityra cayana.
CAYENNE TITYRA.

Lanius cayanus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 187, 1766 (Cayenne).

Tityra cayana Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 697, 1848; Salvin,
This, 1885, p. 301 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merumé Mts.,
Roraima 8500 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 328, 1888
(Camacusa, Bartica Grove, Roraima); Lloyd, Timehri (2) xi. p. 9,
1897 (nesting) ; Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, pp. 177, 179,
1910 (Hoorie River) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 318,
no. 8200, 1912.

“ Black-tailed Tityra,” “ Frog-birds” (Beebe).

Adult male. Head, sides of face, chin, upper wing-coverts,
flight-quills, and tail black, inner webs of flight-quills inclining
to whitish ; back, scapulars, innermost secondaries, upper tail-
coverts, breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and under wing-
coverts very pale ash-grey inclining to white on the throat and
axillaries; outer edge of wing speekled with black and white;
under surface of tail black.

Total length 205 mm., exposed culmen 24, wing 122, tail 73,
tarsus 24,

The male described was collected on the Ituribisi River in 1909.

. Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the back,
scapulars, and upper tail-coverts darker grey with black shaft-
streaks to the feathers, the chin as well as the throat pure white ;
breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts grey
with dark shaft-streaks to the feathers. Wing 115 mm.

The specimen described was collected at Bartica in 1911.

Breeding-season. December (C. A. Lloyd).

Nest. It nests in holes of trees made by Woodpeckers
(Schomburgk). Cf. Beebe, infra, p. 268.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains, Ituribisi River, Supenaam River, Mazaruni River,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Great Falls Demerara River (Me Connell
collection); Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa,
Bartica (Whitely) ; Hoorie River (Beebe).

268 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Linné), Trinidad, Venezuela,
Colombia, North Brazil, E. Peru.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 697) this
bird frequents the outskirts of the woods and is especially fond of
isolated trees in the cultivated fields close to the Indian settle-
ments. It is very partial to places where a forest fire has
occurred, where it prefers to sit on the dead trees, and is usually
met with in pairs. It nests in holes of trees made by Woud-
peckers. He never saw them on the ground nor in low bush. The
“« Macusis ” and “ Arakunas” call it Owehma.

The following note has been copied from Beebe (Our Search
for a Wilderness, p. 177):—“ Black-tailed Tityra ... Strange
Frog-birds ... . had begun to nest in a small dead stub standing
alone in the centre of the vegetable garden. The birds were
having a hard time of it, carrying stiff, four-inch twigs into a
three-inch hole, but they were succeeding, showing that they
knew better than to hold the twig by the centre. The whole head
to below the eyes and including the upper nape was black, while
the bare skin of the face and the basal two-thirds of the beak
were bright red. The male was uniformly pale bluish-white,
while his mate was distinguished by many rather faint streaks of
black on the breast, sides,and under parts. Both birds alternated
in carrying the nesting material and in arranging it.... the
nesting stub was about six inches in diameter and the hole thirty
feet above the ground.

“These birds lack the bright hues of most of their relatives,
but have the family trait of possessing some queer trick of
plumage. While the first flight-feather of the wing is perfectly
normal, measuring about three and a half inches in length, the
second is a mere parody of a feather, tapering to a point and
reaching a length of less than two inches. Only the true lover
of birds will realize what an effort it took to tear ourselves away
from this pair of birds, whose eggs and young appear to be as
yet undescribed.”

PLATYPSARIS. 269

Genus PLATYPSARIS Sclater.
Platypsaris Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 74. Type P. aglaie (Lafr.).

=

LE —

at er
EFS =e

Fig. 108.—To show the short and peculiar form of the second primary.

In this genus the bill is keeled, the width at the base is about
one-third the length of the exposed culmen, the upper mandible
is sharply hooked, and the nostrils are almost covered. The rictal
bristles are feebly developed. The region of the eye is feathered.
The wing is rounded, the third and fourth primaries longest and
equal, the first about equal in length to the fifth. The tail is
slightly rounded at the tip and about three-fourths the length of
the wing. The feet are slender, the tarsus is about one-third the
length of the tail, and the hind toe and claw are almost equal in
length to the middle toe and claw. Coloration : male and female
entirely different.

525. Platypsaris minor.

Querula minor Less. Traité d’Orn. p. 363, 1880 (Cayenne).

Hadrostomus minor Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 802 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 3387, 1888 (Camacusa, Bartica
Grove).

Platypsaris minor Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 315, no. 3214,
1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface, including the
head, back, wings, and tail, glossy black ; base of scapulars white
which forms a more or less concealed patch ; greater upper wing-
coverts and flight-quills dark brown, the latter white at the base ;

270 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

base of forehead and sides of face dark brown ; chin, upper throat,
breast, abdomen, sides of body, and under tail-coverts dull slaty-
black ; a patch of rose-red on the lower throat; under wing-
coverts and terminal portion of flight-quills below dark brown ;
base of quills and a portion of the outer under wing-coverts white,
the latter extending on to the edge of the wing; lower aspect of
tail dark brown.

Total length 166 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 84, tail 60,
tarsus 19.

The specimen described was collected on the Mazaruni River in
1905.

Adult female. Head and back slate-grey ; outer aspect of wings
rufous ; bastard-wing and inner webs of primary-coverts dark
brown; inner webs of flight-quills, approximate to the shafts, also
dark brown which is confined to the tips on the inner secondaries,
which latter are almost entirely rufous; upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers uniform rufous; sides of face, throat, and entire under sur-
face of body including the under tail-coverts cinnamon-rufous ;
under wing-coverts, inner edges of quills below, and lower aspect
of tail also rufous but deeper in colour ; terminal portion of the
quills below dark brown. Wing 91 mm.

The female from which the description is taken was collected
on the Bonasika River.

Immature male. In its first plumage is like that of the female,
and the first appearance of the male plumage is shown, in a
specimen collected by Whitely at Camacusa, by an indication of
the red collar on the fore-neck.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River, Mazaruni River,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Great Falls Demerara. River (McConnell
collection) ; Kamakusa, Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Northern Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

PACHYRHAMPHUS. 271

Genus PACHYRHAMPHUS Gray.

Pachyrhamphus Gray, List Gen. B. p. 31, 1840. Type P. viridis
(Vieillot).

Fig. 109.—To show the abortive and incised tip of the second primary.

In this genus the bill is more or less depressed, the width at the
base being about four-fifths the length of the exposed culmen, and
the upper mandible hooked at the tip. The rictal bristles are only
slightly developed. The wing is rounded, the third and fourth
primary-quills longest and equal, the second abortive and incised on
the inner web at the tip, and the first about equal in length to the
fifth. The tail is rounded at the tip, the outerinost feather on
each side about 5 mm. shorter than the middle ones, and about
three-fifths the length of the wing. The tarsus is about twice the
length of the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female
diiferent.

Key to the Species.

A. Under surface greyish white.
a. Larger; crown of head black; back

QTC eeseesrererereesseererssesereeee BP, griseigularis 3, p. 272.
a', Crown of head green like the
back ....... P. griseigularis 2, p. 272.

b. Smaller; crown of head black; back
ash-grey, sometimes tinged with
QTCEN oe eeeeeecceecsanseeeessersceeeee LP. rufus S, p. 273.
b'. Crown of head and back rufous. P. rufus 9, p. 278.
B. Under surface slate-black.
c. Crown of head and back black ...... P. macconnelli 3, p. 274,
d. Crown of head and back olive-green ;
under surface lemon-yellow ...... P. macconnelli 2, p. 274.

272 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

C. Under surface pale slate-grey.
e. Crown of head black; back dark
slate-grey intermixed with black. P. atricapillus 3, p. 275.
J. Crown of head and back ochreous
brown; under surface pale sulphur-
yellow listesttsttstststsssesseee P atricapillus Q, p. 276.

526. Pachyrhamphus griseigularis.

GREY-THROATED THICK-BILL.

Pachyrhamphus griseigularis Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 208
(Mount Roraima, 3500 feet), 1884, p. 448; Salvin, This, 1885,
p. 302, pl. viii.; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 339, 1888
(Roraima) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 315, no. 8217,
1912.

Adult male. Crown of head and nape uniform black ; hinder
cheeks, ear-coverts, back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts
yellowish green; wings black with whitish or yellowish-white
margins to the feathers, which are much wider on the inner webs
of the flight-quills ; tail greyish brown fringed with green on the
outer webs and whitish on the inner ones ; throat, breast, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts pale ash-grey; axillaries, under wing-
coverts and inner margins of quills below pale sulphur-yellow ;
remainder of the quills below blackish brown; lower aspect of tail
pale greyish-brown, with white shafts to the feathers and pale
inner edges. “ Bill and feet dark plumbeous” (Cat. B. Brit.
Mus.).

Total length 137 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 76, tail 51,
tarsus 22.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown
of the head green and the upper i ea broadly margined
with chestnut. Wing 73 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection,
and the descriptions are taken from the types in the British
Museum—Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range conjined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima ( W hitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

PACHYRHAMPHUS. (273

527. Pachyrhamphus rufus.

CINEREOUS THICK-BILL.

Pipra rufus Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 27, 1783 (Cayenne).

Pachyrhamphus cinereus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 341, 1888.

Pachyrhamphus rufus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 315,
no. 3221, 1912.

Adult male. Entire crown of head and nape black; back,
scapulars, lesser upper wing-coverts, upper tail-coverts, and
tail green more or less tinged with grey; median and upper
wing-coverts and secondaries greyish brown with whitish edgings;
tail-feathers fringed with white; sides of the face grey; base
of forehead, throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white ;
breast and sides of body grey with a tinge of sulphur-yellow ;
axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills below
very pale yellow, apical portion of quills below dark brown ;
lower aspect of tail grey with whitish edgings.

Total length 124 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 67, tail 47,
tarsus 18.

The specimen described was collected on the Bonasika River in
1911.

Adult female. General colour above and below cinnamon-
rufous, darker on the head where it forms a cap ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and inner webs of flight-quills blackish ; under
surface of body much paler and inclining to white on the abdomen.
Wing 70 mm.

The female described was also collected on the Benasika River.

Immature male. Differs entirely from the adult male and female
in having the crown of the head ochreous-brown intermixed with
black on the nape and sides of the crown, the back, lesser upper
wing-coverts, sides of neck, upper tail-coverts, and a band across
the breast ochreous-yellow much paler on the last, the tail inclining
to cinnamon-rufous, the sides of the face, throat, abdomen, and:
under tail-coverts white, more or less tinged with yellow, and the
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills black, with yellow
margins on the outer webs and white edgings to the inner ones of
the last.

The young male from which the description is taken was
collected on the Supenaam River in 1910.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

VOL. II. T

274 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River, Mazaruni River,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Great Falls Demerara River (McConnell
collection).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (British Museum), Venezuela,

North Brazil, Colombia.
Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

528. Pachyrhamphus macconnelli,
McConnewu’s THICK-BILL.

Bathmidurus niger (nec Spix) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 698,
1848.

Pachyrhamphus niger (nec Spix) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 302 (Roraima,
3500 to 4000 feet); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 348, 1888
(Roraima).

Pachyrhamphus cinereiventris (nec Sclater) Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8.
Amer. 1. p. 316, no. 3227 (part), 1912.

Pachyrhamphus macconnelli Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xl. p. 78,
January 30, 1920. :

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface black, with
white edgings to the feathers of the wings and white tips to the
tail-feathers ; upper tail-coverts slate-grey ; the feathers on the
.crown of the head glossy blue-black which imparts a spotted
appearance ; sides of the face black ; throat and remainder of the
under surface blackish slate-grey, somewhat paler on the lower
abdomen and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts speckled
with black and white; under surface of flight-quills blackish
brown, with paler inner edges; lower aspect of tail black, with
white tips to the feathers. “Bill and feet dark plumbeous”
(Cat. B. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 145 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 73, tail 54,
tarsus 18.

The male bird from which the description is taken was collected
on the Bonasika River in 1911.

Adult female. Crown of head, sides of the face, sides of the neck,
entire back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts yellowish olive-green,
rather darker on the head ; lesser upper wing-coverts olive-brown,

» median and greater series brown, broadly fringed with buff ;

PACHYRHAMPHUS. 275

bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform dark brown ; flight-.
quills also dark brown, with butfy-white edges more broadly on
the inner webs; middle tail-feathers olive-brown slightly tipped
with buff, which increases in extent towards the outermost, where
it occupies about one-third of the entire feather, the remainder or
basal portion of the outer feathers dark brown ; a ring of short
white feathers encircles the eye ; the short feathers at the base of
the forehead pale rust-colour; throat, middle of breast, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts lemon-yellow; axillaries and under wing-
coverts sulphur-yellow; under surface of flight-quills pale brown
with bufty-white inner edges; lower aspect of tail olive, sub-
terminally brown, and broadly tipped with buff. Wing 70 mm.

The female described was collected at the Takutu Mountains in
1909.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Bartica, issequibo River, Bonasika
‘River (McConnell collection); Mount Roraima, 3500 to 4000. ft.
( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 698)
this bird lives in the coast-woods and often visits the isolated
trees near the plantations.

529. Pachyrhamphus atricapillus.
BLAcK-CAPPED THICK-BILL.

Lanius atricapillus Merrem, Aves Icon. et Deser. p. 26, 1784 (Surinam).

Pachyrhamphus atricapillus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 689,
1848 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 302 (Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Bartica
Grove) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 347, 1888 (Bartica
Grove, Camacusa, Merumé Mts.); Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness,
p. 131, 1910 (Georgetown) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i.
p- 816, no. 8232, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of the head black, with glossy blue-black tips
to the feathers ; hind-neck, back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts
dark slate-grey, with more or less blue-black intermixed on the
upper back ; lesser and median upper wing-coverts blue-black,

the latter margined with white; greater coverts and inner
T2

276 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

secondaries black margined with white ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and primary-quills black, the inner webs margined
with white ; tail black tipped with white, much more broadly on
the outer feathers; loral space and a narrow ring of short feathers
round the eye white, a patch of black hair-like feathers in front
of the eye ; ear-coverts greyish brown ; throat, breast, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts ash-grey, somewhat darker on the sides of
the body; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills
below pale sulphur-yellow, the remainder of the under surface
of the quills pale brown; lower aspect of tail black, with white
tips to the feathers.

Total length 127 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 68, tail 46,
tarsus 17.

The male described was collected on the Supenaam River. It
may be observed that in this specimen the flight-quills are some-
what worn and pale in colour. The other male birds in the
collection are moulting.

Adult female. Entirely different from the adult male—having
the crown of the head dark chestnut, the back, scapulars, upper
tail-coverts, sides of face, and sides of breast dull olive-green,
the upper wing-coverts black margined with ferruginous, the
outer margins of the secondary-quills buff, the middle tail-feathers
ochreous, with a dark brown subterminal spot and narrowly
tipped with buff, the outer feathers blackish broadly tipped with
buff, the throat ochreous-yellow, the remainder of the under
suxface pale yellow, including the under wing-coverts, the under
surface of the quills brown with buff inner edges, and the lower
aspect of the tail blackish, with buff tips to the feathers. Wing

65 mm.
The female from which the description is taken was collected

on the Makauria River in August 1910. !

The young male is similar to the adult female in the early
stages of its plumage. It can usually be distinguished, however,
in having the crown of the head dusky instead of chestnut,
and the back ochreous instead of green. The breast very soon
becomes darker, lead-coloured feathers being intermixed with
yellow, and glossy blue-black feathers appear on the crown of the
head. One of the latest remains of youth appears to be the buff
tips to the tail-feathers.

PACHYRHAMPHUS.——LATHRIA. 277

This series of four young birds was collected on the Mazaruni
and Bonasika Rivers.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Mazaruni River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Makauria River,
Arawai River, Great Falls Demerara River, Arwye Creek
(McConnell collection) ; Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa, Bartica
( Whitely) ; Georgetown (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Merrem), Venezuela, Eucador,
Kast Peru.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus LATHRIA Swains.,
Lathria Swainson, Classif. B. ii. p. 255, 1837. Type L. cinerea (Vieill.).

Fig. 110.—Lathria cinerea.

The members of this genus are birds of rather large size with
proportionately small feet. The bill, which is keeled and sharply
hooked at the tip of the upper mandible, is wide and depressed at
the base, where the width is about two-thirds the length of the
exposed culmen. The rictal bristles are moderately developed.
The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest
and equal, the second about equal in length to the sixth, and the
first about equal to the seventh. The tail is almost square at
the tip and about ten-twelfths the length of the wing. The tarsus
is about equal to the middle toe and claw in length. Colo-
ration: male and female similar. :

278 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Key to the Species.

A. Fore-neck, hind-neck, and under. tail-
coverts uniform’ with the rest of
lumage ...... L. cinerea, p. 278.
B. Fore-neck, hind- neck, ‘and “Sunder: “tail
coverts not nniforns with the rest of
the plumage.
a. A collar that encircles the neck and

under tail-coverts rose-red ........ . L.streptophora, &,p. 280.
&. No red collar on the neck; under tail-
coverts chestnut.................. DL. streptophora, 2, p. 280.

530. Lathria cinerea.
Grey Screamine Pina.

Ampelis cinerea Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. viii. p. 162, 1817 (Cayenne).
Lipangus cineraceus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 693, 1848.
Lathria. cinerea Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 8302 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa,
Merumé Mts., Roraima, 3500 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 352, 1888 (Roraima, Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Bartica Grove) ; A
Quelch, Timehri (2) ii. p. 375, 1888 (Abary River); id. op. cit. iv.
p- 115, 1890 (Great Falls Demerara River) ; Beebe, Our Search for
a Wilderness, pp. 188, 246, 307, 342, 392, 1910 (Aremu River) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. 1. p. 317, no. 3238, 1912.
“The Gold or Greenheart Bird” (Beebe); “ Pi-pi-yo”

“ Green-heart Bird” (Quelch).

Adult male. Head, sides of neck, back, scapulars, and upper
tail-coverts slate-grey ; wings and tail brown ; throat and under
surface also grey, but much paler than the upper surface, the
feathers on the throat showing pale shaft-lines; axillaries and
under wing-coverts pale ash-grey ; under surface of flight-quills
and lower aspect of tail greyish brown.

Total length 243 mm., exposed culmen 24, wing 121, tail 107,
tarsus 22.

The male described was collected on the Supenaam River in
1910.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, and differing only in
having the outer aspect of the wing and tips of the tail-feathers
tinged with rufous. Wing 116 mm.

The description of the female is taken from an example oeiteciad
on the Ituribisi River in October 1908.

LATHRIA. 279

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Mazaruni River,
Berbice River, Arawai River, Great Falls Demerara River, Arwye
Creek (McConnell collection); Mount Roraima, Merumé Moun-
tains, Kamakusa, Bartica (W hitely) ; Hoorie River (Beebe).

' Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Vieillot), Brazil, Hast Peru,
Ecuador.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 693) in regard
to this bird that the first time he heard its note it made him most
curious to know the bird. It lived in flocks in tall trees, over the
tops of which it roamed about. In the low bush it was never seen.
It was very difficult to obtain, for, in spite of its shrill voice, its
habit of sitting still and its sober ash-grey colour made it almost
impossible to be seen. As a rule, when one bird uttered a note,
the entire flock repeated the same cry. He was continually hearing
this concert all the day long. He once attempted to pick up a
winged bird which startled him to a degree by its “ ear-splitting ”
note. Although this bird was so common, its nidification was
still unknown to him. The “Warraus” called it Paia-paia, and
the “Macusis” and “ Arekunas” Pai-paischo.

The following notes are quoted from Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri
(2) ii. p. 375), who observed this bird during a collecting trip on
the Abary River, and writes :—“In the forest the shrill piercing
whistle of the ‘Pi-pi-yo’ or green-heart bird (Lathria cinerea)
alone could be heard, and this the only bird seen.” He also met
with it at the Great Falls, and observes (Timehri (2) iv. p. 115) :—
“On all sides the green-heart birds incessantly rang out their
piercing ‘ pi-pi-yo.’”

The following note has been taken from Beebe (Our Search for a
Wilderness, p. 188) :—‘‘The Gold or Greenheart Bird, another
member of the Cotingas or Chatterers, which is as remarkable for
its voice as it is lacking in brilliant colours. Loud as the call is,
it is very ventriloquial and difficult to locate. When directly
beneath the sound, it seems to come from the tops of the highest
trees, 2 hundred feet up, whereas in all probability the bird is not
more than twenty-five teet above our heads, It sits motionless,.

280 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

but the violence of its utterance makes the whole branch vibrate.
The male Goldbird is uniformly ashy or slate-coloured, slightly
darker above, very solitaire-like both in colour and size. The
female is distinguished by a shade of rufous on the wing-coverts
and the tips of the flight-feathers.”

The following note has also been copied from Beebe (Our Search
for a Wilderness, p. 342) :—‘ The Goldbirds, although the size
of large Thrushes, are absolutely indistinguishable in their garb
of dull brown in the shadowy mid-forest, neither descending to
the ground nor ascending to the sun-lit tree-tops.”

531. Lathria streptophora.
PINK-COLLARED Pina.

Lathria streptophora Salvin & Godman, Ihis, 1884, p. 448, pl.xiv. (Roraima,
5000 ft.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 303, 1886, p. 502 (description of
female); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 852, 1888 (Twek-quey
Mt.); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 317, no. 8239, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above and below dark slate-grey ;
flight-quills black, white on the margins of the inner webs towards
the base ; tail black, with grey edgings to the outer webs of the
feathers; under tail-coverts and a collar that completely encircles
the neck rose-red ; throat and under surface slate-grey, but paler
than on the upper parts, particularly on the abdomen; axillaries,
under wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills below pale ash-
grey, remainder of the quills below and lower aspect of tuail
dark brown.

Total length 222 mm., exposed culmen 21, wings 130, tail 91,
tarsus 21.

The male described was collected at Mount Roraima by
Mr. McConnell during his expedition in October 1898.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of
red on the hind-neck and fore-neck and in having the under tail-
coverts chestnut. Wing 123 mm.

. Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima and Twek-quey Mountains ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

LANIOCERCA. 281

Genus LANIOCERCA Less.

Laniocerca Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 358. Type L. hypopyrrha
(Vieill.).

QA

Fig. 111.—Laniocerca hypopyrrha.

This genus is distinguished by the Shrike-like bill, propor-
tionately long tail, and small feet. The bill is somewhat com-
pressed, the width at the base is about three-fifths the length of
the exposed culmen. Rictal bristles only feebly developed. The
wing is rounded, the third and fourth primaries longest and equal,
the second being equal in length to the fifth and the first about
equal to the sixth. The tail is slightly rounded at the tip and
nearly four-fifths the length of the wing, the middle toe and claw
nearly equal in length to the tarsus. Coloration: male and
female similar.

532. Laniocerca hypopyrrha
Rep-BREASTED Movurner.

Ampelis hypopyrrha Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. viii. p. 164, 1817
(Guiana).

Aulia hypopyrrha Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 303 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 354, 1888 (Camacusa, Bartica
Grove).

Laniocerca hypopyrrha Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. p. 317,
no. 8248, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above and below slate-grey with a
hoary tinge ; median and greater upper wing-coverts dark brown,
with ferruginous tips to some of the feathers; bastard-wing,.
primary-coverts, and flight-quills also dark brown, some of
the inner secondaries slightly tipped with buff and with pale
edges to the inner webs ; tail-feathers brown, tipped with buff and
tinged with grey on the outer webs; throat and under surface of

282 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

the body rather paler than the upper parts, especially on the
abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts, with pale shaft-lines to
the feathers ; axillaries and a patch on the sides of the body rich
chestnut ; under wing-coverts grey, with an admixture of pale
rufous and white; under surface of flight-quills pale brown like
the lower aspect of the tail, the latter fringed with buff at the tips.

Total length 191 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 111, tail 82,
tarsus 19, ,

The specimen described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
August 1909.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the upper
wing-coverts darker, the buff spots to the feathers larger, and the
elongated patch of ferruginous feathers tipped with black on the
middle of the abdomen. Wing 106 mm.

The female described was collected on the Supenaam River in
1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Lower Mazaruni River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Makauria River,
Tiger Creek (McConnell collection) ; Bartica, Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Lxtralimital Range. Cayenne, Eastern Brazil, Eastern Peru,
Eastern. Ecuador.

Halts. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus LIPANGUS Boie.
Lipangus Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 318. Type L. simplex (Licht.).

Fig. 112.—To show upper portion of tarsus, hinder aspect.

The species on which this genus was based are somewhat large
for Passerine birds. The bill is depressed laterally at the base, the

LIPANGUS. 283
.

width being rather more than half the length of the exposed culmen,
and the tip of the upper mandible is sharply hooked. The rictal
bristles are strongly developed. The wing is rounded, the second,
third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and subequal, the first
about equal in length to that of the eighth. The tail is square at
the tip and about eight-ninths the length of the wing. The
tarsus is sharply serrated on the upper portion of the hinder
aspect, and the middle toe and claw are about equal in length to
the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female similar.

*

533. Lipangus simplex.
GREYISH MourRNER.

Muscicapa simplex Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. p. 58, 1823 (Bahia).
Lipaugus simplex Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 694, 1848; Salvin,
This, 1885, p. 303 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merumé Mts.); Scl.
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 356, 1888 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa).
Lipangus simplex Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 318, no. 8246,
© 1912. :

Adult male. Head, back, upper wing-coverts, scapulars, rump,
and ‘upper tail-coverts slate-grey like the throat and breast;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, with
slate-grey on the outer webs and pale margins to the inner ones
of the last; tail-feathers somewhat paler than the flight-quills
fringed with lead-grey ; abdomen paler and more so on the under
tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts ; lower surface of
quills brown with pale inner edges ; lower aspect of tail similar
but paler.

Total length 190 mm., exposed culmen 19, wing 98, tail 90,
tarsus 22.

The male specimen was collected at the Great Falls Demerara
River in August 1913.

Adult female, Similar to the adult male, but differs in having the
greater upper wing-coverts, flight-quills, and apical portion of
tail-feathers margined with rufous. Wing 92 mm.

The female described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
1909.

An immature bird from the Kamakabra River like the female,
but more rufous on the wings and tail, and the under wing-coverts
and under tail-coverts inclining to buff.

284 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika
River, Makauria River, Great Falls Demerara River, Tiger Creek
(McConnell collection) ; Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa, Bartica
( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Colombia, Eucador, Hast Peru, Eastern
Brazil. * .

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 694)
this bird has similar habits to those of Lathria cineraceus, but not
the same shrill note. See p. 278.

Genus ATTILA Less.
Attila Lesson, Traité d’Orn. p. 360, 1880. Type A. brasiliensis Less.

Fig. 113.—-To show bill and rictal bristles.

The birds that comprise this genus are of medium size. The
bill is compressed and sharply hooked at the tip of the upper
mandible, the width at the base is about two-thirds the length of
the exposed culmen. The rictal bristles, though short, are strongly
developed. The wing is rounded, the third and fourth primaries
are longest and equal, the second is rather shorter than the fifth but
much longer than the sixth, and the first is about equal in length
to the secondary-quills. The tail is square at the tip, the feathers
rather wide and about five-sevenths the length of the wing. The
tarsus is about one-third longer than the exposed culmen. Colo-
ration: male and female similar.

ATTILA. 285

Key to the Species and Subspecies.

A. Throat and breast rufous; abdomen [p- 285.
buffy-white ....., .. A, spadiceus spadiceus,
B. Throat nae breast olive-brown streaked
with yellow; abdomen pale cream- [p. 286.
colour... A. apedioene uropygialis,
C. Throat and breast grey ‘streaked with [p. 288.
white; abdomen white ............... A. seule spodiostethus.
D. Throat, bitast, and abdomen uniform
cinnamon-rufous .............1:...04. 4. thamnophiloides, p. 289.

534. Attila spadiceus spadiceus.
CAYENNE ATTILA.

Yellow-rumped Flycatcher Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 354, 1783
¢Cayenne).

Muscicapa spadicea Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 937, 1789 (Cayenne).

Attila spadiceus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 862 (part), 1888
(Cayenne); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool. xv. p. 142, 1908 (Cayenne) ;
Brabourne.& Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 258, no. 83253, 1912.

Adult. General colour of the upper surface chestnut-brown,
including the top of the head, sides of the face, hind-neck, sides
of neck, back, and tail; rump and upper tail-coverts orange-
yellow; upper wing-coverts dark brown fringed with rufous ;
primary-coverts and flight-quills also dark brown, with chestnut-
brown margins to the outer wehs of the secondaries and buffy-
white fringes to the inner ones; the forehead covered with
stiffened black bristles ; throat, breast, and sides of body paler than
the back, showing dark obsolete shaft-lines to the feathers ;
abdomen and under tail-coverts cream-colour ; axillaries, under
wing-coverts, and inner margins of flight-quills below cinnamon-
rufous, remainder of quills dark brown.

Total length 158 mm., exposed culmen 19, wing 80, tail 62,
tarsus 24.

This description is taken from an example in the British
Museum, and is said to have come from Cayenne, whence Latham
obtained the bird which he described.

? Immature. Similar to the Cayenne bird described, but the
colours on the upper surface not so bright and the throat and
breast ochreous-brown with whitish fringes to the feathers ;
abdomen silky-white and the lower flanks and under tail-coverts
yellowish buff; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale buff.

286 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Total length 160 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 84, tail 63,
tarsus 22.

The specimen described was collected on the Supenaam River in
1913. There is a second example of this form which was collected
by Mr. McConnell on the Lower Mazaruni River in 1898, and
differs but slightly from the one described from the Supenaam
River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guana. Supenaam River, Lower Mazaruni
River (McConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

535. Attila spadiceus uropygialis.
ScHomBurer’s ATTILA.

Dasycephala uropygialis Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 686, 1848
(British Guiana).

Attila uropygialis Salvin, This, 1885, p. 303 (Bartica Grove) ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 360, 1883 -(Camacusa, Carimang River,
Bartica Grove).

Attila brasiliensis (nec Less.) Salvin, itis, 1885, p. 303 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa); Brabourne & Chubb, B, 8. Amer. i. p. 318, no. 8251
(part), 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, back, scapulars, and lesser upper
wing-coverts reddish brown; median and greater upper wing-
coverts blackish brown, with buffy-white margins to the feathers;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform dark brown ; flight-
quills blackish brown, inclining to ochreous-brown ‘on the outer
margins and white or buffy-white on the inner ones ; rump and
upper tail-coverts yellow; tail rufous-brown, becoming darker
towards the tip; base of forehead, lores, and feathers above the
eye yellow at the base, with black hair-like bristles; sides of face
and ear-coverts ochreous ; chin grey, with black hair-like shafts to
the feathers ; fore-neck and breast ochreons-brown, the feathers
fringed with yellow; abdomen, lower flanks, and vent white ;
under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts yellow ; the
greater series of the last and inner margins of the flight-quills
below buff; remainder of the quill-lining dark brown; lower
aspect of tail rufous-brown. “Bill blackish and feet dark”
(Schomburgk).

ATTILA. 287

Total length 165 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 85, tail 62,
tarsus 23.

The specimen described was collected on the Lower Mazaruni
River by Mr. McConnell during his expedition to Mount Roraima
in 1898, and is in similar plumage to that described by Cabanis
in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 686.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 82 mm.

Although I have examined a fairly large series (between twenty
and thirty individuals), the number of sexed and dated specimens
is insufficient to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion in regard to
the sequence of plumages. It appears to me desirable, therefore,
to uphold the two species that have been described from the
colony until the time when there is sufficient material to solve
the problem ; but:from the variety of plumages exhibited in this
series, I should not be surprised to learn that there is a third
species even, as there are two specimens in the McConnell
collection which are quite different from the rest.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Lower Mazaruni River, Bartica, Bona-
sika Hiver, Makauria River, Arawai River, Berbece River
(McConnell collection); Bartica, Kamakusa, Kamarang River
(Whately).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne, Surinam (Penard), Trinidad,
Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

When Brabourne & Chubb compiled their ‘ List of the Birds of
South America’ they followed some of the previous authors in
supposing that Lesson’s bird—Attila brasiliensis—came from
Cayenne, not from “ Brasil” as he himself stated. On looking
up the literature again, however, I see no direct evidence why
Lesson’s locality should be made to read Cayenne, as his original
‘description appears to apply equally well to Muscicapa uropygiata
Wied, and I notice, too, that the late Dr. P. L. Sclater was of that
opinion also, as he has marked one of the specimens in the
British Maseum from South-Hast Brazil, which was previously in
his collection, “ Attila brasiliensis compared with type in Mus.

Par. P. LS.”

288 BIRDS OF, BRITISH GUIANA.

I suggest, therefore, that Lesson’s name Attila brasiliensis, which
has priority over M. uropygiata Wied, be used for the Brazilian
bird, while I continue to use Attila uropygialis, which is without
doubt the correct name, for the British Guiana bird.

536. Attila spadiceus spodiostethus.
GREY-BREASTED ATTILA.

Attila spodiostethus Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 209 (Bartica
Grove); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 8304 (Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 360, 1888. _

Attila brasiliensis (nec Less.) Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 318,
no. 8251 (part), 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, and hind-neck slate-
grey, with dark shaft-lines to the feathers on the top of the head ;
back, scapulars, and lesser upper wing-coverts dark bronze-green ;
rump and upper tail-coverts bright lemon-yellow; wings blackish,
with whitish outer margins to the median and greater upper wing-
coverts, becoming olive-grey on the outer edges of the primary and
secondary quills, which are margined with dull white on the
inner webs ; tail rufous-brown, becoming darker at the tip ; base
of forehead, lores, and eyelids greyish white, with short and
stiffened black bristles on the lores and base of forehead ; throat,
sides of neck, breast, and sides of breast slate-yrey, with whitish
margins to the feathers, which increase in width towards the
abdomen and become uniform whitish on the lower flanks, vent,
and under tail-coverts; axillaries and under wing-coverts lemon-
yellow ; under surface of flight-quills dark brown with pale inner
edges ; lower aspect of tail cinnamon-rufous at the base, becoming
darker towards the tip.

Total length 168 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 88, tail 63,
tarsus 24.

The specimen described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
February 1907.

Adult female. General colour above rust-brown, including the
crown of the head, sides of face, hind-neck, back, scapulars, lesser
upper wing-coverts, innermost secondaries, and tail; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, median and greater upper wing-coverts,
and flight-quills black, with ferruginous margins to the median
and greater coverts and flight-quills, the inner edgings of the

ATTILA. 289

last buffy-white; lower back inclining to chestnut ; rump and
upper tail-coverts lemon-yellow; a supraloral streak, which is
continued over to behind the eye, and eyelids yellowish white ;
throat, breast, sides of neck, and sides of breast yellowish green,
with pale margins to the feathers on the middle of the throat and
middle of the breast ; the feathers on the upper abdomen inclining
to slate-grey ; lower abdomen, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts
dull white more or less tinged with yellow; axillaries and under
wing-coverts and inner margins of quills below buff. Wing 80 mm.

The female described was collected at Bartica Grove in 1911.

Immature male. Differs from the adult male in its shorter bill
and in having the axillaries and under wing-coverts white. It
also differs in having the top of the head, hind-neck, and back
dark coffee-brown, not grey, and the rump and upper tail-coverts
buff instead of lemon-yellow.

The immature male described was collected on the Supenaam
River in 1910.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam
River, Bartica (McConnell collection) ; Bartica ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

537. Attila thamnophiloides.
Sprx’s ATTILA.

Muscicapa thamnophiloides Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 19, pl. 26, fig. 1, 1825
(‘in locis sylvaticus fl. Amazonum” ). :

‘ Dasycephala thamnophiloides Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 686,
1848.

Attila thamnophiloides Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 304; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xiv. p. 364, 1888 (Demerara); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8.
Amer. i. p. 819, no. 8263, 1912.

Aduli female, General colour above and below cinnamon-rufous,
paler on the tail and inclining to yellowish buff on the abdomen
and under tail-coverts ; median and greater upper wing-coverts
dark brown, margined with rufous like the flight-quills ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts uniform dark brown ; flight-quills dark
brown, with pale rufous margins to the inner webs ; under wing-
coverts pale cinnamon ; under surface of quills brown with pale
inner edges ; lower aspect of tail similar to that above but paler.

VOL. II. U

290 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Total length 191 mm., exposed culmen 24, wing 84, tail 84,
tarsus 22.

The specimen described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
August 1909.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female but slightly larger.
Wing 88 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Mazaruni River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Abary River, Anarika
River (MeConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Northern Brazil, Hast Peru.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 686)
this bird was met with by him in the woods near the coast. He
observed it on the ground as well as in the low bushes, and usually
in the vicinity of rivers. This note applies also to A. uropygialis,
supra, p. 286.

Genus PH@NICOCERCUS Swains. ,

Phenicocercus Swainson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 491, 1831. Type
P. carnifex (Linn.).

Fig. 114.—To show the peculiar form of the fourth primary.
This genus is easily distinguished by the brilliant coloration of

PHENICOCERCUS. 291

the male, the short bill, and the peculiar wing formula. Female
much less bright.

538. Phoenicocercus carnifex. «
Rep CHATTERER.

Ampelis carnifex Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 298, 1766 (Surinam).

Phenicocercus carnifex Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 695, 1848 ;
Brown, Canoe and Camp Life in British Guiana, p. 40, 1876 (Puruni
River); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 304 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 367, 1888 (Demerara) ; Brabourne
& Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 820, no. 8267, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head bright red ; lores, a ring of short
feathers round the eye, nape, hind-neck, and upper back black ;
upper wing-coverts chestnut-brown, with dark margins to the
feathers; innermost secondaries also chestnut-brown ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills dark brown, with white
margins to the inner webs of the primaries and pale rufous to those
of the secondaries, with chestnut-brown edges to the outer webs
of the latter; tips of tail-feathers ruddy brown; rump, upper
tail-coverts, tail; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts bright
scarlet-red ; throat umber-brown; ear-coverts and breast dark
maroon; under wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous ; tlight-quills
below pale brown with paler edgings; lower aspect of tail-
feathers bright pink, darker at the tips.

Total length 201 mm., exposed culmen 23, wing 92, tail 73,
tarsus 26.

The specimen described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
October 1908.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being olive-green
above, crown of head and tail dull brick-red, throat olive-green
tinged with red, middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts in-
clining to pink, breast and sides of abdomen red, axillaries and
under wing-coverts pale yellow, and the lower aspect of the tail
slighly tinged with dull red. Wing 109 mm.

The female from which the description is taken was collected
on the Ituribisi River in 1909.

The young male assumes the plumage of the female on tho
upper surface, but is brighter and more uniform red on the lower
parts, and the axillaries and upper wing-coverts inclining to orange-

colour.
u2

992 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Another example more advanced in age has the bright red
upper tail-coverts and the approach of dark feathers on the back
and upper wing-coverts.

The two specimens mentioned above were collected on the
Mazaruni River—one by Mr. McConnell himself during his ex-
pedition to Mount Roraima in 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Mazaruni River,
Tiger Creek, Arwye River, Great Falls Demerara River, Arawai
River (McConnell collection); Puruni River (Brown); Kamakusa,
Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. North Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 685) that this
gorgeous bird is seen throughout the year in the woods of the
whole of British Guiana ; and yet he was unable to learn anything
about its nidification. It lives solitary or in pairs in the woods
and is rather fond of Ficus-trees. The female is larger than the
male, but she has not the brilliant colours by which he is dis-
tinguished. The “ Macusis” call it Ischararia, the “ Arekunas”
Ischaranare, and the settlers Firebird.

_ Genus RUPICOLA Briss.
Rupicola Brisson, Orn. iv. p. 487, 1760. Type &. rupicola (Linn.).

Fig. 115.—To show wing formula.

This genus differs from the allied genera by the large and

RUPICOLA. 293

compressed, crest which reaches from the tip of the bill to the
nape, the unusual formation of the upper tail-coverts, the peculiar
formation of the first or outer primary-quill, the partially feathered
tarsi, and the large feet. Coloration: male and female different.

539. Rupicola rupicola.
Cock oF THE Rock.

Pipra rupicola Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 338, 1766 (Surinam).

Eupicola crocea Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. i. p. 442, iii. p. 695,
1848 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 304 (Camacusa, Meramé Mts., Ata-
purau River); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit, Mus. xiv. p. 369, 1888 (Cara-
mang River, Merumé Mts. ., Atapurow River, Camacusa) ; Lloyd,
Timehri (2) xi. p. 9, 1897 (nesting).

Rupicola cayanna Brown, Canoe and Camp Life in British Guiana,
p- 228, 1876 (Upper Essequibo).

Rupicola rupicola Brabowne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 304, no. 3269,
1912.

Adult male. General colour above and below bright orange-
red ; the feathers of the crest are darker subapically and form
a semicircular line; some of the greater upper wing-eoverts brown
fringed with orange; bastard-wing white, with more or less smoke-
brown on the apical portion; primary-coverts uniform brown tipped
with buffy-white ;'flight-quills dark brown, with a large amount
of white on the inner webs, the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth,
and seventh more or less white on the outer webs, the inner
primary and secondary quills edged with white at the tips, be-
coming orange on the innermost, where the outer webs are
elongated and disintegrated and also orange-colour ; tail dark
brown with an orange tinge, the feathers orange on the outer
webs at the base, and pale orange or white at the tips; a ring of
short white feathers encircles the eye; greater under wing-coverts
and under surface of flight-quills brown, the latter broadly fringed
with white on the inner webs; lower aspect of tail also brown
tipped with pale orange.

Total length 259 mm., culmen (from the base of skull) 26
wing 175, tail 84, tarsus 35.

The specimen described was collected on the Curubung River by
Mr. McConnell during his expedition to Mount Roraima in
September 1898.

294 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Adult female. General colour above and below paler and in-
clining‘to golden brown on the innermost secondaries and tail-
feathers ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale orange. Wing
160 mm. ;

The female described was also collected by. Mr. McConnell
during his expedition to Mount Roraima in September 1898.

The young male in its first plumage is like the female, and the
first sign of male attire is usually seen by the approach of orange-
coloured feathers on the middle of the abdomen, under tail-coverts,
and upper tail-coverts. In another specimen, which is in a more
advanced stage, the remains ‘of female plumage may be observed
on the sides of the head, hind-neck, and scapulars.

The young male mentioned above was also collected by
Mr. McQonnell in September 1898 during his expedition to
Mount Roraima.

Breeding-season. Chiefly in May (Schomburgk, Reis. Guian. i.
p- 432). “On the Savannah the Cock-of-the-Rock lays in March”
(C. A. Lloyd).

Nest. The nest is placed in deep fissures of the rocks, and is
pasted on the walls of the fissures in the same manner as the
European Swallows’ nests are, and often in a sheltered place. It
is composed of fibres of plants and made adhesive by the use of
a somewhat solid resin, which is also used in fixing the nest to the
sides of the rock. The whole of the outside structure is covered
with this glutinous substance. It appears, like many other birds,
to use the same nest year after year by adding only another layer
of plant fibres and a few feathers each season, as several other
nests were observed with numerous layers in each (Schomburgk,
Reis. Guian. i. p. 432).

eggs. Two in number ; white dotted with black (Schomburgk,
Reis. Guian. i. p. 432).

Range in British Guiana, Curubung River (McConnell col-
lection) ; Upper Hssequibo River (Brown); Kamakusa, Merumé
Mountains, Kamarang River (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Linné); Cayenne, Northern
Brazil, Venezuela.

Habits. In reference to this bird, Schomburgk writes (Reis.
Guian. 1. p. 442) :—“ We suddenly heard at some distance the
well-known call of the ‘OQock of the Rock.’ We crawled most
carefully and noiselessly for about a thousand steps through the

RUPICOLA. 295

bush, which led us to a somewhat open space, and, peering most
carefully through the bushes, we were fortunate enough to see
the ‘dance’ of this bird. There were about twenty birds—male
and female—perched on the bushes surrounding the level ground
in the open space uttering their encouraging cries to a male, this
bird with lowered wings and outspread tail, which it moved up
and down, now and then scratching the ground, walking round
and round, and jumping into the air until apparently exhausted it
flew back to join those sitting on the bushes. This was imme-
diately followed by another that went through the same per-
formance. The females remained perched all the time uttering
their notes of encouragement. ‘The bird appears to be very
delicate, as the slighest touch of a shot seems to kill it.”

Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 694) that he only met
with this gorgeous bird in two localities in British Guiana—viz.,
on the rocky Canuku Mountains and on the Sand-stone rocks,
Awarimatta on Wenamu, a tributary of the Upper Cuyuni River.
They were in large numbers in both localities. It has been said
that it inhabits and breeds in the caves in these places, but this is
not correct as far as A. crocea is concerned. The only time he
saw it on the ground was when it was dancing. He never found
it nesting on trees—as HK. peruviana does according to Tschudi—but
it builds its nests on the rock-walls like the Martins. It lives in
flocks and has a very unpleasant call. Its food appears to consist
of fruit only, if one may judge by the contents of the stomachs of
those examined. It does not live long in confinement, for though
he had often seen immature birds in cages, he had never seen one
in the orange plumage of the adult. He was of opinion, there-
fore, that they died at an early age. The nidification is not
restricted to any particular season of the-year, as he had seen
immature birds in the possession of the natives during the months
of April and May and also of December. The full plumage of the
adult bird reaches its perfection in March. Its flesh, which is
good-flavoured, has a peculiar yellow-orange colour.

The natives call it Kabanaru, and use its feathers for adorn-
ments. ,

Brown (Canoe and Camp Life, p. 228) gives the following note
on this bird :—‘ Cocks of the Rock (Rupicola cayanna) were
numerous in the surrounding thickets, where their sharp disagree-
able cry was frequently heard. They are so restless, jumping

296 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

from bough to bough and tree to tree, that Paulie, who was
trving tc shoot them, started five, but only succeeded in ob-
taining one specimen. He found a dancing place of these birds
in a thicket, the ground being beaten down quite smooth by their
feet ; and on visiting it early in the morning with Ben, the two
together succeeded in shooting two cocks and a hen bird. They
told me that there were numbers around the dancing place, and
that the two cocks they shot were strutting about with their
feathers distended, showing themselves off before the rest.”

Genus EUCHLORNIS de Fil.

Euchlornis de Filippi, Mus. Mediol. An. Vert. cl. ii. p. 31, 1847. Type
E. rieffert (Boiss.).

Fig. 116.—Huchlornis riefferi.

In this genus the bill is depressed at the base, sharply hooked
at the tip, and the posterior portion of the nostrils feathered. The
wing is rounded, the fourth and fifth primaries Jongest and sub-
equal, the third about equal to the sixth and the second about
equal to the seventh. The tail is square at the tip and about three-
fourths the length of the wing. The tarsus is about twice the length
of the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female different.

_ 540. Euchlornis whitelyi.
WHitELy’s CHATTERER.

Pipreola whitelyi Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 449 (Roraima,
6000 ft.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 304, 1886, p. 502, pl. xii. (Twek-
quey Mt., 3000 ft.).

Euchlornis whitelyi Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p, 322, no. 8290,
1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, nape, and sides of face dark slate-
grey ; back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts olive-green ; outer

EUCHLORNIS, , 297

aspect of wing ochreous-brown ; bastard-wing, inner webs of
the greater coverts and primary-coverts blackish ; inner webs of
flight-quills blackish brown, broadly margined on the basal portion
with buffy-white; tail dark bronze-brown; lores, superciliary
streak, collar on hind-neck, and sides of breast dark orange-
yellow ; breast scarlet ; throat, abdomen, sides of body, and thighs
olive-grey ; vent pale sulphur-yellow ; under tail-coverts and quill-
lining pale dusky brown like the under surface of the tail.
“Bill dark red; eye reddish hazel; legs, toes, and claws red”
(Hl. Whitely).

Total length 177 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 95, tail 64,
tarsus 22. :

The male described was collected by H. Whitely on Mount
Twek-quey, Kamarang River, 3000 feet, January 18, 1886, and
is now in the British Museum—Salvin-Godman collection.

Adult female. General colour above green; outer aspect of
wing and tail inclining to golden green, inner webs of bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, flight-quills, and tail-feathers dark brown ;
sides of the neck yellowish green, with whitish margins to the
feathers; throat white, with blackish shaft-lines to the feathers ;
remainder of the under surface pale lemon-yellow, with broad
black shaft-streaks to the feathers; greater under wing-coverts,
quill-lining, and lower aspect of tail greyish brown.

Total Jength 180 mm., exposed culmen (from base of skull) 16,
wing 93, tail 61, tarsus 24.

The female described was collected at Mount Roraima in October
1898 by Mr. McConnell.

Immature male. Similar to the adult female on the upper sur-
face, but differs in having the top of the head dusky, with buff
shaft-lines, which terminate in pear-shaped marks to the feathers
on the crown and hind-neck; the tips of the upper wing-coverts
golden; the feathers of the lower back and upper tail-coverts have
whitish tips; under surface for the most part grey, varied by dark
margins to some of the feathers and yellowish white on the throat,
breast, abdomen, flanks, and under wing-coverts; under tail-coverts
yellowish; a few red feathers approaching on the middle of the
breast.

The young se described above was also collected by
Mr. McConnell during his expedition to Mount Roraima in 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

298 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

iNest. Unrecorded.
Fags. Undescribed.
Range conjined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell

collection) ; Mount Roraima, Mount Twek-quey ( Whitely).
Habits. Unrecorded.
Genus COTINGA Briss."
Cotinga Brisson, Ornith. ii. p. 340, 1760. Type C. cotinga (Linn.).

Fig. 117.—To show the attenuated outer primaries.

The chief character in this genus is the attenuated outer
primaries of the males. The bill is short, the width at the base
being almost equal to the length of the exposed culmen. The wing
is somewhat pointed, the second and third primaries longest and
subequal, the first shorter than the fifth but much larger than the
sixth. The tail is square at the tip and nearly three-tenths the
length of the wing. The tarsus is about equal in length to the
middle toe and claw. Coloration: male and female entirely
different.

Key to the Species.

A. Head, back, vent, and under tail-coverts dark
blue; throat and breast purple ............ C. cotinga, 3, p. 299.

‘a. Upper and under surface darker; throat
grey, with dark centres to the feathers... C. cotinga, 9, p. 299.

B. Head, back, breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts pale blue; throat only purple ... 'C. cayana, 3, p. 300.

&. Upper and under surface paler; throat

uniform grey, without black centres to
feathers or...cccccseeeesstsseresesesseneee OL. cayana, 2, p. 800.

COTINGA. 299

541. Cotinga cotinga.
PURPLE-BREASTED CHATTERER.

Ampelis cotinga Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 298, 1766; Cab. in Schomb. Reis.
Guian. iii. p. 693, 1848.

Ampelis cerulea Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 698, 1848.

Cotinga caerulea Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 304 (Bartica crate Atapurau
River); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 382, 1888 (Carimang
River, Atapurow River, Bartica Grove).

ae aeae Brabourne & Chubb, Birds 8. Amer. i, p. 322, no. 8291,

Adult male. Head, sides of face, hind-neck, entire back, upper
wing-coverts, scapulars, upper and under tail-coverts, lower
abdomen, and flanks ultramarine blue, with black bases to the
feathers ; base of forehead and a ring of short feathers round the
eye Black: greater upper wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, flight- quills, and tail- “feathers uniform black; throat,
breast, and abdomen rich purple, with white bases to the feathers ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts black, some of the feathers
tipped with blue, especially those round the edge of the wing;
under surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of the tail silky
black.

Total length 170 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 109, tail 62,

tarsus 19.

The specimen described was collected on the Ituribisi River.

Adult female. General colour above, including the head, back,
wings, and tail, blackish brown, with white or bufty-white edges to
the feathers, more broadly on the inner margins of the flight-
quills ; throat grey, with rather darker centres to the feathers ;
remainder of under surface dark brown, with white edgings to the
feathers becoming creamy-buff on the abdomen and flanks, where
the margins are increased in width ; under tail-coverts, axillaries,
and under wing-coverts uniform buff, the small coverts on the
outer edge of the wing dark brown margined with buff; inner edges
of the quills and tail-feathers also butf; the remaining portion of
the quill-lining, greater under wing-coverts, and lower aspect of
tail greyish brown.

Wing 109 mm.

The female described was also collected on the Ituribisi River.

The young male in its first plumage is similar to the adult
female but somewhat darker.

300 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

An immature example collected on the Mazaruni River in 1905
shows the approach of male attire in having blue feathers scattered
on the upper surface and under tail-coverts and purple ones ap-
pearing on the breast and abdomen.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Kako River, Ituribisi River, Supe-
naam River, Mazaruni River, Bartica, Bonasika River (McConnell
collection) ; Kamarang River, Atapurau River, Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard); Cayenne, North Brazil.

Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 693) mentions this bird as
being common near Demerara in the months of January and
February in large flocks. The “ Macusis” called it Zarika.

542. Cotinga cayana.
CAYENNE CHATTERER.

Ampelis cayana Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 298, 1766 (Cayenne) ; Cab. in
Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 693, 1848.

Cotinga cayenna Brown, Canoe and Camp Life, British Guiana, p. 395,
1876 (Upper Mazaruni River).

Cotinga cayana Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 305 (Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 385, 1888 (Bartica Grove) ; Brabourne & Chubb,
B.S. Amer. i. p. 822, no. 3298, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, entire back, and upper
tail-coverts pale blue like the breast, abdomen, sides of body, and
under tail-coverts; wings and tail black ; upper and under wing-
coverts edged with blue; flight-quills and tail-feathers narrowly
margined with blue, but somewhat darker ; throat‘purple ; under
surface of flight-quills blackish, cream-white on the inner edges ;
lower aspect of tail black.

Total length 191 mm., culmen (from base of skull) 18, wing
109, tail 70, tarsus 21.

Adult female. Head, back, and wings brown, with pale narrow
edges to the feathers ; greater upper wing-coverts, inner edges of
primary and secondary quills edged with fulvous; tail-feathers
pale brown, with a ruddy tinge on the inner webs; ear-coverts
grey, with pale shaft-streaks to the feathers; throat uniform
lead-grey; breast, abdomen, sides of body, and under tail-coverts
pale brown, with buffy-white edges to the feathers; axillaries,
under wing-coverts, and inner margins of the quill-lining rufous-

COTINGA.— XIPHOLENA. 301

buff; remainder of quill-lining dark brown; lower aspect of tail
pale brown with a ruddy tinge. Wing 110 mm.

The specimens described were collected on the Ituribisi River
in October 1908.

The young male of this species, as in C. cotinga, in its first
plumage is similar to the adult female but rather darker, and the
first appearance of the male dress is usually noticed by the scat-
tered blue feathers on the head, mantle, abdomen, upper and under
tail-coverts, and the approach of purple on the throat.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana. =~

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Tturibisi River, Supenaam River,
Mazaruni River, Bartica, Great Falls Demerara River, Arawai

“River (McConnell cullection); Upper Mazaruni River (Brown) ;
Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, East Ecuador, Hast Peru,
North Brazil. :

Habits. The following note has been copied from (. Barrington
Brown (Canoe and Camp Life, p. 395) :—‘‘ Numbers of purple-
throated Cotingas (Cotinga cayenna) were to be seen feeding on
the berries of shrubs about the houses, and on the seeds of the
silver-bally tree in the adjacent bush.”

Genus XIPHOLENA Gloger.

Xipholena Gloger, Hand-u. Hilfsb. d. Nat. p.320,1842. TypeX. punicea
(Pall.).

Fig. 118.—To show the formation of the major-coverts.

This genus is distinguished chiefly by the elongation and peculiar
: #

302 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

shape of the greater upper wing-coverts, which have stiffened shafts.
The bill.is depressed at the base and hooked at the tip of the
upper mandible, the width at the base is about four-fifths the length
of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the second, third,
fourth, and fifth primaries longest, the first about equal in length
to that of the sixth. The tail is proportionately short and square
at the tip and the tarsus about equal in length to the middle toe
and claw. Coloration: male and female entirely different.

543. KXipholena punicea.
PomPaDoUR CHATTERER.

Turdus puniceus Pallas, Adumbr. Vroeg’s Catal. p. 2, no. 99, 1764.

AXipholena pompadora Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 698, 1848 ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 3805 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merumé
Mts., River Atapurau); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 387,
1888 (Camacusa, Atapurow River, Bartica Grove); Beebe, Our
Search for a Wilderness, p. 176, 1910 (Hoorie Creek).

AXipholena punicea Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 323, no. 3297,
1912. :

Adult male. Head, entire back, upper wing-coverts, tail, throat, .
and entire under surface deep. lossy purple, rather paler on the
innermost secondaries and tail; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and flight-quills, above and below, pure white, with blackish-
brown tips to some of the primary-quills; axillaries and under
wing-coverts also pure white ; lower aspect of tail rose-pink.

Total length 188 mm., exposed culmen 21, wing 125, tail 70,
tarsus 22.

The specimen from which the above description is taken was
collected by Mr. McConnell on the Cako River in October 1898
during his expedition to Mount Roraima.

Adult female. General colour above dark earth-brown, including
the head, back, upper wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills darker and in-
clining to black ; outer edges of the major upper wing-coverts
and secondary-quills fringed with white, inner webs of flight-
quills margined with white ; tail dark brown ; sides of face, throat,
and under surface greyish brown, darker on the breast and paler
on the vent; under tail-coverts pale grey; under surface of
flight-quills pale brown with. pale inner edges ; lower aspect of
tail also pale brown. Wing 117 mm.

‘

XIPHOLENA.—IODOPLEURA. 303

The female described was collected at Bartica in 1911.

The young male is similar to the adult female in its first
plumage. The first appearance of the male dress I notice in one
example is the approach of purple on the scapulars and middle of
the abdomen, while in another specimen which has nearly attained
the full plumage of the adult male it still retains, for the most
part, the blackish-brown flight-quills of the female.

The young bird referred to was collected at the Great Falls
Demerara River in August 1913.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Cako River, Ituribisi River, Bartica,
Great Falls Demerara River (McConnell collection) ; Bartica,
Kamakusa, Merumé Mountains, Kamarang River ( Whitely) ;
Hoorie Creek (Beebe).

Exiralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Brit. Mus.),
North Brazil.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. ii. p. 90) this
bird is not found in the woods during the months from March to
October, but is common in November, December, and to about the
middle of January. He did not know the time of its nidification.

Schomburgk also writes (op. cit. iii. p.693):—This gorgeous bird
is also of sporadic occurrence in British Guiana. Near Demerara
it is found during the months of December, January, and Feb-
ruary, and near the Upper Takutu River in April. Its favourite
food is the red fruits of the small Ficus, also the Brosimum species.
I have never seen quite young birds, but only those in the transit
plumage of an approximate age of two to three years. The
“ Arawaaks” call it Wallaba.

Genus IODOPLEURA Less.
Todopleura Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 45. Type I. pipra (Less.).

Fig. 119.—Jodopleura pipra.

The species on which this genus was found are birds of small

304 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

size. The width of the bill at the base is about equal to the length
of the exposed culmen, and the nostrils are covered with feathers.
The wing is rounded, the second and third primaries longest, and
the first is about equal to the fourth. The tail is square at and
about half the length of the wing. The tarsus is about twice the
length of the exposed culmen.

\

Key to the Species.

A. Smaller, wing less than 65 mm.; throat and

under tail-coverts cinnamon ............... L leucopygia, p. 804.
B. Larger,wing more than 65 mm.; throat dark

smoke-brown; under tail- coverts white. I. Jusca, p. 805.

‘ 544. Iodopleura leucopygia.
WHITE-RUMPED CHATTERER.

sae hoa pipra (nec Less.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 697,

Lodopleura leucopygia Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 805 (British Guiana) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 393, ‘pl. xxvi, 1888; Brabourne &
Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 823, no. 3305, 1912,

Adult, General colour of the upper surface dusky brown, in-
cluding the top of the head, back, wings, and tail; rump white;
inner webs of flight-quills margined with white; ear-coverts, sides
of neck, and hind-neck inclining to dark slate-grey ; throat and
under tail-coverts cinnamon ; breast and sides of body white with
dark edges to the feathers ; abdomen white; axillaries lilac ; under
wing-coverts and base of quills white; marginal under wing-
coverts and apical portion of quills and lower aspect of tail dark
brown.

Total length 93 mm., exposed culmen 6, wing 54, tail 27,
tarsus 15.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the description is taken from the type in the British Museum
-—Salvin-Godman colleetion.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range conjined to British Guiana. “ British Guiana” ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

IODOPLEURA. 305

545. Iodopleura fusca.
Dusky CHarrERER.

Ampelis fusca Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. viii. p. 162, 1817 (Guiana).

Todopleura pipra (nec Less.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iti. p. 697,
1848 (near Demerara).

Lodopleura fusca Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 8330, 1882 (Guiana); id.
Ibis, 1885, p. 8305 (Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 393, 1888 (Demerara); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i.
p. 824, no. 3807, 1912.

Adult female. General colour above black, including the top of
the head, sides of the face, entire back, wings, and tail; inner
margins of flight-quills white; rump white; upper tail-coverts
and tail black; sides of face and sides of breast blackish ; throat,
breast, and sides of body dark smoke-brown; middle of abdomen,
under tail-coverts, a patch on the sides of the body, axillaries,
under wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills below white; outer
edge of wing black; flight-quills dark brown on the under surface
like the lower aspect of the tail. ‘

Total length 107 mm., exposed culmen 5, wing 75, tail 36,
tarsus 13.

The specimen described was collected on the Makauria River in
August 1910.

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in having the patch
on the sides of the lower breast violet, instead of white, and in
being slightly larger. Wing 80 mm.

The male described was collected in “ Demerara” and is now in
the British Museum—Gould collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Makauria River, Demerara River
(McConnell collection); Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (British
Museum).

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 697)
this bird is supposed to be migratory near Georgetown. It appears
at the same time as the Ampelis species, feeds on the same fruits,
and disappears with them. Its nidification was unknown to him.

VOL. II. x

306 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus HEMATODERUS Bonap.

Hematoderus Bonap. Ann. Sc. Nat. (sér. 4), Zool. t. i. p. 184, 1854.
Type H. mélitaris (Lath.).

i aU pm

f

Fig. 120.—Hematoderus militaris.

This monotypic genus is conspicuous by its large size and
gorgeous colour. The bill is proportionately short, wide at the
base, and hooked at the tip. The wing is nearly twice the length
of the tail, and the middle toe and claw exceed the length of the
tarsus. Coloration: male and female different.

546. Heematoderus militaris.
Crimson FRUIT-EATER.

Coracias mtlitarts Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxvii, 1801 (Cayenne).

Threnoédes militaris Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ili. p. 690, 1848.

Hematoderus militaris Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p.305 ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xiv. p. 395, 1888; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 324,
no. 3309, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above and below crimson-red, with
white bases to the feathers; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, flight-
quills, and tail-feathers blackish brown ; under surface of quills
and lower aspect of tail greyish brown.

Total length 350 mm., exposed culmen 25, wing 221, tail 127,
tarsus 28,

HEMATODERUS—QUERULA. 307

The exact locality in British Guiana of the male described is
not known.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the entire-
back, scapulars, and greater portion of the upper wing-coverts
blackish brown; under surface paler and inclining to rose-pink.
Wing 216 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Tiger Hill, Demerara River (AfcCon-
nell collection); Canuka Mountains (Schomburgh).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Latham), North Brazil.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 690)
this bird is only a migrant in British Guiana and very local in its
distribution. He met with it in the Canuku Mountains, but only
during the months of June and July, when the fruits on which it
feeds were ripe. Schomburgk did not observe it breeding. The
‘*Macusis”’ called it Warara-tarika.

Genus QUERULA Vieill.

Querula Vieillot, Analyse nouv. Orn. p. 37,1916. Type Q. purpurata
(P. L. 8. Miill.).

Fig. 121.—Querula purpurata.
This monotypic genus is easily distinguished by its almost entire
black plumage. The bill is short and wide—its width at the base
x2

308 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

exceeds the length of the exposed culmen, and the upper mandible
is sharply hooked. The rictal bristles are onlv feebly developed.
The tarsus is ubout equal in length to the middle toe and claw.
Coloration: male and female different.

547. Querula purpurata.
Puree Fruit-Crow.

Muscicapa purpurata P. L. 8. Miill. Nat. Syst. Suppl. p. 169, 1776
(Cayenne).

Threnoédus rubricollis Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 691, 1848.

Querula cruenta Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 8305 (Bartica Grove); Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 896, 1888 (Bartica Grove).

Querula purpurata Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 824, no. 3310,
1912.

Adult male. General colour above and below black, with a large
crimson patch on the throat and fore-neck.

Total length 281 mm., exposed culmen 19, wing 185, tail 129,
tarsus 23.

The specimen described was collected on the Mazaruni River in
1905.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, and differs only in its
smaller size and the absence of the crimson throat-patch, the
throat. and fore-neck being uniform black like the rest of the
plumage. Wing 166 mm.

The female described was collected on the Supenaam River in
1905.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Mazaruni River, Bartica, Great Falls Demerara River (McConnell
collection) ; Bartica (Whitely); Canuku Mountains (Sehomburgk).

Extralimital Range. Colombia, Eueador, Peru.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii p. 691) this
bird, after the breeding-season was over, roamed in flocks through
the woods of fairly high altitudes in search of food, which consisted
of juicy fruits and berries. It preferred coast woods to those
inland ; it was also rather common in the well-wooded portions of

QUERULA.—-PYRODERUS. 309

the Canuku Mountains. Its presence in the thickly-foliaged trees
was always betrayed by its peculiarly harsh note, which was
remarkably well imitated by the Indians. When the bird became
excited it would raise the feathers on its head and neck. Its
nidification was unknown to Schomburgk. The “ Warraus” called
it Natkamaraku and the “ Macusis” Townwa.

Genus PYRODERUS Gray.
Pyroderus Gray, List Gen. B. p. 38, 1840. Type P. seutata (Shaw).

Fig. 122.—Pyroderus scutata.

The species on which this genus was based are large birds and
distinguished by their black, red, and chestnut plumage. The
bill is compressed, the culmen is keeled and hooked at the
tip of the upper mandible. The hinder portion of the nostrils is
feathered, and the rictal bristles, though not numerous, are strongly
developed. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth
primary-quills are longest and subequal, the second is about equal
in length to the seventh and the first about equal to the tenth.
The tail is rounded at the tip and about two-thirds the length of
the wing, and the tarsus exceeds the length of the exposed
culmen by about one-fourth. Coloration: male and female
similar.

310 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

548. Pyroderus orenocensis.
Orenoco Freir-Crow.

Ooracina orenocensis Lair. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 277. (Orenoco).
Pyroderus orenocensis Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. B06 note; Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 398, 1888 ; Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. 1.
p- 824, no. 3318, 1912.
Pyroderus scutatus (nec Shaw) Quelch, Timehri (2) iv. p. 102, 1890
“ (Great Falls Demerara River).

Adult. General colour of the upper surface black, which includes
the top of the head, sides of the face and chin, back, wings, and
tail; throat and fore-neck bright red, with blackish bases to the
feathers ; breast, abdomen, sides of the body, axillaries, and under
wing-coverts chestnut; thighs and under tail-coverts black;
under surface of quills and lower aspect of tail greyish brown.
“« Bill dark plumbeous; feet black” (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 380 mm., exposed culmen 47, wing 216, tail 141,
tarsus 38.

The specimen described was collected on the Cuyuni River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana. -

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Higgs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Cuyuni River, Demerara River
(MeConnell collection) ; Mallali, Demerara River (Quelch).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus CEPHALOPTERUS Geoff.

Cephalopterus Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Paris, xiii. p. 285, 1809. Type
C. ornatus Geoff.

This genus is distinguished chiefly by the large tuft of orna-

mental feathers on the top of the head and the large dependent
lappet on the throat. Coloration: male and female similar.

549. Cephalopterus ornatus.
UMBRELLA-BIRD,

Cephalopterus ornatus Geoff. Ann. Mus. Paris, xiii. p. 235, pl. 17, 1809
(“Brésil”’); Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 691, 1848; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 306 (British Guiana); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 399, 1888 ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. a P- 325, no. 3315,
1912.

CEPHALOPTERUS. 311

Adult male. General colour on both the upper and under surface
black, with glossy steel-blue margins to the feathers on the upper
back and throat-wattle ; crest steel-blue, with white shafts to the
feathers on the fore part of the head; flight-quills blackish brown;
tail similar but darker.

Total length 480 mm., exposed culmen 45, wing 288, tail 160,
tarsus 57.

Fig. 123.—Cephalopterus ornatus.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but smaller in size,
‘ the crest and throat-wattle much less developed, and the under
wing-coverts mottled with white and smoke-brown.
Total length 405 mm., exposed culmen 45, wing 240, tail 153,
tarsus 45.
This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the above descriptions were taken from examples in the British
Museum.

312 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

The only record of the Umbrella-bird that I have been able to
find in British Guiana is that of Schomburgk.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Féggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Only recorded by Schomburgk.

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia, Eucador, Peru,
Bolivia, Brazil.

fTabits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 691) this species
is only a straggler in British Guiana. He only received one
specimen during his stay in the colony. !

Genus CALVIFRONS Daud.

Calvifrons Daudin, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, iii, p. 146, 1804,
Type C. calvus (Gmel.).

Fig. 124.—Calvifrons calvus.

This monotypic genus is easily distinguished by having the
upper portion of the head unfeathered, in having long wings, short
tail, strong feet, sharply curved claws, and a peculiar colour of
plumage. Coloration: male and female similar.

CALVIFRONS. 313

550. Calvifrons calvus.
CAPUCHIN-BIRD.

Corvus calvus Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 872, 1788 (Cayenne).

Gymnocephalus calvus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 690, 1848 ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 306 (Roraima, 3500 ft., Camacusa, Bartica
Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 401, 1888 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa, Roraima); Quelch, Timehri (2) iv. p. 115, 1890 (Great
Falls Demerara River), p. 334 (Upper Berbice River). ;

Calvifrons calvus Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 332, 1910
(Aremu River); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 325, no. 3317,
1912.

“ Bare-headed Chatterer ” (Quelch) ; “ Quow-birds ” (Quelch) ;
“ Calf-birds”? (Quelch).

Adult. Head naked (black in skin). Hind-neck, sides of neck,
back, scapulars, and upper wing-coverts umber-brown, rather paler
on the hind-neck ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black,
the last fringed with white on their inner edges ; upper tail-
coverts and tail also black ; sides of face and throat umber-brown ;
breast, abdomen, sides of the bedy, and under tail-coverts rufous-
chestnut ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and basal portion of
quill-lining white; remainder of the quills below pale brown ;
lower aspect of tail blackish. Iris blue; bill and feet dark slate-
colour.

Total length 340 mm., exposed culmen 43, wing 205, tail 99,
tarsus 41. i

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Ituribisi River. ,

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. It nests in tall trees (Schomburgh).

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Kyuni River (AMeConnell collection); Roraima, Kamakusa, Bartica
(Whitely) ; Great Falls Demerara River, Upper Berbice River
(Quelch) ; Aremu River (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Gmelin).

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 690) that he
found this peculiar bird up to an altitude of 1200 feet; it never
leaves the woods in which it lives, and one may always observe
pairs resting on tall trees beside each other. Its far-sounding
note very much resembles the bellowing of a calf. The bare

314 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

head is a sign of age. The young bird has the head covered
with soft fine down. Its nidification isunknown. The “Macusis ”
called it Kotaranoa, the ‘‘ Warraus ” Quow, and the “ Arekunas ”
Watarua.

Mr. J. J. Quelch, who met with this species at the Great Falls
on the Demerara River, gives the following note (Timehri (2) iv.
p- 115) :—“ The Bare-headed Chatterer or Quow-birds (Gymno-
cephalus calvus) bellowed, with a sound as though from a herd of
oxen grazing in the forest. The notes of this last bird are astonish-
ingly loud, but when heard from a distance, through the forest, they
are remarkably like the more musical sounding Campanero (Chas-
morhynchus niveus), and might often be mistaken for it”... .
He also remarks on the bird from the Upper Berbice River (tom.
cit. p. 334):—* The Quow or Oalf-birds (Gymnocephalus calvus)
were heard far off in the forest, their bellowings mingled with the
hoarse caws of the Bultata Hawks (Jbycter americanus).”

The following note is copied from Beebe (Our Search for a
Wilderness, p. 332) :—‘ Bare-headed Cotinga or Calf-bird. The
note has been compared to the lowing of a cow, but to me it
seemed much more musical resembling the humming of a goblet
when one’s moistened finger is rubbed around the rim. The bird is
yellowish brown with a bare head, and keeps to the tops of the
trees.”

Genus GYMNODERUS Geoffr.

Gymnoderus Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Paris, xiii. p. 2387, 1809. Type
G. foetidus (Linn.).

Fig. 125.—G@ymnoderus fetidus.
This genus is easily distinguished by the soft black velvety

GYMNODERUS. 315

feathers on the top of the head, the almost naked throat and neck,
and the lappets on the sides of the throat. Coloration: male and
female similar.

551. Gymnoderus foetidus.
BaARE-NECKED GRACKLE.

Gracula fetidus Linné, Syst. Nat. i. p. 164, 1766 (Guiana).

Gymnoderus fatidus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 691, 1848 ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 306; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 402,
1888; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i. p. 325, no. 8318, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above and below black, including
the head where the feathers are very short and velvety, entire
back, upper tail-coverts, and tail on the upper surface, and the
throat where the feathers are short and sparsely distributed,
breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts on the under parts; the small marginal upper wing-coverts
and outer webs of the bastard-wing black; remainder of the
upper wing-coverts, innermost secondaries, and outer webs of
flight-quills silvery grey ; inner primary-coverts black, the outer
ones hoary grey; inner webs of flight-quills dark hoary grey;
under surface of quills and lower aspect of tail dark lead-colour.

Total length 360 mm., exposed culmen 31, wing 215, tail 138,
tarsus 33.

The bird described was collected in the Upper Takutu Moun-
tains in 1909.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the back
blackish tinged with dark slate-colour, the absence of silver-grey
on the wings (which are like the back), and its smaller size. Wing
192 mm.

The specimen described is in the British Museum, and was
collected at Obidos, Lower Amazons, in June 1906 by F. Santos.

Immature male. General colour both above and below bluish
black, with the white bases to the feathers on the back showing
through more or less, and the whitish margins to the upper wing-
coverts and the feathers on the under surface where the bases are
also white. This specimen was also collected on the Berbice
River. P

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana,

‘316 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Fags. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Berbice
River (McConnell collection) ; Canuku Mountains (Schomburgk).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Central and
North Brazil.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 691)
this species visits the Canuku Mountains, but only as a straggler,
and it was not known to breed in the Colony. The “Macusis” called
it Yackami or Yackeng, and the “ Warraus” Sachia.

Genus PROCNIAS Ill.
Procnias Tliger, Prodr. p. 228, 1811. Type P. carnobarba (Less.).

Fig. 126.—Proenias carnobarba.

This genus is distinguished by the string-like wattles on the
throat and fore-neck, which are black in the dried skin. The
bill is flattened, the width at the base is about three-fourths the
length of the exposed culmen, the nostrils are rounded and exposed.
The wing is rounded, the third primary longest, the second, fourth,
and fifth about equal, and the first about equal to the seventh. The

PROCNIAS. 317

tail is square at the tip, and measures rather more than half the
length of the wing. The tarsus is scutellated in front and about

twice the length of the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and
female different.

552. Procnias carnobarba.
BLACK-WINGED BELL-BIRD.

Averano carnobarba Less. Traite d’Orn. p. 365, pl. 52. fig. 1, 1830
(Trinidad) ; Hellm. Nov. Zool. xxvii. p. 330, note, 1920.

Procnias lumbriciferus Gistel in Gistel & Bromme, Handb. Naturg.
aller drei Reiche, Stuttgart, 1850, p. 295.

Casmorhynchus variegatus (nec Gmel.) Brown, Canoe and Camp Life,
p- 128, 1876 (Cotinga River to Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb,
B. 8. Amer. i. p. 325, no. 3321, 1912.

Chasmorhynchus variegatus (nec Gmel.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 306
(Roraima, 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 405, 1888.

Adult male. Crown of head, nape, and sides of face coffee-
brown ; throat and fore-neck covered with string-like wattles,
which are black in skin ; back, scapulars, and rump silver-grey
like the breast, abdomen, and sides of the body; upper and under
tail-coverts and tail, both above and below, ivory-white with a
tinge of yellow; upper and under wing-coverts black, as are also
the flight-quills, inclining to dark brown on some of the feathers ;
under surface of quills uniform dark brown. “Bill and feet
black” (Selater, Cat. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 260 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 166, tail 90,
tarsus 31.

The male of this species is not represented in the McConnell
collection, and the specimen described was collected by H. Whitely
on Mount Roraima in January 1882, and is now in the British
Museum—Salvin-Godman collection.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface dark green,
somewhat paler on the tail and outer aspect of the major upper
wing-coverts and flight-quills; the inner webs of the bastard-
wing blackish ; inner webs of the primary-coverts and flight-quills
also blackish, margined with white on the inner edges; fore part
of head and sides of the face much darker and inclining to
blackish ; the feathers on the forehead, hind-neck, and sides of
neck have pale shaft-lines ; throat dusky-grey with pale shaft-
streaks; breast, abdomen, sides of the body, and under wing-

318 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

coverts green, broadly lined and streaked with yellow, becoming
uniform sulphur-yellow on the thighs and under tail-coverts ;
basal portion of quills below pale grey, and pale brown on the
apical portion ; lower aspect of tail greyish.

Total length 235 mm., exposed culmen 19, wing 138, tail 85,
tarsus 25,

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
by Mr. McConnell at Mount Roraima iu October 1898.

Immature male. Similar to the adult female both above and
below, but differs in having the throat black, the head and sides
of the face also black more or less intermixed with dark earth-
brown, and by its larger size. Exposed culmen 21 mm., wing 157,
tail 92.

The young male described was collected on the Cotinga River
by Mr. McConnell during his expedition to Mount Roraima in
October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guaina.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount. Roraima, Cotinga River
(McConnell collection); Mount Roraima (Whitely); Cotinga
River to Mount Roraima (Brown).

Exiralimital Range. Trinidad and Venezuela.

Habits. Brown (Canoe and Camp Life, p. 123) gives the
following interesting note :—‘In the small groves bordering the
Arapu River were numbers of birds of a kind allied to the Bell-
bird (Casmorhynchus carunculatus), whose singular call attracted
my attention. They utter a repetition of one metallic-sounding
note, not unlike that produced by repeated blows of a hammer on
an anvil, with great rapidity. A specimen of this bird which I
procured was submitted to Dr. Sclater, who identified it as Cas-
morhynchus variegatus. The peculiarity of this bird consists in
the extraordinary long black leather-like filaments hanging in a
fringe from the sides of its large mouth and throat. Its body is
white, head brown, and wings black. These birds are very nume-
rous from the Cotinga River to Roraima, but east of that river
only one or two individuals were met with.”

VAVASOURIA. 319

Genus VAVASOURIA, Chubb.

Vavasouria Chubb, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, xl. p. 107, March 31, 1920.
Type V. alba (Herm.).

Fig. 127.—To show the wattle on the forehead and the peculiar
form of the two outer primaries.

This genus is easily distinguished by the wattle on the fore-
head, the feathered lores, and the peculiar shape of the two outer
primary-quills. Coloration: male and female different.

320 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

553. Vavasouria alba.

Wuire Breui-sirp.

Ampelis alba Hermann, Tab. Affinit. Animal, p. 213, 1783.

Ampelis nivea Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p.49, after December 1783 (Cayenne).

Chasmorhynchus carunculatus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ili. p. 692,
1848.

Casmorhynchus carunculatus Brown, Canoe and Camp Life, p. 128
(Roraima), p. 181 (Burro-Burro), 1876.

Chasmorhynchus niveus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 806 (Bartica Grove,
Merumé Mts., Atapurau River, Roraima, 3500 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 403, 1888 (Camarang River); Quelch, Timehri
(2) iv. p. 820, 1890 (Upper Berbice River).

Casmorhynchus niveus Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 325,
no. 3319, 1912.

Procnias alba Stresem. Nov. Zool. xxvii. p. 380, 1920.

“ Campanero” (Quelch).

Adult male. General colour both above and below pure white.

Total length 277 mm., exposed culmen 18, caruncle on fore part
of head 58, wing 163, tail 96, tarsus 20.

There is one specimen in the collection which has the caruncle
94 mm.

The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell on the
Cotinga River during his expedition to Mount Roraima in October
1898.

Adult female. General colour above yellowish green, including
the head, back, wings, and tail; some of the upper wing-coverts
have pear-shaped pale tips; flight-quills dark brown on the inner
webs and margined with white; tail-feathers pale brown on the
inner webs ; sides of the face similar to the upper surface; throat,
breast, abdomen, and sides of body white ; the feathers broadly
margined with green, becoming uniform yellow-lemon on the vent
and under tail-coverts ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner
edges of quills below cream-white ; remainder of the under surface
of the quills and lower aspect of the tail pale brown. Wing
136 mm.

The description of the female is taken from an example collected
on the Supenaam River in 1911.

Immature male. Upper surface a mixture of white, grey, green,
and brown. The feathers, which are for the most part white at
the base, have obsolete green or brown tips and others pale yellow,
and as the white increases in extent towards the tips, the colours
break up into fine mottlings. On the under surface these

VAVASOURIA. 321

mottlings do not appear, but the feathers have grey margins
which are sometimes tinged with yellow. Caruncle 75 mm.

The specimen described above was collected on the Cotinga
River.

The young male in its first plumage is similar to the adult
female.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana,

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Fggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Cotinga River, Supenaam River
(McConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima and Burro-Burro River
(Brown); ‘Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains, Kamarang
River (Whitely) ; Upper Berbice River, Great Falls Demerara
River (Queleh).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Boddaert); Surinam (Bartlett) ;
Venezuela.

Habits. Brown (Canoe and Camp Life, p. 181) gives the
following note on his experience of this bird on the Burro-Burro
River :—‘‘On the way we heard numbers of Bell-birds (Casmo-
ryhnchus carunculatus) calling in the surrounding forest; wishing
to obtain one, I landed, and, guided by their calls to their vicinity,
stood for some time under a tree in which one was perched before
I discovered its whereabouts. The one I shot proved to be ua.
male in full plumage, of a snow-white colour, with black beak
and eyes, and with a black, leathery excrescence of nearly an inch
in length, rising up from the top of the base of its bill. When
close to these birds the sounds they produce are of two kinds—one
resembling the word Dér-dng and the other Kdéng-kay, the latter
syllable of each being prolonged. There is a sort of ventriloquism
about the utterance of Dor-ong, which is made when the bird holds
its head up, that renders it almost impossible to find the exact
whereabouts of the bird when using this form of call ; when, how-
ever, it puts its bill and head downwards, and calls Kong-kay, it
can be seen at once.”

Concerning this bird Schomburgk wrote (Reis. Guian. i. p. 430):
“T once tried a long shot at an individual of this species. It
was resting and singing on a dead twig of a very tall tree, but
the bird flew away unhurt. Iwas much annoyed at having failed,
but the Indian suggested that I should wait; as the bird, he said,

VOL. H. Y

322 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

would return. I had scarcely selected a better position when the
bird returned, and I secured it.”

Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii, p. 692) that the natives
maintained that this bird did not breed in British Guiana. He
could not, however, agree with them on that point, as he had met
with the species himself in the Canuku Mountains at all times
of the year, and, moreover, had obtained young males in the tran-
sition plumage. Near the coast it roams about from place to
place. Near Demerara and Berbice it appears in May and July,
but never visits the coast. Its favourite haunts appeared to be the
woods of the higher altitudes—for instance, it was very numerous
in the Canuku Mountains, though the altitude was not more than
12-1500 feet. He did not meet with it in the neighbourhood
of Roraima nor on the mountain itself. On the topmost dried
branch of a Mora-tree you may see it; and from there it
pours forth its enchanting bell-clear notes. Schomburgk says
that he had never heard two males singing on the same tree, but
he had often heard them answer each other from different trees
some little distance apart. At dawn it greets the coming day
by its clear metallic notes, and is the last to leave off when the
sun goes down. The Siskin-coloured females flit about lower
down the trees, and are very obtuse. He saw but little of them, the
reason being their silence and theit plumage, which assimilates
with the-foliage. The “ Macusis” called it Dara or Parandorai.

RIPARIA, 323

Family HIRUNDINID&.

When Brabourne and Chubb published their ‘List of the Birds
of South America’ in 1912, this family was represented by
seven genera and twenty-four species. Six of the genera and
eleven of the species are represented in British Guiana.

Genus RIPARIA Foster.

7 ori Synop. Cat. Brit. ‘B. p. 17, 1817. Type B. riparia
inn.).

Fig. 128.—To show the tail, which is almost square.

In this genus the toes are unfeathered, a superior membrane to
the nostrils is present, there is no indentation on the inner web of
the outer tail-feathers, a distinct longitudinal membrane over-
hanging the nasal aperture is present, and the outer toe and claw
are superior ‘to the hind toe and claw. Coloration: male and

female similar.

554. Riparia riparia.
Bank-SwaLLow.

HMirundo riparia Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 192, 1758 (Sweden).

Cotile riparia Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 206 (Bartica Grove); Sharpe, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. x. pp. 96, 630, 1885 (Bartica Grove).

Riparia riparia Quelch, Timehri (2) x. p. 262, 1896 (migration) ;
Brabourne & Chubh, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 826, no. 3826, 1912.

Sand Martin (Quelch).

Adult male. General colour of the upper parts dark brown,
y2

324 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

with pale edgings to the feathers on the lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts ; innermost secondaries margined with white
at the tips; wings rather darker than the back ; tail similar in
colour to the back with narrow white margins to some of the
feathers ; sides of face, a band across the breast, axillaries, sides
of body, and under wing-coverts similar in colour to the back ;
under surface of flight-quills with white shafts to the feathers ;
throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white; lower aspect of
tail pale brown.

Total length 119 mm., exposed culmen 6, wing 100, tail 49,
tarsus 11.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but rather smaller.
Wing 97 mm.

Immature male. Differs from the adult male and female in being
pale smoke-brown on the crown of the head, back, scapulars,
upper tail-coverts, sides of face, band across the breast, axillaries,
and under wing-coverts.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the descriptions are taken from specimens in the British Museum—
Salvin-Godman collection. ;

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Bartica ( W hitely).

Extralimital Range. Brazil, Peru, Jamaica, Central and North
America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Habits. According to Quelch (Timehri (2) x. p. 262) this bird
is a winter migrant in British Guiana.

TACHYCINETA. 325

Genus TACHYCINETA Cab.

Tachycineta Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 48, 1850. Type’ 7. thalassinus
(Swains.).

Fig. 129.—To show the long under tail-coverts.

In this genus the tail is short and only slightly emarginate, its
length is about four-ninths the length of the wing, and the hind
toe and claw are superior in size to the outer toe andclaw. Colo-
ration: male and female similar.

555. Tachycineta albiventris.
WHITE-VENTED TREE-SWALLOW.

Hirundo albiventris Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 382, 1783 (Cayenne).

Hirundo leucoptera Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ili. p. 672, 1848.

Tachycineta albiventris Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 205 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. pp. 118, 681, 1885
(Demerara); Beebe, Gur Search’ for a Wilderness, pp. 247, 265,
378, 379, 381, 1910 (Aremu River, Abary Savannas); Brabourne &
Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 826, no. 3327, 1912.

? Tachycineta bicolor Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 370, 1910
(Abary Savannas).

Adult male. Head, back, wings, and tail glossy steel-blue, the
bases of the feathers on the back white; greater upper wing-
coverts and secondary-quills broadly margined with white; rump
and upper tail-coverts with narrow black shaft-lines, some of the
long upper tail-coverts are steel-blue and others have an arrow

326 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

head mark of steel-blue at the tips; flight-quills steel-blue with
dull black inwer webs ; tail similar, with white at the base on
the lateral feathers;. cheeks, throat, sides of neck, breast,
sides of body, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts pure white ; abdomen white, faintly lined with dark shaft-
streaks; under anstace of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail
blackish brown.

Total length 124 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 108, tail 43,
tarsus 11.

The bird described was collected on the Abary River in
November 1906.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but rather smaller.
Wing 110 mm. ‘

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River
Bartica, Abary River, Great- Falls Demerara River, Arawai
River (McConnell collection); Kamakusa and Bartica ( Whitely) ;
Aremu River and Abary Savannas (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Boddaert), Brazil, Peru, Ecuador,
yolombia.

Habits. Schomburgk remarks (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 672) that
this beautiful Swallow is met with in thousands near waterfalls
and whirlpools, where they perch on the leafless branches of
trees which had fallen into the river. He did not find it nesting.

- HIRUNDO. 327

Genus HIRUNDO Linn.
Hirundo Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 191, 1758. Type H. rustica Linn.

Fig. 130.—To show the long outer tail-feathers.

This genus is distinguished chiefly by the long outer tail-
feathers, which are incised more or less, on the inner webs.
Coloration: male and female similar.

556. Hirundo erythrogaster.
Barn SwAaLiow.

Hirundo: erythrogaster Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 45, 1783 (Cayenne) ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 205 (Bartica Grove, Roraima, 3500 ft.) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. pp. 187, 632, 1885 (Roraima) ;
Quelch, Timehri (2) x. p. 262, 1596 (migration) ; Beebe, Our ,
Search for a Wilderness, pp. 247, 879, 1910 (Aremu River, Abary
Savannas); Brabourne & Chubb, B. ’s. Amer. i. p. 827, no, 3331,
1912.

“ Red-breasted ” or “ Barn Swallow ” (Quelch).

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface glossy steel-
blue with purplish reflections, including the head, back, upper

328 BIRDS OF BRITISH ‘GUIANA.

tail-coverts, and upper wing-coverts ; the bases of the feathers
‘on the back being white are sometimes exposed, which gives a
spotted or streaked appearance ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and flight-quills dark brown, the secondaries steel-blue on the
outer webs ; tail dark brown with a white subapical mark on the
inner webs of the lateral feathers; sides of face and sides of neck
steel-blue; chin and throat pale chestnut; breast and abdomen
white washed with fawn-colour; under tail-coverts, axillaries, and
under wing-coverts pale fawn-colour ; under surface of flight-
quills and tail-feathers blackish brown, marked with white on the
inner webs of the latter near the tips.

Total length 149 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 111; tail—
middle feathers 40, outer feathers 68 ; tarsus 12.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female in colour and measure-
ments.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Abary River (McConnell collection) ;
Mount Roraima and Bartica (Whitely); Aremu River and Abary
Savannas (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. South America generally in winter,

Yentral and North America to North Europe and Asia south to
Burma.
Habits. Accordirg to Quelch (Timehri (2) x. p. 262) this

species is a winter migrant to British Guiana.

PROGNE. 329

Genus PROGNE Boie.

Progne Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 971. Type P. purpurea (Linn.), 1766=
P. subis (Linn.), 1758.

i

Mal)

i

.

\

Ah

bi

Ss

SF

Fig. 181—To show the form of the tail.

This genus contains the largest of the Swallows. The bill is
depressed at the base, the wail being about four-fifths the length
of the exposed culmen; the nostrils are without any superior mem-
brane, rounded, and exposed. The wing is pointed and nearly
twice the length of the tail. The feet are strong and the claws
sharply curved; the middle toe and claw are about one-third longer
than the tarsus. Coloration : male and female similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Upper surface purplish blue.
a. Larger, wing more than 140 mm.; ab-

domen purplish blue ...........:sesseseeeee P. subis, p. 330.
b. Smaller, wing less than 140 mm. ; ab-
domen white ......cceeeeeereeeeseeeeeee BP. chalybea, p. 331.

B. Upper surface smoke- BYOWN veces P tapera, p. 342.

330 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

557. Progne subis.
Purrete Martin.

Hirundo subis Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 192, 1758 (Hudson Bay).

Progne purpurea Cab. in Schomb. Reis. iii. p. 671, 1848; Salvin, Ibis,
1885, p. 205; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 178, 1885; Quelch,
Timehri (2) x. p. 262, 1891 (migration).

Progne subis Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i. p. 327, no. 33832, 1912.

Adult male. Upper and under surface glossy steel-blue, with a
purplish gloss on the upper parts; inner webs of flight-quills dull
blackish brown, paler on the inner edges; tail-feathers dark
brown on the inner webs; a more or less obscured patch of white
on the sides of the back, where the feathers have white bases and
dark tips; lores velvety-black ; marginal under wing-coverts
edged with white ; the feathers on the vent and thighs white. at
the base; under tail-coverts margined with white. “ Bill deep
brownish black ; feet purplish black ; iris dark brown” (Cat. B.
Brit. Mus.).

Total length 195 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 150, tail 84,
tarsus 17.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Ituribisi River in August 1909.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male on the upper parts;
cheeks and throat pale dusky-brown, with black shaft-lines to the
feathers, paler on the fore-neck where the feathers are edged
with white ; breast and sides of the body silvery grey and the
shaft-streaks more pronounced ; abdomen and under tail-coverts
white with conspicuous dark shaft-lines; axillaries and under
wing-coverts brown tipped with white; under surface’ of flight-
quills and lower aspect of tail dark brown. Wing 139 mm.

The female described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
August 1909.

This bird breeds in North America and is a winter migrant to
British Guiana. i

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eygs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River (McConnell collection).

PROGNE. 331

Extralimital Range. Brazil, Venezuela, Cuba, Central and
North America.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 671) that this
bird is distributed all along the coast and is a common species in
the Colony, but he did not find its nest.

558. Progne chalybea.
GREY-BREASTED MarrTin.

Hirundo chalybea Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1026, 1789 (Cayenne).

Progne chalybea Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 205 (Bartica Grove); Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. pp. 178, 633, 1885 (Bartica Grove) ; Quelch,
Timehri (2) v. p. 76, 1891 (Georgetown) ;, Brabourne & Chubb,
B. S. Amer. i. p. 327, no. 3835, 1912; Beebe, Trop. Wild Life
in Brit. Guian. p. 828, 1917. :

Progne chalybea chalybea Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, pp. 112,
244-247, 379, 1910 (Georgetown, Aremu River, Abary Savannas).

Adult male. Head, back, upper tail-coverts, upper wing-
coverts, scapulars, sides of face, sides of neck, and sides of the
breast glossy-purple, like the lower flanks; a more or less concealed
white patch on the sides of the lower back; outer aspect of flight-
quills and tail-feathers steel-blue; inner margins of flight-quills,
on the basal portion, pale brown; lores velvety-black ; throat and
breast dusky-brown, the feathers minutely edged with white;
abdomen greyish white with dark shaft-lines to the feathers,
becoming uniform white on the vent and under tail-coverts;
axillaries and under wing-coverts blackish; under surface of
flight-quills and lower aspect of tail dark brown.

Total length 179 mm., expesed culmen 11, wing 130, tail 63,
tarsus 16._

The male described was collected on the Mazaruni River in
1905. : ;

Adult female. Upper surface similar to that of the adult male,
but not nearly so bright; lores, sides of face, sides of neck, and
sides of breast soot-brown ; paler on the throat and middle of' the
breast, becoming white on the abdomen and under tail-coverts,
both of which have dark shaft-lines to the feathers; axillaries
and under wing-coverts dark brown with white edgings to the
feathers; under surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail
brown, a slight mark of whitish on the inner webs of the outer
tail-feathers near the tips. Wing 127 mm.

332 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

The female described was collected. on the Abary River in
September 1907.

_ Breeding-season. March and April (Beebe).

Nest. About the eaves of houses and sheds ( Quelch); composed
of sticks, straws, dried grass, string, cloth, etc. (Beebe).

Eygs. Undeseribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mazaruni River, Bonasika River,
Abary River (AdeConnell collection) ; Bartica (Whitely) ; George-
town (Quelch) ; Georgetown and Abary Savannas (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Eeuador,
Peru, Bolivia, Brazil to Central America. :

Habits. Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 76, 1891), who ob-
served this species in Georgetown, remarks:—“ Perhaps some of
the commonest of our birds are the Swallows. Of these there are
four species about the city, one or more of which may always be
seen flying about overhead or perching on the roofs of the houses
and sheds, about the eaves of which they generally make their
nests. The commonest is the white-breasted purple Swallow
(Progne chalybea).”

Mr. Quelch (Timehri (2) x. p. 262, 1896), writing on the migra-
tory birds in British Guiana, says :—“‘ The Purple Martin, on the
other hand, appears to be one of our true migrants. In the
case of the Swallows, al] of them birds of great flight, and many
of them preferring the haunts of man, the question becomes a
simpler one. In the White-breasted Purple Martin (Progne
chalybea), and the Common Martin (P. tapera), we know that the
birds are constant residents, being abundant throughout the year,
and nesting usually under the eaves or on the ledges and supports
of the houses.”

The following note has been copied. from Beebe (Our Search
for a Wilderness, p. 245) :—‘“ A .pair of Grey-breasted Martins
accompanied us, and we found that they were nesting in an angle
between two beams of the main deck covering. Young birds
were in the nest, so the Martins must have accompanied the
steamer on many of the alternate day trips between Georgetown
and Bartica.”

The foliowing notes are quoted from Beebe (Tropical Wild Life
in British Guiana, pp. 328-341) :—“ In all civilized districts from
Rio northwards this is the first bird to greet the traveller. As the

PROGNE, 333

steamer warps up to the pier there are always a few perched on
the ridge of a nearby roof or garrulously hovering over the deck.
Proceeding inland by water or on foot one will see them always
prezent, where human habitations exist.

“The Grey-breasted Martins, like their relatives of the north,
thrive whenever there is a house and a clearing. They are one
of the many birds that have adapted themselves to the advances
of civilization, and, like others, find the new conditions congenial,
They are extremely tame and unafraid, and because of this courage
and pugnacity they are one of the most useful birds that gather
about the homestead. No low-flying Hawk will for long with-
stand the vicious onslaughts of the many Martins that gather
about him. Thus the life of many a seed-eating Finch and cater-
pillar-destroying Wren has been preserved.

“The windows of Kalakoon House always remained open, and
soon after our arrival several Martins took advantage of ‘this to
roost on the rafters over our head, entering through a window
close beneath the peak of the ‘roof. On the rare occasions when
it had to be closed on account of the rain which poured in gusts,
the birds gathered outside in numbers, some on the sill and others
on the eaves above, and tried to express their troubles in a loud
bubbling and chatter. Though there were other open windows
nearby, they never used them, but always, if their own private
entrance were closed, sought other roosting places for the night.
They roosted in pairs and never allowed a third to egcroach upon
what they considered their own territory.

“ Later on, near the end of March—the middle of' the short dry
season—mating instincts became uppermost and the Martins
commenced to consider sites for their nests. Unfortunately for
us, one pair decided that their roosting place on the rafters was
an ideal situation; so for the next few weeks there was a continual
shower of sticks and straws from above. Fortunately they gave
it up after a month of vain attempt and sought a new spot.

“A small box with four compartments had been erected a short
time before, on a pole, with the hope that some of the birds would
’ take advantage of it. Immediately a pair of Palm Tanagers took
possession. ‘This was too much for our pair of Martins, which at
once—incited by jealously and need for a new home—drove away
the Tanagers and appropriated the partially completed nest as

334 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

their own. The occupation was not accomplished, however,
without many a scuffle with the original tenants and other pairs
of Martins who had nesting ideas of their own. The building did
not commence immediately after possession had been obtained,
but, either to make sure that the new house was safe—it swayed
very much in the wind—or more firmly to establish their right, it
was well on towards the middle of May before the mother laid
her first egg.

“In the meantime other pairs had commenced to build, selecting
various portions of the huge beams that acted as plates for
Kalacoon House. The nests were composed of sticks, straws,
dried grass, string, cloth, and anything that would act as building
material. They were placed back from the edge of the beam
usually in a corner next to a floor joist. The spot, where the
birds had been regularly roosting, was usually selected for the
home site, for when they find an ideal location they remain there
all their lives, or at least until the conditions change. Unlike the
Purple Martin, the too near company of others was not desired,
and it went. hard with the individual who inadvertently overstepped
his neighbour’s territory. In this respect they resembled some
human beings.

“The Kalacoon Martins commenced to lay about the first of
April. Every bird had been busy for the two preceding weeks
collecting material, courting, and fighting. Sometimes a dozen
or more would gather on the ground in front of the house and
sort over thé little twigs and dried grass blades lying there. This
was always attended with perfect harmony until two birds would
decide that they both liked the same stick. They resorted then
to force in the dispute that followed, and the fight would go on
up in the air or down on the ground, until both were exhausted.
In the meantime the object of their differences was usually
spirited away by a third party. At any rate they always forgot
what they were fighting about and never returned to the spot to
look for it. Again, one would be sitting alone awaiting her
mate by the prospective nest. Suddenly, after many beautiful
evolutions in the air, he would join her, and their admiration for -
one another was shown by wide open bills and a perfect babble of
warbles. They would sit thus for a few moments each with its
mouth open, or they snapped bills at imaginary insects, as if one

PROGNE. 335

was urging the other to feed it. Then each would seek to relieve
its feelings in flight, only to return later to repeat the whole
performance. After eight or ten days of repeated journeys to
and from the gathering grounds, the bulky nests were about
finished and the females made ready for their household duties.
The several homes beneath the house soon held full quota of little
white eggs. Two held three and another five. During the period
of incubation, which lasted from fifteen to sixteen days, the male
showed much solicitude for his mate. He sat for hours by her
side near the nest and chirped and twittered in low, sweet tones
as if striving to enliven the monotony of his somewhat irksome
position. Several times each day, though only for a few minutes,
she took journeys in search of food.

“ At hatching time a busy season commenced for both birds.
The business for carrying food for the youngsters went on all day
long, from aarly morning till late at night. The little flesh--
coloured babies with tight shut eyes and gaping mouths needed
much looking after, for their demands for food never abated.
After every third or fourth trip, one of the parents cleaned the
nest with its bill, carrying away the excrement incased in its thin
shiny sack, to drop it a safe distance from the home so that the
prowling marauder might find no tell-tale evidence.

“When a week old, the nestlings presented a curious appear-
ance with their half-open eyes, vast stomachs, and shining
transparent skin thickly striated with the black sheaths of young
feathers, for there is no down until about the tenth day, when
the feather-sheaths break. Their food consisted entirely of
insects—flying ants, termites, ant-lions and dragon-flies. Some-
times a dragon-fly was brought of too large dimensions to be
easily swallowed whole. Then the wings were severed, one by
one from the body, which was well-crushed by the bill of the
parent. The youngster would seize it fiercely and swallow it
with incredible rapidity, undergoing terrible contortions, gasping
and choking for several minutes after it had gone down.

“ The young birds were lined up on the edge of the beam twenty-
two days after hatching, ready to begin their trials of flight.
They returned to their nests for a few nights and then, having
partly learned to care for themselves, departed elsewhere to roost.
Every morning, together with others that had been reared in less

336 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

auspicious places, they gathered on the roof of the house with
their parents. Invariably at 6.15, at a seemingly preconceived
signal, they launched forth into the air with one great rush and
chatter, swooping and sailing about the house for a few minutes
before departing over the bush to seek their morning meal.

“The art of catching their meal did not come quite so easily as
the first flights. They had to be fed for a week or more after
they were dodging and darting about in the air, and some even
clamoured for food after their parents were nesting again. The
old birds at first perched beside their offspring, to feed them, but
soon—the young birds learning to grasp the insects with their
bills instead of having it crammed down their throats—hovered
above and forced the young to reach up to seize it when they
passed by. Becoming expert in this and being greedy, the young-
sters quickly learned to sally forth to meet their parents and take
the food from them in the air. It gradually dawned upon them, as
time when on, that they might secure their food themselves, as well
as from their parents. But this came only after the elders had
dropped one or two insects which made the youngers scramble to
secure them before they escaped.

“A few days later the old birds were nesting again.

“To return to the Martins of the bird-house: the young hatched,
they were cared for in the orthodox fashion. The entrance to
their home was a round opening about two inches in diameter.
A cross stick, that projected a foot or more beyond the side of the
box, was nailed there, about an inch below, for a perch.

“T watched for the three little ones to make their first ap-
pointed trip into the air on the twenty-second day. One finally
perched on the doorway and looked about in a dazed fashion at
this new world never before discovered. Casting a look down-
ward, he decided that it was beyond his ability to ever trust
himself to the great emptiness beneath. It was far too perilous
to attempt the scramble and climb that were necessary to gain
the outer perch. So there he remained, while his two brothers or
sisters vainly pushed and squeezed to get a glimpse, too.

“The parents hovered about, chirping and urging him to chance
it, but he remained immovably placed and answered all entreaties
with weak little noises. They gave it up and brought food.
When he had received a full share, they tried to push him back

PROGNE. 337

into the nest, so as to make room for another, but he would not
be pushed. They fed him more until, filled to repletion, he
rejected what they brought: but still, regardless of tle protest of
his hungry brethren, he blocked the passage, filled with wonder
at the new outlook of life. He remained thus for nearly two
hours, when a change of mind suddenly came over him, and,
through no forcible persuasion, he suddenly backed into the hole.
His place was taken at once by another, who relinquished to the
third, only after taking his fill of the outdoor surroundings. The
third remained to be fed for the space of ten minutes or so, and
before it could do more than look around, was violeutly replaced
by the first claimant for the position, who squeezed into the
opening and pushed his companion down into the nest. He held
the position most of the day, except when the others, driven to des-
peration by hunger succeeded in ousting him for a few moments.

“The performance was repeated daily for several days, a
youngster always being at the entrance. The strongest spent
most of his time there. His parents tried every means in their
power to inveigle him forth, but for a long time without avail.
They brought him nice large dragon-flies, which were held tanta-
lizingly a few inches away ; they called to him to follow them as
they moved farther and farther along the perch; and finally,
clinging to the edge of the hole, they fluttered to the perch to
show how easy it was. As his courage increased he gradually
leaned farther out of the door to follow their movements or to make
an attempt at securing the morsels they brought. One day—the
‘ sixth—he leaned too far and lost his balance. With an effort he
managed to clutch the stick and with a mighty flutter of wings
found himself safe and sound on the out-hanging perch. At first
he scarcely dared to breathe for every little movement upset his
equilibrium, and it was only by hard fluttering that he could
regain his balance. He commenced uncertainly, after the first
fright wore off, to preen his feathers of the small flakes of down
still adhering and to stretch his wings. The mother sat close by,
chirping to give him confidence, or made short flights to instruct
in the first rudiments. The father busily fed the others, for the
mother had no time to spare.

‘Soon the little Martin commenced to take interest in his sur-
roundings and looked about with much craning of neck, glancing

VOL. II. a

338 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

this way and that, both up and down. Once he lost courage and
scrambled back to the hole, but soon returned as if thoroughly
ashamed of himself. At last, upon casting a convulsive look
downward, he lost’ his balance, and away he went, bravely
struggling to keep in the air, at a slant towards the ground.
Suddenly the knowledge seemed to come, and he rose above the
bushes, a little uncertainly at first, but acquiring more confidence
as he progressed. And, before disappearing from sight, he had
essayed the first waving soar.

“Instead of making for the nearest perch, he flew around and
around for more than ten minutes, always gaining in skill and
steadiness, so that it was a hard matter to teil their flight apart
when he returned unaccompanied by his mother. He alighted on
the roof of the box, for the perch at first looked too difficult, and
made that the base for other practice flights. Finally time
arrived to seek the nest, but then came the perplexing question:
which of the four holes was it? Two laborious attempts at wrong
ones at length pointed out the right one.

“The second bird left the nest on the following day, but several
days elapsed before the third made its escape, having remained in
the nest for more than a month. The general delay was un-
doubtedly due to the environmental change in locality of the
nest. They are ordinarily placed in such a position that the young
may at least sit on the edge of the nest and exercise their wings
preparatory to the first flight. In this case, in their cramped
quarters, there was no such advantage, and, at flight time, the
young birds were entirely unprepared for the new problem that
confronted them. They awaited, therefore, their full strength and
feather growth before making the attempt, and, when flight time
did come, it was not a weak flutter to a nearby roof or friendly
bush, but a strong sally which almost rivalled that of their
parents.

“For ten days or more the birds used the box as their home and
doubtless would be using yet, if, while they prepared to rear a
second brood, the elders had not driven them away. During
their second occupancy, I became interested in their evident
inability to remember or disregard of which of the four openings
in the box really was their true home. Even after a week of
exploration and investigation the question seemed to be somewhat
in doubt, for they seldom, until near the end, made their way

PROGNE. 339

directly to the proper spot, but first tried several holes as on the
first day of departure. At length, after many trips, the proper
method of, approach suddenly dawned upon their consciousness,
and thereafter they made it with unerring skill. At that time
there was, under the house, a second nest with three slightly
incubated eggs, which I thought might be put to some use. By
watching the other birds I realized that many actions were the
result of newly acquired habits, and therefore might be influenced
by outside agencies. How far, though, did these habits control
instinct ? Dp to the present, evidence showed that young birds
with undeveloped intellect, ignorant of the life struggle before
them, even though homing instinct was predominant, were able,
only by repeated trials, to recognise their home among several
others of similar appearance. Similarly their parents, upon first
taking possession, had carried straw to each of the four holes
until they discovered that four nests were building instead of one ;
even then they would often carry to the next hole before dis-
covering their mistake. At length, after many trips, they became
so used to the proper location that no further errors were made.
Thus, even they were dependent upon a habit. to point out their
permanent home; a habit credited by repeated trials through
-which sense of exact location became, at length, indelibly fixed
upon their brains.

“The nest containing the three eggs in question, though placed
out of any direction rays of the sun, was exposed to the light of
day, so that the eggs were in plain view of the parent bird when
approaching tho nest. One day, I carefully marked the eggs
with blotches of red ink, leaving uncoloured the large ends with
their air chambers, and placed them back in the nest as nearly as
possible in the same old position. At first the Martins were much
excited and looked at the egys askance, peering this way and that,
as if they might find the lost originals hidden away in some
darkened corner. In a few minutes, however, deciding that,
though they did look different, they were still the same eggs, one
of the birds hesitatingly crouched upon them and the incubation
proceeded as if nothing had occurred.

“The following day I removed both nests and eggs, putting
them in a prominent spot, only a few feet away from their
original resting place. The parent bird, disturbed by my efforts,
flew excitedly about, and, the instant I left the ladder, flew to

“a2

340 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

where her home had been. She almost upset herself in vain
efforts to alight on the nest, where the nest was not. Only after
crouching for a full minute among the few straws that were left,
did she realize that it was gone. She rushed to the edge of the
beam, looked around and then back to where the nest ought to
be, dragging the straws about as if the nest might be hidden
beneath them ; then to the edge to look at the ground below, and
then back. She repeated all these movements several times, and,
at last, thinking that some terrible mistake had been made, flew
about for a few minutes before returning to repeat her former
operations. Again she returned, this time with her mate, who in
turn, showed excitement, and to whom the mystery was as inex-
plicable as to her. Finally they perched together on the beam
edge. Their eyes searched in all directions, though chiefly
downward, as if the nest had fallen and rolled. to some obscure
hiding place. Then they flew away only to return again and
again, hoping each time to find the nest in its old position. he
nest remained in plain sight, but, though they often passed close
by, the idea never occurred to them to investigate it.

“At last, deciding that it was not dn the ground and not
thinking to search elsewhere, they went to roost on the original
site. Doubtless it was instinct that caused them to search below, .
but it must have been the habit of finding the nest in the same
place day after day, which prompted them to seek only in the one
spot above, although the nest stood in plain view before them.

“Instinct and actual habit are so closely associated that at
times it is scarcely possible to distinguish between them. What
often is taken for instinct really is a newly acquired habit which,
under other conditions, might be altered. Thus it happened, on
the following day, that the Martins instinctively commenced to
build a new nest, but, from habit, used the old site. From habit
they roosted there, even though they knew some enemy to be
about that had the knowledge of their hiding place, and though
an innate instinct must have urged them to choose another
location.

“T do not pretend to intimate that newly formed habit runs
contrary to instinct among all birds and animals, for such is not
the case. If it were, there would soon be no animals or birds
left, nor other intelligent life. If the weak inoffensive bird in the
bush did not instinctively change its abode after that abode had

PROGNE. 341

been pillaged, a second outrage from the same source would soon
follow. The same prompting causes that bird to change its abode
from season to season, for, if the home were permanent, it would
not long survive the encroachments of its enemies, and once dis-
covered, would immediately become a prey to repeated marauding
expeditions. On the other hand, there are certain birds, which,
because they build in protected localities, have no need to change,
and so, season after season and year after year, return to the same
spot to nest.

“To such class belong the Martins. They have been protected
for hundreds of generations, first by tree holes and then by the
buildings of civilization. The instinct of protective change of
home has gradually become dormant and the bhabit—now nearly
an instinct—of permanency has became dominant, just as the
habits of civilization dominate our own savage instincts, which
often burst forth in times of crisis. If repeatedly disturbed, the
birds will change, often at terrible cost, as has been the case of
many of our own game birds, ducks, and even song birds, and the
old instinct of natural preservation against enemies, never really
absent—only dormant—becomes uppermost. They will learn
new habits with which to combat most effectively the new enemy,
and these habits, in turn, will finally become practically an instinct
to them.

“But to return to our Martins; when I had destroyed the
second nest a few days later, they did not attempt a third, but
still continued to roost there each night. Penard tells us of taking
four sets of eggs from the nest of a pair of these birds and still
they would not leave. In this instance the habit of living in one
place was supreme and clearly dominated the instinctive idea of
seeking a safer home. Undoubtedly the idea would become
uppermost if the persecutions kept up.

“ As has been said, individual habit and instinct are so closely
allied that it is hard to distinguish between them, but, neverthe-
less, there are certain points where the line may be drawn, of
instinct as subordinate to new habit. Thus the young Martins, in
spite of all their homing instincts, could not find their home until
they had determined, through repetition, in which of the four holes
it was located. Such knowledge was acquired only after many
trials or trips whereby a habit of arriving at the right point was
created, The results of the experiment with coloured eggs may

842 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

be put down to either instinct or habit; as the birds must have
realized that the eggs were different, it may have have been habit
more than instinct, that caused them to continue the incubation.
There can be no doubt, however, that from habit only, they roosted
and started a new nest in the same place, after the old had been
destroyed. This habit would have proved costly if the nest had
been destroyed by an enemy which, after new eggs were laid,
would have returned to repeat its performance.

““Hvidence also points out that a certain few of their daily
actions in the round of life are due, not so much to inborn instinct,
as many believe, but to habits acquired from a youthful training
from their parents, from experience, and from a wide sense of
imitating their elders. For instance, the young bird has been
taught how to catch insects. He knows that they are his proper
food, becanse he has so been fed from the time of hatching, and
he finally learns how to catch them, only after instruction by and
imitation of his parents.

“These observations show, in this bird at any rate—though
probably in many others—that certain habits have been acquired,
due to the protection afforded by the advance of civilization
which, if the bird were transplanted from civilization to ancient
conditions, would be of great detriment to it. These newly-
acquired habits dominate its natural instincts.”

559. Progne tapera.
TreEe-MartINn.

Hirundo tapera Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 845, 1766 (Brazil).

Progne tapera Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 672, 1848; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 205; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 180, 1885
(Corentyn River); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 327,
no. 3336, 1912.

Adult male. General colour above including the head, back,
wings, and tail smoke-brown; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
flight-quills, and tail-feathers darker and inclining to black ;
inner webs of flight-quills paler on the inner edges and some of
the tail-feathers paler on the margins at the tips; lores and
ear-coverts smoke-brown ; throat, lower breast, and under tail-
coverts white ; breast and sides of the body earth-brown ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts dark brown, edged with white; under
surface of quills and lower aspect of tail brown.

PROGNE. | 343

Total length 170 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 134, tail 65,
tarsus 14,

The description of the male is taken from an example collected
on the Ituribisi River in November 1906.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but differs in being
smaller in wing-measurement and in having a line of dark feathers
on the middle of the lower breast and abdomen. Wing 125 mm.

The female described above was also collected on the Ituribisi
River in August 1909.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River (McConnell col-
lection) ; Corentyn River (British Museum).

Extralimital Range. Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia,
Argentina.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 672) that he
found this bird in large numbers near the waterfalls and whirl-
pools of the Essequibo River, where they usually rest on the
leafless branches of the tall trees on the banks. Sometimes
solitary birds would leave the nest, fly round, and settle again,
when all of. a sudden the whole flock would fly about for some
time and again return to its resting place. Its nidification was
not known to him.

344. BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus ATTICORA Boie.
Atticora Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 172. Type A. fasciata (Gmel.).

Fig. 132.—To illustrate the form of the tail.

In this genus the bill is flat at the base, where the width is about
equal to the length of the exposed culmen ; the nostrils are rounded
and exposed. The wing is pointed, the first primary is longest,
and exceeds the length of the tail by about one-fourth. The tail
is forked, the middle feathers about half the length of the outer
ones, The feet are weak, the middle toe and claw exceed the
length of the tarsus by about one-sixth. Coloration: male and
female similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Upper surface glossy blue-black.
a’. Throat and abdomen blue-black...... A. fasciata, p. 345.
6’. Throat and abdomen white
@'. Fore-neck banded with blue-black,
dividing the white of the throat

from that of the abdomen ...... A, melanoleuca, p. 846.
b"’. Throat, fore-neck, and abdomen
“uniform white .. A. cyanoleuca, p. 347.

B. Upper surface earth- brown ; ; “throat,
breast, and nuchal collar pale rufous
like the sides of the face ............ A. fucata roraime, p. 348.

ATTICORA. 345

560. Atticora fasciata.
WHITE-BANDED SwALLow.

Hirundo fasciata Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 1022, 1789 (Cayenne).

Atticora fasciata Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii, p. 672, 1848; Salvin,
This, 1885, p. 205 (Roraima, 3500 ft.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
x. pp. 188, 634, 1885 (River Atapurow, "Merumé Mts. ); Beebe, Our
Search for Wilderness, pp. 162, 175, 200, 265, 379, 1910 (Hoorie
Creek, Aremu River, Abary Savannas) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S.
‘Anne, i. p. 827, ho. 3887, 1912.

Adult male. Glossy steel blue-black both above and below ;
inner webs of flight-quills and tail-feathers dull black ; thighs and
a wide band across the breast white ; under surface of flight-quills
and lower aspect: of tail dusky-brown.

Total length 135 mm., exposed culmen 6, wing 92 ; tail—middle
feathers 41, outer ones 63; tarsus 11.

The exact locality of the bird described is unknown.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 101 mm.

A young bird, collected by Mr. McConnell on the Kurubung
River during his expedition to Mount Roraima in October 1898,
differs from the adult in being less glossy on the upper surface and
in having the throat, fore-neck, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
dusky-hlack, some of the feathers on the fore-neck mngiely tipped
with hoary-grey.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana Kurubung River (McConnell collection);
Mount Roraima, 3500 ft., Kamarang River, Merumé Mountains
( Whitely) ; Hoorie River, Aremu River, Abary Savannas (Beebe)

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Gmelin), Brazil, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 672) that he
found this beautiful Swallow flying to and fro over the surface of
the Barima and Barama Rivers. It was also fond of perching on
the twigs of trees fallen into the rivers. Its nidification was
unknown to him.

The following notes have been copied from Beehe (Our Search
for a Wilderness) :-—

P. 200.—“ Swallows were seen in numbers, small, dark steel-
blue in colour with a striking band of white across the breast.

346 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

These beautiful banded Swallows kept at first to two levels in the
air ; close to the water, fairly skimming its surface, and high up
above the tallest trees—marking, I suppose, the early morning
distribution of gnats and other insects. Most delicate and fairy-
‘like they appeared when perched on some great orchid-hung dead
branch protruding from the water.”

P. 175.—“ Early in the evenings, about six o’clock, all the
‘Banded Swallows of the surrounding region passed overhead in a
dense flock, two or. three hundred in all, soaring with a steady,
half-sailing flight very different from the dashing swoops which
carry them over the lake when feeding during theday. Now they
are headed northward to some safe roosting-place and with no
thought of passing gnats, the myriads of graceful, glossy blue
forms, each crossed on the breast with a band of white, made a
most beautiful sight. In the morning their return flight was ‘by
twos and threes, with rapid darts here and there.”

P. 200.—* White-banded Swallows now hovering before a
trunk and snatching a spider, now dipping at full speed for a
floating gnat.”

561. Atticora melanoleuca.
BELTED SWALLow.

Hirundo melanoleuca Wied, Reis. Bras. i. p. 345, 1820 (Rio Grande de
Belmonte); Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 672, 1848.

Atticora melanoleuca Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 206; Sharpe. Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. x. p. 185, 1885; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 828,
no. 3341, 1912.

Adult male. Head, entire back, lesser and median upper wing-
coverts, upper tail-coverts, a band across the upper breast, and
under tail-coverts glossy blue-black ; throat and abdomen pure
white; base of forehead and lores velvety-black ; bastard-wing,
greater upper wing-coverts, primary-coverts, and flight-quills
soot-black, the last paler on the inner webs; tail similar in colour
to the flight-quills ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, under surface
of quills, and lower aspect of tail pale brown; marginal under
wing-coverts edged with white.

Total length 135 mm., exposed culmen 5, wing 89; tail—middle
feathers 30, outer ones 69; tarsus 11.

The specimen described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
‘October 1908.

ATTICORA. 347

Young. Upper surface, band on upper breast, under wing-
coverts, and under tail-coverts earth-brown, somewhat darker on
the upper back, the brown band on the upper breast and under
tail-coverts have white edges to the feathers, and the marginal
under wing-coverts are leo edged with white throat and abiloiner
white.

The young described was collected on the Makauria River in
August 1910.

This bird appears to be very local in British Guiana as,
although recorded by Schomburgk, it was not obtained by Whitely
on either of his journeys.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ireng River, Ituribisi River, Arawai
River, Kamakabra River, Makauria River (McConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Brazil, Venezuela.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 672) that he
met with this bird in thousands near the waterfalls and whirlpools,
where they perched on the branches of leafless trees which had
fallen into the river. He did not observe it breeding.

562. Atticora cyanoleuca.
HALF-BELTED SWALLOW.

Hirundo cyanoleuca Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 509, 1817
, (Paraguay).

Aiticora eyanoleuca Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 206 (Camacusa, Roraima,
3500 ft.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. pp. 186, 634, 1885 (Cama-
cusa, Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 328, no. 3342, .
1912. ,

Adult male. Crown of head, hind-neck, back, lesser upper
wing-coverts, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts -glossy steel-blue ;
median and greater upper wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, flight-quills, and tail soot-black; throat, breast, and
abdomen white ; under tail-coverts blackish with steel-blue tips to
the feathers ; sides of the body smoke-brown like the axillaries,
under wing-coverts, under surface of flight-quills, and lower
aspect of the tail; the marginal under wing-coverts fringed with
white.

348 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Total length 112 mm., exposed culmen 4, wing 91, tail 52,
tarsus 10.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the specimens described are in the British Museum.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 90 mm.

The immature plumage of both sexes is smoke-brown on the
upper surface. Under surface white with a pale brown band
across the breast, and more or less smoke-brown on the sides of
the body and under tail-coverts.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima and Kamakusa
(W hitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay.

Habits. Uarecorded in British Guiana.

563. Atticora fucata roraime. .
Brown SwALlow.

Cotile ae (nec Temm.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 206 (Roraima,
300 it. ).

dere ps Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. pp. 188, 685 part, 1885
Nae Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 328, no. 33844,
1912.

Tern fucata roraime Chubb, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, xl. p. 155,
June 1920.

Adult male. Fore part of head earth-brown, with rufous
edgings to the feathers; nape, sides of face, throat, and breast
pale rufous with white bases to the feathers. on the throat ; hind-
neck, entire back, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, upper wing-
coverts, and innermost secondaries earth-brown, with pale edges
to the feathers ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, flight-quills, and
tail-feathers darker and more blackish brown, the inner webs of
the flight-quills paler on the inner edges; abdomen, flanks, and
under tail-coverts white ; thighs, axillaries, under wing-coverts,
under surface of quills, and tail-feathers pale dusky-brown ;
marginal under wing-coverts tinged with rufous.

Total length 105 mm., exposed culmen 5, wing 96; tail—middle
feathers 36, outer ones 42; tarsus 10.

ATTICORA. —STELGIDOPTERYX, 349

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
by Mr. McConnell at Mount Roraima during his expedition in
October 1898.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female. Wing 93 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in ‘British Guiana. Mount Roraima (d/cConnell col-
lection) ; Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus STELGIDOPTERYX Baird.

Stelgidoptery« Baird, Birds N. Amer. p. 812, 1858. Type S. serripennis
(Audub.).

Fig. 184.—To show outer web
of first primary.

Fig. 183.—To illustrate the form
of the tail.

This genus is chiefly distinguished by the serrations on the
outer web of the first or outer primary-quill. The bill is de-
pressed, the width at the base of the forehead is about equal to the
length of the exposed culmen, and the nostrils are rounded and
exposed. The wing is pointed, the first or outer primary longest.
The tail is nearly square at the tip and about half the length of
the wing. The tarsus is about equal in length to the middle toe
and claw. Coloration: male and female similar.

350 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

564. Stelgidopteryx sequalis.
Banes’s RouGH-wWINGED SwALLow.

Stelgidopteryx uropygialis (nec Lawy.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi.
p. 209, L885 (Rovaima).

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (nec Vieill.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 206
(Roraima, 3500 ft.) ; Quelch, Timehri (2) v. p. 277, 1891 (George-
town); Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, pp. 379, 393, 1910
(Abary Savannas).

Stelgidopteryx equalis Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii. p. 58, 1901
(Santa Marta); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p, 328,
no. 3358, 1912. ;

Adult female. Entire back, scapulars, upper wing-coverts, and
upper tail-coverts smoke-brown, with whitish edgings to the upper
tail-coverts; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills
blackish, paler on the inner magins of the last; innermost
secondaries and inner greater-coverts edged with white at the
tips ; tail dark smoke-brown, the feathers very narrowly edged with
whitish ; crown of head, hind-neck, sides of face, throat, and
breast pale chestnut, the feathers on the middle of the crown
have dark brown bases which impart a more or less scalloped
appearance; lower breast and sides of body smoke-brown tinged
with chestnut ; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; thighs
dusky-brown ; axillaries and inner under wing-coverts pale smoke-
brown; outer, or marginal-coverts chestnut intermixed with
white and dark brown ; under surface of flight-quills and lower
aspect of tail pale brown, with white shafts to the feathers.

Total length 109 mm., exposed culmen 7, wing 100, tail 44, tarsus 9.

The specimen described was collected by Mr. McConnell at
Mount Roraima, October 1898.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female but rather larger.
Wing 108 mm. ‘

An immature bird collected in the Upper Takutu Mountains in
1908, differs from the adult in having the crown of the head and
nape soot-black, the feathers on the back and wings margined with
chestnut, the breast darker and less chestnut, abdomen and under
tail-coverts cream-white, and the thighs pure white.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains (AfeConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Trinidad, Colombia.

STELGIDOPTERYX.—POLIOPTILA. 351

Habits. The following note has been copied from Mr. Quelch
(Timehri (2) v. p. 77, 1891), who observed this species in George-
town and remarks :—‘‘ A much smaller bird, swifter and more
bat-like on the wing, is often seen sweeping overhead. This is
the Red-throated Swallow (Stelgidopteryr rujicollis). A very
curious featuré in connection with these birds is the presence, in
the males, of a very stiff and roughened ‘outer edge to the first
quill of the wing, so that it is distinctly serrated and hard to the
touch. They are brown-coloured above, passing into a bright
yellow on the under centre, while the throat is of a brick-red.

“The Swallows are bold and fearless little birds, domineering
even over the pugnacious Tyrant Shrikes or Kiskadees. They
seem to frequent special houses where by their greater elevation
or isolation they are less disturbed ; and about these they are found
plentifully, chattering and quarrelling with special emphasis at
nesting time. They are always to be met with in the river, and
generally before heavy rain they are to be seen circling overhead
in considerable numbers in the gloomy sky.”

Family MUSCICAPID.

This family, which is almost entirely restricted to the Old World,
is represented by one genus in the New, which is distributed in
North, Central, and South America. When Brabourne and
Chubb published their ‘List of the Birds of South America,’ 1912,
thirteen species were known to occur, one of which is represented
in British Guiana.

Genus POLIOPTILA Sclater.
Polioptila Sclater, P. Z.8. 1855, p. 11. Type P. cerulea (Linn.).

Fig. 135.—To show the bill and nostrils.

This genus is easily distinguished by its somewhat long and

352 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

pointed bill. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth
primaries longest and equal, the second slightly shorter than the
eighth, and the first about half the length of the second. The tail
is rounded at the tip, the outer feather on each side being about
one-fourth shorter than the middle ones. The tarsus exceeds
the length of the exposed culmen by about one-third. Coloration:
male and female similar.

565. Polioptila innotata.
HELLMAYR’S GNAT-CATCHER.

Polioptila buffoni Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 449, part specimen, ec,
1885 (Demerara).

Polioptila innotata Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. viii. p. 359, 1901 (Rio
Branco); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 3829, no. 3358,
1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, lores, and nape black; back,
scapulars, and upper wing-coverts lavender-grey ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and flight-quills black, the last edged with white
on the inner webs, innermost secondaries margined with white
on the outer webs, some more breadly than others; upper tail-
coverts and four centwal tail-feathers black, the next pair tipped
with white, and the two outer ones almost entirely white, the
black being restricted to the basal portion ; sides of face, throat,
abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts
white; breast very pale grey; under surface of quills blackish, inner
edges white; lower aspect of tail white, black on the middle feathers.

Total length 108 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 48, tail 42,
tarsus 16.

The exact locality of the specimen described above is unknown.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the
black on the crown of the head and nape. Wing 45 mm.

The female described was collected on the Abary River in July
1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

ggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Bonasika
River, Abary River, Berbice (fc Connell collection).

Extralimital Range. North Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

HELEODYTES. 353

Family TROGLODYTID#.

When Brabourne and Chubb published their ‘ List of the Birds
of South America’ in 1912, this family was represented hy ten
genera and one hundred and fifteen species. Seven of the genera
and ten of the species are known to occur in British Guiana.

Genus HELEODYTES Cab.

Heleodytes Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 80,{1851. Type H. griseus
(Swains.).

\\
‘.
Fig. 186.—To show the form of the bill.

The species on which this genus was founded is one of the
largest of the Wrens. The bill is long and compressed, the width
at the posterior part of the nostrils is about equal to its depth,
the nostrils are oval in shape and have a superior membrane.
The wing is almost square, the third to the seventh primaries
longest and subequal, the second about equal in length to the
eighth. The tail is rounded at the tip and nearly as long
as the wing. The middle toe and claw are about equal in length to
the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female similar.

566. Heleodytes griseus.
Large Marsu-WReEN.

Furnarius griseus Swains, Anim. in Menag. p. 325, 1838 (Savannas of
Guiana).

Campylorhynchus griseus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 674, 1848 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 186 (part), 1881.

Campylorhnychus bicolor (nec Pelz.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi.
p. 188, 1881 (British Guiana).

Heleodytes griseus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 330, no, 3869,
1912. :

Adult. Crown of the head, nape, and a line from the lores through
the eye backward to the sides of the neck blackish; entire back,
wings, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts clay-brown ; inner webs
of the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills blackish

VOL. IL. : 2A

354 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

with pale inner edges to the last, some of the upper wing-coverts
and innermost secondaries marked with blackish towards the base,
which sometimes assume the form of bars ; tail-feathers blackish,
irregularly marked with white on the apical portion ; a supraloral
streak which extends over the eye and along the sides of the
crown white like the chin, throat, breast, abdomen, under tail-
coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts, the long under
tail-coverts having black shaft-lines; under surface of flight-
quills brown with paler inner edges ; lower aspect of tail blackish,
rather extensively marked with white on the apical portion.

Total length 215 mm., exposed culmen 24, wing 85, tail 78,
tarsus 28.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Takutu River in 1907.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. The nest is built among bushes or in small trees on the
Savannas (Schomburgk).

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Takutu River and gee Takutu
Mountains (Md¢Connell collection.)

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, North Brazil.

Habits. In regard to this species Schomburgk writes (Reis.
Guian. iii. p. 674):—This shy bird is an inhabitant of the Savannas
only, where it roams about in pairs, settling on the low Curatella-
trees and the solitary growing bushes. It is a most agile bird and
always on the move. It was a long time before I could secure
a specimen, for as soon as it sees a suspicious looking object, it
immediately utters a grating noise. The nest is built among
bushes or in small trees on the Savannas. Its food consists
chiefly of insects.

Genus THRYOPHILUS Baird.

Thryophilus Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 127, 1864. Type 7. rufalbus
(Lafr.).

Fig. 187.—To illustrate the formation of the head and bill.

The species included in this genus are medium-sized Wrens.

THRYOPHILUS. 355

The bill is comparatively long and pointed, the width at the
posterior part of the nostrils about equal to its depth, and the
nostrils oval in shape. The wing is rounded, the fourth, fifth,
and sixth primaries longest, and the third about equal to the
seventh. The tail is rounded and graduated, the outer feather on
each side about seven-tenths the length of the middle ones. The
tarsus is about one-third longer than the exposed culmen.
Coloration: male and female similar.

567. Thryophilus albipectus.
ScHOMBURGK’s WHITE-FACED WREN.
Thryothorus albipectus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 673, 1848
(British Guiana).

Thryophilus leweotis (nec Lafr.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 207,
1881.

Thryophilus albipectus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 332,
no. 3390, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of the head, sides of the neck, lesser upper
wing-coverts, and entire back rufous-brown ; greater upper wing-
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills blackish
barred with rufous, the inner edges of the last paler; tail also
black barred ‘with rufous, rather brighter and more broadly than
on the wing-quills ; lores, a ring of short feathers round the eye,
and a line behind the latter white; cheeks and ear-coverts also
white, more or less marked with blackish ; throat white ; breast and
abdomen isabelline-buff, becoming darker and inclining to rufous
on the flanks and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white
tinged with buff; under surface of flight-quills dark brown with
buff edgings; lower aspect of tail similar to its upper surface.

Total length 131 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 64, tail 51,
tarsus 23.

The specimen described was collected at Bartica i in 1911.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 59 mm.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. It nests in low. bush or small trees in the Savannas
(Schomburgk).

Leggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Abary River
(McConnell collection).

2az

356 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, North Brazil, ? Peru.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 674)°that this
is a shy bird and that it inhabits the Savannas, where it may be
seen in pairs on the low Curatella-trees or on the ground beneath
isolated bushes. It is most agile, and creeps with astonishing
ease and great rapidity through the branches of the undergrowth.
He had the greatest trouble in procuring a specimen, for as
soon as it discovers what it thinks to be a suspicious object, it
keeps up a scratching noise. It nests in low bush or small trees in
the Savannas. Its food consists chiefly of insects.

Genus PHEUGOPEDIUS Cab.

Pheugopedius Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 79,1851. Type P. genibarbis
(Swains.).

In this genus the bill is compressed and pointed, the depth at the
nostrils being about one-third the length of the exposed culmen.
The wing is rounded, the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth
primaries longest and subequal, the third about equal in Jength to
the secondaries, and the first about half the length of the third.
Tail slightly rounded at the tip and about five-sixths the length of
the wing. The tarsus exceeds the length of the hind toe and
claw by about one-third. Coloration: male and female similar.

\

568. Pheugopedius griseigula.
BrivisH Gutana WRen.

Thryothorus coraya (nec Gmel.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii.
p. 674, 1848; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 234, 1881 (Bartica
Grove); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 201 (Merumé Mts., Roraima, 3500
to 6000 'tt).; Quelch, Timehri (2) v. pp. 75, 76, 1891 (Georgetown).

Thyrothorus griseigula Lawr. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. i, p. 282,
May 25, 1883 (British Guiana); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer.
i. p. 835, no. 3417, 1912.

Thryothorus ridgwayt Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1889, p. 293 (British Guiana).

Lhryothorus berlepschit Brabourne & Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(ser. vill.), x. p. 262, 1912.

Thryothorus ituribisciensis Brabourne & Chubb, tom. cit. p. 262.

“Black-faced Wren,” “ God-bird,” “ Rain-bird ” (Quelch).

Adult, Crown cf head and nape slaty-black; entire back, upper
wing-coverts, and outer aspect of the wing dark chestnut ; inner
webs of flight-quills blackish brown; tail blackish, with pale
markings on the edges of the outer webs; a circle of short:
feathers round the eye; and a line along the sides of the crown

PHEUGOPEDIUS. 357

from behind the eye white; lores and sides of the face black,
streaked with white on the ear-coverts and hinder face; throat
white ; breast and abdomen whitish washed with umber-brown ;
the sides of the body darker umber-brown; under tail-coverts
blackish with pale tips to the feathers; under wing-coveris
whitish, with buff on the inner edges to the feathers; under sur-
face of quills brown ; «lower aspect of the tail blackish with pale
markings.

Total length 129 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 61, tail 52,
tarsus 22.

‘The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Supenaam River.

Juv. Upper and the under surface for the most part umber-
brown ; throat and sides of the face dark lead-grey. Tail about
half-grown.

This specimen was collected on the Anarika River.

Immature. Brighter umber-brown both above and below. The
slate-grey of the throat more restricted. Collected on the Supe-
naam River.

Immature. This specimen is further advanced, and has the head
slaty-black, a white line approaching behind the eye. A few
whitish feathers appearing on the throat, and the tail almost
fully-grown.

This specimen was collected on the Ituribisi River.

Breeding-season.' Unknowa.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Ituribisi River (type of
T. ituribisiensis), Supenaam River, Bartica (type of T. berlepschi),
Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Anarica River, Great Falls
Demerara River, Arawai River (McConnell collection) ; Mount
Rovaima, Merumé Mountains, Bartica (Whitely) ; Georgetown
(Quelch).

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 674) that the
habits and mode of life of this species, as well as the localities that
it frequents, are similar to those of Leucolepis arada, p. 365.

Mr. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. pp. 75, 76) observed this species in
Georgetown, and remarks :—‘The Black-faced Wren ( Thryothorus
coraya) is occasionally to be seen, but it is much less common than
the white-bellied species. The Wrens are known among the
common people by the name ‘ God-bird’ and ‘ Rain-bird.’ ”

358 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus CISTOTHORUS Cab.

Qistothorus Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 77 note, 1851. Type C. stellaris
(Naum.).

Fig. 188.—To illustrate the short bill.

The species that constitute this genus are birds of small size
with pointed bills, streaked backs, and barred wings and tails.
The bill is about two-thirds the length of the tarsus and the tail
about two-thirds the length of the wing. Coloration: male and
female alike.

569. Cistothorus alticola.
Roraima GRass-WREN,

? Thryothorus platensis (nec Lath.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii.
p- 673, 1848.

Cistothorus alticola Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 204 (Roraima) ;
Salvin, op. cit. 1885, p. 202 (Roraima, 3500 ft.); Brabourne &
Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 336, no. 3433, 1912.

Adult male (type of the species). General colour above fawn-
brown, with white shaft-streaks and blackish margins’ to the
feathers on the back and dark brown cross-bars to the wing- and
tail-feathers; the inner webs of the flight-quills hair-brown ; sides
of face, sides of body, and under tail-coverts fawn-colour ; lores
and a slightly indicated superciliary streak whitish; throat,
breast, and abdomen cream-white, with a tinge of fuwn-colour
across the breast; axillaries and under wing-coverts silk-white ;
quills below similar in colour to the inner webs on their upper
surface ; lower aspect of tail like its upper surface.

Total length 110 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 44, tail 40,
tarsus 16.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 41 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection;
the specimens described were collected by the late Henry Whitely
at Mount Roraima, and are now in the British Museum, Salvin-
Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

CISTOTHORUS,—TROGLODYTES. 359

Vest. It builds its nest on the outside of houses ( Schomburgk).

Eags. The eggs are white and four is the usual number of each
clutch (Schomburgk).

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Hatits. Schomburgk writes (Reis. Guian., iii. p. 673) that
this beautiful songster is chiefly found in the riety of human
dwellings, especially near the settlements of colonists. It builds
its nest even on the outside of the houses. Owing to the sweet-
ness of its song it is encouraged by hanging up empty bottles,
ete. in the halls and other suitable places, which are very quickly
utilised by the bird. The eggs are white, four is the usual
number of each clutch, and two or three broods are reared during
the year.

Genus TROGLODYTES Vieill.

Troglodytes Vieillot, Ois. d’Amér. Sept. ii. p. 52, pl. 107, 1807. Type
T. aedon (Vieill.).

Fig. 139.—To show the long bill.

The species on which this genus was founded are also small
birds with barred wings and tail but no longitudinal streaks on the
back, which is uniform or slightly barred. The bill is pointed and
compressed, its depth at the base being about one-third the length of
the exposed culmen. The wingis rounded, the third, fourth, fifth,
and sixth primaries are longest and equal, and the second about
equal in length to the eighth. The tail is rounded at the tip and
about four-fifths the length of the wing. The tarsus exceeds the
length of the exposed culmen by about one-third, and the hind toe
and claw are about equal in length to the middle toe and claw.
Coloration : male and female alike.

Key to the Species.

A. Upper surface greyish brown.............0..2.. Z. clarus, p. 360.
B. Upper surface chocolate-brown .......csceseeee LZ. rufulus, p. 362.

360 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

570. Troglodytes clarus.
VENEZUELAN Hocsz-WReEnN,

Troglodytes rufulus (nec Cab.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 258
1881 (Bartica Grove).

Troglodytes furvus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 201 part (Bartica Grove) ;
Lloyd Price, Timehri (2) v. p. 66, 1891 (nest and eggs); Quelch,
t. c. p. 74 (Georgetown).

Troglodytes clarus Berl. & Hart. Nov. Zool. ix. p. 8, 1902 (Bartica
Grove, British Guiana) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. ‘Amer. i. p- 337,
no. 3448, 1912.

Troglodytes musculus clarus Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, pp. 112,
120, 142, 247, 307, 379, 1910 (Georgetown, Hoorie Creek, Aremu
River, Abary Savannas).

Adult female. General colour above, including the top of the head,
hind-neck, back, scapulars, and wings mouse-brown, barred with
dull rufous-brown on the wings; upper tail-coverts rufous; tail
rufous-brown barred with black; throat, breast, and abdomen
isabelline; flanks and under tail-coverts pale fawn-colour, barred
with black on the latter ; under wing-coverts silky-white.

Total length 109 min., exposed culmen 14, wing 52, tail 36,
tarsus 20.

The specimen described was collected in the Upper Takutu
Mountains in 1908. .

Adult male. General colour of the upper parts greyish brown,
including the head, back, scapulars, and upper wing-coverts, with
obsolete dark bars which are much more bold and contrasting on
the outer aspect of the wings ; inner webs of flight-quills dark
brown with pale inner edges; upper tail-coverts and tail rufous-
brown, conspicuously barred with black on the latter ; lores, a line
over the eye, and sides of the face isabelline-buff more or less
intermixed with greyish brown ; throat white like the middle of
the abdomen, with a wash of pale fawn-colour on the breast,
becoming deeper on the sides of the body; under tail-coverts
orange-buff barred with black ; under wing-coverts buffy-white
with dark shaft-streaks to the feathers; under surface of quills
brown ; lower aspect of tail similar to the upper side but paler in
colour.

Total length 111 mm. a ae culmen 12, wing 54, tail 36,
tarsus 18.

The description -is taken from an example collected on the
Abary River in July 1907.

Juv. Differs from the adult described in being much darker on

TROGLODYTES. 361

the upper surface. The distribution of the colour is much the
same, but much more minute. Throat and abdomen dull white.
Flanks and under tail-coverts orange-buff.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. “Consists of dry sticks and placed under the rafters of
inhabited houses” (H. Lloyd Price); ‘they build their little nests
in all sorts of places” (J. J. Quelch).

Eggs. ** Brownish-white, closely speckled with red” (/7. Lloyd
Price).

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains (McConnell
collection). ,

Ectralimital Range. Venezuela.

Habits. Mr. H. Lloyd Price (Yimehri (2) v. p. 66), writing on
the nests and eggs of some. common Guiana birds, remarks :—‘‘ A
small wren of a brownish-red colour (Troglodytes furvus) is
frequently to be seen, especially near inhabited houses, under the
rafters of which it builds a nest of dry sticks; the eggs are
brownish-white, closely gpeckled with red.- This bird has a
pleasant warble very uncommon amongst the colonial birds.”

Mr. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 74) observed this species in
Georgetown, and remarks :—‘ Throughout the town, in the gardens
and in the galleries of the houses, the little warbling wrens
(Troglodytes furvus) are to be heard at all times of the year and
at all hours of the day. They are fearless little things, jumping
about the window-sills, peering into nooks and crannies careless
of the presence of man, and enlivening and cheering with their
melodious warblings. They build their little nests in all sorts of
places—in the galieries, in the bed-rooms, under the house, along
ledges, under the eaves, within empty flower-pots, inside old pipes,
and in other odd situations, often approached by apertures te be
passed only by small objects like themselves.

“ Unfortunately, as a race, they are subjected to the parasitic
nesting habits uf the Icterine lazy-birds (MJolothrus atro-nitens),
which are often to be seen spying out the homes of the wrens ;
and the little creatures, in finding out places inaccessible to the
larger bodied lazy-birds, often seem to be all alive to the risks of
careless building. When the eggs of the parasite are once
deposited, the destruction of the brood of wrens is secured. the
lazy-birds hatching sooner than the young wrens and causing
their displacement.

362 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

“The solicitude of the parent wrens for their forced foster-
children is almost painful to witness, the large and voracious
chicks being at any time but merely excited by the small quantities
of food brought, quantities that would be all sufficient for little-
‘bodied wrens. ‘The little foster-parents are thus kept constantly
on the move, seeking for moths, spiders, and small insects gener-
ally, while the appealing cry of the young lazy-bird is a constant
incentive to fresh eftorts.”

Beebe (Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 307) writes :—
“‘ Suddenly we hear the sweet, rollicking song of the little House-
Wren, man’s follower, filling the deserted glade with sweetness.”

571. Troglodytes rufulus.
Scuompurck’s Housse-WREN.

Troglodytes rufulus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iti. p. 672, 1848
(Mount Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 388,
no. 3449, 1912.

Thryothorus ‘rufulus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 201 (Mt. Roraima, 5000-
6000 feet).

Adult, General colour of the upper surface chocolate-brown
including the top of the head, sides of the face, sides of neck,
hind-neck, entire back, wings, and tail ; outer webs of flight-quills
narrow barred with blackish, the inner webs uniform blackish
brown ; tail also narrowly barred with blackish ; a pale chestnut
line above the eye which extends backward along the sides of the
crown ; throat and lower cheeks also pale chestnut or dark fawn-
colour; middle of fore-neck and breast inclining to whitish ;
sides of body, thighs, and under tail-coverts similar to the upper
surface; axillaries and under wing-coverts cinnamon; under
surface of flight-quills greyish brown ; lower aspect of tail similar
to its upper surface.

Total length 118 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 58, tail 40,
tarsus 24.

There are three examples of this species in the McConnell
collection, but without any data whatever to either. I am
strongly of opinion, however, that they were collected at Mount
Roraima during Mr. McConnell’s expedition in October 1898,
as the skins are made up so exactly like the many others that
were collected at that time.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

TROGLODYTES.—HENICORHINA, 363

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima? (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima, 5000 to 6000 feet ( Whitely).

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 672) that he
obtained this bird in the dense woods in the neighbourhood of
Mount Roraima, where it frequented the ground and low bush.

The “ Arekunas” called it Kamarasikarore.

Genus HENICORHINA Sel. & Salv.

Henicorhina Sclater & Salvin, P. Z.8. 1868, p.170. Type H: leuco-
stteta (Cab.). .

Fig. 140.—To show the length of tail in comparison to the wing.

This genus is distinguished by its slender and almost straight
bill which is comparatively long, and the nostrils are feathered on
the posterior portion. The wing is rounded, the fourth and fifth
primaries longest, the exposed portion of the first primary about
equal to the length of the tarsus. The tail is rounded at the tip
and about three-sevenths the length of the wing. The tarsus is
about one-third longer than-the exposed culmen. Coloration :
male and female similar.

572. Henicorhina leucosticta.
CaBanis’s BLACK-CAPPED WREN.

Cyphorhinus leucosticta Cab. Arch. fiir Naturg. 1847, p. 206 (Guiana) ;
id. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ‘ili. p. 673, 1848.

Henicorhina leucosticta Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 287, 1881
(Bartica Grove); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 200 (Merumé Mts.,
Camacusa) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 838, no. 8455,
1912.

Adult. Crown of head, sides of face, and hind-neck black with

364 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

a white supraloral streak which is continued over the eye and
backward along the sides of the crown on to the sides of the neck ;
sides of the face also black with white shaft-lines to the feathers
which terminate in a pear-shaped mark ; back, wings, and tail
chestnut, outer webs of flight-quills and tail-feathers barred with
black ; bastard-wing and outer edge of wing black marked with
white; inner webs of flight-quills blackish, paler on the inner
edges ; throat and middle of breast white becoming slate-grey on
the sides of the latter; flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
chestnut ; under wing-coverts and quill-lining dark brown.

Total length 93 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 56, tail 26,
tarsus 22,

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
at Bartica Grove.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 54 mm.

Immature male. Differs from the adult in having the top of the
head like the back and the white on the under surface more
restricted.

The young male was collected on the Makauria River in
August 1910.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

diggs. Undeseribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Makauria River, Tiger Creek, Arawai
River (McConnell) ; Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Colombia.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 673)
the habits and mode of life and the localities frequented by this
bird are similar to those of Leucolepis arada, p. 365.

LEUCOLEPIS. 365

Genus LEUCOLEPIS Reichenb.

Leucolepis Reichenb. Avium Syst. Nat. pl. lvii. March 1850. Type
LL musica (Bodd.).

Fig. 141.—To show the peculiar formation of the bill.

This genus is distinguished by the compressed bill and sharply
ridged culmen; the height at the nostrils slightly exceeds the
width, The wing is rounded, the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries
longest and about equal, the third about equal to the seventh, the
second about equal to the ninth, and the exposed first primary
about equal in length to the tarsus. The tail is rounded at the
tip and about half the length of the wing. The tarsus is about
one-fourth longer than the exposed culmen. Coloration: male
and female similar.

573. Leucolepis arada.
MusicaL WREN.

Myrmornis arada Herm. Tab. Affin. Anim. p. 211, note 1783.

Formicarius musicus Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 44, 1783 (Cayenne).

Cyphoriinus cantans Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 673, 1848
(Upper Pomeroon and Wenamu Rivers).

Cyphorhinus musicus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 290, 1881
(British Guiana); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 200 (Merumé Mts.,
Camacusa, Atapurau River); W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 318
(Maccasseema, Pomeroon River).

Leucolepia musica Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, pp. 188, 309,
310, 321, 330, 1910 (Hoorie Creek, Arimu River); Brabourne &
Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 339, no. 3462, 1912; Beebe, Trop. Wild
Life in British Guiana, p. 238, 1917.

Leucolepis arada Stresem. Nov. Zool. xxvii. p. 329, 1920.

“Necklaced Jungle Wren” or “ Quadrille-bird ” (Beebe).

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface rust-brown
including the back, wings, and tail, the wings and tail barred with
black ; a black collar on the hind-neck, with ovate white spots to
the feathers, which are more profuse on the sides of the neck ;

366 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

hinder crown and nape somewhat more rufous than the back ;
fore part of head deep rufous; sides of face and throat ferruginous;
the feathers towards the sides of neck slightly fringed with black;
middle of breast and middle abdomen whitish; sides of body
dusky-brown ; thighs, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts
pale ferruginous; under surface of flight-quills pale brown;
lower aspect of tail similar but rather darker than above.

Total length 113 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 65, tail 35,
tarsus 21.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Kamakabra River in 1911.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but everywhere paler.
Wing 60 mm.

Breeding-season. July (Beebe).

Nest. “Composed almost entirely of leaf skeletons, bound
tightly together with fine fibres and a few blades of coarse grass.
The entrance passage was quite large and opened upon the small
inner cavity near the top” (Beebe).

Eggs. “Pure white with very little gloss. Dimensions 22x
15°5 mm.” (Beebe).

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Mazaruni River,
Ituribisi River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Kamakabra River,
Makauria River, Arawai River (McConnell collection) ; Upper
Pomeroon and Wenamu Rivers (Schomburgk) ; Maccasseema,
Pomeroon River ( W. L. Sclater) ; Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa,
Kamarang River (Whitely) ; Aremu and Hoorie Rivers (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Bartlett), Cayenne (Boddaert),
North Brazil.

Habits. In regard to this species Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii.
p- 673) makes the following remarks :—This “the tropics” mag-
nificent songster was met by him most frequently in the dense
coast woods, especially on the Upper Pomeroon River and its
tributaries. He and his brother met with it near the River
Wenamu, a tributary of the Upper Cuyuni, at an altitude of three
thousand feet. This beautiful bird commences to sing immediately
at sunrise but appears to be perfectly silent during the day. It
lives in flocks and during the day flies from bush to bush, but
never more than one or two feet from the ground, in search of
food; it hops about also on the ground for the same purpose.
Its food consists of insects and berries. Its nidification was
unknown to him.

LEUCOLEPIS. 367

*

The following notes are quoted from Beebe (Our Search for
a Wilderness, p. 310):—“The Necklaced Jungle Wren, or
Quadrille-bird as the natives know it, is a true Wren, barely four
inches in length, brown above, with a black collar spangled with
white. The face, throat, and breast are rich rufous, with the
lower parts pale brown. This is the singer. The song no man
may describe.”

Id. t. c. p. 330:—*Two of the Jungle Wrens or Quadrille-
birds sang their incomparable strains, each with a theme of
its own. There is absolutely no other bird song with which
to compare it, The timbre, when heard at a distance, is that
of the Wood-Thrush quality—sweet, liquid, and altogether
ethereal.”

The following notes are quoted from Beebe (Tropical Wild Life
in British Guiana, p. 233) :+“<I placed my hand against a small
sapling to steady myself, while ‘watching further developments,
and carelessly gave ita little shake. The flash of a tiny pair of
wings almost in my face was the result, and the view of a little
brown bird as it rapidly disappeared into the undergrowth.
I looked at the sapling and saw a small bundle of leaves resting
upon a small branch about four feet from the ground. It had
passed unnoticed in the excitement of watching the’ parrot and
the monkey. Then from the bushes came a few cheerful notes
from the most wonderful musical instrument of all, the throat of
the Quadrille-bird, and I felt that I had really discovered some-
thing worth while.

“As my hiding place was too close to the nest, IT chose another
position and sat down to await what would happen. From behind
a friendly screening bush the nest looked like a leafy vase held by
a twist of the funnel-shaped neck over a supporting branch. ‘The
wily little bird was fully two hours in making up its mind to
enter its curious home, but it be could be seen dodging in and out
among the bushes close by, always too wary to take any chances
while the enemy was about. It did not scold as they usually do,
but every few minutes burst into song as if thus to find a vent for
its increasing excitement. Finally, about noon, when a heavy
shower of rain commenced, it entered to protect the eggs from a
wetting.

“The nest was composed almost entirely of leaf skeletons, bound
tightly together with a fine fibres and a few blades of coarse grass.
The entrance passage was quite large and opened upon the small

368 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

inner cavity near the top. The cavity in which the eggs lay was
lined with several big feathers of the large Guiana great tinamou
and the Guiana Partridge. The whole structure was very
compact and neatly put together, the leaf veins giving it a
very strange appearance.

“The two fresh eggs were pure white with little gloss. Their
dimensions were 22 x 15°5 mm.

“The nest was found on July 5, at the height of the great rainy
season. I think it probable that they nest twice a year, as several

newly vacated nests, appar ently of this species, were found during
March.”

Genus MICROCERCULUS Baird.

Microcerculus Baird, Review Amer. Birds, p. 118, 1864. Type
M. bambla (Boddaert).

Fig. 142.—To show the length of wings in comparison with the tail.

In this genus the bill is proportionately long, somewhat de-
pressed at the base, and the exposed culmen about equal in length
to the hind toe and claw. The wing is rounded, the fourth, fifth,
and sixth primaries longest, the third about equal to the savant,
the second about equal in length to the outer secondaries, and
the exposed first primary about equal in length to the tarsus.
The tail is rounded at the tip and rather more than one-third the
length of the wing. The tarsus is nearly one-third longer than —
the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female similar,

Key to the Species.
A. Greater upper wing-coverts subterminally
barred with white in contrast with the
rest of the plumage... .. M, bambla, p. 369.
B. No white bar on the greater. upper wing-
coverts, which are uniform with the rest
of the plumage.....cceceseeeeesees ML ustulatus, p. 370,

MICROCERCULUS, 369

574. Microcerculus bambla.
WHITE-BANDED WREN.

Formicarius bambla Bodd. Tabl. Enl. p. 44, 1783 (Cayenne).

Microcerculus bambla Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 296, 1881
(Bartica Grove); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 200 (Merumé Mts.,
Camascusa); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 339, no. 3469,
1912. ,

Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, including the
head, back, upper tail-coverts, and lesser upper wing-coverts, the
feathers marked with black which assumes the form of spots,
edgings, or bars ; greater upper wing-coverts black, with a sub-
terminal band of white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
flight-quills also black, with rather pale edgings to the inner
webs ; tail also blackish with traces of obsolete cross-bars ; sides
of face rufous-brown; throat ash-grey becoming darker on the
breast and abdomen, and chestnut on the lower flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts, the whole of the under parts barred with
blackish which imparts a more or less waved appearance ; under
surface of quills and lower aspect of tail dusky brown.

Total length 104 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 61, tail 25,
tarsus 22. :

The specimen described was collected on the Bonasika River in
1911.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being greyish
white on the throat and the feathers on the breast and abdomen
less distinctly marked. It is also rather smaller in measurements.
Wing 55 mm.

The female described was collected on the Quibarroo Creek.

Immature birds are.similar to the adult on the upper surface,
with rather bolder markings and pale edgings to the median
upper wing-coverts. Under surface paler and more strongly
barred. ;

The immature bird described was collected at Bartica in 1911.

Another specimen, which I take to be a female, has the throat
white and the feathers on the breast and abdomen margined with
white. Wing 55 mm.

This bird*was collected on the Ituribisi River in February
1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

VOL. Il. 2B

370 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Quibarroo River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Makauria River,
Arwye River, Tiger Creek (McConnell collection); Merumé
Mountains, Kamakusa, Bartica (Whitely). ;

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Boddaert).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

575. Microcerculus ustulatus.
Rorsima SCALY-BREASTED WREN.

Microcerculus ustulatus Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 204, pl. ix.
fig. 2 (Roraima, 3500-5000 ft.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 200;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 340, no. 3477, 1912.

Adult, Head, back, scapulars, and, upper wing-coverts choco-
late-brown: flight-quills and tail blackish; chin and throat
cinnamon-brown, remainder of the under surface including the
under wing-coverts coffee-brown ; under surface of fliglit-quills
blackish brown like the lower aspect of the tail.

Total length 105 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 55, tail 28,
tarsus 22.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
at Roraima by Mr. McConnell in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undeseribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection); Mount Roraima (Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

MIMUS. 371

Family MIMID&.

This family is represented in South America by three genera,
and at the time when Brabourne and Chubb published their ‘ List
of the Birds of South America,’ eighteen species. One genus and
one species occur in British Guiana.

-Genus MIMUS Boie.
Mimus Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 972. Type M. polyglottus (Linn.).

Fig. 143.—To illustrate the shape of the bill.

One of the chief characters in this genus is that the tail is
usually longer than the wing. The bill is decurved at the tip and
slightly hooked. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, fifth,
and sixth primaries are longest and subequal, the second is shorter
than the seventh but longer than the eighth. The tail is rounded
at the tip and rather longer than the wing. The tarsus is about
twice the length of the exposed culmen, and the middle toe and
claw five-sixths the length of the tarsus. Coloration: male and
female similar.

576. Mimus gilvus.
GracrruL Mockine-sirp.

Turdus gilvus Vieill. Ois. Amér. Sept. i. p. 15, pl. 68 bis, 1807
(Guiana).

Mimus gilvus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 350, 1881 (British
Guiana); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 199 (Roraima, 2700-8700 ft.) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 341, no. 3491, 1912.

Adult female. Orown of head, back, scapulars, and upper tail-
coverts with dark shaft-lines to the feathers on the head ; upper
wing-coverts similar to the back but somewhat darker; median and
greater series dark brown, with pale edges to the feathers like
the innermost secondaries; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and

2B2

372 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

flight-quills blackish with pale edges to the inner and a portion of
the outer webs of the last; tail also blackish, all except the two
middle feathers tipped with white, which increases in extent
towards the outermost, which is edged with white—the whole length
on the outer web (the portion of the white and dark patterns
meet) is smoke-colour ; a whitish supraloral streak, which is con-
tinued over the eye where it is more pronounced ; lores blackish ;
ear-coverts pale brown, fore part of cheeks and throat white, like
the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; lower throat and breast pale
grey, like the axillaries and sides of the body ; under wing-coverts
white more or less intermixed with brown; basal portion of quills
‘below isabelline, the remainder blackish; lower aspect of tail
greyish brown with white tips to the feathers.

Total length 249 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 109, tail 112,
tarsus 35.

The specimen described was collected on the Abary River in
September 1906.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female but rather larger.
Wing 115 mm.

Young. Differs from the adult in the absence of the shaft-
streaks on the head, in having the back and upper tail-coverts
ochreous-buff instead of ash-grey, with indications of dark shaft-
lines; under surface white, with dark shaft-lines to the feathers
on the lower throat and breast, which is tinged with isabelline.

The young bird described was collected on the Upper Takutu
Mountains in 1908.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guaina.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains, Mazaruni River, Abary River (McConnell collection) ;
Mount Roraima (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. North Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

DONACOBIUS, 373

Genus DONACOBIUS Swains.

Donacobius Swainson, Zool. Ilustr. (2nd ser.) ii. pl. 72, 1880. Type
_ D. atricapillus (Linn.).

Fig. 144.—'To show the form of the bill and nostrils.

In this genus the bill is long, decurved and somewhat hooked
at the tip, the depth at the posterior portion of the nostrils is
about equal to the width, and the nostrils are exposed and oval in
shape. The wing is rounded, the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries
are longest and equal, the third about equal to the seventh, and
the second about equal in length to the secondaries. The tail is
long and graduated, the outer feather on each side being about
three-sevenths the length of the middle ones. The tarsus is about
one-third longer than the exposed culmen, which is about equal
in length to the middle toe without the claw. Coloration: male
and female similar.

577. Donacobius atricapillus.
Biack-caPPpED Mockinc-THRUuUsH.

Tvrdus atricapilla Linn. Nat. i. p. 295, 1766 (Brazil).

Donacobius atricapillus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iil. p. 674, 1848 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 364, 1881; Salvin, Ibis, 1885,
p- 199; Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 876, 1910 (Abary
Savannas); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 342, no. 3498,
1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, and hind-neck black ;
back, scapulars, upper wing-coverts, and flight-quills coffee-
brown, rather darker on the last; paler and more umber-brown
on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; base of primary
and outer secondary quills white, which graduates and becomes
much less in extent on the outermost primary; tail blackish
tipped with white, the outermost feather on each side entirely

374 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

white, the following one blackish only at the base; throat and
remainder of the under surface fulvescent buff, with dark narrow
bars on the sides of the body like the axillaries and lesser under
wing-coverts, the greater series of the last dark brown like the
under surface of the quills ; a large patch of white on the, basal
portion of the quill-lining; lower aspect of tail black in the
middle bordered with white.

Total length 225 mm., exposed culmen 21, wing 82, tail 96,
tarsus 36. é

The male described was collected on the Demerara River.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 77 mm., tail 89.

The female described was collected on the Abary River in
October 1888.

A young bird from the Ituribisi River differs from the adult in
having the upper wing-coverts and innermost secondaries fringed
with rufous, an inclination to rufous on the base of the forehead,
a white postocular streak, the ear-coverts brown with glossy shalt-
streaks, the throat almost white, and in the absence of the dark
bars on the sides of the body. ;

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Its nest is placed in a clump of coarse grass (Schomburgk).

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Abary River,
Demerara River (McConnell collection) ; Abary Savannas (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia,
Central and Eastern Brazil,

Habits. Concerning this bird Schomburgk (Reis, Guian. ii
p- 484) writes :—‘‘Is most peculiar in its habits, for as soon as it
sees a human being it makes a crackling note, not unlike that of
the Reed-Bunting of Europe, and immediately all the other indi-
viduals of the same species come rushing to it and join in making
the same sound, flying up and down the bushes in great excite-
ment, but as soon as the intruder is out of sight every bird
returns to its own domain and all is peace once more.”

Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 674) that he only met
this species near the coast, where it frequents the boggy lands
with reed-like grass mixed with bushes. Its nest is placed ina
clump of coarse grass. The “ Macusis” call it Mariraeking.

DONACOBIUS,—PLATYCICHLA. 375

The following note has been copied from Beebe (Our Search
for a Wilderness, p. 40):—‘‘ Later, when standing at edge of
an impenetrable tangle of thorny vines and vainly trying to
discover what bird was singing in loud, ringing tones within it,
we thought of the fierce little ow], and concealing ourselves, gave
the call of Glaucidium: the effect was instantaneous ; the song
near us ceased, and with angry cries a pair of beautiful Black-
capped Mocking Thrushes (Donacobius atricapillus) flew almost
overhead.”

Family TURDID.

This family, which is almost world-wide in its distribution, is
represented by nine genera in South America, and when Brabourne
and Chubb published their ¢ List of the Birds of South America’
there were sixty species. Four of the genera and eleven of the
species are represented in British Guiana, and three others have
been added to the Colony since.

Genus PLATYCICHLA Baird.

Platycichla Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 32, 1864. Type P. brevipes
Baird.

Fig. 145.—To illustrate the shape of the bill and nostrils.

In this genus the bill is depressed laterally at the base, the
width at the gape being about three-fourths the length of the
exposed culmen ; the nostrils are oval and feathered on the posterior
portion. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth primary-
quills longest and equal, the second slightly shorter than the sixth,
and the first about one-seventh the length of the second. The
tail is nearly square at the tip and about three-fourths the length
of the wing. The tarsus exceeds the length of the exposed

376 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

culmen by about one-third, and the middle toe and claw are about
equal in length to the tarsus. Coloration: male and female
different.

578. Platycichla venezuelensis.
” “Venezuetan GREY OUZEL.

ask carbonaria (nec Licht.) Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 253,

1881.

Turdus flavipes (nec Vieill.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 198 (Roraima,
3500-6000 ft. ).

Platycichla venezuelensis Sharpe in Seebohm’s Monogr. Turdide, ii.
p- 83, 1900; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 342, no. 3501,
1912.

Adult male, Head, neck all round, mantle, wings, and tail black
like the throat, breast, thighs, and under wing-coverts ; back,
scapulars, marginal upper wing-coverts, upper tail-coverts, sides of
the body, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dark slate-grey.

Total length 224 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 109, tail 88,
tarsus 26, middle toe and claw 25.

Adult female. General colour above olive-brown, including the
top of the head, sides of the face, entire back, outer aspect of
wings, and tail, with a tinge of grey on the wings and upper tail-
eoverts ; throat, breast, sides of body, and under tail-coverts
ochreous-brown, with dark shaft-streaks to the feathers on the
throat and inclining to slate-grey on the abdomen; under wing-
coverts and axillaries orange-buf& Wing 115 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the specimens described are in the British Museum and were
collected at Mount Roraima, 3500 ft., by Henry Whitely in
January 1884—Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Trinidad.

‘Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

CICHLOPSIS. 377

Genus CICHLOPSIS Cub.

Cichlopsis Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 54, 1850. Type C. lewcogenys
(Cab.).

Fig. 146.—To show the shape of the bill.

In this genus the bill is depressed at the base, where the width
is about three-fourths the length of the exposed culmen, and the
upper mandible isslightly hooked. The wing is rounded, the third
and fourth primaries longest and subequal, the second intermediate
in length between the sixth and seventh, and the first about one-
third the length of the second. ‘The tail is rounded at the tip and
rather more than three-fourths the length of the wing, and the
middle toe without the claw about three-fourths the length of the
tarsus. Coloration: male and female similar, but less bright.

579. Cichlopsis gularis.

ORANGE-BROWN SOLITAIRE.

Cichlopsis gularis Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1882, p. 76 (Merumé
Mountains) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 378, 1881; Salvin,
This, 1885, p. 199 (Roraima, 3500 ft.) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S.
- Amer. i. p. 348, no. 3504, 1912.

Adult. General colour above dark rufous-brown, including the
top of the head, back, wings, and tail, with rufous edgings to the
tips of the greater upper wing-coverts ; inner webs of flight-quills
blackish, margined with pale rufous; tail rather paler than the
back; sides of the face similar to the crown of the head ; chin
and throat pale rafous ; fore-neck rust-brown ; abdomen grevish
white ; sides of body dusky-brown ; flanks ochreous ; under tail-
coverts pale cinnamon; axillaries white; under wing-coverts
greyish, the greater series brown ; inner edges of quills below
pale cinnamon-rufous, dark brown on the remainder ; lower aspect
of tail dull rufous.

378 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Total length 194 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 103, tail 85,
tarsus 23.

The specimen described was collected by Mr. McOonnell during
his expedition to Mount Roraima in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection) ; Merumé Mountains, Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.,

Genus PLANESTICUS Bonap.

Planesticus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 8, 1854. Type
P. jamaicensis (Gmel.).

Fig. 147.—To illustrate the shape of the bill.

The species on which this genus was founded is of medium size.
The bill is somewhat short and compressed, and slightly hooked at
the tip of the upper mandible. The wing is rounded, the third,
fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries are longest and subequal, the
second is slightly shorter than the seventh, and the first less than
one-fourth the length of the second. The tail is square at the tip
and about three-fourths the length of the wing, and the tarsus
exceeds by about one-fourth the length of the exposed culmen.
Coloration: male and female similar.

Key to the Species.
A. Crown of head black in contrast to the

back.
a, Entire back and lia tail-coverts
: slate-grey . . P. leucops, p. 879
b. Entire back and upper ‘tail-coverts
dark bronze-brown ........ .. P. roraime, p. 380.

B. Crown of head uniform or similar in
colour to the back.
e. Under wing-coverts orange-rufous.
a’. Back ochreous-brown............... P. fredericki, p. 381.
b'. Back olive-grey ......cc 2. albiventer, p. 382.

PLANESTICUS. 379

d. Under wing-coverts dull rufous...... 2. fumigatus ie
p. 382.

e. Under. wing-coverts buff................ P. gymnophthalmus, p. 383.
f. Under wing-coverts pale buff or
buffy white.
ce’. Larger, wing more than 110 mm.,
tail more than 90 ..............006 P. murinus, p. 384.
d', Smaller, wing less than 110 mm.,
tail less than 90.0.0... eee P. arthuri, p. 385.
g. Under wing-coverts grey like the
sides of the body ...........:0s00. P.pheopygus, p. 386.

580. Planesticus leucops.
TACZANOWSKEI’s Buack OUZEL.

Turdus leucops Taczanowski, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 881 (Ropobamba and
Tambillo, North Peru) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 199 (Merume Mts.,
Roraima).

Merula leucops Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 241, 1881.

Planesticus leucops Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 844, no. 3511,
1912.

Adult male. General colour, both on the upper and under
surface, black with a steel-blue gloss.

Total length 224 mm., exposed culmen 19, wing 112, tail 84,
tarsus 26, middle toe and claw 24.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface olive-brown,
including the head, back, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and upper
wing-coverts ; inner webs of primary and secondary quills rather
paler ; sides of face and ear-coverts like the back ; throat streaked
with brown and dull white ; breast, thighs, and sides of body
olive-brown, but much paler than the back ; middle of abdomen
and under tail-coverts white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
orange-buff ; flight-quills below greyish brown, slightly washed
with buff on the inner edges ; lower aspect of tail greyish brown.

Total length 214 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 111, tail 87,
tarsus 27.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collecticn, and
the specimens described are in the British Museum. The male is
from the Kamarang River and the female from Mount Roraima—
Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

380 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Figgs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains,
Kamarang River (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

581. Planesticus roraime.
Rorama Ouze.

Turdus roraime Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 443 (Roraima, 5000-
6000 ft.) ; Salvin, op. cit. 1885, p. 198.

Merula roraime Sharpe, Hand-List of Birds, iv. p. 120, 1908.

Planesticus roraime Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 344,
no. 3513, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, and throat black ;
entire back, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and upper wing-coverts
dark -olive-brown ; flight-quills and tail-feathers dark smoke-
brown ; breast, abdomen, sides of the body, thighs, axillaries, and
under wing-coverts ochreous-brown, paler and incling to buff on
the middle of the abdomen; under tail-coverts dark olive-brown
with pale tips to the feathers. ;

Total length 240 mm., exposed culmen 21, wing 124, tail 95,
tarsus 34.

The above description is taken from the type in the British
Museum, which was collected by Whitely on Mount Roraima,
6000 ft., August 22, 1883—Salvin-Godman collection.

Adult female. Entire back, from the lower hind-neck and in-
cluding the upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and upper wing-coverts
dusky olive-brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, flight-quills,
and tail-feathers dark smoke-brown, more or less olive on the.
outer aspect of the wing and margins of the tuil-feathers ; head
and sides of the face deep black, with long filo-plumes to the
feathers on the nape ; throat, fore-neck, sides of neck, and upper
breast dusky olive-brown, with longitudinal black streaks on
the throat ; breast, abdomen, and sides of the body buff, tinged
with olive like the axillaries and under wing-coverts; under tail-
coverts dusky-brown more or less intermixed with buff; under
surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail dark brown.

Total length 235 mm., exposed culmen 21, wing 122, tail 96,
tarsus 31.

‘YSNIY s,1ny.ly ‘ysn4y[, UDIQDS §,4yoMapaty
‘24NYJLD SNOIJSAUD]d ‘TZ ‘1yoMsapasf sndIjSaUuvjq ‘“T

‘punin sig fo sp4ig
A ‘Id TI 1°A mo YU

PLANESTICUS. 381

This specimen was collected at Mount Roraima by Mr. McConnell
during his expedition there in 1898.

The young male differs chiefly in having the chin, throat, and
breast spotted with black, and the upper wing-coverts tipped with
rufous.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

eggs... Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

582. Planesticus fredericki.
FREDFRICK’s SABIAN THRUSH.

(Plate V. fig. 1.)

Turdus fumigatus (nec Licht.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 665,
1848; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 216, 1881; Seebohm, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 216 (part), 1881; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 198
(Bartica Grove, Camacusa).

Planesticus fumigatus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i. p. 346,
no. 3536 (part), 1912; Beebe, Tropical Life in British Guiana,
.p. 185, 1917 (Bartica).

Planesticus fredericki Chubb, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, xxxviii. p. 58,
April 2, 1918 (Bartica).

Adult. General colour, both above and below, ochreous, paler
on thé under surface ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish with
rufous inner margins ; throat more or less streaked with white ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts dull cinnamon-rufous ; flight-
quills below hair-brown with rufous inner edgings; lower aspect
of tail paler than on the upper surface.

Total length 217 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 120, tail 93,
tarsus 31.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Abary River in September 1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains,
Ituribisi River, Supenaam River, Bartica (McConnell collection);
Georgetown (Quelch) ; Bartica, Kamakusa (Whitely); Bartica
(Beebe).

382 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 665)
this species is distributed in the woods thronghout the whole of
British Guiana. Its habits and mode of life are similar to those
of its congeners in Europe. Schomburgk states that he always
found it singly either on the ground or in the low bush.

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 72) states that this species
is only seen occasionally in Georgetown.

583. Planesticus fumigatus abariensis.
ABARY SABIAN THRUSH.

Planesticus fumigatus abariensis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, xxxviii.
p. 58, April 2, 1918 (Abary River)..

Adult. Crown of head, sides of face, back, wings, and tail
chocolate-brown ; breast, abdomen, sides of body, and under tail-
coverts dull umber-brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts dull
rufous.

Total length 214 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 120, tail 92,
tarsus 33.

The description is taken from the type in the McConnell col-
lection, which was collected on the Abary River in 1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Abary River (AdcConnell
collection).

Habits. Similar to those of P. fredericki.

584. Planesticus albiventer.
Sprx’s THRUSH.

Turdus albiventer Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 70, pl. Ixix. fig. 1, 1824 (Minas
Geraés et Para); Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 666, 1848;
Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 216, 1881.

Turdus albiventris Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 198 (Roraima, 3000-4000 ft.).

Planesticus albiventer Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 116, 1910
(Georgetown) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p, 346, no. 8538,
1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 185, 1917
(Bartica).

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface bistre-brown,
rather darker and more dusky on the head ; inner webs of flight-

PLANESTICUS. 383

quills dark brown, paler on the inner edges; ear-coverts pale brown
with paler shaft-streaks to the feathers ; breast, abdomen, and
sides of the body pale earth-grey, or dusky-grey ; throat broadly
streaked with white; vent and under tail-coverts white, the
feathers more or less marked with pale brown ; axillaries, under
wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills bright rufous.

Total length 215 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 115, tail 91,
tarsus 29,

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 115 mm.

The male and female described were collected on the Demerara
River.

A young bird, collected on the Ituribisi River, differs from the
adult on the upper parts in having pale shaft-streaks to the
feathers on the back, upper wing-coverts, and sides of the hinder
crown ; it differs on the under parts in having the throat dull
white, the breast and abdomen. whitish spotted with brown and
tinged with pale rufous.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Bartica, Abary River, Demerara River (McConnell col-
lection); Georgetown and Bartica (Beebe); Annai, May 13,
1890 ( Whitely) ; Georgetown (Quelch).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia, Eastern Brazil.

Habits. Quelch states (Timehri (2) v. p. 72) that this species is
extremely common in Georgetown.

; 585. Planesticus gymnophthalmus.
Bark-EYED TaARUSH.

Turdus gymnophthalmus Cabanis in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 665,
1848 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 212, 1881; Salvin, Ibis,
1885, p. 198 (Roraima, 3500 ft.).

Planesticus gymnophthalmus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 245,
no. 3528, 1912.

Almost adult male. General colour of the upper surface olive
including the top of the head, sides of the face, entire back, wings,

and tail ; some of the upper wing-coverts are slightly tipped with
buff ; inner webs of flight-quills hair-brown with buffy-white

384 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

inner margins ; a naked space round the eye ; throat dull white
streaked with brown; breast, sides of the body, and thighs
ochreous-brown ; middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts white ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts buff ; undér surface of flight-
quills greyish brown with pale buff margins ; lower aspect of tail
greyish brown. “Bill pale yellow above and below, darker at
the base of both mandibles ; legs, feet, and claws brown ” (Cat. B.
Brit. Mus.).

Total length 229 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 119, tail 94,
tarsus 32.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 118 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the specimens described were collected by the late Henry Whitely
at Quonga in 1887 and are now in the British Museum, Salvin-
Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima and Quonga ( Whitely).

‘Extralimital Range. Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, North Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

586. Planesticus murinus.
Roraima BLAcK-BILLED THRUSH.

Turdus murinus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 197 (Merumé Mts., Roraima,
8000-5000 ft.).
a murinus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8, Amer. i. p..845, no. 3534,
Adult. Crown of head, sides of face, back, wings, and tail
dusky-brown ; throat, breast, and sides of the body also dusky-
brown, but much paler than on the upper surface with broad
white streaks on the throat ; abdomen and thighs dark ash-grey ;
lower flanks and under failicoverts white ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts cinnamon-buff ; under surface of flight-quills hair-
brown ; lower aspedt of tail greyish brown. “ Bill black ; feet
dusky coral-red ” ( Whitely).
Total length 206 mm., oe culmeu 17, wing 118, tail 90,
tarsus 32.

PLANESTICUS. 385

The specimen on which the description is based was collected
by Mr. McConnell at Mount Roraima during his expedition in
October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded. .

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range conjined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Arawai
River (McConnell collection); Mount Roraima and Merumé
Mountains ( Whitely). :

Halits. Unrecorded.

587. Planesticus arthuri.
ArRTHUR’s THRUSH.
(Plate V. fig. 2.)
Planesticus arthuri Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxiii. p. 181, 1914.

Adult. General colour above including the crown of the head,
back, wings, and tail dusky greyish brown; sides of the face
similar to the back; throat white broadly streaked with dark
brown ; breast, abdomen, and sides of the body dark ash-
grey; vent and under tail-coverts white; axillaries pale grey ;
under wing-coverts pale ochreous; under surface of flight-quills
and lower aspect of tail greyish brown.

Total length 202 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 103, tail 80,
tarsus 30.

The above description is taken from the type of the species
which was collected on the Abary River in September 1906.

Juv. Crown of head, sides of face, entire back, wings, and tail
dusky brown with ferruginous shaft-lines to the feathers on the
head, sides of face, mantle, upper back, and upper wing-coverts ;
throat, breast, abdomen, sides of the body, and under wing-
coverts ferruginous with dark spots, or bars to the feathers and
more or less white on the abdomen ; under tail-coverts greyish
white.

The specimen from which the above description is taken was
collected on the Makauria River in August 1910.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Fqgs. Undescribed.

VOL, Il. 2c

386 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range confined to British Guiana. Abary River, Makauria
River (MeConnell collection).
Habits. Unrecorded.

; 588. Planesticus phreopygus.
CABANIS’s WHITE-THROATED THRUSH.

Turdus pheopygus Cabanis in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 666, 1848 ;
Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 208, 1881 (Demerara); Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 197 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merumé Mts.,
Roraima) ; Quelch, Timehri (2) v. p. 72, 1891 (Georgetown).

Planesticus pheopygus Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, pp. 322-324,
340 cum fig. 132, 1910 (Aremu River); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8.
Amer. i. p. 344, no. 8519, 1912.

Planesticus pheopygus pheopygus Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British
Guiana, p. 135, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult. General colour above including the head, back, wings,
and tail russet-brown; inner webs of flight-quills blackish, paler
on the inner edges ; upper tail-coverts inclining to slate-colour ;
tail-feathers dark brown; sides of the face like the back; throat
white broadly streaked with dark brown; breast and sides of
body ash-grey, darker and inclining to lead-grey on the Jatter ;
abdomen and under tail-coverts white; axillaries grey; under
wing-coverts also grey, more or less intermixed with white ;
under surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail dark brown.

Total length 187 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 102, tail 84,
tarsus 29,

The specimen described was collected on the Kamakabra River
in 1911.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. “A beautiful nest made of green growing moss, and
placed close to the trunk of a tree about six feet from the ground”
(Beebe).

Eggs. “Two in number, pale blue-green, thickly spotted with
brown of various shades, much more densely at the larger end”

(Beebe).

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Bartica, Kamakabra
River (McConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains,
Kamakusa, Bartica (Whitely) ; Georgetown (Quelch); Aremu
River and Bartica (Beebe). i Se

Extralimital Range. North Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, East
Peru.

PLANESTICUS.—HYLOCICHLA. 387

Habits. The following note is quoted from Beebe (Our Search
for a Wilderness, p. 322):—“A beautiful nest of a White-
throated Robin made of green growing moss, and placed close to
the trunk of a tree, about six feet from the ground..... This
Thrush is olive-brown above, pale below with a streaked chin and
throat like our Northern Robin. Its most characteristic mark,
however, is a patch of pure white on the upper breast, which
flashes out like a star among the shadows of the Jungle.....
There were two eggs, pale blue-green, thickly spotted with brown
of various shades, much more densely at the larger end.”

Genus HYLOCICHLA Baird.

Hylocichla Baird, Review American Birds, p. 12, 1864. Type H. mus
telinus (Gmel.).

Fig. 148.—To show the form of the bill.

The species that comprise this genus differ from the Thrushes
generally by their smaller size. The bill is short and compressed
on the apical portion, its width at the nostrils being rather less
than half the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded,
the third and fourth primaries longest and equal, the second about
equal to the fifth, and the first about one-sixth the length of the
second. The tail is square at the tip and about two-thirds the
length of the wing, and the tarsus is slightly less than half
the length of the tail. Coloration : male and female similar.

Key to the sities

A. Upper surface pale fulvous.. wees HL. fuscescens, p. 388.
B. Upper surface olive .. wee HH. alicia, p. 388.
C. Upper surface dark ochreous-brown ....., A, ustulata, p. 389.

2c2

388 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

589. Hylocichla fuscescens.
WIxson’s THRUSH.

Turdus fuscescens Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. x. p. 182, 1817
(Pennsylvania); Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 208, 1881;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 196 (Camacusa, April 12th).

Hylocichla fuscescens Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8, Amer, i. p. 347,
no. 3550, 1912.

Adult, General colour of the upper surface, including the top
of the head, back, wings, and tail, pale fulvous; inner webs of
flight-quills dark brown marked with white at the base; lores
greyish white; sides of face and fore-neck isabelline-buff with
dark markings which assume the form of streaks or rounded spots ;
throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dull white; sides of body
olive-grey ; axillaries white becoming grey at the tips; under
wing-coverts white, more or less mixed with brown, the greater
series and under surface of flight-quills hair-brown, the latter
white at the base ; lower aspect of tail greyish brown.

Total length 170 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 98, tail 71,
tarsus 41.

The exact locality in British Guiana, of the bird described, is
unknown.

This species breeds in North America and is only known as a
winter visitor in British Guiana. Whitely collected a specimen
however at Kamakusa in April.

Range in British Guiana. Kamakusa (W hitely).

Eatralimital Range. North Brazil and Colombia in South
America, Central America, and a portion of the, West India
Islands, and north to the United States and Canada.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

590. Hylocichla alicie.
GREY-CHEEKED THRUSH.

Turdus alici@ Baird in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, B. N. Amer.
p. 217, pl. 81, fig. 2, 1858 (West Northfield, Llinois); Seebohm,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 202, 1881; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 197
(Camacusa, Bartica Grove).

Hylocichla alicie Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 347, no. 3551,
1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 185, 1917
(Bartica). ;

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface olive, including
the top of the head, back, wings, and tail ; inner webs of flight-

HYLOCICHI.A. 389

quills hair-brown with white on the basal portion ; sides of face
streaked with dark brown and buffy-white; a streak of dark brown
won each side of the throat ; middle of throat, abdomen, and under
tail-coverts white, the last more or less marked with isabelline ;
fore-neck and breast cream-colour, with dark brown pear-shaped
markings at the tips of the feathers; sides of the body, axillaries,
under wing-coverts drab-brown; under surface of flight-quills
and lower aspect of: tail hair-brown.

Total length 173 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 105, tail 67,
tarsus 30.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 100 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection and
the specimens described are in the British Museum; both male
and female were collected by Whitely on the Kamarang River
in December 1885 —Salvin-Godman collection.

This species also breeds in North America, and occurs in British
Guiana as a winter visitor only. Whitely procured specimens
during the months of December, February, and March.

Range in British Guiana. Kamarang River, Kamakusa,
Bartica ( Whitely).

Eextralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru in South
America and north through Central America to the United States,
Canada, and Arctic America.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

591. Hylocichla ustulata.
e RusseT-BACKED THRUSH.

Turdus ustulatus Nuttall, Man. Orn. i. p. 400, 1840 (Columbia, Wash-
ington); Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 203, 1881; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 197 (Roraima).

Hylocichla ustulata Byabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 347,
no. 8552, 1912.

«(dult. General colour above olive-brown, including the crown
of the head, entire back, wings, and tail; inner webs of the flight-
quills dark brown with white bases; sides of face like the back
with pale shaft-lines to some of the feathers ; a black moustachial
streak along the cheeks; throat and fore-neck buffy-white with
dark pear-shaped marks to the feathers on the latter; breast,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts white with pale brown spots to
the feathers on the breast and some of the under tail-coverts,

390 . BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

edged with buff; sides of the body, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts olive-brown, the greater series and base of quills below
white, the remaining portion of the quills pale brown; lower
aspect of tail greyish brown.

Total length 159 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 105, tail 63,
tarsus 30.

The specimen described was collected in British Guiana, but the
exact locality is unknown.

This species likewise breeds in North America and is only a
winter visitor to British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. The only specimen in the McConnell
collection is without any exact locality; Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Colombia, Central America to North
America west of the Rocky Mountains.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Family VIREONID#.

This family is comprised of six genera and, when the fourth
volume of the ‘ Hand-list of Birds’ compiled by the late Dr.
Bowdler Sharpe was published in 1903, one hundred and eleven
species. At the time that Brabourne and Chubb published their
‘List of the Birds of South America’ in 1912, four genera and
fifty species were known to occur. All the genera and eleven of
the species are represented in British Guiana.

Genus VIREO Vieill.

Vireo Vieillot, Ois. de PAmér. Septentr. i. p. 83, 1807. Type V7. nove-
boracensis (Gmel.).

Fig. 149.—To show the slender and hooked bill.

The species that constitute this genus may be generally
recognised by the green, or yellowish-green upper surface and the

VIREO. 391

greyish-white under-parts. The bill is compressed on the apical
portion and sharply hooked at the tip of the upper mandible.
The wing is rounded, the third and fourth primaries longest, the
second shorter than the fifth, but much longer than the sixth.
The tail is square at the tip and rather more than five-eighths the
length of the wing, and the tarsus is only slightly longer than
the middle toe and elaw. Coloration: male and female alike.

Key to the Species.

A. Crown of head ochreous-green like the back. V. calidris, p. 391.
B. Crown of head slate-grey in contrast to the

back.
6. Larger, wing more than 70 mm., tail more
than 50 mm. ...... .... FV. olivaceus, p. 392. ”
ce. Smaller, wing less than 70 n mm., , tail ‘Tess
than 50 mm. 0... eee ceeeteseeseeesestenee Ve roraime, p. 393.

592. Vireo calidris.
MoustacHED GREENLET.

Motacilla calidris Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 8329, 1766 (Jamaica).

Vireo calidris Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 293, 1883; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 204 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa); Brabourne & Chubb,
B. 8. Amer. i. p. 848, no. 3562, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in
British Guiana, p. 1385, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface olive-green,
including the crown of the head, back, wings, and tail; inner
webs of flight-quills dark brown with whitish inner margins ;
a loral streak of isabelline-butf which broadens out over the eye
and extends along the sides of the crown ; a dark mark in front
and behind the eye; sides of the face isabelline-buff; a dark
moustachial streak; throat white -tinged with isabelline ; breast,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts yellowish white; sides of breast
and ides of body pale olive-green ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts white like the inner edges of the quills below, remainder
of the quill-lining dark brown ; lower aspect of tail ash-grey.

Total length 141 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 80, tail 52,
tarsus 18.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Ituribisi River in 1909.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 75 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

392 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Bartica (AfeConnell
collection) ; Bartica, Kamakusa (JV hitely).

Fxtralimital Range. Brazil, Venezuela, Panama, Jamaica,
S. Domingo, Lesser Antilles.

Habits, Unrecorded in British Guiana.

593. Wireo olivaceus.
RED-EYED GREENLET.

Muscicapa olivacea Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 827, 1766 (Carolina).
Vireo olivaceus Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 294, 1883;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 348, no. 3563, 1912.

Adult. Crown of head and nape slate-grey with a dark brown
line on each side of the crown followed by a parallel line of buffy-
white from the lores over the eye and extending along to the sides
of the nape; a dusky spot in front and behind the eye; back,
rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wings, and tail green; inner
webs of bastard-wing and primary-coverts. dark brown; inner
webs of flight-quills also dark brown with white margins ; tail-
feathers buffy-white on the inner margins; sides of face, sides of
neck, and sides of body paler than the back; throat, breast,
uvudomen, and under tail-coverts white with a slight yellowish
tinge, which is much more pronounced on the under tail-coverts;
axillaries and under wing-coverts Jemon-yellow ; under surface ,
of quills hair-browa with yellowish-white margins ; lower aspect of
tail similar, but paier.

Total length 139 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 82, tail 55,
tarsus 20. ,

The specimen described was collected on the Iturihisi River in
February 1907. :

The sexes appear to be similar both in colour of plumage and
measurements. .

Breeding-season. Unknown in.British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River (A/eConnell col-
ection).

VIREO. 393

Extralimital Range. Colombia, North-west Peru. For distri-
bution in North and Middle America see Ridgway, vol. iii. p. 147.
Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

594. Vireo roraime, sp. nov.
Roraima GREENLET.

Vireo chivi (nec Vieill.) Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 295, 1883 ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 348, no. 3565, 1912;
Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 185, 1917 (Bartica).

Vireo agilis (nec Licht.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 204 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa, Roraima, 3500 ft. ).

Adult, Crown of head brownish grey with a dark line on each
side over the eye; back, wings, and tail yellowish green; inner
webs of flight-quills dark brown edged with sulphur-yellow ;
inner webs of tail-feathers margined with whitish; throat, breast,
and abdomen silky-white; under tail-coverts, axillaries, and
under wing-coverts lemon-yellow ; quills below pale brown, with
yellowish-white inner edges; lower aspect of tail pale brown
with a yellowish tinge.

Total length 115 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 75, tail 57,
tarsus 20.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
by the late Henry Whitely at Mount Roraima, now in the British
Museum, Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guana. Upper Takutu Mountains
(MeConnell collection); Mount Roraima, Kamakusa, Annai,
Bartica ( W hitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

394 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus PACHYSYLVIA Bonap.

Pachysylvia Bonaparte, Consp. Av.i. p. 309, 1850. Type P decurtata
(Bonap.).

eS
2 aS

Fig. 150.—To show the form of the bill.

In this genus the smallest members of the family are included.
The bill is pointed and the upper mandible is not hooked. The
wing is rounded, the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh
primaries longest and subequal, the second about equal in lengih
to the outer secondaries and the first about half the length of the
second. The tail is rounded at the tip, the outer feather on each
side being about one-fifth shorter than the middle ones. The tarsus
exceeds the length of the exposed culmen by about two-fifths.
Coloration : male and female similar. :

Key to the Species.

A. Upper surface green.
a. Throat grey.
a’. Back dark yellowish green; crown
of head slate-grey; bill and feet
dark .. . BP. griseiventris, p. 394.
b'. Back pale yellowish | green; ¢ crown
of head epee brown; bill and

feet pale ........ . P, thoracicus abariensis,
6. Throat fawn-colour or r ochreous-yellow. [p. 395.
ec’. Throat fawn-colour; tail shorter,
less than 45 mm..............000066 P. muscicapina, p. 896.
d'. Throat ochreous-yellow ; tail longer,
more than 45 mm. .................. PB. selatert, p. 397.
B. Upper surface brown...............2.... 2. luteifrons, p. 398.

595. Pachysylvia griseiventris.
GREY-BELLIED WooD-BIRD.

Hylophilus thoracicus (nec Temm.) Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viit.
p. 307, 1883 (Bartica Grove); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 204 (Cama-
cusa ).

PACHYSYLVIA. 395

Hylophilus thoracicus griseiventris Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix.
p- 11, 1902 (Suapure, Venezuela). 4

Pachysylvia griseiventris Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 349,
no. 8571, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Life in British Guiana, p. 186,
1917 (Bartica).

Adult female. General colour above yellowish green, including
the back, wings, and tail, sides of face, and a band across the
fore-neck and breast, the last paler than the back : inner webs of
flight-quills dark brown, margined with sulphur-yellow ; hinder
crown, nape, and hind-neck slate-grey ; fore part of head tinged
with yellowish green ; throat, abdomen, and sides of body ash-
grey, becoming white on the middle of the lower abdomen and
vent ; under tail-coverts, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner
margins of quills below lemon-yellow, remainder of quill-lining
hair-brown ; lower aspect of tail pale yellow.

Total length 113 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 51, tail 46,
tarsus 17.

The female described was collected on the Abary River in
February 1907.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female but slightly larger.
Wing 55 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Liggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Makauria River, Abary River (McConnell collection) ;
Kamarang River, Kamakusa, Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

596. Pachysylvia thoracicus abariensis, subsp. nov.
ApakY River Woop-Birp.

Pachysylvia pectoralis (nec Sclater, part.) Brabourne & Chubb, B. S.
Amer. i. p. 349, no. 3578, 1912.

Adult male. Allied to P, thoracicus thoracicus Temm., but differs
in being paler in general coloration and smaller in measure-
ments. The crown of the head and sides of the face pale ash-
grey; throat whitish; back, wings, and tail bright yellowish
green; inner webs of flight-quills dark brown with pale yellow

396 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

margins ; shafts of tail-feathers dark and contrasting with the rest
of the tail; fore-neck and breast bright pale yellow; abdomen white
with a tinge of pale grey on the flanks; sides of body yellow ;
thighs and under tail-coverts pale lemon-yellow ; axillaries,under
wing-coverts, and inner margins of quills below bright sulphur-
yellow ; remainder of quill-lining hair-brown.

Total length 107 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 53, tail 45,
tarsus 18.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wingy 43 mm., tail 42.

The type described is in the McConnell collection and was
collected on the Abary River, July 1906, and the female on the
Bonasika River, 1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasika
River, Abary River (McConnell collection); Annai, Quonga
( Whitely).

Lxtralimital Range. Surinam (Penard).

Halits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

597. Pachysylvia muscicapina.
Guiana Woop-sirpD.

Hylophilus muscicapinus Sclater & Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop.
p- 156, 1873 (Oyapoc, Cayenne) ; Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii.
p- 308, 1883 (Bartica Grove); Salvin, bis, 1885, p. 204 (Bartica
Grove).

? Pachysylvia ferrugineifrons Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness,
p. 822, 1910 (Aremu River).

Pachysylvia muscicapina Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 349,
no. 3574, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana,
p. 136, 1917 (Bartica Grove).

Adult. Back, wings, and tail yellowish green; inner webs of
flight-quills hair-brown with whitish margins; crown of head and
nape dark ash-grey ; base of forehead, sides of face, throat, and
fore-neck pale fawn-colour; lower breast and sides of body pale
ash-grey, inclining to white on the middle of the abdomen; under
tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts lemon-yellow ;
under surface of flight-quills hair-brown with pale edgings ;
lower aspect of tail dull yellow.

PACHYSYLVIA. 397

Total length 115 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 63, tail 45,
tarsus 16,

The specimen on which the description is based was collected
on the Supenaam River in 1910.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 56 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica (McConnell collection); Bartica (Wiitely); Aremu River
(Beebe).

' Fxtralimital Range. Cayenne, Venezuela.

Habits. The following note is quoted from Beebe (Our Search
for a Wilderness, p. 322) :—‘‘A flock of tiny Brown-fronted Jungle
Vireos flew close to us, uttering a song like a diminutive alarm
clock. Francis shot one which was hardly more.than four inches
in length, olive-green above, paler below. Those who think that
all tropical birds are brightly coloured should see the great
number of species of sober little fellows like these.”

598. Pachysylvia sclateri.
Sciater’s Woop-Birp.

Hylophilus sclatert Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 205 (Roraima,
8500-6000 ft.).

Pachysylvia sclatert Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 349,
no, 3576, 1912.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and lesser upper wing-coverts pale
green; greater upper wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, outer aspect of quills, and tail grey ; inner webs of flight-
quills blackish brown with white margins; crown of head and
nape slate-grey ; sides of face pale grey; base of forehead and
throat pale buff; middle of breast ochreous-yellow, becoming
green on the sides of the breast and sides of the body; middle of
abdomen and under tail-coverts inclining to white ; axillaries
lemon-yellow ; under wing-coverts sulphur-yellow ; under surface
of flight-quills dark brown with pale inner edges ; lower aspect
of tail greyish brown.

398 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Total length 121 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 61, tail 52,
tarsus 21.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
by Mr. McConnell at Mount Roraima during his expedition in
October 1898.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller.
Wing 58 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection) ; Kamakusa, Mount Roraima (W hitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

599. Pachysylvia luteifrons.
ORANGE-FRONTED WooD-BIRD.

Hylophilus luteifrons Sclater, Ibis, 1881, p. 308 (Bartica Grove) ;
Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 311, 1883 (Roraima) ; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 204 (Merumé Mts., Camacusa).

Pachysylvia luteifrons Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 350,
no. 8589, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana,
p- 186, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. Crown of head, entire back, wings, and tail bronze-
brown; inner webs of tlight-quills dark brown with pale margins;
a tinge of yellow at the base of the forehead and on the lores;
sides of face, throat, and under surface greyish green, with an
ochreous tinge on the breast and under tail-coverts ; under wing-
coverts dull sulphur-yellow, like the inner edges of the quills
below; under surface flight-quills dark brown; lower aspect
of tail yellowish brown.

Total length 94 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 60, tail 40,
tarsus 14.

The specimen described was collected on the Ituribisi River.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male and differs only in
being rather smaller. Wing 54 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

ange confined to British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam

PACHYSYLVIA.—VIREOLANIUS. 399

River, Makauria River (McConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima,
"Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa, Bartica (Whitely) ; ? Aremu
River (Beebe).

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus VIREOLANIUS Du Bus.

Vireolanius Du Bus, Esquisses Ornith. pl. 26, 1850. Type V. meli-
tophrys Du Bus.

Fig. 151.—-To show the marxings on the side of the face.

The species that comprise this genus are brightly coloured.
The bill is compressed, its depth at the nostrils is equal to more
than half the length of the exposed culmen, and the tip of the
upper mandible is sharply hooked. The wing is rounded, the
“fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries are longest and equal, the third
is about equal in length to the seventh, the second about equal to
the ninth, and the first about three-fifths the length of the
second. The tail is square at the tip and about six-sevenths the
length of the wing. ‘The tarsus is nearly twice the length of
the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female similar.

; 600. Vireolanius chlorigaster.
sao Steet
BonapaRte’s GREENLET.

Vireolanius chlorigaster Bonap. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 381, 1854
(Cayenne) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer, i. p. 851, no. 3597,
1912.
Vireolanius leucotis (nec Swains.) Sdlvin, Ibis, 1878, p. 445, pl. xi.; id.
& Godm. op. cit. 1882, p. 77; Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii.
3 p. 315, 1883; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 205 (Merumé Mts., Bartica
Grove).

Adult female. Back, wings, and tuil dark green, paler and in-
clining to yellowish un the margins of the greater upper wing-
coverts; inner webs of flight-quills biackish with pale edges ;

400 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

crown of head and the sides of face slate-grey ; base of forehead,
lores, and a line over the eye to the sides of the nape bright*
yellow, like the throat and entire under surface, including the
under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts; sides of the body
strongly fused with green ; a broad white line running from the
gape below to the sides of the neck ; under surface of quills dark
brown with whitish inner edges ; a dark spot on the under wing-
coverts near the edge of the wing; lower aspect of tail pale
brown.

Total length 135 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 68, tail 45,
tarsus 19.

The female described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
1909.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female but rather larger.
Wing 74 mm., tail 49. ;

The male described was also collected on the Ituribisi River,
February 1907.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Ituribisi River, Kamakabra River
(McConnell collection); Merumé Mountains, Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Bonaparte) ; Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus CYCLARHIS Swains.

Cyclarhis Swainson, Zool. Journ. i. p. 294, Oct. 1824. Type C. guian-
ensis (Gmel.).

Fig. 152.—To show the short, stout, and hooked bill.

The members of this genus are the largest birds in the family.
The bill is compressed, its depth at the nostrils being about

CYCLARHIS. 401

two-thirds the length of the exposed culmen, and the tip of the upper
mandible is hooked. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, fifth,
and sixth primaries are longest and equal, the second nearly equal
in length to the ninth, and the first about two-thirds the length
of the second. The tail is square at the tip and about five-sevenths
the length of the wing. The tarsus exceeds the length of the
exposed culmen by about one-third. Coloration: male and female
similar.

601. Cyclarhis gujanensis.

Tanagra gujanensis Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 893, 1789 (Guiana).

Cyclorhis guinensis Gadow, B. Cat. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 319, 1883; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 205 (Roraima, 3500 ft.).

Cyclarhis gujanensis Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 352,
no. 3604, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head and hind-neck slate-grey ; base of
forehead and a line over the eye along the sides of the head to the
nape chestnut; back, wings, and tail dull dark green; inner webs
of flight-quills blackish brown, fringed with white ; sides of face
pale grey; throat lemon-yellow ; breast and sides of body ash-
grey ; middle of abdomen and under tuil-coverts white ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts pale sulphur-yellow, like the inner
margins of the flight-quills below, remainder of quill-lining dark
brown ; lower aspect of tail greyish brown tinged with yellow.

Total length 139 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 76, tail 58,
tarsus 22.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
at Mount Roraima by Mr. McConnell in October 1898.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, both in colour of
plumage and measurements. Wing 74 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper ,Takutu
Mountains (McConnell collection); Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Northern Brazil, Peru, East Ecuador,

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

VOL. IL. 2D

402 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Family MNIOTILTIDZ.

The American Warblers, of which this family is comprised,
are confined to the New World, and at the time when Brabourne
and Chubb published their ‘ List of the Birds of South America’
fourteen of the genera and eighty-one of the species were
recorded. Seven of the genera and eleven of the species are
represented in British Guiana.

Genus COMPSOTHLYPIS Cab.

Compsothlypis Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 20,1851. Type P. americana
(Linn.).

Fig. 153.—To show the pointed bill.

In this genus are included some of the smallest members of the
family. The bill is slender and sharply pointed. The wing is
rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries are longest
and subequal, the first is only rudimentary. The tail-is nearly
square at the tip and nearly four-fifths the length of the wing, and
the tarsus is almost twice the length of the exposed culmen.
Coloration : male and female similar.

602. Compsothlypis elegans.
Evrecant WARBLER.

Parula pitiayumi (nec Vieill.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 8302 (Roraima,
5000 to 6000 ft.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. pp. 259, 643, 1885
(Roraima).

Parula elegans Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus. viii. no. 2, p. 204, 1912 (Lara,
N.W. Venezuela); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 353,
no. 3618, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface slate-blue
including the head, back, wings, and tail; median and greater
upper wing-coverts tipped with white ; inner webs of flight-quills
blackish with pale edges ; inner webs of lateral tail-feathers dark
brown with a blotch of white near the tip ; lores, a narrow line at
the base of the forehead, and the space surrounding the eye black ;

COMPSUTHLYPIS.—DENDR@CA. 403

chin, abdomen, and sides of body yellow; throat and breast
fawn-colour; under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts white ;
axillaries grey ; under surface of flight-quills greyish brown.

Total length 108 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 57, tail 41,
tarsus 16,

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
at Mount Roraima by Mr. McConnell during his expedition in
October 1893.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being less bright
and rather smaller in size. Wing 50 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima(dceConnell collection) ;
Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Hast
Ecuador.

, Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus DENDRECA Gray.

Dendreca Gray, List Genera B. App. 8, 1842. Type D. coronatus
(Lainn.).

Fig. 154.—To show the pointed bill.

The members of this genus are for the most part small and
brightly coloured birds. The billis pointed, the width at the base
being-about half the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is
rounded, the second primary longest, and the first is about equal in
length to the third. The tail is square at the tip and almost two-
thirds the length of the wing. The tarsus is about half the length
of the tail and about twice the length of the exposed culmen.
Coloration : the female differs in being less bright.

Key to the Species.

A. Crown of head yellow ...........0ceeseeeee D. estiva, p. 404.
B. Crown of head black ..,.sssscsecsessorereeee De breviunguis, p. 405.

2D2

404 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

603. Dendrceca estiva.
YeLLow WARBLER.

Motacilla estiva Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 996, 1789 (Guiana).

Dendreca estiva Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 202 (Bartica Grove); Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. pp. 2738, 644, 1885 (Bartica Grove, Novem-
ber); Quelch, Timehri (2) v. p. 79, 1891 (Georgetown) ; id. op. cit.
x. p. 261, 1896 (migration) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i.
p- 854, no. 3620, 1912.

Dendreca estiva estiva Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana,
p. 136, 1917 (Bartica).

“Yellow Summer - bird,” “Golden Warbler,” “Summer

Yellow-bird,” “ Canary” (Quelch).

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green including the
back, outer aspect of the wing, and upper tail-coverts, paler and
inclining to yellow on the rump ; inner webs of greater upper
wing-coverts and flight-quills blackish brown broadly margined
with yellow on the latter; middle tail-feathers similar to the back,
the lateral ones have the inner webs almost entirely yellow; fore
part of head, sides of the face, throat, and entire under surface
bright yellow including the under tail-coverts, axillaries, under
wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills below, the feathers on the
breast, abdomen, and sides of the body have the shaft-streaks
chestnut ; under surface of quills greyish brown ; lower aspect of
tail yellow, darker on the outer webs and at the tips of the
feathers.

Total length 110 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 64, tail 45,
tarsus 19. ;

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
at Bartica in 1911.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male on the upper surface,
but paler and inclining to sulphur-yellow below without any
chestnut shaft-lines. Wing 59 mm.

Breeding-seasun. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Bartica, Kamakabra River, Abary
River, Great Falls Demerara River (MeConnell collection) ;
Bartica (Whitely) ; Georgetown (Quelch) ; Berbice River (British
Museum).

yrinre DENDREOA. 405

Extralimital Range. North Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador,
Colombia, Central America, and the whole of North America.

Habits. Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 79), writing on the
Native Birds of Georgetown, remarks :—‘‘ One of the commonest
city birds is a typical representative of the American Warblers.
This is the Yellow Summer-bird of the United States (Dendraca
estiva), known also as the Golden Warbler, and locally called
Canary. They are migrants in the United States, but certain it is
that they are to be found about Georgetown all the year round,
among the low bushes and high trees. Here they are shy birds,
and are with difficulty snared by those who make a practice of
caving the song birds.”

Mr. Quelch (op. cit. x. p. 261), writing on the Migratory Birds
in British Guiana, remarks :—‘‘Many of our resident species
oveur as migrants in the United States, ranging to Texas and
Florida, and even further north; but it is at present impossible to
say definitely how far south these migrants travel. The American
Warblers are specially to be noted. In the case of one of these
(Dendreca estiva), the Summer Yellow-bird of the United States,
locally passing under the general name of ‘Canary,’ the
individuals are certainly much more numerous here during the
times of migration, most probably indicating that birds from the
northern districts had arrived. This species occurs commonly
along the coast, being very plentiful in Georgetown during the
autumn and winter months ; but it may well be that other species
occur in the forest districts and on the open plains and mountains
of the interior.”

604. Dendrceca breviunguis.
BLAcKPOLL WARBLER.

Alauda (Anthus) breviunguis Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 75, tab. lxxvi—vii.
fig. 1, 1824 (Para).

Dendreca striata Salvin (nec Forst), Ibis, 1885, p. 202 (Roraima,
3500 ft.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. pp. 325, 650, 1885
(Roraima, November, January); Quelch, Timehri (2) x. p. 261,
1896 (Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 355,
no. 8631, 1912.

Adult female. Crown of head olive tinged with yellow ; back,
lesser upper wing-coverts, scapulars, and outer aspect of flight-
quills -imilar, but rather darker and with a few dark shaft-lines to

406 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

the feathers on the upper back and some of the upper tail-coverts ;
median and greater upper wing-coverts dark brown margined
with dull white, like some of the innermost secondaries ; primary-
coverts uniform dark brown ; inner webs of flight-quills hair-
brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, fringed with olive-grey on the
outer webs, and the two outer feathers on each side marked with
white on the apical portion of the inner webs ; a slight indication
of a pale streak from the base of the bill to above the eye ; sides
of face, throat, and breast pale yellow, becoming brighter and
deeper in colour on the last; sides of body grey tinged with
yellow ; abdomen and under tail-coverts greyish white like the
under wing-coverts, axillaries similar but more grey, the marginal
under wing-coverts narrowly barred with brown ; under surface
of flight-quills hair-brown ; lower aspect of tail also hair-brown
blotched with white on the two outer feathers.

Total length 123 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 71, tail 46,
tarsus 20.

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in having the top of
the head uniform black, the back broadly streaked with black, and
the under surface,white boldly marked with black on the sides of
the throat and sides of the body. Wing 70 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the specimen described was collected by the late Henry Whitely on
Mount Roraima, 3500 ft., in January 1884. Whitely collected
another female in the same district in November 1883, and a third
one on the Kamarang River in January 1886. These are now in
the British Museum, Salvin—Godman collection. It may be
observed that the late Dr. Bowdler Sharpe referred to*them as
immature (Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 650), but I cannot regard the
one described above as such, as it appears to have just passed the
breeding-season.

I propose, therefore, to use the name introduced by Spix for
this bird, as there seems to be some doubt about its migration.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana,

Eggs. Undescribed trom British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Kamarang River
(Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia,
Venezuela, West India Islands to North America.

DENDRECA.—SEIURUS. 407

Habits. Mr. J. J. Quelch, in his “ Migratory Birds in British
Guiana” (Timehri (2) x. p. 261), states that this bird certainly
occurs on the highlands, having been obtained on the slopes
around Roraima, but there was nothing to show whether the
specimens were migrants or not.

Genus SEIURUS Swains.

Seiurus Swainson, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 171, 1827. Type 8. awrocapillus
(Iann.).

Fig. 155.—To show the characters on the side of the face.

Some of the species that comprise this genus have the appear-
ance of Pipits, while others resemble, more or less, the small
Thrushes of the genus Hylocichla. The bill is slender. The wing
is inclined to be pointed, the first primary being longest, the
second and third only slightly shorter. The tail is square at the
tip and about five-sevenths the length of the wing. The tarsus
exceeds the length of the exposed culmen by rather more than
two-thirds. Coloration : male and female alike.

605. Seiurus noveboracensis.
SmMaLL-BILLED WaTER-LHRUSH.

Motacilla noveboracensis Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 958, 1789 (Louisiana).

Henicocichla noveboracensis Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ui. p. 666,
1848.

Siurus noveboracensis Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 202 (Bartica Grove, Roraima).

Siurus nevius Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. pp. 348, 652, 1885
(Bartica Grove, Dec.; Roraima, Dec.).

Seiurus nevius Quelch, Timehri (2) x. p. 262, 1896.

Seiurus noveboracensis Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 355,
no. 3637, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 136,
1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface dusky-brown
including the crown of the head, back, wings, and tail ; lores and

a line over the eye and along the sides of the crown buffy-white ;

408 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

sides of the face paler than the crown ; a dark line from the lores
to the front of the eye; a slight indication of a dark moustachial
streak ; throat and breast yellowish white with blackish pear-shaped
spots to the feathers, which are small on the former, but much
larger and more conspicuous on the latter, and extend down the
sides of the body ; abdomen and under tail-coverts pale sulphur-
yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky with pale narrow
edges ; under surface of quills and lower aspect of tail dark brown.

Total length 132 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 74, tail 47,
tarsus 21.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but slightly paler on
the under surface and the dark markings to the feathers less
extensive. Wing 72 mm.

The male and female described were collected at Bartica in
1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana. !

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Bartica, Mazaruni
River, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Abary River (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima, Bartica ( Whitely).

retralinital Range. Tobago, Trinidad, Los Roques Islands,
Venezuela, Colombia, Central America, West India Islands, and
North America.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 666) that he
found this bird in the woods near the coast, and always solitary,
hopping about on the ground.

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) x. p. 262), writing on the
Migratory Birds in British Guiana, remarks :—“ Even as regards
the birds obtained on or near the coast, belonging to species that
are migrants in the north, it is not always possible to determine
whether they are true migrant forms here or not. So little is
known locally about many of our species, especially of the
smaller kinds, that there is no comparison possible as to their
relative abundance in the different parts of the year ; and though
it would seem that species occurring here in the summer are resi-
dents, yet where only one or two specimens have been noted they
may possibly be migrants that have remained behind. There is
this difficulty in the case as regards the Water Thrush (Seurus
nevius), which is a common migrant in the northern regions.”

GEOTHLYPIS. 409

Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cab.

Geothlypis Cabanis, Arch. fiir Naturg. 1847, pp. 316, 349. Type
G. trichas (Linn.).

eee

pen

~N

Fig. 156.—To show the form of the bill and nostrils.

The predominating colour in this genus is yellow, which varies
in its brightness among the species. The bill is pointed, the width
at the base being less than half the length of the exposed culmen.
The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth primaries are
longest, the second about equal to the sixth, and the first about
equal to the eighth. The tail is rounded at the tip and nearly
equal in length to the wing. ‘he tarsus is about twice the length
of the exposed culmen. Coloration : male and female similar.

606. Geothlypis sequinoctialis.
EqQuinocTiAL WARBLER.

Motacilla equinoctialis Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 972, 1789 (Cayenne).

Geothlypis velata (nec Vieill.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 666,
1848.

Geothlypis equinoctialis Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 203 (Yaruani River) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 360, pl. ix. fig. 7, 1885 (Demerara) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 856, no. 3641, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head pale slate-grey ; entire back, wings,
and tail yellowish green ; inner webs of flight-quills dark brown;
base of forehead, lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts black ; throat,
breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts bright
yellow, rather darker on the sides of the body ; under surface of
quills dark brown ; lower aspect of tail yellowish green.

Total length 133 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 61, tail 56,
tarsus 21.

The specimen on which the description is based was collected at
Bartica in 1911.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being less bright
in colour and the absence of the black on the base of the forehead,
lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts. Wing 55 mm.

410 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

The female described was collected at Mashapu.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Bartica,
Bonasika River, Mashapu, Abary River (McConnell collection) ;
Yaruani River ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Gmelin), Trinidad, Venezuela,
Colombia. ,

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus GRANATELLUS Bonap.

Granatellus Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i. p. 8312, 1850. Type G. venustus
(Bonap.).

Fig. 157.—To illustrate the shape of the bill.

This genus is easily distinguished by the bright red colour on the
under surface. The bill is sonewhat arched, the width at the base
being about half the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is
rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest, the second
about equal to the sixth and the first about equal to the eighth.
The tail is rounded at the tip and about one-sixth longer than the
wing. The tarsus is nearly twice the length of the exposed
culmen. Coloration: male and female similar.

607. Granatellus pelzelni.
PELZELN’s WARBLER.

Granatellus pelzelni Sclater, P.Z.S. 1864, p. 607, pl. xxxvii. fig. 1
(Destaramento do Ribeirio, Rio Madeira); Salvin, Ibis, 1885,
p- 204 (Camacusa); Sharpe, Cat. B.. Brit. Mus. x. p. 870, 1885
(Camacusa, March and May); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i.
p- 356, no. 3645, 1912.

Adult mate. Back, upper wing-coverts, outer aspect of flight-
quills, and upper tail-coverts slate-blue ; crown of head, sides of

GRANATELLUS.—SETOPHAGA. A411

face, a band across the throat, and tail above and below black ;
inner webs of flight-quills above and below blackish ; a short line
behind the eye, throat, sides of the body, axillaries, and under
wing-coverts white; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
bright red.

Total length 108 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 56, tail 51,
tarsus 17,

The exact locality in British Guiana, of the specimen described,
is unknown.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the entire absence
of black on the head, sides of the face, and band across the throat,
the white on the throat, and the bright red on the breast and
abdomen. The top of the head being slate-blue like the back, the
sides of the face, the line over the eye, and throat ochreous-buff,
and the breast and abdomen pale fawn-colour. Wing 55 mm.

The female described was collected on the Supenaam River in
1910.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Mazaruni River (McConnell collection) ; Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Central Brazil, Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus SETOPHAGA Swains.

Setophaga Swainson, Philos. Mag. (ser. 2) i. p. 868, May 1827. Type
S. ruticilla (Linn. ).

Fig. 158.—To show the form of the bill and nostrils.

In this genus the bill is depressed, the width at the base being
about two-thirds the length of the exposed culmen, the nostrils

412 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

exposed, and the rictal bristles numerous and directed forward.
The wing is rounded, the second and third primaries longest and
equal, and the first about equal to the fourth. The tail is almost
square at the tip and about five-sixths the length of the wing.
The tarsus is about twice the length of the exposed culmen.
Coloration : male and female different.

608. Setophaga ruticilla.
AMERICAN RED-START.

Motacilla ruticilla Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 186, 1758 (Virginia).

Setophaga ruticilla Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 667, 1848;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 208 (Roraima); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x.
p- 411, 1885 (Roraima, Oct. and Jan.); Quelch, Timerhi (2) x.
p. 261, 1896 (Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb,.B. 8. Amer. i.
p. 356, no. 3648, 1912.

“‘ American Red-start” or “ Flycatcher ” (Queich).

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, throat, breast, back,
wings, and tail glossy blue-back, the flight-quills orange at the
base becoming paler on the inner webs’; outer tail-feathers orange
on the basal two-thirds of their length, both above and below;
sides of breast and axillaries bright orange ; under wing-coverts
and inner margins of the flight-quills below pale orange ; middle
of breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts white, some of
the long coverts blackish; the black on the upper breast
encroaches more or less on to the upper abdomen ; flight-quills
below and tips of tail-feathers blackish brown.

Total length 123 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 64, tail 54,
tarsus 17.

The male described was collected at Mount Roraima by
Mr. McConnell during his expedition in October 1898.

Adult female. Differs entirely from the adult male in being
grey on the top of the hed ; olive on the back, wings, and tail ;
bases of inner flight-quills and basal portion of lateral tail-feathers
Jemon-yellow, similar but somewhat brighter on the sides of the
breast, axilliaries, under wing-coverts and inner edges of quills
below, throat and fore-neck isabelline, quills and tips of tuail-
feathers below dark brown. Wing 64 mm.

The female described was also collected by Mr. McConnell at
Mount Roraima.

SETOPHAGA.—MYIOBORUS. 413

Immature male. Similar to the adult female but darker on the
back and the yellow portions of the plumage replaced by orange.

The specimen described above was collected at Bartica in 1911.

Breeding-season, Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Bartica (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Trinidad, Margarita Island, Venezuela,
Ecuador, Colombia, Central America, West India Islands, to
North America.

Halits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 667)
this species is an autumnal migrant in British Guiana and inhabits
the woods near Mount Roraima.

The ‘* Arekunas” call it Patrika.

Mr. J. J. Quelch found this bird on the slopes around Mount
Roraima and states that there was nothing to show whether it was
a migrant or not (cfr. Timehri (2) x. p. 261, 1896).

Genus MYIOBORUS Baird.

Myioborus Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 237, 1865. Type IL. verticalis
(Lafr. & d’Orb.).

This genus differs from Setophaga chiefly in the more rounded
and graduated tail and the longer rictal bristles. The bill is
depressed, the width at the base being about two-thirds the length
of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the second, third,
fourth, and fifth primaries longest, and the first about equal to the
seventh. The tail is rounded at the tip and slightly graduated,
the outer feather on each side being 56 mm., and nearly equal in
length to the wing. The tarsus is about twice the length of the
exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Back dark slate-grey; crown of head
dark chestnut; chin and _ throat
B. Back dark bronze-brown; crown of
head pale chestnut; chin and
throat orange-yellow .........0.008 QL castaneicapillus, p. 415. +

M. pallidiventris, p. 414.

414 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

609. Myioborus pallidiventris.
Cuapman’s Repstart.

Setophaga verticalis (nec Lafr. & d’Orb.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 303
(Roraima, 3500-5000 ft.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 420,
1885 (Roraima, August).

Setophaga verticalis pallidiventris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. xii. p. 158, 1899 (Quebrada Seca, Venezuela).

Myioborus pallidiventris Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 857,
no. 8650, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface dark slate-
colour including the sides of the neck, hind-neck, back, upper
wing-coverts, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts; middle of the
crown deep chestnut ; fore part of head and sides of the crown
blackish, tinged with dark slate-colour ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and flight-quills blackish with pale inner margins to the
last ; middle tail-feathers blackish, the outer ones for the most
part white; cheeks and throat dull black; fore-neck orange;
breast, abdomen, sides of body, and under tail-coverts yellow ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts white slightly tinged with
yellow ; under surface of flight-quills dark brown ; lower aspect
of tail blackish on the middle feathers and white on the outer
ones.

Total length 127 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 683, tail 61,
tarsus 17. ;

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller.
Wing 56 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the specimens from which the descriptions are taken were
collected by the late Henry Whitely, the male at Mount Roraima
and the female on the Kamarang River, now in the British
Museum, Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana. _

Birds of British Guiana. Vol. If. Pl. VI.

, 1 Basileuterus roraime.
Roraima Warbler.

2 Myioborus castaneicapillus.
Schomburgk’s Redstart.

MYIOBORUS. A415

610. Myioborus castaneicapillus.

ScHomBureK’s REpDstART.
(Plate VI. fig. 1.)

Setophaga castaneicapilla Cabanis in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 667,
1848 (British Guiana); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 429,
1885 (Roraima).

Setophaga castaneocapilla Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 203 (Roraima, 5000 to
6000 ft.).

Myioborus castaneicapillus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 357,
no. 8659, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head chestnut; hind-neck, sides of neck,
and sides of breast, entire back, and wings dusky-brown ; middle
tail-feathers blackish, the three outer feathers on each side tipped
with white, which increases in extent towards the outermost,
where it occupies the entire outer web; base of forehead dusky-
brown; sides of the face and ear-coverts rather paler brown ;
throat and fore-neck inclining to orange-yellow; abdomen and
sides of body bright yellow; under tail-coverts white; axillaries
and under wing-coverts dusky more or less tipped with white ;
under surface of flight-quills blackish brown; lower aspect of tail
also blackish brown, the outer boathiers “Ee tontiyely marked with
white.

Total length 135 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 62, tail 62,
tarsus 20.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 61 mm.

The male described was collected at Mount Roraima by
Mr. McConnell during his expedition in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima and Kamarang River ( Whitely).

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 667) that he only
met with this species once which was in the dense woods of Mount
Roraima at an altitude of 7000 feet. Its habits appear to be the
same as those of No. 8=Setophaga ruticilla.

The “‘ Arekunas”’ call it Pairika.

416 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus BASILEUTERUS Cab.

Basileuterus Cabanis, Archiv fiir Naturg. 1847, i. p. 316. Type
B. auricapilla (Swains.).

The predominating colour in this genus is yellowish green on
the upper surface and yellow on the under parts. The bill is
somewhat short and stout, the width at the base being about one
half the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the
third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and subequal, the second
is shorter than the fifth but longer than the sixth, and the first is
intermediate between the seventh and eighth. The tail is rounded
at the tip and rather more than five-sixths the length of the wing.
The tarsus exceeds the length of the exposed culmen by about
one half. Coloration: male and female similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Under surface yellow.
a. Larger, wing more than 65 mm.: back
yellowish green; crown of head more
orange and less grey .......-..cessesee ees B. roraima, p. 416.
b. Smaller, wing less than 65 mm.; back
olive-green; more grey and less orange. -B. olivascens, p. 417.
B. Under surface white tinged with tawny

bush se cectone sien atesy B. mesoleucus, p. 418.

611. Basileuterus roraime.

Roraima WARBLER.
(Plate VI. fig. 2.)

Basileuterus roraime Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 392, 1885
(Roraima, Merumé Mts.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 203 (Merumé Mts.,
Roraima, 3500 to 6000 ft.); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8, Amer. i.
p- 359, no. 3678, 1912.

Adult. Hind-neck, back, wings, and tail dark yellowish green ;
inner webs of flight-quills blackish brown, with pale inner edges;
nape grey ; sides of the face rather paler than the back, as are
also the sides of the-neck and sides of the breast ; crown of head
orange-rufous ; a line of black feathers from the base of the fore-
head over the eye and along the sides of the crown; a pale
supraloral line which skirts the black over the eye and along the
sides of the crown; throat and remainder of the under surface
yellow with a dusky band across the breast; axillaries and under
wing-coverts pale yellow; under surface of flight-quills hair-
brown ; lower aspect of tail yellowish.

BASILEUTERUS. A17

Total length 129 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 70, tail 58,
tarsus 21.

The specimen described was collected by Mr. McConnell at
Mount Roraima during his expedition in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (MeConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

612. Basileuterus olivascens.
CuHapmMan’s OLIVE WARBLER.

Basileuterus vermivorus (nec Gmel.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii.
p. 667, 1848 (District of Roraima).

Basileuterus aurjcapillus (nec Swains.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x.
p. 893, 1885 (Roraima) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 203 (Roraima).
Basileuterus vermivorus olivascens Chapman, Auk, 1893, p. 3843

(Princetown, Trinidad).
Basileuterus olivascens Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 359,
no. 8680, 1912.

Adult. Hind-neck, sides of neck, entire back, outer aspect of
wing, and tail olive-green; inner webs of flight-quills dark brown
with pale edges ; tail-feathers dark brown with olive-green mar-
gins to the feathers; an orange-rufous line along the middle of
the crown, the feathers tipped with pale slate-grey and becoming
entirely grey on the nape; a black line from the base of the bill
to the sides of the nape and is accompanied on the outer side bya
narrow whitish streak; sides of face grey; under surface
including the throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts yellow ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts pale sulphur-yellow; under
surface of quills hair-brown ; lower aspect of tail pale grey with
white shafts to the feathers.

Total length 122 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 62, tail 53,
tarsus 20. :

The specimen described was collected by Mr. McConnell at
Mount Roraima in October 1898,

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

VOL. II.

ina
&

418 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell collec-
tion) ; Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Lxtralimital Range. Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 667) that he
found this species in the thin!y wooded district of Mount Roraima
at an altitude of 3000 to 4000 feet.

613. Basileuterus mesoleucus.
DeMERARA WARBLER.

Basileuterus mesoleucus Sclater, P.Z.S. 1885, p. 286, pl. ix. fig. 1
(Demerara); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 203 (Camacusa); Sharpe, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 402, 1885 (Camacusa); Brabourne & Chubb,
B. 8. Amer. i. p. 860, no. 3688, 1912.°

Adult. Head, back, wings, and tail russet-brown; inner webs
of flight-quills blackish ; a loral streak which extends over the
eye to the sides of the nape fawn-colour like the sides of the face ;
throat, breast, and upper abdomen white, with a tinge of pale
fawn-colour across the fore-neck; sides of body, lower abdomen,
and under tail-coverts fawn-colour ; under wing-coverts whitish,
tinged with rufous.

Total lenyth 123 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 56, tail 52,
tarsus 22. ~
' The specimen on which the description is based was collected
. on the Ituribisi River in 1909.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Kamakabra River (McConnell collection) ; Kamakusa (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, North-east Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

NOTIOCORYS. 419

Family MOTACILLIDA,

The Wagtails and Pipits, which consist of eight genera and a
large number of species, are chiefly distributed in the Old World.
Five of the genera however—Motacilla, Anthus, Neocorys, Notio-
corys, and Xanthocorys—are represented in the New World, but
only two, Notiocorys and Xanthocorys, occur in South America.
When Brabourne and Chubb published their ‘ List of the Birds of
South America’ nine species were recorded, one of which is repre-
sented in British Guiana.

The majority of the Pipits of America have hitherto been.
included by most authors in the genus Anthus of Bechstein.
But as the species of the New World are, on an average, smaller
and of somewhat different appearance to those of the Old World,
I propose that they be generically separated under the title
introduced by Baird for the Guiana bird.

a Genus NOTIOCORYS Baird.

Notiocorys Baird, Review American Birds, p. 15, 1864. Type
NV. lutescens (Less. ).

Fig. 159.—Notiocorys abariensis.

In this genus the bill is slender and pointed, the width at the -
hinder portion of the nostrils is equal to about half the length of
the exposed culmen and the height almost equal to the width.
The wing has the first four outer primary-quills longest and sub-
equal and exceeding the length of the tertials by about 15 mm.
The tail is nearly square at the tip and about three-fourths the
length of the wing. The tarsus is about twice the length of the
exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female similar.

2n2

420 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

614. Notiocorys abariensis.
ABary RIVER Pipit.

Notiocorys lutescens (nec Less.) Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 15, 1864.

Anthus rufus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 202 (Merumé Mts., Roraima,
3500 ft.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 606, 1885 (Merumé Mts.,
Roraima).

ai lutescens subsp. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii. p. 307, 1906 (British

ulana ).

Anthus ae (nee Less.); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i.
p. 361, no. 3696, 1912.

Noticorys abariensis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, xli. p. 79, Feb.
1921 (Abary River).

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface blackish
brown with tawny margins to the feathers including the head,
back, wings, and tail ; flight-quills hair-brown on the inner webs
with whitish edgings; the two outer tail-feathers on each side for
the greater part white with more or less brown on the inner webs ;
sides of the face paler than the crown ; throat and entire under
surface yellowish white tinged with pale tawny on the breast and
under wing-coverts, the feathers on the fore-neck and breast have
dark shaft-streaks ; under surface of flight-quills greyish brown
with paler edgings; lower aspect of tail greyish brown on the
middle-feathers and white on the outer ones.

Total length 119mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 57, tail 42,
tarsus 21.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Abary River in November 1906.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female described but rather
larger. Wing 64mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Abary River (McConnell collection) ;
Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Paraguay,
Argentina.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

CYANOCOMPSA. AQ]

Family FRINGILLIDZ.

This family, which is almost cosmopolitan in its distribution,
was represented in South America by fifty-six genera and one
thousand three hundred and twelve species at the time when
Brabourne and Chubb, in 1912, published their ‘ List of the Birds
of South America.’ Seventeen genera and thirty-three species
are known to occur in British Guiana.

Genus CYANOCOMPSA Cab.

Cyanocompsa Cabanis, Journ. Ornith. ix. p. 4, Jan. 1861. Type
C. parellina (Bonap.).

Fig. 160.—Cyanocompsa rothschild:.

The species on which this genus is founded are peculiar on
account of the blue plumage of the male and the coffee-brown colour
of the female. The bill is stout and pointed, its width at the back
of the nostrils is more than half the length of the exposed culmen,
and its depth is greater than its width. The wing is rounded, the
third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest, the second slightly
longer than the sixth, and the first about equal in length to the
eighth. The tail is slightly rounded at the tip and about three-
fourths the length of the wing. The tarsus exceeds the length of
the exposed culmen by about one-fourth. Coloration: male and
female different.

615. Cyanocompsa rothschildi.
Roruscainp’s Buue GrosBEAK

Guiraca cyanea (nec Linn.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 218 (Bartica Grove
Camacusa); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 71, 1888 (Bartica
Grove, Camacusa).

Guiraca rothschildii Bartlett, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. vi.)
vi. p. 168, 1890 (Caramang River).

422 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Cyanocompsa rothschildi Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 362,
no. 3718, 1912.

Cyanocompsa cyanea (nec Linn.) Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British
Guiana, p. 136, 1917 (Bartica).

“ Brazilian Blue Grosbeak ” (Beebe).

Adult male. General colour both on the upper and under
surface dark blue ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish, inclining
to brown towards the tips; tail black slightly fringed with blue
on the outer webs ; forehead and feathers over the eye brighter
and paler blue ; inner under wing-coverts and quill-lining dark
brown ; lower aspect of tail black.

Total length 155mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 83, tail 58,
tarsus 20.

Adult female. General colour above and below smoke-brown,
darker and inclining to black on the inner webs of the flight-quills
and tail-feathers. Wing 73 mm.

The male and female described were collected on the Supenaam
River in 1911.

A young bird, collected at Bartica in 1911, not fully fledged
on the top of the head, is dusky blackish brown with a few smoke-
brown feathers on the abdomen, the upper surface also tinged
with smoke-brown.

An immature male from the Ituribisi River has almost attained
the dark blue plumage, but there are still the remains of smoke-
brown feathers on the back and abdomen.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Manarika River, Makauria River,
Arawai River, Great Falls Demerara River (dfeConnell collec-
tion) ; Kamarang River, Kamakusa, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North Brazil, Vene-
zuela, Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

ORYZOBORUS. 423

Genus ORYZOBORUS Cab.

Oryzoborus Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 150, 1851. Type O. angolensis
(Linn.).

Fig. 161.—Oryzoborus crassirotris.

The species included in this genus bélong to the thick-billed
Finches. The bill is short and stout, the length of the exposed
culmen is about equal to its depth at the nostrils, and its width at
the base is about one-fifth less. The wing is rounded, the third,
fourth, and fifth primaries longest and equal, the second about
equal in length to the sixth, and the first about equal to the
eighth. The tail is slightly rounded at the tip, the outermost
feather on each side being about 7 mm. shorter than the
middle ones, which are nearly as long as the wing. The tarsus
exceeds the length of the exposed culmen by more than one-half.
Coloration : male and female different.

Key to the Species.
A. Smaller, wing Jess than 62 mm. ; bill black ;

abdomen chestnut ......... veces OJ brevirostris, p. 423.
B. Larger, wing more than 62 mm.; bill
white ; abdomen black .. seesseseseee OW erassirostris, p. 425.

616. Oryzoborus brevirostris.
SMALL-BILLED TropicaL SrEeD-FIncae.

Oryzoborus torridus (nec Scop.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 214 (Roraima,

' 8500 ft., Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Bartica Grove) ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xii. p. 77, "1888 (Roraima, Camacusa, Bartica Grove) ;
Quelch, Timehri (2) v. p. 85, 1891 (Georgetown); Beebe, Our
Search for a Wilderness, pp. 121, 127, 1910 (Georgetown).

424 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Oryzoborus brevirostris Berlepsch, Nov. Zool. xv. p. 119, 1915
(Cayenne); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 363, no. 3719,
1912.

Oryzoborus angolensis brevirostris Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British
Guiana, p. 186, 1907 (Bartica).

“ Brown-breasted Pygmy Grosbeak ” (Beebe).

Adult male. General colour above including the back, wings,
and tail black, like the sides of the face, throat, breast, and sides
of the neck ; base of flight-quills and margins of the inner webs
white ; abdomen and under tail-coverts deeply coloured chestnut ;
lower flanks and thighs black ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and
inner edges of quills below white; remainder of the quills below
dark brown ; lower aspects of the tail black.

Total length 118 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 55, tail 51,
tarsus 16.

The male and female described were collected on the Ituribisi
River in February 1907.

Adult female. Upper surface including the crown of the head,
sides of face, back, wings, and tail dark umber-brown ; inner
webs of flight-quills blackish brown, some of the inner edges white ;
tail also blackish brown; throat, breast, and sides of body burnt
umber becoming paler and more fulvescent on the middle of the
abdomen; axillaries and under wing-coverts white. Wing 52mm.

Young male. Similar to the adult female but deeper in colour,
both on the upper and under surface.

The young bird described was collected by the late Henry
Whitely at Bartica on the 27th of November, 1879, and is now
in the British Museum, Salvin—Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Abary River (McConnell collection); Mount Roraima,
Kamakusa, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Trinidad, Venezuela,
Colombia, Eastern Ecuador, North-east Peru.

Habits. Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 85), who observed this
species in Georgetown, remarks: “ In bushy outlying places where
the foregoing bird oceurs, there will always be found the second
but smaller species of the same genus, known as the twa-twa slave

ORYZOBORUS. 425

(0. crassirostris), which, however, is much more common in and
around the city than the twa-twa.”
In habits this bird closely resembles the other Finches.

617. Oryzoborus crassirostris.
THICK-BILLED SEED-F INCH.

Loxia crassirostris Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 862, 1789 (Guiana).

Coccoborus ater Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 678, 1848.

Oryzoborus crassirostris Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 214 (Bartica Grove) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 79, 1888 (Bartica Grove, George-
town); Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 142, 1910 (Hoorie
Creek) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i, p. 363, no. 3722, 1912.

Oryzoborus crassirostris crassirostris Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in
British Guiana, p. 186, 1917 (Bartica).

“Thick+billed Pygmy Grosbeak” (Beebe); “ Twa-twa ” (Quelch).

Adult male. General colour, both on the upper and under sur-
face, black; base of flight-quills white, which extends to the outer
web on some of the outer primaries, and forms a white speculum ;
axillaries, under wing-coverts, and basal portion of quills below
white, the under wing-coverts more or less marked with black ;
apical portion of quills below pale brown ; lower aspect of tail
dark brown.

Total length 145 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 69, tail 57,
tarsus 20,

The exact locality in British Guiana, of the specimen from
which the description is taken, is unknown.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being olive-grey
on the upper parts, fawn-colour on the under surface, and in the
absence of the wing-speculum. Wing 68 mm.

The immature male, in its first plumage, is similar to the adult
female. é

The descriptions of the adult female and young male are
taken from examples in the British Museum, collected by
the late Henry Whitely at Annai, July 1889, Salvin-Godman
collection.

Breeding-season. November (Schomburgk).

Nest. Built of mosses lined with plant-wool, and placed in
thickly foliaged bushes (Schomburgk).

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

426 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Guiana. Great Falls Demerara River (MeCon-
nell collection); Burtica (Whitely); Georgetown (Quelch, Beebe) ;
Hoorie Creek (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Trinidad, Venezuela,
Colombia, North, Brazil.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian, iii. p. 678)
this bird is more commonly met with on the outskirts of woods
and plantations near the coast than inland. It is usually met
with in pairs, though solitary individuals are sometimes found
amongst roaming flocks. The nest is made of mosses lined with
plant-wool and placed in thickly foliaged bushes. The nest was
found in November.

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. pp. 84, 85), who observed this
species in Georgetown, writes :—“ Known as well by the name
grass-bird as by their special names of twa-twa and tawa-twa
slave (Oryzoborus crassirostris). The twa-twa is much prized
as a cage-bird, and about town they fetch high prices—their
whistling and chirping being very sweet and rich. They are
frequently seen on the outskirts of the city among the grass and
low bush of the open lands, where they feed on various seeds and
grains.”

Beebe (Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 142) writes :— With
the sudden rush of light came the distant bubbling of Twa-twas,
those little thick-billed pygmy Grosbeaks,”’

Genus PYRRHULAGRA Bonap.

Pyrrhulagra Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i, p. 492, 1850. Type P. portori-
censis (Daud.).

Fig. 162.—Pyrrhulagra portoricensis.

The members of this genus are easily distinguished by the
almost black plumage of the males and the olive-biown and grey
females. The bill is stout and pointed, its depth at the nostrils is

PYRRHULAGRA.—SPOROPHILA. 427

equal to about three-fourths the length of the exposed culmen,
and its width at the base is about three-fourths that of the depth.
The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest
and equal, the second slightly shorter than the sixth, and the first
about equal in length to the tenth. The tail is square at the tip
and about seven-eighths the length of the wing. The tarsus
exceeds the length of the middle toe and claw by about one-third.
Coloration : male and female different.

618. Pyrrhulagra propinqua.
Lawrence’s BuLLFINcH.

Lowigilla noctis var. propingua Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 58,
1878 (Guiana).

Loxigitla propinqua Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 85, 1888.

Pyrrhulagra propinqua Brabourne & Chubb; B. 8. Amer. i. p. 364,
no. 3726, 1912.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, nor
is there a specimen in the British Museum. But according to
Lawrence’s description it is similar to P. noetis, but very much
smaller. The under tail-coverts are of a paler rufous, the rufous
on the throat is more restricted, and the superciliary line extend-
ing beyond the eye. Length 43 inches, wing 2%, tail 23, tarsus 3.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Essequibo River and Berbice
(Lawrence).

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus SPOROPHILA Cab.

Sporophila Cabanis, Arch. fiir Naturg. 10, p. 291, 1844. Type
S. luctwosa (Lafr.).

"
Fig. 163.—Sporophila whiteleyana.
In this genus the bill is short and stout; the length of the

exposed culmen is about equal to the height and width at the
base. The wing is rounded, the four.outer primaries longest and

428 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

subequal. The tail is almost square at the tip, the outermost
feather on each side being only slightly shorter than the middle
ones. The tarsus is about one-third longer than the exposed
culmen, and the middle toe and claw about one-fifth longer than
the tarsus. Coloration: male and female different.

Key to the Species and Subspecies.

A. General colour of plumage above grey.
a. Bill whitish,
a’, Smaller and paler; ee less than .

60 mm. .... cue SS intermedia, p. 428.

do’. Larger and darker ; wing more
than 60mm. ......scseeseeese 8. Longipennis, p. 429.
b. Bill blackish .. .. SS. whiteleyana, p. 40.

B. General colour of ‘plumage above black.
c. Sides of face uniform black, throat

white .... S. americana, p. 431.
d. Sides of face particoloured ; “throat
black.
ce’. Entire crown of head black...... S. bouvronides, p. 432.

d’, Middle of crown white in con-
trast to the rest of the crown... 8. dineola, p. 433.
C. General colour of plumage above olive 8. guttwralis roraime, p. 435.

619. Sporophila intermedia.
Grey SEED-RATER.

Sporophila intermedia Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 149, 1851 (Venezuela) ;
Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. xli. p. 35, Nov. 1920.
Spermophila grisea (nec Gmel.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p.96, 1888.
Sporophila grisea (nec Gmel.) Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 364,
no. 8735, 1912. .
Adult male. Crown of: head, sides of face, back, outer aspect
of wings and tail ash-grey ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish,
white on the basal portion, some of the outer primaries white at
the base of the outer webs; tail-feathers blackish fringed with
grey ; throat, sides of neck, and sides of body ash-grey ; middle
of breast, middle of abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and
under wing-coverts white like the inner edges of the quills
below ; remainder of quill-lining and lower aspect of tail greyish
brown.
Total length 119 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 57, tail 47,
tarsus 16.
The above description is based on a specimen i in the British
Museum, from Venezuela...

SPOROPHILA. 429

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being olive-brown
on the upper parts and dark fawn-colour on the under surface ;
the under wing-coverts are white, and the white wing-speculum
absent. Wing 57 mm.

The specimen described above is in the British Museum.

Bregding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains {Me Connell
collection).

Exiralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Trinidad, Venezuela,
Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

620. Sporophila longipennis.
LonG-WINGED SEED-EATER.

Sporophila longipennis Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. ix.)
p- 193, Feb. 1, 1921 (Roraima, 3500 ft.).

Spermophila grisea (nec Gmel.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215 (Roraima,
3500 ft.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 96 part, 1888 (Roraima).

Sporophila grisea (nec Gmel.) Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 364,
no. 8735 part, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface dark slate-
grey, darker and inclining to blackish on the fore-part of the
head ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish brown, becoming paler
on the inner margins, the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries white
at the base, which forms a wing-speculum ; tail dusky-brown ;
sides of face, throat, sides of body, and thighs slate-grey but
paler than the back ; middle of breast, middle of abdomen, and
under wing-coverts dull white; outer under wing-coverts dark
brown ; axillaries, inner under wing-coverts, and base of quills
below white, remainder of quill-lining greyish brown; lower
aspect of tail also greyish brown with white-shafts to the
feathers.

Total length 107 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 65, tail 42,
tarsus 15, middle toe and claw 13.

The female is unknown.

This species is not. represented in the McConnell collection, and
the description is taken from the type, which is in the, British
Museum, and was collected by the late Henry Whitely at Mount

430 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Roraima at an altitude of 3500 feet, on the 24th of January, 1884,
Salvin-Godman collection.
Breeding-season. Unknown.
Nest. Unrecorded,
Eggs. Undescribed.
Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (W hitely).
Habits. Unrecorded.

621. Sporophila whiteleyana.
Wuitety’s Puumsgous SEED-EATER.

Spermophila plumbea (nec Wied.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215.

Spermophila whiteleyana Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 98, 1888
(Roraima).

Sporophila whiteleyana Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 365,
no. 3740, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface lead-grey
including the crown of the head, sides of face, entire back,
scapulars, and upper wing-coverts, the greater series of the last
blackish like the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills
with rusty edges. to the feathers: ; outer edge of wing white like
the primary and secondary quills ; tail black, some of the feathers
have pale edges; chin, throat, sides of body, and breast also grey
but paler than the upper surface and becoming white on the
abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts ;
under surface, of flight-quills and lower aspect of the tail greyish
brown with white edges to the former.

Total length 103 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 61, tail 40,
tarsus 15.

The male described was collected in the Upper Takytu Moun-
tains in 1908.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface earth-brown ;
inner webs of flight-quills dark hair-brown paler and inclining to
whitish on the edges ; tail hair-brown ; sides of the face, throat,
and entire under surface pale ochreous; under surface of flight-
quills and lower aspect of tail hair-brown with pee inner edges to
the former. Wing 54 mm.

The female decried was collected on the Abary River in
September in 1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

SPOROPHILA. 431

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Upper Takutu Mountains, Abary
River (McConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia, North-east Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

622. Sporophila americana.
GMELIN’s SEED-EATER.

Loxia americana Ginel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 863, 1789 (Cayenne).

Sporophila americana Cab. in Schomb. Reis. in Guian. iii. p. 678, 1848 ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 36%, no. 3760, 1912.

Spermophila collaria Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 214.

Spermophila cucullata Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 116, 1888.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface black includ-
ing the top of the head, sides of face, back, wings, and tail ; lesser,
median, and greater upper wing-coverts tipped with white ; flight-
guills white at the base, chiefly on the inner webs, but the fourth
to the eighth primaries are marked with white on the outer web
which forms a wing-speculum; lower back, rump, and short
upper tail-coverts grey, some of the feathers tipped with white,
long upper tail-coverts uniform dark grey; tail uniform black;
throat and a band across the sides of the neck white ; a narrow
dark band across the lower throat ; sides of breast black ; middle
of breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, under wing-
coverts, and base of quills white pervaded with grey on the sides
of the body ; under surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of
tail blackish.

Total length 114 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 58, tail 46,
tarsus 16. ;

The male from which the description is taken was collected on
the Anarika River.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface (including
the top of the head, sides of the face, entire back, wings, and. tail)
ochreous-brown; under surface much paler and inclining to
yellow on the middle of the abdomen;. axillaries and under wing-
coverts white, or buffy-white ; under-surface of flight-quills pale
hair-brown with buffy-white margins ; lower aspect of tail greyish
brown. Wing 53 mm.

432 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

The female described was collected on the Supenaam River
in 1910. :

There do not appear to be any young birds of this species in
the McConnell collection, but there is a specimen in the British
Museum, collected by the late Dr. A. R. Wallace on the island of
Mexiana, which is sexed by him as male, but the plumage is very
similar to that of the adult female.

Breeding-season. November (Schomburgk).

Nest, The nest is made of mosses, lined with plant-wool, and
placed in thickly-foliaged bushes (Schomburgh).

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Abary River, Anarika River (AfcConnell
collection).

Fatralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Tobago, North-eastern
Brazil.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 678) this
species is mere commonly met with on the outskirts of woods and
plantations near the coast than inland. It is usually met with
in pairs, though solitary individuals are observed amongst roaming
flocks. The nest is made of mosses, lined with plant-wool and
placed in thickly-foliaged bushes. The nest was found in
November.

623. Sporophila bouvronides.
Lusson’s SEED-EATER.

Pyrrhula bouvronides Less. Traite d’Orn. p. 450, 1831 (Trinidad).

Spermophila ocellata Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 181, 1888
(Carimang).

Sporophila bouvronides Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 367,
no. 8770, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 186,
1917 (Bartica). ;

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface deep bluish
black including the crown of the head, hind-neck, back, scapulars,
wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail ; the flight-quills white at the
base on the inner webs, except on the two outermost primaries,
extending to the outer webs of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and
seventh quills which form a wing-speculum, the feathers on
the head, hind-neck, and back have grey bases; rump white ;
throat, sides of the neck, and sides of face like the back; cheeks

BSPOROPHILA. 433

white ; the feathers on the breast and sides of the body are
marked with black and white—some having ovate white tips
which impart a dappled appearance; abdomen, lower flanks,
-under tail-coverts, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and base of
quill-lining white ; remainder of the under surface of the quills
and lower aspect of tail blackish.

Total length 114 mm., exposed culmen 7, wing 55, tail 45,
tarsus 15,

The male from which the description is taken was collected
on the Supenaam River in 1911,

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface ochreous
brown ; throat, fore-neck, and sides of body fawn-eolour ; middle
of abdomen yellowish; thighs and under tail-coverts pale buff ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts buffy-white; under surface of
flight-quills hair-brown; lower aspect of tail similar but rather
paler. Wing 55 mm.

The female of this species is not represented in the McConnell
collection, neither is there a female specimen, from British
Guiana, in the National collection. The specimen described was
collected at Merida, Venezuela, by A. Goering, and is now in
the British Museum, Sclater collection.

Breeding-season, Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Takutu Mountains, Supenaam River
(Me Connell collection) ; Kamarang River ( W hitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Trinidad, Venezuela,
Colombia, Peru, North-eastern Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

624. Sporophila lineola.
Linep SEED-EATER.

Loxia lineola Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 174, 1758 (Guiana).

Spermophila lineola Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 214 (Merumé Mts., Camacusa,
Roraima, 3500 ft.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 181, 1888
(Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Caramang River) ; Quelch, Timehri (2)
v. p. 84, 1891 (Georgetown).

Sporophila lineola Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 367, no. 3769,
1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 186, 1917
(Bartica).

Adult male. Lores, sides of crown, hinder face, hind-neck,
VOL. IIL. 2¥

434 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

upper back, wings, tail, and throat glossy black; lower back,
rump, and short upper tail-coverts grey with black tips to the
feathers, paler and inclining to white on the last; inner webs of
flight-quills for the greater part white, a few of the primaries are
marked with white on the outer web which forms a small wing-
speculum ; a line of white from the base of the upper mandible
along the middle of the crown to the nape ; cheeks, breast, abdo-
men, under tail-coverts, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and basal
portion of the quills below white; outer margin of wing below
more or less blackish ; under surface of flight-quills and lower
aspect of tail blackish.

Total length 111 mm., exposed culmen 7, wing 57, tail 43,
tarsus 13.

The male described was collected on the Abary River in Sep-
tember 1906.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface olive-brown
including the crown of the head, sides of the face, hind-neck,
entire back, wings, and tail; throat, breast, and sides of body.
isabelline-buff ; abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under
wing-coverts buffy-white. Wing 54 mm.

The female described was collected on the Supenaam River in
1911.

A young female from the Supenaam River is similar to the
adult female in many respects but everywhere darker ; the adult
plumage is shown by the white line on the middle of the head
being slightly indicated on the forehead, the black on the lores,
the white on the cheeks, and a few minute black spots on the
chin. The last remains of the immature plumage appear to be
the pale buff wash on the under surface.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Féggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River, Abary River
(McConnell collection) ; Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa, Kama-
rang River (W hitely) ; Georgetown (Quelch) ; Bartica (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, East Brazil,
Peru, Bolivia, Argentina.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

SPOROPHILA. 435

625. Sporophila gutturalis roraimee.
Roratma YELLOW-BELLIED SEED-EATER.

Spermophila gutturalis (nec Licht.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215 (Roraima,
3500 ft.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 128, 1888 (Roraima).

Sporophila gutturalis Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 367,
no. 3764 (part), 1912.

Sporophila gutturalis roraime Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(ser. x.) p. 193, Feb. 1, 1921 (Mount Roraima).

Adult male.. Crown of head, nape, sides of face, sides of neck,
throat and fore-neck black ; entire back, scapulars, and upper
wing-coverts dark olive-green ; inner webs of flight-quills dark
brown with pale margins ; tail dark brown ; sides of body more
or less green ; abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under
wing-coverts sulphur-yellow ; under surface of flight-quills dark
brown ; lower aspect of tail similar but paler.

Total length 105 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 54, tail 45,
tarsus 15.

In addition to the characters mentioned above the Roraima
birds are smaller than those from Bahia and Pernambuco.

The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected at
Mount Roraima (3500 ft.) by the late Henry Whitely in June
1883, Salvin-Godman collection.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface olive-brown
including the top of the head, entire back, wings, and tail ; inner
edges of flight-quills white at the base; sides of face paler than
the back; under surface buffy-white including the throat, breast,
abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts ;
under surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail pale brown.
Wing 55 mm.

The specimen on which the above description is based was
collected at Mount Roraima by Mr. McConnell during his
expedition in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undeseribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Abary River
(McConnell collection).

Habits. Unrecorded.

2¥2

436 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus MICROPHILA Chubb.

Microphila Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. x.) p. 192, Feb. 1921.
Type M. castaneiventris (Cab.).

Fig. 164.—erophila castaneiventris.

The chief characters of the species that I suggest for separation
as a new genus, are the straight-culmen, not arched or semi-
circular as in Sporophila, and the more rounded tail. Its small
size and peculiar coloration also help to distinguish it. Type
M. castaneiventris (Cab.).

Key to the Species.

A. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
grey like the greater portion of the :
upper surface .........0. ce. MM castaneiventris, p. 436,

B. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
bright chestnut in contrast to the rest
of the upper surface.............esceeeee eee M. minuta, p. 488.

626. Microphila castaneiventris.
CHESTNUT-BELLIED SEED-EATER.

Sporophila castaneiventris Cab. in-‘Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 679,
1848 ; Beebe, Our Search fora Wilderness, p.171,1910; Brabourne
& Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 365, no. 3748, 1912; Beebe, Tropical

Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 186, 1917. }

Spermophila castaneiventris Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 214 (Bartica Grove) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 108, 1888 (Bartica Grove);
Quelch, Timehri (2) v. p. 84, 1891 (Georgetown).

“ Blue-backed Seed-eater ” (Beebe).

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface dark ash-grey
including the crown of the head, entire back, scapulars, and upper
tail-coverts ; upper wing-coverts, bastard-wing, and innermost
secondaries black margined with ash-grey ; primary-coverts and

MICROPHILA. 437

flight-quills black, the inner webs of the latter white on the basal
portion; tail also black with ash-grey fringes to the feathers ;
sides of the face and sides of the body ash-grey like the back ;

chin, throat, breast, middle of abdomen, and under tail-coverts
chestnut ; unify wing- -coverts white, grey on the margin of the
wing, ad greater series ; inner edges of flight-quills below white,
the remainder hair-brown ; lower aspect of tail grey, dark brown,
or blackish on the middle of the feathers.

Total length 86 mm., exposed culmen 7, mune 48, tail 32,
tarsus 12.

The male described was collected at the Great Falls on the
Demerara River in August 1912.

Adult female. General colour olive, including the top of the
head, back, scapulars, and lesser upper wing-coverts ; upper tail-
‘coverts inclining to rust-colour ; median and greater upper wing-
coverts dark brown narrowly edged with buff; primary-coverts
and flight-quills dark hair-brown, some of the inner secondaries
white at the base on the inner webs; tail also dark hair-brown ;
under surface ochreous buff, including the throat, breast, sides of
body, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts; under wing-
coverts silky white ; under surface of quills and lower aspect of
tail greyish brown. Wing 48 mm.

The female is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the description is taken from a specimen in the British Museun,,-
collected by the late Henry Whitely at Bartica, February 1880,
Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. February (Beebe).

Nest. In low bushes (Beebe).

Eggs. “ From two to three in number. Whitish, thickly spotted
with brown and lilac, and more or less covered with fine irreoutar
lines of black ”” (Beebe).

Range in British Guiana. Great Falls Demerara River
(McConnell collection); Bartica ( Whitely) ; Georgetown (Quelch,
Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North Brazil, Colombia,
Hast Weuador, Peru.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 679) that he
only obtained a single specimen of this species and that was near
the coast, in the vicinity of Cumaka.

438 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

The following note has been copied from Beebe (Tropical Wild
Life in British Guiana, p. 239) :—

“The little Chestnut-bellied Seed-eater (Sporophila castanei-
ventris) built a larger nest and was not so particular about the
material used. It invariably selected a low bush, so that the sitting
bird was never more than eighteen inches from the ground. The
nest was perhaps a little better built, for the walls were thicker
and there was a slight lining of finer grass on the inside. Some-
times they decorated the nest. The top of one found in George-
town in February was covered with white downy cotton obtained
from the pods of a weed growing nearby. It gave the nest the
appearance of a white cotton ring hanging in the bush.

“They laid from two to three whitish eggs, thickly spotted
with brown and lilac, and more or less covered with fine, irregular
lines of black.”

627. Microphila minuta.
Pyemy SrEp-EATER.

Loxia minuta Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 176, 1758 (Surinam).

Spermophila minuta Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 214 (Roraima, 3500 ft.);
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 109, 1888 (Georgetown, Roraima) ;
Quelch, Timehri (2) v. p. 83, 1891 (Georgetown).

Sporophila minuta Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 365, no. 37465,
1912.

Sporophila minuta minuta Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 142,
1910 (Hoorie Creek); id. Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana,
p. 186, 1917 (Bartica).

“ Grass-birds ” (Quelch) ; “ Pygmy Seed-eater ” (Beebe).

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, hind-neck, upper back,
and lesser upper wing-coverts dusky greyish brown ; median and
greater upper wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
flight-quills blackish brown with pale edgings to the feathers, all
the flight-quills, except the outermost one, white at the base;
lower back, rump, and short upper tail-coverts chestnut: long
upper tail-coverts like the upper back; tail dark brown with
pale edgings to the feathers; cheeks, throat, sides of neck, breast,
abdomen, sides of body, and under tail-coverts chestnut; axil-
‘laries, under wing-coverts, and base of flight-quills below white ;
‘greater under wing-coverts, quill-lining, and lower aspect of tail ‘
hair-brown.

MICROPHILA. 439

Total length 102 mm., exposed culmen 7, wing 50, tail 38,
tarsus 14,

The male described was collected on the Abary River in July
1906.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface, including
the top of the head, back, wings, and tail, rust-brown ; median
upper wing-coverts dark brown with whitish margins; bastard-
wing, greater coverts, and primary-coverts hair-brown with pale
rufous margins to some of the feathers; primary-quills dark
brown, paler on the outer edges and white on the inner margins :
tail also dark brown with buff margins to the feathers: under sur-
face of body fulvous, rather paler on the abdomen : axillaries,
under wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills below whitish,
remainder of quill-lining hair-brown like the lower aspect of the
tail. Wing 47 mm.

The specimen described was collected on the Abary River,
November 1906. ,

An immature male collected on the Abary River in November
1906 is similar to the adult female, but has the rump chestnut and
the under surface tinged with the same colour.

A younger bird than the above, collected on the Supenaam
River in 1910, has the crown of the head, entire back, wings, and
tail olive-brown ; sides of the face and throat buff, as are also the
under tail-coverts, the breast and abdomen yellowish white, and
the axillaries and under wing-coverts white.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana,

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains, Supenaam River, Abary River (McConnell collection);
Mount Roraima ( Whitely) ; Georgetown (Brown, Quelch); Hoorie
River (Beebe).

Extralimital Range, Surinam (Linné), Cayenne (Brit. Mus.),
North-east Brazil, Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia,
Eeuador.

Habits. Mr. J. J. Queleh, when writing on the birds of George-
town (Timehri (2) v. p. 83), mentions that there were several little
Finches from three to four inches in length, which as a rule
frequent the grassy and bushes wastes seeking for grain and

-

440 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

seeds, and hence are called by the common name, Grass-birds,
though they are often seen among the trees and on the ground.
They are nearly all referable to the genus Spermophila.

Genus DUNCANULA Chubb.

Duncanula Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. x.) p. 198, Feb. 1921.
Type D. homochroa (Sclater).

The chief character in this genus is the long and acutely pointed
bill. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth primaries
longest and equal, the second about equal in length to the sixth,
and the first about equal to the eighth. The tail is square at ths
tip and about five-sixths the length of the wing. The tarsus is
about equal in length to the middle toe and claw, which are about
twice the length of the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and
female similar.

628. Duncanula duncani.
Duwcan’s SEED-EATER.
(Plate VII.)

Catamenia sp. Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 216 (Roraima, 6000 ft.).

Spermophila homochroa (part nec Scl.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii.
p. 105, 1888 (Roraima).

Catamenia homockroa Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 368, no. 37 74
(part), 1912.

Duncanula duncani Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. x.) p. 193,
Feb. 1, 1921.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface olive-brown
with dark shaft-lines to the feathers, including the top of the head,
entire back, wings, and tail, somewhat darker on the head and
tinged with dark slate-grey on the upper wing-coverts; flight-
quills blackish rather paler on the inner margins, outer webs of
secondaries tinged with smoke-brown; tail-feathers blackish
fringed with olive-brown ; sides of face, sides of neck, throat,
fore-neck, and under wing-coverts dark slate-grey ; abdomen and
sides of body olive-brown, the feathers surrounding the vent
tipped with pale rufous; under tail-coverts chestnut ; under

TL.
Birds of British Guiana. Vol. IL, Pl. VI

Duncanula duncani. 3 93

Duncan’s Seed-eater,

DUNCANULA.—TIARIS, 441

surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail dark greyish brown
with slightly paler edges to the former.

Total length 128 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 65, tail 58,
tarsus 20.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
by Mr. McConnell at Mount Roraima in October 1898.

Adult female. General colour of the upper parts fulvous-brown
with broad black shaft-lines to the feathers on the top of the head
and back ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish brown, paler on the
inner edges; tail-feathers also blackish brown with fulvous
margins to the feathers; sides of face and throat durky-grey ;
breast, sides of body, and abdomen rust-brown ; under tail-coverts
chestnut ; under wing-coverts ash-grey ; under surface of flight-
quills and lower aspect of tail dark brown. Wing 60mm.

The female described above was also collected by Mr. McConnell
at Moant Roraima in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range conjined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima ( W hitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus TIARIS Swains.

Tiaris Swainson, Zoological Journal, iii. p. 8351, 1827. Type T. ornata
(Wied).

Fig. 165.—Tiaris pheoptila,

This genus is distinguished by having the bill somewhat com-
pressed, pointed at the tip, the culmen keeled, nostrils oval and
feathered on the posterior portion. The wing is rounded, the
second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest, the first about

442 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

equal in length to the seventh. The tail is square at the tip and
about four-fifths the length of the wing. The tarsus is about
equal in length to the middle toe and claw.

629. Tiaris pheoptila.
British Guiana GRASSQUIT.

aa ls phaoptila Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 445 (Roraima,

35 .)s

eee, eee Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215 (Roraima).

Phonipara fuliginosa (part: nec Wied) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii.
p- 151, 1888 (Roraima).

Tiaris fuliginosa Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 369, no. 3788
(part), 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface dark soot-
brown, including the top of the head, sides of the face, back,
wings, and tail; inner webs of flight-quills paler on the. inner
margins ; throat and fore-neck similar to the back; breast,
abdomen, sides of body, and under tuil-coverts dusky greyish
brown; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and inner edges of quills
below grey ; remainder of quill-lining and lower aspect of tail dark
hair-brown.

Total length 114 mm., exposed culmen 5, wing 59, tail 47,
tarsus 17.

This species is not represented in the McConnell .collection, and
the.above description is taken from the type of the species which
is in the British Museum, and was collected by the late Henry
Whitely at Mount Roraima, 3500ft., November 29, 1883,
Salvin-Godman coliection.

This species differs from T. fulignosa fulignosa (Wied) in its
paler coluration generally, but more especially on the under
surface. Whether T. fumosa (Lawr.) differs from the present
species I am unable to say, as I have not seen an example from
Trinidad whence he described it.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

eggs. Undescribed.

Range conjined to British Guiana.

Habits. Unrecorded.

4

VOLATINIA. 443

Genus VOLATINIA Reichenb.

Volatinia Reichenb. Syst. Av. pl. Ixxix. fig. 16,1850. Type V. jacarini
(Linn.).

Fig. 166.— Volatinia splendens.

This genus is easily recognized by the glossy steel-blue plumage
of the male and the sombre dress of the female. The bill is
pointed, its depth and width at the bage being about equal. The
wing is. rounded, the second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries
longest and equal and the first about equal to the seventh. The
tail is rounded at the tip, and nearly equal to the wing in length.
The tarsus is about equal in length to the middle toe and claw.
Coloration : male and female different.

630. Volatinia splendens.
GLossy GRASSQUIT.

Fringilla splendens Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xii. p. 78, 1817
(Cayenne).

Volatinia splendens Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215 (Bartica Grove) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 369, no. 3790, 1912.

Volatinia jacarina (nec Linn.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215 (Roraima) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 152 (part), 1888 (Roraima and

ane Carimang River).

Volatinia jacarina splendens Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British

Guiana, p. 186, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. General colour both above and below glossy blue-
black ; axillaries white and some of the inner under wing-coverts
partially white ; flight-quills and tail-feathers black more or less
glossed with blue-black.

Total length 113 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 54, tail 46,
tarsus 15.

The adult male from which the description is taken was col-
lected on the Abary River in July 1906.

444 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

A specimen collected at Bartica differs from the male described
in having pale edges to the feathers both above and below.

? Immature female. Crown of head, sides of face, sides of neck,
hind-neck, back, and upper tail-coverts pale rust-brown ; upper
wing-coverts and flight-quills hair-brown, margined with rust-
brown; tail uniform hair-brown; throat and abdomen whitish ;
breast tawny with dark shaft-streaks to the feathers ; sides of
body and under tail-coverts pale fawn-colour; axillaries and
under wing-coverts white; under surface of flight-quills pale
brown like the lower aspect of the tail. Wing 47 mm.

The specimen described above was collected on the Abary
River in August 1909.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Abary River,
Georgetown (McConnell collection) ; Mount eens, Kamarang
River, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Trinidad, Tobago,
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus PITYLUS Cuv.

Pitylus Cuvier, Régne Animal, 2nd ed. i. p. 418, 1829. Type P. grossus
(Linné).

Fig. 167.—Pitylus grossus.

The species on which this genus was founded is easily distin-
guished by its large bill, which is bright red in colour; there is an
indication of a tooth on the outer edges of the upper mandible

e

PITYLUS. 445

and also a hogk at the tip. The wing is rounded, the second,
third, fourth, and fifth primaries are longest and subequal, the
first about equal in length to the seventh. The tail is rounded at
the tip and about four-fifths the length of the wing. The tarsus
exceeds the length of the middle toe and claw by about one-
fourth. Coloration: male and female similar, but the latter less
bright.
631. Pitylus grossus.
WHITE-THROATED KERNEL-EATER.

. Loxia grossa Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 307, 1766 (Cayenne).

Pitylus grossus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 677, 1848; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 2138 (Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Bartica Grove) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 303, 1886 (Camacusa, Merumé
Mts., Bartica Grove); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 370,
no. 3769, 1912 ; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 186,
1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. Crown of head, hind-neck, entire back, upper tail-
coverts, scapulars, upper wing-coverts, and outer aspect of quills
slate-blue ; flight-quills blackish, paler on the inner edges ; tail
black ; lores, sides of face, and sides of throat black, the last
continued in a semicircular .band across the fore-neck; chin and
throat white like the axillaries and under wing-coverts ; breast,
abdomen, sides of body, and under tail-coverts slate-blue darker
on the last ; under surface of flight-quills dark brown, paler on
the edges ; lower aspect of tail black.

Total length 198 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 95, tail 80,
tarsus 22.

The bird on which the description is based was collected on the
Makauria River in August 1910.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male on the upper surface,
but not quite so bright. It differs ia the absence of black on the
lores, sides of face, sides of the throat and band on the fore-neck
which is replaced by grey, the white throat less extended ; breast
and abdomen ochreous-brown. Wing 95 mm.

The female described was collected at Bartica in 1912.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Makauria River, Abary River,

446 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Mazaruni River, Arawai River, Great Falls Demerara River
(McConnell collection); Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa, Bartica
( Whitely).

Eatralimital Range. Surinam (Penard}, Cayenne (Linné),
Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 677) that he
found this bird fairly common—though always single—on Aruku
and near the coast.

Genus PERIPORPHYRUS Bonap.

Periporphyrus Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i. p. 508, 1851. ‘Type P. erythro-
melas (Gmel.).

Fig. 168.—Periporphyrus erythromelas.

This genus differs chiefly in having the nostrils more exposed,
the third and fourth primaries longest, the second equal to the
fifth, and the first only slightly shorter than the sixth. The tail
is about nine-tenths the length of the wing, and the male is dis-
tinguished by its bright red coloration, while the female is chiefly
yellow.

632. Periporphyrus erythromelas,
ScarRLet KERNEL-EATER.

Lowia erythromelas Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 859, 1789 (Cayenne).

Pitylus erythromelas Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 218 (Camacusa) ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 305, 1886 (Demerara, Camacusa, Roraima) ;
Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 815, 1910 (Aremu River) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i. p. 370, no. 3798, 1912; Beebe,
Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 136, 1917 (Bartica).

“ Black-headed Scarlet Grosbeak ”’ (Beebe).

Adult male. Entire head, sides of face, and throat deep black ;
back, wings, and tail deep red; primary-coverts bronze-brown,

PERIPORPHYRUS. 447

like the outer webs of the primary and secondary quills ; inner
webs of flight-quills dark brown with orange-buff inner edges ; a
narrow collar on the hind-neck, breast, abdomen, sides of the
body, and under tail-coverts bright red ; axillaries, under wing-
coverts, and inner margins of quills below salmon-pink ; greater
under wing-coverts and flight-quills below bronze-brown ; lower
‘aspect of the tail similar to its upper surface.

Total length 199 mm., exposed culmen 19, wing 101, tail 88,
tarsus 21.

The mate described was collected on the Abary River in July
1906.

Adult female. Entire head, sides of face, and throat black ;
back, wings, and tail dark bronze-yellow; breast, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts orange-yellow, darker on the sides of the body
and much brighter on the under wing-coverts ; lower aspect of
tail similar to its upper side but paler. Wing 100 mm.

The female described was collected on the Makauria River in
August 1910.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British’ Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Makauria River, Abary. River, Mazaruni River (JfcConnell col-
lection) ; Demerara (Brown); Kamarang River, Kamakusa,
Mount Roraima ( Whitely); Aremu River (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Gmelin), North-eastern Brazil.

The following note is copied from Beebe (Our Search for a
Wilderness, p. 315) :—“A splendid scarlet bird flew out and
alighted twenty yards away, again giving utterance to its char-
acteristic loud whistle. It was what I have christened the Black-
headed Scarlet Grosbeak, differing from the description of this
species in being 83 instead of 74 inches in length. It was scarlet
below, dull red above, with a scarlet necklace and a jet-black
head and throat. A yellowish female showed herself for only a
moment. The whistle was loud and penetrating, but sweet in
quality.

“The nest, eggs, and young, as is the case with so many South
American Birds, are unknown.”

448 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus CARYOTHRAUSTES Bonap.

Caryothraustes Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i. p. 508, 1851. Type C. eana-
densis (Linn.).

Fig. 169.—Caryothraustes canadensis.

This genus is easily distinguished by its square tail, which is
about two-thirds the length of the wing, the tarsus exceeds the
length of the exposed culmen by about one-third, and the male
and female plumages are alike.

633. Caryothraustes canadensis.
Otive KERNEL-EATER.

Loxia canadensis Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 304, 1766 (Cayenne).

Coccothraustes viridis Vieill. Enc. Méth. iti, p. 1017, 1823
(“Guyane ”’).

Pitylus canadensis Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iti. p. 677, 1848;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 370, no. 3799, 1912.

Pitylus viridis Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 213 (Bartica Grove, Merumé Mts.,
Camacusa); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 306, 1885 (Bartica
Grove, Merumé Mts.); Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 176,

1910 (Hoorie River).
Pitylus canadensis canadensis Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British

‘Guiana, p. 136, 1917 (Bartica).
“ Black-faced Green Grosbeak,” ‘* Black-faced Grosbeak ”
(Beebe).

Adult male. General colour of the upper parts yellowish green
including the head, back, wings, and tail; inner webs of flight-
quills blackish broadly margined with yellow, the black shafts, like
those of the tail-feathers, are in strong contrast; fore part of ‘the
head paler and inclining to yellow ; lores, a narrow line over and
extending behind the eye, fore part of cheeks, and throat deep
black ; hinder face, sides of neck, fore-neck, breast, abdomen, and

CARYOTHRAUSTES. 449

under tail-coverts yellow tinged with green, more strongly on the
sides of the body ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner edges
of quills below pale lemon-yellow ; remainder of the flight-quills
below dark brown; lower aspect of tail similar to its upper
surface but darker.

Total length 164mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 90, tail 65,
tarsus 22. -

The bird described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
November 1906.

Adult female. Similar in colour of plumage to the adult male.
Wing 85 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Mazaruni River, Tiger Creek (M/cCon-
nell collection) ; Merumé Mountains, Bartica, Kamakusa ( Whitely).

Eatralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Northern Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 677) that he met
with this species on the outskirts of the woods near the coast.
The “ Warraus” call it Waeruhi.

The following note has beea quoted from Beebe (Our Search
for a Wilderness, p. 176) :— Among the hosts of smaller birds
which haunted the tree-tops at the edge of the clearing, the Black-
faced ‘Grosbeaks were especially noticeable. In colour they
reminded one of immature male Orchard Orioles, heing yellowish
green with black throat and face. They fed morning and evening
on the reddish berries of a great vine which ripened its fruit in
the tree-tops, and here their song was repeated over and over,
a rattling buzz, like the rapid stroke of a stick along the palings
of a fence, followed by three liquid, whip-like notes, thus:

gs , the buzz part of the song also did duty as the
call-note.”

VOL, I. 26

450 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA, :

’

Genus SALTATOR Vieill.

Saltator Vieillot, Analyse nouv. Ornith. p. 32, 1816. Type S. ceru-
lescens Vieill.

Fig. 170.—Saltator cayanus.

To this genus belong some of the largest of the Finches. The
bill is somewhat compressed, the culmen is keeled, the upper
mandible is slightly hooked at the tip, and the depth and width at
the base are about equal, The wing is rounded, the third, fourth,
and fifth primaries longest and equal, the second about equal to
the sixth, and the first intermediate between the sixth and seventh.
The tail is rounded at the tip and nearly nine-tenths the length of
the wing. The tarsus exceeds the length of exposed culmen by
about one-fourth. Coloration: male and female similar.

Key to the Species.
A. Upper surface cae green; lower aspect of

tail yellow... .. S. cayanus, p. 450.
B. Upper surface “sey ‘lower aspect of of tail also
grey... tessa sesescereaseeee WS. oltvascens, p. 452.

634. Saltator cayanus.
GREATER SALTATOR.

Le Griverd de Cayenne Daubent. Pl. Enl. v. pl. 616.

Coracias cayanus Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 38, 1783 (Cayenne).

Saltator magnus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 676, 1848 ; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 213 (Bartica Grove, Roraima, 3500 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 285, 1886 (Roraima, Bartica Grove); Quelch,
Timehri (2) v. p. 81, 1891 (Georgetown).

Saltator maximus (nec Mil.) Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 371,
no. 8808, 1912.

Saliator cayanus Mathews & Iredale, Austral. Av. Record, iii. p. 41, 1915.

Saltator maximus maximus (nec Mill.) Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in
British Guiana, p. 136, 1917 (Bartica).

“Tompitcher ” (Brown), “ Tom-pitcher ” (Quelch).

Adult female. Back, wings, and tail olive-green ; bastard-wing

SALTATOR. 451

and inner webs of flight-quills blackish, paler on the margins of
the latter; a narrow white supraloral streak which extends over
the eye; forehead and crown of head dark olive-green ; sides of
face and sides of neck dark lead-grey ; chin and upper throat
whitish, lower throat pale fawn-colour; a line on each side of
the throat deep black; breast, abdomen, and sides of the body
lead-grey ; under tail-coverts and inner under wing-coverts fawn-
colour; marginal under wing-coverts greyish brown with pale
edges ; flight-quills below hair-brown with pale grey margins on
the basal portion ; lower aspect of the tail pale yellowish green.

Total length 187 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 97, tail 85,
tarsus 25.

The specimen described was collected at Mount Roraima by
Mr. McConnell during his expedition in October 1898.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female but slightly larger.
Wing 100 mm.

Breeding-season. November (Schomburgk).

Nest. Built of mosses, lined with plant-wool, and placed in
densely-foliaged bushes (Schomburgk).

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Ituribisi River,
Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Abary River (MeCon-
nell collection) ; Mount Roraima, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Brazil. i

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 676) that he
found this bird in pairs on the outskirts of woods and plantations,
also in the gardens of the natives; but it was more numerous near
the coast than inland. Its nest is made of mosses lined with
plant-wool and placed in densely-foliaged bushes. Schomburgk
observed it nesting in November.

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 81), who observed this
species in Georgetown, remarks :—“ Among the shrubs and trees
generally throughout the town, a somewhat larger tanager than
the preceding, and one which by the size and shape of its bill would
commonly be referred to the finches, is always to be met with,
This is the Tom-pitcher (Saltator magnus). These birds chiefly
frequent the smaller bushes and trees, where they seek out the
seeds and fruit. They are also often to be found on the ground.

2G2

452 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

They are restless birds, seldom quite stationary for any length of
time, but jumping and jerking about from branch to branch and
tree to tree. Their cry is loud and somewhat harsh. They are
frequently caught by boys, and though as a rule they thrive fairly
well in confinement, they are neither beautiful in plumage, nor
melodious in song.” i

The following note is copied from Brown (Canoe and Camp Life,
p. 41) :—Tompitchers, insignificant looking but very lively
birds. They whistle loudly, producing sounds from which they
have derived their name.”

635. Saltator olivascens.
GREY-BREASTED SALTATOR.

Saltator olivascens Cab. in Schomb. Reis Guian. iii. p. 676, 1848
(Roraima) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 213; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xi. p. 289, 1886; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 871,
no. 8807, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface dark ash-grey,
including the top of the head, sides of the face, entire back,
wings, and tail, inner webs of flight-quills and tail-feathers hair-
brown; a supraloral streak and feathers round the eye white ;
space in front of the eye, fore-part of cheeks, and sides of the
throat blackish: chin, throat, and middle of ahdomen cream-
white; breast, sides of neck, and sides of body dusky-grey ;
lower flanks and under tail-coverts pale fawn-colour: thighs and
marginal under wing-coverts whitish ; axillaries and inner wing-
coverts buff; under surface of flight-quills hair-brown with
whitish inner edges ; lower aspect of tail greyish brown.

Total length 210 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 103, tail 90,
tarsus 25.

The specimen described was collected on Supenaam River in

. 1910.

The young bird differs from the adult in having the throat and
under parts saturated with yellow, and the upper surface tinged
with the same colour. In an earlier stage than the specimen
mentioned here, the feathers on the under surface have dark shaft-
lines which imparts a streaked appearance.

Breeding-season. November (Schomburgk).

SALTATOR.—SICALIS. 453

Nest. Made of mosses lined with plant-wool and placed in

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Bonasiki River, Abary River (Me Connell
collection) ; Mount Roraima (Schomburgk).

Extralimital Range. Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, North
Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 676) that this
species, like S. maynus, -is distributed: throughout the whole of
British Guiana, and is usually met with in pairs in plantations,
outskirts of woods, and in the fields cultivated by the Indians.
He found it more numerous, however, near the coast than in the
interior. Its nest is made of mosses lined with plant-wool and
placed in densely foliaged bushes. The nest is found in Novem-
ber. The “ Macusis” call it Stkuih.

Genus SICALIS Boie.
Sicalis Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 324. Type 8. flaveola (Linn.).

Fig. 171.—Sicalis flaveola.

The species included in this genus are of medium size and the
males brightly coloured. The bill is pointed and somewhat stout
at the base, where the depth is about equal to the width. The
wing is almost square, the innermost secondaries being nearly as
long as the primaries; the five outer primaries are longest and
subequal. The tail is square at the tip and about five-sevenths
the length of the wing. The tarsus is about twice the length of
the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female different.

454 RIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Key to the Species.

A. Fore part of crown bright orange-red............. 8. flaveola, p. 454.
B. Fore part of crown not orange-red.
b'. Top of head and back broadly streaked
with blackish ; lores and a line above the
eye yellow; under surface bright yellow ;
bill shorter and stouter .............cceceeee 8. minor, p. 455.
ce’. Top of head very dull yellowish, not per-
ceptibly streaked, and only slightly on
the back; under surface dull yellow;
lores uniform with the crown ; bill longer
and more slender .........sccccecoeseceeeees S. roraime, p. 457.

636. Sicalis flaveola.
Sarrron Fincu.

Fringilla flaveola Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 821, 1766 (Surinam).

Sycalis brasiliensis Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 679, 1848.

Sycalis flaveola Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 217; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xii. p. 877, 1888 ; Quelch, Timehri (2) v. p. 82, 1891 (Georgetown).

Sicalis flaveola Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 374, no. 3842, 1912.

Adult male. Fore part of head bright orange ; hind-neck, back,
wings, and tail greenish yellow with dark shaft-lines to the
feathers on the upper back ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish
brown with sulphur-yellow margins; tail brown strongly
tinged with yellow; sides of face and throat crocus-yellow ;
remainder of the under surface, including the under wing-
coverts and inner margins of the quills below, bright yellow;
remainder of the quill-lining dark brown; lower aspect of tail
similar to the upper surface but paler.

Total length 140 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 71, tail 54,
tarsus 21.

Adult female. Crown of head, sides of face, throat, and middle
of abdomen grey with dark shaft-streaks on the crown of the
head; back and wings greyish buff with dark shaft-lines to some
of the feathers ; inner webs of bastard-wing and flight-quills dark
brown with whitish or yellowish margins to the latter; lower
back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and outer margins of tail-feathers
greenish yellow, remainder of the tail-feathers dark brown ; fore-
neck greenish yellow ; thighs, under tail-coverts, under wing-
coverts, and inner margins of quills below bright yellow, re-
mainder of quill-lining dark brown ; lower aspect of tail yellowish
brown. Wing 68 mm.

SICALIS. 455

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
there are no specimens from British Guiana in the British
Museum; the descriptions are taken from specimens from
Santa Maria, Colombia. The male collected by Mr. F. A. A.
Simons, Salvin-Godman collection, and the female collected by
Claude W. Wyatt, Sclater collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Kggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Georgetown (Schomburgk, Quelch).

Eatralimital Range. Surinam (Linné), Venezuela, ee
Heuador, Peru, Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guin. iii. p. 679) that this
species frequents the coast, especially in the neighbourhood of
Georgetown, where it may be met with in small flocks, asso-
ciating with other species of allied genera which frequent the
coal-palms and fruit-trees.

' Mr. J. J. Quelch, when writing on the Native Birds of George-

town (Timehri (2) v. p. 82), remarks as follows :—“ Two other
common birds often met with, and like the foregoing known as
Canary, generally, grass canary, are, however, referable to the
tree finches. These are Sycalis flaveola and S. minor.

“ These pretty little birds are often to be seen flying about the
bushes and trees in the town, and are commonly found on tlie
high grass-stems in open places. They are great favourites as
cage-birds, and are often to be seen, in the common pith-cages,
being hawked about the streets.”

637. Sicalis minor.
Lirtte YELLow Finca.

Sycalis minor Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 679, 1848 (George-
town); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 217; Sharpe, Gat, B. Brit. Mus. xii.

p. 384, 1888.
Sicalis minor Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 875, no. 8850, 1912.
Adult male. General colour of the upper surface blackish
brown, including the head, back, wings, and tail, the feathers
on the crown of the head and hind-neck margined with
yellowish green and more narrowly on the upper back and lesser
upper wing-coverts; rump and upper tail-coverts uniform

456 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

yellowish green ; median and greater upper wing-coverts mar-
gined with pale earth-brown; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and flight-quills narrowly edged with green on the outer webs
and with whitish on the inner webs of the last; outer webs of
tail-feathers more or less edged with yellowish green ; sides of
face yellowi-h green; a spot of yellow on each side of the
culmen at the base of the forehead covering the nostrils ; throat,
sides of neck, breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and
under wing-coverts bright yellow; under surface of flight-quills
and lower aspect of the tail pale brown.

Total length 108 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 63, tail 42,
tarsus 14.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Abary River in November 1906.

Breeding: season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Abary River (MeConnell collection) ;
Mount Roraima’and Rupuruni River (Whitely); Georgetown
(Quelch).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, North Brazil.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 679),
this bird frequented the coast, more especially near Georgetown,
where it associated with species of allied genera, which were
often observed on the coal-palms and fruit trees.

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 32); writing on the Native
Birds of Georgetown, remarks :—“ Two other common birds often
met with, and like the foregoing known as Canary, generally
grass canary, are, however, referable to the true finches. These
are Sycalis faveola and S. minor,

“‘These pretty little birds are often to be seen flying about the
bushes and trees in the town, and are commonly found on the
high grass-stems in open places. They are great favourites as
cage-birds, and are often to be seen, in the common pith-cages,
being hawked about the streets.”

SICALIS. 457

638. Sicalis roraimee.
Roramma GRovnp-Finca.

Sycalis citrina (nec Pelz.) Salvin; Ibis, 1885, p. 217 (Merumé Mts.,
Roraima, 2700-3700 ft. ).

Pseudochloris citrina (nec Pelz.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p.778,
1888 (Merumé Mts., Roraima).

Pseudochloris browni (nec Bangs) Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i.
p. 880, no. 3911, 1912.

Pseudochloris roraime Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. x.) p. 194,
Feb. 1, 1921.

Adult male. Crown of head dark citron-yellow, with no indi-
cation of dark shaft-lines to the feathers; wings and back
blackish brown with olive-grey margins to the feathers; rump
and upper tail-coverts dark olive-green; tail blackish brown
fringed with olive-green; the two outer feathers on each side
white on the inner webs at the tips; sides of face tawny yellow ;
throat, breast, and abdomen dull yellow, darker on the sides of
the body and paler on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts
buff; under surface of: flight-quills dark brown ; lower aspect of
tail similar to its upper surface but paler brown.

Total length 116 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 63, tail 44,
tarsus 14.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being blackish on
the upper surface with paler fringes to the feathers; throat,
breast, and sides of body fawn-brown with dark shaft-lines to the
feathers, becoming whitish yellow on the lower abdomen and
under tail-coverts. Wing 58 mm.

This species was quoted by Brabourne and Chubb in their ‘ List
of the Birds of South America,’ as Pseudochloris browni (Bangs).
It differs from that species, however, in its smaller size and much
duller coloration. There is a series of twelve specimens in the.
British Museum all of which are quite constant in character.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

458 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus SPIZA Bonap.

Spiza Bonaparte, Journ. Philad. Acad. iv. p. 45, 1824. Type 8. ameri-
cana (Gmel.).

Fig. 172.—Spiza americana.

This monotypic genus is easily distinguished by its square tail
with its obliquely-cut and pointed feathers. The bill is somewhat
stout and pointed, the depth and width at the base are about equal,
and is about three-fourths the length of the exposed culmen.
The wing is rounded, the first, second, and third primaries are
longest and equal. The tail is square at the tip and about five-
eighths the length of the wing. The tarsus is about twice the
length of the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female
similar.

639, Spiza americana.
BLACK-THROATED BunrtING.

Emberiza americana Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 872, 1789 (New York).
Spiza americana Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 770, 1888; Brabourne
&. Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 375, no. 3858, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head dark yellowish green, with minute
dark shaft-lines to the feathers ; hind-neck, sides of face, and
‘sides of neck slate-grey ; upper back biack with broad ash-brown
margins to the feathers becoming rufous-brown on the scapulars
where the shaft lines are narrower; lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts dark earth-brown; lesser and median upper wing-
coverts chestnut; greater upper wing-coverts and inner secon-
daries blackish broadly margined with rufous-brown ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills dark hair-brown, with
pale inner edgings to the last; tail hair-brown ; lores, a line over
the eye, and cheeks yellow like the fore-neck and middle of the
breast ; short feathers under the eye, a line along the sides of the

SPIZA.--MYOSPIZA. 459

hinder crown, sides of neck, and upper throat white; lower
throat black; sides of the body pale ash-brown; middle of
abdomen and under-tail coverts cream-white; inner under wing-
coverts and axillaries white edged with yellow; marginal under
wing-coverts and edge of wing yellow; under surface of flight-
quills and lower aspect of tail pale greyish brown.

Total length 156 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 80, tail 54,
tarsus 24. 7

The male described was collected on the Abary River in July
1906.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male chiefly in the absence
of black on the throat and scarcely any yellow on the under
surface. Wing 83 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Abary River (McConnell collection).

Extraiimital Range. Trinidad, Aruba Island, Venezuela,
Colombia, Central America to the United States of North
America.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus MYOSPIZA Ridgw.
Myospiza Ridgway, Auk, xv. p. 224, 1898. Type Mf. humeralis (Bosc.).

Fig. 173.—Myiospiza humeralis.

In this genus the bill is also pointed and somewhat stout at the
base, where the depth and width are about equal, which is about
three-fifths the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is
almost square, the second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries
longest and equal, the first about equal in length to the sixth.
The tail is square at the tip and about two-thirds the length of

460 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

the wing. The tarsus is about twice the length of the exposed
culmen, and the middle toe and claw about three-fourths the
length of the tarsus. Coloration: male and female similar,

640. Myospiza humeralis.
GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.

Tanagra humeralis Bosc. Journ. d’Hist. Nat. it. p. 179, pl. xxxiv.
fig. 1792 (‘‘ Habitat in Cayana’’).

Coturniculus manimbe (Licht.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 216 (Roraima,
3500 ft.),

Ammodromus manimbe*Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 691, 1888
(Roraima).

meas manimbe Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 375, no. 3855,

me aco humeralis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Cl. xxxi. p. 39, Jan. 25,

913.

Adult. Fore part of the head black with grey margins to the
feathers, the central portion of the feathers paler and more sooty-
brown on the hind-neck and back, the dark portion edged with
rust-brown ; lesser upper wing-coverts rust-brown ; median and
greater series blackish with whitish margins like the bastard-
wing ; primary-coverts and flight-quills dark hair-brown with
pale edgings on the outer webs of the primaries and rust-colour on
the secondaries, margins of inner webs whitish ; lower back rust-
brown, the dark centres almost obsolete; upper tail-coverts
blackish with grey margins ; tail hair-brown with pale edges to
the feathers ; ; sides of face pale brown; lores and bend oF wing
yellow ; throat and breast pale earth-grey, inclining to white
on the abdomen and becoming isabelline on the lower flanks and
under tail-coverts ; sides of the body darker and inclining to
ochreous-brown ; axillaries and inner under wing-coverts white,
the marginal series yellow like the bend of the wing; under surface
of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail hair-brown.

Total length 113 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 51, tail 38,
tarsus 20.

The specimen described was collected on the ey River in
July 1906,

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

_ Nest, Unrecorded in British Guiana,

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

MYOSPIZA.—BRACHYSPIZA. 461

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains, Abary River (MeConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima
( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, Brazil,
Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus BRACHYSPIZA Ridgw.
Brachyspiza Ridgway, Auk, xv. p.224,1898. Type B. capensis (Mill.).

Fig. 174.—Brachyspiza macconnelli.

The members of this genus are birds of larger size than those of
the previous genus. The bill is proportionately long and pointed,
its depth and width at the base are equal to about half the
length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the second,
third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and equal and the first
about equal in length to the seventh. The tail is square at the
tip and about five-sixths the length of the wing, ‘The tarsus is
about twice the length of the exposed culmen and the middle toe
and claw nearly equal in length to-tarsus. Coloration: male and
female similar. t

641. Brachyspiza macconnelli.
McConneELu’s Sonc-SPaRRow.

Zonotrichia matutina (nec Licht.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ili.
p. 679, 1848 (Roraima). ;

Zonotrichia pileata Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 210 (Merumé Mts., Roraima) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit Mus. xii. p. 610,1888 (Roraima, Merumé Mts.).

Brachyspiza macconnelli Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., (2) Zool. viii. p. 53,
pl. iv. fig. 1,11900 (Mount Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S.
Amer. i. p. 378, no. 8883, 1912.

Aduit, Crown of head and sides of face dusky, as are also
the rump and upper tail-coverts ; sides of crown, hinder face, and

462 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

a spot on each side of the lower throat black ; sides of neck rufous
which extends across the hind-neck ; back and scapulars black
with rust-brown, or grey margins to the feathers ; lesser upper
wing-coverts greyish brown, the median and greater series blackish
with white, or rusty margins like the bastard-wing ; primary-
coverts and flight-quills dark hair-brown with pale edges to the
outer and inner webs; tail hair-brown with slightly paler edges to
the feathers; lores grey; the feathers on the fore part of the face
tipped with grey ; chin and throat white like the middle of the
abdomen, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts; breast, sides
of body, thighs, axillaries, and marginal urider wing-coverts dusky
grey ; under surface of flight- agile dark brown; lower aspect of
tail similar but paler.

Total length 137mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 65, tail 55,
tarsus 21.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
by Mr. McConnell at Mount Roraima during his expedition in
October 1898. .

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 62 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range conjined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection).

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 679) that he
shot this species in the open woods in the vicinity of the Roraima
Mountains, where it associates with other allied genera and may
often be seen on tall trees, but sometimes solitary individuals
may be observed in the low bushes and on the ground. ‘The
“ Arawaaks” call it Kotumari.

EMBERIZOIDES. 463

Genus EMBERIZOIDES Temm.

Emberizoides Temminck, Pl. Col. iii. livrasion 19, 1824. Type Z. macru-
rus (Gmel.).

Fig. 175.—Emberizoides sphenura.

This genus is easily recognized by having the tail longer than
the wing, the feathers of which are sharply attenuated on the
apical portion. It is further distinguished by having black hair-
like bristles in front of the eye. Coloration: male and female
similar.

642. Emberizoides sphenurus.
LonG-TAILED GRrounD Finca.

Passerina sphenura Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 25, 1817
(Cayenne).

Emberizoides macrurus, Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p.216 (Merumé Mts., Roraima,
3000-4000 ft.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 768, 1888
(Roraima, Merumé Mts.).

Emberizoides sphenurus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 380,
no. 3899, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface black with
yellowish margins to the feathers, which are narrower and inclin-
ing to dusky-grey on the crown of the head and hind-neck
and broader and yellowish olive on the upper back, wings, and
tai] ; bend of wing yellow; lesser upper wing-coverts uniform
olive-yellow ; inner greater coverts and innermost secondaries
margined with dark earth-brown ; flight-quills hair-brown, paler
and inclining to whitish on the edges of the inner webs; the
margins of the feathers on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts dark ochreous-brown ; tail hair-brown, inclining to black
along the shafts of the middle feathers, which have yellowish
olive margins; lores and short feathers round the eye white ;

464 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

ear-coverts and sides of face pale brown with pale shaft-
lines to the feathers; throat, middle of abdomen, and thighs
cream-white ; breast, sides of body, and under tail-coverts pale
ochreous-brown; axiliaries and marginal under wing-coverts
yellow ; inner under wing-coverts white ; under surface of flight-
_ quills hair-brown paler on the inner edges ; lower aspect of tail
pale hair-brown.

Total length 171mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 70, tail 84,
tarsus 25.

The specimen described above was collected at Bartica in 1911.

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the adult male but
smaller. Wing 64mm. “Upper mandible black with yellow
at the sides, lower mandible yellow ; iris purplish brown; legs,
toes, and claws brownish flesh” (1. W hitely).

There are three young birds of this species, two from the Abary
River and one from the Ituribisi River, all of which have ochreous-
brown margius to the feathers. The specimens collected on the
Abary were obtained in July and November. The July bird js
almost uniform yellow below, while the November one has the
throat whitish, darker and inclining to ochreous on the breast and
sides of the body, some of the feathers on the flanks have dark
shaft-lines ; in this individual the tail is fully developed but not in
either of the others. The bird from the Ituribisi differs from the
other two in being much paler yellow on the under surface and in
having blackish centres to the feathers on the breast.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

iggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains, Ituribisi River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Makauria
River, Abary River (McConnell collection); Mount Roraima,
Merumé Mountains ( Whitely).

Exztralimital Range. Venezuela, Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

CORYPHUSPINGUS. 465

Genus CORYPHOSPINGUS Cab.

eS a Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 145, 1851. Type C. cucullatus
(P. L. 8. Miill.).

Fig. 176.—Coryphospingus cucullatus.

The species on which this genus was founded is easily recognised
by its bright red and black crest. The bill is somewhat slender
and pointed. The wing is rounded, the second, third, fourth, and
fifth primaries longest and subequal, and the first about equal in
length to the seventh. The tail, which is slightly rounded at the
tip, is almost as long as the wing. The tarsus is about two-thirds
the length of the exposed culmen. Coloration: female similar
to the male, but much less bright.

643. Coryphospingus cucullatus.
ReEpD-cRESTED FINCH.

Fringilla cucullata P. La. 8. Miiller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 166, 1776
(Cayenne).

Coryphospingus cristatus {Gmel.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 216 (Bartica
Grove); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 803, 1888 (Bartica Grove).

Coryphospingus cucullatus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 384,
no. 8941, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 136,
1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. Hind-neck, back, and wings dark chocolate-brown ;
inner webs of flight-quills biackish with paler edges; rump and
upper tail-coverts dark crimson ; tail-feathers sooty-black faintly
edged with chocolate-brown ; forehead and sides of the crown
blackish, the feathers minutely edged with vinous ; crest bright
silky-red; sides of neck and sides ot face vinous-brown somew hat
darker in front and below the eye; eye-ring white; the short
feathers at the base of the bill and chin grey ; throat, fore-neck,
middle of breast, middle of abdomen, and under tail-coverts red
becoming dark crimson on the sides of the body ; axillaries white
with a tinge of red on the edges of the feathers; under wing-

VOL. IL. 2H

466 ° BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

coverts and inner edges of quills below white ; remainder of the
flight-quills below dark hair-brown like the lower aspect of the
tail, the latter showing obsolete cross-bars.

Total length 132 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 65, tail 55,
tarsus 19.

The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell at Takutu,
on the Mazaruni River, during his expedition to Mount Roraima
-in November 1898.

Adult female. Crown of head, sides of face, hind-neck, sides of
neck, back, and outer aspect of wings chocolate-brown inclining
to rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts; inner webs of
flight-quills hair-brown with whitish margins ; tail dark brown;
under surface pale brick-red, paler and inclining to whitish on the
chin ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner margins of quills
below whitish, remainder of the under surface of flight-quills and
lower aspect of tail dark brown. Wing 65 mm.

The female described is in the British Museum, and was col-
lected at Bartica by the late Henry Whitely, Salvin-Godman
collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bonasika River, Takutu, Mazaruni River (AfcConnell collection) ;
Bartica ( W hitely).

Extralimital Range. Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus COCCOPSIS Reichenb.

Coccopsis Reichenbach, Syst. Nat. pl. lxxvii. fig. 8,1850. Type C. gularis
(Linn.).

Fig. 177.—Coccopsis gularis.

' The species on which this genus was founded is distinguished

COCCOPSIS. 467

chiefly by its thin bili, short feathers on the throat, and rounded.
tail, The bill is péoportionntelir long and somewhat depr essed at
the base, where the width exceeds its depth by about one-third.
The wing is rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries
longest and equal, the first about equal in length to the fifth.
The tail is rounded at the tip and nearly six-sevenths the length
of the wing; the middle tail-feathers exceed the outermost by
about 10 mm. The tarsus exceeds the length of the exposed
culmen by about one-third. Coloration: male and female similar.

644. Coccopsis gularis.
BLACK-THROATED CARDINAL,

Tanagra gularis Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 316, 1765 (Guiana).

Calyphtrophorus gularis Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iil. p. 678, 1848.

Coccopsis gularis Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 145, 1851.

Passerina gularis Brown, Canoe and Camp Life in British Guiana,
p. 225, 1876.

Parouria nigrigenis (nec Lafr.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p- 215 (Camacusa).

Paroaria gularis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 813, pl. xvi. fig. 4,
1888 (Camacusa); Quelch, ‘Timehri (2) iv. p. 334, 1890 (Upper
Berbice River) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 385, no. 3952,
1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 136, 1917
(Bartica).

“ Pall-bird”? (Brown).

Adult male. Entire back, wings, and tail glossy blue-black, the
bases to the feathers on the back pale grey; inner edges of
flight-quills white; crown of: head, sides of face, and chin red;
lores and feathers round the eye black ; lower throat glos-y black
with dark red bases to the feathers; breast, abdomen, sides of
body, and anler tail-coverts white, as are also the axillaries, under
wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills below; greater under
wing-coverts black, which forms a patch near the outside edge of
the wing; under surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail
black.

Total length 165 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 86, tail 74,
tarsus 22. .

The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell on the
Bonasika River in Devember,

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 78 mm.

A young bird from the Upper Takutu Mountains differs from
the adult in having the entire upper surface dusky-brown, crown

22

468 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

of head sooty-brown ; throat and sides of face pale buff, some of
the feathers tinged with red; under surface white, as in the
adult.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Giana. Upper Takutu Mouatsing Bonasika
River, HEssequibo River, Arawai River (JcConnell collection) ;
Kamaskusa ( Whitely).

Fiatralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Northern Brazil,
Eastern Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 678) that,
although this speciés is distributed throughout British Guiana, he
did not often meet with it until he reached the Upper Essequibo,
where it was fairly common, frequenting the bushes overbanging
the water in search of food. He did not observe it nesting. The
“ Macusis” call it Foraraura.

The following note has been copied from Brown (Canoe and

Jamp Life in British Guiana, pp. 224-225) :—‘ On our way up
we spent a Sunday at Yucurit Island, camping on the sand-beach
at the island's point, near the house of a Brazilian Indian who
resided there. I was much amused with the good relations
existing between three young tame birds at the house; they were
fully feathered, but as their wings were clipped they could not
fly—not that they seemed to care to do so, as they appeared to
enjoy themselves thoroughly, trotting about in company, watching
‘every pot boil’ in the house, and making little excursions to
the edge of the forest, or water’s edge. The leader of the band
was a small fall-bird (Passerina gularis) with biack and white
body and crimson head.”

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) iv. p. 334), who observed this
species on the Upper Berbice River, remarks :—“ Lower down a
fine specimen of the beautiful Vall- bird (Paroaria gularis) had
been secured, and this was the only one met with.”

ARREMON, 469

‘Genus ARREMON Vieill..

Arremon Vieillot, Analyse nouv. Ornith. p. 32,1816. Type A. tacd-
turnus (Herm.).

Fig. 178.—Arremon taciturnus.

In this genus the bill is pointed and -conical, the length of the
exposed culmen exceeds the depth at the base by about one-third.
The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries
are longest and subequal, the second is intermediate in length
between the sixth and seventh, and the first about four-fifths the
length of the second. The tail is rounded at the tip, the middle
feathers exceed the outermost by about one-fifth. The tarsus is
about twice the length of the exposed culmen. Coloration: male
and female different.

645. Arremon taciturnus.
Pectoral SpakRow.

Tanagra taciturna Herm. Tab. Affin. Anim. p. 214 note, 1783.

Tanagra silens Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 46, 1783 (Guiana).

Arremon silens Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 677, 1848; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 212 (Roraima, 3500-4000 ft., Merumé Mts., Cama-
cusa, Atapurau River); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 278, 1886
(Bartica Grove, Atapurow River, Camacusa, Merumé Mts.,
Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 386, no. 3957,
1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 186, 1917
(Bartica).

Arremon taciturnus Stresem. Nov. Zool. xxvii. p. 328, 1920.

Adult male. Entire back and outer aspect of wings yellowish
bronze-green ; bend of wing bright yellow; inner webs of
bastard-wing, greater upper wing-coverts, primary-coverts, and
flight-quills blackish brown; tail also blackish brown more or
less tinged with bronze-green ; head, nape, sides of face, and a

470 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

band across the fore-neck deep black; a grey mesial line along
the top of the head to the nape, extending across to the sides of
the neck; a narrow white supraloral line over the eye, widening
and extending along the sides of the crown to the nape ; throat,
middle of breast, middle of abdomen, and under tail-coverts
white; sides of breast and flanks ash-grey; axillaries and
marginal under wing-coverts yellow, remainder of the under
wing-coverts green; under surface of flight-quills and lower
aspect of tail hair-brown.

Total length 155 mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 77, tail 65,
tarsus 25.

The male described above was collected by Mr. McConnell at
Mount Roraima during his expedition in October 1898.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male on the upper surface
but differs on the under surface, in the absence of the black band
across the fore-neck, in being isabelline on the throat and breast,
and dusky on the sides of the breast and flanks. Wing 66 mm.

Two young birds from Bartica are dark and almost invisible
green on the back and wings, the head dusky with scarcely any
pattern apparent, and the under parts entirely dusky showing no
indication whatever of the adult plumage. A third one, collected
on the Abary River in September 1907, is more advanced on the
upper parts, where the characters of the adult plumage are plainly
indicated, but on the under surface it is similar to the two men-
tioned above.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guana. Mount Roraima, Ituribisi River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Makauria River,
Abary River, Anarica River, Tiger Creek (JdeConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Eastern Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 667) that he first
met with this species in the dense woods in the neighbourhood of
Mount Roraima at an elevation of 3000 feet, solitary or in pairs,
hopping about in the low bush of the dense woods in search of
insects. The “ Arekunas” call it Kawaripoami.

ATLAPETES. 471

Genus ATLAPETES Wagl.
Atlapetes Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 526. Type A. pileatus Wagl.

Fig. 179.—Atlapetes personatus.

This genus is distinguished chiefly by the short wings and long
tail. The bill is pointed and somewhat compressed, the depth and
width at the base are equal and about two-thirds the length of the
exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, fifth, and
sixth primaries longest and subequal, the second about equal in
length to the eighth, and the first about four-tenths shorter than the
second, The tail is rounded at the tip, the middle feathers being
nearly one-fourth longer than the outermost. The tarsus is about
twice as long as the exposed culmen and about one-fourth longer
than the middle toe and claw. Coloration: male and female

similar.

646. Atlapetes personatus.
RurovUs-HEADED SPARROW.

Arremon personatus Cab. in Schomb. Reis Guian. iii. p. 678, 1848.
Buarremon personatus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 212 (Roraima, 4000-

6000 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 270, 1886 (Roraima).
Atlapetes personatus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 389,

no. 4000, 1912

Adult. Crown of head, nape, sides of face, sides of neck, and

chin rufous; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts and upper wing-
coverts slaty-black with a greenish tinge; flight-quills blackish
with isabelline margins on the inner webs, the outer web of the
first primary inclining to white; tail also blackish ; throat, reast,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts yellow more or less intermixed
with olive-green ; sides of the body and thighs dusky olive-green ;
under wing-coverts cream-white like the inner edges of the quills
below; marginal-coverts and greater series much darker and
inclining to blackish ; under surface of quills and lower aspect of

tail blackish brown.

472 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Total length 171. mm., exposed culmen 13, wing 77, tail 78,
tarsus 27,

The specimen described was collected at Mount Roraima by
Mr. McConnell in October 1898.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 75 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Kqgs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount: Roraima (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima (Whitely).

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 678) that he
only obtained one example of this beautiful bird, which was on the
Roraima Mountains, in dense woods, at an altitude of 6500 feet.
Schomburgk could not give any details of its mode of life. The
‘* Arekunas ” called it Weruy.

Family CEEREBIDZ.

When Brabonrne and Chubb published thir ‘List of the
Birds of South America’ in 1912, this family was represented
by ten genera and seventy-five species. Five of the genera and
eight of the species are represented in British Guiana.

-Genus C@REBA Vieill.

Cereba Vieillot, Ois. d’Amér. Sept. i. p. 70, 1807. Type C. flaveola
(Linn.).

Fig. 180.—Cereba guianensis.

The members of this genus are somewhat small birds, which are:
blackish for the most part on the upper surface and yellow for
the greater part on the under parts. The bill is slender, sharply
pointed, and slightly curved. ‘The wing is rounded, the second,
third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and equal, the first much
longer than the sixth but shorter than the fifth. The tail is
square at the tip and about two-thirds the length of the wing.
The tarsus is about one-fourth longer than the exposed culmen.
Coloration: maie and female similar.

C@:REBA. 473

647. Coereba guianensis.

GuIANA FLOWER-PECKER.

Certhiola flaveola (nee Linn.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 675,
1848,

Certhiola guianensis Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 97, 1851 (Guiana).

Certhiola chloropyga (nec Cab.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 207 (Bartica
Grove, Camacusa, Ataparau River, Roraima, 3500-4000 ft.) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 44, 1886 (Roraima, Atapurow
River, Camacusa, Bartica Grove); Quelch, Timehri (2) v. pp. 77,
78, 1891 (Georgetown). |

Careba guianensis Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 391, no. 4021,
1912.

“« Pipi-tooree,” “ Flower-pecker ” (Quelch).

Adult. Crown of head, sides of face, back, wings, and tail
lackish ; rump and upper tail-coverts lemon-yellow; flight-quills
blackish, white at the base on the inner webs and on both webs of
some of the primaries; tail also blackish, some of the outer
feathers edged with white at the tip; a white supraloral streak
which extends over the eye and along the sides of the crown;
cheeks, chin, and throat ash-grey ; breast, abdomen, and sides of
the body yellow; under tail-coverts, axillaries, under wing-coverts,
and inner edges of quills below white, remainder of flight-quills
below and lower aspect of tail blackish, some of the outer feathers
of the latter are edgéd with white at the tips.

Total length 93 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 51, tail 31,
tarsus 15.

The bird described was collected on the Mazaruni River ia
October 1907.

Adult female, Similar to the adult male, but rather paler on
the upper surface. Wing 51 mm.

The specimen described was collected at Bartica in October -
1879 by the late Henry Whitely, now in the British Museum,
Salvin-Godman collection.

Immature. Differs from the adult in having the upper surface
dusky-brown, the rump inclining to green, and the chin yellow
like the rest of the under surface.

The young bird mentioned above was collected by Mr. McCon-
nell at Mount Roraima in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana

474 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains, Bartica, Mazaruni River, Ronasika River, Abary
River, Great Falls Demerara River (MeConnell collection) ;
Mount Roraima, Kamarang River, Kamakusa, Bartica ( Whitely);
Georgetown (Quelch).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Hast Venezuela.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 676)
this species is found throughout the colony, often associating
with Dacnis cayana in search of insects and juicy fruits in the
tops of the trees. Schomburgk did not, however, find its nest.

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. pp. 77, 78), who observed
this species in Georgetown, remarks :—“ Among the trees with
dense foliage, and especially fruit-trees such as the mango, the
sapodilla, and star-apple, the little Flower-peckers (Certhiola
chloropyga) are always to be found.

“ These little birds are often to be seen hunting for insects
among the flowers, and jumping about among the branches of
the trees, or feeding on the ripe fruits. Their note is a sharp
tweet, pi-pit-tweet, pi-pit-tweet, and on this account they are
commonly known as ‘ pipi-tooree,’ though the same name is also
applied to a totally distinct bird, a diminutive Tyrant-Shrike
( Lodirostrum cinereum).”

Genus DIGLOSSA Wazgl.
Diglossa Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 280. Type D. baritula. Wag).

The chief character by which this genus is easily distinguished
is the compressed bill and the sharply-hooked upper mandible.
The rictal bristles are somewhat numerous and fairly well de-
veloped. The wing is rounded, the second, third, and fourth
primaries are longest and equal, the first about equal in length
to the sixth. The tail is rounded at the tip and nearly as long as
the wing. The tarsus exceeds the length of the exposed culmen
by about one-third. Coloration : male and female similar.

Birds of British Guiana. Vol. If. Pl. VIIL.

1&2. Hemithraupis roraime 3: ¢.
Roraima Guira Tanager.

3. Diglossa major.
Greater Guit-guit.

DIGLOSSA. 475

648. Diglossa major.
GREATER GUIT-GUIT.
(Plate VIII. fig. 3.)

Diglossa major Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 676, 1848 (Mount
Roraima); Gray, Handl. B. i. p. 118, 1869; Sclater & Salvin,
Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 15, 1873; Sclater, Ibis, 1875, p. 214;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 206 (Roraima, 5000-6000 ft.); Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 7, 1886 (Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb,
B.S. Amer. i. p. 898, no, 4035, 1912.

Adult female. General colour both above and below dark blue
with paler blue shaft-streaks to the feathers, many of the feathers
on the hind-neck have the shafts extended into black hair-like
tips ; bastard-wing, greater upper wing-coverts, primary-coverts,
and flight-quills black, paler on the edges of the inner webs and
blue along the margins of the outer ones of the last ; tail-feathers
black fringed with blue on the outer margins ; base of forehead,
lores, feathers below the eye, ear-coverts, and chin black; a
slightly indicated grey moustachial streak; under surface paler
than above and inclining to grey on the throat; under tuail-
coverts, some of the feathers on the outer margin of the wing
below, and two or three feathers on the middle of the breast
chestnut; axillaries and under wing-coverts silvery-grey, under
surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail blackish. ‘ Bill
plumbeous ; feet horn-colour” (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 169 mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 84, tail 77,
tarsus 25.

The specimen described was collected at Mount Roraima by
Mr. McConnell in October 1898.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female and differing only in
the absence of the small chestnut spot on the breast. Wing
$1 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

éggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima (Whitely).

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 676) that he
first met with this bird on the Roraima Mountains at an altitude
of 6000 feet, where it wandered through the bushes growing on

A476 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

the slopes, and searching almost every leaf for insects. Its
nidification was unknown to him. The “Arekunas” called it
Kawaikui.

Genus DACNIS Cuv.

mae Cuvier, Régn. Anim. 2nd ed. i. p, 895, 1816. Type D. cayana
Lnn.).

Fig. 181.—Daenis cayana.

The species included in this genus are birds of small size with
slender and sharply-pointed bills. The wing is rounded, the four
outer primaries longest and subequal. The tail is square at the
tip and about two-thirds the length of the wing. The tarsus
exceeds the length of the exposed culmen by about one-fourth.
Coloration : male and female different.

Key to the Species.

A. Throat black in contrast to the breast,

which is blue ..........cccsesseeeeseeseeee De cayana, 3, p. 476.
B. Throat grey in contrast to the green breast D. cayana, 2, p. 477.
C. Throat and breast uniform blue ......,..... D. angelrea, 8, p. 478.
D. Throat ochreous like the breast ............ D. angelica, 2, p. 478.
E. Throat and breast uniform grey ............ D. bicolor, 3, p. 479.
F. Throat yellow like the breast ............... D. bicolor, 9, p. 479.

649. Dacnis cayana.
TuRQUOISE HONEY-EATER.

Motacilla cayana Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 286, 1766 (Cayenne).

Dacnis cayana Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian, iii. p. 675, 1848 ; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 207 (Roraima, 3500 ft., Camacusa, Merumé
Mts., Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 19, 1886
(Roraima, Camacusa, Bartica Grove); Quelch. Timehri (2) v.
p- 78, 1891 (Georgetown) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i.
p- 395, no. 4061, 1912.

Daenis cyanocephala Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 675, 1848.

Adult male. Crown of head, nape, lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts, sides of face, breast, and remainder of the under
surface dark turquoise-blue ; throat, lores, feathers surrounding

DACNIS, - ATT

the eye, upper back, and tail black ; lesser upper wing-coverts
black broadly tipped with blue, the median and greater series
black edged with blue ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black ;
flight-quills also black fringed with blue on the outer webs; under
wing-coverts grey tinged with blue; under surface of flight-quills
and lower aspect of tail dark hair-brown.

Total length 112 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 65, tail 45,
tarsus 16.

The male described was collected on the Kamakabra River,
1911.

Adult female. General colour for the most part green both on
the upper and under surface; hind-neck and upper back green,
becoming much brighter green on the lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts; upper wing-coverts blackish fringed with
green; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; flight-quills
black, fringed with green on the outer webs and inclining to
whitish on the margins on the inner webs; tail blackish with
green margins to the feathers on the outer webs and obsolete
cross-bars on the middle feathers ; crown of head and sides of
face pale blue; throat ash-grey. Wing 61 mm.

The female described was collected at Bartica in 1911,

The young male in its first plumage is similar to the adult
female.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

iéggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Ituribisi River, Supe-
naam River, Bartiva, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Makauria
River, Arawai River, Great Falls Demerara River, Arwye Creek:
(McConnell collection); Mount Roraima, Kamakusa, Bartica,
Merumé Mountains (Whitely) ; Georgetown (Quelch).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, Trinidad,
Lastern Brazil.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 675)
this species is found in large flocks throughout British Guiana.
It is especially fond of light copses as well as isolated young
trees—particularly the Cecropia species in cultivated fields, on
the edges of the Oacis and near the river banks.

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 78), who cbserved this
species in Georgetown, remarks :—“ Another of this same group

478 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

of Sugar-birds is sometimes to be seen among the trees on the
outskirts of the town. This is the Blue Creeper (Dacnis cayana),
whose habits closely resemble those of Yodirostrum cinereum),”’
supra, p. 154.

650. Dacnis angelica.

Buack-packeD Honey-Creeprn.

Dacnis angelica Bonap. Atti sesta Riun. Soc. Ital. 1845, p. 404
(“ Brasile’’); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 207 (Bartica Grove); Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 22, 1886 (Bartica Grove); Brabourne
& Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 396, no. 4067, 1912.

Dacnis arcangelica Bonap. Cat. Ois. de Cayenne, p. 7, 1857; Bull. Soc.
Linn. Norm. ii. p. 31, 1857.

Adult male. Crown of head, lesser upper wing-coverts and
scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, throat,
breast, and sides of the body bright turquoise-blue; forehead, sides
ot face, hind-neck, upper back, wings, and tuil black ; outer mar-
gins of innermost secondary-quills blue ; basal portion of the inner
webs of the flight-quills for the greater part white; middle of
lower breast, abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts white, like
the axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner margins of quills
below ; remainder of the under surface of the quills and lower
aspect of tail glossy black.

Total length 108 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 56, tail 33,
tarsus 18.

The specimen described was coilected on the Bonasika River by
Mr. McConnell in December 1898.

Adult female. Upper surface including the head, back, wings,
and tail dark earth-brown ; under parts paler than the back and
more olive-brown; middle of abdomen buffy-white; axillaries
and under wing-coverts cream-white. Wing 59 mm.

The female described was collected on the Arawai River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

éggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

_ Range in British Guiana. Bonasika River, Arawai River,
Arwye Creek (McConnell collection) ; Bartica-(Whitely).
Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North-east Brazil,

Eeuador, Peru, Bolivia. :

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

DACNIS. 479

651. Dacnis bicolor.
BLuE-GREY Honry-CREEPER.
Sylvia bicolor Vieill. Ois. d’Amér. Sept. ii, p. 82, pl. 90, 1807
(Cayenne).
Daenis plumbea Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 26, 1886.
Dacnis bicolor Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 396, no. 4076,
1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, entire back, wings, and tail greyish
blue; inner webs of flight-quills hair-brown with paler inner
edges; inner webs of tail-feathers dark brown; sides of fuce,
throat, breast, and sides of body ash-grey ; abdomen, vent, and
under tail-coverts cream-white like the axillaries, under wing-
coverts, and inner edges of flight-quills below ; lower aspect of
tail and under surface of flight-quills hair-brown.

Total length 112 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 61, tail 44,
tarsus 16.

The specimen described was collected on the Abary River in
July 1906.

Adult female. General colour above yellowish olive-brown,
including the crown of the head, entire back, and lesser upper
wing-coverts ; median and greater upper wing-coverts rather
darker than the back with slightly paler margins like the inner-
most secondaries; inner webs of flight-quills hair-brown with
whitish margins; tail olive-brown; sides of face, throat, and
entire under surface lemon-yellow, including the axillaries; under
wing-coverts and inner edges of quills below white; under surface
of flight-quills and lower aspect uf tail pale hair-brown. Wing
o9 mm,

The female from which the description is taken was cullected
on the Abary River in November 1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana,

Range in British Guiana. Bartica, Abary River (VeConnell
collection) .

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penerd), Cayenne (Vieillot),
Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

480 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

Genus CYANERPES Oberh.
Cyanerpes Oberholser, Auk, xvi. p. 32,1899. ‘Type C. cyaneus (Linn.). .

Fig. 182.—Cyanerpes cyaneus.

The members of this genus are also small birds with brightly-
coloured plumage and whitish feet. The bill is proportionately
long, slender, and. slightly decurved at the tip. The wing is
more or-less pointed, the three outer primaries being longest and
about equal. The tail is square at the tip and rather more than
half the length of the wing. The tarsus is about three-fourths the
length of the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female
different.

Key to the Species.
A. Crown of head turquoise-blue; upper back
black; chin and throat blue; under wing-

Coverts yellow ........sccsceeeseeeenevesseceens C. cyaneus, 3, p. 480.
a. Lores black; throat greenish white;
under wing-coverts yellow ............... C. cyaneus, Q, p. 481.

2. Crown of head purplish blue; upper back
also purplish blue ; chin and throat black ;

under wing-coverts also black ............ C. ceruleus, 3, p. 483.
b. Lores rust-coloured.; throat fawn-colour;
under wing-coverts cream-white ...... C. ceruleus, 9, p. 483.

652. Cyanerpes cyaneus.
BivuEe Honry-CREEPER.

Certhia eyanea Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 188, 1766 (“ Brasilia Cayania’”’).

Arbelorhina cyanea Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ili. p. 675, 1848.

Cereba cyana Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 207 (Bartica Grove, Merumé
Mts., Camacusa, Roraima, 3500 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xi. p. 82, 1886 (Roraima, Camacusa, Bartica).

Cyanerpes cyaneus Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 158 (Hoorie
Creek), p. 8340 (Aremu), 1910; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i.
p. 397, no. 4077, 1912. ee

Cyanerpes cyaneus cyaneus Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana,
p. 241, 1917. :

Adult male. Grown of head turquoise-blue; base of forehead,
lores, eyelids, and a spot behind the eye velvety black like the

CYANERPES, 481

upper back, sides of neck, wings, tail, and under tail-coverts ;
lesser upper wing-coverts, scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts purplish blue, like the sides of the crown, sides of
face, throat, and entire under surface ; inner webs of flight-quills
for the most part lemon-yellow ; under wing-coverts and inner
edges of quiils below bright lemon-yellow ; bend of wing below
velvety black ; apical portion of quills on the under surface and
lower aspect of tail blackish.

Total length 125 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 61, tail 37,
tarsus 13.

The male described above was collected on the Mazaruni River,
1905.

Adult female. General colour of tha upper surface dark green,
including the crown of the head, back, wings, and tail ; inner webs
of the bastard-wing, greater upper wing-coverts, and primary-
coverts black ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish, broadly edged
with yellow on the basal portion ; tail also blackish fringed with
green on the outer webs of the feathers, and slightly paler on the
edges at the tips; a slightly indicated supraloral streak which
extends over the eye where it is more pronounced; lores blackish ;
sides of face green with pale shaft-streaks to the feathers; sides
of breast and sides of body green; throat, middle of breast, middle
of abdomen, and under tail-coverts buffy-white tinged with green ;
axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills below
yellow, outer margin of wing below brown, with pale tips to the
feathers; under surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail
pale brown, with paler edges to the tips of the tail-feathers. Wing
61 mm.

The female described was collected at Bartica.

A young male from the Supenaam River is similar to the adult
female, differing only in having the wings and tail black, without
any green margins to the feathers and a very slight appearance of
blue on the lower back. A second ene from the same locality is
rather more advanced, showing more blue on the lower back and
the appearance of black on the upper back, while a third one from
the same place has almost completely gained the adult male
plumage leaving only a few traces of the green female dress,

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. “ Composed of fine, but very strong thread-like rootlets,
all of a uniform dark brown or black colour ” (Beebe).

VOL. Il. 21

482 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUBANA.

Eygs. “Two in number; black or purple-black, with faint
traces of pale lavender ground-colour, distinctly revealed at the
small end, etc.” (Beebe).

Range in British Guiana, Mount Roraima, Ituribisi River,
Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Maukauria River,
Mazaruni River, Aarawai River, Great Falls Demerara River
(McConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains,
Kamakusa, Bartica (Whitely); Hoorie Creek, Aremu (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Linnd),
Trinidad, Tobago, Colombia, North-east Brazil, Central America
to Mexico and Cuba.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 675)
this species is distributed throughout British Guiana. It roams
about in small flocks in the small plantations and on the tops of
trees in the neighbourhood of rivers. Schomburgk states that its
nidification was unknown to him.

The following notes have been copied from Beebe (Tropical Wild
Life in British Guiana, p. 241) :—‘ This graceful creeper fulfils all
the ideals of one’s thoughts of tropical birds. We know it chiefly
as an inhabitant of the tree-tops, and seen against the bright
sky it showed only as a slender, thin-billed, little black bird. But
when we saw it against foliage, its plumage blazed out in all its
brilliance. With a body scarcely four inches long it glowed a
brilliant purple-blue, with feet of scarlet, crown of pale blue,
back and wings of blackest jet, the latter splashed within by
pigment of brightest gold.

“The nest was a fairy network suspended over the water, as
thin and evanescent as the shadow of an oriole’s purse, and the
eggs were the strangest of all eggs in the world—they were
black. The home of the Honey-Creepers was delicately caught in
the base of a great heart-leaf of a water-arum, the mucka- mndkea,
beloved of hoatzins, and it swung in every breath of air barely
four feet above the surface of the river’s edge. It was exceed-
ingly thin-walled, every detail of the eggs and the setting bird
being plainly visible. And yet it was most durable and quite
impossible to tear or even appreciably alter in shape, for it was
composed of fine, but very strong thread-like rootlets, all of a
uniform dark brown or black colour. The small round opening
was at the top, obliquely facing one side. The nest itself was

\

CYANERPES. 483

17 cm. high, and 8 cm. across, while the nest hollow within
measured 4 cm. in diameter by 7 cm. deep.

“There were two eggs, astonishingly black or purple-black.
Closer examination showed faint traces of the pale lavender
ground-colour, distinctly revealed at the small end and in irregular
streaks and minute interstices as far as the middle of the shell.
They measured 20°5 x 14 and 20.x 14 mm. and were quite
fresh,”

653. Cyanerpes ceruleus.
Purpte Honey-Creerer.

Certhia cerulea Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 118, 1758 (Surinam).

Arbelorhina cerulea Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 675, 1848.

Cereba cerulea Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 207 (Bartica Grove, Merumé Mts.,
Camacusa, Roraima, 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 33,
1886 (Roraima, Camacusa, Bartica Grove).

Cyanerpes ceruleus Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 201 (Hoorie
Creek), p. 298 (Aremu), 1910; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amery. i.
p. 897, no. 4080, 1912.

Cyanerpes ceruleus ceruleus Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British
Guiana, p. 186, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. General colour above and below purplish blue,
rather paler on the crown of the head and somewhat darker on
the under surface; wings velvety black ; inner webs of flight-
quills not so intensely black, as on the outer aspect, and becoming
paler on the inner margins; tail uniform black ; lores, extreme
base of forehead, and throat velvety-black ; vent, thighs, and
under tail-coverts black; axillaries and under wing-coverts also
black, the greater series of the latter tipped with white; under
surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail dull black.

Total length 105 mm., exposed culmen 19, wing 57, tail 25,
tarsus 14.

‘The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Mazaruni River, 1905.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface green in-
cluding the head, back, wings, and tail, the feathers on the head
have pale minute shaft-streaks ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish
brown with whitish inner margins ; tail-feathers dark brown on
the inner webs; lores and short feathers surrounding the eye
rust-colour ; ear-coverts pale brown with paler minute shaft-lines
to the feathers ; moustachial-streak pale blue minutely dotted
with white; chin and throat fawn-colour ; breast and sides of the

212

484 BIRDS OF BRITISH QUIANA.

body yellowish white with green, or bluish green, margins to the
feathers becoming almost uniform yellow on the middle of the
abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts cream-white darker on the greater series of the
latter ; under surface of flight-quills hair-brown with pale inner
margins ; lower aspect of tail dark brown. Wing 54 mm.

The female described was, collected on’ the Bonasika River in
December 1898.

Immature male. Similar to the adult female but differs in
having the back darker and more bluish green, the wings becoming
velvety black, and the approach of black feathers on the throat.

Breeding-season, Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Figgs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Ituribisi River,
Supenaam River, Bartica, Kamakahra River, Bonasika River,
Makauria River, Mazaruni River, Abary River, Great Falls
Demerara River, Arawai River (AfcConnell collection) ; Mount
Roraima, Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa, Bartica ( Whitely) ;
Hoorie Creek (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, Northern
Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 675) that the
mode of life and haunts of this speciés are similar to those of
Arbelorhina cyanea, p. 480.

The following notes are quoted from Beebe (Our Search for a
Wilderness, p. 201) :—“ A dainty Blue Honey-Creeper alighted on
the bow of our canoe ; rich deep blue except for wings, tail, and
throat, which were black. The feet and legs were clear yellow,
showing most conspicuously against the plumage.”

Id. p. 298:—Three Blue Honey-Creepers—two males and
one green female—dashed here and there in the branches close
overhead. They uttered sharp cheeps, until the males flew at
each other and began fighting furiously—ascending for fifty feet
in a whirling spiral of hazy blue and black, and then clinching
and falling to earth, where they clung together claw to claw,
and pecked viciously and in silence, their beautiful plumage
dishevelled and broken. The lady, heartless cause of all this
strife, cheeped in low tones overhead and nonchalantly plucked
invisible dainties from the undersides of leaves.”

CHLOROPHANES. 485

Genus CHLOROPHANES Reichenb.

Chlorophanes Reichenbach, Handb. d. sp. Orn. p. 283, 1853. Type
C. spiza (Linn.),

Fig. 183.—Chlorophanes spiza.

In this genus the bill is proportionately long and inclining to
curve, its width at the base is about equal to half the length of
the exposed culmen, and the height at the nostrils about one-third.
The wing is rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries
longest and equal, the first intermediate in length between the
fourth and fifth. The tail is square at the tip and about five-
sevenths the length of the wing. The tarsus exceeds the length of
the exposed culmen by about one-sixth. Coloration: male and
female different.

654. Chlorophanes spiza.
GREEN Honry-CreEPER.

Certhia spiza Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 188, 1758 (Surinam).

Daenis spiza Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 675, 1848.

‘Chlorophanes spiza Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 206 (Roraima, Merumé Mts.,
Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 29, 1886 (Bartica
Grove, Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 397,
no. 4085, 1912.

Adult male. General colour both above and below glossy blue
with green reflections in certain lights ; crown of head, nape, and
entire sides of face velvety black ; outer aspect of wings darker
than the back ; inner webs of flight-quills and tail-feathers black ;
under wing-coverts also black ; under surface of flight-quills and
lower aspect of tail dull black.

Total length 135 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 72, tail 49,
tarsus 18.

The male described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
October 1908.

486 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Adult female. General colour both on the upper and under
eurface green ; inner webs of the bastard-wing, greater upper
wing-coverts, primary-coverts, and flight-quills dark brown, or
blackish, the last paler on the inner edges; tail-feathers also
blackish on the inner webs ; sides of the breast and flanks similar
to the upper surface, but the middle of the abdomen is paler and
the throat tinged with yellow ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
buffy-white ; under surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail
dark hair-brown. Wing 68 mm.

The female described was collected by Mr. McConnell at Mount
Roraima during his expedition in October 1898.

An immature male in transition stage is changing from green
to blue on the back and under surface, and from green to black
on the top of the head and sides of the face. The sheaths of
undeveloped feathers may be observed on the throat and sides of
the neck.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Ituribisi River,
Supenaam River, Bartica, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River,
Makauria River, Arwye Creek, Great Falls Demerara River,
Arawai River, Tiger Creek (A/cConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima,
Merumé Mountains, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Eastern Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 674) that this
species is distributed throughout British Guiana near the coast.
Its favourite haunts are the outskirts of woods and plantations,
and is often observed among the fidcks of migratory Finches.

TERSINA. 487

Family TERSINIDZ.

Now that the genus Procnias of Iliger, upon which the family
name Procniatidee was founded, has been transferred to the
family Cotingide and the genus Tersina Vieill. is used in its place,
I propose that the family title be known henceforth as Tersinide.

This family, which consists of one genus and two species only,
is distributed over the greater part of South America—one of the
species occurring in British Guiana.

Genus TERSINA Vieill.

Tersina Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxiii. p. "401, 1819. Type
T. cer lea, Vieill.

Fig. 184.—Tersina occidentalis.

In this genus the bill is depressed, the width at the base is
about twice the length of the exposed culmen and the depth at the
nostrils is about one-half its width, the upper mandible is hooked:
at the tip. The wing is rounded, the second and third primaries
are longest and equal, and the first and fourth are about equal.
The tail is square at-the tip and about two-thirds the length of
the wing. The tarsus is only slightly longer than the width of
the bill at the gape. Coloration: male aude female different.

655. Tersina occidentalis.
WESTERN SWALLOW FRUIT-EATER.

Procnias ventralis (nec Ill.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 671,
1848.

Procnias occidentalis Sclater, P. ZS. 1854, p. 249 (“‘ Nova Granada’) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 398, no. 4098, 1912,

Procnias tersa Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 207 (Roraima).

488 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Procnias tersa b. Subsp. occidentalis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi.
pp. 50, 52, 1886 (Roraima).

Adult male. General colour above and below turquoise-blue ;
inner webs of the bastard-wing, greater upper wing-coverts,
primary-coverts, and flight-quills black ; inner webs of tail-feathers
also black ; base of forehead, fore part of face, and throat uniform
velvety black ; middle of breast, middle of abdomen, and under
tail-coverts white, the last tinged with blue; sides of body and
thighs narrowly barred with black ; axillaries'and under wing-
coyerts blue, darker than the breast ; under surface of flight-quills
and lower aspect of tail dark brown.

Total length 140 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 81, tail 51,
tarsus 16. ‘

Adult female. General colour of both the upper and under
surface green; inner webs of the bastard-wing, median and
greater upper wing-coverts, primary-coverts, flight-quills, and
tail-feathers black ; throat and fore part of cheeks dark brown,
with dull whitish tips to the feathers ; middle of breast, middle of
abdomen, and under tail-coverts pale yellow with dark spear-head
markings to the feathers; sides of body and thighs barred with
pale yellow; under wing-coverts dusky-brown with whitish
edgings to the feathers; quill-lining and lower aspect of tail dark
brown. Wing 79 mm.

Immature male. Similar to the adult female, but differs in
having a tinge of blue on the top of the head, sides of neck and
hinder face, wings, long upper tail-coverts and tail, lower throat,
and sides of the body. Mount Roraima, January 1882.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the specimens described were collected by the late Henry Whitely
at Mount Roraima during the month of January 1882, and are
now in the British Museum, Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Canuku Mountains (Schomburgh) ;
Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Brit. Mus.),
Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, West Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian, iii. p. 671) that he
obtained a specimen of this species in the Canuku Mountains.

CHLOROPHONIA. 489

Family TANGARID ZA.

When Brabourne & Chubb published their ‘List of the Birds
of South America’ in 1912, this family was represented by fifty-
three genera and three hundred and forty-five species. Fifteen
of the genera and thirty-nine of the species occur in British
Guiana, ;

Genus CHLOROPHONIA Bonap.

Chlorophonia Bonaparte, Revue Zool. 1851, p. 187. Type C. viridis
(Vieill.)

Fig. 185.—Chlorophonia roraime.

The members of this genus are easily distinguished by their
bright colours of green, blue, and yellow. ‘The bill is small and
pointed ; its depth at the nostrils is equal to about three-fourths the
length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded; the first four
primaries longest and equal. The tail is square at the tip and
rather more than half the length of the wing. The tarsus is
about twice the length of the exposed culmen. Coloration: male
and female similar. Ss

656. Chlorophonia roraime.
Roramma GREEN TANAGER.

Chlorophonia roraime Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 444 (Roraima,
3500-6000 ft.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 2U8; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xi. p. 56, pl. vi. fig. 1, 1886 (Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb,
B.S. Amer. i. p. 399, no. 4099, 1912.

Adult female. Crown of head, nape, sides of face, throat, and
fore-neck green like the upper back and outer aspect of the
wings ; inner webs of bastard-wing and primary-coverts black ;
flight-quills black, narrowly edged with green on the outer webs
and more broadly margined with white on the inner ones; lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark turquoise-blue like the

490 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

hand on the hind-neck ; tail black, slightly tinged with green ;
sides of breast and flanks green, becoming yellowish green on the
middle of the breast, middle of the abdomen, and under tail-coverts ;
axillaries yellow; under wing-coverts, inner edges of quills below,
and remainder of the under surface of flight-quills dark brown
like the lower aspect of the tail. .

Total length 107 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 62, tail 33,
tarsus 15.

The specimen from which the description is taken was col-
lected on the Bonasika River in 1912.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female, but differs in having
the entire back turquoise-blue like the hind-neck, rump, and upper
tail-coverts, and the abdomen yellowish instead of green. Wing
65 mm.

This species, which was originally discovered at Mount Roraima
by the late Henry Whitely, has been more recently obtained at
Quonga and on the Bonasika River.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Bonasika River (MécConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus TANAGRA.

Tanagra Linné, Mus. Adol. Fred. ii. p.'31, 1764. Type 7. violacea
(Linn.).

Fig. 186.—Tanagra violacea.

The members of this genus are birds of small size and brightly
coloured plumage. The bill is depressed laterally at the base
and slightly hooked at the tip ef the upper mandible, its height
at the nostrils is nearly equal to the length of the exposed culmen,
while the width at the base exceeds the depth at the nostrils.

TANAGRA. 491

The wing is rounded, the first four primaries being longest and
subequal. The tail is square at the tip and rather more than
half the length of the wing. The tarsus is about equal in length
tu the middle toe and claw. Coloration: male and female
different.

Key to the Species.
(MatgEs.)

A. Throat black, or black tinged with violet.
a’. Fore part of head steel-blue like the
back and rump . .. T. cayennensis, p. 492.
b'. Fore part of head turquoise- “blue in con-
trast to the back which is steel-blue
or violet, and the rump yellow......... T. cyanocephala, p. 493.
c. Rie part of head orange-yellow.
", Larger, wing more than 60 mm.;
abdomen and under tail-coverts Ee
yellow... . ©. aanthogaster, p. 494.
6”. Smaller, wing a ‘than. 60 n mm. ; ab-
domen and under tail-coverts rageh
deeper yellow, inclining to chestnut. T. finschi, p. 495.
d’. Fore part of head lemon-yellow.
ce’. Larger, wing more than 50 mm.;

under tail-coverts yellow ............. Z. chlorotica, p. 496.
d", Smaller, wing less than 50 mm.;
under tail-coverts white ............ 2. minuta, p. 497.
B. Throat orange-yellow; back steel- blue... 7. violacea, p. 498.
C. Throat lead-grey like the back.. wae LD plumbea, p. 500.

Pies siy
A. Throat, breast, and abdomen yellow.
a’, Crown of head blue in contrast to the
back, which is olive-green ..,......... 2. eyanocephala, p. 498.
b’. Crown of head like the back.
a”. Larger, wing more than 55 mm.;

under surface dull yellow ............ T. violacea, p. 498.
6". Smaller, wing less than 55 mm.; ,
under surface bright yellow ......... T. finsehi, p. 495.

B. Throat grey, or grey tinged with buff.
ce’. Larger, wing more than 50 mm.; under

tail-coverts grey .........ceeeeeeee cen ers T. chlorotica, p. 496.
ad', Smaller, wing less than 50 mm.; under
tail-coverts white ..........:..:csseseeeee T. minuta, p. 497.

e’. Middle of breast and middle of abdomen

QICY oe ceeceeessssecrecetccectecsessseesene Le eayennensis, p. 492,
J’. Middle of breast and middle of abdomen

dark fawn-colour ..... .. TD. canthogaster, p. 494.
g'. Middle of breast and middle ‘of abdomen

citron-yellow .........00 sesssssvese DL plumbea, p. 500.

492 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

657. Tanagra cayennensis.
CAYENNE EUPHONIA.

Tanagra cayennensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 894, 1789 (“ Brasilia”) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 402, no. 4133, 1912; Beebe,
Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 1386, 1917 (Bartica).

Euphona cayennensis Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 671, 1848..

Luphonia cayana Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 208 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa) ;
Scl. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 81, 1886 (Camacusa, Bartica Grove).

Adult male. General colour both on the upper and under
surface steel-blue with purplish reflections on the top of the head,
hind-neck, and throat ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish mar-
gined with white; tail similar to the back; sides of breast
orange-yellow ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner edges
of flight-quills below white, the outer or marginal under wing-
coverts steel-blue ; under surface of flight-quills blackish brown.

Total length 102 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 60, tail 35,
tarsus 16.

The male described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
1909.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface yellowish
olive ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish with white margins;
inner webs of tail-feathers also blackish; cheeks, throat, and
middle of abdomen dark ash-grey; sides of breast, flanks, and
under tail-coverts old-gold bronze; axillaries, under wing-coverts,
and inner edges of quills below white ; remainder of quills below
and lower aspect of tail dark brown. Wing 62 mm.

The female from which the description is taken was collected
on the Ituribisi River in October 1908.

The young male in its first plumage is similar Yo that of the
female.. There are two young birds from the Great Falls
Demerera River which are in the course of transition, showing
the approach of steel-blue feathers both on the upper and under
parts and the orange-yellow patch on the sides of the breast.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Anarica River, Arawai
River, Great Falls Demerara River, Tiger Creek, Essequebo
River (McConnell collection) ; Kamakusa, Bartica ( Whitely).

TANAGRA. 493

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North-east Brazil.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 671)
the distribution and habits of this species are the same as those
of T. violacea, p. 498.

658. Tanagra cyanocephala.
BLACK-NECKED HEUPHONIA.

Pipra cyanocephala Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xix. p. 165, 1819
(Trinidad).

Euphonia nigricollis Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 208 (Roraima, 3500 ft.) ;
Sel. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 61, 1886 (Roraima).

Tanagra cyanocephala Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 399,
no. 4103, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head and nape blue; mantle, upper
back, scapulars, and upper wing-coverts bluish black with a violet
tinge ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish; lower back, rump,
and short upper tail-coverts yellow, long upper tail-coverts and
tail steel-blue ; base of forehead, sides of face, and throat black ;
breast, abdomen, sides of body, and short under tail-coverts
orange-yellow, long under tail-coverts lemon-yellow; axillaries
and under wing-coverts pale lemon-yellow ; under surface of
quills dark brown with pale margins; lower aspect of tail also
dark brown.

Total length 105 mm., exposed culmen 5, wing 61, tail 34,
tarsus 13.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the back,
wings, and tail olive-green and the under surface citron-yellow,
brighter on the middle of the abdomen and under tail-coverts.
Base of forehead orangt-yellow, instead of black. Wing 61 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the specimens from which the descriptions have been taken are in
the British Museum, Salvin-Godman collection. The male was
collected by the late Henry Whitely at Mount Roraima, 3500 ft.,

May 1883.
Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Trinidad, Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana,

494 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

659. Tanagra xanthogaster.
ORANGE-BELLIED EupHonia.

Euphonia xanthogaster Sundev. Vet.-Ak. Hand]. 1833, p. 310, pl. 10.
fig. 1 (Brazil).

Euphonia santhogastra Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 208 (Merumé Mts.,
Camacusa, Atapurau River) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit, Mus. xi. p- 67,
1886 (River Atapurow, Merumé Mts , Camacusa).

Tanagra sxanthogaster Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. a 400,
no. 4111, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, breast, sides of body, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts orange-yellow ; nape and hind-neck glossy
violet-purple ; back, wings, and tail glossy steel-blue; inner
webs of flight-quills blackish brown all, except the three outer
primaries, white at the base, the white increasing in extent on the
inner secondaries, where it occupies quite half the inner web; a
large ovate white spot on the inner web of the outermost tail-
feathers; cheeks and throat dull black ; under wing-coverts and
inner edges of quills below white, remainder of the quill-lining
dark brown ; lower aspect of tail blackish with a white patch on
the inner web of the outermost feather on each side.

Total length 103 mm., exposed culmen 6, wing 60, tail 32,
tarsus 16.

The exact locality in British Guiana of the male and female
described is not known.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface dark yel-
lowish green with a tinge of bluish grey on the nape ; inner webs
of flight-quills blackish brown paler on the inner margins ; tail-
feathers blackish fringed with the same colour as the back ;
forehead, feathers surrounding the eye, lores, and chin ochreous-
yellow ; sides of body greenish yellow ; fore-neck and middle of
breast vinous grey ; middle of abdomen dark fawn-colour ; under
tail-coverts old-gold yellow; axillaries pale canary-yellow ; under
wing-coverts white; under surface of flight-quills hair-brown;
lower aspect of tail similar, Wing 59 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Merumé Mountains, Kamakusa,
Kamarang River ( W hitely).

TANAGRA. 495

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), South-east Brazil, Peru,
Ecuador, Colombia.
Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana,

660. Tanagra finschi.
Finscn’s EurHontia.

Euphonia finschi Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. 8.1877, p. 19 (British Guiana);
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 70, pl. viii. fig. 1, 1886.

Tanagra finschi Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 400, no. 4117,
1912.

Adult male. Throat, sides of face, hinder crown, back, wings,
and tail steel-blue ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish, white on
the basal portion ; fore part of crown, fore-neck, and breast
orange-yellow ; abdomen, sides of body, and under tail-coverts
darker and inclining to chestnut ; axillaries’ sulphur-yellow ;
under wing-coverts and base of quills below white, remainder of
quill-lining blackish brown ; lower aspect of tail black.

Total length 90 mm., exposed culmen 6, wing 52, tail 29,
tarsus 14,

The male described was collected in the Upper Takutu Moun-
tains in 1909.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface yellowish
green, more yellow on the fore part of the head and upper tail-
coverts; upper wing-coverts darker and inclining to blackish in
the middle of the feathers; primary-coverts and flight-quills
blackish on the inner webs, the latter fringed with white more
broadly towards the base; tail-feathers also blackish fringed
on the outer webs with yellowish green; sides of face and
entire under surface citron-yellow, somewhat paler on the
lower abdomen and under tail-coverts ; axillaries lemon-yellow ;
under wing-coverts and base of quills white; remainder of
flight-quills below and lower aspect of tail greyish brown.
Wing 52 mm. ‘

The female described was also collected in the Takutu Moun-
tains. :

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.
Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.
Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana,

496 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Guiana. Takutu Mountains, Rupununi River
(McConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

661. Tanagra chlorotica.
PURPLE-THROATED HUPHONIA.

Tanagra chlorotica Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 317, 1766 (“ Cayania”) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 399, no. 4105, 1912.

Euphonia chlorotica Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 64, 1886
(Demerara); Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 319, 1910
(Aremu River).

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, hind-neck, sides of
neck, and sides of breast dark purple with a violet tinge in certain
lights; back, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, and upper wing-coverts
steel-blue ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills black,
a large patch of white on the inner webs of the flight-quills com-
mencing on the fourth outer primary, which becomes much more
extensive on the secondaries, the three outer primaries margined
with smoke-brown on the inner webs; tail blue-black, the two
outer feathers largely marked with white on the inner webs; fore
part of the head to the line of the eyes orange-yellow like the.
throat, breast, sides of body, abdomen, and under tail-coverts ;
axillaries yellow; marginal under wing-coverts black, the
remainder white like the inner lining of the quills below, the
remainder of which are blackish; lower aspect of tail black, with
white on the two outer feathers.

Total length 91 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 55, tail 29,
tarsus 15.

The specimen from which the description is taken was collected
on the Supenaam River in 1913.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface olive-green ;
inner webs of flight-quills blackish margined with white; tail-
feathers blackish with more or less white on some of the lateral
ones; throat, middle of abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts
pale ash-grey; breast and sides of body greenish yellow; axillaries
pale lemon-yellow ; under wing-coverts white; under surface of
flight-quills blackish brown with white margins ; lower aspect of
tail dark brown, somewhat paler at the tips of some of the outer

feathers. Wing 50 mm.

TANAGRA,. 497

The female described is in the British Museum, Gould collection,
and is said to have come from Demerara.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

West. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Lggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Supenaam River (McConnell col-
lection); Demerara (British Museum).

Extralimital Range. Cayenne (Linné), Surinam (Penard),
North Brazil.

Habits. The following note has been copied from Beebe (Our
Search for a Wilderness, p. 319) :—‘Tiny male Purple-throated
Euphonias clad in purple jackets, yellow caps, and waistcoats.
They were ridiculously tame, and sang their simple chattering
song ia our faces.”

662. Tanagra minuta. '
WHITE-VENTED EUPHONIA.

Euphonia minuta Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 671, 1848 ; Salvin,
Ibis, 1885, p. 208 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa); Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xi. p. 71, 1886 (Camacusa, Bartica Grove).

sl olivacea Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p.401, no. 4119,1912.

Tanagra olivacea olivacea Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana,

p. 136, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. Crown of head and nape glossy steel-blue ; throat,
sides of face, back, wings, and tail glossy steel-blue ; flight-quills
black on the inner webs fringed with white on the basal portion
on all, except the first or outermost, the white increasing in
extent towards the inner secondaries where it covers the greater
part-of the inner web; lateral tail-feathers black on the inner
webs and marked with white on the apical portion of the three
outer ones, which decreases in extent towards the middle feathers;
fore-neck, breast, abdomen, and sides of body orange-yellow ;
axillaries lemon-yellow; vent, thighs, under tail-coverts, under
wing-coverts, and base of quills below white; remainder of flight-
quills below and lower aspect of tail blackish, the latter extensively
marked with white on the outer feathers.

Total length 86 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 52, tail 26,
tarsus 12.

The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell on the
Cotinga River during his expedition to Mount Roraima in Octo-
ber 1898.

VOL. II. 2K

498 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface dark olive-
green with blackish centres to the feathers on the head and nape ;
median and greater upper wing-coverts black on the inner webs;
bastard-wing blackish brown; primary-coverts uniform black ;
flight-quills black edged with olive-green on the outer webs and
white on the inner ones; tail-feathers black fringed with olive-
green on the outer webs and a slight indication of white on the
inner webs at the tips of the two outer feathers; sides of face
similar to the hack ; forehead slightly more yellow than the back ;
chin slightly tinged with yellow; throat whitish grey, similar to
the middJe of the abdomen and under tail-coverts, the latter have
dark shaft-lines ; breast and sides of the body greenish yellow;
under wing-coverts:and base of quills white, remainder of the
flight-quills below dark brown; lower aspect of tail blackish, with
an indication of white on the inner webs at the tips of the two
outer feathers. Wing 47 mm.

The description of the female is taken from a specimen collected
by Mr. McConnell on the Bonasika River in December 1898.

The young male in its first plumage is similar to the adult
female, and there are two examples from the Bonasika River
which show the young merging into the adult male plumage.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eygs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Cotinga River, Ituribisi River,
Bonasika River, Great Falls Demerara River (AdeConnell col-
lection) ; Bartica, Kamakusa (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru.

Halits, Unrecorded in British Guiana.

663. Tanagra violacea.
Viotacrous EurHonia.

Fringilla violacea Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 182, 1758 (Surinam).

Euphona violacea Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 670, 1848.

Euphonia violacea Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 208 (Bartica Grove, Roraima,
38000-3700 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Bett Mus. xi. p. 74, 1886 (Roraima,
Bartica Grove); Beebe, Our Search. for a Wilderness, p. 240, 1910
(Pomeroon River).

TANAGRA. 499

Tanagra violacea Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 401, no. 4122,
1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 136, 1910
(Bartica). -

Tanagra violacea rodwayi Penard, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl. vil. p. 30,
Dec. 1919.

“Canary,” “ Basturd-Canary ” (Quelch).

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, nape, and upper back
glossy purple, becoming glossy steel-blue on the lower back,
scapulars, wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail; flight-quills black
fringed with steel-blue on the outer webs and white on the inner
ones which commences on the fifth primary, increasing in extent
towards the inner secondaries, where it covers the whole of the
inner web for more than half the length of the feather; inner
webs of tail-feathers black with an oblique patch of white on the
inner web near the tip of the outer feather; fore part of head,
throat, and breast orange-yellow, becoming paler on the abdomen,
sides of body, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries sulphur-yellow ;
under wing-coverts and base of inner quills below white; marginal
under wing-coverts, greater series, and flight-quills below blackish ;
lower aspect of tail black with a patch of white on the outermost
feather on each side.

Total length 98 mm., exposed culmen 8, wing 57, tail 29,
tarsus 14.

The male described was collected on the Bonasika River in
1912.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface yellowish
bronze-green, including the crown of the head, entire back, wings,
and tail ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills black,
fringed with bronze-green on the outer webs, paler and inclining
to white on the margins of the inner webs; lateral tail-feathers
black margined with bronze-green on the outer webs, there is a
slight trace of a white spot on the inner web of the outermost
feather near the tip; lores and eye-ring composed of very short
whitish feathers ; sides of face similar to the back ; throatand re-
mainder of the under surface greenish yellow, somewhat paler on
the middle of the abdomen and under tail-coverts; axillaries, under
tail-coverts, and inner webs of quills at the base below white ;
remainder of quill-lining hair-brown ; lower aspect of tail similar
with a slight trace of white on the outer feather. Wing 56 mm.

The female described was collected on the Ituribisi River in

October 1908.
2x2

500 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

I have compared a series of twenty examples of this species
from Roraima, Bartica, Trinidad, and Venezuela, but failed to see
the difference that Mr. Penard has pointed out.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana,

Range in British Guiana. Ireng River, Ituribisi River, Supe-
naam River, Mazaruni River, Bonasika River, Mukauria River,
Abary River, Anarica River, Arawai River, Arwye Creek (A/cCon-
nell collection); Bartica, Mount Roraima (Whitely); Pomeroon
River, Bartica (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Linné), Cayenne (British
Museum), North Brazil, Venezuela, Trinidad.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 670) that this
species is more common near the coast than inland. Its favourite
haunts are the fruit-trees in the gardens and in the fields culti-
vated by the Indians. It is one of the best songsters in the colony,
and it is often kept in cages. It is met with both solitary and in
sinall flocks.

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. pp. 81, 82), when writing on
the Native Birds of Georgetown, remarks :—‘“‘In the plantations
on the outskirts of the town, species of the beantiful tiny Louis-
d’ors (Euphonia) are obtainable ; but as their occurrence in town
is not based on submitted skins, nor on my.own observation, there
can be no guarantee given of the fact. These birds are known
by the name Canary and Bastard Canary, and the commonest are
referable to the two species of Euphonia violacea and E. plumbea.”

664. Tanagra plumbea.
Puiumprovus Hupwontia.

Euphonia plumbea Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Brux. xxii. pt. 1, p. 156, 1855
(“ Nouvelle Grenade”) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 2U8 (Bartica Grove,
Merumé Mts., Roraima, 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi.
p. 83, 1886 (Roraima, Merumé Mts., Bartica Grove); Quelch,
Timehri (2) v. pp. 81, 82, 1891 (Georgetown ).

Tanagra plumbea Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 402, no. 4186,
1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 187, 1917
(Bartica).

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface glossy greyish
blue, including the head, back, wings, and tail; bastard-wing,

TANAGRA, ° 501

primary-coverts, and flight-quills blackish, whiter on the inner
edges of the last ; inner webs of tail-feathers also blackish ; sides
of face, chin, and throat similar to the crown of the head; the
feathers on the sides of the breast fringed with yellow at the tips ;
middle of the breast, sides of the body, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts orange-yellow; axillaries white tipped with yellow; under
wing-coverts white with a tinge of sulphur-yellow, the greater
series and under surface of the flight-quills dark brown with
whitish margins ; lower aspect of tail dusky-brown. “ Bill dark
plumbeous ; feet brown” (Cat. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 83 mm., exposed culmen 7, wing 52, tail 28,
tarsus 13.

The male and female described were collected by Mr. McConnell
on the Mazaruni River during his expedition in 1898.

Adult female. Crown of head and hind-neck dark lead-grey ;
back, wings, and upper tail-coverts olive-green inclining to
yellowish green on the last; flight-quills blackish with pale
inner margins ; tail-feathers also blackish with olive-green on the
outer edges ; sides of face and throat pale grey; breast and sides
of the body yellowish green inclining to yellow on the middle of
the abdomen and under tail-coverts; axillaries sulphur-yellow ;
under wing-coverts white; under surface of quills dark brown
with pale edges; lower aspect of tail dusky-brown. Wing 49 mm.

Another male from the same locality as the one described
differs in having a sput of white on the inner web of the outer
tail-feather on each side.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Lower Mazaruni River, Kamakabra
River, Great Falls Demerara River (McConnell collection) : Mount
Roraima, Merumé Mountains, Bartica (Whitely).

Eatralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

502 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

Genus TANAGRELLA Swains.

Tanagrella Swainson, Anim. Menag. part ill. p. 818, text-fig. 60, 1837.
Type ZT. cyanomelena (Wied.).

Fig. 187.—Tanagrella velia.

' This genus is distinguished chiefly by its somewhat long and
slender bill, the exposed culmen being about two-thirds the length
of the tarsus. The wing is rounded, the second and third
primaries longest, the first and fourth being about equal. The
tail is square at the tip and about two-thirds the length of the
wing. The tarsus is equal in length to the middle toe and claw.
Coloration : male and female similar.

665. Tanagrella velia.
BLUE-BELLIED TANAGER.

Motacilla velia Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 836, 1766 (Surinam).
Hypothlypis iridina Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 667, 1848.
Tanagrella velia Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209 (Roraima, 3500 ft., Meramé
Mts., Camacusa, Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi.
p. 87, 1886 (Bartica Grove, Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Roraima) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 402, no. 4138, 1912; Beebe,
Tropical Wild-Life in British Guiana, p. 187, 1917 (Bartica). -
Adult male. Crown of head, hind-neck, back, wings, and tail
deep back, with blue margins to the feathers of the upper wing-
coverts, flight-guills, upper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers ; lower
back and rump glossy straw-colour, with a tinge of green and
blackish bases to the feathers; inner webs of flight-quills nargined
with whitish; forehead, sides of face, short feathers round the
eye, and throat dark turquoise-blue; lores, the feathers covering
the nostrils, and a band across the fore-neck, which extends on to
the hinder-face, black; breast, sides of the bedy, and upper
abdomen dark purplish blue, paler along the flanks ; lower
abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts chestnut ; axillaries, under
wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills below white; greater

TANAGRELLA.—TANGARA. 503

series of under wing-coverts blackish brown like the lower aspect
of the tail. Bill black ; feet dark brown” (Cat. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 130 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 69, tail 49,
tarsus 16,

The description of the male is based on a specimen collected on
the Bonasika River in 1912.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but not quite so bright.
Wing 68 mm.

The female described was collected at Bartica in 1912.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River; Bonasika River, Arawai River, Great
Falls Demerara River (A/cConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima,
Merumé Mountains, Kamarang River, Bartica (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Linn).

Habits. Schomburgk writes of this species (Reis. Guian. iii.
p- 667) :—There is one specimen that still remains unique in my
collection which was also shot in the vicinity of the Roraima
Mountains. The “ Arawaaks” call it Kobaiku.

Genus TANGARA Briss.

Tangara Brisson, Ornithologia, iii. p. 38, 1760. Type, by tautonymy
T. tatao (Linn.).

Fig. 188.— Tangara paradisea,

The species included in this genus havea great variety of colour
but are almost uniform in measurements. The bill is compara-
tively small and pointed; its width and depth at the base are about _
two-thirds the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded,
the three outer primaries ‘longest and equal. The tail is square at
the tip and about two-thirds the length of the wing. The tarsus is

504 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

about twice the length of the exposed culmen. Coloration: male
and female different.

Key to the Species.

A. Crown of head uniform bright green, in
contrast to the back, which is velvety
black ....... T. paradisea, p. 504.
B. Crown of head green, “with black centres
to the feathers like the back.
bv’. Smaller, wing less than 70 mm.

ue Abdomen whitish ................cc00s T. punetata, p. 505.
Abdomen yellow ......... wee DL wanthogastra, p. 506.
Tare wing more than 70mm. ...... 7 guttata, p. BOK
C. “Gnowit of head copper-bronze; back
straw-yellow... .. DF. cayana, p. 508.

PD. Crown of head chestnut ; “back green | .. VE. gyrola, p. 510.
E. Fore part of crown dark blue; nape

and hind-neck black like the upper

back....... ts outa sta ibs tone wat ae aioe Der init T. mexicana, p. 511.
F. Fore part of crown pale lavender-blue

like the nape and hind-neck, in contrast

+o the upper back, which is black ...... T. nigrocineta, p. 512.
G. Crown of head, nape, and hind-neck

black in contrast to the back, which is

iridescent pale olive-green ............... 2. whitelyi, p. 513.

666. Tangara paradisea.
PARADISE TANAGER.

Blue Titmouse of Paradise Edwards’ Glean. Nat. Hist. iii. p. 289,
pl. 349, 1759 (Guiana).

ries par -adisea Swains. Classif. B. ii, p. 286, 1827 (Guiana).

Callospiza tatao (nec Linn.) Cab. in Sdiveing Reis. Guian. iii. p. 669,

1849,

Calliste tatao (nec Linn.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, } p. 209 (Roraima, 3000-—
4000 ft., Merumé Mts., Bartica Grove) ; Solater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xi. p. 96, 1886 (Roraima, Merumé Mts. ).

Tangara paradisea Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 404, no. 4153,
1912.

Adult male. Fore part of head and sides of face pale grass-
green with golden reflections, the feathers being minutely small
give a scaly appearance; hind-neck, sides of neck, upper back,
scapulars, greater upper wing-coverts, inner secondary-quills, and
long upper tail-coverts velvety black, like the middle of the
abdomen and under tail-coverts; lesser upper wing-coverts,
breast, sides of body, and flanks dark turquoise-blue ; throat and

TANGARA. 505

median upper wing-coverts purple; lower back bright scarlet ;
rump and short upper tail-coverts orange-yellow ; inner webs of
flight-quills dull black as are also the tail-feathers; axillaries and
under wing-coverts similar to the breast but, not so bright; under
surface of quills and lower aspect of tail blackish. “ Bill black ;
feet dark brown” (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 141 inm., exposed culmen 9, wing 81, tail 52,
tarsus 18.

The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell at Mount
Roraima in October 1898.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but rather smaller.
Wing 76 mm.

A young bird from the Ireng River differs from the adult in
having the under surface, including the chin and throat, bluish
green; the back, wings, and tail dusky-bluck, and the entire
absence of red on the lower back.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Fggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Ireng River (fe Con-
nell collection) ; Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains ( Whately).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 669) that he
only met with this beautiful species in the neighbourhood of the
Roraima Mountains. It lives in flocks ; and appears to select tall
trees only in search of food. The “ Arekunas” call it Tukuwi.

667. Tangara punctata.
Srorrep TANAGER.

Tanagra punctata Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 316, 1766 (Surinam);
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 435, no. 4165, 1912; Beebe,
Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 137, 1917 (Bartica).

Calliste punctata Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209 (Bartica Grove, Merumé
Mountains, Roraima, 3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi.
p- 104, 1886.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface grass-green,
including the crown of the head, hind-neck, sides of neck, back,
wings, and tail, the feathers which are centred with black have
dusky-grey bases; the marginal upper wing-coverts and outer

506 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

edge of bastard-wing tinged with blue ; inner webs of the greater
series and primary-coverts black; flight-quills black margined
with green on the outer webs and edged with whitish on the inner
ones; outer tail-feathers black on their inner portions ; fore part
of head more or less tinged with blue; base of forehead and a
supraloral streak whitish; loral spot black; sides of face black
with pale bluish green tips to the feathers; throat and breast
bluish grey with black centres to the feathers and a golden-yellow
tinge on the sides of the breast ; sides of body grass-green ; paler
aud more yellowish green on the under tail-coverts ; middle of
abdomen and thighs inclining to whitish ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts white with a slight tinge of yellow, inner margins of
quills below similar; under surface of flight-quills hair-brown ;
lower aspect of tail bluish.

Total length 129 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 63, tail 41,
tarsus 18.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 63 mm.

The male and female described were collected on the Ireng
River by Mr. J. J. Quelch in 1902.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Ireng River, Manarica River, Arawai
River, Tiger Creek Essequebo River, Great Falls Demerara River,
Arwye Creek (AlcConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima, Merumé
Mountains, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Linné), Cayenne (British
Museum), North Brazil.

668. Tangara xanthogastra.
YELLOW-BELLIED TANAGER.

Calliste xanthogastra Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, pp. 23, 55 (Rio Negro,
N. Brazil); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209 (Roraima, 6000 ft., Kukenam,
5000 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 106, 1886 (Roraima,
Kukenam).

Tangara xanthogastra Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 405,
no. 4169, 1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface green with
black centres to the feathers, including the top of the head, hind-

TANGARA, 507

neck, back, ‘wings, and tail ; the black centres on the upper back,
median, and greater upper wing-coverts are more extensive and
the margins inclining to bluish green, like the outer edges of the
flight-quills and tail-feathers ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish
brown margined with white; rump and upper tail-coverts bright
green, the dark centres having become almost obsolete ; inner webs
of tail-feathers blackish ; sides of face and sides of neck bright
green only slightly dotted with black; lores blackish ; throat,
fore-neck, and breast yellowish green with bold black centres to
the feathers ; middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts yellow,
the latter streaked with green ; sides of body green; under wing-
coverts white tinged with yellow; under surface of flight-quills
dark brown edged with white; lower aspect of tail greenish grey.
“ Bill blackish; feet dark cinereus” (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 132 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 67, tail 47,
tarsus 18.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 66 mm.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection,
and the specimens from which the descriptions are taken are in
the British Museum, Salvin-Godman collection, collected by the
late Henry Whitely on Mount Roraima, at an altitude of 6000 ft.,
during August and September 1883.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana,

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Hggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima and Kukenam
Mountains ( Whately).

Eatralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

669. Tangara guttata. °
LarGcEeR SPorreD TANAGER..

Callospiza punetata (nec Linn.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 669,
1848.

Callospiza guttata Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 26, 1851 (Roraima).

Calliste guttatd Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209 (Roraima, 3500-4000 ft.) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 105, 1886 (Roraima).

Tangara guttata Byabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 405, no. 4167,
1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper parts grass-green with

508 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

a golden yellow tinge, including the crown of the head, hind-
neck, sides of neck, hack, upper tail-eoverts, and middle tail-
feathers with black centres and dark grey bases to the feathers ;
upper wing black margined with blue, flight-quills also black
edged with blue on the outer webs and with white on the
inner ones; tail-feathers black margined with green on the outer
webs and very narrowly with white on the inner ones; loral space
black; base of forehead and eye-ring golden yellow; sides of
face black with yellowish green margins to the feathers ; throat,
breast, and abdomen dull white with black pear-shaped centres to
the feathers ; lower flanks green; lower abdomen and under tail-
coverts ochreous green ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white
like the inner edges of the quills below, remainder of the quill-
lining hair-brown ; lower aspect of tail dark bluish grey with
whitish shaft-lines.

Total length 129 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 71, tail 52,
tarsus 20.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but differs in having
the under surface whiter, the black central spots to the feathers
less pronounced, and rather smaller in wing-measurement. Wing
66 mm. .

The male and female described were collected by Mr. McConnell
at Mount Roraima during his expedition in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Lggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roriama (McConnell collection);
Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, Trinidad.

Habits. In regard to this species Schomburgk writes (Reis.
Guian. iii. p. 669) that he first met with it in the vicinity of the
Roraima Mountains. Its habits and mode of life are similar to
those of Tangara paradisea, p. 504.

670. Tangara cayana.
CAYENNE TANAGER.

Tanagra cayana Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 385, 1766 (Cayenne).
Callospiza cayana Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ill. p. 670, 1848:

TANGARA. 509

Calliste cayana Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209 (Merumé Mts., Roraima,
3500-4000 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 111, 1886
(Roraima, Merumé Mts.).

Calospiza cayana Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 127, 1910
(Georgetown).

Tangara cayana Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8, Amer. i. p. 406, no. 4180,
1912.

Adult male. Crown of head copper-bronze colour becoming rich
golden straw-colour gn the hind-neck, sides of neck, back, and short
upper tail-coverts, the long ones blue like the middle tail-feathers ;
lesser upper wing-coverts and scapulars dark dull blue, the greater
series, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts black margined with
blue on the outer webs; flight-quills also black margined with
blue on the outer webs and white on the inner ones; tail-feathers
black edged with blue on the outer webs ; lores and sides of face
black ; throat and fore-neck dull blue; remaider of the under
surface dark fawn-colour more or less suffuscd with blue; axil-
laries and under wing-coverts buffy-white; under surface of
flight-quills dark bair-brown ; lower aspect of tail pearl-blue.

Total length 133 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 77, tail 55,
tarsus 19.

The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell at Mount
Roraima during his expedition in October 1898.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but the blue on the
throat much less bright and smaller in size. Wing 71 mm. ,

The female described was collected on the Ireng River by
Mr. J. J. Quelch in 1902.

An immature example of this species from the Upper Takutu
Mountuains differs from the adult in having the chin and throat
greyish white. :

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Fggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains, Ituribisi River, Abary River, Ireng Hiver (A/eConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima, Merumé Mountains ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), North Brazil, Vene-
zuela, Colombia, East Peru.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian, iii. p. 670)
this species is distributed throughout British Guiana. It associates

510 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

with the Finches, mentioned under Yuchyphonus cristatus, that
wander through the forest. The “ Macusis” call it Schumaz.

671. Tangara gyrola.
CHESTNUT-HEADED TANAGER.

Fringilla gyrola Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 181, 1758 (“ Habitat in America”).
Lanagra gyrola Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 815, 1766 (Surinam); Brabourne
& Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 407 no. 4188, 1912; Beebe, Tropical

Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 187, 1917 (Bartica).

Callospiza gyrola, Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 669, 1848.
Calliste gyrola Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 209 (Roraima, 3500-4000 ft.,

Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit.

Mus. xi. p. 116, 1886 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merumé Mts.,

Roraima ).

Adult male. General colour of the upper and under surface
bright green, including the back, wings, and tail on the upper
parts and the throat, sides of the body, axillaries, and under tail-
coverts on the under surface ; crown of head, sides of face, aud
chin rich chestnut ; a slightly indicated yellow band on the hind-
. neck dividing the chestnut and green; lesser upper wing-coverts
yellow; flight-quills black on the inner webs, becoming paler on
the margins; middle of breast and middle of abdomen dark
turquoise-blue; under wing-coverts dusky-grey; under surface
of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail dark brown.

Total length 118 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 74, tail 45,
tarsus 16.

The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell on the
Bonasika River in December 1898 when returning on his ex-
pedition to Mount Roraima. —_,

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 70 mm.

The young in its first plumage is easily distinguished by the
absence of chestnut on the crown of the head and sides of the face,
which are green. The specimen mentioned was collected on the
Sapenaam River in 1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Vest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Fggs. Undescribed from British Guiana. '

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Ituribisi River,
Supenaam River, Kamakabra River, Bonasika River, Makauria
“River, Tiger Creek Exsequebo River, Arawai River, Kamooni

TANGARA. 511

River (AfeConnell cullection); Mount Roraima, Merumé Moun-
tains, Kamakusa, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Linné), Cayenne (British
Museum).

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 669)
this species is more frequently met near the coast than inland.
Its favourite haunts are the outskirts of woods and plantations,
where it is found singly and in pairs.

672. Tangara mexicana.
SULPHUR-BELLIED TANAGER,

Tanagra mexicana Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 815, 1766 (Cayenne) ; Brabourne
& Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 408, no. 4197, 1912.

Callospiza mexicana Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 670, 1848.

Calliste flaviventris Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 210 (Bartica Grove) ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 120 part, 1886 (British Guiana, Bartica
Grove).

Calospiza ett mexicana Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness,
p. 127 (Georgetown), p. 135 (Hoorie Creek), p. 243 (Henrietta),
1910.

Tangara mexicana mexicana Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British
Guiana, p. 187, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. Forehead, sides of face, throat, upper breast, lower
back, and upper tail-coverts dark wedgwood-blue ; binder crown,
upper back, wings, and tail black; lesser upper wing-coverts
turquoise-blue ; outer edges of some of the primary-quills blue,
inner margins white, the central portion of the blue feathers
black, which sometimes show through and gives a scaled ap-
pearance; lores and chin black; the feathers on the sides of the
breast and flanks black faintly edged with blue; abdomen and
under tail-coverts lemon-yellow; axillaries and under wing-
coverts pale sulphur-yellow ; inner edges of flight-quills below
white, remainder of the quills below and lower aspect of tail
blackish brown.

Total length 128 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 71, tail 49,
tarsus 19.

The male described was collected on the Bonasika River in
1911.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 70 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

512 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Fggs. Undeseribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Takutu, Mazaruni River, Bonasika River, Abary River, Tiger
Creek Essequebo River (McConnell collection) ; Bartica ( Whitely) ;
Georgetown, Hoorie Creek, Bartica (Beebe).

Lxtralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (British
Museum).

Halits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 670) that this
species is common and generally distributed throughout the
colony. It is especially fond of the Cecropia trees. The
“ Warraus”’ call it Mohebera.

673. Tangara nigrocincta.
LILac-THROATED TANAGER.

Aglaia nigrocincta Bonap. P. Z. 8.1837 [1838], p. 121 (West Brazil).

Calliste nigricincta Bonap. Consp. Av. i. : 235, 1850.

‘Calliste nigricineta Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 210 (Roraima); Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 126, 1886 (Roraima).

ne a Brabourne & ‘Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 409, no. 4206,

Adult female. Crown of head, nape, and sides of face blue;
throat purplish blue; back black ; upper wing-coveris very pale
iridescent blue becoming darker blue on the margins of the
greater series, flight-quills, and upper tail-coverts, the remaining
portion of the flight-quills black ; tail also black slightly fringed
with blue on the outer margins of the feathers ; lores and base of
forehead black ; abdomen dark blue ; breast, sides of body, under
tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts black with pale
edgings to the under tail-coverts; under surface of quills and lower
aspect of tail blackish brown.

Total length 107 mm., exposed culmen 9, wing 69, tail 44,
tarsus 16.

The specimen from which the description is taken was col-
lected on the Bonasika River by Mr. McConnell during his return
journey from Mount Roraima in December 1898.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female. Wing 65 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

TANGARA, 513

Range in British Guiana. Bonasika River (A/ceConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Bolivia, South-east
and Central Peru.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

674. Tangara whitelyi.
WHITELY’S TANAGER.

Calliste whitelyt Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 445, pl. xiii. (Roraima) ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 210; Sclater, Cat.-B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 186,
1886 (Roraima).

ae aa Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer, i. p, 410, no, 4226,

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, threat, scapulars,
wings, and tail black ; inner edges of flight-quills whitish ; entire
back, including the upper tail-coverts, breast, sides of body,
abdomen, aud under tail-coverts iridescent go:den straw-colour
with dark bases to the feathers; axillaries and under wing-coverts
white ; inner margins of quills below silvery-white ; under surface
of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail blackish brown with a
tinge of blue on the latter.

Total length 129 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 71, tail 47,
tarsus 19.
_ Adult female, Crown of head, nape, and sides of face dark lead-
grey with dark centres to the feathers ; entire back and upper
tail-coverts yellowish iridescent green ; upper wing-coverts dark
green with the inner portion of the feathers black like the inner-
most secondary-quills ; flight-quills black with blue on the outer
edges and white on the inner margins; tail-feathers black with
dark greenish bluc on the outer margins; throat and fore-neck
grey with whitisly margins to the feathers; abdomen, sides of
body, and under tail-coverts yellowish green ; under wing-coverts
white. Wing 71 mm.

The male and female described were collected at Mount Roraima
by Mr. McConnell during his expedition, October 1898.

The young male in its first plumage is similar to that of the
adult female.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.
VOL. Il, : 20

514 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection); Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus THRAUPIS Boie.
Thraupis Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 974. Type 2. archiepiscopus (Desm.).

Fig. 189.—Thraupis episcopus.

The species on which this genus was founded are birds of
medium size and somewhat bright coloration. The bill is conical,
the width and depth at the base are about equal, and the tip of the
upper mandible is slightly hooked and the nostrils are exposed.
The wing is rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries are
longest and equal, and the first is rather shorter than the fifth
but much longer than the sixth. The tail is square at the tip and
about two-thirds the length of the wing. The tarsus exceeds the
length of the exposed culmen by nearly one-half. Coloration :
male and female similar.

Key to the Species.

A. General colour pale blue .................... Z episcopus, p. 514.
B. General colour dark olive .................0006 T. melanoptera, p. 516.

675. Thraupis episcopus.
BisHop TANAGER.

Tanagra episcopus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 816, 1766 (“Brasilia”) ; Cab.
in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 670, 1848; Salvin, Ibis, 1885,
. 210 (Bartica Grove, Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Roraima,
8000-8500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p- 154, 1886
(Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Roraima); Quelch, Timehri (2) iv.
pp- 121, 189, 1890 (Great Falls Demerara River); id. op. cit. v.
a 1891 (Georgetown); Lloyd Price, tom. cit. p. 63 (nests and
eggs).
Tanagra serioptera Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 670, 1848.

THRAUPIS. 515

Thraupis episcopus Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 415, no. 4270,
1912.

Thraupis episcopus episcopus Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 137,
1917 (Bartica).

“ Blue Sacky ” (Schomburgk) ; “ Blue Sakie” (Quelch).

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, throat, and lesser
upper wing-coverts silvery grey; upper back and scapulars
greenish blue ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts lavender-
blue ; greater upper wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and outer aspect of flight-quills blue, inner portion of the quills
black becoming paler on the margins; tail-feathers blue, darker
on the inner webs; breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and under
wing-coverts lavender-blue somewhat paler on the last; flight-
quills below dark brown ; lower aspect of tail bluish.

Total length 157 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 93, tail 62,
tarsus 22.

The specimen described was collected at Bartica in 1911.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but less bright in its
plumage. Wing 93 mm.

The female described was collected at Mount Roraima by
Mr. McConnell during his expedition in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. “The nests made of small sticks, pieces of cane-trash,
etc., and lined with dry grass, may be found hidden in the leaves
of many low trees” (Hf. Lloyd Price).

"Eggs. “The eggs, usually three in number, are of greyish white
spotted with different shades of brown” (A. Lloyd Price).

Range in British Guiana, Mount Roraima, Upper Takutu
Mountains, Ituribisi River, Bartica, Abary River (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima, Kamakusa, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Northern Brazil.

Habits. This species, according to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii.
p- 670), is found in great numbers along the coast in the settlers’
towns and in the plantations. It may always be seen flitting abont
the Coco- and Coal-Palms, in which it is said to build its nest.
It is called by the settlers Blue-sacky.

The following note has been copied from Mr. H. Lloyd Price
(Timehri (2) v. p. 63), who, when writing on the nests and eggs of
some common Guiana Birds, remarks :—* Numbers of light bluish

22

516 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

birds will be seen flitting from tree to tree especially in gardens,
these are the Blue Sackies (Zanagra episcopus). The nests made
of small sticks, pieces of cane-trash, ete., and lined with dry grass,
may be found hidden in the leaves of many low trees ; the eggs,
usually three in number, are of a greyish white, spotted with
different shades of brown.”

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 80), who observed this species
in Georgetown, remarks :—“ Very closely allied to the preceding
are the Blue Sackies, though the name, taken from the note of
the bird, can hardly be said to be really imitative of their cry.
This bird is of a uniform pale blue-colour throughout, with a much
shorter and narrower bill than the rather Jarger Cashew Sackies.
In their habits they very closely resemble that species, though
they are considerably more shy, and are seldom to be seen among
the house-gardens in the city. About the outskirts of the town
they are fairly numerous, flitting about the various fruit-trees and .
seed-bearing plants.”

676. Thraupis melanoptera.
Western Patm TANAGER.

Tanagra olivascens Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 670, 1848.

Tanagra melanoptera Sclater, P.Z.8. 1856, p. 235 (Hastern Peru).

Tanagra palmarum (nec Wied) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 210 (Bartica
Grove, Roraima, 3000-4000 ft).; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi.
p. 159, 1886 (Bartica Grove, Roraima).

Tanagra palmarum melanoptera Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness,
p- 144, 1910 (Hoorie Creek).

Thraupis melanoptera Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 416,
no. 4281, 1912.

Thraupis palmarum palmarum Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British
Guiana, p. 187, 1917 (Bartica).

“ Palm-Sakie” (Quelch).

Adult male. Crown of head, nape, sides of face, chin, and
upper wing-coverts olive-green, which extends on to the quills ;
the feathers on the back dark brown tipped with olive-green ;
‘upper tail-coverts rather paler than the back; primary-coverts
and flight-quills soot-brown, tinged with olive on the outer webs,
and a large patch of white on the basal portion of the inner webs;
tail soot-brown margined with olive-green on the outer webs of
the feathers ; breast, sides of body, abdomen, and under tail-

THRAUPIS. 517

coverts dark oil-green ; under wing-coverts olive-green ; quill-
lining white at the base, dark brown on the apical portion ; lower
aspect of tail pale brown with white shafts to the feathers.

Total length 168 mm., éxposed culmen 11, wing 99, tail 70,
tarsus 21. ,

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 94 mm.

The male and female described were collected at Bartica in
1911.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. “Builds in the coconut-trees a nest of dry sticks”
(A. Lloyd Price).

Eggs. “The eggs are greyish white spotted with black”
(H. Lloyd Price).

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Abary River, Arawai River
(McConnell collection); Mount Roraima, Bartica (Whitely) ;
Bartica and Hoorie Creek (Beebe); Georgetown (Quelch).

fetralimital Range. Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, .
Peru. Bolivia, Brazil:

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 670) that this
species is more usually met with near the coast, especially in
the settlers’ towns, in plantations, and ouiskirts of woods. It is
xather numerous and, like Tanagra episcopus, generally met in
pairs flitting about the Coco- and Coal-palms, where they are
supposed to nest. It is less common inland. The “Warraus ” call
it Muhi and the “ Macusis” Sickuhi, and the settlers Brown-
sacky.

Mr. H. Lloyd Price (Timehri (2) v. p. 63), writing on the nests
and eggs of some common Guiana Birds, remarks:—‘ A third
kind of a grey colour (Zanagra palmarum) builds in the coconut-
trees a nest of dry sticks; the eggs are greyish white spotted
with black.”

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. pp. 80, 81) observed this species
in Georgetown, and remarks :—‘ Another Tanager often met with,
and very common among the cocoanut-palms among which they
chiefly make their nests, is the so-called Palm Sackie ( Tanagra
palmarum).. These birds in their habits and diet closely resemble
the two preceding species. Both this bird and the two preceding
are frequently snared by boys and kept in cages for sale, though,
as song-birds, there is no value to be placed upon them. Among

-

518 BIRDS OF. BRITISH GUIANA.

the houses of the native Indians they are also often to be seen,
with their wings trimmed, and wandering at large about the
settlement.”

The following note is quoted from Beebe (Our Search for a
Wilderness, p. 144) :—“ It was the height of the season of court-
ship of Palm Tanagers, and they were noisy and bold. A caged
female proved to be a source of great attraction, and several wild
ones kept coming to the cage. We trapped two, and and they
made themselves at home within a few minutes. There was con-
siderable variation, some being grey, almost: a bluish-grey, while
in others the green was strongly dominant.”

Genus RAMPHOCELUS Desm.

Ramphoceclus Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tangaras, pls. 28, 29, 1805. Type
A. brasilius (Linn.).

Fig. 190.—Ramphocelus carbo.

The species that comprise this genus are birds that are some-
what large in size and brilliant in colour. The bill is more or less
depressed at the base, where its width is about equal to the length
of the exposed culmen, while its depth is about one-sixth less, the
tip of the upper mandible is slightly hooked and the nostrils are
almost covered with feathers. The wing is rounded, the second,
third, fourth, and fifth primaries are longest and subequal, and
the first is about equal in length to the sixth. The tail is
slightly rounded at the tip and almost equal to the wing in
length. The tarsus is rather shorter than the middle toe and claw.
Coloration: male and female different.

RAMPHOCGLUS. 519

677. Ramphoccelus carbo.
SILVER-BEAKED TANAGER.

Lanius carbo Pallas, Vroeg’s Catal. Rais. Adumbrat. p. 2, 1764

(Surinam).
Rhamphopis atrococcineus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 668,

1848.
Ramphocelus jacapa Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 210 (Bartica Grove, Roraima) ;

Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 174, 1886 (Georgetown); Lloyd
Price, Timehri (2) v. p. 63, 1891 (nests and eggs); Quelch, tom. cit.

p. 79 (Georgetown).
Ramphocelus carbo Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 417, no. 4297,

1912.
Ramphocelus carbo carbo Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana,

p- 187, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. Crown cf head, hind-neck, and sides of face dark
crimson; entire back, upper tail-coverts, and upper wing-coverts
velvety black pervaded with crimson ; flight-quills and tail-feathers
black ; throat, fore-neck, and upper breast rich crimson, the feathers
on the chin have black hair-like tips; lower breast, sides of body,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts black more or less tinged with
crimson ; under wing-coverts black ; under surface of flight-quills
and lower aspect of tail black. ‘Bill black ; widened base of
lower mandible bluish grey ; feet black” (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 170 mmn., exposed culmen 15, wing 80, tail 62,
tarsus 22.

The male described was collected on the Mazaruni River in 1905.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being much less
rich in colour, in having the rump and upper tail-coverts uniform
dark crimson; forehead, sides of face, throat, breast, sides of
body, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dull red ; axillaries and
under tail-coverts rust-brown, the feathers on the chin have hair-
like tips. Wing 76 mm.

The female described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
November 1906.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. “ Builds its nest in low bushes, close to the ground, made
of small sticks, pieces of cane-trash, etc., and lined with dry
grass, may be found hidden in the leaves of many low trees”
(Hl. Lloyd Price).

Zéggs. * Two in number and are of a pinkish white, spotted, and
blotched with purple” (A. Lloyd Price).

520 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Guiana. Tturibisi River, Mazaruni River,
Demerara River (MeConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima, Merumé
Mountains, Kamakusa, Bartica ( Whitely); Georgetown (Brown):

Extralimital Range. Surinam, North Brazil, Venezuela, Hast
KEeuador, North-east Peru.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 668) that this
species is found throughout the colony, and that he observed it to
be rather common in the light woods near the coast and in the
plantations; in the latter place it was one of the commonest birds.
It roams about in pairs. The “ Macusis” call it [pitikaha and
the “ Warraus”’ Porokeda.

This note has been copied from Mr. H. Lloyd Price (Timehri
(2) v. p. 63), who, when writing on the nest and eggs of some
common Guiana Birds, remarks :—“ Another species of a reddish
colour (Rhamphoceelus jacapa), builds its nest in low bushes, close
to the ground, and of much the same materials. The two eggs
are of a pinkish white, spotted, and blotched with purple-black.”

The following notes are quoted from Mr. J. J. Quelch
(Timehri (2) v. pp. 79, 80), who observed this species in
Georgetown :—“ Among some of the commonest of the town
birds, and at the same time one of the most beautiful, is the
Tanagrine bird, commonly known to colonists as the Cashew
Sackie (Rhamphocelus jacapa). The birdis known under various
common names in different parts of the colony, such as Wasoo,
Buck-town Sackie, Silver-beak, Red Sackie, etc., while it has
been referred to by black creoles as‘ white-bill black-bird with
a wine breast.’ It may be taken as a type of the large family of
Tanagridz, whose more than three hundred species are entirely
confined to the New World, and almost entirely to the tropical
parts, where they form some of the most beautiful natural objects
to be met with. The members of this family are distinguished
from the other singing birds with nine primary-quills by the
presence of a distinct notch on the upper mandible of the. bill,
whose form closely approaches that of the true Finches, while in
many other characters they approach the Sugar-birds already
described.

“The Red-breasted Tanager is to be seen in all parts of the
town flitting about the trees, on the fruit and seeds of which they
almost entirely subsist. Their note is sharp and shrill and by no

RAMPHOCGLUS.——PIRANGA. 521

means pleasing, with a recurring sound of ‘sick’ nasally pro-
nounced. They are active birds, and are constantly on the move
from tree to tree.” j

Genus PIRANGA Vieill.

Piranga Vieillot, Ois. de Y’Amer. Sept. i. pref. p. iv. 1807. Type
P. rubra (Linn.).

The species included in this genus are somewhat large in size
and have bright coloured plumages. ‘The bill is ¢onical in shape,
its width at the base is equal to the height at the nostrils, which
is about two-thirds the length of the exposed culmen. The wing
is rounded, the second and third primaries longest and equal, and
the first about equal in length to the fourth. The tail is square
_at the tip and about three-fourths the length of the wing. The
tarsus only slightly exceeds the length of the middle toe and
claw. Coloration: male and female different.

Key to the Species and Subspecies.

A. Larger, wing more than 85 mm.; wings
and tail similar in colour.
a. Crown of head, back, and upper tail-

coverts dark red ............006 Fattinsmatni P. rubra, 3, p. 522.
a’, Crown of head, back, and upper tail-
coverts ochireous-yellow seen det P. rubra, 9, p. 522.
b. Crown of head, back, and upper tail-
coverts deep crimson ..... P.hemalea, &, p. 623.

b'. Crown of head, back, and ‘upper tails
coverts green, ‘with a tinge of yellow

on the fore part of the head ......... P. hemalea, 9, p. 523.
e. Crown of head, back, and upper tail- [p. 524.
Py ten orange-red . P. saira macconnelli, 3,

. Crown of head, back, and ‘upper ‘tail-
coverts dull- yellow, with a ene of [p. 525.
green on the back ............. P. saira macconnelli, 2,

B. Smaller, wing less than 85 mm.; wings
and tail black i in contrast to the crown
of the head, back, and upper tail-
coverts.
b. Crown of head, middle of back, and
upper tail-coverts scarlet red . P.avrdens, 3, p. 525.
c. Crown of head, middle of Leek, “and
upper tail-coverts greenish yellow ....... P. ardens, 9, p. 526.

522 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

678. Piranga rubra.
Summer Rep Tanacer,

Fringilla rubra Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 181, 1758 (Carolina).

Pyranga estiva Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 210 (Roraima); Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xi. p. 182, 1886 (Roraima); Quelch, Timehri (2) x.
p. 263, 1896 (migration).

Piranga rubra Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 418, no. 4307,
1912.

Adult male. General colour of the upper parts dark dull red,
including the top of the head, back, upper tail-coverts, tail, upper
wing-coverts, and outer aspect of flight-quills, the inner webs of
the last blackish; throat and entire under surface bright red ;
under surface of flight-quills pale brown ; lower aspect of tail
similar to its upper surface.

Total length 172 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 101, tail 73,
tarsus 23, middle toe and claw 21.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, nor
is there a male specimen, from British Guiana, in the British
Museum ; the above description, therefore, is taken from a speci-
men in the National collection, collected at Merida, Venezuela.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface ochreous-
yellow, including the top of the head, back, upper wing-coverts,
and outer aspect of quills, inner webs of the last brown with
whitish inner margins ; tail inclining to cinnamon ; throat and
fore-neck orange-yellow, becoming paler yellow on the abdomen,
sides of body, and under tail-coverts; axillaries and under wing-
coverts similar, inclining to buff on the greater series; quill-
lining pale brown with yellowish margins. Wing 94 mm.

The description of the female is taken from a specimen in the
British Museum, collected by the late Henry, Whitely in January
1881 on Mount Roraima, Salvin-Godman collection.

Immature male. Similar to the adult female in its first plumage.
In the present specimen the red is commencing to appear on the
sides of the face, hack, upper tail-coverts, throat, breast, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts.

The immature male was also collected at Mount Roraima by
Whitely in October 1883.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

PIRANGA. 523

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima (Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Trinidad, Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia. Northward through Central
America to the United States.

Habits. Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 263), writing on the
migratory birds in British Guiana, remarks :—“ It is noteworthy
that in the case of the Red-birds (Pyranga estiva) they seem to
occur only on the high lands of the interior, having never been
taken on the coast lands.”

679. Piranga heemalea.
Rorama Rep TANAGER..

Phenicosoma azare (nec d’Orb.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii-
p. 668, 1848.

Pyranga hemalea Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 205; Salvin, Ibis,
1885, p. 211 (Roraima, 3500 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi.
p. 185, 1886 (Roraima).

Nearly adult male. General colour of the upper surfaee crimson-
red, including the crown of the head, sides of the face, entire
back, wings, and tail; inner webs of the upper wing-coverts,
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills blackish, much
paler and inclining to rose-pink on the inner margins of
the last; some of the innermost secondaries on one of the
wings show traces of immaturity, as do also one of the tail-
feathers ; under surface also red but paler than on the upper
parts, with a sign of immaturity on one side of the breast ; under
wing-coverts, inner edges of quills below, and lower aspect of tail
rose-pink, remainder of the under surface of.the flight-quills dark
brown,

Total length 173 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 96, tail 72,
tarsus 20.

Adult female, Entirely different to the adult male, being
greenish yellow on the upper surface and sides of the face ; inner
webs of the upper wing-coverts and flight-quills blackish, paler
on the inner margins of the last; tail rather darker than the.
back; under surface old-gold yellow, paler on the under tail-
coverts, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner edges of flight-

524 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

quills below, remainder of the under surface of the quill-lining
dark hair-brown ; lower aspectof tail dark yellow. Wing 93 mm.

Immature male. Similar to adult female in its first plumage,
but the present individual, being in the process of transition, has
crimson-red feathers approaching on the top of the head, sides of
the face, hind-neck, and back, and brighter red on the throat,
breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts.

The specimens described above were collected at Mount
Roraima by Mr. McConnell during his expedition in October
1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

éggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
coilection) ; Mount Roraima ( W hitely).

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii, p. 668) that he
always found this species solitary and not very common. He
appears to have collected but one specimen, which he shot in the
Pacaraima Mountains. The “ Arekunas” call it Anouta-papina.

660. Piranga saira macconnelli.
McConneti’s RED TANAGER.
(Plate IX.)

Tanagra saira Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 35, pl. 48. fig. 1, 1825 (South-East
Brazil).

Piranga saira Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i. p. 418, no, 4810, part,
1912.

Piranga saira macconnelli Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 9)
viii. p. 446, Oct. 1921.

Adult male. General colour of the upper surface orange-red,
somewhat brighter on the top of the head and upper tail-coverts,
darker on the back, wings, and tail; inner webs of upper wing-
coverts and bastard-wing dark brown, darker and inclining to
black on the flight-quills, which have the inner margins rose-
pink ; inner webs of tail-feathers reddish brown ; entire under
surface bright scarlet-red including the axillaries and under
wing-coverts ; under surface of flight-quills hair-brown with rose-
pink inner edges; lower aspect of tail similar to its upper surface.

Total length 182 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 97, tail 75,
tarsus 23.

Vol. If. Pl. IX.

Birds of British Guiana.

Wi.

McConnell’s Red Tanager.

tranga saira macconne

P

PIRANGA. 525

The type, which is in the McConnell collection, was collected
in the Upper Takutu Mountains in 1908.

In addition to the specimens in the McConnell collection of
this subspecific race, there are four others in the British Museum,
male and female—adult and young—that were collected by the late
Henry Whitely at Quonga. Having compared these, with others
in the National collection, from Rio de Janeiro, I notice that the
latter are darker in general coloration than those from British
Guiana. Ihave, therefore, separated the paler race subspecifically
under the above title.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface dull yellow,
tinged with green on the back; inner webs of flight-quills dark
brown margined with pale yellow; sides of face, throat, and
entire under parts bright yellow. Wing 90 mm.

The female described was collected by the late Henry Whitely
at Quongo, November 18, 1887, now in the British Museum,
Salvin-Godman collection.

Immature male. Similar to the adult female in its first plumage.
The first signs of the male plumage, in the present bird, are the
approach of orange-red feathers on the sides of the face, throat,
abdomen, under tail-coverts, and tail.

The young male described was collected in the Takutu Moun-
tains (McConnell collection).

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains
(McConnell collection) ; Quonga ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

681. Piranga ardens.
BLACK-LORED Rep TANAGER.

Phenisoma, ardens Tschudi, Archiv fiir Naturg. 1844, i. p. 287 (Peru).
Pyranga ardens Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 211 (Roraima); Sclater, Cat. B,
Brit. Mus. xi. p. 190, 1886 (Roraima),.

Piranga ardens Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 419, no. 4813,
1912.

Adult male, Crown of head, hind-neck, back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts bright red like the sides of the face, throat, breast,

526 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

sides of the body, abdomen, and under tail-coverts, darker on the
top of the head and the middle of the upper back, the latter being
more or less intermixed with black; scapulars, wings, and tail
black ; the tips of the median and greater upper wing-coverts
broadly edged with white, which forms a double wing-bar ; inner
edges of flight-quills white; lores and chin black; axillaries
white tinged with red ; under wing-coverts white ; under surface
of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail black.

Total length 148 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 78, tail 61,
tarsus 18.

The male described was collected at Mount Roraima by
Mr. McConnell during his expedition in October 1898.

Adult female. Crown of head, entire back, and upper tail-
coverts dull yellow, strongly tinged with green on the middle of
the back; wings dark brown, the median and greater coverts
broadly tipped with white, which forms a double wing-bar; outer
webs of flight-quills narrowly edged with green ; tail also dark
brown, the feathers fringed with green on the outer webs; sides
of face similar to the top of the head; lores dusky ; throat and
breast orange-yellow ; sides of body greenish yellow; thighs
dusky ; middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts yellow ;
axillaries and inner under wing-coverts white, the outer coverts
dusky-brown, similar to the quill-lining ; lower aspect of tail
pale dusky-brown. Wing 71 mm.

The female from which the description is taken was collected
by the late Henry Whitely on Mount Roraima, at an altitude of
5000 ft., August 23, 1883, and is now in the British Museum,
Salvin-Godman collection,

Immature male. Differs from the adult male in having the
head, back, sides of face, and entire under surface orange-red,
and the long under tail-coverts lemon-yellow; the under paris
paler and brighter than the orange-red portion of the upper
surface.

The immature male was collected at Mount Roraima.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unretorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell col-
lection); Mount Roraima (Whately).

PIRANGA.—CYANICTERUS. 527

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru.
Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus CYANICTERUS Bonap.

Cyanicterus Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i. p. 240, 1850. ‘Type C. venustus
Bonap.=C. cyanicterus (Vieill.).

\
NS

Ss

Ss

Fig. 191.—Cyanicterus cyanicterus.

This monotypic genus is readily distinguished by its bright
blue and yellow plumage. The bill is proportionately long,
compressed on the apical portion, and hooked at the tip of the
upper mandible, but there is no trace of a tooth on its cutting-
edges. The wing is rounded, the second, third, and fourth
primaries longest and equal, and the first about equal in length to
the fifth. The tail is slightly rounded at the tip and rather more
than half the length of the wing. The tarsus only slightly exceeds
the length of the exposed culmen. Coloration: male and female
different.

682. Cyanicterus cyanicterus.
PuRPLE-BLUE TANAGER.

Pyranga cyanictera Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 290, 1819
(Cayenne); id. Gal. Ois. pl. 81, 1825; Puch. Arch. Mus. Paris, vii.
pp- 356, 379, pl. 22, 1855 (Cayenne).

Orthogonys cyanicterus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p, 211 (Merumé Mts.).

Cyanicterus venustus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 193, 1886
(Merumé Mts., Mazaruni River).

Cyanicterus eyanicterus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i, p, 419,
no. 4316, 1912.

- Adult female. General colour of the upper surface pale blue,
including the crown of the head, entire back, wings, and tail ;
greater upper wing-coverts blackish on the inner webs ; bastard-

528 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills black fringed with blue
on the outer webs, becoming black towards the tips and paler om
the inner webs; tail-feathers blue, black on the inner webs and.
more or less white at the tips of the inner webs of the two lateral
ones ; lores, cheeks, throat, and fore-neck orange-yellow becoming
pure yellow on the breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts citron-yellow, the marginal
coverts blue; under surface of flight-quills blackish brown, paler
on the inner edges; lower aspect of tail pale blue, the lateral
feathers more or less whitish at the tips on the inner webs.
“* Bill pale horn-colour ; feet yellowish” (Cat. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 169 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 88, tail 58,
tarsus 20.

The female described was collected by Mr. McConnell on the
Bonasika River during his return journey from Mount Roraima
in December 1898..

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in having the throat,
fore-neck, and upper breast blue like the top of the head. Wing
89 mm.

The male described is in the British Museum and was collected
at the Merumé Mountains by the late Henry Whitely, Salvin-
Godman collection.

Breeding-season, Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undeseribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Bonasika River, Makauria River
(McConnell collection); Merumé Mountains ( Whitely); Mazaruni
River (im Thurm).

Lxtralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Vieillot),
Northern Brazil.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

LANIO. 529

Genus LANIO Vieill.

Lanio Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Ornith. p. 40, 1816. Type JZ. fulvus
(Bodd.).

Fig. 192.—Lanio fulvus.

The members of this genus are distinguished chiefly by the
well-developed rictal bristles. The bill is compressed on the
apical portion, sharply hooked at the tip of the upper mandible,
and a well-developed tooth on its cutting-edges. The wing is
rounded, the second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and
subequal, and the first intermediate in length between the sixth
and seventh. The tail is slightly rounded at the tip and nearly as
long as the wing. The tarsus is rather longer than the exposed
culmen, which is about equal in length to the middle toe and claw.
Coloration: male and female different.

683. Lanio fulvus.
BLACK-HEADED TooTHED TANAGER.

Tangara jaune & téte noire, de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl. v. pl. 809.
fig. 2, 1781.

Tangara fulva Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 50, 1783.

Tanagra atricapilla Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 899, 1789 (Gujaua).

Pogonothraupis atricapilla Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iil. p. 669,

: 1848,

Lanio atricapillus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 211 (Merumé Mts., Atapurau
River, Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 204, 1886
(Merumé Mts., Atapurow River, Bartica Grove); Brabourne & Chubb,
B.S. Amer. i. p. 420, no. 4829, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life
in British Guiana, p. 137, 1917 (Bartica).

Lanio fulvus Mathews & Iredale, Austral Avian Record, iii. p. 47, 1915.

Adult male. Crown of head, nape, hind-neck, sides of face, and
throat uniform deep black; upper wing-coverts and scapulars
also black, some of lesser inner coverts white, which forms a
concealed patch, flight-quills brownish black, paler on the margins

VOL. IL 2M

530 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

of the inner webs; tail black, darker than the flight-quills but
not so deep black as the head; sides of neck, mantle, and upper
back orange-yellow, becoming darker on the lower back and
inclining to chestnut on the upper tail-coverts ; fore-neck, upper
breast, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts chestnut ; lower
breast, abdomen, and sides of body dark old-gold yellow ; axil-
laries and inner under wing-coverts buffy-white, the marginal
coverts black ; under surface of quills dark brown rather paler
on the inner edges; lower aspect of tail blackish. Bill black ;
feet brown” (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 172 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 98, tail 84,
tarsus 16.

The male described was collected by Mr. McConnell on the
Bonasika River during his return journey from Mount Roraima in
December 1898. . .

Adult female. Differs entirely from the adult male. Crown of
head greyish brown; mantle, back, and outer aspect of wings
rufous-brown ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish brown with
buffy-white margins; upper tail-coverts rufous-chestnut ; tail,
above and below, ochreous-brown ; sides of face and throat pale
rufous-brown; breast, abdomen, and sides of body dark old-gold
yellow with a greenish tinge; lower flanks and under tail-coverts
pale chestnut; axillaries and under wing-coverts cinnamon-
rufous; quills below dark brown with paler edges. Wing 82 mm.

The female from which the description is taken was collected
on the Ituribisi River in February 1907.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. It is said to nest in the Coal and Coco Palms
(Schomburgk).

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mazaruni River, Ituribisi River,
Supenaam River, Bartica, Bonasika River (A/cConnell collection) ;
Merumé Mountains, Kamarang River, Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Colombia, Ecuador.

. Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 669)
this species is one of the commonest birds near the coast and in
the plantations, where it is usually seen in pairs perching on the
Coal and Coco Palms and where it also is said to nest.

TACHYPHONUS. 531

Genus TACHYPHONUS Vieill.

Lachyphonus Vicillot, Anal. Nouv. Ornith. p. 88, 1816. Type TZ. rufus
(Bodd.).

Fig. 193.— Tachyphonus rufus.

The species on which this genus was based have short velvet-
like feathers at the base of the forehéad. The Dill is somewhat
long and slender, its width at the base and height at the nostrils
are about equal-to half the length of the exposed culmen, the tip
of the upper mandible is slightly hooked, but there appears to
be no tooth on the cutting-edges, and the nostrils are exposed.
The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth primaries
longest and equal, the seeond is equal to the sixth and the first
to the eighth. The tail is slightly rounded at the tip and about
seven-eighths the length of the wing. The tarsus exceeds the
length of the exposed culmen by about one-fourth. Coloration :
male and female different.

Key to the Species.

A. Crown of head black like the back..
a. Larger, wing more than 80 mm.
a’, General colour black............... Ti rufus, &, p. 532.
b’. General colour rufous ............... T. rufus, 2, p. 532.
&. Smaller, wing less than 80 mm. 7
ce’. General colour of upper surface
black; shoulder of wing red ...... T. pheniceus, 3, p. 533.
d’. General colour of upper surface
dusky-brown, tinged with grey on

the head . seeeeeee D pheeniceus, 2, p. 533.

. Head black like the back ; "shoulder
of wing white ...........c cee T. luctuosus, 3, p. 534.

J’. Head grey in contrast to the back,
which is olive-green ............0.4 T. luctuosus, 9, p. 538-4.

B. Crown of head orange in contrast to the
upper back, which is black.
ec. Middle of throat black; Balin wing

more than 80 mm. ...., T. surinamus, 3, p. 535.
g'. Crown of head grey ; ‘ “back dark
OliVE-BYEEN oo... esse ase ceneee eee eee T. surinamus, 2, p. 585,
d. Middle of throat rufous; smaller, wing
less than 80 mmM...............000. 00000 T. intercedens, 3, p. 536.

h'. Crownof headochreouslikethe back. Z. intercedens, 2, p. 536.
2u2

532 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

684. Tachyphonus rufus.
GREATER WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER.

Tanagra rufa Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 44, 1783 (Cayenne).

Tachyphonus nigerrimus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 669, 1848.

Tachyphonus melaleucus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 211 (Bartica Grove) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 206, 1886.

Tachyphonis rufus Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 421 no. 4333,
1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 187, 1917
(Bartica).

Adult male. General colour both on the upper and under
surface glossy blue-black ; flight-quills blackish brown edged with
white on the basal portion of the inner webs; lesser marginal
upper wing-coverts, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner
edges of the quills below white ; remainder of the under surface
of the quills blackish brown ; lower aspect of tail black. “ Bill
and feet black” (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 179 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 88, tail 78,
tarsus 23.

Adult female. Differs entirely from the adult male in being
rufous on the entire upper and under surface, The inner webs of
the flight-quills blackish brown with pale rufous on the inner
margins ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills
below cinnamon-rufous. Wing 80 mm.

The male and female described were collected on the Bonasika
River, 1911.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrécorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana, Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Demerara River, Abary River (McConnell
collection) ; Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne (Jelski),
Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Eastern and
Southern Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 669) that he
usually met with this species singly—rarely in pairs—in the thin
woods near the coast, in the plantations, and in the fields cultivated
by the Indians. He also noticed single individuals among local
migratory flocks.

TACHYPHONUS. 533

685. Tachyphonus phoeniceus.
RED-SHOULDERED TANAGER.

Tachyphonus pheniceus Swains. Anim. in Menag. part iii. p. 311, 1837
(Peru); Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (British Guiana) ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 212 (Merumé Mts., Roraima, 3500 to 5000 ft.) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 208, 1886 (Merumé Mts.,
Roraima); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 421, no. 4335,
1912.

Adult male. General colour both on the upper and under
surface glossy black with a bluish sheen on the upper parts;
lesser upper wing-coverts scarlet-red with white bases to the
feathers; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner margins of
flight-quills, on the basal portion, pure white.

Total length 155 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 71, tail 62,
tarsus 11.

Adult female. General colour on the upper surface dark dusky-
brown, including the crown of the head, sides of the face, sides of
the neck, hind-neck, back, wings, and tail; the small upper wing-
coverts on the bend of the wing slightly rufescent ; throat and
middle of abdomen isabelline-white ; sides of body, thighs, and
under tail-coverts slate-grey ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
white; under surface of flight-quills-and lower aspect of tail dark
brown. Wing 70 mm.

The male and female described above were collected by
Mr. McConnell at Mount Roraima during his expedition in
October 1898.

An immature male, collected on the Abary River in September
1906, is similar in its general colour of plumage to the adult
female and differs only in being streaked with dull white and
pale brown. The first approach of male plumage is represented
by a small spot of black on one side of the throat.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Abary River
(McConnell collection); Mount Roraima and Merumé Mountains
(Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Northern Brazil, Peru.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

534 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

686. Tachyphonus luctuosus.
Lesser WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER.

Tachyphonus luctuosus Lafr. V’Orb. Syn. Av. p. 29, Mag. de Zool. 1837
(Guarayos, Bolivia); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 211 (Bartica Grove) ;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 208, 1886 (Bartica Grove) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 421, no. 4334, 1912; Beebe,
Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 137, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. General colour of both the upper and under
surface glossy blue-black ; lesser upper wing-coverts white as are
also the axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner edges of the
quills below ; inner webs of flight-quills above paler than the
outer webs, with white margins towards the base; under surface
of the quills blackish ; lower aspect of tail black. “ Bill black,
plumbeous at base ; feet black” (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.).

Total length 120 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 60, tail 50,
tarsus 18.

The male described was collected at Bartica, 1912.

Adult female. Crown of head, nape, and sides of face slate- grey ;
back, wings, and tail yellowish green ; inner webs of flight-quills
dark brown with pale inner edgings; throat yellowish white :
breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts yellow ; sides of breast
and sides of body darker and more yellowish grey ; axillaries,
under wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills on the under
surface whitish; remainder of quill-lining pale brown; lower
aspect of tail yellowish brown. Wing 59 mm.

The female described was collected at Kamakabra River in
191i.

The young male in its first plumage is similar to that of the
adult female. An immature bird from the Makauria Niver,
which is in the transitional plumage, shows the black. feathers
of the adult male approaching on the head, back, wings, and
under surface. There is also one from the Anarica River,
which show only slight remains of youth on the back and
abdomen.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Fggs. Undeseribed from British Guiana,

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Bartica, Kamakabra River, Makauria River, Anarica River
(MeConnell collection) ; Bartica (Whitely).

TACHYPHONUS, 535

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Trinidad, Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Bolivia.
Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

687. Tachyphonus surinamus.
FuLvous-cRESTED TANAGER.

Turdus surinamus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 297, 1766 (Surinam).

Tachyphonus ochropygos Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 668, 1848.

TLachyphonus surinamus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 212 (Bartica Grove,
Merumé Mts., Camacusa, Atapurau River, Roraima, 3500 to
4000 ft.)!; Selater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 211, 1886 (Bartica
Grove, Merumé Mts., Atapurrow River); Brabourne & Chubb, B.
8. Amer. i. p. 421, no. 4339, 1912.

Tachyphonus surinamus ‘surinamus Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in
British Guiana, p. 1387, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. General colour of the plumage, both on the upper
and under surface, glossy black, including the fore-part of the
head, sides of face, back, wings, and tail with steel-blue reflections
on the upper back; middle of crown crange-colour fading to
straw-yellow on the nape; rump pale fawn-colour; lesser upper
wing-coverts, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner margins
of flight-quills, on the basal portion, pure white; some of the
feathers on the lower flanks tipped with deep chestnut.

Total length 156.mm., exposed culmen 14, wing 85, tail 71,
tarsus 18.

The specimen described above was collected on the Ituribisi
River in November 1908.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface yellowish
green, including the sides of the face, entire back, wings, and
tail ; crown of head and nape slate-grey ; inner webs of flight-
quills dark brown; under surface, including the throat, breast,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts, fawn-colour; axillaries and
under wing-coverts white; under surface of flight-quills and
lowér aspect of tail dark brown. Wing 80 mm.

The female described was collected on the Anarica River.

Immature male. In its first plumage is similar to’the adult
female, the first approach of the male dress, in this specimen,
being on the sides of the breast and abdomen.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Fggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

536 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam River,
Makauria River, Abary River, Tiger Creek, Arwye River
(AfcConnell collection); Merumé Mountains, Kamarang River,
Bartica ( W hitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Linné), Venezuela, North Brazil
(Mandos).

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 668) that he
met with this species in the thinly wooded districts near the
coast and in the plantations.

688. Tachyphonus intercedens.
ALLIED Crestrep TANAGER.

Tachyphonus eristatus (nec Gmel.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii.
p. 668, 1848; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 212 (Bartica Grove, Ataparau
River); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 210, 1886 (Bartica
Grove, Merumé Mts., River Atapurow).

Tachyphonus intercedens Berlepsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 118 (Bartica Grove) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 421, no. 4842, 1912.

Tachyphonus cristatus intercedens Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British
Guiana, p. 137, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. General colour, voth above and below, black ; fore
part of head and crest bright orange ; back dark straw-colour ;
inner lesser upper wing-coverts white ; inner webs of flight-quills
blackish, margined with white, which increases in extent towards
the innermost secondaries, where it occupies:the entire basal
portion of the feathers ; middle of throat orange-buff ; axillaries,
under wing-coverts, and inner margins of quills below white.

Total length 158 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 77, tail 69,
tarsus 19, middle toe and claw 15,

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface ochreous-
brown, including the top of the head, sides of face, back, wings,
and tail; inner webs of flight-quills blackish brown with buffy-
white margins; upper tail-coverts rust-colour ; tail rather darker
than the back; under surface ochreous-yellow ; under wing-
coverts buff. Wing 75 mm.

The immature male in its first plumage is similar to the adult
female, and one of .the first approaches of the male attire are the
orange-coloured feathers on the crown of the head.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

TACHYPHONUS.—EUCOMETIS, 537

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Ituribisi River, Supenaam
River, Anarica River, Arawai River, Great Falls Demerara
River (McConnell collection); Merumé Mountains, Kamarang
River, Bartica ( Whitely).

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 668)
this species is also more common near the coast than inland.
Single individuals were observed by him among the flocks of
Fringilide, Tangaride, Tyrannide, and Carebide that traverse
the woods and plantations in search of insect food. This custom
took place morning and afternoon of each day, the birds following
in the same direction on each occasion.

Genus EUCOMETIS Scl.
Eucometis Sclater, P. Z. 8, 1856, p. 117. Type E. peniedilata (Spix).

Fig. 194.—Hucometis penicillata.

This genus is. easily distinguished by the well-developed crest,
which covers the top of the head and nape. The rictal bristies are
numerous but short. The bill is somewhat short and stout, the
width at the base being more than half the length of the exposed
culmen; the tip of the upper mandible is slightly hooked, but there
is no tooth on its cutting edges. The wing is rounded, the second,
third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and subequal, and the
first is intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh.
The tail is rounded at the tip and almost as long as the wing. The
tarsus is nearly a third longer than the exposed culmen, which is
about equal in length to the middle toe and claw. Coloration :

male and female alike in plumage, but the female is smaller in
wing-measurement.

538 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

689. Hucometis penicillata.
GREY-AND-WHITE Crestrep TANAGER.

Tanacra penicillata Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 36, pl. xlix. 1825 (Brazil).
Hucometis penicillata Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 217, 1886;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 422, no. 4350, 1912.

Adult male. Entire back, wings, and tail citron-yellow ; inner
webs of flight-quills dark brown ; crown of head, sides of face,
and hind-neck ash-grey, much paler and inclining to white on the
crest, and much darker on the base of the forehead ; the feathers
in front of the eye are short and bristly in texture; throat greyish
white ; remainder of the under surface orange-yellow including
the axillaries and under wing-coverts ; under surface of flight-
quills dark brown, tinged with buff on the margins.

Total length 174 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 95, tail 81,
tarsus 22.

The specimen described was collected on the Abary River in
June 1906.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 85 mm.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana,

Jiggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Abary River (McConnell collection).

Eatralimital Range. Northern Brazil, Colombia, Mcuador, East
Peru.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus MITROSPINGUS Ridgw.
Mitrospingus Ridgway, Auk, 1898, p. 225. Type ML. cassini (Lawr.).

Fig. 195.—Mitrospingus oleagineus,
‘The species on which this genus was founded is somewhat

large in size and dull in coloration. The bill is proportionately
short, its width at the base being more than half the length of the

MITROSPINGCS. 539

exposed culmen; the tip of the upper mandible is slightly hooked.
~The wing is rounded, the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries
are longest and subequal, the second about equal in length to the
seventh and the first to the ninth. The tail is rounded at the tip
and nearly as long as the wing. The tarsus exceeds the length
of the exposed culmen by about three-fifths. Coloration: male
and female similar.

690. Mitrospingus oleagineus.
Satvin’s Crested TAaNnacer.
Eucometis oleaginea Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 500 (Twek-quay Mountain,

Carimang River),

Mitrospingus oleagineus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 423,
no. 4355, 1912.

Adult. General colour of the upper surface dark citron-yellow,
including the top of the head, hind-neck, entire back, upper tail-
coverts, upper wing-coverts, and outer aspect of flight-quills ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish ; inner webs of flight-
quills also blackish becoming paler on the margins; tail blackish ;
fore part of head and sides of face dark lead-colour; throat
similar but rather paler; the feathers on the lores are bristly in
texture ; breast, abdomen, sides of body, under tail-coverts, and
axillaries old-gold yellow; thighs green; under wing-coverts
grey ; under surface of quills dark brown; lower aspect of tail
similar but paler and having whitish shafts to the feathers.

Total length 187 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 96, tail 81,
tarsus 27,

The specimen described was collected at Mount Roraima by
Mr. McConneil during his expedition in October 1898.

Another specimen in the McConnell collection is similar to the
one described, while a third one differs in the almost entire
absence of grey on the forehead, sides of face and throat. The
latter is most probably a young bird. It may be remarked,

however, that neither of the specimens cited above has been
sexed,

Breeding-season. Unknown.
Nest. Unrecorded.
Eggs. Undescribed.

540 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

Range confined to British Guiana, Mount Roraima (McConnell _
collection) ; Mount Twek-quay ( Whitely).
Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus NEMOSIA Vieill.

Nemosia Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Ornith. p. 82, 1816. Type WV. pileata
(Bodd.).

Fig. 196.— Nemosia pileata.

The species that comprise this genus are birds of small size.
The bill is proportionately long, slender, and pointed, its width at
the base being equal to about two-thirds the length of the exposed
culmen. The wing is rounded, the four outer primaries are
longest and equal. The tail is square at the tip and about five-
eighths the length of the wing. The tarsus exceeds the length
of the exposed culmen by about one-half. Coloration: male
and female slightly different.

691. Nemosia pileata.
Hoopep TANAGER.

Tanagra pileata Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 45, 1783 (Cayenne).
Nemosia pileata Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 223, 1886; Brabourne
& Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 428, no. 4361, 1912.

Adult male. Nape, entire back, wings, and tail lavender-blue ;
bastard-wing and primary-coveris black; inner webs of flight-
quills blackish with margins ; tail-feathers also blackish on the
inner webs, which are narrowly edged with white and dark obsolete
cross-bars on the outermost feathers; crown of head, sides of
face, and a line down the side of the neck, which extends to the sides
of the breast, black ; chin, throat, and a loral streak which extends
to the eye, white, like the under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts;
breast, abdomen, and sides of body pale lavender-blue, inclining
to white on the middle of the abdomen; under surface of flight-
quills dark brown with white edges ; lower aspect of tail bluish grey.

NEMOSIA.—HEMITHRAUPIS. 541

Total length 117 mm., exposed culmen 10, wing 70, tail 43,
tarsus 19.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface lavender-
blue, including the head, back, wings, and tail; under surface for
the greater part white tinged with pale fawn-colour on the throat
and a wash of blue on the breast, abdomen, and sides of body.
Wing 66 mm.

The specimens described were collected on the Abary River in
July and November 1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Egys. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Abary River (MeConnell collection).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Cayenne, Brazil, Vene-
zuela, Colombia.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus HEMITHRAUPIS Cab.

Hemithraupis Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 21,1850. Type H. ruficapilla
(Vieill.).

The species included in this genus are also birds of small size.
The bill is pointed, its width at the base is equal to about half the
length of the exposed culmen and the tip of the upper mandible
is slightly hooked. The wing is rounded, the second, third, and
fourth primaries longest and equal, the first is intermediate in
length between the fourth and fifth. The tail is square at the
tip and about five-sevenths the length of the wing. The tarsus
exceeds the length of the exposed culmen by about one-third.
Coloration : male and female different.

Key to the Species.

A. Crown of head and mantle blackish in
contrast to the back, which is bright
yellow; throat yellow ........ . H. hellmayri, 3, p. 542.
a. Crown of head and back anroke: town AX, helimayri, 2, p. 542.
B. Crown of head and mantle bronze-green
in contrast to the back, which is bright
fawn-colour; throat black ., whe Hi. roraime, 6, p. 542.
b. Crown of head and back k yellowish
olive-green .........05 ase HH. roraime, 2, p. 548.

542 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

692. Hemithraupis hellmayri.
Merumit Tanacer.

Hemithraupis hellmayri Berlepsch, Verh. v. Intern. Orn. Kongr.
Berlin, 1910, p. 1082, 1912 (Merumé Mts.); Brabourne & Chubb,
B. 8. Amer. i. p- 424, no. 4369, 1912.

Nemosia guira Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 212 (Merumé Mts.).

Nemosia flavicollis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 225 part, 1886
(Merumé Mts. ).

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, sides of neck, hind-
neck, mantle, scapulars, wings, and tail blackish brown; back,
upper tail-coverts, throat, and under tail-coverts bright yellow ;
some of the primary-quills white at the base, which forms a more
or less obscured wing-speculum ; breast, abdomen, and sides of
body greyish white becoming yellowish on the vent; axillaries,
under wing-coverts, and base of quills below white ; remainder of
-quill-lining blackish brown ; lower spect of tail similar but rather
paler and having whitish shafts to the feathers.

Total length 118 mm., exposed culmen 12, wing 71, tail 52,
tarsus 17.

Aduli female. Differs from the adult male in being smoke-
brown on the upper surface with yellowish fringes to the wing
and tail-feathers and dull yellow on the under parts. Wing 63 mm.

The specimens described were collected at the Great Falls
Demerara River, August 1912.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Merumé Mountains ( Whitely).

Habits. Unrecorded.

693. Hemithraupis roraime.
Rorama Gurra TANAGER.
(Plate VIII. figs. 1, 2.)

Nemosia guira Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p.212 (part) (Roraima, 8000-4000 ft.) ;
‘Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 224 (part), 1886 (Roraima).
Nemosia guira roraime Hellmayr, Bull. Brit, Orn. Cl. xxv. p. 88, 1910

(Mt. Roraima).
Hemithraupis roraime Brabourne & Chubb, B. §. Amer. i. p. 425,
no. 4377, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, hind-neck, mantle, upper back,

HEM1THRAUPIS.—-LAMPROSPIZA. 543,

wings, and tail yellowish green ; inner webs of flight-quills dark
brown with pale margins; lower back and rump bright fawn-
colour like the fore-neck ; upper and under tail-coverts, sides of
neck, lores, and a line over the eye yellow; throat and sides
of face black; sides of body and thighs ash-grey ; middle
of abdomen pale yellow ; under wing-coverts and inner margins
ot quills below white; remainder of quill-lining dark brown ;
lower aspect of tail similar to its upper surface.

Total length 124 mm., exposed culmen 11, wing 67, tail 49,
tarsus 16.

The male described was collected on the Abary River in July
1906.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the upper
surface yellowish olive-green, including the top of the head, sides
of face, sides of neck, nape, entire back, upper tail-coverts, wings,
and tail; inner webs of flight-quills dark with whitish margins ;
throat and remainder of under surface pale yellow; sides of body
grey; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and base of quills below
white, remainder of quill-lining hair-brown. Wing 65 mm.

The female described was collected at Mount Roraima by
Mr. McConnell during his expedition in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

West. Unrecorded,

Eggs. Undeseribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima, Abary
River (McConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima ( Whitely).

Halits. Unrecorded.

Genus LAMPROSPIZA Cab.

Lamprospiza Cabanis, Arch. fiir Naturg. pt. i. p. 246, 1847. Type
L. melanoleuca (Vieill.).

Fig. 197.—Lamprospiza charmest.

In this genus the bill is pointed and somewhat large in

544 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

proportion to the size of the bird itself. Its width and depth at the
base are equal, which is about two-thirds the length of the exposed
culmen ; the tip of the upper mandible is slightly hooked, but there
is no trace of a tooth on its cutting edges. There is a tuft of
velvet-like feathers immediately behind the nostrils. The wing is
rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries are longest and
equal, the first is slightly shorter than the fourth but much longer
than the fifth. The tail is square at the tip and about two-thirds
the length of the wing. The tarsus exceeds the length of the
exposed culmen by about one-third. Coloration: male and
female slightly different.

694. Lamprospiza charmesi.
Cuarmer’s BLACK-AND-WHITE SHINING TANAGER.

Lamprospiza charmesi Penard, Vogels van Guyana, ii. p. 463, 1910.

Lamprospiza melanoleuca Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 430,
no. 4429 part, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana,
p- 187, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male, Entire upper surface glossy blue-black like the
throat and a band of feathers on each side of the breast and the
thighs ; inner webs of flight-quills dull black with pale margins ;
sides and middle of breast, abdomen, sides of body, under tail-
coverts white, like the axillaries, under wing-coverts, and base of
flight-quills below ; remainder of quill-lining dull blackish like
the lower aspect of the tail.

Total length 150 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 90, tail 61,
tarsus 22,

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being ash-grey on
the hind-neck, entire back, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars.
Wing 90 mm.

Habits. Beebe (Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 137)
records this species from Bartica, which, so far as I have been able
to gather, is the first known occurrence of the species in the
colony. It may be mentioned, however, that Messrs. ._Penard
(Vogels van Guyana, ii. p. 463) described a new form of this
species, founded on its larger wing-measurement, viz., 9°5. This
does not appear to be of any great importance, however, when we
find that the wing-measurement of some of the Cayenne birds
reaches 9°1. If, on the other hand, Messrs. Penard’s bird should

LAMPROSPIZA.—CISSOPIS, o45

prove to be a separate form, it is most probable that the bird
recorded by Beebe from Bartica will be the same species. I profer,
therefore, to designate it as such until further material shall
prove it otherwise.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

éggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Bartica (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard).

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus CISSOPIS Vieull.

Cissopis Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Ornith. p. 40, 1816. Type C. leveriana
(Gmel.).

Fig. 198.—Cissopis leveriana.

This genus is easily recognised by its black and white coloration,
long and graduated tail, and Shrike-like bill. Coloration: male
and female similar.

695. Cissopis leveriana.
Magpie TANAGER.

Eanius leverianus Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 802, 1788 (Guiana).
Cissopis minor Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 677, 1848.
Cissopis media (Bonap.) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 213 (Bartica Grove).
Cissopis leveriana Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 299, 1886 (Bartica
Grove); Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i. p. 480, no. 4432, 1912 ;
Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 1387, 1917 (Bartica).
Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, neck all round,
mantle, throat, breast—extending into a narrow point—to the
middJe of the abdomen ‘glossy blue-black, the feathers being
Janceolate in form; back, upper tail-coverts, lesser and median |
upper wing-coverts pure white, like the sides of the breast, flanks,

' VOL, II. : 2N

546 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts ;
bastard-wing and greater upper wing-coverts black with more or
less white at the tips; primary-coverts and flight-quills black,
some of the secondaries margined with white; tail black with
white tips to the feathers which increases in extent on the outer
ones; under surface of flight-quills blackish ; lower aspect of
tail similar to its upper surface. “Bill black ; legs, toes, and
claws black ; eye yellow” (H. Whitely).

Total length 235 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 108, tail 116,
tarsus 28.

The specimen described was collected on the Mazaruni River
in 1905.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, both in colour and
measurements,

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Mazaruni River, Ituribisi River
(McConnell collection) ; Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela.

Halits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 667) that he met
with this bird in small flocks, usually in thin woods and in the fields
cultivated by the Indians. He did not observe it on the open
coast, but it was somewhat common near the Pomeroon, Barima,
Barama, and Aruka rivers. He always found it on medium
sized trees, and never once saw it on the ground. Its nidification
was unknown to him. The “ Warraus” called it Quahorum and
the “ Arawaaks” Ibidiru.

Genus SCHISTOCHLAMYS Reichenb..

Schistochlamys Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. Tab. lxxvii., 1850. ‘Type
S. capistratus (Wied.).

Fig. 199.—Schistochlamys atra,

The species on which this genus was founded may be easily
distinguished by the black and grey coloration. The bill is short

SCHISTOCHLAMYS. 547

and stout, its width at the base is more than half the length of
the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the second, third,
fourth, and fifth primaries longest and subequal—the first is about
equal in length to the seventh. The tail is rounded at the tip
and about seven-eighths the length of the wing, and the tarsus is
nearly twice the length of the exposed culmen. Coloration:
male and female different.

696. Schistochlamys atra.
BLACK-FACED GREY TANAGER.

Tanagra atra Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 898, 1789 (Gujanae).

Saltator ater Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 677, 1848.

Orchesticus ater Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 218 (Merumé Mts., Roraima,
3500 to 5000 ft.).

Schistochlamys atra Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 301, 1886
(Roraima, Merumé Mts.); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i.
p. 431, no. 4437, 1912.

Adult male. Fore part of head, sides of face, chin, and throat
soot-black ; nape, hind-neck, entire back, upper tail-coverts, and
wings lead-grey ; inner webs of flight-quills blackish with white
margins ; outer edges of flight-quills like the back ; tail black,
some of the feathers fringed with lead-grey and edged with white
at the tips; sides of neck, breast, sides of body, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts also lead-grey but paler than the back; axil-
laries, under wing-coverts, and inner edges of quills below greyish
white ; remainder of quill-lining dark brown; lower aspect of
tail similar with pale shafts to the feathers and whitish edges at
the tips.

Total length 173 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 84, tail 75,
tarsus 21.

The male described was collected on the Bonasika River in 1911.

Adult female. Differs from the male in the absence of the
black on the top of the head, sides of face, and throat, the general
colour both on the upper and under surface yellowish green, being
paler on the latter. Wing 78 mm. —

The specimen described was collected on the Abary River in
September 1906.

The young male in its first plumage is similar to the female,
as is shown by a specimen collected on the Ituribisi River in
1909, in which the black plumage of the male is approaching
on the crown of the head, sides of face, and throat.

2n2

548 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana. :

Range in British Guiana; Mount Roraima, Ituribisi River,
Bartica, Bonasika River, Abary River, Berbice River (McConnell
collection) ; Countyn River (im Thurm) ; Mount Roraima, Merumé
Mountains ( Whitely). tie : =

Extralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Venezuela, Colombia,
Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.

Habits. Unresordad in British Guiana.

Family ICTERIDA.

This family, which is confined to the New World only, is
distributed throughout its area; from Canada in the north
through the United -States to Central America, and the West
India Islands, thence to South America extending to the Straits
of Magellan. When Brabourne & Chubb published their ‘ List of
Birds of South America’ in 1912, twenty-six genera and ninety-
eight species were represented. Thirteen of the genera and
twenty of the species are known to occur in British Guiana.

Genus OSTINOPS Cab.

Ostinops Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 187, 1851. Type O. decumanus
(Pall.).

ey

Fig. 200.—Ostinops decumanus.

The species-that comprise this genus are birds of large size and
are easily distinguished by the long and sharply pointed bill with

OSTINOPS: 549

its frontal shield at the base of the forehead. The head is crested.
The wing is rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries
longest and equal, the first is intermediate in’ length between
the fifth and sixth. The tail is rounded at the tip and graduated,
and about nine-tenths the length of the wing. The ‘tarsus is
about two-thirds the length of the culmen, including the frontal
shield. Coloration: male and female similar.

‘Key to the Species.

A. General colour of plumage black................ O. decumanus, p. 549,
B. General colour of plumage bronze-green....... O. viridis, p- 552.

697. Ostinops decumanus.

*

GREAT ORESTED CACIQUE.

Xanthornus decumanus Pallas, Spic. Zool. fase. vi. p. 1,1769 (Surinam).

Cassicus cristatus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 680, 1848.

Ostinops decumanus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 217 (Bartica Grove); Sclater,
Cat. B, Brit. Mus. xi. p. 315, 1886 (Bartica Grove); Quelch,
Timehri (2) iv. p. 102, 1890 (Great Falls), op. cit. v. p. 85, 1891
(Georgetown); Lloyd Price, tom. cit. p. 62 (nests and eggs);
C. A. Lloyd, op. cit. xi. p. 5, 1897 (nesting habits); Brabourne &
Chubb, B. 8. Amer. 1. p. 482, no. 4445, 1912.

Ostinops decumanus decumanus ‘Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British
Guiana, p. 187, 1917 (Bartica).

“Large Yellow-tailed Black Bunyas” (Quelch).

Adult male. General colour both on the upper and under
surface glossy black, including the head, upper back, wings, and
middle tail-feathers, on the upper parts, sides of face, throat,
-breast, sides of body, abdomen, thighs, under wing-coverts, and
quill-lining, on the under surface ; lower back, rump, upper and
under tail-coverts dark chestnut; tail bright yellow. “Bill
white ; feet black” (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.).

“Total length 465 mm., culmen (including the frontal shield) 69,
wing 247, tail. 200, area 48.

The seeshuan described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
October 1908.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, and differs only in
shaving a shorter crest and smaller measurements.

Total length 345 mm., exposed culmen 55, wing 178, tail 149,
‘tarsus 45.

The female of this species is not represented i in the MeConnell

550 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

collection, and the specimen described above is in the British
Museum, collected by Henry Whitely at Bartica on October 3,
1879, Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. ‘ Suspended from the ends of the branches of high trees,
often the coco-nut and cabbage palms. They are made of dry
grass and coco-nut fibre, interwoven with dry sticks and are
about five feet long. The entrance is a small hole near the top”
(Lloyd Price).

' Eggs. “Two in number, white, thickly streaked and blotched
with pink”? (Lloyd Price).

Range in British Guiana. Ituribisi River (McConnell collection) ;
Bartica (Whitely); Great Falls Demerara River, Georgetown
(Quelch). °

Extralimital Range. South America, from Tobago, Trinidad,
Colombia to Bolivia, Paraguay, and South Brazil—extending to
Panama in Central America.

Habits. Regarding the habits of this bird Schomburgk writes
(Reis. Guian. i. p. 187) :—‘ Rowing up stream on the Barima
River, we saw the long purse-shaped nests of Cassicus cristatus in
large numbers hanging from the branches of an enormous tree on
the bank of the river; I counted about three hundred. It is
curious that these birds congregate in the breeding-season, and
still more curious that they select the same trees and same
branches on which Vespa nidulans and V. morio had already built
their nests, and these three form a Guild against which none of
their numerous enemies—such as monkeys and tiger-cats —dare
to enter for the purpose of raiding eggs and young. But all life
and merriment ceased when the report of our guns frightened the
harmless inhabitants to such a degree that all the adult birds flew
off and remained away for some considerable time.”

According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 680) this species
is distributed throughout British Guiana. It is always found in
large flocks even during the breeding-season. He had counted as
many as three to four hundred in one tree. The Indians use the
yellow tail-feathers of these birds as a special ornament, and the
birds are persecuted everywhere on that account. ‘The bird
‘possesses a very peculiar scent. The Indians call it Konuh.

The following note is copied from Mr. H. Lloyd Price (Timehri
(2) v. p. 62):—“*Similar nests to those of the Plantain-bird will

OSTINOPS. 551

occasionally be seen suspended from the ends of the branches of
high trees, often the coco-nut and cabbage palms. These are the
nests of the Bunyah .(Ostinops decumanus). They are made of
dry grass and coco-nut fibre, interwoven with dry sticks, and are
about five feet long. A quantity of dry leaves are placed at the
bottom of the nest, in which the eggs are completely hidden. The
entrance is a small hole near the top. The eggs, two in number,
are white, thickly streaked and blotched with pink.”

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 85), who observed this
species in Georgetown, remarks :—“ At the back of the Botanic
Gardens, along the Lamaha Canal, on the outskirts of the town,
the black Bunyah (Ostinops decumanus) will occasionally be met
with. It may be taken as a typical member of the Hangnests or
Icterine family, its nest being several feet in length and purse-
shaped, suspended from the ends ‘of branches, generally near, or
over water. There are more than 100 members of this group of

‘birds and all confined to America, where they take the place of
the starlings. They are known by various names, such as
Cassiques, Hangnests, Troupials, Orioles, etc., and many of them
are gifted with great powers of song, while others are imitative
to a remarkable degree, such as the common Mocking-bird of
Guiana (Cassicus persicus), which does not occur within the
immediate neighbourhood of the city.”

Mr. C. A. Lloyd (Timehri (2) xi. p. 5), writing on the Nesting
of some Guiana Birds, remarks :—‘“The mosquito worm also
attacks the young of the Red and Yellow-backed Mocking Birds
(Cassicus affinis and C. persicus). Mr. Barshall informs me that
these birds are frequently made the victims of another member of
their family, Cassidix oryzivora, which deposits its eggs in their
nests, and imposes upon them the task of rearing it’s young. I
have myself taken the eggs of this bird from the nests of the
large Black “ Bunyah” (Ostinops decumanus), but never could
ascertain anything further concerning their history.

“ Most of our Cassiques resort to trees already occupied by
colonies of wasps for the purpose of building their nests. I sup-
pose this is for protective purposes, but then, why have not all of
our birds developed the same habit? A marauding monkey or
snake would be just as likely to attack and rob the nest of a
pigeon or dove as it would that of a Cassique.”

ou
Or
ke

BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

698. Ostinops viridis.
Great GREEN CACcIQuE.

Or riolus viridis P. L. S. Miiller, Syst. Nat. Sapp p. 87, Lae
(Cayenne).

Chusiows viridis Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 680, 1848.

Ostinops viridis Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 217 (Bartica ‘Grove, Merumé

Mountains, Camacusa, Roraima, 3000 ft.) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Mus. xi.

p. 316, 1886 (Roraima, Camacusa, Bartica Grove); Quelch,;
Timehri (2) iv. p. 834, 1890 (Berbice River) ; Beebe, Our Search
for a Wilderness, p. 201, 1910 (Hoorie) ; ‘Brabaurne & Chubb,
B. S. Amer. i. p. 432, no, 4446, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life
in British Guiana, p. 137, 1907 (Bartica).

“Green Bunyas” (Quelch).

Adult male. General colour of both the upper and under parts
yellowish green, including the head and neck all round, back,
upper wing-coverts, breast, abdomen, and under wing-coverts;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills black with
bronze-green outer margins to the secondaries; lower back,
rump, short upper tail-coverts, flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts dark chestnut, the upper wing-coverts are irregularly
marked with the same colour, but somewhat paler ; long upper
tail-coverts bronze-green like the middle tail-feathers, the latter
blackish along the shafts; remainder of tail bright yellow both
above and below.

Total length 450 mm., culmen 68, wing. 260, tail mes
tarsus 47, rdadla tee and claw 47,

The specimen from which the description is taken was galleated
on the Ituribisi River in October 1908.

Adult female. Similar in colour of plumage to the adult ale:
but smaller in measurements.

* Total length 390 mm., culmen 59, wing 195, tail 145, tarsus 44,
middle-toe mad claw 44,

The female described was collected on the Damien River.

\ Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. See Beebe, infra, p. 553.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Tier bist
River, Demerara River (McConnell collection) ; Mount Roraima,
Kamarang River, Bartica (W/itely); Upper . Berbice River
(Quelch).

OSTINOPS. 553

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Northern Brazil, Ecuador,
Peru.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guiana, iii. p. 680)
this bird is also found in large flocks throughout British Guiana.
He did not find its nest; but he had observed the male on the
outermost branches of a tree evidently performing courting
attitudes ; holding the branch with its feet and swinging itself
round several times during which it made ‘a peculiar sound—this
performance is repeated several times in succession. When a
flock is approaching ove can hear it quite a long way off
by the sound of its peculiar short note. When searching for
food, which consists of insects and fruit, it flies from tree to tree
and branch to branch in search of it. Schomburgk says that
during his wanderings in the woods flocks have passed over which
must have numbered thousands. He states also that this bird
has a peculiar smell. The ‘“‘ Warraus” call it Konuh and the
“ Macusis” G'uinoh. .

Mr. Quelch (Timehri (2) iv. p. 354), who observed this species
on the Upper Berbice River, remarks: “The green bunyas
(Ostinops viridis) were seen for the only time on the trip, but they
were high up out of range on gigantic moras.”

The following notes have been copied from Beebe (Our Search
for a Wilderness, pp. 36, 201):—‘ Another larger species of
Cassique, dull green in color, built solitary nests, three feet
or more in length, but seldom near the homes of men or wasps.
Here and there in the jungle some lofty tree raised its huge white
bole free of vine and liana . . . . and out on the very tip of one
of its swaying branches the nest was woven—safe from all tree-
climbing enemies. The notes of these birds were like deep
resonant cow-bells, ringing through the.jungle, clear and metallic.

“A pair of Great Green Cassiques had swung their nest from
the tallest limb of a tree standing in the water, and we spent ten
minutes watching the male court his mate. As he uttered his
incoherent medley of liquid cowbell-like notes, he bent his neck,
thrusting his head far downward and forward, and at the same
time throwing both wings forward and around in a semicircle.
As this curious action was completed, the vocal utterance came to
a close and the performance was over.”

554 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

Genus CACICUS Daud.

Cacicus Daudin, Traité; Element. Compl. d’Orn. ii. p. 322, 1800. Type
C. hemorrhous (Linn.).

Fig. 201.—Cacicus cela.

The species on which this genus was founded differs from the
previous genus by its smaller size and the short nuchal crest,
otherwise its general characters are in many respects similar.
There is a tuft of short velvet-like feathers behind the nostrils.
The bill is long and sharply pointed, the depth at its base is about
half its length and the width at the base is rather less than one-
third of its length. The wing is rounded, the second, third, and
fourth primaries are longest and subequal, the first is shorter
than the fifth but much longer than the sixth. The tail is
rounded at the tip and about two-thirds the length of the wing.
The tarsus is about equal in length to the middle toe and claw.
Coloration : male and female similar. ,

Key to the Species.

A. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts

VOM OW vsvicssicinnnnavenumnr cis coe vesmsewceain C. cela, p. 554,
B. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
bright red .........cseccesssereceesseeeeessreeeee CL hemorrhous, p. 557,

699. Cacicus cela.
YELLOW-BA CKED CacIQug.

Parus cela Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 191, 1758 (Guiana).

Oriolus persicus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 161, 1766 (America meridionali).

Cassicus persicus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ili. p. 681, 1848 ; Brown,
Canoe and Camp Life in British Guiana, p. 854, 1876 (Corentyne
River); Salvin, [bis, 1885, p. 217 (Bartica Grove) ; Sclater, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xi. p. 321, 1886 (Bartica Grove); Quelch, Timehri (2)
ii. p. 875, 1888 (Tauraculi district); Lloyd Price, op. cit. (2) v.
p. 62, 1891 (nests & eggs); Quelch, tom cit. p. 86 (Georgetown) ;
C. A. Lloyd, Timehri (2) xi. p. 5, 1897.

CACICUS. 555

Cacicus cela Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i. p. 433, no. 4454,
1912.

Cacicus cela cela Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 137,
1917 (Bartica).

Adult male, General colour, both on the upper and under
surface, glossy black. The lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts,
basal two-thirds of the tail, and a patch on the upper wing-coverts
bright yellow.

Total length 270 mm., culmen 37, wing 158, tail 103, tarsus 30,
middle toe and claw 80,

The male described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
October 1908.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, and differs only in its
smaller size.

Total length 220 mm., culmen 30, wing 120, tail 89, tarsus 27,
middle toe and claw 27.

The specimen described above was collected in the Upper
Takutu Mountains.

Breeding-season. April and May (Schomburgk).

Nest. See Schomburgk, Brown, Lloyd Price, any ris p- 556,

Eggs. See Lloyd Price, infra, p. 556.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Mazaruni River (McConnell collection) ; Corentyne River
Brown); Tauraculi district, Georgetown (Quelch) ; Buartica
( Whitely).

Lxtralimital Range. South America from Colombia and Trinidad
to Bolivia and Southern Brazil.

Habits. In referring to this bird Schomburgk writes (Reis.
Guian. i. p. 90) :—Nothing claimed my attention so much as a
colony of this species which had taken possession of an unusually
large Bombax globosum close to my windows. I never before
had heard such a babel among birds, whose number on this
enormous tree were busy repairing and building their purse-
shaped nests, The capability of this bird to imitate the voice
and cry of every living quadruped or bird near, has procured
for it the name of “ Mocking-bird.” It is impossible to imagine
a more restless and noisy Warbler. If the animals and other
birds are quiet it will immediately commence its own somewhat
pleasant song. Should a Toucan suddenly emit its deep sounding
note this bird, without a moment’s hesitation, imitates it. Should

556 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

a Woodpecker give an unusually loud call—as it sometimes does—
this bird follows with a similar sound at once. The bleating
of sheep is imitated equally well.. But should there be a
cessation of noises among the birds and mammals then this bird
starts his own song again—until perchance a duck on some neigh-
bouring water sounds forth its well-known quack quack, which is
also echoed from the tree in which the Yellow-backed Cacique
(Cassicus: persicus) was sitting much to every one’s surprise.
During all these performances the bird turns and twists its head
and body into the most comical attitudes that one cannot. keep
from laughing.

Cassicus persicus and C. hemorrhous breed nearly always in the
same tree and are very friendly to.each other. The imitating
habits appear to cease with the latter as soon as the breeding-
season is. over. The two species separate into flocks when the
nesting period is at an end.

Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 681) that this species is
gregarious during the breeding-season, which is April and May.
The “ Warraus” call it Komiana and the “ Macusis” Taurupia.

The following note is quoted from Mr. Barrington Brown (Canoe
and Camp Life, p. 354) :—‘‘The Yellow-backed Mocking-bird.
Around and almost touching the habitation of the wasps are the
long hanging nests of these birds, in and out of which, during the
breeding-season, their owners go with impunity. The wasps, by
their presence, no doubt, protect the young and eggs of the bird
from the attacks of monkeys, but what service the bird is to the
insect is not so easily understood. .

“Tt seems strange that the : wasps ghautee tolerate the presence
of such ‘busy, noisy, chattering neighbours.”

Mr. Quelch (Timehri (2).ii. p. 375), ating en bieds on the
‘Albany “River, remarks :—‘ Early. next morning we left the
Tauraculi district, obtaining on the way two Lapwings at-the
same swamp where we had procured the one two days before,
besides a very fine specimen of the Yellow-backed a
(Cassicus persicus).”

Mr. Lloyd Price (Timehri (2) v.p. 62), aie on he Nests and
‘Eggs of some Guiana Birds,.remarks :—‘‘ The. Black and yellow
so-called Mocking-Bird (Cassicus persicus).also builds a nest. of
the same shape and materials, but considerably shorter. It is

CACIOUS. ’ 557

curious, but in this nest: two totally ditferent kinds of eggs, both
in size and colour, are almost always to be found. The larger
kind is blue, spotted with black.; the other barely half the size is
white, spotted with red-brown. The shell of the latter is re-
markably thin. Both the Mocking+Bird and the Bunyah build
in colonies, twenty and thirty nests often hanging from the same
tree,” eae es

Mr. J.J. Quelch (tom. cit.) observed this species in Georgetown,
and remarks that Ostinops decumanus is known by various names
—such as Cassiques, Hangnests, Troupials, Orioles, etc.—and
many of them are gifted with great powers of song, while others
are imitative to a remarkable degree, such as the common
Mocking-bird of Guiana (Cassicus persicus), which does not occur
within the immediate neighourhood of the city.

The following note is quoted from Mr. C. A. Lloyd (Timehri (2)
xi. p. 5):—“ Cassicus ‘persicus, the Yellow-backed Mocking-bird:
Their young are also attacked by the mosquito-worm. Mr. Barsball
informs me that these birds are frequently made the victims of
another member of their family, Cassidiz oryzivora, which deposits
its eggs in their nests and imposes upon them the task of rearing
its young.”

700. Cacicus hemorrhous.

BRAZILIAN RED-RUMPED CaAcIQuE.

Oriolus hemorrhous Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 161, 1766 (Brazil).

Cassicus hemorrhous Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 681, 1848.

Casstcus affinis Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 198 (Bartica Grove); Sclater, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xi. p.. 235, 1886 (Bartica Grove); Quelech, Timehri
(2) iv. p. 102, 1890 (Great Falls Demerara River); Lloyd, op. cit.
xi. p. 5, 1897 (nesting habits).

Cacicus affinis Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 187, 1910 (Hoorie
Creek (nesting).

Cacicus hemorrhous Brabowne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 488,
no. 4460, 1912.

Cacicus hemorrhous hemorrhous Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British
Guiana, p. 137, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. General colour both on the upper and under
surface glossy black, with steel-blue reflections. The lower back,
rump, and short upper tail-coverts bright scarlet-red.

Total length 265 mm., exposed culmen 37, wing 178, tail 109,
tarsus 31, ;

558 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male only in being less
glossy and smaller in measurements.

Total length 240 mm., exposed culmen 35, wing 140, tail 85,
tarsus 27.

The specimens described were both collected on the Mazaruni
River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. See Quelch, Lloyd, and Beebe, ut infra.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guaina.

Range in British Guiana. Abary River, Mazaruni River
(McConnell collection) ; Bartica ( Whitely).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, North-east
Brazil.

Habits. Mr. J.J. Quelch, who met with this species at the Great
Falls Demerara River, writes (Timehri (2) iv. p. 102) :—“ Several
of the beautiful Red-backed Hangnests (Cassicus affinis) had been
taken at various points along the river, where they frequented
the large trees in the clearings with dozens of their nests hanging
from the ends of the branches.”

The following note has been copied from Mr. C. A. Lloyd
(Timebhri (2) xi. p. 5) :-—* The Red-backed Mocking Bird. Their
young are also attacked by the mosquito worm. Mr. Barshall
informs me that these birds are frequently made the victims of
another member of their family, Cassidiz oryzivora, which deposits
its eggs in their nests, and imposes upon them the task of rearing
its young.”

The note below has been copied from Beebe (Our Search for a
Wilderness, p. 137) :—‘‘ We saw small colonies of Red-backed
Cassiques resting in isolated Nora trees out in the water; a new
method of protection on the part of these intelligent birds.”

CASSIDIX. 559

Genus CASSIDIX Less.
Cassidix Lesson, Traité d’Orn. p. 433, 1881. Type C. oryzivora (Gmel.).

Fig. 202.—Cassidix oryzivora.

This genus is easily recognised by the flattened culmen on its
posterior portion, where it assumes the form of a frontal plate,
and the elongated feathers on the sides of the neck. The short
velvet-like feathers at the back of the nostrils are present as in
Cassicus. The billis long and sharply pointed, the width and depth
at the base being nearly equal to half the length of the eulmen,
The wing is slightly pointed, the first primary being longest, the
second 5mm. shorter, the third 8mm. shorter, and the fourth
19 mm. shorter than the first. The tail is rounded at the tip and
about two-thirds the length of the wing. The tarsus, which
exceeds the length of the exposed culmen, is equal in measurement
to the middle toe and claw. Coloration: male and female similar.

701. Cassidix oryzivora.
Rice-GRACKLE.

Oriolus oryzivorus Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 886, 1788 (Cayenne).

Scaphidura atra Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 683, 1848.

Cassidix oryzivora Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 219 (Bartica Grove); Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 329, 1886 (Bartica Grove); Lloyd,
Timehri (2) xi. p. 5, 1897 (nesting habits); Brabourne & Chubb,
B.S, Amer. i. p. 434, no. 4466, 1912,

560 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Cassidix oryzivora oryzivora Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness,
p. 394, 1910; id: Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 187,
1917 (Bartica). ‘ ‘ _ BP hee Py

Adult male. General colour on both the upper and under surface
black with glossy steel-blue, violet, and oily reflections.

Total length 340mm., culmen including frontal shield 36,
wing 342, tail 133, tarsus 41, middle toe and claw 39.

The male described was collected on the Ituribisi River in
February 1907. .

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but not so glossy, and
much smaller in size. ?

Total length 253 mm., culmen 29, wing 142, tail 98, tarsus 35,
middle toe and claw 34.

The specimen described was collected on the Abary River in
September 1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. See C. A. Lloyd, infra.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
‘River, Abary River (McConnell collection) ; Bartica (Whitely).

Hatralimital Range. Trinidad, Venezuela, Eastern Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 683) that he met
-with this species in large flocks wandering through the planta-
tions, where they do a considerable amount of harm in damaging
the bananas. He did not observe it nesting. The settlers called
it “ Ricebird.”

According to Mr. ©, A. Lloyd (Timehri (2) xi. p. 5) this
‘species deposits its eggs in the nests of the two Mocking-Birds
(Cassicus affinis and C. persicus) and imposes upon them the task
of rearing its young. I have myself taken the eggs of this bird
from the nests of the large “ Bunyah,” Ostinops decumanus, but
never could ascertain anything further concerning its history.

DOLICHONYX. 561

Genus DOLICHONYX Swains.

Dolichonyx Swainson, Zool. Journ. iii. pl. 351, 1827. Type D. oryzi-
vorus (Linn.).

Fig. 208.—Dolichonyx oryzavorus.

This monotypic genus is easily distinguished by the peculiar
shape of the tail-feathers and by its long and slender claws. The
bill ts stout and pointed ; its depth and width at the base are about
two-thirds the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is slightly
pointed, the two outer primaries being longest and equal. The tail
is rounded at the tip, each feather being acuminated and about
two-thirds the length of the wing. The tarsus, which is pro-
portionately long, is about equal in length to the middle toe and
claw. Coloration: male and female different.

702. Dolichonyx oryzivorus.
BoBo.uink.

Fringilla oryzivora Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 179, 1758 (Cuba).

Dolichonysx oryzivorus Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 218 (Camacusa) ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 331, 1886 (Camacusa); Quelch, Timehri
(2) x. p. 263, 1896; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S, Amer. i. p. 484,
no. 4468, 1912.

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, throat, and entire
under surface, including the under surface of the wing, black,
VOL. Il. 20.

562 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

with yellowish white tips to the feathers; lower aspect of tail
similar to its upper surface; hind-neck and mantle fawn-colour ;
upper back black with whitish or smoke-brown margins to the
feathers ; scapulars white, tinged with pale ochre and grey like
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; upper wing-coverts,
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and flight-quills black with pale
edgings to the feathers; tail blackish with pale brown margins,
chiefly at the tips of the feathers.

Total length 169:mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 95, tail 64,
tarsus 27, middle toe and claw 28.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being straw-
colour on the upper surface, with blackish centres to the feathers
on the head, back, wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail; lores
whitish; sides of face pale yellowish buff; throat yellowish
white; remainder of the under surface lemon-yellow, with a
tinge of buff on the fore-neck and blackish shaft-streaks on the
sides of the body, thighs, and under tail-coverts; axillaries,
under wing-coverts, and inner margins of quills below yellowish
white; outer margin of wing below dotted with pale brown ;
remainder of quill-lining greyish brown; lower aspect of tail
similar. Wing 88 mm.

This species is: not represented in the McConnell collection,
and the specimens described are in the British Museum. - The
male was collected at Merida, Venezuela, and the female from
Kamakusa, the latter was collected by the late Henry Whitely,
Salvin-Godman collection.

Mr. J. J.. Quelch (Timehri (2) x. p. 263, 1896), writing
on the migratory birds in British Guiana, remarks :—‘‘ More
special examples of migrants are to be found in the ‘ Bob-o’link’
or ‘Small Rice-birds,’ etc.”

This species breeds in North America—see A. O. U. Check-list
North American Birds, p. 231, 1910—and winters only in South
America.

Range in British Guiana. Kamakusa ( W hitely).

Extralimital Range. South America generally to Bolivia and
Paraguay.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

MOLOTHRUS. 563

Genus MOLOTHRUS Swains.

Molothrus Swainson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 277, 1832. Type Wf. ater
(Bodd.).

Fig. 204.—Molothrus atronitens.

In this genus the velvet-like tufts of feathers behind the
nostrils are present. The bill is pointed and compressed, the
width and depth at the base are about equal to half the length
of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the second and
third primaries longest and equal, and the first about equal
in length to the fourth. The tail is square at the tip and
about two-thirds the length of the wing. The tarsus is nearly
twice the length of the exposed culmen and the middle toe and
claw about four-fifths the length of the tarsus. Coloration: male

and female different.

703. Molothrus atronitens.
Guossy CowBirD.

Molothrus atronitens Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 682, 1848
(British Guiana); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 337, 1885
(Georgetown); Quelch, Timehri (2) v. p. 86, 1891 (Georgetown) ;
Lloyd Price, tom. cit. p. 65 (nesting habits); Brabourne & Chubb,
B. S. Amer. i. p. 485, no. 4474, 1912; Beebe, Our Search for a
Wilderness, p. 125 (Georgetown) ; id. Tropical Wild Life in British

Guiana, p. 137, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. Crown of head, throat, and neck all round, breast,
abdomen, back, and scapulars glossy purple; wings, tail, upper
and under tail coverts glossy steel-green like the under wing-
coverts ; under surface of flight-quills and lower aspect of tail
shining black.

Total length 191 mm., exposed culmen 16, wing 99, tail 72,
tarsus 25, middle toe and claw 20.

The male described was collected on the Anarica River in

1913.
202

564 RIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Adult female. General colour of the upper parts drab-brown ;
under surface pale dusky-brown.

Total length 170 mm., exposed culmen 15, wing 90, tail 65,
tarsus 25.

The specimen described above was collected on the Abary River
in July 1906.

The young male in its first plumage is similar to the adult
‘female but darker.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. “These birds do not make nests of their own” (Quelch).

eggs. “ Greyish white, thickly spotted with red-brown” (Lloyd
Price).

Range in British Guiana. Anarica River, Abary River (MeCon-
nell collection); Georgetown (Quelch) ; Bartica (Beebe).

Eatralimital Range. Surinam (Penard), Tobago, Trinidad,
Northern Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 682) that he
met with this species in the plantations near the coast and also in
the cultivated fields. He often observed it nesting in the Cocos
and Coal Palms. | :

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 86) observed this species in
Georgetown, and remarks :—‘‘ Another very common member of
this group is the parasitic Lazy-bird (Molothrus atro-nitens),
whose cuckoo-like habits have already been referred to in con-
nection with the commonest of their small victims. They are
more commonly found on the outskirts of the town, where
the wrens suffer from their loose habits much more than in
the town proper. These birds do not make nests of their own,
but deposit their eggs in the nests of smaller birds. It is a
curious feature in their natural history that the parasitic habits
of the Old World cnckoos should be found characteristic of
this genus of birds, while the American cuckoos have normal
nesting habits.”

The following note is quoted from Lloyd Price (Timehri (2) v.
p- 65):—‘‘In this nest (Xanthomus icterocephalus), as well as in
the nest of the Silk Cotton and other small birds, will be some-
times found the egg of a species of bird having the habits of the
Jommon Cuckoo, commonly called by the Creoles the Lazy-bird
(Malothrus atronitens). The egg is greyish white, thickly spotted
with red-brown.”

MOLOTHRUS.—CHRYSOMUS. 565

According to Beebe (Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 125),
“ most of the Cassiques feed usually in flocks, sometimes of great
size. In the deep bush of the interior it is the habit of birds of
many species to search together for food following a set route,
and keeping closely to their time schedule.”

‘Genus CHRYSOMUS Swains.

Chrysomus Swainson, Classif. B. ii. p. 274, 1837. Type C. ictero-
cephalus (Linn.).

Fig. 205.—Chrysomus icterocephalus.

This genus is distinguished by the peculiar shape of the bill,
which is sharply pointed and comptessed, and the sides of the lower
mandible involute; its width at the base is about equal to half the
length of the exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the second,
third, and fourth primaries longest and equal, and the first inter-
mediate in length between the fourth and fifth. The tail is
slightly rounded at the tip and about three-fourths the length of
the wing. The tarsus exceeds the length of the exposed culmen
by about one-third. Coloration: male and female different.

704. Chrysomus icterocephalus.

YELLUW-HEADED MARSH-BIRD.

Oriolus icterocephalus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 163, 1766 (Cayana).

Chrysomus icterocephalus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guain. iii. p. 681,
1848.

Agelaus icterocephalus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 345, 1885
(Georgetown).

Xanthosomus icterocephala Lloyd Price, Timehri (2) v. pp. 64, 65, 1891
(nesting habits; Quelch, t.c. p. 87 (Georgetown).

Agelaius icterocephalus Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 351,
1910; Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 436, no. 4484, 1912.

Adult male, Crown of head, sides of face, throat, and neck all

4

566 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

round bright yellow. Remainder of the plumage, including the
lores, short feathers round the eye, chin, and a narrow line at
the base of the forehead black.

Total length 163 mm., exposed culmen 21, wing 89, tail 66,
tarsus 24.

Adult female. Crown of head, sides of face, hind-neck, and
sides of neck dark citron-yellow, rather paler on the sides of the
crown; entire back, wings, and tail blackish, with pale margins
to some of the feathers and lead-grey bases to the feathers on the
back ; throat and fore-neck bright yellow ; breast, abdomen, and
sides of body drab-grey with a wash of yellow on the breast ;
under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts inclining to soot-black ;
under surface of flight-quills dark brown; lower aspect of tail
similar but darker. Wing 79 mm.

The male and female described were collected on the Abary
River in July 1906.

Immature maie. Soot-black, except the throat and fore-neck,
which is approaching yellow.

This specimen was collected on the Takutu River in 1907.

Breeding-season.. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Nest. ‘Composed of dry cane, trash, and grass, is fastened to
the reeds by its sides, generally nearly the top” (Lloyd Price).

Eggs. “Three in number are pale blue, spotted with black”
(Lloyd Price).

Range in British Guiana. Takutu River, Abary River, Woke-
naam (McConnell collection); Georgetown (British Museum).

Extralimital Range. Trinidad, Venezuela, North Brazil,
Colombia, Peru.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 681)
this species frequents the coast region only with its plantations
and open spaces studded with bushes.

Mr. H. Lloyd Price (Timehri (2) v. pp. 64, 65), writing on the
nests and eggs of some common Guiana birds, remarks :—‘ In
the long reeds and bulrushes common in the trenches of abandoned
cane fields, a small but handsome bird builds. This is sometimes
called the Reed-bird (Xanthosomus icterocephala). The nest, com-
posed of dry cane, trash, and grass, is fastened to the reeds by its
sides, generally nearly the top ; the eggs, three in number, are
pale blue, spotted with black.”

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 87) observed this species

Birds of British Guiana. Vol. If. Pl. X.

Pseudoageleeus imthurni.
Imthurn’s Marsh-Bird.

CHRYSOMUS,—PSEUDOAGELAUS. 567

in Georgetown, and remarks :-—‘ In swampy places on the out-
skirts of the town, but chiefly along the coast, the common small
Yellow-headed Reed-bird (Xanthosomus icterocephalus) will gene-
rally be found in considerable numbers among the low bush and
tall reeds and grasses.”

The following note has been copied from Beebe (Our Search
for a Wilderness, p. 351):——“ Little Yellow-headed Blackbirds.
Few more beautiful sights can be imagined than a cloud of these
birds rising ahead of the train or launch, and scattering far and
wide over and through the reeds. The general colour is a rich
black, which itself contrasts strongly with the green of the
‘savanna. But when we add to this the brilliant yellow head and
neck .... the colour scheme is one which is never forgotten.”

Genus PSEUDOAGELAUS Ridew.

Pseudoageleus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington iii. p. 155, 1901.
Type PB. imthurni (Sclater).

This genus is easily distinguished by the long axillaries and the
long and graduated tail. The bill is long, compressed, and slender ;
its width and depth at the base are about equal in measurement,
which is about one-third the length of the exposed culmen. The
wing is rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries longest
and equal, the first about equal in length to the fifth. The tail is
rounded and graduated, the outermost feather on each side being
about one-fourth shorter than the middle ones, and the entire tail
nearly as long as the wing. The tarsus is slightly longer than the
exposed culmen, which is about equal in length to the middle
toe and claw. Coloration: male and female alike.

705. Pseudoageleus imthurni,
Imruvrn’s Marsu-Birp.

(Plate X.)

Ageleus imthurni Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 218 (Kaieteur Waterfall,
Potaro River); Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 203 (Merumé
Mts.) ; im Thurn, Indians of Guiana, p. 71, pl. v. 1883 (Kaieteur) ;
Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p.13 (Merumé Mts.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 218
(Merumé Mts., Roraima) ; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 344,
1886 (Roraima, Merumé Mts.).

568 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

Adult male. General colour both on the upper and under sur-
face glossy blue-black ; axillaries orange-yellow.

Total length 255 mm., exposed culmen 28, wing 126, tail 115,
tarsus 31.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but smaller. Wing
118 mm,

The specimens described were collected at Mount Roraima by
Mr. McConnell during his expedition in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount .Roraima (MeConnell
collection); Kieteur Falls, Potaro River (JmThurn); Mount
Roraima, Merumé Mountains ( Whitely).

Halts. Unrecorded.

Genus LEISTES Swains.

‘Leistes Swainson, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 191, 1826. Type L. militaris
(Linn.).

Fig. 206.—Leistes militaris.

This genus is readily distinguished by the conspicuous red and
black plumage of the male birds and the prvuportionately long
tarsi and toes. The bill is compressed and sharply pointed; its
width and depth at the -base are about equal, being about two-
thirds the length of the exposed culmen. The wing is emar-
ginate, the innermost secondaries being elongated and nearly
equal in length to the primaries, while the four outer primaries are
longest and equal ; the tail is square at the tip and nearly two-
thirds the length of the wing. The tarsus is about equal in length

LEISTES, 569

to the middle toe and claw, which exceed the length of the
exposed culmen by about one-third. Coloration: male and female
different.

706. Leistes militaris.
CAYENNE RED-BREASTED MARSH-BIRD.

Emberiza militaris Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 178, 1758 (Guiana).

Leistes americanus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ili. p. 681, 1848,

Leisies guianensis Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 218 (Yaruani River, Roraima,
3500 ft.); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 348, 1886 (Roraima,
Georgetown); Lloyd Price, Timehri (2) v. p. 65, 1891 (nesting-
habits) ; Quelch, tom. cit. p. 87 (Georgetown).

Leistes militaris Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 351, 1912
(Abary savannas); Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8, Amer. i. p. 436, no.
4483, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 137,
1917 (Bartica).

“ Colonial Red-breast” (Lloyd Price) ; “‘ Red-breasted Black-

bird” (Beebe).

Adutt male. Crown of head, sides of face, entire back, wings,
and tail black, like the sides of the body, lower abdomen, under
tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts; under surface of flight-
quills and lower aspect of tail Llackish brown.

Total length 167mm., exposed culmen 20, wing 95, tail 59,
tarsus 30, middle toe and claw 30.

The male. described was collected on the Abary River in
November 1906.

Adult male (?in non-breeding plumage). Entire upper surface
black with grey or smoke-brown margins to the feathers, in-
cluding the middle of the crown of the head, back, and wings ;
long upper tail-coverts and some of the tail-feathers barred with
grey; sides of body, lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts
black with whitish margins to the feathers; throat, breast, and
upper abdomen red, the feathers fringed with white.

The specimen described was collected on the Abary River in
July 1906.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface black, with
whitish-buff margins and grey cross-bars to the feathers ; middle
and sides of the crown broadly lined with pale buff ; outer margins
of primary-quills ochreous; lower back, upper tail-coverts, and
tail barred with grey, more broadly on the last ; chin whitish ;

570 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

throat and remainder of the under surface of the body dull
fawn-colour tinged with red on the breast, edge of wing, and
abdomen; streaked with black on the lower flanks and lower
abdomen, and barred with black on the under tail-coverts; axil-
laries and under wing-coverts blackish; under surface of flight-
quills pale brown; lower aspect of tail similar to its. upper surface
but paler. Wing 82 mm.

The breeding-season of this bird, judging from a series of nine
males in the McConnell collection obtained on the Abary River in
July and November 1906, would appear to be during those dates,
as the non-breeding dress seems to be indicated on the black
portion of the plumage by pale margins to the feathers and white
fringes on the red portion. Both of these appear to wear off
during the breeding-season, as the dark portion becomes uniform
black, so the red loses its white fringes and become more brilliant
in November. .

Breeding-season. ? July to November.

Nest. “In open pasture-land, built on the ground” (Lloyd
Price). :

Eggs. “ Brownish-white speckled with light red” (Lloyd Price}.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Abary River (McConnell collection) ;
Mount Roraima ( Whitely); Georgetown ( Quelch); Bartica (Beebe).

Extraltimital Range. Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, North
Brazil, East Peru.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 681) that he
found this species near the coast searching for food on the grass
by the sides of the roads and footpaths, every now and then
flying up perpendicularly into the air about twenty feet emitting a
peculiar note, and returning again just as quickly to the same place.
Its note is somewhat like our Siskin. Although it is one of the
commonest birds in the settlers’ town, I never found its nest. I
met with it now and then on the savannas during the dry season
on the dried-up bogs. Its food consists of insects. Tie
“ Warraus” call it Ohsi and the “ Macusis” Matschikt.

Mr. H. Lloyd Price (Timehri (2) v. p. 65), writing on the
nests and eggs of some common Guiana birds, remarks:—“ In
open pasture-lands the colonial Red-breast (Leistes guwianensis)
builds on the ground ; the eggs are of a brownish-white speckled
with light red.”

LEISTES.—STURNELLA. 571

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 87), who observed this
species in Georgetown, remarks :—‘ Closely related to Xan-
thosomus icterocephalus are the so-cailed Robin Red-breasts
(Leistes guianensis), which are found about the outer parts of the
town, chiefly in grassy and bushy open places.”

The following note has been copied from Beebe (Our Search
for a Wilderness, p. 351) :—“ Red-breasted Blackbirds. Few more
beautiful sights can be imagined than a cloud of these birds rising
ahead of the train or launch, and scattering far and wide over and
through the reeds. The general colour is a rich black, which
itself contrasts strongly with the green of the savanna. But when
we add to this the... . scarlet ‘throats, breasts, and wing edges
.... the colour scheme is one which is never forgotten.”

Genus STURNELLA Vieill.

Sturnella Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Ornith. p. 34, 1816. Type S. magna
(Linn.).

Fig. 207.—Sturnella magna praticola.

This genus, like the previous one, is easily distinguished by its
coloration. The bill is long, slender, and the culmen flattened ; its
width and depth at the base are about equal, which is about one-third
the length of the exposed culmen, the ridge of which is flattened.
The wing is inclined to be emarginate, the inner secondaries
being almost equal in length to the primaries; the second, third,
and fourth primaries are longest and equal, and the first is about
equal to the fifth. The tail is rounded at the tip and the middle
feathers lanceolate at the apex. The tarsus is long, exceeding the
exposed culmen by about one-fourth. Coloration: male and
female similar. ,

572 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Key to the Subspecies.

A. Smaller, wing less than 102 mm.; tail less ,

than 68; lower flanks, thighs, and under

tail-coverts cream-white, with dark brown

elongated centres to the feathers ......... S. m. praticola, p. 572.
B. Larger, wing more than 102 mm.; tail

more than 68; lower flanks, thighs, and

under tail-coverts dark buff, with blackish

elongated centres to the feathers ......... S. m. monticola, p. 573.

707. Sturnella magna praticola.
LowLanp Meapow Starting.

Sturnella ludoviciana Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 682, 1848
(Savannas); Brown, Canoe and Camp Life in British Guiana,
p. 168, 1876 (Curaushinang).

Sturnella meridionalis Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 487,
no. 4498 part, 1912.

Sturnella magna praticola, Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) p. 445,

Oct. 1921.

Adult male. Crown of head dark brown with a broad white line
on each side and one down the centre, the last more or less tinged
with buff; back, wings, and ‘middle tail-feathers smoke-brown,
with dark brown centres and cross-bars to some of the feathers ;
lesser upper wing-coverts grey with dark centres to the feathers ;
bastard-wing blackish brown edged with white; inner webs of
flight-quills dark brown margined with white ; the two outer tail-
feathers on each side white marked with dark brown, or greyish
brown on the outer webs near the tip and on the inner one at the
base, on the third feather the markings on the inner web are much
increased and extend nearly to the tip and take the shape of irre-
gular cross-bars, or tooth-marks, and on the fourth feather the white
is much reduced in extent and forms only a somewhat broad shaft-
line, which is restricted to the inner web; lores and a line above
the eye yellow; sides of face and sides of neck greyish white, the
feathers dotted and fringed with blackish ; throat, breast, edge of
wing and abdomen yellow; a black semi-circular mark on the fore-
neck ; sides of body and under tail-coverts cream-white with dark
brown. shaft-marks to the feathers ;.axillaries and under wing-
coverts white; under surface of flight-quills pearl grey; lower
aspect of tail white laterally, and dark brown marked with grey
on the middle portion.

STURNELLA. 573

Total length 223 mm., exposed culmen 31, wing 100, tail 66,
targus 38, middle toe and claw 33.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but smaller. Wing
92 mm.

The type and female described are also in the McConnell'col-
lection and were both collected on the Abary River in September
1906.

Breeding-season. Unrecorded.

Vest. “ Built on the ground in the grass” (Schomburgk).

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range conjined to British Guiuna, Abary River, Upper Takutu
Mountains (AfeConnell collection); Savannas (Schomburgh) ;
Quango (Whitely) ; Curawashinang (Brown).

Habits. In reference: to this bird Schomburgk writes (Reis.
Guian. iii. p. 682) :-—“ Its favourite haunts are the grassy spots on
the savannas where it runs about in search of food. It is some-
times seen, but very rarely, on the topmost twig of a solitary bush
growing on the savannas.” Schomburgk did not observe its
nesting habits, but the natives told him that the nest was placed
in the grass. The “ Macusis” call it Suruh and the “ Arekunas”’
Turnribet. ‘3

The following note is copied from Barrington Brown (Canoe
and Camp Life in British Guiana, p. 168) :—‘ A Jarge species of
Starling, with a yellow breast, black throat, and snipe-like feathers
on the back. It is provided with a long hind toe on each foot,
terminating in a long spur-like claw, and its beak is sharp and
curved.”

708. Sturnella magna monticola.
Mountain Meapow Star zine,

Sturnella ludoviciana Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 219 (Roraima, 3500 ft.).

Sturnella magna Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 8358, 1886 (Roraima).

Sturnella meridionalis (nec Sclater) Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer.
i. p. 487, no. 4498 part, 1912. ;

Sturnella magna monticola Chubb, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9)
p. 444, Oct. 1921.

Adult male. Differs trom Sturnella magna meridionalis Selater
and S. m. paralios in being chestnut-brown on the upper surface
instead of blackish and the genera] measurements smaller.

574 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Total length 219 mm., exposed culmen 32, wing 106, tail 70,
tarsus 38, middle toe and claw 33.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but smaller.

Total length 209 mm., exposed culmen 28, wing 98, tail 61,
tarsus 35, middle toe and claw 31.

The type, as well as the female described, are both in the
McConneli collection and, were collected by Mr. McConnell at
Mount Roraima during his expedition in October 1898.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Mount Roraima (McConnell
collection).

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus GYMNOMYSTAX Reichenb.

Gymnomystax Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. tab. Ixxiii. 1850. Type
G. mexicanus (Linn.).

Fig. 208.—Gymnomystax mexicanus.

This genus is distinguished chiefly by the bareface. The bill is
long and sharply pointed, its width at the base being equal to about
half the length of the exposed culmen. The nostrils are exposed.
The wing is rounded, the third and fourth primaries are equal,
the second about equal to the fifth, and the first very slightly shorter
than the sixth. The tail is rounded at the tip and nearly as long as
the wing. The tarsus, middle toe and claw, and the exposed
culmen are about equal in length. Coloration: male and female
alike.

* @YMNOMYSTAX.—ICTERUS. 575

709. Gymnomystax mexicanus.
BLACK-AND-YELLOW ORIOLE.

Oriolus mexicanus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 162, 1766 (Cayenne).
Gymnomystax melanicterus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 862, 1886
(Demerara).
Gymnomystax. mexicanus Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 437,
no. 4500, 1912,

Adult male. Crown of head, sides of face, throat, and neck all
‘ round bright yellow, like the breast, abdomen, sides of body,
thighs, under tail-coverts, lesser upper and under wing-coverts ;
remainder of the wings, entire back, and tail black.

Total length 260 mm., exposed culmen 31, wing 132, tail 116,
tarsus 34, middle toe and claw 34.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but smaller. Exposed
culmen 28 mm., wing 123.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the specimens described are in the British Museum.

Breeding-season. Wnknown in British Guiana.

‘Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Demerara (British Museum).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, North Brazil, Peru.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Genus ICTERUS Briss.
Leterus Brisson, Ornith. ii. p. 85, 1760. Type Z. vulgaris Daud.

Fig. 209.—Jcterus xanthornus.

In this genus the region of the eye is feathered. The bill is of
medium length and sharply pointed, its width at the base is equal

576 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

to about one-half the length of the exposed culmen, the nostrils
are exposed, and the culmen is not flattened. The wing is rounded,
the third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and equal, the second
about equal in length to the sixth, and the first about equal to the
ninth. The tail is rounded at the tip, the outer feather on each side
being about one-fourth shorter than the middle ones. ‘lhe tarsus
exceeds the length of the exposed culmen by about one-third, and
the hind toe and claw are about equal in length to the middle toe
and claw. -Coloration: male and female similar, but the latter
less bright.

710. Icterus xanthornus.
YELLOW ORIOLE.

Oriolus zanthornus Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 391, 1788 (Venezuela).

Icterus xanthornus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 680, 1848;
Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 380, 1886 (Georgetown); Lloyd
Price, Timehri (2) v. p. 62, 1891 (nesting habits) ; Quelch, tom. cit.
p. 86 (Georgetown); Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 439,
no. 4516, 1912. ;

Icterus xanthornus xanthornus Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British
Guiana, p. 187, 1917 (Bartica). ;

“Common Yellow Hang-nest or Plaintain-bird ” (Quelch).

Adult male. General colour above and below yellow, including
the top of the head, sidés of face, entire back, upper tail-coverts,
lesser upper wing-coverts, sides of neck, breast, abdomen, sides of
body, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts ; wings and tail
black ; margins of inner secondaries and tips of major-coverts
white; lores and short feathers round the eye black, like the chin,
throat, and fore-neck ; under surface of flight-quills dark brown
with whitish margins ; lower aspect of tail black, slightly edged
with white at the tip.

Total length 192 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 93, tail 83,
tarsus 25.

The specimen described was collected on the Abary River.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but the coloration less
bright. Wing 81 mm.

The female described was collected by the late Henry
Whitely at Quonga, November 1887, now in the British Museum,
Salvin-Godman collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

ICTERUS, 517

vest. “Its bottle-shaped nest, which is suspended to branches
of small trees and bushes, is composed of fine grass”’
(Schomburgk).

Eggs. “Three in number, of a bluish white, spotted and streaked
with black, and not unlike the English Yellow-hammer” (H. Lloyd
Price). .

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi
River, Supenaam River, Abary River (McConnell collection) ;
Georgetown (Quelch); Bartica (Beebe).

Extraiimital Range. North Brazil, Trinidad, Venezuela,
Colombia.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 680)
this species is most commonly observed near the coast in open
spaces where there are solitary trees, also in the plantations and
the fields cultivated by the Indians. It is.always met with in
pairs. Its bottle-shaped nest, which is suspended to branches of
small trees and bushes, is composed of fine grass. The settlers
call it Plaritain-bird and the “ Warraus” call it Ziwitau.

Mr, H. Lloyd Price (Timehri (2):v. p. 62), writing on the nests
and eggs of some of the common Guiana birds, remarks :—
“Almost as plentiful as the Keskeedies are the handsome black
and yellow Plantain-birds (Icterus zanthornus), whose purse-shaped
nests will be seen hanging from the branches of many low trees.
The eggs, three in number, are of a bluish white, spotted and
streaked with black, and not unlike the English Yellow-

hammer.”

Mr. J. J. Quelch (tom. cit. p. 86), when writing on this species
in Georgetown, remarks :—“ In all parts of the town, the common
Yellow Hangnest or Plantain Bird (Jcterus xanthornus) will be
found flying about among the trees, and their long purse-shaped
nests are often to be met with on the outskirts. They are often
caged on account of the brilliancy of their plumage.”

VOL. II. 2P

578 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Genus MELANOPSAR Cass.

Melanopsar Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1867, p. 56. Type
M. chrysocephalus (Linn.).

Fig. 210.—Melanopsar chrysocephalus.

The chief characters that distinguish this genus are the long
and slender bill and the long and graduated tail. The wing is
rounded, the second, third, and fourth primaries are longest and
equal, and the first about equal in length to the sixth. The
tail is rounded at the tip and graduated, the outermost feather on
each side being about one-fourth shorter than the middle ones.
The tarsus is about equal in length to the exposed culmen.
Coloration : male and female similar.

711. Melanopsar chrysocephalus.
MoricHe ORIOLE.

Oriolus chrysocephalus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 164, 1766 (Guana).

Icterus chrysocephalus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. iii. p. 680, 1848 ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 369, 1886 (Roraima, Bartica Grove) ;
Beebe, Our Search for a Wilderness, p. 142, 1910 (Hoorie Creek) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 439, no. 4512, 1912; Beebe;
Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, p. 243, 1917 (Kalacoon).

MELANOPSAR. 579

Adult male. Forehead, sides of face, back, wings, and tail black,
like the throat, breast, abdomen, sides of body, and long under
tail-coverts ; crown of head, nape encroaching on to the sides of
the neck, rump, short upper tail-coverts, lesser and median
upper wing-coverts yellow like the thighs, short under tail-
coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts ; under-surface of quills
blackish brown, paler on the margins ; lower aspect of tail black.

Total length 223 mm., exposed culmen 20, wing 109, tail 104,
tarsus 21,

The specimen described was collected on the Supenaam River,
1911.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of
yellow on the top of the head, rump, thighs, and short under-tail
coverts, all of which are replaced by black. Wing 105 mm.

Immature male. Differs from the adult female in the absence of
yellow on the upper and under wing-coverts, which are black, and
in having the throat yellow and the crown of the head approaching
yellow.

The female and young male specimens described were collected
in the Upper Takutu Mountains, 1908.

Breeding-season. February, March, April, May, June (Beebe).

Nest. Vide Beebe, infra.

Eggs. Vide Beebe, infra.

Range in British Guiana. Takutu Mountains, Ituribisi River, .
Supenaam River, Bonasika River, Demerara River (McConnell
collection) ; Mount Roraima, Bartica (Whitely); Hoorie Creek,
Kalacoon (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. North Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 680) that this
species is distributed throughout the colony, but only up to an
altitude of 2000 feet. Its mode of life is similar to that of
I. wxanthornus, p. 576. The “ Warraus” call it Domsanika and
the “ Macusis ”? Waraura,

The following notes have been copied from Beebe (Tropical Wild
Life in British Guiana, p. 243) :—‘ One of the first birds to greet
us at Kalacoon was the Moriche Oriole. These birds were un-
usual in their charm, for they were satisfying both to the eye and
ear. From dawn to the passing of the swift tropical twilight
their black forms, crowned and shouldered and booted with gold,
looped palm with palm, or glanced in the sunlight as they sped

2P2

580 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

away. to the denser second growth in search of insect food. And
hardly ever did they perch without giving utterance to the silvery
thread of warbling notes which, while individual and distinctive,
yet with no less certainty declared their Oriole relationship.

“ Late in February, upon our arrival at Kalacoon, we discovered
no less than five nests of this Oriole in the single royal palm
in the compound in front of the house. We soon found that
only one pair of Orioles occupied the tree, and each day it
became more and more probable that this pair was the architect
of all five nests.

‘Two of the nests were complete and apparently several months
old. Three were unfinished, and. upon two of these we saw the
birds working intermittently. One of the nests contained two
eggs, one of which we took, as it had apparently never been
described.

“‘The nests were placed on the under-side between the leaflets
of one side of the frond, about two feet from the tip. They were
made entirely of shreds of leaves tlemselves, which the birds tore
from a particular frond, a frond which through their industry had
become almost denuded. The green fibre was woven with the bill,
and the process was not a simple one. The nest was a fairly sap
cup, held in place by the rim and sides being woven into several
separate leaflets. The leaves were split by the bill, and the shreds
of fibre then woven in and out until the leaf was safely bound to-
the side of the nest. In the case of two of the nests the sewing
was very finely done, not unlike the work of the Tailor-bird of
India. The divided row of leaflets formed a perfectly waterproof
cover. The entrance to the nest was invariably at the end towards
the trunk of the palm. Here a pair of leaflets was held slightly
apart by a thick mass of woven fibres, a thick frame, which also
acted as a sort of perch or landing stage for the old birds in
eutering or leaving the nest. The nests were of coarse materials
outside, but lined with very fine, soft shreds. The nest with the
two eggs when completed, measured, outside, 12 cm. in length,
8-2 cm. in diameter and 6°5 in depth. Inside it was 8-5 em. in
length, 5°7 cm. in diameter, and 5 cm. in depth.

“Tho egg was rather sharply pointed and measured 25 x 18 mm.
Its ground-colour was 'creamy-white, marked with spots and
blotches of various shades of dark brown, umber, and sepia. These
were very sparse about the small end and centre, but abundant at

MELANOPSAR.—EUOPSAR. 581

the large end, the blotches forming a rongh wreath about it. At
this end, too, there was a hint, in the faintest markings, of the
scrawl-like figures so characteristic of the eggs of many Orioles.

“On March 23, the birds began building still another nest, and
laid in it before it was quite completed. On April 28, a young
Moriche Oriole hatched, and for the next two weeks both parents
kept busy feeding the young bird with insects. Most of these they
secured at the blossoming cashew tree. While the birds were in-
cubating they were rather silent, singing but seldom, and quite
wary, slipping away quietly whenever we appeared. During the
weeks of feeding, however, the constant labour was lightened with
frequent singing and both became exceedingly tame, quite regard-
less of our near presence.

“On May 15, the young Moriche left the nest and with the
two parents disappeared. No sign of them was seen until a
month had passed, when on June 14 all three returned. Within
a day or two the old birds began overhauling one of the half-
finished nests and soon occupied it.”

Genus EUOPSAR Cass.

Euopsar Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1867, p. 47. Type
LE. croconotus (Wagl.).

Fig. 211.—Euopsar croconotus.

This genus is easily distinguished by the elongated and lanceo-
lated feathers on the throat and fore-neck. The bill is compresed
and sharply pointed ; its width and depth at the base are about the
same, which is equal to about half the length of the exposed cul-
men, The wing is‘rounded, the second, third, fourth, fifth; and
sixth primaries are longest and subequal, and the first is about

582 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA,

equal in length to the eighth. The tail is rounded at the tip, the
outer feather on each side is about one-fifth shorter than the
middle ones, and the tarsus is about equal in length to the exposed
culmen. Coloration: male and female similar.

712, Huopsar croconotus,
ORANGE-BACKED ORIOLE,

Psarocolius eroconotus Wag). Isis, 1829, p. 757 (Guiana).

Icterus jamacati (nec Gmel.) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. ili. p. 679,
1848.

Icterus croconotus Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 383, 1886 (British
Guiana); Quelch, Timehri (2) v. p. 86, 1891 (Georgetown) ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i. p. 489, no. 4522, 1912.

“Troupial ”’ (Quelch).

_Adult. Crowa of head, entire back, upper tail-coverts, lesser
upper wing-coverts, sides of neck, breast, abdomen, sides of body,
and under tail-coverts bright orange ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts yellow; some of the greater upper wing-coverts white
at the base, as are also some of the primary and secondary
quills ; forehead, sides of face, throat, and fore-neck, scapulars,
wings, and tail black; under surface of flight-quills blackish
brown; lower aspect of tail black.

Total length 226 mm., exposed culmen 25, wing 102, tail 89,
tarsus 27.

The specimen described was collected in the Upper Takutu
Mountains in 1909.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Fgqs. Undescribed from Britsh Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Takutu Mountains (McConnell col-
lection); Georgetown (Quelch).

Extralimital Range. Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivta.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 679) that he
only met with this species in the woods bordering the Savanna
rivers, being especially common on the Takutu, Mahn, and Piara.
Though very common, it always kept in pairs, hunting the trees
and bushes in search for insects and fruits. It has a very pleasing
song. The settlers were, therefore, very fond of the bird, but they
never succeeded in keeping it in captivity. The “ Macusis” call
it Murumuruta.

EUOPSAR.—LAMPROPSAR. 583

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 86), who observed this species
in Georgetown, remarks:—* This species, the Troupial (Icterus cro-
conotus), is common in the interior and much prized as a cage
bird both for plumage and song.”

Genus LAMPROPSAR Cab.

Lampropsar Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 194, 1851. Type L. tanagrinus
(Spix).

Fig. 212.— Lampropsar guianensis.

In this genus the wing and tail are almost equal in length,
The velvet-like feathers at the base of the forehead are present.
The bill is proportionately short and sharply pointed ; its width
and depth at the base are equal to about half the length of the
exposed culmen. The wing is rounded, the third and fourth
primaries longest, the second about equal to the fifth, and the
first intermediate in length between the seventh and eighth.
The tail is rounded at the tip, the outer feather an each side
is nearly one-third shorter than the middle ones. The tarsus
exceeds the length of the exposed culmen by about one-third.
Coloration: male and female alike.

713. Lampropsar guianensis.
GuIANA GRACKLE,

Lampropsar guianensis Cab. in Schomb, Reis. Guian. iii. p. 682, 1848 ;
Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 440, no. 4524, 1912.

Lampropsar tanagrinus (nec Spix) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 388,
1886.

Adult. General colour of both the upper and under surface
glossy blue-black; inner webs of flight-quills blackish, with
obsolete cross-bars like their under surface ; upper surface of tail
tinged with steel-green and showing obsolete cross-bars; lower
aspect of tail shining black with a slight trace of obsolete cross-

bars.

584 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Total length 196 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 93, tail 90,
tarsus 24, middle toe and claw 22.

The specimen from which the description is taken has no exact
locality.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Jéggs. Undescribed.

‘Range-confined to British Guiana. The two specimens that are
in the McConnell collection have no exact localities.

Habits. Unrecorded.

Genus HOLOQUISCALUS Cass.

Holoquiscalus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 404. Type
I. crassirostris (Swains.).

Fig. 213.—Holoquiscalus lugubris,

Tn this genus the bill is compressed, pointed, and slightly
arched at. the tip; its width at the base is less than its depth, the
latter being equal to about one-third the length of the exposed
culmen, The wing is rounded, the second, third, fourth, and fifth
primaries longest and subequal, and the first about equal in length
to the sixth. The tail is rounded at the tip, the middle feathers
about one-fourth longer than the outermost one on each side.
Coloration: male and female similar.

714. Holoquiscalus lugubris.
Swainson’s GRACKLE.

Quiscalus lugubris Swains. Anim. in Menag. p. 299, 1837 (British
Guiana); Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 402, 1886 (George-
town); Quelch, Timehri (2) v. p. 87, 1891 (Georgetown).

Chalcophanes jamaicensis (3 ) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 683,
1848.

HOLOQUISCALUS. 585

Chlorophanes minor (2) Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii, p- 683,
1848.

Hologuiscalus lugubris Brabourne & Chubb, B. 8S. Amer. i. p. 440,
no. 4530, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana,
p. 187, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. Crown of bead, sides of face, throat, neck all
round, entire back, breast, abdomen, and sides of body glossy
blue-black ; wings and tail, long upper tail-coverts and under
tail-coverts glossy steel-green ; under surface of flight-quills and
lower aspect of tail shining black.

Total length 235 mm., exposed culmen 25, wing 112, tail 93,
tarsus 36.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in being dull soot-
black with very little gloss. Wing 103 mm.

The specimens described were collected on the Abary River in
July 1906.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

West. “This species makes a flat nest” (Quelch).

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Abary River, Lamaca (McConnell
collection) ; Georgetown (Brown, Quelch); Bartica (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Trinidad, Venezuela.

Habits. According to Schomburgk (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 683)
this species is found near the coast, where it is met with chiefly on
the roads, grass-plots, and footpaths, and in the neighbourhood of
the settlers’ town. It also visits in smaller numbers farms and
houses. The tail, which is peculiar, is nearly always much worn
owing to the fact that the bird always runs about on the ground
in search of food.

Mr. J. J. Quelch (Timehri (2) v. p. 87), who observed this
species in Georgetown, remarks :—‘ The so-called Black-birds
(Quiscalus lugubris), which are so often seen in large flocks in the
roads and the open grassy spaces around the town, are also
members of the Icterine group, though unlike the typical species,
they do not make pendent but flat nests—a character in which
they resemble the preceding form (Leistes guianensis). They fecd
‘largely on grains, seeds, and insects.

“ So far the species which have been under notice are members
of the Acromyedian group of the perching birds, that is, those
which from the structure of their vocal organs are known as the

586 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

singing birds. The remaining Mesomyodian perchers, the songless
birds, now call for notice. Of these but three families are repre-
sented in Georgetown, two each by one species, while the third,
that of the Tyrant Shrikes, comprises many of the commonest of
the strictly town perchers.”

Family CORVID.

This family at the time when vol. v. of Sharpe’s ‘ Handlist’
was published in 1909 comprised about forty-two genera and two
hundred and seventy-three species. It is almost cosmopolitan
in its distribution, being most numerously represented, generically,
in Asia, viz., by about nineteen genera, while it is most sparsely
represented in South America, where only four genera and about
twenty-six species occur. One of the genera and two of the
species are represented in British Guiana,

- Genus CYANOCORAX Boie.
Cyanocorax Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 975. Type C. chrysops (Vieill.).

Fig. 214.—Cyanocorax cayanus.

This genus is distinguished chiefly by the bristle-like feathers
on the fore-part of the head. The bill is proportionately short
and stout, and the upper mandible is slightly notched at the tip.
The wing is rounded, the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh primaries.
longest and equal, the third about equal to the ninth, the second
nearly three-fourths the length of the third, and the first about

CYANOCORAX. 587

two-thirds that of the second. The tail is rounded at the tip and
nearly equal in length to the wing. ‘The tarsus exceeds the
length of the middle toe and claw by about one-third. Coloration:
male and female similar.

715. Cyanocorax cayanus.

Corvus cayanus Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 175, 1766 (Cayenne).

Cyanocorax cayanus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. p. 683, 1848 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 122, 1877 (British Guiana) ; Salvin, Ibis,
1885, p. 219 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa); Beebe, Qur Search for a
Wilderness, pp. 172, 345, 1910; Brabourne & Chubb, B.S. Amer. i.
p. 441, no. 4540, 1912; Beebe, Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana,
p. 187, 1917 (Bartica).

Adult male. Fore part of head and sides of face black ; throat,
fore-neck, and sides of neck soot-black ; a small blue spot above
and below the eye; hinder crown, hind-neck, and a blotch on the
fore part of the cheeks white ; entire back and scapulars smoke-
brown, more or less tinged with purple; outer aspect of wings,
upper tail-coverts, and greater portion of the tail purple; inner
webs of flight-quills blackish; apical portion of tail white ; breast,
abdomen, sides of body, thighs, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and
under wing-coverts cream-white ; the feathers that separate the
fore-neck and breast are fringed with white; under surface of
flight-quills dark-brown, inclining to greyish brown towards the
base; lower aspect of tail blackish at the base with obsolete cross-
bars and broadly tipped with white.

Total length 350 mm., exposed culmen 20, wing 165, tail 161,
tarsus 48.

The specimen described was collected on the Mazaruni River
in 1905.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but rather smaller.
Wing 160 mm., tail 151.

Immature. Similar to the adult birds, but the feathers on the
throat not so dark and more downy in texture on the entire under
surface,

The young bird mentioned above was collected on the Supenaam
River.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Fggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

588 BIRDS OF BRITISH GUIANA.

Range in British Guiana. Upper Takutu Mountains, Sapenaam
River, Bonasika River, Makauria River, Abary River, Mazaruni
River, Tigér Greek, Arawai River (McConnell solleation); Bartica,
Rumakiss (Whitely); Bartica (Beebe).

Extralimital Range. Venezuela, North Brazil.

Habits. Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 683) that this
species was distributed throughout the woods in the colony,
thongh not in large numbers. It frequented tall trees, flying from
one to another uttering its peculiar call, which made it an easy
prey for the collector or sportsman. It was a wary bird, and its
habits reminded one of the European Jay. Its food consisted of
fruit and seeds. Schomburgk found it more or less common in
the eaneka Mountains, but he never observed it nesting. The
“ Warraus” call it Palletute.

The following notes have been copied from Beebe (Our Search for
a Wilderness, pp. 173, 345):—‘ Lavender Jays, and although so
far from the home of their family they were no whit the less Jay-
like. They constantly hailed each other with a varied vocabulary
of harsh cries and calls, and now and then held a morsel of food
between the toes and pounded it vigorously. They flapped but
seldom, passing with short sailing flights from branch to branch
not far from the ground.

“We saw many Lavender Jays restless and numerous, yet
curious to know what manner of beings we were. Their alarm
note “ Keeeow ” ! accompanied us for a long distance.

716.' Cyanocorax hyacinthinus.
VIOLACEOUS JAY.

Cyanocorax hyacinthinus Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 683,
1848.

Cyanocoraz violaceus (nec Dubus) Sharpe, Cat. B. Mus. iti. p. 125,
1877 (British Guiana); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 219; Brabourne &
Chubb, B. 8. Amer. i, p. 442, no. 4547, 1912.

Adult. General colour both on the upper and under surface
hyacinth-blue, including the entire back, wings, and tail; paler
on the hind-neck and upper back, and deeper in colour on the
wings and tail; crown of head, sides of face, throat, and fore-
neck soot-black ; breast, abdomen, sides of body, thighs, under
tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts hyacinth-blue.

CYANOCORAX. 589

Total length 360 mm., exposed culmen 27, wing 196, tail 167,
tarsus 51.

This species is not represented in the McConnell collection, and
the description is taken from the specimen in the British Museum
collected by the late Sir Richard Schomburgk. Having compared
this specimen (Cabanis’s type) with nine others in the National
Museum, from East Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, I find it to be
much paler in coloration. I propose, therefore, the British Guiana
bird be separated under Cabanis’s name.

Breeding-season. Unknown.

Nest. Unrecorded.

Eggs. Undescribed.

Range confined to British Guiana. Canuku Mountains (Schom-
burgh).

Habits. Schomburgk writes (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 683) of this
species as being rarer than C. cayanus, which it surpasses in bril-
liancy of plumage. He only had one specimen in his collection,
which he obtained in the Canuku Mountains.

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

Vou. I.

Page 12, for Crypturus variegatus read :—
Crypturus tetrao.

Tinamou varié de Cayenne Taubent. Pl. Enl. v. pl. 828, 1781.

Perdix tetrao Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 51, 1783.

Crypturus variegatus (Gmel.) Brabourne & Chubb, B. S.
Amer. i. p. 4, no. 37, 1912; Chubb, B. British Guiana, i.
p. 12, 1916.

Crypturus tetrao Mathews and Iredale, Austral Avian Rec.
iii. p. 47, 1915.

Page 186, Genus SARKIDIORNIS Eyton, Monogr. Anat. p. 20, 1838.
117a. Sarkidiornis sylvicola.
CaruncuLaTep Duck. :

Sarcidiornis sylvicola Ihering, Cat. Faun. Bras. i. p. 72,
1907 (Brazil) ; Brabourne & Chubb, B. S. Amer. i. p. 54,
no. 500, 1912.

Sarcidiornis carunculata Illig. (nec Vieill.), Rodway,

Timehri (ser. 3), v. p. 168, 1918 (East Coast, British
Guiana).

Sarkidiornis sylvicola Penard, Auk, xxxvi. p. 564, 1919
(East Coast, Dem. at Plin. Hope).

Adult male. Crown of head and hind-neck dark purple, with
more or less green reflections ; sides of face and neck all round
with dark purple tips to the feathers; chin and upper throat
uniform white ; mantle, breast, abdomen, and under-tail coverts
white, with dark fringes to some of the feathers on the mantle,
breast, and abdomen ; sides of the body soot-black ; upper back
and scapulars with bluish-green reflections; lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts soot-black, with bluish-green tips to the

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

feathers; lesser and median upper wing-coverts bluish green,
inclining to bronze-green on the greater series ; outer aspect of
secondary-quills copper-bronze ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and flight-quills bronze-brown like the tail; under surface of
wing dark bronze-brown, with white margins to some of the
coverts ; lower aspect of tail similar.

Total length 620 mm., exposed culmen (including the comb) 57,
wing 372, tail 125, tarsus 70.

The specimen described is in the British Museum and was
collected at Maranham, Salvin-Godman collection.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male in the colour of
plumage, but differs in the absence of the comb on the culmen
and the much smaller measurements. Wing 87 mm.

The female specimen described, which is also in the British
Museum, was collected at Ajo, Buenos Aires, Gibson collection.

Breeding-season. Unknown in British Guiana.

Nest. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Eggs. Undescribed from British Guiana.

Range in British Guiana. Hast Coast.

Extralimital Range. Brazil, Paraguay, Northern Argentina.

Habits. Unrecorded in British Guiana.

Page 483, for Chloronerpes rubiginosus read Chloronerpes rubiginosus
.guine Hellmayr, Verh. Ornith. Ges. Bayern, xiii. p. 314,

1918 (Bartica Grove, Merumé Mts., Roraima).
Chloronerpes rubiginosus roraime Penard, Proc. New Engl.

Zool. Club, vii. p. 21, 1919 (Mount Roraima).

Page 488, 338 a. Veniliornis kirkii monticola.
Ventliornis kirkii monticola Hellmayr, Verh. Ornith. Ges.
Bayern, xiii. p. 815, 1918 (Roraima, British Guiana).
This subspecific form is not represented in the McConnell
collection—and only by two female specimens in the British
Museum.

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

Vou. II.

Page 26, for Myrmotherula pygmea read :—

oh)

9

or

Myrmotherula brachyura.

Petit Gobe-mouche tacheté de Cayenne, Pl. Enl. v. pl. 831,
fig. 2, 1781.

Muscicapa brachyura Herm. Tabl. Affinit. Anim. p. 229,
note, 1783.

63, line 12 from the bottom for Hypocnemis cantator
read
Hy pocnemis cantator notea.

63, between lines 3 and 4 from the bottom read :—

Hypocnemis cantator notea Hellmayr, Anzeiger Ornith.
Ges. Bayern, no. 8, p. 19, Oct. 15, 1920 (Merumé Mts.,
British Guiana).

79, delete the bottom line.

81, the nestling described under Grallaria varia is the
young of Myrmoderus ferrugineus, p. 61.

82, line 5 from the top, for Grallaria brevicauda read Myr-
mothera campanisona.

Myrmornis campanisona Hermann, Tabl. Affinit. Anim.
p- 189, note 1783.
Myrmothera campanisona Stresem. Nov. xxvii. p. 829, 1920.

103, line 23 from the top, for turdiuus read turdinus.
104, for Automolus albigularis read :—
Automolus roraime Hellmayr, Verh. Ornith. Ges. Bayern,
xiii. p. 199, 1917,
162, after line 11 from the top, add :—

WaitELy’s Pygmy Tyrant.

163, line 3 from the top, for C. pilaris (Cab.) read C. galeata
(Bodd.).

264, line 3 from the bottom, for melorhyphus read
meloryphus.

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

Page 266, line 5 from the top, delete Unrecorded in British Guiana

”

”

and add:—Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii.
p- 701) that the mode of life of this species is the
same as that of Hlenea cayennensis.

287, line 13 from the bottom, delete Unrecorded in British
Guiana, and add:—According to Schomburgk
(Reis. Guian. iii. p. 686) the habits of this species
are the same as those of Dasycephala uropygialis,
p- 286.

304, line 13 from the top, for Jodopleura read Jodopleura.

304, line 1 from the bottom, delete Unrecorded, and add :-—
Schomburgk states (Reis. Guian. iii. p. 697) that
the inhabitants of the backwoods of the Demerara
River informed him that this bird was only an
irregular visitor in their neighbourhood.

401, after line 9 from the top, add :—

Gurana GREENLET SHRIKE.

402, line 9 from the top, for P. americana read C. americana.

456, line 17 from the bottom, for Rupuruni River read
Rupununi River.

480, line 10 from the bottom, for cyana read cyanea.

531, Text-fig. 193 reproduced below to replace fig. in text.

Fig. 193.—Tachyphonus rufus.

INDEX.

abariensis, Notiocorys, 419, 420.
——, Pachysylvia, 395.

, Planesticus, 379, 382.
Abary River Pipit, 420.
Wood-Bird, 395.

acer, Tyranniscus, 182, 183.,
aedon, Troglodytes, 359.
equalis, Stelgidopteryx, 350.,
xquinoctialis, Oraspedoprion, 147.
, Geothlypis, 409.

, Motacilla, 409,

estiva, Dendreeca, 403, 404, 405.
» Motacilla, 404,

, Pyranga, 522, 523,

affinis, Cassicus, 551, 557, 558, 560.
Agelzus icterocephalus, 565,
—- imthurni, 567.

Agelaius icterocephalus, 565.
Aglaia nigrocincta, 512.

— paradisea, 504.

aglais, Platypsaris, 269.

Alauda breviunguis, 405.

alba, Ampelis, 320.

, Procnias, 320.

—.,, Vavasouria, 319, 320,
albescens, Synallaxis, 96.
albiceps, Elainea, 189, 191.
albicollis, Elenia, 194.

—, Legatus, 194,

albifrons, Manikup, 47, 48.

, Pipra, 48.

——, Pithys, 48.

albigularis, Automolus, 103, 104.
——, Philydor, 104,

——,, Synallaxis, 94, 96.
albipectus, Thyrophilus, 355.
Thryothorus, 355.
albiventer, Planesticus, 372, 382.
, Turdus, 382.

albiventris, Hirundo, 325.

, Rhamphocenus, 43,

, Turdus, 382,

albolineatus, Dendrocolaptes, 127.
, Thripobrotus, 126,127,
alicies, Hylocichla, 387, 388.
——, Turdus, 388.

Allied Crested Tanager, 536,
alticola, Cistothorus, 358.
amaurocephalus, Leptopogon, 178.

Amazonian Bush-Shrike, Sclater’s, 18.
—— Olive Oreeper, 118,

—— Ringed Gnat-eater, 3.
amazoni us, Erionotus, 16, 18.
——, Thamnophilus, 18,
amazonum, Heteropelma, 264.
amazouus, Sittasomus, 118.
American Red-start, 412.
ainericana, Compsothlypis, 402.
, Loxia, 431.

—., Spiza, 458.

, Sporophila, 428, 431.
americanus, Ibycter, 314.

, Leistes, 569.

Ampelis alba, 320.

— cerulea, 299.

—— carnifex, 291.

—— cayana, 300,

cinerea, 278.

—— cotinga, 299,

fusca, 305.

— hypopyrrha, 281.

—— nivea, 320.

Anabates pyrrhodes, 107.
analis, Myiothera, 75.

andinus, Blacicus, 225.

——, Empidonax, 225.

angelica, Dacnis, 476, 478.
angolensis, Oryzoborus, 423, 424.
angustirostris, Conopophaga, 65..
, Hypocnemis, 65.

——, Myrmoborus, 65..
Anoplops rufigula, 49,

rufigula rufigula, 49,
Ant-bird, Behn’s, 33.

——, Brown-bellied, 29..

——., Cayenne, 50.

—., Grey-breasted, 35..

ay Pygmy, él.

——, Roraima, 39.

——, Rufous-breasted, 36.
——., Spotted-tailed, 38,

—-, Surinam, 27.

——.,, Vavasour’s Long-winged, 32,
—., White-flanked, 30,

—, Woodcock, 52.
Ant-catcher, Cayenne Black-headed, 54.
Ant-catcher, Rufous-fronted, 49.
—., White-fronted, 48.

592 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Anut-Creeper, Black-chinned, 69.
— , Black-throated, 62.

, Cayenne, 61.

— ., Roraima, 58.

——, Spot-winged, 57.

——,, Spotted-backed, 67, 70.

, Surinam, 56.

-——-, Swainson’s, 60.

——, Warbling, 63.
Ant-Thrush, Boddaert’s, 74.
——, Grey-breasted, 83.

——, Kukenam, 86.

— , Little, 82.

oer McConnell’s Spotted-breasted,

—-, Merumé, 78.

—, Royal, 81.

, Rufous-vented, 75.

Ant-Wren, Ash-vented, 42.

, Bogata, 46.

-—-, British Guiana, 45.

——,, Cayenne, 40.

— , White-bellied, 43.

anthoides, Corythopis, 3, 5.

——,, Muscicapa, 3.

Anthus, 419.

—— breviunguis, 405.

—— lutescens, 420.

rufus, 420,

arada, Leucolepis, 357, 364, 365.

——, Myrmornis, 365.

Arbelorbina cerulea, 483.

—— cyanea, 480.

arcangelica, Dacnis, 478.

archiepiscopus, Thraupis, 514.

ardens, Piranga, 521, 525.

ardesiaca, Tyrannula, 224.

ardesiacus, Contopus, 224.

—, Dysithamnus, 23.

, Horizopus, 224,

Arremon personatus, 471.

silens, 469,

taciturnus, 469.

arthuri, Planesticus, 379, 385.

Arthur's Thrush, 384.
Arundicola leucocephala, 139, 140.

Ash-,ented Ant-Wren, 42.

Ashy-backed Bush-bird, 21.

assimilis, Rhynchocyelus, 149.

Atalotriccus griseiceps griseiceps, 162.

—— whitelyanus, 162.
ilaris, 162.

ater, Coccoborus, 425.

——, Molothrus, 563.

——, Orchesticus, 547..

—— , Saltator, 547.

Atlapetes personatus, 471.

atra, Scaphidura, 559.

— —, Schistochlamys, 546, 547.

——, Tanagra, 547.

atricapilla, Pogonothraupia, 529.

——., Tanagra, 529,

—, Turdus, 373.

atricapillua, Donacobius, 378, 375.

——, Lanio, 529.

—_, Lanius, 275.

—, Pachyrhampbus, 272, 275, 276.

7 Thatvaophilua, 14.

atrococcineus, Rhamphopis, 519.

atro-nitens, Molothrus, 361, 564.

atronitens, Molothrus, 563, 564,
565.

, Xenopipo, 255.

atrothorax, Drymophila, 62.

——, Forwicarius, 62,

—-, Myrmeciza, 62.

—, Myrmoderus, 62.

Atticora cyanoleuca, 344, 347.

fasciata, 344, 345.

fucata roraimer, 344, 348.

melanoleuca, 344, 346.

Attila brasiliensis, 284, 286, 287, 288.

spadiceus spadicens, 285.

—— ——- spodiostethus, 288.

—— —— uropygialis, 286.

—— thamnopnhiloides, 289.

aropygialis, 290,

Attila, Cayenne, 285.

, Grey-breasted, 288.

——,, Schomburgk’s, 286.

, Spix’s, 289.

audax, Muscicapa, 206.

——, Myiodynastes, 206.

, Scaphorhynchus, 206.

Aulia hypopyrrha, 281,

aureola, Parus, 242.

, Pipra, 241, 242. 256.

auricapilla, Basileuterus, 416.

Pipra, 245:

auricapillus, Basileuterus, 417.

aurifrons, Eleenea, 265.

, Neopelma, 264, 265,

aurita, Conophaga, 1, 2.

auritus, Turdus, 1, 2.

aurocapillus, Seiurus, 407.

Autowolus albigularis, 108, 104.

cervicalis, 103, 105.

leucophthalmus, 102.

—— macconnelli, 103.

—— sclateri, 105.

turdinus, 103.

—— —— macconnelli, 103.

Automolus, McConnell’s, 103.

, White-throated, 104.

Averano carnobarba, 316, 317.

axillaris, Forinicivora, 30.

-—, Myrmopagis, 30,

, Myrmothera, 30.

azar, Phonicosoma, 523.

bambla, Formicarius, 369.

— -, Microcerculus, 368, 369.
Banded Bush-Shrike, 6.

Bangs’s Rough-winged Swallow, 350.
Bank-Swallow, 323.

,

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 593

barbata, Muscicapa, 215.

barbatus, Myiobius, 214, 215,

Bare-eye, Rufous-winged, 72.

Bare-eyed ‘Vhrush, 383.

Bare-headed Chatterer, 313.

Bare-necked Grackle, 315.

baritula, Diglossa, 474,

Barn Swallow, 327.

Basileuterus auricapilla, 416.

-— auricapillus, 417,

—— inesoleucns, 418,

—— olivascens, 417,

—- roraimez, 416.

—- vermivorus, 417,

Bastard-Canary, 499.

Bathmidurus niger, 27-4.

beani, Myrmophila, 32, 33,

Behn’s Ant-bird, 33.

Bell-bird. Black-winged, 317.

, White, 320.

bellicosa, Hirundinea, 212,

Belted Swallow, 346.

berlepschi, Thryothorus, 356, 357.

Berlepschia rikeri, 101.

bicolor, Oampylorhynchus, 353.

-— Dacnis, 476, 479.

—— Fluvicola, 137.

—, Sylvia, 479.

——, Tachycineta, 325.

Bishop Tanager, 514.

Blacicus andinus, 225.

caribssus, 225.

Black Bunyas, Large Yellow-tailed,
549. :

—— Manakin, 255.

—— — , White-crowned, 245.

—— Oriole, 575.

— 'Tit-Mouse, Golden-headed, 245,

Black and Yellow Manakin, 242.

Black and White Butcher-bird, 12.

Black-backed Honey-creeper, 478,

Black-banded Wood-hewer, 131.

Black-billed Thrush, Roraima, 384.

Blackbirds, Little Yellow-headed, 567.

Black-capped Mocking Thrush 373,
375.

Mocking Thrushes, 375.

—— Thick-bill, 275.

Black-chinned Ant-Creeper, 69.

Black-crowned Tody-Tyrant, 155.

Black-faced Green Grosbeak, 448.

Grey Tanager, 547.

Wren, 356.

Black-headed Peewee, 225,

Scarlet Grosbeak, 446.

— Toothed Tanager, 529.

Black-necked Euphonia, 493.

Blackpoll Warbler, 405.

Black-tailed Leafscraper, 91.

Tityra, 267, 268.

Black-throated Ant-Creeper, 62.

Bunting, 458.

-—— Cardinal, 467.

VOL. II.

Black-winged Bell-bird, 317.
Blue Grosbeak, Rothschild’s, 421.
— Sackie, 515,
—— Sacky, 515.
—— Titmouse of Paradis3, 504.
Blue-backed Manakin, 256.
—— Seed-eater, 436.
Blue-bellied Tanager, 502.
Biue-grey Honey-creeper, 479, 480.
Bobolink, 561.
Boddaert’s Ant-Thrush, 74.
Bogota Ant-Wren, 46.
Bonaparte’s Chat-Tyrant, 134.
Greenlet, 399,
bouvronides, Pyrrhula, 432,
, Sporophila, 428, 432.
Bracbyspiza capensis, 461.
macconnelli, 461.
brachytarsus, Contopus, 225.
brachiyura, Pipra, 248.
brachyurus, Tyranneutes, 248.
brasiliana, Cucomacra, 44.
brasiliensis, Attila, 284, 286, 287,
258.

, Sycalis, 454.
brasilius, Ramphocelus, 518.
Brazilian Blue Grosbeak, 422.
Red-rumped Cacique, 557.
brevicauda, Chameza, 77.
——, Formicarius, 82.
—, Grallaria, 82.
brevipennis, Habura, 165.
, Polystictus, 166.
brevipes, Platycichla, 375.
brevirostris, Hlainea, 192.
, Oryzoborus, 423, 424,
, Phyllomyias, 176.
breviunguis, Alauda, 405.
—, Anthus, 405.
——, Dendreeca, 403, 405.
British Guiana Ant-Wren, 45.

-— Grassquit, 442.
Wren, 356,
Brown-bellied Ant-bird, 29.
LBrown-breasted Pygmy Grosbeak, 424.
browni, Pseudochloris, 457.
brunneicauda, Synallaxis, 95,
Buarremon personatus, 471.
buffoni, Polioptila, 352.
Buffon’s Wood-hewer, 132.
Buff-tailed Tyrantlet, 218,
Bullfinch, Lawrence's, 427.
Bunting, Black-throated, 458.
Bush-bird, Ashy-backed, 21.
» Mouse-coloured, 22.
-—, Northern Cinereous, 25.
——, Saturnine, 23.
Bush-shrike, 10.
——, Banded, 6.
——, Roraima, 19.
——., Sclater’s Amazonian, 18.
——,, Spotted, 17.
Butcher-bird, Black and White, 12.

2Q

594 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

cabanisi, Empidochanes, 221.
——, limpidonax, 221.
Cabanis’s Black-capped Wren, 363.
White-throated Thrush, 386.
Cacicus affinis, 557.

cela, 554, 555,

cela, 555.

— hemorrhons, 457, 554.
hemorrhous, 557.
Cacique, Brazilian Red-rumped, 557.
——, Great Crested, 549.
——, Great Green, 552.

, Yellow-backed, 554,
cerulea, Aupelis, 299,

———, Arbelorhina, 483.

—, Oerthia, 483.

——,, Cereba, 483.

—, Cotinga, 299.

——,, Polioptila, 351,

, Tersina, 487.
cserulescens, Cercomacra, 44.
, Hrionotus, 16.
cxruleus, Oyanerpes, 483.
cxsius, Thamnomanes, 24.
calcarata, Corythopis, 3, 5.
Oalf-birds, 313, 314.

calidris, Motacilla, 391.

» Vireo, 391.

Calliste cayana, 508.

—— flaviventris,-511.
guttata, 507.

—— gyrola, 510.

nigricincta, 512.

—— punctata, 505.

— tatao, 504.

—— whitelyi, 513.
Oallospiza cayana, 508.
guttata, 507.

—— gyrola, 510.

— mexicana, 511.
punctata, 507.

—— tatao, 504.

Calobathris macularia, 84.
tinniens, 82.

Calospiza cayana, 509.
mexicana mexicana, 511.
Calyphtrophorus gularis, 467,
Calvifrons ealyus, 312, 313.
ealvus, Calvifrons, 312, 313.

, Corvus, 313.

——, Gymnoderus, 314.
Campylorhamphus procurvoides, 130.
procurvus, 128, 129.
Campylorhynehus bicolor, 353.
—— griseus, 353.

canadensis, Caryothraustes, 448,
——, Lanius, 14. -

» Loxia, 448.

—, Pitylus, 448.

. Sakesphorus, 14.

, Thamnophilus, 14.
Canary, 404, 499.

cantans, Cyphorhinus, 365,

cantator, Formicarius, 63.

-——, Hypoenemis, 63.

capensis, Brachyspiza, 461.

capistratus, Schistochlamys, 546.

Capsiempis caudata, 168,

- flaveola, 174, 175.

Capuchiv-bird, 312.

carbo, Lanius, 519.

, Ramphoceelus, 518, 519.

carbonaria, Merula, 376.

Cardinal, Black-throated, 467.

caribus, Blacicus, 225.
carnifex, Ampelis, 291.

, Pheenicocercus, 290, 291.

carnobarba, Procnias, 316, 317.

carunculatus, Chasmorhynchus, 318,

320, 321. :

Caryotbraustes canadensis, 448.
tasmorhynchus carunculatus, 318, 321.

niveus, 320,

—— variegatus, 317, 318,

Cassicus affinis, 551, 557, 558, 560."

eristatus, 549, 550.

—— hemorrhous, 556, 557.

— persicus, 551.

viridis, 552,

Cassidix oryzivora,'551, 557 558,559,560.

cassini, Mitrospingus, 538.

Cassiques, 557.

, Red-backed, 558.
castaneiventris, Microphila, 436.
——, Spermophila, 436.

—, Sporophila, 436, 437.

castaneocapilla, Setophaga, 415.

castanonota, Lochmias, 89.

Catamenia homochroa, 440.

caudacutus, Sclerurus, 91, 92,

, Thamnophilus, 91.

caudata, Serpophaga, 168.

cayana, Ainpelis, 300.

—, Calliste, 508.

. Callospiza, 508.

, Calospiza, 509.

——,, Cotinga, 298, 300.

—, Dacnis, 476, 478.

, Euphonia, 492.

—, Motacilla, 476,

, Tangara, 504, 508, 509.

, Tityra, 266, 267.

cayanna, Cotinga, 300, 301.
—, Rupicola, 293, 295.
cayanus, Coracias, 450.

, Corvus, 587.

—, Cyanocorax, 586, 587, 589.

——, Lanius, 267.

—, Saltator, 450,

——, Tityra, 267.

Cayenne Ant-bird, 50.

Ant-Creeper, 61.

—— Ant-Wren, 40,

—— Attila, 285.

'—— Black-headed Ant-catcher, 54.

— Chatterer, 300.

ALPHABETICAL ‘INDEX.

Cayenne Huphonia, 492.

—— Flycatcher, 196.

—— Red-breasted Marsh-bird, 569.
—— Swallow Flycatcher, 213.
— Tanager, 508.

—— Tityra, 267.

cayennensis, Klenea, 196.

——, Euphona, 492.

, Muscicapa, 196.

——, Myiozetetes, 196, 197.

, Tanagra, 491, 492.

cela, Cucicus, 554, 555,

——.,, Parus, 554.
Cephalopterus ornatus, 310, 311.
Ceratopipra cornuta, 252, 253.
iracunda, 253, 254.
Cercomacra brasiliana, 44.

—— cerulescens, 44.
cinerascens, 45.

—— — cinerascens, 45.

—— maculata, 45.

—-~ napensis, 45.

—— tyrannina saturatior, 45, 46.
-—— —— tyrannina, 45,
Certhia cxrulea, 483.

—— cinnamoniea, 98.

— cyanea, 480.

— familiaris, 133.

spiza, 485.

certhia, Dendrocolaptes, 131, 132.
, Picus, 132.

Certhiola chloropyga, 473, 474.
— flaveola, 473.

guianensis, 473.

cervicalis, Automolus, 103, 108.
, Philydor, 105.
Chalcophanes jamaivensis, 584,
chalybea, Hirundo, 331.

, Progne, 329, 331, 332,
Chamezza brevicauda, 77.
fulvescens, 78.

Chapman’s Olive Warbler, 417.
Redstart, 414.

Charme’s Black-and-white Shining Tan-

ager, 544,
charmesi, Lamprospiza, 543, 544.
Chasmorhynchus carunculatus, 320.
niveus, 314, 320,
variegatus, 317.
Chatterer, Bare-headed, 313.
, Cayenne, 300.
——, Dusky, 305.
——, Pompadour, 302.
——, Purple-breasted, 299.
—, Red, 291.
—,, White-rumped, 304.
, Whitely’s, 296,
Chat-Tyrant, Bonaparte’s, 134.
Check-bird, 12, 13,

Chestnut-bucked Sharp-tailed Creeper,

89. :
Chestnut-bellied Gnat-eater, 2,
Seed-eater, 436. :

Chestnut-hended Tanager, 510.
Chestnut-ruuped Wood-hewer, 122.
Chiromacheris manacus, 260, 261.
Ohiroxipbia longicauda, 256,
—— pareola, 246, 256, 262.
chivi, Vireo, 393,

chlorigaster, Vireolanus, 399.
chlorion, Hemipipo, 251.

—-—, Piprites, 251.
Chloruphanes minor, 585.

—— spiza, 485.

Chlorophonia roraime, 489.
—— viridis, 439.

Chloropipo flavicapilla, 249.
uniformis, 249, 250.
chloropyga, Certhiola, 473, 474.
chlorotica, Tanagyra, 491, 496.
chrysocephala, Neopelma, 265.
chrysocephalum, Heteropelma, 265.
chrysocephalus, Melanopsar, 578.
—, Oriolus, 578.

, Scotothorus, 265.
Chrysomus icterocepbalus, 565,
ehrysops, Cyanocorax, 586.
Cichlopsis gularis, 377.
leucogenys, 377.

cineraceus, Lipangus, 278.
cinerascens, Cercomacra, 45.
cinerea, Ampelis, 278.

——, Lathria, 277, 278, 279.
cinereiventris, Myrmotherula, 35.
——,, Pachyrhamphus, 274.

, Poliolama, 35.

Cinereous Thick-bill, 273.

cinereum, Todirostrum, 154, 155, 156,

474, 478. : '
cinereus, Pachyrhamphus, 273.
—, Todus, 154.

— , Triccus, 154.
cinnamomea, Certhia, 98.
——, Myrmeciza, 61.

—, Neopipo, 262.

, Synallaxis, 94, 98, 99, 100.
cinnamomeus, Myrmonax, 61.
Cinnanion-rumped Philydor, 107.
Cissopis leveriana, 545,
media, 445.

—— minor, 445.

Cistothorus alticola, 358.
— stellaris, 358.

citrina, Pseudochloris, 457.

, Sycalis, 457.

clarus, Troglodytes, 359, 360.
climazura, Fluvicola, 137.
Coccoborus ater, 425.
Coccopsis gularis, 466, 467.
Coecothraustes viridis, 448.
Cock of the Rock, 293.
Cereba cserulea, 483.

cyanea, 480.

— flaveola, 472.

—— guianensis, 472, 473.
collaria, Spermophila, 431.

2Q2

595

596 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

colma, Formicarius, 73, 74.

, Myiothera, 74.

Colonia colonus, 141.
leuconotus, 142,

Colonial Red-breast, 569, 570.
colonus, Colonia, 141.
Colopterus, 171.

— cristatus, 163.

galeatus, 163.

Colypteryx galeatus macconnelli, 163.
pilaris, 163.

Common King-bird, 234,
Yellow Hangnest, 576, 577.
Companero, 320.
Compsothlypis americana, 402,
—— elegans, 402.

Conophaga, 1, 4.

Conopophaga angustirostris, 65,
Contopus ardesiacus, 224.
brachytarsus, 225.
Copurus leuconotus, 142.

—-— pecilonotus, 142.

Coracias cayanus, 450,

— militaris, 306.

Coracina orenocensis, 310.
Corapipo gutturalis, 258, 259,
coraya, Thryothorus, 356, 357.
cornuta, Ceratopipra, 252, 253.
— , Pipra, 253,

e>ronata, Muscicapa, 212.
coronatus, Dendreca, 403.

, Myiarchus, 219.

—,, Onychorhynchus, 211, 212.
——, Platyrhynchus, 146.

—— gumia, Placostomus, 146.
Corvus calvus, 3138.

cayanus, 587.
Coryphospingus, 465.

cristatus, 465.

—— cucullatus, 465.
Corythopis, 3.

calearata, 4, 5.

— delalandi, 5.

—— nigrocincta, 5.

—— torquata anthoides, 3.
Cotile fucata, 348.

—— riparia, 323.

Cotinga cerulea, 299.

cayana, 298, 300.
cayenna, 309, 301.
cotinga, 298, 299.
cotinga, Ampelis, 299.
Cotton-bird, 137, 138, 139,
——, Silk, 137, 138.
Coturniculus manimbe, 460.
Cowbird, Glossy, 563.
Craspedoprion squinoctialis, 147.
guianensis, 148.
crassirostris, Holoquiscalus, 584.
» Loxia, 125,

, Oryzoborus, 423, 425, 426.

Creeper, Chestnut-backed Sharp-tailed,

a. Guiana Long-tailed, 120.

Crested Flycatcher, Rufous-headed,
188,

— —, Yellow-vented, 186.
Crimson Fruit-eater, 306.
erissalis, Formicarius, 73, 75, 76.
, Myrmornis, 75.

cristata, Elainea, 189.

- eristatus, Cassicus, 550,

, Colopterus, 163.
, Coryphospingus, 465,
—, Oxyruncus, 239.
, Tachyphonus, 510, 536.
crocea, Rupicola, 293, 295.
croconotus, Euopsar, 581, 582.
, Psarocolius, 582.
cruentata, Queruia, 308.
cucullata, Fringilla, 465.
, Spermophila, 431.
eucullatus, Coryphospingus, 465.
euneatus, Glyphorhynehus, 111, 112.
cyanea, Arbelorhina, 480.
— , Certhia, 480.
——, Cereba, 480,
——, Cyanocompaa, 422.
, Guiraca, 421,
Cyanerpes ceruleus, 483.
— —— eceruleus, 483.
cyaneus, 480.
—— —— cyaneus, 480.
cyaneus, Cyanerpes, 480.
cyanictera, Pyranga, 527.
Cyanicterus cyanicterus, 527.
venustus, 527,
cyanicterus, Cyauicterus, 527.
——-, Orthogonys, 527.
cyanocephala, Dacnis, 476.
, Pipra, 498.
——,, Tanagra, 491, 493.
Cyanocompsa cyanea, 422.
parellina, 421.
rothschildi, 421, 422,
Cyanocorax cayanus, 586, 587, 589.
— chrysops, 586.
—— hyacinthinus, 588.
violaceus, 585.
cyanoleuca, Atticora, 344, 347.
——, Hirundo, 347.
cyanomolana, Tanagrella, 502.
Cyclarhis guianensis, 400.
gujanensis, 401.
Cyclorhis guianensis, 401.
Cyclorbynchus flaviventer, 151.
Cymbilaimus, 6.
— lineatus, 6.
Cymbilanins lineatus, 6.
Cyphorhina leucosticta, 363.
Cyphorhinus cantans, 365.
musicus, 365.

Dacnis angelica, 476, 478.
—— arcangelica, 478,
— bicolor, 476, 479.
—— cayana, 476, 478.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 597

Daenis cyanocephala, 476.

plumbea, +79.

spiza, 485.

Dara, 322.

Dasycephala thamnophiloides, 289.

uropygialis, 286.

Deconychura longicauda, 119, 120,

decumanus, Ostinops, 548, 549, 551,
557, 560.

Xanthornus, 549, .

decurtata, Pachysylvia, 394.

delalandi, Corythopis, 5.

Demerara Warbler, 418,

demissa, Synallaxis, 94.

Dendranthus indicus, 3.

Dendrocinela fuliginosa, 114, 116.

—— fumigata, 116.

—— longicauda, 120,

—— merula, 114, 116.

—— turdina, 114, 115.

Dendrocinclopa guianensis, 119.

~—— longicauda guianensis, 120.

Dendrocolaptes albolineatus, 127.

—— certhiia, 131, 132.

guttatus, 121,

merula, 116.

—— plagosus, 131.

Dendrocopus fuliginosus, 116,

—— pardalotus, 122.

Dendreeca xestiva, 403, 404, 405.

—— breviunguis, 403, 405.

— coronatus, 403.

striata, 405.

Dendroplex picus, 124.

Dendrornis guttatoides, 121.

—— pardalotus, 122,

—— polysticta, 123.

Dichropogon pecilonota, 66.

Diglossa baritula, 474,

major, 475.

Dobenakuh, 13.

doliatus, Lanius, 12.

, Thamnophilus, 11, 12, 13.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 561.

Domasanika, 579.

Donacobius atricapillus, 373, 375.

dorsomaculatus, Herpsilochmus, 39,

Drymophila atrothorax, 62.

, ferruginea, 61.

—— longipes, 60.

duncani, Duncanula, 440,

, Myiodynastes, 208.

Dunean’s Seed-eater, 440.

Duneanula duncani, 440.

homochroa, 440.

Dusky Chatterer, 305.

Ruby Flycatcher, 219.

Dysithamnus, 20.

— ardesiacus, 23,

guttulatus, 20.

— murinus, 21, 22,

saturninus, 21, 23,

—— spodionotus, 21.

ecaudatum, Todirostrum, 161.
ecaudatus, Perissotriccus, 160, 161.
Elznea aurifrons, 265,

—— cayennensis, 196.

—— cristata parvirostris, 186, 190.
—— —— whitelyi, 186, 189.
—— guianensia, 193,

——— pagana, 185, 186, 187, 191.
—— —— macconnelli, 186.
—— —— olivina, 186, 187.
ruficeps, 186, 188.
—— spadicea, 153.

Eliwnia albicollis, 194.

——- flavogaster, 186.

——- olivina, 186, 187.

—— ruficeps, 188.

Elainea albiceps, 189, 191.
— brevirostris, 192.

—— cristata, 189,

—— elegans, 192.

—— gaimardi, 192,

incompta, 177.

littoralis, 136.

Elainoides Havivertex, 193.
Elainopsis gaimardii, 192.
guianensis, 192.

elata, Sylvia, 181.

elatus, ‘Tyrannulus, 181.
elegans, Compsothlypis, 402.

, Hlainea, 192.

Elegant Warbler, 402.
Emberiza americana, 458.

—— militaris, 569.
Ewmberizoides macrurus, 463,
—— sphenurus, 463.
Empidochanes cabanisi, 221.
— fuscatus, 221.

— olivus, 221.

— pecilurus, 222.

salvini, 221, 222.
Empidonax andinus, 225,
cabanisi, 221.
Empidonomus varius, 230, 231.
—— parvirostris, 231.
episcopus, Tanagra, 514, 515, 516.
—, Thraupis, 514.
Equinoctial Warbler, 409.
Erionotus amazonicus, 16, 18.
—— cerulescens, 16.

—— insignis, 16, 19.
punctatus, 16, 17.
erythrocephala, Pipra, 241, 245.
erythrocephalus, Parvs, 245.
erythrocercus, Philydor, 107.
erythrogaster, Hirundo, 327,
erythromelas, Periporpbhyrus, 446.
, Pitylus, 446,
erythroptera, Phlegopsis, 72.
erythropterus, Formicarius, 72.
erythrurus, Myiobius, 215, 218.
——, Terenotriccus, 218.
Euchlornis riefferi, 296. :

—— whitelyi, 296.

598 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Eucometis oleaginea, 539,
——- penicillata, 537, 538,
Euopsar croconotus, 581, 582.
Euphona cayennensis, 492.
Euphonia cayana, 492.
chlorotica, 496,

—— finschi, 495,

— minuta, 497.

—— nigricollis, 493.

—— plumbea, 500,

— violacea, 498, 500.

—— xanthogastra, 494.
Euphonia, Black-necked, 493.
——, Cayenne, 492.

—, Finsch’s, 495,

——, Orange-bellied, 494,
-— ., Plumbeous, 500.

——, Purple-throated, 496, 497.
——,, White-vented, 497,
— , Violaceus, 498,
Euscarthmus josephire, 160.
— nidipendulus, 158.

— russatus, 158.
examinatus, Rhynchocyclus, 149.

Fall-bird, 467.

fainiliaris, Certhia, 133.
fasciata, Atticora, 344, 345,
——, Hirundo, 345.

» Muscicapa, 217.
fasciatus, Myiobius, 215, 217.
terox, Muscicapa, 228.

, Myiarchus, 226, 227, 228.
ferruginea, Drymophila, 61.
—., Hirundinea, 213.
ferrugineifrons, Pachysylvia, 396.
ferrugineus, Myrmoderus, 61.
, Todus, 213.

——, Turdus, 61.

Fierce Flycatcher, 228.
Finch, Red-crested, 465.
—, Saffron, 454.

finschi, Euphonia. 495.

——., Tanagra, 491, 495.
Finsch’s Kuphonia, 495.
Firebird, 292.

Fiagevlet-bird, 201.

Flat-bill, Grey-headed, 143.
——, Guiana, 145,

—, Pelzeln’s, 149.

——, Rufous-tailed, 153.
——, Belater’s, 150.

——, Tobago Yellow-crested, 144.
——-, Yellow-vented, 151.
flaveola, Capsiempis, 174, 175.

, Certhiola, 473,

-——, Ocereba, 472.

——,, Fringilla, 454,

——, Muscicapa, 175.

——, Sicalis, 453, 454.

——, Syealis, 454, 455, 456.

, Surinam Golden-crowned, 146,

flavicapilla, Chloropipo, 249.
flaviceps, Turdus, 376,
flavicollis, Nemosia, 542.
flavigaeter, Xiphorhynehus, 120.
flavirostris, Grallaricula, 86.
flaviventer, Cyglorhynchus, 151.
~——, Rhynchoeyelus, 151.
flaviventris, Calliste, 511.

, Rhynchocyclus, 149, 151.
flavivertex, Elainoides, 193.
flayogaster, Muscicapa, 186.
Flower-pecker, Guiana, 473,
Fluvicola bicolor, 137,
climazura, 137.

pica, 137, 139,
Flycatcher, Cayerine, 196.

, Cayenne Swallow, 213.
—., Dusky Ruby, 219.

» Fierce, 228,

——, Fork-tailed, 237,

——-, Grey-headed, 176,

——,, Guiana Crested, 187.
—-, Guiana Streaked, 231.
—, Hartlaub’a, 179.

—-, Kiskadee, 199,

——,, Latham’s, 181.

——, Leotaud’s Dusky, 221,
—-, Liebtenstein’s, 203.

— , Little, 180.

——, Little Brown, 217.

——,, Little White-necked, 194.
— , Little Yellow-billed, 204,
——, McConnell’s Oily, 170.
—, Mrs. MeConnell’s, 169,

—-, Northern Mouse-coloured, 177,

——, Pitangua, 209.

—, Red-tailed, 218.

——.,, Roraima, 216.

——~, Round-winged, 175,
——, Rufous-headed, 188.
——, Rusty-tailed, 227.

~—, Salvin’s Roraima, 222,
—,, Schoimburgk’s, 173.

-——, Sclater’s Black-headed, 230,
——, Short-billed Crested, 190.
——,, Slender-footed, 183.
——., Streaked 206.

——, Sulphury, 198.

— .,, Whiskered, 215,

—,, Whitely’s, 229.

—., Whitely’s Crested, 189,
——,, Yellow-rumped. 285.

, Yellow-vented Crested, 186.
feetidus, Gracula, 315.

——, Gymnoderus, 314, 315,
Foraraura, 467.

Fork-tailed Flycatcher, 287.
Formicarius atrothorax, 62.
bambla, 369.

— brevicauda, 82,

cantator, 63,

— colma, 78, 74,

crissalis, 73, 75,76.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 599

Formicarius erythropterus, 72.
— hoffmanni, 75.

musicus, 365.

—— nigritrona, 74.

—— torquatus, 50,

— varius, 81.

Formicivora axillaris, 30.

grisea, 40.

— pygmea, 26.

quadrivittata, 27.
Frederickena viridis, 8, 9.
fredericki, Planesticus, 378, 381, 382.
Frederick's Sabian Thrush, 381.
Fringilla cucullata, 465,

—— Haveola, +54.

—— gyrola, 510.

rubra, 522.

splendens, 443,

violacea, 428,

Frog-birds, 267, 268.
Fruit-Orow, Orenoco, 310,

, Purple, 308.

Fruit-eater, Crimson, 306.

, Western Swallow, 487,
fucata, Cotile, 348.

roraiin, Atticora, 344, 348.
fuliginosa, Dendrocincla, 114, 116,
—, Dendrocopus, 116.

——, Phonipara, 442,

, Tiaris, 442,

fuliginosus, Thamnophilus, 9.
fulva, Lanio, 529.

, Dangara, 529.

fulvescens, Chamzza, 78.
Fulvous-crested Tanager, 535.
Fulvous-throated Wood-hewer, 127.
fumigata, Dendrocincla, 116.

fumigatus. Planesticus, 379, 381, 382.

, Turdus, 381,

fumosa, Phonipara, 442,
funebris, Percnostola, 54.
——, Pyriglena, 54.
Furnarius griseus, 353.
leucopus, 87.

leucopus, 87.

rufus, 87,

furvus, Troglodytes, 360, 361.
fusca, Ampelis, 305,

, Lodopleura, 304, 805.
——, Muscieapa, 226.

——, Planchesia, 226.
fuscatus, Empidochanes, 221.
fuscesvens, Hylovichla, 387, 388,
——, Turdus, 388.

fuscus, Thripubrotus, 126.

gaimardi, Elainea, 192.
gairmardii, Elainopsis, 192.
galeata, Motacilla, 164.

galeatus, Colopterus, 163.

—— macconnelli, Colypteryx, 163.
genibarbis, Pheugopedius, 356.

genibarbis, Xenops, 109.
Geothly pis sequinoctialis, 409,
—- trichas, 409.

velata, 409.

gilvus, Mimus, 371,

Turdus, 371.

glaucus, Thamnomanes, 23, 25,
gloriosus, Rhynchocyclus, 151,
Glossy Cowbird, 563.

—— Grassquit, 443.
Glyphorhynehus cuneatus, 111, 112.
—— — simillimus, 112,
Gmelin’s Seed-eater, 431.
Gnat-catcher, Hellmayr’s, 352.
Gnat-eater, Amazon-ringed, 3.
——, Chestaut-bellied, 2.
God-bird, 356.
Golden-crowned Manakin, 255.
Golden-headed Black ‘Tit-Mouse, 245.
—— Manakin, 245,

Graceful Moeking-bird, 371.
gracilipes, Tyranniscus, 182, 183,
Grackle, Bare-necked, 315,
Gracula feetidus, 315.
Grallaria brevicauda, 82.

—- macularia, 85.

regulus roraime, 80.

— simplex, 83.

varia, 79, 81.

Grallaricula flavirostris, 86.
—-— nana, 86.

—— kukenamensis, 86.
Granatellus pelzelni, 410,
yenustus, 410.

Grass-bird, 438.

Grasshopper Sparrow, 460.
Grassquit, British Guiana, 442.
., Glossy, 443.

Grass-Wren, Roraima, 358,
Great-Crest, Royal, 212.

Great Crested Cacique, 549.
Green Cacique, 552.
Greater Guit-guit, 475,

— White-shouldered Tanager, 532.
Green Bunyas, 552.
Honey-Creeper, 485.

—— Manakin, 251.
Greenheart, Bird, 278.
Greenlet, Bonaparte’s, 399.

, Moustached, 391.

——, Red-eyed, 302.

Grey Ouzel, Venezuelan, 376.
—— Screaming Piha, 278.
Seed-eater, 428.

-— Tanager, Black-faced, 547.
G: ey-anc-white Crested Tanager, 538,
Grey-bellied Wood-bird, 394,
Grey-breasted Ant-bird, 35,
Ant-Tnrush, 83,

—— Attila, 288.

—— Martin, 331.

Saltator, 452.
Grey-browed Spine-tail, 94,

600 ‘ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Grey-cheeked Thrash, 388.
Grey-headed Flat-bill, 143.
Flycatcher, 176.
Grey-throated Thick-bill 272.
grisea, Formicivora, 40,

—, Spermophila, 428, 429.

——.,, Sporophila, 428.

griseiceps, Phyllomyias, 176.

, Placostomus, 143.

—, Platyrhynchus, 143,

--—, Tyranniscus, 176.

—— griseiceps, Atalotriccus, 162.
griseigula, Pheugopedius, 356.

, Lhryothorus, 356,
griseigularis, Pachyrhamphus, 271, 272.
griseiventris, Pachysylvia, 394. 395.
griseus, Campylorbynchus, 353.

. Furnarius, 353.

——,, Heleodytes, 353.

, Turdus, 40,

Griverd de Cayenne, 450.
Grosbeak, Black-faced Green, 448.

, Black-heaced Scarlet, 446.
——, Brazilian Blue, 422.

——, Brown-breasted Pygmy. 424.
, Thick-billed Pygmy, 425,
grossus, Pitylus, 444, 445.

Ground Finch, Roraima, 457,
Flyeatchers, White - shouldered,

138.
Guiana Crested Flycatcher, 187.
——- Dusky-vented, 107.
Flat-bill, 145,
—— Flower-pecker, 473.
—— Grackle, 583.
—— Long-tailed Creeper, 120.
—— Short-tailed Pygmy Tyrant, 161.
—— Spine-tail, 97.
—— Streaked Flycatcher, 231.
—— Wood-Bird. 396.
Wood-hewer, 130.
guianensis, Certhiola, 473.
, Coereba, 472, 473.
—-—, Craspedoprion, 148.
——-, Oyclarhis, 400.
—, Dendrocinclopa, 119, 120.
——, Hlenia, 193.
, Elainopsis, 192.
— —, Lampropsar, 583,
——-, Leistes, 569, 570.
——, Motacilla, 97.
——-, Philydor, 107.
—, —— erythrocercus, 107.
——, Synallaxis, 94, 97.
gujanensis, Cyclarhis, 401.
Guinoh, 553.
guira, Nemosia, 542.
Guiraca cyanea, 421,
—— rothschildi, 421.
Guit-guit, Greater, 475.
gularis, Calyphtrophorus, 467.
— , Cichlopsis, 377.
——, Coccopsis, 466, 467.
——, Paroariu, 467, 468.

gularis, Passerinn, 468.

——, Rhopias, 28.

, Tanagra, 467.

gumia, Placostomus, 143, 146.
guttata, Calliste, 507.

, Callospiza, 507.

——, Myrmothera, 36. -
——, Myrmotherula, 36.
—, Poliolema, 35, 36.

——., Rhopoterpe, 36,

, Tangara, 504, 507.
guttatoides, Dendrornis, 121,
guttatus, Dendrocolaptes, 121.
guttulatus, Dysithamnus, 20).
gutturalis, Oorapipo, 258, 259.
——, Myrmotherula, 29,
——, Pipra, 259.

——, Rhopias, 29..

——, Spermophila, 435.

— roraime, Sporophila, 428, 435,
Gymnoderus-calvus, 314.‘
— feetidus, 814, 315.
Gymmomystax mexicanus, 574, 575.
gymnophthalmus, Planesticus, 379, 383.
--—, Turdus, 383,
Gymnopithys rufigula, 49,
gyrola, Oulliste, 510.

, Callospiza, 510,

——, Fringilla, 510.

——, Tanngra, 510.

—, Tangara, 504, 510,

Habura brevipennis, 166.

—— pectoralis, 166.

Hadrostomus minor, 269.
hemalea, Piranga, 521, 523.

——, Pyranga, 523.

Heematoderus militaris, 806.
hwmorrhous, Cacicus, 457, 554.
——,, Cassicus, 556, 557.
Half-belted Swallow, 347.
Hangnest, Cominen Yellow, 576, 577.
Hangnests, 557.

——, Red-backed, 558.
Hapalocercus meloryphus, 164.
—— pectoralis, 166,

— striaticeps, 165.

Hartlaub’s Fiycatcher, 179.
helene, Neopipo, 262.

——,, Serpophaga, 169.
Heleodytes griseus, 353.
hellmayri, Hemithraupis, 441, 542.
Pellmayr’s Gnat-catcher, 352.
Hemipipo chlorion, 25].
Hemithraupis hellmayri, 541, 542.
roraime, 541, 642,
ruficapilla, 541,
Henicocichla noveboracensis, 407.
Henicorbina leucosticta, 363.
Herpsilochmus dorsomaculatus, 39.
—— pileatus, 37.

rorainue, 39,

—— sticturus, 38.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Heterocnemis leucostigma, 57.
lineata, 46.

— naevia, 56.

— saturata, 58.
Heteropelma amazonum, 264,
—— chrysocephalum, 265.
— igniceps, 265.

— wallacii, 264.

heterurus, Xenops, 110.
Hirundinea bellicosa, 212,
ferruginea, 213.

Hirundo albiventris, 325,
chalybea, 331.

— cyanoleuca, 347.

—— erythrogaster, 327.
fasciata, 345,

leucoptera, 325.
welanoleuca, 346.

—— riparia, 323.

rustica, 325,

subis, 330,

—— tapera, 342.

hoffmanni, Formicarius, 75.
Holoquiscalis crassirostris, 584.
lugubris, 584, 585.
homochroa, Catamenia, 440,
—, Duncanula, 440.

——, Spermophila, 440.
Honey-creeper, Black-backed, 478.
—, Blue, 480.

——, Blue-grey, 479,

, Green, 485.

—, Purple, 483.
Honey-eater, Turquoise, 476,
Hooded Tanager, 540,
Horizopus ardesiacus, 224.
virens, 223,

House-Wren, Schomburgk’s, 362.
, Venezuelan, 360.
humeralis, Myiospiza, 459, 460.
——, Tanagra, 460.
hyacinthinus, Cyanocorax, 588.
Hylocichla alicix, 387, 388.
—— fuscescens, $87, 388,

—— mustelinus, 387.

—— ustulata, 387, 389,

Hylopezus macularia macconnelli, 84,
5

—— perspicillata, 84.
Hylophilus luteifrons, 398,
—— muscicapinus, 396.
sclater:, 397.

thoracicus, 394, 395.
Hypoenemis angustirostris, 65.
cantator, 63.
melanopogon, 69.

— nevia, 70,

— pecilonota, 67,

— therese, 70.

—- tintinnabulata, 63,
Hypoenemoides melanopogon, 68,

hypoglaueus, Oxyrhamphus, 240.
—, Oxyruncus, 239, 240.

Hypolophus, 14.
hypopyrrha, Ampelis, 281.
—, Aulia,

Hypothlypis iridina, 502.

Ibibiru, 546.

Ibycter americanus, 314.
icterocephala, Agelaius, 564,

——, Xanthomus, 565, 566.
icterocephalus, Ageleeus, 565.

——.,, Chrysomus, 565,

— , Oriolus, 565.

— , Xanthomus, 564, 565, 567, 571.
Icterus croconotus, 582.

—— jamacaii, 582.

vulgaris, 575.

-—— xanthornus, 575, 576, 577, 579.
—— —— xanthornus, 576.
igniceps, Heteropelma, 265,
{inthurni, Ageleus, 567.

, Pseudoagelzus, 567.
Imthurn’s Marsh-Bird, 567.
incompta, Elainea, 177.

——, Pheomyias, 177, 178.
indicus, Dendranthus, 3.

inerme, Ornithion, 178, 179.
innotata, Polioptila, 352.

inornata, Myrmotherula, 33.
inquisitor, Rhynchocyclus, 150.
insignis, Erionotus, 16, 17.

, Thamnophilus, 19.

insularis, Placostomus, 148, 144.
intecerdens, Tachyphonus, 531, 536.
intermedia, Sporophila, 428.
Todopleura fusca, 304, 305.

—— leueopygia, 304.

—— pipra, 303, 304, 305,
Ipitikaha, 520.

iracunda, Oeratopipra, 253, 254.
——, Pipra, 254.

iridina, Hypothlypis, 502.
Ischaranare, 292.

Ischararia, 292.

ituribisciensis, Thryothorus, 356, 347.

jacapa, Ramphocelus, 519.

——, Rhamphocelus, 520.
jacarina, Volatinia, 443,
jacarini, Volatinia, 443.

jamacaii, Ioterus, 582.
jamaicensis, Chalcophanes, 584.

, Planesticus, 878. -

Jay, Violaceous, 588,

josephinz, Euscarthmus, 160.
——, Microcochlearius, 159, 160.
——, Synallaxis, 94, 96,
Josephine’s Tody-Tyrant, 160.
—— White-throated Spine-tail, 96.

Kabanaru, 295,
Kamarasikarore, 363.

601

602 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Kawaripoami, 470.

Kerepika, 254.

Kernel-eater, White-throated, 445.
King-bird, Common, 234,

——, Lesser Yellow-breasted, 234,
Kiskadee, 197.

Flycatcher, 199,

Kiskadie, 235.

Kobaikn, 503.

Komiana, 556.

Konuh, 550, 553.

Kotaranoa, 314.

Kotumari, 462,

Kubarih, 13.

Kukenam Ant-Thrush, &6.
kukenamensis, Grallaricula, 86.

Lafresnaye’s Peewee, 224.
Lampropsar guianensis, 583.
tanagrinus, 583.
Lamprospiza charmesi, 543, 544,
— melanoleuca, 543, 544.
Lanio atricapillus, 529,

—— fulva, 529.

‘Laniocerca hypophyrrha, 281.
Lanius atricapillus, 275.
—— canadensis, 14,

carbo, 519.

cayauus, 267,

—— doliatus, 12.

—— leverianus, 545.

—— lictor, 203.

—— pitangua, 209.

-——~ punctatus, 17.
sulphuratus, 199.
tyrannus, 234,
Laphyctes satrapa, 234.
Large Marsh-Wren, 353.

——— Yellow-tailed Black Bunyas, 549.

Larger Spotied Tanager, 507.
Lathain’s Flycatcher, 181.
Latbria cinerea, 277, 278, 279.
streptophora, 278, 280.
Lawrence’s Bullfivch, 427.
leachi, Mackenzizena, 8, 9.
Leafscraper, Black-tailed, 91.

, McConnell’s, 92.

-——, Pelzeln’s Black-tailed, 92.
Legatus albicollis, 194.

successor, 194.

Le Griverd de Cayenne, 450.
Teistes americanus, 569.
guianensis. 569, 570.
inilitaris, 568, 569.
Leotaud’s Dusky Flycatcher, 221.
Leptopogon amaurncephalus, 173.
superciliaris, 173,

Lesser White-shouldered Tanager, 534.

Yellow-breasted King-bird, 234,
Lesson's Seed-eater, 432,
leucocephala, Arundicola, 139, 140,
——, Pipra, 140.

eucocilla, Parus, 246.

leucocilla, Pipra, 241, 246.
leucugenys, Cichlopsis, 377.
Leucolepia musica, 365.
Leucolepis arada, 357, 364, 365.
musica, 365,

leuconotus, Colonia, 142.

-—, Gopurus, 142,
leucophrys, Mecocerculus, 134,
——, Myrmoborus, 165.

, Myrmonax, 65.
leucophthalmus, Automolus, 102.
leucops, Merula, 379.

—,, Planesticus, 378, 379,
—. Turdus, 379.

leucoptera. Hirundo, 325.
leucopus leucopus, Furnarius, 87,
leucopygin, Iodopleura, 504.
leucosticta, Cyphborhina, 363.
~—, Henicorhina, 368,
leucostigma, Heterocnemis, 57,
, Perenostola, 56.

, Sclateria, 56, 57.

leucotis, Thryophilus, 355.
——, Vireolanius, 399.
leveriana, Cissopis, 445.
leverianus, Lanius, 545,
Lichtenstein’s Flycatcher, 203.
lictor, Lanius, 203.

-——, Pitangus, 199, 203, 204.
lineata, Heter..cnemis, 56.
lineatus, Cymbilaimus, 6,

-—, Cymbilanius, 6.

Lined Seed-eater, 433,

linevla, Loxia, 433.

, Spermophila, 433.

——, Sporophila, 428, 433,
Lipangus cineraceus, 278.
simplex, 283.

Little Ant-Thrush, 82.

—— Brown Flycatcher, 217,
-— Flycatcher. 180.

— Spine-tail, 98.

—— White-necked Flycatcher, 194.
Yellow-billed Flycatcher, 204.
Yellow-headed Blackbirds, 567.
littoralis, Hlainea, 136.

. Ochthornis, 135, 136.
Lochmias castanonota, 89.
neimatura, 89.

—-—- nematura, 89.
longicauda, Chiroxiphia, 256,

, Deconychura, 120.

— , Dendrocinela, 120.

——, Dendrocinclopa, 120.
longipennis, Myrmophila, 32.
—, Sporophila, 428, 429.
longipes, Drymophila, 60.
—, Myrmeciza, 60, ’

» Myrmoderus, 59, 60.
Long-tailed Ground Finch, 463.
Tyrant, Northern, 142.
Long-winged Seed-eater, 429.
Lophotriccus macconnelli, 162.
—— spicifer, 164.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

lorieatus, Myrmoderus, 59,
Lowland Meadow Starling, 572,
Loxia americana, 431,
canadensis, 448,
crassirostris, 125.
erythromelas, 446.

—— lineola, 483.

—— minuta, 438.

Loxigilla noctis, 427.
propingna, 427.

luctuosa, Sporophila, 427.
luctuosus, ‘lachyphonus, 531, 534,
Judoviciana, Sturnella, 572, 573.
lugubris, Holoquiscalus, 584, 585,
, Quiscalus, 584, 585.
lwubriciferus, Procnias, 317,
lunulatus, Thamnophilus. 9.
luteifrous, Hylophilus, 398.
——, Pachysylvia, 398,
lutescens, Anthus, 420.

, Nutiocorys, 419, 420.

macconnelli, Automolus, 103.
— , Brachyspiza, 461.

——.,, Colypteryx, 163.

— , Elena, 186.

—, Hylopezus, 84, 85,

— , Lophotriccus, 163.

—, Pachy rhamphus, 271, 274,
—-, Piranga, 521, 524.

, Sclerurus, 92.

— , Pipromorpha, 170, 172,
——, Synallaxis, 94, 95.
McConnell’s Automolus, 103.
Helmeted Pygmy Tyrant, 163.
Leafscraper, ¥2.

—— Oily Flycatcher, 170.

—— Red Tanager, 524.

—— Song-Sparrow, 461,

—— Spine-tail, 95.

— Spotted-breasted Ant-Thrush, 84.

Thick-bill, 274.

Mackenzizua leachi, 7.

macularia, Calobathris, 84.

, Grallaria, 85.

macconnelli, Hylopezus, 84, 85.

maculata, Cercomacra, 45,

——, Muscicapa, 206.

——, Terenura, 41.

maculatum, Todirostrum, 154, 157.

maculatus, Myiodynastes, 205, 206,
208. :

, Todus, 157.

macrurus, Emberizoides, 463.

magna, Sturnella, 571.

monticola, Sturnella, 573.

praticola, Sturnella, 572. .

magnus, Saltator, 450, 451, 453,

Magpie Tanager, 445,

major, Diglossa, 475,

, Taraba, 10.

, Thamnophilus, 15.

Manacus manacus, 261.

.

603

manacus, Chiromacheris, 260, 261.
——, Manacus, 261.

—, Pipra, 261.

Manakin, Black, 255.

—-, Black and Yellow, 242.
——-, Blue-backed, 256.
——., Golden-crowned, 265.
— , Golden-headed, 245.
— , Green, 252, 253.

-——, Mrs, McConnell’s, 262.
—, Olive-green, 248.

——, Orange-bellied, 247.
—-, Orange-headed, 242.
—,, Ridgway’s, 264.

——, Roraima, 254.

—,, Roraimna.Green, 250.
——-, Scarlet-headed, 253.
—-, White-breasted, 261,
— -, White-throated, 259,
Manikup albifrons, 47, 48,
manimbe, Coturniculus, 460,

Mariraeking, 374.
Marsh-bird, Cayenne Red-breasted,
569.

, Yellow-headed, 563.

Marsh-Tyrant, White-headed, 140,

Marsh-Wren, Large, 353.

Martin, Grey-breasted, 331.

, Purple, 330.

Matschiki, 570.

matutina, Zonotrichia, 461.

maximus, Saltator, 450, 451.

Meudow Starling, Lowland, 572:

Mecocerculus leucophrys, 134.

setophagoides, 134,

media, Cissopis, 445.

megacephalus, Rhynchocyclus, 150,

Megarhynchus pitangua, 209, 210, 211,
236.

- pitangua, 210.
melaleucus, Tachypbonus, 582. -
melancholicus, ‘Cyrannus, 232, 234; 236.
melanicterus, Gymnomystax, 575,
melanoleuca, Atticora, 344, 346.

, Hirundo, 346,

——, Lamprospiza, 5438, 544.
melanopogon, Hypocnemis, 69.

, Hypocenemoides, 68, 69.
Melanopsar chrysocephalus, 578,
tmelanoptera, Tanagra, 516.

— , Thraupis, 516.

melanurus, Rhamphoesenus, 43.
melitophrys, Vireolanius, 399.
meloryphus, Hapalocercus, 164.
meridionalis, Sturnella, 572, 573.
Merula carbonaria, 376.

leucops, 379.

roraim, 380.

merula. Dendrocincla, 114, 116.

, Dendrocolaptes, 116.
Merumé Ant-Thrush, 78.

—— Tanager, 542.

mesoleucus, Busileuterus, 418.
mexicana, Calospiza, 511,

604 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

mexicana, Callospiza, 511. Muhi, 517.
——, Tanagra, 511. murina, Ochtheea, 136.
, Tangara, 504, 511. murinus, Dysithamnus, 21, 22,
mexicanus, Gymnomystax, 574, 575, , Planesticus, 379, 384,
, Oriolus, 575, ——,, Thamnophilus, 22.
—— macconnelli, Sclerurus, 91, 92. . Turdus, 384,
Microcerculus bambla, 368, 369. Muscicapa andax, 206.
ustulatus, 370, —— barbata, 215,

cayennensis, 196.
coronata, 212.
fasciata, 217.
ferox, 228.
flayeola, 175.

Miecrocochlearius josephine, 159, 160,
Micropbila castaneiventris, 436,

, Minuta, 436, 438,

militaris, Coracias, 306.

, Emberiza, 569.

—_, Hemutoderus, 306. —— flavogaster, 186,

——, Leistes, 568, 569. ' — fusea, 226.

—, Threnoédes, 306. — maculata, 206.
Milvulus tyrannus, 237, — olivacea, 392.

Mimus, 371. - — pica, 137.

— gilvus, 371. —— purpurata, 308.

— polyglottis, 371. —- pygineza, 26.

minor, Chlorophanes, 585, — simplex, 283,

—, Cissopis, 445. —— epadicea, 285.

——, Hadrostomuzs, 269. —— thamnophiloides, 289.

tyrannulus, 227,

—, Myrmophila, 32.
tyrannus, 237.

——, Platypsaris, 269.

—, Querula, 269. —— uropygiata, 287, 288.
—, Sycalis, 455, 456. musica, Leucolepia, 365.
minuta, Euphonia, 497, , Leucolepis, 365.

——, Loxia, 438. muscicapina, Pachysylvia, 396.
——, Microphila, 436, 438. muscicapinus, ee 396.
—, Spermophila, 438. Muscivora regia, 212.

, Tanagra, 491, 497. tyrannus, 236, 287. -.
Mionectes oleagineus, 170, 172. musculus, ‘Lroglodytes, 360.
miserabilis, Perissotriceus, 161. Musical Wren, 365.
Mitrospingus cassini, 538, musicus, Cyphorhinus, 365.

oleagineus, 539. ——, Formicarius, 365.
Mocking-bird, Black and yellow, 556. mustelinus, Hylocichla, 387.

, Graceful, 371. Myagrus, 1.

, Yellow-backed, 557. Myiarchus coronatus, 219.
Mocking-Thrush, Black-capped, 373. ferox, 226, 227, 228.

Thrushes, Black-capped, 875. — nigriceps, 227, 230.
Mohebera, 512. pelzelni, 229.

Molothrus ater, 563. —— pheonotus, 227, 229.
—— atronitens, 361, 563, 564, 565. —— tyrannulus, 227, 228.
monticola, Sturnella, 573, - Myiobius barbatus, 214, 215.
Moriche Oriole, 578, 579, erythrurus, 215, 218.
Motacilla, 419, —— fasciatus, 215, 217.
equinoctialis, 409. —— nevius, 217.

eestiva, 404. —— roraime, 215, 216.

-— calidris, 391. Myioborus castaneicapillus, 413, 415.
—- cayana, 476, pallidiventris, 413,

galeata, 164. verticalis, 413.

—— guianensis, 97. Myiodynastes audax, 206.
noveboracensis, 407. duncani, 208.
—— ruticilla, 412. — maculatus, 205, 206, 208,

velia, 502. solitarius, 208.

Mourner, Red-breasted, 281. Myiopatis pusilla, 180.
Mouse-coloured Bush-bird, 22. — semifusca, 178,

Moustached Greenlet, 391. Myiospiza humeralis, 459, 460.
Mrs. McConnell’s Flycatcher, 169. Meicitiers analis, 75.

— Manakin, 262. -— colma, 74.

Muff-bird, 186, 190: Myiozetetes cayennensis, 196, 197.

sulphureus, 196, 198.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 605

Myrmeciza atrothorax, 62,
— cinnamomea, 61,
—— longipes, 60. ‘
Myrmoborus angustirostris, 65.
-—- leucophrys, 65.
Myrmoderus atrothorax, 62.
—— ferrugineus, 61.

—— longipes, 59, 60.

—- loricatus, 59.
Myrmonax cinnamomeus, 61,
leucophrys, 65.
Myrmopagis axillaris, 30.
Myrmophila behni, 32, 33.
longipennis, 32.
— minor, 32.

-—— vavasouri, 32.
Myrmornis, 51.

— arada, 365.

crissalis, 75.
torquata, 50.
torquata, 50.
Myrmothera axillaris, 30.
guttata, 36.
Myrmotherula, 26,
cinereiventris, 35.
—— guttata, 36.
gutturalis, 29.
oe

— mea, 26.

ai mgeaneacte 26, 27.
-—— unicolor, 33.

mystaceus, Platyrhynchus, 144,

nevia, Heterocnemis, 56,

——., Hypocnemis, 70.

——, Pipra, 70.

—-, Sclateria, 55, 56.

—, Sitta, 56.

nevius, Myiobius, 217.

—, Seiuras, 407, 408.

——, Stictomyrmornis, 70.
——, Thamnophilus, 17.
Naikamaraku, 309.

nana, Grallaricula, 86,

—— kukenamanensis, Grallaricula, 86.
napensis, Cercomacra, 45.
Natterer’s Water-Tyrant, 136.
nematura, Lochmias, 89.
nematura, Lochmias, 89."
Nemosia flavicollis, 542,

—— guira, 542.

—— guira roraime, 542,

— pileata, 540.

Neopelma aurifrons, 264, 265,
chrysocephala, 265.
Neopipo cinnamomea, 262.
—— helene, 262,
nidipendulus, Euscarthmus, 158.
niger, Bathmidurus, 274.

, Pachyrhamphus, 274.
nigerrimus, Tachyphonus, 532.
nigricapillus, Tyranniscus, 182.

nigriceps, Myiarchus, 227, 230,
nigricincta, Calliste, 512.
nigricollis, Euphonia, 493.
nigrifrons, Furmicarius, 74,
nigrigenis, Paroaria, 467.
nigrocincta, Aglaia, 512,

— , Calliste, 512.

——, Corythopis, 5.

, Tangara, 504, 512,
nigromaculata, Phlegopsis, 72.
nivea, Ampelis, 320.

niveus, Ohasmorhynchus, 314, 320.
noctis, Loxigilla, 427.

Nomaiko, 88.

Northern Cinereus Bush-bird, 25.
—— Long-tailed Tyrant, 142.
—— Mouse-coloured Flycatcher, 177.
Neocorys, 419.

Notiocorys abariensis, 419, 420.
— lutescens, 419, 420.
noveboracensis, Henicocichla, 407,
—~—, Motacilla, 407.

—, Seiurus, 407.

— , Siurus, 407.

—, Vireo, 390.

occidentalis, Procnias, 487, 488.

——, Tersina, 487.

ocellata, Spermophila, 432.

ochropygos, Tachyphonus, 5385.

Ochtheca murina, 136.

—— setophagoides, 134.

Ochthornis littoralis, 185, 136.

Ohles, 243,

Ohsi, 570.

oleaginea, Eucometis, 539,

——, Pipromorpha, 170.

oleagineus, Mionectes, 170, 172.

—, Mitrospingus, 539.

olivacea, Muscicapa, 392.

, Tanagra, 497.

olivaceus guianensis, Rhynchocyclus,
4

——., Scotothorus, 264,

-——, Vireo, 391, 392.

olivascens, Basileuterus, 417,
—, Tanagra, 516.

Olive Creeper, Amazonian, 118,
Olive-capped Automolus, 105.
Olive-green Manakin, 248.

-—— Warbler, Chapman’s, 417.
olivina, Elznea, 186, 187.

olivus, Empidochanes, 221.
Onychorhynchus coronatus, 211, 212.
Orange-bellied Euphonia, 494,
——. Manakin, 247,
Orange-brown Solitaire, 377.
Orange-Fronted Wood-bird, 398.
Orange-headed Manakin, 242.
Orchesticus ater, 547.
orenocensis, Coracina, 310.

» Pyroderus, 310.

606 ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

Orinoco Frrit-Crow, 310.

Tyrant, 168.

Oriole, Black-and-Yellow, 575.

—., Moriche, 578, 579.

——, Yellow, 576.

Oriolus chrysocephalus, 578,

—— hemorrhous, 557.

-—— icterocepbalus, 565.

mexicanus, 575.

— oryzivorus, 559, a}

persicus, 554,

picus, 124.

viridis, 552.

ornata, Tiaris, 441.

ornatus, Cephalopterns, 310, 311.

Ornithion inerme, 178, 179.

— pusillum, 179, 180

Orthogonys cyanicterus, 527.

ORD Tora. Cassidix, 551, 557, 558, 559,
560.

oryzivorus, Dolichonyx, 561.

. Oriolus, 559.

Oryzoburus angolensis, 423.

brevirostris, 423, 424.

crassirostris, 423, 425, 426,

torridus, 423.

ae decumanus, 548, 549, 551, 557,
560.

— -—— decumanus, 549.

viridis, 552, 553,

Ouzel, Roraima, 380.

, Taczanowski’s Black, 379.

Oven-bird, White-eyebrowed, 87.

Owehma, 268.

Oxyrhamphus hypoglaucus, 240.

Oxyruncus cristatus, 239,

hypoglaucus, 239, 240.

Pachyrhamphus atricapillus, 272, 275,
276.

——- cinereiventris, 274.

cinereus, 273.

griseigularis, 271, 272.

imacconnelli, 271, 274.

—~— niger, 274.

rufus, 271, 273.

viridis, 271.

Pachysylvia decurtata, 394.

ferrugineifrons, 396.

griseiventris, 394, 395.

luteifrons, 398.

muscicapina, 396.

pectoralis, 395,

sclateri, 397.

thoracicus abariensis, 395.

pagana, Hleenea, 185, 186, 187, 188, 191.

Paia-paia, 279.

Pai-paischo, 279.

Painted Tody-Tyrant, 156.

Pairika, 77, 413, 415.

pallidiventris, Myioborus, 413, 414.

palmarum, Tanagra, 516, 517.

Palm-Sakie, 516.

Palin Tanager, Western, 516.

Para Bush-Shrike, 10..

Paradise Tanager, 504.

paradisea, Aglaia, 504,

, Tangara, 503, 504, 508.

paralios, Sturnella, 573.

Parandorai, 322,

pardalotus, Dendrocopus, 122.

» Dendrornis, 122.

, Xiphorhynchus, 121, 122.

parellina, Cyanocompsa, 421.

pareola, Chiroxiphia, 246, 256, 262.

Paroaria galaris, 467.

nigrigenis, 467.

Parson-bird, 140.

Parula elegans, 402.

piliayumi, 402,

Parus aureola, 242.

cela, 554,

erythrocephalus, 245,

leucocilla, 246.

parvirostris, Elenea, 186, 190,
——, Empidonomus, 281.

parvus, Pitangus, 199, 204,

Passerina gularis, 468.

sphenura, 463.

Pectoral Sparrow, 469.

pectoralis, Haphlocercus, 166.

, Habura, 166.

——,, Pachysylvia, 395.

, Pithys, 49.

Peewee, Black-headed, 225,

——, Lafresnaye’s, 224.

pelzelni, Granatellus, 410,

, Myiarchus, 229.

Pelzeln’s Black-tailed Leafseraper, 92.

Flat-bill, 149.

Warbier, 410.

penicillata, Encometis, 537, 538.

Percnostola funebris, 54.

leucostigma, 56.

rufifrons, 54.

Periporphyrus erythromelas, 446.

Perissotriccus ecaudatus, 160, 161.

—— ecaudatus miserabilis, 161.

persicus,Cassicus, 551, 554, 556,557, 560.

personatus, Arremon, 471.

, Atlapetes, 471.

--—, Buarremon, 471.

perspicillata, Hylopezus, 84.

peruviana, Rupicola, 295,

Phzomyias incompta, 177, 178.

pheonotus, Myiarchus, 227, 229,

phezoptila, Phonipara, 442.

——, Tiaris, 441, 442.

Pheugopedius genibarbis, 356.

griseigula, 356.

Philydor albigularis, 104.

atricapillus, 106.

cervicalis, 105.

erythrocercus guianensis, 107.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Philydor pyrrhodes, 106, 107.
——- turdinus, 103.

Philydor, Cinnamon-rumped, 107.
, Guiana Dusky-vented, 107.
Phlegopsis erythroptera, 72.
—— nigromaculata, 72.
pheeniceus, Tachyphonus, 531, 533.
Phoenicocereus carnifex, 290, 291.
Pheenicosoma azaree, 523.
pheopygus, Planesticus, 379, 386.
-—-, Turdus, 386.

Phonipara fuliginosa, 442.
—— fumosa, 442,

—— pheoptila, 442.
Phyllomyias brevirostris, 176.
griseiceps, 176.

—— semifuisca, 177.

pica, Fluvicola, 137, 139.
——, Muscieapa, 137.

Picine Wood-hewer, 124.
Picolaptes albolineatus, 127.
punticeps, 126.

— rikeri, 101.

pictum, Todirostrum, 154, 156.
Picus certhia, 132.

picus, Dendroplex, 124.
Pigmy Ant-bird, 26.

Piha, Grey Screaming, 278.

, Pink-collared, 280.
pilaris, Colypteryx, 163.

-—, Atalotriceus. 12.
pileata, Nemosia, 540,

—, Tanagra 540.

, Zonotricha, 461.
pileatus, Herpsilochmus, 37.°.
— , Piprites, 251.
Pink-collared Piba, 280.
Pipit, Abary River, 420.
Pipi-tooree, 473, 474.
Pipitoorie, 155, 156.

Pi-pi-yo, 278.

Pipra albifrons, 48.

—— aureola, 241, 242, 256,
auricapilla, 245.

—— brachyura, 248.

-—— cornuta, 253.

—— cyanocephala, 493.

— erythrocepbala, 241, 245.
—— giitturalis, 259,

—— iracunda, 254.

— letcocephala, 140.
leucocilla, 241, 246.
— inanacus, 261,

—— navia, 70.

rufus, 273.

—— rupicola, 293.

serena, 247.

suavissima, 241, 247,
virescens, 242, 248.
pipra, Iodopleura, 302, 304.
Pipreola whiteleyi, 296.
Piprites chlorion, 251.

—— pileatus, 251.

607

Pipromorpha oleaginea, 170.

——- oleaginea macconnelli, 170,
172.

—— — roraime, 170, 172.

Piranga ardens, 521, 525.

— hemalea, 521, 523.

— rubra, 521, 522.

saira, 524,

—— — — macconnelli, 521, 524.

Pitangua Flycatcher, 2U9.

pitangua, Laniua, 209.

——, Megurhynchus, 209, 210, 211,
236

Pitangus lictor, 199, 203, 204,

—— parvus, 199, 204.

—— sulphburatus, 199, 200, 207, 211,
236.

Pithys albifrons, 48.

— pectoralis, 49.

pitiayumi, Parula, 402,

Pitylus canadensis, 448.

— erythromelas, 446.

grossus, 444, 445.

viridis, 448.

Platostomus coronatus gumia, 146.

griseiceps, 143.

—— gumia, 143, 146.

— —insularis, 143, 144.

—— saturatus, 143, 145,

superciliaris, 142.

plagosus, Dendrocolaptes, 181.

Planchesia fusca, 226. .

Planesticus albiventer, 378, 382.

— arthuri, 379, 385.

—— fredericki, 378, 381, 382.

—— fumigatus, 381, 382.

— —— abariensis, 379, 382.

—— gymnophthalmas, 379, 383.

— jamaicensis, 377.

leucops, 378, 379.

murinus, 379, 384,

—— pheopygus, 379, 386.

—— roraime, 378, 380.

Plantain-bird, 576, 577.

platensis, Thryothorus, 358,

Platycichla brevipes, 375.

yenezuelensis, 376.

Platypsaris aglaiz, 269.

minor, 269,

Platyrynchus coronatus, 146.

— griseiceps, 143.

insularis, 144.

—— mystaceus, 144,

— ruficauda, 153,

—— saturatus, 145.

superciliaris, 146.

plumbea, Dacnis, 479,

——, Euphonia, 500.

—, Spermophila, 430.

, Tanagra, 491, 500.

plumbeous, Euphonia, 500.

peecilonota, Dichropogon, 66,

, Hypocnemis, 67,

608 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

pecilonotus, Copurus, 142.

peecilurus, Empidochanes, 222.

Pogonothraupis atricapilla, 529.

Pointed-tail, Riker’s, 101.

poliocephalus, Rhynchocyclus, 150.

Poliolsema cinereiventris, 35.

——- guttata, 35, 36.

poliophrys, Synallaxis, 94.

Polioptila buffoni, 352,

eerulea, 351.

innotata, 352.

polyglottus, Mimus, 371.

Polystictus brevipennis, 166,

polystictus, Xiphorhynchus, 121, 123.

Pompadour Chatterer, 302.

Ponoromih, 258.

Porokeda, 520,

portoricensis, Pyrrhulagra, 426.

praticola, Sturnella, 572.

Primnocopus undulatus, 132,

Proenias alba, 320.

carnobarba, 316, 317.

—— lumbriciformes, 317.

— occidentalis, 487, 488.

-—— tersa, 487, 488.

ventralis, 487.

procurvoides, Campylorhamphus, 130.

——, Xiphorhynchus, 130.

Proollryus, Campylorhamphus, 128,
129. :

Progne chalybea, 329, 331, 332.

purpurea, 329, 330.

subis, 329.

tapera, 329, 332, 342.

propinqua, Loxigilla, 427,

, Pyrrhulagra, 427,

Psarocolius croconotus, 582.

Pseudoagelseus imthurni, 567.

Pseudoconopophaga melanogaster, 4.

Pseudochloris browni, 457,

citrina, 457,

punctata, Callospiza, 507.

—., Tanagra, 505.

Tangara, 504, 505.

punctatus, Erionotus, 16, 17.

Thamnophilus, 17.

puncticeps, Picolaptes, 126.

punicea, Xipholena, 301, 302.

puniceus, Turdus, 302,

Purple Fruit-Crow, 308.

Honey-Creeper,, 483,

— Martin, 330.

Martin, White-breasted, 332,

Purple-blue Tanager, 527.

Purple-breasted Chatterer, 299,

Purple-throated Euphonia, 496, 497.

purpurata, Muscicapa, 308,

, Querula, 307, 808,

purpurea, Progne, 329, 380.

pusilla, Myiopatis, 180.

pusillum, Ornithion, 179, 180.

pygmaza, Formicivora, 26.

—, Muscicapa, 26.

pygmzxa, Myrmotherula, 26.
Pygmy Ant-bird, 31.
Grosbeak, Brown-breasted, 424.
Seed-eater, 438,
— Tyrant, McConnell's Helmeted,
163.
—— Tyrant, Guiana Short-tailed, 1G1.
Woodhewer, 112, 113.
Pyranga estiva, 522, 523,
— cyanictera, 527.
hemalea, 523.
Pyriglena funebris, 54.
Pyrocephalus rubineus, 219,
—— saturatus, 219.
Pyroderus orenocensis, 310.
scutata, 309.
— scutatus, 310. *
pyrrhodes, Anabates, 107,
-—, Philydor, 105, 107.
Pyrrhula bouvronides, 432,
Pyrrbulagra portoricensis, 426.
propinqua, 427,

Quahorum, 546.

Querula cruentata, 308.
minor, 269,

—— purpurata, 307, 308.
Quiscalus lugubris, 584, 585.
Quow, 314,

Quow-birds, 313, 314.

Rain-bird, 356.

Ramphoceelus brasilius, 518,
carbo, 518, 519.

—— —— carbo, 519.

jacapa, 519, 520.
Ramphotrygon ruficauda, 152, 153.
Recurved-bill, Whiskered, 109,
Red Chatterer, 291.

Red-backed Cassiques, 558.
Hangnests, 558.
Red-breast, Colonial, 569, 570.
Red-breasted Black-birds, 569, 570, 571.
-—— Mourner, 281.

—— Tanager, 520.

Red-crested Finch, 465,
Red-eyed Greenlet, 392.
Red-shouldered Tanager, 533.
Redstart, American, 412,

——., Ohapman’s, 414.

, Schomburgk’s, 415.
Red-tailed Flycatcher, 218.
Red-vented Wood-Hewer, 116.
regia, Muscivora, 212.

regulus, Grallaria, 80.

—— roraima, Grallaria, 80.
Ramphocenus albiventris, 43.
wmelanurus, 43.
Rhamphopis atrococcineus, 519.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. : 609

Rbopias gularis, 28. rubra, Piranga, 521, 522.

—— gutturalis, 29, rubricollis, Threnoédes, 308.

Rhopoterpe guttata, 36. Ruddy Tody-Tyrant, 158.
torquata, 50, rufalbus, Thryophilus, 354.

Rhynchoeyelus, 171. ruficapilla, Hemithraupis, 541.

assimilis, 149. , Synallaxis, 93.

—— flaviventer, 151. ruficauda, Platyrhynchus, 153,

‘flaviventris, 149, 151. , Ramphotrygon, 152, 153.
— gloriosus, 151. ——,, Synallaxis, 98,

—— megacephalus, 150. ruficeps, Elanea, 186, 188.
~— olivaceus guianensis, 148. ruficollis, Stelgidopteryx, 850, 351.

poliocephalus inquisitor, 150. , Thamnophilus, 18.

— selateri, 150. rufifrons, Perenostola, 54,
— ruficauda, 153. —, Turdus, 54,
—— sulphurescens, 149. rufigula, Anoplops, 49.

—— examinatus, 149, ——, Gymnopithys, 49.
Rice-Grackle, 559, —, Turdus, 49.
ridgwayi, Thryothorus, 356. —— rufigula, Anoplops, 49.
Ridgway’s Manakin, 264, rufigularis, Sclerurus, 91, 92.
riefferi, Euchlornis, 296. rufinus, Tyrannus, 231.
rikeri, Berlepschia, 101. Rufous-breasted Ant-bird, 36.

, Picolaptes, 101. Rufous-front Ant-catcher, 49.
Riker’s Pointed-tail, 101. Rufous-headed Crested Flycatcher, 188.
Riparia riparia, 323. —— Sparrow, 471.
riparia. Cotile, 323. Rufous-tailed Flat-bill, 153.

, Hirundo, 323, Rufous-vented Ant-Thrush, 75.
—, Riparia, 323. Rufous-winged Bare-eye, 72.
Rootie, 98, 100. rufalus, Thryothorus, 362.
Roraima Ant-bird, 39. ——, Troglodytes, 359, 360, 862.
—— Ant-Creeper, 58. rufus, Anthus, 420.

—— Black-billed Thrush, 384. ——, Furnarius, 87,
—— Bush-Shrike, 19. ——, Pachyrhamphus, 271, 278.
—— Flycatcher, 216. ——, Pipra, 273.
—— Grass-Wren, 358. ——, Tachyphonus, 531, 532.
—— Green Manakin, 250. Rupicola cayanna, 293, 295,
—— Green Tanager, 489. — crocea, 293, 295.
—-— Ground Fineh, 457. —— perunana, 295.
Guira Tanager, 542. rupicola, 292, 293.
---- Manakin, 254. rupicola, Pipra, 293.
—-- Ouzel, 380. , Rupicola, ‘292, 293.
—— Red Tanager, 523. russutus, Euscarthus, 158.
— Scaly-breastud Wren, 370. Russet-backed Thrush, 389.
Warbler, 416. rustica, Hirundo, 325,
roraima%, Atticora, 344, 348, Rusty-tailed Flycatcher, 227.
-—, Chlorophonia, 489. ruticilla, Motacilla, 412.
-—, Hemithraupis, 541, 542, , Setophaga, 411, 412, 415.

——, Herpsilochmus, 39, Rutie, 99.
——, Merula, 380.
——, Myiobius, 215, 216.

-——, Pipromorpha, 170, 172. Sabian Thrush, Frederick's, 381.
——.,, Planesticus, 378, 380. Sachia, 316.
——.,, Sicalis, 454, 457. Saffron Finch, 454,
——. Sporophila, 428, 435. saira, Piranga, 524.
——, Turdus, 389, -—, Tanagra, 524.

, Vireo, 891, 393. Sakesphorus canadensis, 14,
rothschildi, Cyanocompsa, 421, 422, Saltator ater, 547.

cayanus, 450.
magnus, 450, 451, 453.

——, Guiraca, 421,
Rothschild’s Blue Grosbeak, 421,

Round-winged Flycatcher, 175. — maximus, 450, 451.

Royal Ant-Thrush, 81. —— olivascens, 450, 452.

—— Great-Crest, 212. Saltator, Grey-breasted, 452.
rubineus, Pyrocephalus, 219. salvini. Empidochanes, 221, 222.
rubra, Fringilla, 622. Salvin’s Crested Tanager, 539,

VOL. I, 2R

610 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Salvin’s Roraima Flycatcher, 222.
Sand Martin, 323.
satrapa, Laphyctes, 234.
, Tyrannus, 233, 234, 235.
saturata, Heterocnemis, 58.
, Selateria, 58.
saturatus, Placostomus, 143, 145,
—., Platyrhynchus, 145.
, Pyrocephalus, 219.
Saturnine Bush-bird, 23,
saturninus, Dysithanmnus, 21, 23.
Saurophagus lictor, 233.
sulphuratus, 199, 201, 202.
Scaphidura atra, 559.
Scaphorhynchus audax, 206.
Scarlet Kernel-eater, 446, __
Scarlet-headed Manakin, 253.
Schistochlamys atra, 546, 547.
capistratus, 546.
Schomburgk’s Ant-Creeper, 65.
—— Attila, 286.
—— Flycatcher, 173.
— House-Wren, 362.
Redstart, 415.
Schumai, 510.
sclateri, Automolus, 105,
, Hylophilus, 397.
» Pachysylvia, 397.
— ., Rhynchocyelus, 150.
Sclateria leucostigina, 56, 57.
neevia, 55, 56.
saturata, 58,
Sclater’s Amazonian Bush-Shrike, 18.
—— Black-headed Flycatcher, 230.
—— Flat-bill, 150.

- Wood-Bird, 397,
Sclerurus caudacutus, 91.
caudacutus, 91.
mexicanus macconnelli, 91, 92.
rufigularis, 91, 92.
umbretta, 90.
Scotothorus cbrysocephalus, 265.
—— olivaceus, 264,
— turdinus, 263.
wallacii, 264.
scutata, Pyroderus, 309.
Seed-eater, Blue-backed, 436.
——-, Chestnut-bellied, 436.
——, Duncan’s, 440.
——, Gmelin’s, 431.
, Grey, 428.
——, Lesson’s, 482.
——, Lined, 483.
——, Longwinged, 429.
——., Pygniy, 438.
——, Whitely’s Plumbeous, 430.

Seed-Finch, Small-billed Tropical, 423.

, Thick-billed, 424.
Seiurus aurocapillus, 407.
neevius, 405, 407, 408.
noveboracensis, 407.
—— noveboracensis, 407.
seinilasciatus, Taraba, 10.

semifasciatus, Thamnophilus, 10.
semifusca, Myiopatis, 178.

——, Phyllomyias, 177.

serena, Pipra, 247,

serioptera, Tanagra, 514.
Serpophaga caudata, 168.

—— helene, 169.

—- subcristata, 167.
serripennis, Stelgidopteryx, 349.
Setophaga castaneicapilla, 415.
ruticilla, 41], 412, 415,
verticalis, 414.
setopbagoides, Mecocerculus, 134,
, Ochtheeca, 184.

, Lyrannula, 134.

Sharpbill, White-bellied, 240.
Short-billed Crested Flycatcher, 190.
Sicalis flaveola, 453, 454,

minor, 454, 455.

roraime, 454, 457,

Sickuhi, 517.

Siknih, 453.

silens, Tanagra, 469.

Silk Cotton-bird, 137, 138.
Silver-beaked Tanager, 519.
simillimus, Glyphorhynchus, 112.
simplex, Grallaria, 83.

, Lipangus, 283.

, Muscicapa, 283,

Sitta neevia, 66.

surinamensis, 27.
Sittasomus amazonus, 118.
Slender-footed Flycatcher, 183,
Sinall-billed Tropical Seed-Finch, 425,
Water-Thrush, 407.

Small Rice-birds, 562.

Solitaire, Orange-brown, 377.
solitarius, Myiodynastes, 208.
Song-Sparrow, McConnell's, 461.
sororius, Xiphorhynchus, 121.
spadicea, Eleenea, 153.
spadiceus, Attila, 285, 286, 288.
Sparrow, Grasshopper, 460.
——, Pectoral, 469.

—, Rufous-headed, 471.
Spermophila castaneiventris, 436.
— collaria, 431.

— cucullata, 431.

—— grisea, 428, 429.

—— gutturalis, 435.

— homochroa, 440.

——- lineola, 435.

—— minuta, 4388.

—— ocellata, 432.

-—— plumbea, 430.

— whiteleyana, 430.

sphenura, Passerina, 463.
sphenurus, Emberizoides, 468.
spicifer, Lophotriccus, 164.
Spine-tail, Grey-browed, 94.

, Guiana, 97.

~—, Little, 98.

—--, Macconnell’s, 95.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 611

Spine-tail, Yellow-throated, 98.
Spix’s Attila, 289.

Spiza americana, 458.

spiza, Dacuis, 435.

——, Certhia, 485.

——, Chlorophanes, 485.
splendens, Fringilla, 443.

— , Volatinia, 443.
spodionotus, Dysithamnus, 21.
spodioptila, Lerenura, 42.
spodiostethus, Attila, 288.
Sporophila americana, 428, 431.
— bouvronides, 428, 432.
—— castaneiventris, 436, 437.
—— grisea, 428.

—— gutturalis roraime, 428, 435.
——- intermedia, 428.

lineola, 428, 453,
longipennis, 428, 429.
luctuosa, 427.

—— whiteleyana, 427, 428, 430.
Spot-backed Ant-Creeper, 70,
Spot-winged Aut-Creeper, 57.
Spotted-backed Ant-Creeper, 67.
Spotted Bush-Shrike, 17.
Spotted-crown Wood-hewer, 126.
Spotted-tailed Ant-bird, 38.
Spotted Tanager, 505.
Tody-Tyrant, 157,

-— Wood-hewer, 123.
Stelgidopteryx aqualis, 350.
— rutficollis, 350, 351.

——- serripennis, 349.

—— uropygialis, 350.

stellaris, Cistothorus, 358.
Stictomyrmornis nevius, 70.
sticturus, Herpsilochmus, 38.
Streaked Flycatcher, 206.
streptophora, Lathria, 278, 280.
striata, Dendreeca, 405.
striaticeps, Hapalocercus, 165.
Sturnella ludoviciana, 572, 578.
—— magna, 571.

—— —— monticola, 573,

—— — paralios, 573.

—— —— praticola, 572.

— — meridionalis, 572, 573.
suavissima, Pipra, 247,
subcristata, Serpophaga, 167.
subis, Hirundo, 3380,

, Progne, 329.

successor, Legatus, 194.
sulphuratus, ees 199.

——, Saurophagus, 199, 201, 202.
Sulphur-bellied Tanager, 511,
sulphurescens, Rhynchocyclus, 149,
sulphureus, Myiozetetes, 196, 198.
Sulphury Flycatcher, 198.
Summer-bird, Yellow, 404.
Summer Red Tanager, 522.
superciliaris, Leaptopogon, 173.
——, Placostomus, 142.

, Pitangus, 199, 200, 207, 211, 236.

superciliarus, Plafyrhynchus, 146.
Surinam Ant-bird, 27.
Ant-creeper, 56.
Golden-crowned Flat-bill, 146.
surinamensis, Myrmotherula, 26, 27.
, Sitta, 27.
surinamus, Tachyphonus, 531, 535.
——., Turdus, 535,
Suruh, 573,
Swainson’s Ant- Creeper, 60.
Grackle, 584.
Swallow, Bangs’s Rough-winged, 350.
— , Belted, 346.
——., Half-belted, 347.
——, Red-breasted, 327.
, White-handed, 345,
Sycalis brasiliensis, 454.
citrina, 457.
—— flaveola, 454, 455, 456.
—— minor, 455, 456.
Sylvia bicolor, 479.

elata, 181. °
sylviellus, Sittasomus, 117, 118.
Synallaxis albescens, 96.
albigularis josephine, 94, 96.
brunneicauda, 95.
brunneicaudalis, 95.
—--- cinnamomea, 94, 98, 99, 100.
demissa, 94,
guianensis, 94, 97.
macconnelli, 94, 95.
poliophrys, 94.
ruficapilla, 93.
ruficauda, 98.

Tachycineta albiventris, 325.

bicolor, 325.

—— thalassinus, 325.

Tachyphonus cristatug, 510, 536.

intercedens, 448, 536.

—— intercedens, 531, 536.

—- luctuosus, 531, 534.

— melaleucus, 532.

nigerrimus, 532.

ochropygos, 535.

—— pheeniceus, 531, 533.

— rufus, 531, 532.

surinamus, 531, 535,

surinamus, 535.

taciturnus, Arremon, 469.

'Vaczanowski’s Black Ouzel, 379.

Tanager, Allied Crested, 536.

——., Cayenne, 508.

— Charme’s Black-and-White Shin-
ing, 544,

Bishop, 514,

——.,, Blue-bellied, 502.

* —, Chestnut-headed, 510.

——, Fulvous-crested, 535.

——, Greater White-shouldered, 532.
———, Grey-and-white Crested, 538.
—-, Hooded, 540,

612

Tanager, Larger Spotted, 507.
, Lesser White-shouldered, 534.
—, McConnell’s Red, 524,
——,, Magpie, 445.

~—, Merumé, 542,

—, Paradise, 504.

——, Purple-blue, 527.

——, Red-breasted, 520.
——, Red-shouldered, 533.
—., Roraima Green, 489,
——, —— Guira, 542.

Red, 523.

— , Salvin’s Crested, 539.
——., Silver-beaked, 519.
—, ; Spotted, 505.

——, Sulphur-bellied, 511.
——, Summer Red, 522.
—«*, Yellow-bellied, 506.
—, Whitely’s, 513.
Tanagra atra, 547.

—— atricapilla, 529.

cayana, 508.”
cayennensis, 491, 492.
—— chlorotica, 491, 496.
—— cyanocephala, 491, 493.
—— episcopus, 514, 515, 516.
—— finschi, 491, 495.

—— gujanensis, 401.

-— inelanoptera, 516.

—— mexicana, 51].

—— iinuta, 491, 497.

—— olivacea, 497.

—— —— olivacea, 497.

—— olivascens, 516.

—— palmarum, 516, 517.
—— —— melanoptera, 516.
—— paradisea, 503, 504, 508.
—— pileata, 540.

—— jlumbea, 491, 500.

—— puuctata, 505,

—-— saira, 524,

—— silens, 460.

serioptera, 514,
xanthogaster, 491, 494,
—— taciturna, 469.

~ yiolacea, 490, 493, 498, 499.
—— rodwayi, 499.
Tanagrella cyanomolena, 502.
yelia, 502.

tanagrinus, Lampropsar, 583.
Tangara cayana, 504, 508, 509.
fulva, 529.

—— guttata, 504, 507.

—-— gyrola, 504, 510,

—— joune 4 téte noir, de Cayenne, 529,
mexicana, 504, Bll,
mexicana, 511.
—— nigrocincta, 504, 612.
—-— punctata, 504, 505,

— tatao, 508.

ALPHABETICAL

»

INDEX.

Tangara whitelyi, 504, 513.
— xanthogastra, 504, 506.
tapera, Hirundo, 342,
Progne, 329, 332, 342,
Taraba major, 10.
semifasciatus, 10.
Tarika, 300.

Tarikua, 133.

tatao, Calliste, 504,

——., Callospiza, 504,

——, Tangara, 503.
Taurupia, 556.

tersa, Procnias, 487, 4188.

Terenotricuserythruruserythrurus, 218.

Terenura maculata, 41.
spodidptila, 42.

Tersina cerulea, 487,

—— occidentalis, 487.
thalassinus, Tachycineta, 325.
Thamnomanes cxsius, 24,
glaucus, 23, 25.
thamnophiloides, Attila, 289,

, Dasycephala, 289,

——, Muscicapa, 289.
Thamnophilus amazonicus, 18.
atricapillus, 14,
canadensis, 14.

—— caudacutus, 91.

—— doliatus, 11, 12, 13.
fuliginosus, 9.

—— insignis, 19.

-—— lunulatus, 9.

major, 15.

— murinus, 22,

—— nevius, 17.

punctatus, 17.

—— ruficollis, 18.
semifasciatus, 10,

— viridis, 9.

theresee, Hypocnemis, 70,
Thick-bill, Black-capped, 275.
——.,, Cinereous, 273.

——-, McConnell’s, 274.

, Grey-throated, 272.
Thick-billed Pygmy Grosbeak, 425.
Seed-Finch, 424.
thoracicus, Hylophilus, 394, 395.
» Pachysylvia, 395.
Thraupis archiepiscopus, 514.
episcopus, 514.

episcopus, 515,

—— melanoptera, 516.

—— palmaruw palmarum, 516.
Threnoédes militaris, 306.
Thienéudus rubricollis, 308.
Thripobrotus albolineatus, 126, 127.
fuscus, 126.

—— puncticeps, 126.

Thrush, Arthur’s, 385.

— , Bare-eyed, 383.

——., Cabanis’s White-throated, 386.
——., Frederick’s Sabian, 381.
——., Grey-cheeked, 388.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 613

Thrush, Russet-backed, 389.

—, Spix’s, 382.

——, Wilson’s, 388.

Thryophilus albipectus, 355.

— leucotis, 855,

rufalbus, 35-4.

Thryothorus albipectus, 855,

— berlepschi, 356, 357.

—— coraya, 356, 357.

—— griseigula, 356.

—— ituribisciensis, 356, 357.

—— platensis, 358,

ridgwayi, 356.

rufulus, 362.

Tiaris fuliginosa, 442,

ornata, 441.

pheoptila, 441, 442.

tinniens, Calobathris, 82.

tintinnabulata, Hypocnemis, 63.

Tityra, Black-tailed, 267, 268,

, Cayenne, 267.

‘Tityra cayana, 266, 267.

Tobago Yellow-crested Flat-bill, 144.

Todirostrun cinereum, 154, 155, 156,
447, 478.

—— — cinereum, 155.

ecaudatum, 161.

maculatum, 154, 157.

pictum, 154, 156.

Todus cinereus, 154.

ferrugineus, 2]3,

maculatus, 157.

Tody-Tyrant, Black-crowned, 155.

——, Josephine’s, 160,

——, Painted, 156.

——, Ruddy, 158.

—-, Spotted, 157,

Tompitcher, 450.

Toothed Tanager, Black-headed, 529.

torquata, Corythopis, 3.

, Myrmornis, 50,

torquata, Myrmornis, 50.

torquatus, Formicarius, 50.

torridus, Oryzoborus, 423.

Townwa, 309.

Tree-Martin, 342,

Tree-Swallow, White-vented, 325.

Triccus einereus, 154,

trichas, Geothlypis, 409.

trochilirostris, Xiphorbhamphus, 130.

Troglodytes edon, 349.

clarus, 359, 360.

furvus, 360, 361.

musculus, 360.

rufulus, 359, 860, 362.

Troupials, 557, 582.

turdina, Dendrocincla, 114, 115.

turdinus, Automolus, 103,

, Philydor, 103.

——, Scotothorus, 263,

Turdus aliciz, 388.

— albiventer, 382.

—— albiventris, 382.

‘

Turdus atricapilla, 373.
auritus, 1, 2,
ferrugineus, 61,
— flavipes, 376.
—— fumigatus, 381,
~—— fuscescens, 388.
—— gilvus, 371.
—— griseus, 40.
—- gymnophthalmus, 383.
a leucops, 359,
—— murinus, 384,
—_— pheeopyzus, 3x6,
—— puniceus, 302.
—— roraime, 380,
— rufifrons, 54,
— rufigula, 49.
—— surinamus, 535.
Turnribei, 573.
Turquoise Honey-eater, 476.
Twa-twa, 425,
Tyranneutes brachyurus, 248.
tyrannina saturatior, Cercomacra, 45,
46

—— tyrannina, Cercomacra, 46.
Tyranniscus acer, 182, 183.

-—— griseiceps, 176.

—— nigricapillus, 182.

Tyrannula ardesiaca, 224, .
—— setophagoides, 134.

- elatus, 181.

tyrannulus, Muscicapa, 227,

—-, Myiarchus, 227, 228.
Tyrannus melancholicus, 232, 234, 236.
rufinus, 231.

sutrapa, 233, 234, 235.

—— tyrannus, 233, 234,

tyrangus, Lanius, 234.

—, Milvulus, 237.

. Muscivora, 236, 237.

Tyrant, Northern Long-tailed, 142.
, Orinoco, 168.

Tyrantlet, Buff-tailed, 218.

Umbrella-bird, 310.

umbretta, Sclerurus, 90.
undulatus, Primnocopus, 132,
unicolor, Myrmotherula, 33.
uniformis, Chloropipo, 249, 250.
uropygialis, Attila, 286, 288, 290. °
—, Dasycephala, 266.

——, Stelgidopteryx, 350,
uropygiata, Muscicapa, 287, 288.
ustulata, Hylocichla, 387, 389.
ustulatus, Microcerculus, 270.

varia, Grallaria,.79, 81.

varicgatus, Casmorhynchus, 317, 318.
varius, Empidonomus, 230, 231.

——, Formicarius, 81. ;
Vavasour’s Long-winged Ant-bird, 32.
vavasouri, Myrmophila, 32.

velata, Geothly pis, 409.

614 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

velia, Motacilla, 502.

——, Tanagrella, 502.
Venezuelan Grey Ouzel, 376.
—— House-Wren, 360,

—- Wood-hewer, 121.
venezuelensis, Platycichla, 376.
ventralis, Procnias, 487.
venustus, Oyanicterus, 527.

, Granatellus, 410.
vermivorus, Basileuterus, 417,
verticalis, Myioborus, 413,

, Setophaga, 414.
Vieillot’s Wood-Hewer, 116.
violacea, Euphonia, 498, 500.
——, Fringilla, 498.

—, Tanagra, 490, 493, 498, 499.

—— rodwayi, Tanagra, 499,
Violaceus Euphonia, 498,
—— Jay, 588

violaceus, Cyanocorax, 588.
virens, Horizopus, 223.
Vireo agilis, 393.

calidris, 391,

chivi, 393.
noveboracensis, 390.
olivaceus, 391, 392.
— roraime, 391, 393.
Vireolanius chlorigaster, 399.
—— leucotis, 399.
melitophrys, 399.
virescens, Pipra, 242, 248.
viridis, Cassicus, 552.

—, Chlorophonia, 489.
— , Coccothraustes, 448.
—, Oriolus, 552.

——,, Ostinops, 552, 553.
——,, Pachyrhamphus, 271. ‘
——,, Pitylus, 448.

—,, Thamnophilus, 9.
Volatinia jacarina, 443.
—— jacarini, 443.
splendens, 443.
vulgaris, Icterus, 575,

_Waeruhi, 449,

Waitakuri, 220.

Wallaba, 3038.

wallacii, Heteropelma, 264,
, Scotothorus, 264.
Warara-tarika, 307.
Waraura, 579.

Warbler, Blackpoll, 405.

, Chapman’s Olive, 417.
---—, Demerara, 418.
—, Elegant, 402.

——,, Equinoctial, 409.
—, Pelzeln’s, 410.

, Roraiina, 416.

, Yellow, 404.
Warbling Ant-Creeper, 63.
Warikuiyeh, 258.
Watarua, 314.

Water-Thrush, Small-billed, 407.

Water-Tyrant, Natterer’s, 136.

, White-shouldered, 137.

Wedge-billed Wood-hewer, 112.

Weruy, 472.

Western Palm Tanager, 516.

Swallow Fruit-eater, 487,

Whiskered Flycatcher, 215,

— Recurved-bill, 109,

White Bell-bird, 820.

White-banded Swallow, 343.

— Wren, 369.

White-bellied Ant-Wren, 43.

—- Sharpbill, 240.

White-breasted Manakin, 261.

Purple Martin, 332.

White-crowned Black Manakin, 245,

White-eyebrowed Oven-bird, 87.

White-flanked Ant-bird, 30.

White-fronted Ant-catcher, 48.

White-headed Marsh-Tyrant, 140.

White-rumped Chatterer, 304.

White-shoaldered Ground Flycatcher,
138. s3

—— Water-Tyrant, 137.

White-throated Automolus, 104,

Kernel-eater, 445,

—— Manakin, 259.

— Spine-tail, Josephine’s, 96,

White-vented Euphonia, 497.

Tree Swallow, 325.

whiteleyana, Spermophila, 430.

——., Sporophila, 427, 428, 430.

whitelyanus, Atalotriccus, 162.

whitelyi, Elenia, 186, 189.

, Huchlornis, 296,

-——, Pipreola 296.

——, Tangara, 504, 513.

Whitely’s Chatterer, 296.

Crested Flycatcher, 189.

—— Flycatcher, 229.

—— Plunibeous Seed-eater, 430.

Tanager, 513.

Wilson’s Thrush, 388, _

Wood-Bird,-Abary River, 395.

, Grey-bellied, 394,

— , Guiana, 396.

——, Orange-Fronted, 398.

——,, Selater’s, 397.

Woodeock Ant-bird, 52,

Wood-hewer, Black-banded, 131.

—,, Buffon’s, 132.

——, Chestnut-rumped, 122.

——,, Fulvous-throated, 127.

——, Guiana, 130.

—, Picine, 124.

——, Red-vented, 116.

——, Spotted, 123.

——, Spottec-crowned, 126.

—, Venezuelan, 121.

——,, Vieillot’s, 116.

, Wedge-billed, 112.

Wren, Black-faced, 356.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 615

Wren, British Guiana, 356.

——, Oabanis’s Black-capped, 363.
——.,, Musical, 365.

——., Roraiina Scaly-breasted, 370,
——., White-banded, 369.

xanthogaster, Tanagra, 491, 494.
xanthogastra, Euphonia, 494,

, Langara, 504, 506.

Xanthornus decumanus, 549.

— icterocephala, 565, 566.

"Waa sae! 564, 565, 567,
571.

xanthornus, Icterus, 575, 576, 577, 579.

Xenopipv atronitens, 255.

Xenops genibarbis, 109.

heterurus, 110.

Xipholena pompadora, 302.
punicea, 301, 302,
Xiphorbamphus trochilirostris, 130.
Xiphorhynchus flavigaster, 120,
—— pardalotus, 121, 122,

—— polystictus, 121, 123,

Xiphorhynchus, procurvoides, 130,
—— sororius, 121.

Yackami, 316.

Yackeng, 316.

Yack-man, 49.

Yackman-bird, 49, 50.

Yellow Oriole, 576.

Yellow Summer-bird, 404.
Yellow Warbler, 404.
Yellow-backed Cacique, 544,
— Mocking-bird, 557.
Yellow-bellied Tanager, 506.
Yellow-bammer, 577.
Yellow-headed Marsh-bird, 565.
Yeilow-rumped Flycatcher, 285.
Yellow-throated Spine-tail, 98.
Yellow-vented Crested Flycatcher, 186.
—- Flat-bill, 151.

Ziwitau, 577.
Zonotrichia matutina, 461.
— pileata, 461.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STRHET,

ye ang
oh fyi}
a
itt i it i
. X
He

i Bt

ti

i i

WHI Hehe
V i ei
eae

He i
Hh

(

Bi
s
i

mite
5 Hh
Hin
A
as

tH
Hh if
i y Hit

Y
i

ny i)
tet
i Hh
if iM

sf!
Hy
i HAH
Ao Tina HA
AHO any
a
Hn

Ht
t
JAP

a
el

Ht tt
HL
Hib
‘Ki

tH!
5 er
is
“it iH
i
{; ai
Rath aH
0

fH

sai

agit

ro
‘

iy
aA
Hint ‘i |

Hi ert
ny
i iat Hi
RAR Ret
yb titi t

ua

i

i

i Rat
HE

ity

Hy
I

Wn
4)
(
iM

‘
Wy As
Hen Roe
ith a
th

j
Hinson

Ay
it

Mibaye
rns

Ra
Se

i)
it

iW 4
aon
HOM aay
ran tlttatie
ide
Hay i ;

4
Ht
i
i
Hs
uve
Hit
i)
wait
pit

i
i
i

aaa

|
it

= SSS =
———
= SSS
See Se

SS ee

Hayle
i HH
aif Ht
ta

‘i

=

————

t

i .
ea
i it

i

h

i

Hatin

Hy

f

i

SSS
sae 3
peteeneeersaaae

SSS

i

il
i

vial
Hid

1

ee