CORNELL LAB of ORNITHOLOGY LIBRARY AT SAPSUCKER WOODS Illustration of Snowy Owl by Louis Agassiz Fuertes UT DATE DUE Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http:/Awww.archive.org/details/cu31924090281183 A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. By WILSON FLAGG, AUTHOR OF ‘'A YEAR AMONG THE TREES.” —‘‘ HALCYON DAYS.’'— ETC. EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, BOSTON. NEW YORK. CHICAGO. ORNITG Qu (ole ESF COPYRIGHT, 1881, BY ESTES AND LAURIAT. BOSTON. COPYRIGHT, 1889, BY EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING CO., BOSFON. INDEX. A. AcadianOwl 2. 1. 1. Strix Acadica . American Goldfinch. . . . Fringilla tristis American Linnet . . . . . Fringilla purpurea American Woodcock ° Anthem of Morn April ae August. 2. 6. 1. 2 wee B. Baltimore Oriole. . . . . Leterus Baltimore . Bank-Swallow . i . . Hirundo riparia Barn-Swallow . ‘ . . Hirundo rufa Bee-Martin . . . . . Muscicapa tyrannus . Birds of the Air 5 Birds of the Farm and the Tarmpava Birds of the Garden and Orchard, No. I. “ “ “ “ec aes 4 | 77 cis ce ce is III. Birds of the Moor Birds of the Night Birds of the Pasture and Forest, No. ii cc ce cis “ce ce II. ce ee ce ee tg III. Birds of the Sea and the Shore Birds of Winter . ‘ a a er Bittern. . . . . 1). 4). . «Ardea minor Black Duck . oe ee es) . Anas obscura Bluebird . . . . . 1. 1 . .) Ampelis sialis . Blue Heron . . . .. ine a BlueJay . . . . 1. . . . . Corvus cristatus 194 20 22 226 76 31 135 66 168 165 172 165 305 11 38 63 226 189 92 118 141 248 273 234 316 44 235 286 INDEX. Bovolink : soe ee ws Leterus agripennis . Brigadier . . . . . . 1. © 6 Pireo gilvus Brown Creeper . . . . . « - Certhia familaris . C. Calculations phe ye 2G Canada Goose. . . . . . . « Anser Canadensis . Carpenter Bird . - . Preus principalis Catbird . . . . Ee Turdus felivo. . : Cedar-Bird . . . . Bombyctlla Carolinensis Changes in the Habits of Birds 5 iy aes i. Gs oes F Chewink . . . . . . . . . «Fringilla erythrophthalma . Chickadee. . . eds tg Parus palustris Chimney-Swallow . a oa . Hirundo pelasgia Clapper-Rail . ee Rallus crepitans Cliff-Swallow. . . . : . Hrundo fulva . Clouds . 4 Sir Gocett. Bratt GS rad Pe 22 Cock . . soe ee ew a. Phasianus gallus . Cowbird . . 1... . . « ILeterus pecoris . Crane . . . . . 1...) « «Ardea Herodias Crow . 1 1 1. we ws «Corvus corone Cuckoo. . . . . . . . . . Cuculus Americanus . D. December . 249 he he Dove . ae ae Columba Downy Waodpantter er ae . Picus pubescens Duck, Common . . . SS Anas boschas F. Facts that prove the Utility of Birds February ‘ : ee any Flicker. . . . Picus auratus . Foraging Habits of Birds : G. Golden-crowned Thrush . . . . Turdus aurocapillus . Golden Robin . . 2 . Icterus Baltimore . Golden-winged Woolipackar . . . Pieus auratus : 4) 38 284 208 314 277 123 70 216 95 - 280 171 230 166 214 310 143 235 288 141 240 307 282 315 256 299 108 153 98 66 103 INDEX, Goose . .. 2... ss. s « Anger Green Warbler . . . . . . Sylvia virens Grosbeak, Rose-breasted . . . . Fringilla Ludoviciana : Ground-Robin . . . . . . «) Fringilla erythrophthalma . Gull) a ee . . . . Larus argentatus . H. Habits of Birds, Changesin . . 2. 1. 1 2. ww Hair-Bird . . . . . . ). .. Fringilla socialis Hairy Woodpecker . . . . . . Picus villosus . Hemp-Bird . . . : Ss Fringilla tristis Hermit-Thrush . . . . . Turdus solitarius . Heron . BS side. 8? of ae 283 Heron, Blue . ‘ me Se . Ardea Herodias Hibernation of Swallows F 2ue wa House-Sparrow . . . . Fringilla domestica House-Wren . . . . Troglodytes fulvus Humming-Bird . . . . . . . Tvochilus colubris I. Indigo-Bird . . . . . . . ) .) Fringilla cyanea J. January ke oe OS we BO Re Juy ... June... K. Kingbird . . . . . +. . «© Muscicapa tyrannus . . Kingfisher. . . . «. . . . . Alcedo aleyon . L. Lark, Meadow ... . . . . Sturnus Ludovicianus Log-Cock . » 2». . ws Picus pileatus HOR se oe a Se » Colymbus glacialis 283 118 233 235 179 305 47 176 72 266 112 82 172 251 68 277 255 Marsh- Wien . Maryland Yellow-Thr wai May. : Bs gh Wedaedark Mocking- Bird Music of Birds Night-Hawk Night-Jar ‘ November. . . - | Nuthatch . . © « © Ogtobee kw O’Lincoln Family . Oven-Bird . Owls . 2... Peabody-Bird. . . . Pewee P Plea for the Birds Plover, Upland Plumage of Birds Preacher . . : Protection of Birds 3 Purple Finch . Purple Grackle Purple Martin Qua-Bird . Quail INDEX. Troglodytes brevirostris . Sylvia trichas . Sturnus Ludovicianus Turdus polyglottus N. Caprimulgus Virginianus Sitta Carolinensis . 0. Turdus aurocapillus . . Fringilla albicollis Muscicapa nunciola Vireo olivaceus Fringilla purpurea Quiscalus versicolor . Hirundo purpurea Q. Ardea discors . Perdix Virginiana 173 106 254 130 147 169 234 149 Red-breasted Woodpecker . Red-headed Woodpecker Redstart 4 Red-Thrush . Redwing-Blackbird Robin Rose-breasted Grosbeak Ruffed Grouse Sand-Martin . Saw-Whetter . Scarlet Tanager Screech-Owl i oR? ie September. . . . Singing-Birds Snipe Song-Sparrow Sounds from Animate Nalare Sounds from Inanimate Nature Speckled Creeper Spotted Tattler . . . Summer Yellow-Bird Swallows: their Hibernation . Swat. 2 s @ 2 ¢ . Swamp-Sparrow. . . Tattler . Testimony for the Birds Titmouse, Black-capped Turkey. . . . . Turtle-Dove . . . Upland Plover INDEX. R. Picus Carolinus Picus erythrogephalus Muscicapa ruticilla Turdus rufus Icterus pheniceus . Turdus migratorius Fringilla Ludoviciana Tetrao umbellus Hirundo riparia Strix Acadica . . Tanagra rubra . Strix Asio Scolopaxr Wilsonit Certhia maculata . Totanus macularius . Sylvia citrinella Totanus macularius . Parus palustris Meleagris gallipavo Columba Carolinensis U. Totanus Bartramius . Utility of Birds, Facts that prove the . 277. 283 97 126 145 63 103 151 168 194 102 195 160 26 228 12 260 293 97 252 73 179 316 93 252 238 280 312 309 254 256 Veery ... Vesper-Sparrow: . Vireo Virginia Rail . Whippoorwill ... Why Birds sing in the Night Wilson’s Thrush . Winter Birds . Winter-Wren . Woodcock Woodpecker, Downy a Hairy « Red-headed . Wood-Sparrow Wood-Swallow Wood-Pewee . Thrush-Wood . INDEX. Vv. Lurdus Witsonii Fringilla graminea Rallus Virginianus Ww. Caprimulgus vociferus « Turdus Wilsonit Troglodytes hyemalis . Scolopax rusticola Fringilla pusilla Hirundo bicolor Muscicapa virens . Turdus melodus 121 16 38 229 197 213 121 273 49 226 282 283 283 94 167 175 120 MUSIC OF BIRDS. AmonG civilized people those are the most cheerful and happy, if possessed of a benevolent heart and favored with the ordinary gifts of fortune, who have acquired by habit and education the power of deriving pleasure from the objects that lie immediately around them. But these sources of happiness are open to those only who are en- dowed with sensibility, and who have received a favora- ble intellectual training. The more ordinary the mental and moral organization and culture of the individual, the more far-fetched and dear-bought must be his enjoyments. Nature has given us in full development only those appe- tites which are necessary to our physical well-being. She has left our moral powers and affections in the germ, to be developed by education and reflection. Hence that serene delight that comes chiefly from the exercise of the imagination and the moral sentiments can be felt only by persons of superior and peculiar refinement of mind. The ignorant and rude are dazzled and delighted by the display of gorgeous splendor, and charmed by loud and - stirring sounds. But the more simple melodies and less attractive colors and forms, that appeal to the imagination for their principal effect, are felt ouly by individuals of a poetic temperament. 8 MUSIC OF BIRDS. In proportion as we have been trained to be agreeably affected by the outward forms of nature and the sounds that proceed from the animate and the inanimate world are we capable of being happy without resorting to vulgar and costly recreations. Then will the aspects of nature, continually changing with the progress of the seasons, and the songs that enliven their march, satisfy that. craving for agreeable sensations which would otherwise lead us away from humble and healthful pursuits to those of an, artificial and exciting life. The value of these pleasures of sentiment is derived not so much from their cheapness as from their favorable moral influences, that improve and pleasantly exercise the mind without tasking its powers. Those quiet emotions, half musical and half poetical, which are awakened by the songs of birds, be- long to this class of refined enjoyments. But the music of birds, though delightful to all, con- veys active and durable pleasure only to those who have learned to associate with their notes, in connection with the scenes of nature, a crowd of interesting and romantic ° images. To many persons of this character it affords more delight than the most brilliant music of the concert or the opera. In vain will it be said as an objection, that the notes of birds have no charm save that of association, and do not equal the melody of a simple reed or flag- eolet. It is sufficient to reply that the most delight- ful influences of nature proceed from sights and sounds that appeal to a poetic sentiment through the medium of slight and almost insensible impressions made upon the eye and the ear. At the moment when these physical impressions exceed a certain mean, the spell is broken, and the enjoyment, if it continues, becomes sensual, not intellectual. How soon, indeed, would the songs of birds pall upon the ear if they were loud and brilliant like -a band of instruments. It is simplicity that gives them their charm. MUSIC OF BIRDS. 9 As an illustration of the truth of this remark, I would say that simple melodies have among all people exercised a greater power over the imagination, though producing less pleasure to the ear, than louder and more complicated music. Nature employs a very small amount of physical agency to create sentiment, and when an excess is used a diminished effect is produced. Iam persuaded that the effect of our sacred music is injured by an excess of har- mony or too great a volume of sound. A loud crash of thunder deafens and terrifies, but its low and distant rum- bling produces a pleasant emotion of sublimity. The songs of birds are as intimately allied with poetry as with music. “Feathered Lyric” is a name that has been applied to the Lark by one of the English poets ; and the analogy is apparent when we consider how much the song of this bird resembles a lyrical ballad in its influence on the mind. Though the song of a bird is without words, how plainly does it suggest a long train of agreeable images of love, beauty, friendship, and home! When a young person is affected with grief, he seldom fails, if endowed witb a sensitive mind, to listen to the birds as sympathizers in his affliction. Through them the deities of the grove seem to offer him their conso- lation. By his companionship with the objects of nature all pleasing sights and sounds have become anodynes for his sorrow ; and those who have this mental alembic for turning grief into poetic melancholy cannot be reduced to despondency. This poetic sentiment exalts our pleas, ures and soothes our afflictions by some illusive charm, derived from religion or romance. Without this reflection of light from poetry, what is the passion of love, and what our love of beauty, but a mere gravitation ? 10 A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. SPARROWS. * BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. I, THE singing-birds whose notes are familiar to us in towns and villages and in the suburbs of cities are stran- gers to the deep woods and solitary pastures. Our familiar birds follow in the wake of the pioneer of the wilderness, and increase in numbers with the clearing and settlement of the country, not from any feeling of dependence on the protection of man, but from the greater supply of insect food caused by the tilling of the ground. It is well known that the labors of the farmer cause an excessive multipli- cation of all those insects whose larvee are cherished in the soil, and of all that infest the garden and orchard. The farm is capable of supporting insects in the ratio of its capacity for producing fruit. These will multiply with their means of subsistence contained in and upon the earth ; and birds, if not destroyed by man, will increase with the insects that constitute their food. Hence we may explain the fact, which often excites surprise, that more singing-birds are seen in the suburbs of a great city than in the deep forest, where, even in the vocal season, the silence is sometimes melancholy. The species which are thus familiar in their habits, though but a small part of the whole number, include nearly all the singing-birds that are known to the generality of our people. These are the birds of the garden and orchard. There are many other species, wild and solitary in their habits, which are delightful songsters in the uncultivated regions lying outside of the farm. Even these are rare in the depths of the forest. They live on the edge of the 12 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. wood and the half-wooded pasture. The birds of the gar- den and orchard have been frequently described, and are very generally known, though but little has been said of their powers and peculiarities of song. In the sketches that follow I have given particular attention to the vocal powers of the different birds, and have attempted to designate the part that each one performs in the grand hymn of Nature. THE SONG-SPARROW. The Song-Sparrow, one of our most familiar birds, claims our first attention as the earliest visitant and latest resident of all the tuneful band, and one that is universally known and admired. He is plain in his ves- ture, undistinguished from the female by any superiority of plumage. He comes forth in the spring and takes his departure in the autumn in the same suit of russet and gray by which he is always identified. In March, before the violet has ventured to peep out from the southern slope of the pasture or the sunny brow of the hill, while the northern skies are liable at any hour to pour down a storm of sleet and snow, the Song-Sparrow, beguiled by southern winds, has already appeared,-and on still mornings may be heard warbling his few merry notes, as if to make the earliest announcement of his arrival. He is therefore the true harbinger of spring; and, if not the sweetest songster, he has the merit of bearing to man the earliest tidings of the opening year, and of proclaim- ing the first vernal promises of the season. As the notes _ of those birds that sing only in the night come with a double charm to our ears, because they are harmonized by silence and hallowed by the hour that is sacred to repose, in like manner does the Song-Sparrow delight us in tenfold measure, because he sings the sweet prelude to the universal hymn. BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 13 His haunts are fields half cultivated and bordered with wild shrubbery. He is somewhat more timid than the Hair-Bird, that comes close up to our doorsteps to find the crumbs that are swept from our tables. Though his voice is constantly heard in the garden and orchard, he selects a retired-spot for his nest, preferring not to trust his progeny to the doubtful mercy of the lords of crea- tion. In some secure retreat, under a tussock of moss or a tuft of low shrubbery, the female sits upon her nest of soft dry grass, containing four or five eggs of a green- ish-white surface covered with brownish specks. Begin- ning in April, she rears two and often three broods during the season, and her mate prolongs his notes until the last brood has flown from the nest. The notes of the Song-Sparrow would not entitle him . to rank with our principal singing-birds, were it not for the remarkable variations in his song, in which I think he is equalled by no other bird. Of these variations there are six or seven that may be distinctly recognized, differing enough to be considered separate tunes, but they are all based upon the same theme. The bird does not warble these in regular succession. It is in the habit of repeating one of them several times, then leaves it and repeats another in a similar manner. Mr. Charles S. Paine, of East Randolph, Massachusetts, was, I believe, the first to observe this habit of the Song-Sparrow He took note, on one occasion, of the number of times a par- ticular bird sang each of the tunes. As he had numbered them, the bird sang No. 1, 21 times; No. 2, 36 times; No. 3, 23 times; No. 4, 19 times; No. 5, 21 times; No. 6, 32 times; No. 7, 18 times. He made the same ex- periment with a dozen different individuals; and was confident from these trials that each male has his seven songs, or variations of the’ theme, and they are all equally irregular in the order of singing them. ‘14 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. After reading Mr. Paine’s letter, I listened carefully to the Song-Sparrow, in the summer of 1857, that I might. learn to distinguish the different tunes, as reported by him. I had never thought of it before; but in less than a week I could distinctly recognize the whole seven, and was convinced that his observations were perfectly correct. It is remarkable that when one powerful singer takes up a particular tune, other birds in the vicinity will follow with the same. These are mostly in triple time, some in common time, while in others the time could not be distinguished. Each tune, however, con- sists of four bars or strains, sometimes five, though late in the season the song is frequently broken off at the end of the third strain. This habit of varying his notes through so many changes, and the singularly fine intona- tions of many of them, entitle the Song-Sparrow to a very high rank as a singing-bird. There is a plain difference in the expression of these several variations. The one which I have marked No. 3 is very plaintive, and is in common time. No. 2 is the one which I have most frequently heard. No. 5 is quer- ulous and unmusical. There is a remarkable precision in the Song-Sparrow’s notes, and the finest singers are those which, in the language of musicians, display the least execution. Some blend their notes together so rapidly and promiscuously, and use so many operatic flourishes, that if all were like them it would be impossible to distin- guish the seven different variations in the song of this bird. Whether these tunes of the Song-Sparrow express to his mate or to others of his species different sentiments, and convey different messages, or whether they are the offspring of mere caprice, I cannot determine. Nor have T learned whether a certain hour of the day or a certain state of the weather predisposes the bird to sing a: par- ticular tune. This point may perhaps be determined by BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 15 some future observer, who may discover that the birds of this species have their matins and their vespers, their songs of rejoicing and their notes of complaint, of court- ship when in presence of their mate, and of encourage- ment and solace when she is sitting upon her nest. Sines Nature has a benevolent object in every instinct bestowed upon her creatures, it is not probable that this habit of the Song-Sparrow is one that serves no important end in his life and habits. All the variations of his song are given below; and though individuals differ in their sing- ing, the notes will afford a good general idea of the sev- ail tunes. No. 1. Theme. _p_o_ ~_e0_ 2: eee: - Ct [rsa=| i t ~~ 7 { [ { — Lo No. 2. Brisk. tr as ee guttural. e ae op. p. a eo Yo He (H- ae ANS 7s Sf @.7 6 No. 3. soe _prnpenenetee.“-* 02" _ +" pe - 9 | gti, i 6p _peep__ 1 a a | | - ; FEE-F \- an |e iG 0 - o ' eF a No. 4. Plaintive. 4 + v Lz, No.0: Pecvent = econenensees = diminuendo. ere Ph spsensee| 7 0-0-0} A i a eh ll il i pr en i a a at els ee Vv No. 6. Subdued and querulous. i -p- “@. tr tr fA ec ete ot # 7 | | - ® ry ind fad { o til | I-] - Lad f y a6 J ah fd Sp ee a Z ey ... __. -_@ -—__|___@- ——— an @ ee ee ee ce ee xX a BE eee hee 1 bane! a ie cy, 2 Brig a dier, Brig a dier, Brigate. The notes of this little invisible musician are few, simple, and melodious, and, being often repeated, they are very generally known even to those who are un- acquainted with the bird. At early dawn, at noon, and at sunset its song is constantly repeated with no very long intervals, resembling, though delivered with more precision, the song of the Linnet or Purple Finch. Ip my boyhood, when I had no access to a book descrip- tive of our birds, and very seldom killed one for any pur- pose, I had learned nearly all the songs that were heard in the garden or wood, without knowing the physical 38 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. Se ee ts TS TSE term BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 39 characters of more than one out of three of the songsters ; and as I have since studied the markings of birds only by viewing them from the ground as they were perched upon bush or tree, and have never killed or dissected one for this purpose, I cannot describe all the specific or generic characters of our birds. I am well acquainted with two of our Vireos; but I cannot distinguish them from each other except by their notes, which are as familiar to me as the voice of the Robin. I have, there- fore, determined to name them according to the style of their songs, leaving it to others to identify the species to which they respectively belong. THE BRIGADIER. The Brigadier, which is the one, I think, described by Nuttall as the Warbling Vireo, is a little olive-colored bird, that occupies the lofty tree-tops while singing and hunting his food, and is almost invisible as he is flitting among the branches, and never still. The Preacher (Red- eyed Vireo) arrives about a week or ten days earlier than the Brigadier, and is later in his departure. The two are very similar, both in their looks and their habits, frequent- ing the trees in the town and its suburbs in preference to the woods, singing at all hours of the day, particularly at noon, and taking their insect prey from the leaves and branches of the trees, or seizing it as it flits by their perch, and amusing themselves while thus employed with their oft-repeated notes. Each species builds a pensile nest, or places it in a fork of the slender branches of a tree. I have seen a nest of the Brigadier about ten feet from the ground on a branch of a pear-tree, so near my chamber-window that I might have reached it without difficulty. The usual habit of either species is to sus- pend its nest at a very considerable height from the ground, 40 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. THE PREACHER. The Preacher is more generally known by his note, because he-is incessant in his song, and particularly vocal during the heat of our long summer days, when only a few birds are singing. His style of preaching is not declamation. Though constantly talking, he takes the part of a deliberative orator, who explains his subject in a few words and then makes a pause for his hearers to reflect upon it. We might suppose him to be repeat- ing moderately, with a pause between each sentence, “You see it,— you know it,—do you hear me?—do you believe it?” All these strains‘are delivered with a rising inflection at the close, and with a pause, as if wait- ing for an answer. The tones of the Preacher are loud and sharp, hardly melodious, modulated somewhat like those of the Robin, though not so continuous. He is never fervent, rapid, or fluent, but, like a true zealot, he is apt to be tiresome, from the long continuance of his discourse. He pauses frequently in the middle of a strain to seize a moth ora beetle, beginning anew as soon as he has swallowed his morsel. Samuels expresses great admiration for this little bird. “Everywhere in these States,” he remarks, “at all hours of the day, from early dawn until evening twilight, his sweet, half-plaintive, half-meditative carol is heard,” and he adds, that of all his feathered acquaintances this is his favorite. The prolongation of his singing season until sometimes the last week in August renders him a valuable songster. When nearly all other birds have be- come silent, the little Preacher still continues his earnest harangue, and is sure of an audience at this late period, when he has but few rivals. BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD 41 THE BOBOLINK. There is not a singing-bird in New England that en- joys the notoriety of the Bobolink. He is like a rare wit in our social or political circles. Everybody is talk- ing about him and quoting his remarks, and all are delighted with his company. He is not without great merits as a songster; but he is well known and admired because he is showy, noisy, and flippant, and sings only in the open field, and frequently while poised on the wing, so that any one who hears can see him and know who is the author of the strains that afford so much delight. He sings also at broad noonday, when everybody is out, and is seldom heard before sunrise, while other birds are joining in the universal chorus. He waits till the sun is up, when many of the early per- formers have become silent, as if determined to secure a good audience before his own exhibition. In the grand concert of Nature it is the Bobolink who performs the recitative, which he delivers with the ut- most fluency and rapidity, and we must listen carefully not to lose many of his words. He is plainly the merriest of all the feathered creation, almost continually in motion, and singing on the wing apparently in the greatest ecstasy of joy. There is not a plaintive strain in his whole per- formance. Every sound is as merry as the laugh of a young child, and we cannot listen to him without fancy- ing him engaged in some jocose raillery of his compan- ions. If we suppose him to be making love, we cannot look upon him as very deeply enamored, but rather as highly delighted with his spouse and overflowing with rapturous admiration. His mate is a neatly formed bird, with a mild expression of face, of a modest deportment, and arrayed in the plainest apparel. She seems perfectly satisfied with observing the pomp and display’ of her 42 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. partner, and listening to his delightful eloquence of song. If we regard him as an orator, it must be allowed that he is unsurpassed in fluency and rapidity of utter- ance; if only as a musician, that he is unrivalled in brilliancy of execution. I cannot look upon him as ever in a very serious humor. He seems to be a lively, jocular little fellow, who is always jesting and bantering; and when half a dozen different individuals are sporting about in the same orchard, I can imagine they might represent the persons dramatized in some comic opera. The birds never re- main stationary upon a bough, singing apparently for their own solitary amusement; they are ever in com- pany, passing to and fro, often beginning their song upon the extreme end of an apple-tree bough, then suddenly taking flight and singing the principal part while bal- ancing themselves on the wing. The merriest part of the day with these birds is the later afternoon, during the hour preceding dewfall, before the Robin and the Veery begin their evening hymn. At that hour, assem- bled in company, they might seem to be practising a cotillon on the wing, each one singing to his own move- ment as he sallies forth and returns, and nothing can exceed their apparent merriment. The Bobolink begins his morning song just at sunrise, at the time when the Robin, having sung from earliest daybreak, is near the close of his performance. Nature seems to have provided that the serious parts of her musical entertainment in the morning shall first be heard, and that the lively and comic strains shall follow them. In the evening this order is reversed, and after the com- edy is concluded Nature lulls us to repose by the mellow notes of the Vesper-Bird, and the pensive and still more melodious strains of the solitary Thrushes. In pleasant shining weather the Bobolink seldom flies BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 43 without singing, often hovering on the wing over the place where his mate is sitting upon her ground-built nest, and pouring forth his notes with the greatest loud- ness and fluency. Vain are all the attempts of other birds to imitate his truly original style. The Mocking- Bird is said to give up the attempt in despair, and re- fuses to sing at all when confined near one in a cage. The Bobolink is not a shy bird during the breeding season ; but when the young are reared and gathered in flocks the whole species become very timid. Their food consists entirely of insects during at least all the early part of summer. Hence they are not frequenters of the woods, but of the fields that supply their insect food. They evidently have no liking for solitude. They join with their own kindred, sometimes, during the breeding season, in small companies, and in the latter summer in large flocks. They love the orchard and the mowing-field, and many are the nests which are exposed by the scythe of the haymaker when performing his task early in the season. THE O’LINCON FAMILY. A flock of merry singing-birds were sporting in the grove ; Some were warbling cheerily and some were making love. There were Bobolincon, Wadolincon, Winterseeble, Conquedle, — A livelier set were never led by tabor, pipe, or fiddle : — Crying, ‘‘ Phew, shew, Wadolincon ; see, see Bobolincon Down among the tickle-tops, hiding in the buttercups ; I know the saucy chap; I see his shining cap Bobbing in the clover there, — see, see, see!”’ Up flies Bobolincon, perching on an apple-tree ; Startled by his rival’s song, quickened by his raillery. Soon he spies the rogue afloat, curvetting in the air, And merrily he turns about and warns him to beware ! ‘OT is you that would a wooing go, down among the rushes O ! Wait a week, till flowers are cheery ; wait a week, and ere you marry, Be sure of a house wherein to tarry ; Wadolink, Whiskodink, Tom Denny, wait, wait, wait !”’ A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 45 Every one’s a funny fellow ; every one’s a little mellow ; Follow, follow, follow, follow, o’er the hill and in the hollow. Merrily, merrily there they hie ; now-they rise and now they fly ; They cross and turn, and in and out, and down the middle and wheel about, With a ‘Phew, shew, Wadolincon ; listen to me, Bobolincon ! Happy ’s the wooing that’s speedily doing, that’s speedily doing, That ’s merry and over with the bloom of the clover ; Bobolincon, Wadolincon, Winterseeble, follow, follow me!” O what a happy life they lead, over the hill and in.the mead ! How they sing, and how they play! See, they fly away, away ! Now they gambol o’er the clearing, — off again, and then appearing ; Poised aloft on quivering wing, now they soar, and now they sing, “We must all be merry and moving ; we must all be happy and loving ; For when the midsummer is come, and the grain has ripened its ear, The haymakers scatter our young, and we mourn for the rest of the year ; Then, Bobolincon, Wadolincon, Winterseeble, haste, haste away !” THE BLUEBIRD. Not one of our songsters is so intimately associated with the early spring asthe Bluebird. Upon his arrival from his winter residence, he never fails to make known his presence by a few melodious notes uttered from some roof or fence in the field or garden. On the earliest morning in April, when we first open our windows to welcome the soft vernal gales, they bear on their wings the sweet strains of the Bluebird. These few notes are associated with all the happy scenes and incidents that attend the opening of the year. ‘The Bluebird is said to bear a strong resemblance to the English Robin-Redbreast, similar in form and size, having a red breast and short tail-feathers, with only this manifest difference, that one is olive-colored above where the other is blue. But the Bluebird does not equal the Redbreast as a songster. His notes are few and not greatly varied, though sweetly and plaintively modulated and never loud. On account of their want of variety, they do we 46 A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. BLUE BIRD. BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 47 not enchain the listener; but they constitute an important part of the melodies of morn. The value of the inferior singers in making up a general chorus is not sufficiently appreciated. In a musi- cal composition, as in an anthem or oratorio, though there is a leading part, which is usually the air, that gives char- acter to the whole, yet this leading part would often be a very indifferent piece of melody if performed without its accompaniments ; and these alone would seem still more trifling and unimportant. Yet, if the composition be the work of a master, these brief strains and snatches, though apparently insigniticant, are intimately connected with the harmony of the piece, and could not be omitted with- out a serious disparagement of the grand effect. The inferior singing-birds, bearing a similar relation to the whole choir, are indispensable as aids in giving additional effect to the notes of the chief singers. Though the Robin is the principal musician in the gen- eral anthem of morn, his notes would become tiresome if heard without accompaniments. Nature has so ar- ranged the harmony of this chorus, that one part shall assist another; and so exquisitely has she combined all the different voices, that the silence of any one cannot fail to be immediately perceived. The low, mellow war- ble of the Bluebird seems an echo to the louder voice of the Robin; and the incessant trilling or running ac- companiment of the Hair-Bird, the twittering of the Swallow, and the loud, melodious piping of the Oriole, frequent and short, are sounded like the different parts in a band of instruments, and each performer seems to time his part as if by some rule of harmony. Any discordant sound that may occur in this performance never fails to disturb the equanimity of the singers, and some minutes will elapse before they resume their song. It would be difficult to draw a correct comparison be- 48 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. tween the birds and the various instruments they repre- sent. But if the Robin were described as the clarionet,' the Bluebird might be considered the flageolet, frequently but not incessantly interspersing a few mellow strains. The Hair-Bird would be the octave flute, constantly trilling on a high key, and the Golden Robin the bugle, often repeating his loud and brief strain. The analogy, if carried further, might lose force and correctness. All the notes of the Bluebird — his call-notes, his notes of complaint, lis chirp, and his song — are equally plaintive and closely resemble one another. I am not aware that this bird utters a harsh note. His voice, which is one of the earliest to be heard in the spring, is associated with the early flowers and with all pleasant vernal influences. When he first arrives he perches upon the roof of a barn or upon-some leafless tree, and delivers his few and frequent notes with evident fervor, as if con- scious of the pleasures that await him. These mellow notes are all the sounds he makes for several weeks, sel- dom chirping or scolding like other birds. His song is discontinued at midsummer, but his plaintive call, con- sisting of a single note pensively modulated, continues every day until he leaves our fields. This sound is one of the melodies of summer’s decline, and reminds is, like the note of the green nocturnal tree-hopper, of the ripened harvest, the fall of the leaf, and of all the joyous festivals and melancholy reminiscences of autumn. The Bluebird builds his nest in hollow trees and posts, and may be encouraged to breed around our dwellings, by supplying boxes for his accommodation. In whatever vicinity we reside, whether in a recent clearing or the heart of a village, if we set up a bird-house in May, it will certainly be occupied by a Bluebird, unless pre- viously taken by a Wren or a Martin. But there is com- monly so great a demand for such accommodations, that BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 49 it is not unusual to see two or three different species contending for one box. THE HOUSE-WREN. The bird whose notes serve more than any other spe- cies to enliven our summer noondays is the common House-Wren. It is said to breed chiefly in the Middle States, but is very common in our New England vil- lages, and as it extends its summer migration to Labrador, it probably breeds in all places north of the Middle States. It is a migratory bird, leaving us early in autumn, and not reappearing until May. It builds in a hollow tree like the Bluebird. A box of any kind, properly made, will answer its purposes. But nothing is better than a grape-jar, prepared by drilling a hole in its side, just large enough for the Wren, and setting it up on a perpendicular branch sawed off and inserted into the mouth of the jar. The bird fills it with sticks before it makes a nest, and the mouth of the jar serves for drain- age. The Wren is one of the most restless of the feathered tribe. He is continually in motion, and even when sing- ing is constantly flitting about and changing his position. We see him in a dozen places as it were at the same moment; now warbling in ecstasy from the roof of a, shed, then, with his wings spread and his feathers ruffled, scolding furiously at a Bluebird or a Swallow that has alighted on his box, or driving a Robin from a neighboring cherry-tree. Instantly we observe him run- ning along a stone-wall and diving down and in and out, from one side to the other; through its openings, with all the nimbleness of a squirrel. He is on the ridge of the barn roof, he is peeping into the dove-cote, he is in the garden under the currant-bushes, or chasing a spider under a cabbage-leaf. Again he is on the roof of a shed, 50 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. warbling vociferously; and these manceuvres and peregri- nations have occupied hardly a minute, so rapid and in- cessant are all his motions. The notes of the Wren are very lively and garrulous, and if not uttered more frequently during the heat of the day, are, on account of the general silence of birds, more noticeable at that hour. There is a concert at noon- day, as well as in the morning and evening, among the birds ; and of the former the Wren is one of the principal musicians. After the hot rays of the sun have silenced the early performers, the Song-Sparrow and the Red- Thrush continue to sing at intervals during the greater part of the day. The Wren is likewise heard at all hours ; but when the languishing heat of noon has arrived, the few birds that continue to sing are more than usually vocal, and seem to form a select company. The birds which are thus associated with the Wren are the Bobo- link, the Preacher, the Linnet, and the Catbird, if he be anywhere near. If we were at this hour in the woods we should hear the loud, shrill voice of the Oven-Bird and some of the warbling sylvians. Of all these noonday singers, the Wren is the most re- markable. His song is singularly varied and animated. He has great compass and execution, but wants variety in his tones. He begins very sharp and shrill, like a grasshopper, slides down to a series of guttural notes, then ascends like the rolling of a drum in rapidity of utterance to another series of high notes. Almost without a pause he recommences his querulous insect-chirp, and proceeds through the same trilling and demi-semi-quaver- ing as before. He is not particular about the part of his song which he makes his closing note. He will leave off in the middle of a strain, when he seems in the height of ecstasy, to pick up a spider or a fly. As the Wren produces two broods in a season, his notes are prolonged A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. 51 SS = _ a ime ve y if 4 Cyt ih 2 yy J ag We J lH \ < “4 We sta Mie 07-4 1 cat f WINTER WRENS. 52 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. to a late period in the summer, and may be heard some- times in the third week in August. THE WINTER-WREN. We do not often meet with this bird near Boston in summer. He is then a resident of the northern parts of Maine and New Hampshire, and of the Green Mountain range. In the autumn he migrates from the north and may be occasionally seen in company with our other win- ter birds. In our own latitude, if the cold season drives him farther south, we meet him again early in the spring, making his journey to his northern home. While he remains with us we see him near the shelving banks of . rivers, creeping about old stumps of trees, which, half de- cayed, furnish a frugal share of his dormant insect-food. He is so little afraid of man that he will often leave his native resorts, and may be seen, like our common House- Wren, examining the wood-pile, creeping into the holes of old stone-walls and about the foundations of out-houses. Not having seen this bird except in winter, I am unac- quainted with his song. Samuels describes it as very melodious and delightful. THE MARSH WREN. I was once crossing by turnpike an extensive meadow which was overgrown with reeds and rushes, when my curiosity was excited by hearing, in a thicket on the banks of a streamlet, a sound that would hardly admit of being described. I could not tell whether it came from an asthmatic bird or an aggravated frog. The sound was unlike anything I had ever heard. J should have sup- posed, however, if there were Mocking-Birds in our woods, that one of them had concealed himself in the thicket and was attempting to imitate the braying of an ass. I sat down upon the railing of a pase bridge that crossed the A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. 53 MARSH WRENS. 54 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. stream, and watched for a sight of the imp that must be concealed there. In less than a minute there emerged from it a Marsh-Wren, whisking and flitting about with gestures as peculiar though not as awkward as his bur- lesque song. If I believed, as some writers affirm, that birds learn their song from their parents, who carry them along from one step to another as if they had a musical gamut before them, I might have conjectured that this bird had been taught by a frog, and that, despising his teacher, he strove not to learn his reptile notes but to burlesque them. As I was walking homeward, I could not but reflect that Nature, who is sometimes personified as an old dame, must have indulged her mirthfulness when she created a bird with the voice of a reptile. Dr. Brewer describes the nest of the Marsh-Wren as nearly spherical, composed externally of coarse sedges firmly interwoven, cemented with mud and clay, and im- pervious to the weather. An orifice is left on one side for entrance, having on the upper side a projecting edge to protect it from rain. The inside is lined with soft grass, feathers, and the cottony product of various plants. It is commonly placed on a low bush a few feet from the ground. This species, like all the Wrens, has great activity and industry, consumes immense quantities of small insects, is very petulant in its manners, and manifests a superior degree of intelligence and courage. THE PLUMAGE OF BIRDS. THE colors and forms of the plumage of birds are gen- erally regarded as mere accidents, unattended with any advantages in their economy. I cannot believe, however, that they are not in some way, which we cannot fully understand, indispensable to their existence as a species. Let me then endeavor to discover, if possible, the design of Nature in spreading such a variety of tints upon the plumage of birds, and to learn the advantages they derive from these native ornaments. Do they affect the vision of birds with the sensation of beauty, and serve to attract together individuals of the same species? Or are they designed also to protect them from the keen sight of their enemies, while flitting among the blossoms of the trees ? It is probable that each of these purposes is subserved by this provision of Nature. She has clothed individuals of the same species and the same sex with uniformity, that they may readily identify their own kindred, and has given them an innate susceptibility to derive pleasure from those colors that predominate in the plumage of their own species. She has likewise distinguished the small birds that live on trees by beautiful colors, while those in gen- eral that run upon the ground are marked by neutral tints, that the former may be less easily observed among the blossoms of the trees, and that the latter may be less conspicuous while sitting or running upon the ground. It is well. known that the males of many species are more beautifully and brilliantly decorated than the fe- males, and that the singing-birds in general have less 56 PLUMAGE OF BIRDS. beauty of color than the unmusical species. As an ex- planation of this fact we must consider that the singing- birds are more humble in their habitats than others. The brightly colored birds chiefly frequent the forests and lofty trees. Such are the woodpecker, the troupial, and many species of tropical birds. The northern temper- ate latitudes are the region of the grasses, which afford sustenance to a large proportion of the singing-birds — the finches and buntings — of that part of the world. Some of the finches are high-colored, but these usually build in trees, like the purple finch and the goldfinch. But the sparrows and the larks, that build in a bush or on the ground, are plainly dressed. The thrushes, which are equally plain in their dress, build in low bushes, and take their food chiefly from the ground. Indeed, it might be practicable to distinguish among a variety of strange birds the species that live and nestle in trees by their brighter plumage. In our own latitude the species that frequent the shrubbery are of a’ brown or olive-brown of different shades. They are dressed in colors that blend with the general tints of the ground and herbage while they are seeking their food or sitting upon their nests. Birds, however, do not differ much in the colors of the hidden parts of their plumage. Beneath they are almost uni- versally of grayish or whitish tints, so that, while sitting on a branch, the reptiles lurking for them may not, when looking upward, distinguish them from the hues of the clouds and the sky and the grayish undersurface of the leaves of trees. Water-birds are generally gray all over, except a tinge of blue in their plumage above. Ducks, however, are many of them variegated with green and other colors that harmonize with the weeds and plants of the shore upon which they feed. Nature works on the same plan in guarding insects PLUMAGE OF BIRDS. 57 and reptiles from the sight of their foes. Thus, the toad is colored like the soil of the garden, while the colors of the common frog that lives among the green rushes and aquatic mosses are green, and the tree-frog is of a mottled gray, like the outer bark of old trees. Grasshoppers are generally greenish; but there is a species found among the gray lichens on our rocky hills which is the color of the surface of these rocks. Among the singing-birds of this country which are remarkable for their brilliant colors are the golden oriole, the scarlet tanager, and the American goldfinch. All these species build their nests in trees, and seldom run on the ground. The goldfirich feeds upon the seeds of compound flowers, which are mostly yellow. His plu- mage of gold and olive allows him to escape the sight of an enemy while picking seeds from the disk of a sun- flower or from a cluster of goldenrods. But why are the females plainly dressed and the males alone adorned with brilliant colors? It may be answered, that, as the female performs the duties of incubation, if she were brightly colored like the male, she would be more readily descried by a bird of prey while sitting on her nest. The male, on the contrary, while hunting among the blossoms and foliage of trees for his insect food, is not so readily distinguished from the flowers, for in temperate latitudes the breeding season is the time when the trees are in blossom. After the young are reared and the flowers have faded, several species dis- pense with their brilliant colors and assume the plain hues of the female. We must consider, however, that the beautiful colors of the plumage of the male birds serve to render them more conspicuous objects of attraction to the females. Hence, in the early part of the year, just before the time of courtship arrives, Nature has provided that the plumage 58 PLUMAGE OF BIRDS. of various kinds of birds should suffer a metamorphosis. Thus the bobolink exchanges his winter garment of yel- lowish-brown for one of brilliant straw-color and black ; and the red-winged blackbird casts off his tawny suit for one of glossy jet, with epaulettes of scarlet. What are the useful ends subserved by this mysterious pro- vision of Nature? She clothes them with beauty and endows them with song at a period when their success as lovers depends greatly on the multitude and power of their attractions. Among the beautiful species their suc- cess is in proportion to the splendor of their plumage ; and among the warblers, to the charms of their voice. Beauty and song are the means Nature has furnished them, whereby they may render- themselves, I will not say agreeable, but attractive. I do not suppose a beau- tiful male bird is preferred to a plain one of the same species ; but his beauty causes him to be sooner discov- ered by an unmated female. It is easy to explain, therefore, on the principle of com- pensation, why handsome birds in general are endowed with inferior musical powers. They are able to accom- plish by their beauty of plumage what the plainer species do by their songs. It may be observed that the hand- some birds, when engaged in courtship, place themselves in attitudes which are calculated to display the full beauty of their plumage; while the songsters under the same circumstances pour forth an unusual strain of melody. The hues of the brightly colored male birds may be a means of assisting their young in identifying them after they have left their nest. They hear, for example, the loud call-note of the golden robin, and immediately they recog- nize him by his colors, when, if plainly dressed, they might not discover him. As soon as they behold him they com- mence their chirping and are greeted by the old bird. There is one numerous tribe of birds that run upon PLUMAGE OF BIRDS. 59 the ground, whose males, except those of a few species, are very brilliantly decorated. This is the gallinaceous family, which are an exception to my remark that the handsome birds inhabit trees. But it is only the larger species or genera of this family, such as the pheasant, the turkey, the peacock, the curassow, and the common fowl, whose males are thus gorgeously arrayed. Their colors are evidently intended for their protection in a peculiar way. All the males of these species are endowed with a pro- pensity to ruffle and expand their feathers whenever they are threatened with attack. The boldest animal would be frightened by the sudden expansion of the brilliant plumage of the peacock, and the loud vibrations of his tail-feathers when he places himself in this strange at- titude. A gorgeous spectacle suddenly presented, and so different from anything that is commonly seen, would overawe even the king of beasts. Similar effects in a weaker degree would be produced by the ruffled plumage of the turkey or the pheasant. It is worthy of remark, that in proportion to the brilliancy of the colors is the strength of the impression made upon the sight of the creature that threatens them. The tendency of wild ani- mals to be frightened by such causes is shown by the terror produced in them by the sudden opening of an umbrella. But these brilliant plumes are confined to the larger species of the tribe. Quails, partridges, and grouse are generally colored like the ground, being of a speckled or brownish hue, and are distinguished with difficulty when sitting or standing among the berry-bushes or gleaning their repast in the cornfield. Too small to defend themselves so well as the larger species, their colors are adapted to protect them by concealment, and not by dazzling and alarming their foes. MAY. THE spring in New England does not, like the same season in high northern latitudes, awake suddenly into verdure out of the bosom of the snows. It lingers along for more than two months from its commencement, like that long twilight of purple and crimson that leads up the mornings in summer. It is a pleasant, though some- times weary prolongation of the season of hopes and promises, frequently interrupted by short periods of win- try gloom. The constant lingering delay of nature in the opening of the flowers and the leafing of the trees affords us something like an extension of the dayspring of life and its joyful anticipations. As we ramble through rustic paths and narrow lanes and over meadows still dank and sere, the very tardiness with which the little starry blossoms peep out of its darkness, and with which the wreath of verdure is slowly drawn over the plains, gives us opportunity to. watch them and become ac- quainted with their beauty, before they are lost in the crowd that will soon appear. Our ideas of May, being derived, in part, from the descriptions of English poets and rural authors, abound in many pleasant fallacies. There are no seas of waving grass and bending grain in the May of New England. Nature isnot yet clothed in the fulness of her beauty; but in many respects she is lovelier than she will ever be in the future. BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. IIL. THE ROBIN. Our American birds have not been celebrated in classic song. They are hardly well known even to our own peo- ple, and have not in general been exalted by praise above their real merits. We read, both in prose and verse, of the European Lark, the Linnet, and the Nightingale, and the English Robin Redbreast has been immortalized in song. But the American Robin is a bird of very different habits. Not much has been written about him as a songster, and he enjoys but little celebrity. He has never been puffed and overpraised, and though universally admired, the many who admire him are fearful all the while lest they are mistaken in their judgment and waste their admiration upon an object that is unworthy of it, — one whose true merits fall short of their own estimate. It is the same want of self-reliance affecting the generality of minds which often causes every man publicly to praise what each one privately condemns, thus creating a spurious public opinion. I shall not ask pardon of those critics who are always canting about musical “ power,” and who would probably deny this gift to the Robin, because he cannot gobble like a turkey or squall like a cat, and because with his charm- ing strains he does not mingle all sorts of discords and incongruous sounds, for assigning the Robin a_ very high rank as a singing-bird. Let them say, in the cant of modern criticism, that his performances cannot be A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. ‘NIGOU NAGCTOON BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 63 great because they are faultless. It is enough for me that his mellow notes, heard at the earliest flush of dawn, in the busy hour of noon, or in the stillness of evening, come to the ear in a stream of unqualified melody, as if he had learned to sing from the beautiful Dryad who taught the Lark and the Nightingale. The Robin is surpassed by some other birds in certain qualities of song. The Mock- ing-Bird has more “ power,” the Red Thrush more vari- ety, the Bobolink more animation; but there is no bird that has fewer faults than the Robin, or that would be more esteemed as a constant companion, —a vocalist for all hours, whose strains never tire and never offend. There are thousands who admire the Mocking-Bird, because, after pouring forth a long-continued medley of disagreeable and ridiculous sounds, or a series of two or three notes, repeated more than a hundred times in unin- terrupted and monotonous succession, he concludes with a single delightfully modulated strain. He often brings his tiresome extravaganzas to a magnificent climax of melody, and as often concludes an inimitable chant with a most contemptible bathos. But the notes of the Robin are all melodious, all delightful, loud without vociferation, mellow without monotony, fervent without ecstasy, and combining more of sweetness of tone, plaintiveness, cheer- fulness, and propriety of utterance than the notes of any other bird. The Robin is the Philomel of morning twilight in New England and in all the northeastern States of this conti- nent. If his sweet notes were wanting, the mornings would be like a landscape without the rose, or a summer- evening sky without tints. He is the chief performer in the delightful anthem that welcomes the rising day. Of others the best are but accompaniments of more or less importance. Remove the Robin from this woodland or- chestra, and it would be left without a soprano. Over all 64 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. the northern parts of this continent, wherever there are human settlements, the Robins are numerous and familiar. There is not an orchard in New England, or in the Brit- ish Provinces, that is not enlivened by several of these musicians. When we consider the millions thus distrib- uted over this broad country, we can imagine the sublim- ity of that chorus which from the middle of April until the last of July daily ascends to heaven from the voices of these birds, not one male of which is silent from the earliest dawn until sunrise. The Robin, when reared in confinement, is one of the most affectionate and interesting of birds. A neighbor and relative of mine kept one twenty years. He would leave his cage frequently, hop about the house and gar- den and return. He not only repeated his original notes, but several strains of artificial music. Though not prone to imitation, the Robin may be taught to imitate the notes of other birds. I heard a tamed Robin in Ten- nessee whistle “Over the Water to Charlie,” without miss- ing a note. Indeed, this bird is so tractable in his dispo- sition and so intelligent, that I believe he might be taught to sing any simple melody. But why should we set any value on his power of learning artificial music? Even if he should perform like a flautist, it would not enhance his value as a ininstrel of the grove. We are concerned with the singing-birds only as they are in a state of nature and in their native fields and woods. It is the simplicity of their songs that con- stitutes their principal charm; and if the different war- blers were so changed in their nature as to relinquish their wild notes and sing only tunes, we should listen to them with as much indifference as to the whistling of boys on the road. 5 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 65 THE BALTIMORE ORIOLE. About the middle of May, as soon as the cherry-trees are in blossom, and when the oak and the maple are be- ginning to unfold their plaited leaves, the loud and ani- mated notes of the Golden Robin are first heard in New England. I have never known a bird of this species to arrive before that period. They seem to be governed by - the supply of their insect-food, which probably becomes abundant at the same time with the flowering of the orchards. On their arrival they may be observed dili- gently hunting among the branches and foliage of the trees, making a particular examination of the blossoms for the flies and beetles that are lodged in them. While the Oriole is thus employed in search of food, which he obtains almost exclusively from trees, he fre- quently utters his brief but loud and melodious notes. Of this species, the males arrive a few days before the females, and at first utter only a few call-notes, which on the arrival of their mates are lengthened into a song. This seldom consists of more than five or six notes, though the strain is sometimes immediately repeated. Almost all remarkable singing-birds give themselves up entirely to song on their musical occasions, and pay no regard to other demands upon their time until they have concluded. But the Golden Robin never relaxes from his industry, nor remains stationed upon the branch of a tree for the sole purpose of singing. He sings, like an industrious maid-of-all-work, only while employed in his sylvan oc- cupations. The Baltimore Oriole is said to inhabit North America from Canada to Mexico ; but the species are most abundant in the northeastern parts of the continent, and a greater number of them breed in the New England States than either south or west of this section. They are also more 66 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. numerous in villages and in the suburbs of cities than in the wilder regions where there is less tillage. Their pe- culiar manner of protecting their nests by hanging them from the spray of a tall elm or other lofty tree enables them to rear their young in security, even when sur- rounded by the dwellings of men. The only animals that are able to reach their nests are the smaller squirrels, which have been known to descend the long slender branches that sustain the nest, and to devour the eggs. This depredation I have never witnessed ; but have seen the red squirrel descend in this manner upon the spray of an elm, and seize the chrysalis of a certain insect which was rolled up in a leaf. The lively motions and general activity of the Golden Robin, no less than his song, render him interesting and attractive. He is remarkable for his vivacity, and his bright colors make all his movements conspicuous. His plumage needs no description, since every one is familiar with it, as its hues are seen like flashes of fire among the green foliage. Associated with these motions are his notes of anger ‘anil complaint, which have a peculiar vi- bratory sound, somewhat harsh, but not unmusical. The Golden Robin is said to possess considerable power of musical imitation; but it may be observed that in all his attempts he gives the notes of those birds only whose voice resembles his own. Thus he often repeats the song of the Virginia Redbird. This I do not consider an imi- tation, but a mere change of his own melody in a slight degree. The few notes of his own song he utters fre- quently, and with great force and a fue modulation. Sometimes for several days he confines himself to a sin- gle strain, and then for about the same length of time he will adopt another. Sometimes he extends his few brief notes into a lengthened melody, and sings as in an ecstasy, like birds of the Finch tribe. Occasionally also BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 67 he sings on the wing, not while hovering over one spot, but while flying from one tree to another. Such musical paroxysms are rare in his case, and seem to be caused by some momentary exultation. The Golden Robin rears but one brood of young in New England, and his cheerful notes are discontinued soon after they have left their nest. The song of the old bird seems, after this event, hardly necessary as a call-note to the offspring, who keep up an incessant chirp- ing from the moment of leaving their nest until they are able to accompany their parents to the woods. They probably retire to the forest for security, and vary their subsistence by searching for insects that occupy a wilder locality. It is remarkable that after an absence and silence of two or three weeks from the flight of their young the Golden Robins suddenly make their appearance once again for a few days, uttering the same merry notes with which they announced their arrival in May. But this renewal of their song is not continued many days. We seldom see them after the middle of August. They leave for their winter quarters early in autumn. aes oN a, ras 4 -O- -6--P-g Pp nt a Bee Se ele EN a er pa eo » 1 —#—-—@ ase ta tr ae (tat =—E (WES esclaee al es ee a ea ¥ KK ae a cy te-hoo, tee-hoo, te-00, te-hoo, te-hoo, t-t-t-t, tee-hoo, te - 00. THE MEADOW-LARK. This bird is no longer, as formerly, a Lark. Originally an Alauda, he has since been an Oriolus, an Icterus, a Cacicus, and a Sturnus. He has shuffled off all his for- mer identities, and is now a Sturnella magna. I will not enter into a calculation of the metamorphoses he may yet undergo. By the magic charm of some inventor of another new nomenclature; by the ingenuity of some Kant in 68 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. Natural History, —if this science be doomed ever to suf- fer such a curse, when, by the use of new names for every thought of the human mind, we shall all be reduced to a sudden ignorance of everything we once knew, and ren- dered incapable of talking or writing without constant reference to a new dictionary of terms,—the Meadow- Lark may yet be discovered to be no bird at all, but a mere myth of the meadows. The Meadow-Lark, though not the “ Messenger of Morn” that “calls up the tuneful nations,” and though perhaps not properly classed among our singing-birds, has a peculiar lisping note which is very agreeable, and not unlike some of the strains in the song of the English Wood-Lark, as I have heard them from a caged bird. Its notes are heard soon after those of the Robin, the earliest messenger of morn among our singing-birds. They are shrill, drawling, and plaintive, sometimes reminding me of the less musical notes of the Redwing and sometimes of the more musical and feeble song of the Green War- bler. Nuttall very aptly describes its notes by the sylla- bles et-see-dee-ah, each one drawled out to a considerable length. These are repeated at all hours of the day; in- deed, they are almost incessant, for hardly a minute passes when, if a pair of the birds are located in an ad- joining field, you may not hear them. It is the constant repetition of their song that has led gunners to the dis- covery of the birds, which, if they had been silent, might have escaped notice. That numerous class of men who would be more en- raptured at the sight of “four-and-twenty blackbirds baked in a pie” than at the sound of their notes, though they equalled those of the Nightingale, — men who never look upon a bird save with the eyes and disposition of a prowling cat, and who display their knowledge of the feathered race chiefly at the gun-shops, — martial heroes BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 69 among innocent songsters, — have not overlooked a bird so large and plump as the Meadow-Lark. Vain is its lisp- ing and plaintive song; vain is the beauty displayed in its hovering and graceful flight, in its variegated plumage and its interesting ways! All these things serve but to render its species the more conspicuous mark for gunners, who have hunted them so incessantly that they are now as shy as the persecuted Crow, and as elusive a mark for the sportsman as a Loon. Samuels says that “usually one bird of a flock is perched on a tree or a fence-post as a sentinel, and the moment a gunner approaches, the bird gives his alarm,” when all the flock take wing. The Meadow-Lark is vari- egated above with different shades of yellow and brown ; beneath, a lighter brown speckled with black. Its flight is very graceful, though not vigorous. The motions of its wings are rapid and intermittent, the slight pauses in their vibratory motions giving them a character quite unique. THE CEDAR-BIRD. Little bird, that watchest the season of mellow fruits, and makest thy appearance like a guest who comes only on feast-days, and, like a truant urchin, takest the fair products of the garden without leave of the owner, saying not even a grace over thy meals like the Preacher, but silently taking thy fill, and then leaving without even a song of thankfulness, — still I will welcome thee to the festival of Nature, both for thy comely presence and thy cheerful and friendly habit with thy fellows. The Cedar-Bird is not a songster. It seldom utters any note save the lisp that may always be heard when it is within sight. Dr. Brewer, who kept a wounded one in a cage, mentions that “beside its low, lisping call, this bird had a regular, faint attempt at a song of several low A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. ‘Gala UVaNO ‘Aula ABAHHO BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 71 notes, uttered in so low a tone that it would be almost inaudible, even at a short distance. It became perfectly contented in confinement, and appeared fond of such members of the family as noticed it.” He says of this species as proof of their devotion to one another and their offspring: “Once when one had been taken in a net spread over strawberries, its mate refused to leave it, suffered itself to be taken by the hand in its anxiety to free its mate, and, when set at liberty, would not leave until its mate had also been released and permitted to go with it.” According to Nuttall, during the mating season, they are always caressing each other like Turtle Doves. There is a manifestation of mutual fondness between these social birds. A friend assured him that he had seen one among a row of them seize an insect and offer it to its next neighbor, who passed it to the next, each politely declining the offer, until it had passed backwards and for- wards several times. The Cedar-Bird is not exclusively frugivorous. In the spring and early summer, before the berries are ripe, it feeds wholly upon insects and their larve. As a compen- sation for the mischief done by the bird and its fellows among the fruit-trees, they destroy vast numbers of can- ker-worms, taking them when they are very small and nestled in the flower-cup of the apple-tree. The ex- cessive multiplication of the canker-worm seems a di- rect. consequence of the proportional diminution of this and a few other valuable though mischievous species. Those cultivators who would gladly extirpate the boys as well as the birds, taking care to save boys enough to kill the birds, might, instead of persecuting the Cedar-Bird, find it more profitable in the end to pay a tax for its pres- ervation. This bird is very fond of the juniper. Its usual 72 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. abode is among the junipers. From these, when rambling in the woods, you will often start a flock; for they are easily alarmed on account of the pertinacity with which they have been hunted. It is seldom we see one bird of this species, without at least six or eight more in its com- pany. Their habit of assembling in small flocks renders them more liable to be extirpated; for those who would grudge a charge of powder and shot for the flesh of a sin- gle bird are delighted to shoot into a flock, when perhaps six or eight little tender birds will fall to the ground. The Cedar-Bird is remarkable for the elegance of its shape; and though the colors of its plumage are not brill- iant, they are exceedingly fine and delicate. Its general color above is a reddish-brown, slightly tinged with olive ; somewhat brighter on the breast, dark in the throat, tail tipped with yellow, forehead with a black line over the eyes, and little scarlet beads upon the outer wing-feathers, resembling dots of red sealing-wax. THE INDIGO-BIRD. Some of the earliest nests I discovered in my boyhood were those of the Indigo-Bird, of which, for several suc- cessive years, there were two or three in a grove of young locust-trees near the building where I attended school. Hence I have always associated this bird with the locust- tree. Every one admires the beauty of the Indigo-Bird,— its plumage of dark-blue, with green reflections when in a certain light. Its color is not that of the Bluebird; but more nearly resembles a piece of indigo, being almost a blue-black. Though it never comes very near our windows, it does not appear to be shy, and it prefers the trees of our gardens and enclosures to those of the forest. When the breeding season is over, the old birds probably retire to the woods; for, after the young have taken flight, they are seldom seen. BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 73 I think Mr. Nuttall is incorrect in his description of the Indigo-Bird’s song. It certainly has not that variety and pathos which he ascribes to it. The song is rather a lively see-saw without expressing even animation. It ought not to be considered plaintive. His notes are sharp, not unlike those parts of the Canary’s song which are disagreeable. I albude to the sip, sip, stp, sip, which the Canary intersperses with his more musical and roll- ing notes. The whole song of the Indigo-Bird is but a repetition of the stp, sip, of the Canary, modified by the addition of another note, like sip-sce, sip-see, sip-see, sip- see, repeated four or five times very moderately, with a few unimportant intervening notes. Neither has the song of the Indigo-Bird so much rapidity as Nuttall ascribes to it. His notes, though not slow, are but little more rapid than those of the Robin. He has the merit, however, of being one of the few of our birds that sing persistently at noonday. THE SUMMER YELLOW-BIRD. There is no common feature in our New England domestic landscape more remarkable than the frequent rows of willows which have at different times been planted by the sides of roads where they pass over wet meadows. The air is never sweeter, not even in a grove of lindens, than the vernal breezes that are constantly playing among the willows, when they are hung with golden aments, and swarming with bees and butterflies. Here, flitting among the soft foliage of these trees after the middle of May, you will never fail to meet the little Summer Yellow-Bird, whose plumage is so near the color of the willow-blossoms that they almost conceal it from observation. The Summer Yellow-Bird is one of that incomparable tribe of warblers, comprehended under the general name 74 BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. of sylvians, that frequents familiar places. His plumage is not a bright yellow, but faintly streaked with olive on the back and wings. He feeds entirely on insects, and is frequently seen in gardens among the cherry-trees and currant-bushes in search of them. The birds of this species are not shy; and I have observed the same con- fiding docility in other small birds which are not perse- cuted. The note of the male is remarkable only for its sweetness. It is too brief and shrill to attract attention, except by giving notice of the cheerful presence of the bird. He is so familiar as frequently to come up close to our windows when a tree is near, peeping in upon us as if to watch our motions. There is nothing in his general habits to render him conspicuous; and little is said about him, because he is quiet and unobtrusive. But were his whole species banished from our land, he would be missed as we should miss the little cinqfoil from our green hillsides, which it sprinkles with its modest and familiar flowers, though it attracts no admiration. The Summer Yellow-Bird, like this little flower, dwells sweetly among the willows and cherry-trees, seen by all, and loved for its unpretending beauty, its cheerful note, and its innocent habits. Dr. Brewer mentions the Summer Yellow-Bird as one of the few species that refuses to hatch the egg of the Cowbird. If this bird should drop one of its eggs into her nest, she builds up the walls and then covers the spu- rious egg with a thick coating of fresh materials. He mentions one remarkable case that happened in his own garden. The Yellow-Bird had already built a new nest over one Cowbird’s egg. Another was deposited in the new nest, and she built over that. She had finally made a nest with three stories, the last one containing only the Yellow-Bird’s eggs. This fact and others of a similar kind, related by ornithologists, indicate an unusual share BIRDS OF THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 75 of intelligence in this species. Dr. Brewer also mentions an anecdote related to him bya friend. A pair of Yellow- Birds had built their nest in a low bush, and filled it with eggs, when a storm partly overturned it. They abandoned it and built another in the same bush, and the female laid her eggs and sat upon them. “The narrator then restored the first nest to an upright position and securely fastened it.” The male bird immediately sat upon the eggs in this nest, while the female sat upon the other. In this way each one hatched, fed, and reared its separate family. THE ANTHEM OF MORN. Nature, for the delight of waking eyes, has arrayed the morning heavens in the loveliest hues of beauty. Fearing to dazzle by an excess of light, she first an- nounces day by a faint and glimmering twilight, then sheds a purple tint over the brows of the rising morn, and infuses a transparent ruddiness throughout the at- . mosphere. As daylight widens, successive groups of mottled and rosy-bosomed clouds assemble on the gilded sphere, and, crowned with wreaths of fickle rainbows, spread a mirrored Hush over hill, grove, and lake, and every village spire is burnished with their splendor. At length, through crimsoned vapors, we behold the sun’s broad disk, rising with a countenance so serene that every eye may view him ere he arrays himself in his meridian brightness.) Not many people who live in towns are aware of the pleasure attending a ramble near the woods and orchards at daybreak in the early part of summer. The drowsiness we feel on rising from our beds is grad- ually dispelled by the clear and healthful breezes of early day, and we soon experience an unusual amount of vigor and elasticity. Nature has so ordered her bounties and her blessings as to cause the hour which is consecrated to health to be attended with the greatest number of charms for all the senses; and to make all hearts enamored of the morning, she has environed it with everything, in heaven and on earth, that is delight- ful to the eye or to the ear, or capable of inspiring some agreeable sentiment. THE ANTHEM OF MORN. ; 77 During the night the stillness of all things is the cir- cumstance that most powerfully attracts our notice, ren- dering us peculiarly sensitive to every accidental sound that meets the ear. In the morning, at this time of year, on the contrary, we are overwhelmed by the vocal and multitudinous chorus of the feathered tribe. If you would hear the commencement of this grand anthem of nature, you must rise at the very first appearance of dawn, before the twilight has formed a complete semicir- cle above the eastern porch of heaven. The first note that proceeds from the little warbling host is the shrill chirp of the hair-bird, — occasionally vocal at all hours on a warm summer night. This strain, which is a continued trilling sound, is repeated with diminishing intervals, until it becomes almost incessant. But ere the hair-bird has uttered many notes a single robin begins to warble from a neighboring orchard, soon followed by others, in- creasing in numbers until, by the time the eastern sky is flushed with crimson, every male robin in the country round is singing with fervor. It would be difficult to note the exact order in which the different birds successively begin their parts in this performance; but the bluebird, whose song is only a short mellow warble, is heard nearly at the same time with the robin, and the song-sparrow joins them soon after with his brief but finely modulated strain. The different species follow rapidly, one after another, in the chorus, until the whole welkin rings with their matin hymn of gladness. I have often wondered that the almost simul- taneous utterance of so many different notes should pro- duce no discords, and that they should result in such complete harmony. In this multitudinous confusion of voices, no two notes are confounded, and none has suf- ficient duration to grate harshly with a dissimilar sound. Though each performer sings only a few strains and then 78 THE ANTHEM OF MORN. makes a pause, the whole multitude succeed one another with such rapidity that we hear an uninterrupted flow of music until’ the broad light of day invites them to other employments. When there is just light enough to distinguish the birds, we may observe, here and there, a single swallow perched on the roof of a barn or shed, repeating two twittering notes incessantly, with a quick turn and a hop at every note he utters. It would seem to be the design of the bird to attract the attention of his mate, and this motion seems to be made to assist her in discovering his position. As soon as the light has tempted him to fly abroad, this twittering strain is uttered more like a continued song, as he flits rapidly through the air. But at this later moment the purple martins have commenced their more melodious chattering, so loudly as to attract for a while the most of our attention. There is not a sound in nature so cheering and animating as the song of the purple mar- tin, and none so well calculated to drive away melancholy. Though not one of the earliest voices to be heard, the chorus is perceptibly more loud and effective when this bird has united with the choir. When the flush of morning has brightened into vermil- ion, and the place from which the sun is soon to emerge has attained a dazzling brilliancy, the robins are already less tuneful. They are now becoming busy in collecting food for their morning repast, and one by one they leave the trees, and may be seen hopping upon the tilled ground, in quest of the worms and insects that have crept out during the night from their subterranean retreats. But as the robins grow silent, the bobolinks begin their vocal revelries; and to a fanciful mind it might seem that the robins had gradually resigned their part in the performance to the bobolinks, not one of which is heard until some of the former have concluded their THE ANTHEM OF MORN. 79 songs. The little hair-bird still continues ‘his almost incessant chirping, the first to begin and the last to quit the performance. Though the voice of this bird is not very sweetly modulated, it blends harmoniously with the notes of other birds, and greatly increases the charm- ing effect of the combination. It would be tedious to name all the birds that take part in this chorus; but we must not omit the pewee, with his melancholy ditty, occasionally heard like a short minor strain in an oratorio; nor the oriole, who is really one of -the chief performers, and who, as his bright plu- mage flashes upon the sight, warbles forth a few notes so clear and mellow as to be heard above every other sound. Adding a pleasing variety to all this harmony, the lisping notes of the meadow-lark, uttered in a shrill tone, and with a peculiarly pensive modulation, are plainly audible, with short rests between each repetition. There is a little brown sparrow, resembling the hair- bird, save a general tint of russet in his plumage, that may be heard distinctly among the warbling host. He is rarely seen in cultivated grounds, but frequents the wild pastures, and is the bird that warbles so sweetly at midsummer, when the whortleberries are ripe, and the fields are beautifully spangled with red lilies. There is no confusion in the notes of his song, which consists of one syllable rapidly repeated, but increasing in rapidity and rising to a higher key towards the conclusion. He sometimes prolongs his strain, when his notes are ob- served to rise and fall in succession. These plaintive and expressive notes are very loud and constantly uttered, during the hour that precedes the rising of the sun. A dozen warblers of this species, singing in concert, and distributed in different parts of the field, form, perhaps, the most delightful part of the woodland oratorio to which we have listened. A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. 80 81 A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. i tix LA YELLOW BIRD. JUNE. ALREADY do we feel the influence of a more genial sky ; a maturer verdure gleams from every part of the landscape, and a prouder assemblage of wild-flowers re- minds us of the arrival of summer. The balmy south- west reigns the undisturbed monarch of the weather ; the chill breezes rest quietly upon the serene bosom of the deep; and the ocean, as tranquil as the blue canopy of heaven, yields itself to the warm influence of the sum- mer sun, as if it were conscious of the blessing of his beams. The sun rides, like a proud conqueror, over three quarters of the heavens, and, as if delighted with his victory over the darkness, smiles with unwonted com- placency upon the beautiful things which are rejoicing in his presence. Twilight refuses to leave the brows of night, and her morning and evening rays meet and blend together at midnight beneath the polar sphere. She twines her celestial rosy wreaths around the bosoms of the clouds, that rival in beauty the terrestrial garlands of summer. The earth and the sky seem to emulate each other in their attempts to beautify the temples of nature and of the Deity; and while the one hangs out her dra- pery of silver and vermilion over the sapphirine arches of the firmament, the other spangles the green plains and mountains with living gems of every hue, and crowns the whole landscape with lilies and roses. The mornings and evenings have acquired a delightful temperature, that invites us to rise prematurely from our repose, to enjoy the greater luxury of the balmy breezes. JUNE. 83 The dews hang heavily upon the herbage, and the white frosts have gone away to join the procession of the chill autumnal ehh The little modest spring flowers are half hidden ieneath the prouder foliage of the flowers of summer; the violets can hardly look upon us from un- der the broad leaves of the fern; and the anemones, like some little unpretending beauty in the midst of a elitter- ing crowd, are scarcely observed as they are fast fading beneath the shade of the tall shrubbery. The voice of the early song-sparrow and the tender warbling of the blue- bird are but faintly audible amidst the chorus of louder musicians; the myriads of piping creatures are silent in the wet places, and the tree-frogs, having taken up their song, make a constant melodious croaking, after nightfall, from the wooded swamps. The summer birds have all arrived ; their warbling resounds from every nook and dell; thou- sands of their nests are concealed in every grove and orchard, among the branches of the trees, or on the ground beneath a tuft of shrubbery ; egg-shells, of various hues, are cast out of their nests, and the callow young lie in the open air, exposed to the tender mercies of the genial month of June. The season of anticipation has passed away ; the early month of fruition has come; the hopes of our vernal morning have ripened into realities; we no longer look into the future for our enjoyments, but we revel at length in all those pleasures from which we expected to derive a perfect satisfaction. The month of June is emblemati- cal of the period of life that immediately succeeds the departure of youth, when all our sources of enjoyment are most abundant, and our capacity for higher pleasure has attained maturity, and when the only circumstance that damps our feelings is the absence of that lightness of heart arising from a hopeful looking forward to the future. Our manhood and our summer have arrived, 64. JUNE. but our youth and our spring have gone by; and though we have the enjoyment of all we anticipated, yet with the fruition hope begins to languish, for in the present exists the fulness of our joys. The flowery treasures, foretokened by the first blue violet, are blooming around us; the melodious concert, to which the little song-spar- row warbled a sweet prelude in March, is now swelling from a full band of songsters, and the sweet summer climate that was harbored by an occasional south-wind has arrived. But there is sadness in fruition. With all these voluptuous galés and woodland minstrelsies, we cannot help wishing for a renewal of. those feelings with which we greeted the first early flower and listened to the song of the earliest returning bird. Nature has thus nearly equalized our happiness in every season. When our actual joys are least abundant, fancy is near at hand, to supply us with the visions of those pleasures of which we cannot enjoy the substance ; filling our souls in spring with the hope of the future, comforting us in autumn with the memory of the past, and amusing us in winter with a tranquil retrospection of the whole year and the pleasant watching for the dawn of another spring. A total change has taken place in the aspect of the woods since the middle of the last month. The light, yellowish green of the willows and thorns, the purple of the sumach, and the various hues of other sprouting foliage have ripened into a dark uniform verdure. The grass, as it waves in the meadows, gleams like the bil- lows of the ocean; and the glossy surfaces of the ripe leaves of the trees, as they tremble in the wind, glitter like millions of imperfect mirrors in the light of the sun. The petals of the fading blossoms are flying in all direc- tions, as they are scattered by the fluttering gales, and. cover, like flakes of snow, the surface of the orchards, JUNE. 85 The flowers of innumerable forest-trees are in a state of maturity, and the yellow dust from their flower-cups, scattered widely over the earth, may be seen after showers, covering the edges of the beds of dried water- pools, in yellow circular streaks. The pines and other coniferous trees are in flower dur- ing this month; and the golden hues of their blossoms contrast beautifully with the deep verdure of their foliage. These trees, like others, shed their leaves in autumn; but it is the foliage of the preceding year that falls, leaving that of the last summer still upon the trees. This foliage is very slowly perishable, and covers the earth where it falls, during all the year, with that brown, smooth, and fragrant carpet, which is characteristic of a pine wood. Among the flowers which are conspicuous on this brown matted foliage is the purple lady’s-slipper, whose inflated blossoms often burst upon the sight of the rambler, as if they had risen up by enchantment. In similar haunts the trientalis, unrivalled in the peculiar delicacy of its flowers, that issue from a single whorl of pointed leaves, supported upon a tall and slender footstalk, never fails to attract the attention of the botanist and the lover of nature. Our gardens, during the first of this month, exhibit few exotics more beautiful than the Canadian rhodora, an in- digenous shrub, which is at this time in full flower in the wild pastures. It is from two to five feet in height, and its brilliant purple flowers, unrivalled in delicacy, appear on the extremities of the branches, when the leaves are just beginning to unfold. It is rendered singularly attrac- tive by the contrast between its purple hues, of peculiar resplendency, and the whiteness of the flowers of almost all other shrubs, at this season. This plant, by its flower- ing, marks the commencement of summer, and may be considered an apt symbol of the brilliant month of June. 86 JUNE. June is the month of the arethusas, — those charming flowers of the peat-meadows, — belonging to a tribe that is too delicate for cultivation. Like the beautiful birds of the forest, they were created for Nature’s own temples ; and the divinities of the wood, under whose invisible protection they thrive, will not permit them to join with the multitude that grace the parterre. The cymbidium, of a similar habit, the queen of the meadows, with larger flowers and more numerous clusters; the crimson orchis, that springs up by the river-sides, among the myrtle-like foliage of the cranberry and the nodding panicles of the quaking-grass, like a spire of living flame; and the still more rare and delicate white orchis, that, hidden in deep mossy dells in the woods, seldom feels the direct light of the sun, — are all alike consecrated to solitude and to Nature, as if they were designed to cheer the hearts of her humble votaries with the sight of a thing of beauty that has not been appropriated for the exclusive adornment of the garden and the palace. The rambler may already perceive a difference in the characters of the flowers of this month and of the last. In May the prominent colors were white and the lighter shades of purple and lilac, in which the latter were but faintly blended. In June the purple shades predominate in the flowers, except those of the shrubs, which are mostly white. The scarlet hues are seldom seen until after midsummer. The yellows seem to be confined to no particular season, being conspicuous in the dandelion, ranunculus, and coltsfoot of spring; in the potentilla, the senecio, and the loosestrife of summer; and in the sunflower, golden-rod, and many other tribes of autumn. Blue is slightly sprinkled through all the seasons. - One of the most charming appearances of the present month, to one who is accustomed to the minute obser- vation of Nature’s works, is the flowering of the grasses. JUNE. 87 Though this extensive tribe of plants is remarkable in no instances for the brilliancy of its flowers, yet there are few that exhibit more beauty in their aggregations ; some rearing their flowers in a compact head, like the herd’s-grass and the foxtail; others spreading them out in an erect panicle, like a tree, as the orchard-grass and the common redtop; others appearing with a bristling head, like wheat and barley; and a countless variety of species, with nodding panicles, like the oat and the quaking-grass. The greater number of the gramineous plants are in flower at the present time, and there are no other species, save the flowerless plants, which afford more attractions to those who examine nature with the discriminating eye of science. He who is accustomed to rambling is now keenly sen- sible of that community of property in nature, of which he cannot be deprived. The air of heaven belongs equal- ly to all, and cannot be monopolized; but the land is apportioned into tracts belonging to different owners, and the many perhaps do not own a rood. Yet to a certain extent, and in a very important sense, the earth, the trees, the flowers, and the landscape are common prop- erty. He who owns a fine garden possesses but little advantage over him who is without one. We are all free in this country to roam over the wide fields and pastures; we can eat of the fruits of the earth, and feast our eyes on the beauties of nature, as well as the owner of the largest domain. A man is not poor who, while he obtains the comforts of life, is thus capable of enjoying the blessings of nature. His property is not circumscribed by fences and boundary lines. All the earth is his garden, —cultivated without expense and enjoyed without anxiety. He partakes of these bounties which cannot be confined to a legal possessor, and which Providence, as a compensation to those who are worn with 88 JUNE. toil or harassed with care, spreads out to gladden them with renewed hopes and to warm their hearts with grati- tude and benevolence. June is, of all months of the year, the most delightful period of woodland minstrelsy. With the early birds that still continue their warbling, the summer birds have joined their louder and more melodious strains. Early in the morning, when the purple light of dawn first awakens us from sleep, and while the red rays that fringe the eastern arches of the sky with a beautiful trem- ulous motion are fast brightening into a more dazzling radiance, we hear from the feathered tribe the commence- ment of their general hymn of gladness. There is first an occasional twittering, then a single performance from some early waker, then a gradual joining of new voices, until at length there is a full chorus of song. . Every few minutes some new voice joins in the concert, as if aroused by the beginners and excited by emulation, until thou- sands of melodious voices seem to be calling us out from sleep to the enjoyment of life and liberty. After the sun has risen nearly to meridian height, the greater number of the birds that helped to swell the an- them of morn discontinue their songs, and a comparative silence prevails during the heat of the day. The vireo, however, warbles incessantly, at all hours of daylight, from the lofty tree-tops in the heart of the villages; the oriole is still piping at intervals among the blossoms of the fruit-trees ; and the merry bobolink never tires during the heat of the day, while singing and chattering, as in ecstasy, above and around the sitting-place of his wedded mate. At the hour of the sun’s decline the birds renew their songs; but the more familiar species that linger about our orchards and gardens are far less musical at sunset than at sunrise. I suppose they may be annoyed by the presence of men, who are more accustomed to be JUNE. 89 out at alate hour in the evening than at an early hour in the morning. The hour preceding dusk in the evening, however, is the time when the thrushes, the most musical of birds, are loudest in their song. Several different species of this tribe of musicians, at a late hour, are almost the sole per- formers. The catbird, with a strain somewhat similar to that of the robin, less melodious, but more varied and quaint in its expression, is then warbling in those places where the orchards and the wildwood meet and are blended together. The red-thrush, a bird still more re- tired in its habits, takes his station upon a tree that stands apart from the wood, and there pours forth his loud and varied song, which may be heard above every other note. A little deeper in the woods, near the borders of streams, the veeries, the last to become silent, may be heard re- sponding to one another, with their trilled and exquisite notes, unsurpassed in melody and expression, from the sun’s early decline until the purple of twilight has nearly departed. During all this time and the greater part of the day, in the solemn depths of the forest, where almost all other singing-birds are strangers, resounds the distinct, peculiar, and almost unearthly warbling of the hermit- thrush, who recites his different strains with such long pauses and with such a varied modulation that they might be mistaken for the notes of several different birds. At nightfall, though the air is no longer resonant with song, our ears are greeted with a variety of pleasing and romantic sounds. In the still darkness, apart from the village hum, may be heard the frequent fluttering of the wings of night birds, when the general silence permits their musical vibrations to resound distinctly from differ- ent distances, during their short, mysterious flights. 90 A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. THRUSH. A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. 91 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. Is He who has always lived in the city or its suburbs, who has seldom visited the interior except for purposes of trade, and whose walks have not often extended be- yond those roads which are bordered on each side by shops and dwelling-houses, may never have heard some of our most remarkable songsters. These are the birds of the pasture and forest, those shy, melodious warblers who sing only in the ancient haunts of the Dryads. These birds have not multiplied like the familiar birds in the same proportion with the increase of human popula- tion and the extension of agriculture. Though they do not shun mankind, they keep aloof from villages, living chiefly in the deep wood or on the edge of the forest and in the bushy pasture. ; here is a peculiar wildness in the songs of this class ’ of birds that awakens a delightful mood of mind, similar to that which is excited by reading the figurative lyrics of a romantic age. This feeling is undoubtedly, to a cer- tain extent, the effect of association. Having always heard their notes in wild and wooded places, they never fail to bring this kind of scenery vividly before the imagination, and their voices are like the sounds of mountain streams. It is certain that the notes of the solitary birds do not affect us like those of the Robin and the Linnet; and their influence is the same, whether it be attributable to some intrinsic quality or to association, which is in- deed the source of some of the most delightful emotions of the human soul. BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 93 Nature has made all her scenes and the sights and sounds that accompany them more lovely by causing them to be respectively suggestive of a peculiar class of sensations. The birds of the pasture and forest are not frequent enough in cultivated places to be associated with our homes and our gardens. Nature has confined certain species of birds and animals to particular localities, and thereby gives a poetic or picturesque attraction to their features. There are certain flowers that cannot be culti- vated in a garden, as if they were designed for the exclu- sive adornment of those secluded arbors which the spade and the plough have never profaned. Here flowers grow which are too holy for culture, and birds sing whose voices were never heard in the cage of the voluptuary, and whose tones inspire us with a sense of freedom known only to those who often retire from the world to live in religious communion with nature. THE SWAMP-SPARROW. There is a little Sparrow whose notes I often hear about the shores of unfrequented ponds, and from their untrodden islets covered with button-bush and sweet gale, and never in any other situations. The sound of his voice always enhances the sensation of rude solitude with which I look upon this primitive scenery. We often see him perched upon the branch of a dead tree that stands in the water, a few rods from the shore, apparently watch- ing our angling operations from his leafless perch, where he sings so sweetly that the very desolation of the scene borrows a charm from his voice that renders every object delightful. This little solitary warbler is the Swamp-Sparrow. He bears some resemblance to the Song-Sparrow, but he is without that bird’s charming variety of modulation. His 94 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. notes have a peculiar liquid tone, and sometimes resemble the rapid dropping of water by the single drop into a wooden cistern which is half full) They may be com- pared to the trilling of the Hair-Bird, a kindred species, less rapidly uttered, and upon a lower key. If their notes are not plaintive, as Nuttall considered them, they produce very vividly a sensation of solitude, that tempts you to listen long and patiently, as to a sweet strain in some rude ballad music. THE WOOD-SPARROW. When the flowers of early summer are gone, and the graceful neottia is seen in the meadows, extending its spi- ral clusters among the nodding grasses; when the purple orchis is glowing in the wet grounds, and the roadsides are gleaming with the yellow blossoms of the hypericum, the’ merry voice of the Bobolink has ceased and many other familiar birds have become silent. At this time, if we stroll away from the farm and the orchard into more retired and wooded haunts, we may hear at all hours and at frequent intervals the pensive and melodious notes of the Wood-Sparrow, who sings as if he were de- lighted at being left almost alone to warble and complain to the benevolent deities of the grove. He who in his youth has made frequent visits to these pleasant and sol- itary places, among the thousands of beautiful and sweet- scented flowers that spring up among the various spicy and fruit-bearing shrubs that unite to form a genuine whortleberry-pasture,— he only knows the unspeakable delights which are awakened by the sweet, simple notes of this little warbler. The Wood-Sparrow is somewhat smaller than a Canary, with a pale chestnut-colored crown, above of a brownish hue, and dusky-white beneath. Though he does not seem BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 95 to be a shy bird, I have never seen him in our gardens. The inmates of solitary cottages alone are privileged to hear his notes from their windows. He loves the plains and the hillsides which are half covered with a primitive growth of young pines, junipers, cornels, and whortleberry- . bushes, and lives upon the seeds of grasses and wild let- tuce, with occasional repasts of insects and fruits. His notes are mellow and plaintive, and, though often pro- longed to a considerable length, seldom consist of more than one strain. He begins slowly and emphatically, as if repeating the syllable de, de, de, de, any number of times, increasing in rapidity, and at the same time sliding upward, by almost imperceptible gradations, about one or two tones on the musical scale. WOOD-SPARROW'S SONG. Oe ee: “pet 2 6010 06 eee ee eee PEGA 0 000-4-000000007-+ da de dedededededededed dddddddda KAN In the latter part of June, when this bird is most mu- sical, he occasionally varies his song, by uttering a few chirps after the first strain, like the Canary, then recom- mencing it, and repeating it thus perhaps three or four times. I once heard a Canary that repeated this reit- erated song of the Wood-Sparrow, and it seemed to me to surpass any notes I had ever heard before from this sweet little domesticated songster. - THE GROUND-ROBIN OR CHEWINK. While listening to the notes of the Wood-Sparrow, we are constantly saluted by the agreeable, though less musi- cal, notes of the Ground-Robin, an amusing little bird that confines himself chiefly to the edges of woods. This bird is elegantly spotted with white, red, and black, the 96 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. female being of a bright bay color where the male is red. Every rambler knows him, not only by his plumage-and his peculiar note, but also by his singular habit of lurking among the bushes, appearing and disappearing like a squirrel, and watching all our movements. It is with difficulty that a gunner can obtain a good aim at him, so rapidly does he change his position among the leaves and branches. In these motions he resembles the Wren. When he perceives that we are observing him he pauses in his song, and utters that peculiar note of complaint from which he has derived the name Chewink. The sound is more like chewee, accenting the second syllable. The Chewink is a very constant singer during four months of the year, from the first of May. He is untir- ing in his lays, seldom resting for any considerable time from morn to night, being never weary in rain or in sun- shine, or at noonday in the hottest weather of the season. His song consists.of two long notes, the first about a third above the second, and the last part made up of several rapidly uttered liquid notes, about one tone below the first note. SONG OF THE CHEWINK. Hy a a) ot » a SY aU SIe 7 i ae ee ee ee ee hte o-r {+=} —¢ fet fies ; : f } f ee) ? There is an expression of great cheerfulness in these notes, though they are not delivered with much enthusi- asm. But music, like poetry, must be somewhat plaintive in its character to take strong hold of the feelings. I have never known any person to be affected by these notes as many are by those of the Wood-Sparrow. While employed in singing, the Chewink is usually perched on the lower branch of a tree, near the edge of a wood, or on the summit of a tall bush. He is a true forest bird, and BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 97 builds his nest upon the ground in the thickets that con- ceal the boundaries of the wood. The note of the Chewink and his general appearance and habits are well adapted to render him conspicuous, and to cause him to be known and remembered, while the Wood-Sparrow and the Veery might remain unobserved. Our birds are like our “men of genius.” As in the lit- erary world there is a description of mental qualities which, though of a high order, must be pointed out by an observing few before the multitude can appreciate them, so the sweetest songsters of the wood are unknown to the mass of the community, while many ordinary per- formers, whose talents are conspicuous, are universally known and admired. THE REDSTART AND SPECKLED CREEPER. As we advance into the wood, if it be midday, or before the decline of the sun, the notes of two small birds will be sure to attract ourattention. The notes of the two are very similar and as slender and fine as the chirp of a grass- hopper, being distinguished from it only by a different and more pleasing modulation. These birds are the Red- start and the Speckled Creeper. The first is the more rarely seen. It is a bird of the deep forest, and shuns observation by hiding itself in some of the obscure parts of the wood. Samuels, however, has known a nest of the Redstart to be built and the young reared in a garden, and other authors consider the bird more familiar than shy. In general markings, that is, as we view the bird without particular examination, the Redstart is like the Chewink, though not more than half its size. It lives entirely on insects, darting out upon them from its perch like a fly- catcher, and searching the foliage for them like a sylvian. Its song is similar to that of ae Summer Yellow-Bird, so 98 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. common in our gardens among the fruit-trees, but more shrill and feeble. The Creeper’s note does not differ from it more than the notes of different individuals of the same species. The Speckled Creeper takes its name from its habit of creeping like a Woodpecker round the branches of trees, feeding upon the insects and larve that are lodged in the crevices of the bark. It often leaves the wood and diligently manceuvres among the trees in our gar- dens and enclosures. The constant activity of the birds of this species affords proof of the myriads of insects that must be destroyed by them in the course of one season, and which, if not kept in check by these and other small birds, would, by their multiplication, render the earth uninhabitable by man. THE OVEN-BIRD. While listening to the slender notes of these little syl- vians, hardly audible amidst the din of grasshoppers, the rustling of leaves, and the sighing of winds among the tall oaken boughs, suddenly the space resounds with a loud, shrill song, like the sharpest notes of the Canary. The little warbler that startles us with this vociferous note is the Golden-crowned Thrush or Oven-Bird. This bird is confined almost exclusively to the woods, and is particularly partial to noonday, when he sings. There is no melody in his lay. He begins rather moderately, in- creasing in loudness as he proceeds, until his note seems to fill the whole wood. He might be supposed to utter the words I see, I see, I see, I see, emphasizing the first word, and repeating the two five or six times, growing louder and louder with each repetition. There is nota bird in the wood that equals this little piper in the energy with which he delivers his brief communication. His BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 99 notes are associated with summer noondays in the deep woods, and when bursting upon the ear in the silence of noon, they disperse all melancholy thoughts as if by en- chantment. Samuels says he has listened to the song of this bird at all hours of the night, in the mating and incubating season. The bird seems to soar into the air, and to sing while hovering in a slow descent. He has noticed the same habit in the Maryland Yellow-Throat. Dr. Brewer says the Oven-Bird “has two very distinct songs, egch in its way remarkable.” I have noticed that many species of birds are addicted occasionally to a kind of soliloquiz- ing; warbling in a low tone, not very audibly and appar- ently for their own amusement. It is seldom that these soliloquizing notes bear any resemblance to the usual song of the bird ; and I have heard them from the Chicka- dee and other birds that have no song. The oven-shaped nest of this bird has always been an object of curiosity. It is placed upon the ground under a knoll of moss, or a tuft of weeds and bushes, and is neatly woven of long grass and fibrous roots. It is covered with a roof of the same materials, and a round opening is made at the side for entrance. The nest is so ingeniously cov- ered with grass and assimilated to the surface around it, that it is not easily discovered. But it is said that the Cowbird is able to find it, and uses it as a depository for its eggs. THE GREEN WARBLER. Those who are accustomed to rambling in the forest may have observed that pine woods are remarkable for certain collections of mosses which have cushioned a pro- jecting rock or the decayed stump of a tree. When weary with heat and exercise, it is delightful to sit down upon one of these green velveted couches and take note 100 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. of the objects immediately around us. We are then pre- pared to hear the least sound that pervades our retreat. Some of the sweetest notes ever uttered in the wood are distinctly heard only at such times; for when we are passing over the rustling leaves, the noise made by our progress interferes with the perfect recognition of all delicate sounds. It was when thus reclining, after half a day’s search for flowers, under the grateful shade of a pine-tree, now watching the white clouds that sent a brightgr daybeam into those dark recesses as they passed luminously overhead ; then noting the peculiar mapping of the ground underneath the wood, diversified with mosses in swelling knolls, little islets of fern, and parterres of ginsengs and Solomon’s-seals, I was first greeted by the pensive note of the Green Warbler, as he seemed to utter in supplicating tones, very slowly modulated, Hear me, St. Theresa! This strain, as I have observed many times since, is at certain hours repeated constantly for ten minutes at a time; and it is one of those melodious sounds that seem to belong exclusively to solitude. Though these notes of the Green Warbler may be familiar to all who are accustomed to strolling in the wood, the bird is known to but few persons. Some birds of this species are constant residents during summer in the woods of Eastern Massachusetts, but the greater number retire farther north in the breeding season. Nut- tall remarks of the Green Warbler: “His simple, rather drawling, and somewhat plaintive song, uttered at short Intervals, resembles the syllables te, de, deritsea, pro- nounced pretty loud and slow, the tones proceeding from high to low. In the intervals, he was particularly busied in catching small cynips and other kinds of flies, keeping up a smart snapping of his bill, almost similar to the noise made by knocking pebbles together.” There is a plaintive expression in this musical suppli- BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 101 cation ‘that is apparent to all who hear it, no less than if the bird were truly offering prayers to some tutelary deity. It is difficult to determine why a certain combination of sounds should affect one with an emotion of sadness, while another, under the same circumstances, produces a feeling of joy. This is a part of the philosophy of music which has not been explained. SONG OF THE GREEN WARBLER. Q o—,-_#-2—. e o — Op ad ae ea be a a o-|-° (cemen © aie { aa eae ly | { . x = — an on Ly, Hear me, St. The - re 8a. THE MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT. As we leave the forest and emerge into the open pas- ture, we hear a greater number of birds than in the dark- ness of the wood. More sounds are awake of every description, not only those of a busy neighboring popu- lation, but of domestic birds and quadrupeds. On the outside of the wood, if the ground be half covered with wild shrubs, you will hear often repeated the lively song of the Maryland Yellow-Throat. Like the Summer Yel- low-Bird, he is frequently seen among the willows; but he is less familiar, and seldom visits the garden or pleasure- ground. The angler is startled by his notes on the rushy borders of a pond, and the botanist listens to them while peeping into some woodland hollow or bushy ravine. Even the woodcutter is delighted with his song, when, sitting upon a new-fallen tree, he hears the little bird from a near cornel-bush, saying, J see, I see you, I see, I see you, I see, I see you. These notes are not unlike those of the Brigadier, and are both lively and agreeable. In its plumage the Yellow-Throat is very attractive. It is of a bright olive-color above, with-a yellow throat 102 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. and breast, and a black band extending from the nostrils over the eye. The black band and the yellow throat are the marks by which the bird is readily identified. From its habits of perching low, frequenting the undergrowth near the edge of the wood, building upon the ground, and seldom visiting the higher branches of trees, it has ob- tained the name of Ground Warbler.. THE SCARLET TANAGER. When I was about seven years of age I first saw the Scarlet Tanager, lying dead in a heap of birds which had been shot by two Spaniards, who were my father’s private pupils. The fine plumage of this bird soon attracted my attention. But it was long before I could feel reconciled to this slaughter, though delighted with the opportunity of examining the different birds { in the heap. Since that time I have ‘abe found the Scarlet Tanager in the game- bags of young sportsmen; but I have seldom seen in the woods more than two or three birds of this species in any one season. Low grounds and oaken woods are the Tanager’s favor- ite habitats. It nestles in the deep forest, and builds a loosely constructed nest of soft grass and slender brush, forming a shallow basket. which is lodged upon some hor- ontal bough of oak or pine. This bird, however, dis- plays no skill as a basket-maker, hardly surpassing even the Turtle-Dove as an architect. The eggs are speckled on a ground of dull pea-green. The male Tanager sings with considerable power a sort of interrupted song, modu- lated a little after the manner of the Thrush. Samuels kept one confined six months in a cage, and in a week after its capture it submitted quietly to its confinement, and became tuneful. He compares its song to that of the Robin, mixed with some ventriloquial notes. We hear this bird in the deep wood more frequently than outside of it. BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 103 THE FLICKER. We are all familiar with the notes of this Woodpecker, that resemble the call-notes of the common Robin, but they are louder and more prolonged. Audubon compares them to the sounds of laughter when heard at a distance. According to the same writer the males woo the females very much after the manner of our common Doves. They build in holes in trees, but you never see them climbing a tree like other Woodpeckers. They take their food chiefly from the ground, and devour great quantities of ants. The Flicker, though not attractive when seen at a dis- tance, is found to have very beautiful plumage on exami- nation. On the back and wings it is chiefly of a light brown, with black bands on the wing-feathers, giving them a kind of speckled appearance ; a scarlet crescent on the back of the head, and a similar shaped black patch on the throat. The under surface of the wings is of a golden yellow. Hence it is sometimes called the Golden- winged Woodpecker. Samuels relates that if the eggs, which are of a pure white, be removed from the nest while the bird is laying, she will continue to lay like a common hen. He has known this experiment to be tried until the bird had laid eighteen or twenty eggs, though her usual number is but six. THE ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK. We must pass out of the woods again, where we can bask in the sunshine, and obtain a view of fields and farms, to hear the voice of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak. This bird was not an acquaintance of my early years, Certain changes of climate or soil, either here or in its former habitats, have caused it to be a regular sojourner in New England for twenty years past, and the species arrive every year in increased numbers. Formerly their residence 104 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. was chiefly confined to the Middle States. Now we may see them frequently every summer, but not in familiar places or in those which are very solitary. I have seen them many times in Medford woods, and in those near Fresh Pond in Cambridge, and in Essex County. The first time I heard the note of the Grosbeak I mis- took it for the song of the Golden Robin, prolonged, varied, and improved in an unusual degree. I soon, how- ever, discovered the bird, and thought his lively manners, no less than his brilliant notes, were like those of the Golden Robin. His song is greatly superior to that of the Redbird or Cardinal Grosbeak, which is only a repetition of two or three sweet notes, like che-hoo, che-hoo, che-hoo, rapidly delivered, the last note of each two about a third lower than the first. In the South he is jomed by the ’ Mocking-Bird, which all day tiresomely repeats these notes of the Cardinal. The Rose-breasted Grosbeak is classed among our noc- turnal songsters by those who are familiar with its habits. Samuels has heard it frequently in the night, and says of its song that it is “a sweet warble with various emphatic passages, and sometimes a plaintive strain exceedingly tender and affecting.” This description seems to me very beautiful and accurate. Mr. 8. P. Fowler thinks this bird is not heard so frequently by night as by day, though it often sings in the light of the moon. The moon, indeed, seems to be the source of inspiration to all nocturnal songsters. Though I once mistook the song of this Gros- beak for that of the Golden Robin, lately I have thought it more like the native song of the Mocking-Bird, and not inferior to it in any respect. He utters but few plaintive notes. They are mostly cheerful, melodious, and exhilarating. They are modulated somewhat like those of the Purple Finch, delivered more loudly and with a great deal more precision. PLEA FOR THE BIRDS. In the beginning, according to the testimony of the “Wisdom of Solomon,” all things were ordered in meas- ure, number, and weight. The universe was balanced according to a law of harmony no less wise than beau- tiful. There was no deficiency in one part or superfluity in another. As time was divided into seasons and days and years, the material world was arranged in such a manner that there should be a mutual dependence of one kingdom upon another. Nothing was created without a purpose, and all living things were supplied with such instincts and appetites as would lead them to assist in the great work of progression. The kingdoms of nature must ever remain thus perfectly adjusted, except for the interference of man. He alone, of all living creatures, has power to turn the operations of nature out of their proper course. He alone is able to transform her hills into fortifications and to, degrade her rivers to commercial servitude. Yet, while he is thus employed in revolu- tionizing the surface of the earth, he might still work in harmony with nature’s designs, and end in making it more beautiful and more bountiful than in its pristine condition. In the wilderness we find a certain adjustment of the various tribes of plants, birds, insects, and quadrupeds, differing widely from that which prevails over a large extent of cultivated territory. In the latter, new tribes of plants are introduced by art, and nature, working in harmony with man, introduces corresponding tribes of 106 PLEA FOR THE BIRDS. insects, birds, and quadrupeds. Man may with impunity make a change of the vegetable productions, if he but al- lows a certain freedom to Nature in her efforts to supply the balance which he has disturbed. While man is em- ployed in restocking the earth with trees and vegetables, Nature endeavors to preserve her harmony by a new sup- ply of birds and insects. A superabundance of either might be fatal to certain tribes of plants. I believe the insect races to be as needful in the order of creation as any other part of Nature’s works. The same may be said of that innumerable host of plants denominated weeds. But while man is endeavoring to keep down superfluities, he may, by working blindly, cause the very evil he designs to prevent. It is not easy to check the multiplication of weeds and insects. These, in spite of all direct efforts to check them, will increase beyond their just mean. This calamity would not happen if we took pains to preserve the feathered tribes, which are the natural checks to the multiplication of insects and weeds. Birds are easily destroyed : some species, indeed, are already nearly exter- minated; and all are kept down to such a limit as to bear no just proportion to the quantity of insects that supply them with food. Although birds are great favorites with man, there are no animals, jf we except the vermin that infest our dwell- ings, that suffer such unremitted persecution. They are. everywhere destroyed, either for the table or for the pleasure of the chase. As soon as a boy can shoulder a gun, he goes out, day after day, in his warfare of exter- mination against the feathered race. He spares the birds at no season and in no situation. While thus employed, he is encouraged by older persons, as if he were ridding the earth of a pest. Thus do men promote the destruction of one of the blessed gifts of Nature. If there be proof that any race of animals was cre- PLEA FOR THE BIRDS. 107 ated for the particular benefit of mankind, this may cer- tainly be said of birds. Men in general are not apt to consider how greatly the sum of human happiness is in- creased by certain circumstances of which they take but little note. There are not many who are in the habit of going out of their way or pausing often from their labors to hear the song of a bird or to examine the beauty of a flower. Yet the most indifferent would soon experience a painful emotion of solitude, were the feathered race to be suddenly annihilated, or were vegetation to be deprived of everything but its leaves and fruit. Though we may be accustomed to regard these things as insignificant tri- fles, we are all agreeably affected by them. Let him who thinks he despises a bird or a flower be suddenly cast ashore upon some desert island, and after a lonely residence there for a season, let one of our familiar birds greet him with a few of its old accustomed notes, or a little flower peep out upon him with the same look which has often greeted him by the wayside in his own coun- try, and how gladly would he confess their influence upon his mind! But there is a great deal of affectation of indifference toward these objects that is not real. Children are delighted with birds and flowers; women, who have in general more culture than men, are no less delighted with them. It is a common weakness of men who are ambitious to seem above everything that pleases women and children to affect to despise the singing of a bird and the beauty of a flower. But even those who affect this indifference ate not wholly deaf or blind. They are merely ignorant of the influence upon their own minds of some of the chief sources of our pleasures. It is not entirely on account of their song, their beauty, and their interesting habits, that we set so high a value upon the feathered tribes. They are important in the 108 PLEA FOR THE BIRDS. general economy of Nature, without which the operation of her laws would be disturbed, and the parts in the general harmony would be incomplete. As the annihila- tion of a planet would produce disturbance in the motions of the spheres, and throw the celestial worlds out of their balance, so would the destruction of any species of birds create confusion among terrestrial things. Birds are the chief and almost the only instruments employed by Na- ture for checking the multiplication of insects which other- wise would spread devastation over the whole earth. They are always busy in their great work, emigrating from place to place, as the changes of the seasons cut off their supplies in one country and raise them up in another. Some, like the swallow tribe, seize them on the wing, sailing along the air with the velocity of the winds, and preserving it from any excess of the minute species of atmospheric insects. Others, like the creepers and wood- peckers, penetrate into the wood and bark of trees, and dislodge the larva before they emerge into the open air. Beside these birds that do their work by day, there are others, like the whippoorwill tribe, that keep their watch by night, and check the multiplication of moths, beetles, and other nocturnal insects. Man alone, as I have before remarked, can seriously disturb the operations of Nature. It is he who turns the rivers from their’ courses, and makes the little gurgling streams tributary to the sluggish canal. He destroys the forests, and exterminates the birds after depriving them of their homes. But the insects, whose extreme minuteness renders them unassailable by his weapons, he cannot destroy, and Nature’allows them to multiply. and become a scourge to him, as if in just retribution for his cruelty to the feathered races who are his bene- factors. A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. 109 ye Wwe, da SS EINES 110 A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. 111 A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. WOODPECKER. JULY. Tue month of balmy breezes and interminable ver- dure has given place to one of parching heat and sun- shine, which has seared the verdant brows of the hills, and driven away the vernal flowers that crowned their summits. They have fled from the uplands to escape the heat and drought, and have sought shelter in wet places or under the damp shade of woods. Many of the rivulets that gave animation to the prospect in the spring are now marked only by a narrow channel, filled with a luxuriant growth of herbs, that follow its winding course along the plain; and the shallow pools that watered the early cowslips are turned into meads of waving herbage. Millions of bright flowers are nodding their heads over the tall grass, but we scarcely heed them, for they seem like the haughty usurpers of the reign of the meeker flowers of spring. The cattle have taken shelter under the trees to escape the hot beams of the sun, and many may be seen standing in pools or the margins of ponds for refresh- ment and protection from insects. All animated nature is indulging a languid repose, and the feeble gales hardly shake the leaves of aspen-trees as they pass by them, faint and exhausted with the sultry heats of July. As June was the month of music and flowers, July is the harvest month of the early fruits; and, though the poet might prefer the former, the present offers the most attractions to the epicure. Strawberries, that gem the meads, and raspberry-bushes that embroider the stone- walls and fences, hang out their ripe, red clusters of berries JULY. 113 where the wild-rose and the elder-flower scent the air with their fragrance. The rocks and precipices, so lately crowned with flowers, are festooned with thimbleberries, that spring out in tufts from the mossy crevices half covered with green, umbrageous ferns. There is no spot so barren that it is not covered with something that is beautiful to the sight or grateful to the sense. The little pearly flowers that hung in profusion from the low blueberry-bushes, whose beauty and fragrance we so lately admired, are transformed into azure fruits, that rival the flowers in elegance. Nature would convert us all into epicures by changing into agreeable fruits those beautiful things we contemplated so lately with a tender sentiment allied to that of love. Summer is surely the season of epicurism, as spring is that of the luxury of sentiment. Nature has now bountifully provided for every sense. The trees that afford a pleasant shade are surrounded with an under- growth of fruitful shrubs, and the winds that fan the brow are laden with odors gathered from beds of roses, azaleas, and honeysuckles. Goldfinches and humming-birds peep down upon us, as they flit among the branches of the trees, and butterflies settle upon the flowers and charm our eyes with their gorgeous colors. In the pastures the red lilies have appeared, and young children who go out into the fields to gather these simple luxuries, after filling their baskets with fruit, crown their arms with bouquets of lilies, laurels, and honeysuckles, rejoicing over their beauty during the happiest, as it is the most simple and natural, period of their lives. There is not a more agreeable recreation at the present season than a boat-excursion upon a wood-skirted pond, when its alluvial borders are brightly spangled with water- lilies, and the air is full of delicate incense from their sweet-scented flowers. The plover may be seen gliding with nimble feet upon the broad leaves that float on 114 JULY. the surface of the waters, so lightly as hardly to impress a dimple on the glossy sheen; and multitudes of fishes are gambolling among their long stems in the clear depths below. Among the fragrant white lilies are interspersed the more curious though less delicate flowers of -the yel- low lily ; and in clusters here and there upon the shore, where the turf is dank and tremulous, the purple sarrace- nias bow their heads over lands that have never felt the plough. The alders and birches cast a beautiful shade upon the mirrored border of the lake, the birds are sing- ing melodiously among their branches, and clusters of ripe raspberries overhang the banks as we sail along their shelvy sides. But we listen in vain on our rural excursions for the songs of multitudes of birds that were tuneful a few weeks since. The chattering bobolink, merriest bird of June, has become silent; he will soon doff his black coat and yellow epaulettes, and put on the russet garb of win- ter. His voice is heard no more in concert with the gen- eral anthem of Nature. He has become silent with all his. merry kindred, and, instead of the lively notes poured out so merrily for the space of two months, we hear only a plaintive chirping, as the birds wander about the fields in scattered parties, no longer employed in the cares of wedded life. But there are several of our warblers that still remain tuneful. The little wood-sparrow sings more loudly than ever, the vireo and wren still enliven the gardens, and the hermit-thrush daily utters his liquid strains from his deep sylvan retreat upon the wooded hills. In the place of the birds myriads of chirping insects pour forth during the heat of the day a continual din of merry voices. Day by day are they stringing their harps anew, and leading out a fresh host of musicians, making ready to gladden the autumn with the fulness of their JULY. 115 songs. At intervals during the hottest of the weather, we hear the peculiar spinning notes of the harvest-tly, a species of locust, beginning low and with a gradual swell, increasing in loudness for a few seconds, then slowly dying away into silence. To my mind these sounds are vivid remembrancers of the pleasures and languishment of noonday, of cool shades apart from sultry heats, of re- pose beneath embowering canopies of willows, or grate- ful repasts of fruits in the summer orchard. The season of haymaking has arrived, the mowers are busy in their occupation, and the whetting of the scythe blends harmoniously with the sounds of animated nature. The air is filled with the fragrance of new-mown hay, the dying incense-offering of the troops of flowers that perish beneath the fatal scythe. Many are the delightful remembrances connected with haymaking to those who have spent their youth in the country. In moderate sum- mer weather there is no more delightful occupation. Every toil is pleasant that leads us into green fields and fills the mind with the cheerfulness of all living things. But summer, with all its delightful occasions of joy and rejoicing, is in one respect the most melancholy season of the year. We are now the constant witnesses of some regretful change in the aspect of nature, reminding us of the fate of all things and the transitoriness of existence. Every morning sun looks down upon the graves of whole tribes of flowers that were but yesterday the pride and glory of the fields. Day by day as I pursue my walks, while rejoicing at the discovery of some new and beauti- ful visitant of the meads, I am suddenly affected with sorrow upon looking around in vain for the little com- panion of my former excursions, now drooping and faded and breathing its last breath of fragrance into the air. I am then reminded of early friends who are no longer with the living; who were cut down, one by one, like the 116 JULY. flowers, leaving their places to be supplied with new friends, perhaps equally lovely and worthy of our affec- tions, but whose even greater loveliness and worth will never comfort us for the loss of those who have departed. Like flowers, they smiled upon us for a brief season, and, like flowers, they perished after remaining with us but to teach us how to love and how to mourn. The birds likewise sojourn with us only long enough to remind us of the joy of their presence and to afford us an occasion of sorrow when they leave us. We have hardly grown familiar with their songs ere they become silent and pre- pare for their annual migration. They are like those agreeable companions among our friends who are ever roaming about the world on errands of duty or pleasure, and who only divide with us that pleasant intercourse which they share with other friendly circles in different parts of the earth. It is now midsummer. Already do we perceive the lengthening of the nights and the shortening of the sun’s diurnal orbit. We are reminded by the first observation of this change that summer is rapidly passing away ; and we think upon it with a painful sense of the mutability of the seasons. But let us not lament that Nature has ordained these alternations ; for though there is no change that does not bring with it some lingering sorrows over the past, yet may it not be that these vicissitudes are the true sources of that happiness which we attribute only to the immediate causes of pleasure? Every month, while it sadly reminds us of the departed joys and beauties of the last, brings with it a recompense in bounties and bless- ings which the preceding month could not afford. While rejoicing, therefore, amid the voluptuous delights of sum- mer, we will not regret that we cannot live forever among enervating luxuries. With the aid of temperance and virtue, all seasons as they come may be made equal JULY. 117 sources of enjoyment. And may it not be that life it- self is but a season in the revolving year of eternity, the vernal season of our immortality, that leads not round and round in a circle, but onward, in an everlasting progression, to greater goodness and greater bliss, un- til the virtues we now cherish have ripened into eternal felicity ? BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. II. THE HERMIT-THRUSH. THE bird whose song I describe in this essay has always seemed to me to be the smallest of the Thrushes. But as I have never killed any bird for the purpose of learning its specific characters, I am liable ‘to be mis- taken in many points of identification. It has been my habit from my earliest years, whenever I heard a note that was new and striking, to watch day after day, until I discovered the songster, and, having always had excellent sight, I have never used a telescope. The bird whose notes I describe below, when I have seen it upon a tree or upon the ground, has seemed to conform more nearly to the description given in books of the Hermit- Thrush, both in size and color, than to that given of the Wood-Thrush. The notes of this bird are not startling or readily dis- tinguished. Some dull ears might not hear them, unless their attention was directed to the sounds. They are loud, liquid, and sonorous, and they fail to attract atten- tion only on account of the long pauses between the dif- ferent strains. We must link all these strains together to enjoy the full pleasure they are capable of affording, though any single one alone would entitle the bird to considerable reputation as a songster. He also sings as much at broad noonday as at any other time, differing in this respect from the Veery, who prefers the twilight of morn and even. In another important respect he differs BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 119 from the Veery, which is seldom heard except in swamps, while the Hermit almost invariably occupies high and dry woods. The Hermit-Thrush delights in a shady retreat; he is indeed a true anchorite; he is evidently inspired by soli- tude, and sings no less in gloomy weather than in sun- shine. Yet I think he is no lover of twilight, though pleased with the darkness of shady woods; for at the time when the Veery is most musical, he is generally silent. He is remarkable, also, for prolonging his musical season to near the endof summer. Late in August, when other birds have become silent, he is almost the only songster in the wood. The song of the Hermit consists of several different strains, or bars, as they would be called in the gamut. I have not determined the exact number, but I am confident there are seven or eight, many of them remarkable for the clearness of their intonations. After each strain he makes a full pause, perhaps not more than three or four seconds, and the listener must be very attentive, or he will lose many of the notes. I think the effect of this sylvan mu- sic is somewhat diminished by the pauses or rests. It may be said, however, that during each pause our suscep- tibility is increased, and we are thus prepared to be more deeply affected by the next notes. Some of these are full and sonorous, like the sound of a fife; others lisping, and somewhat like the chink made by shaking a few thin metallic plates in your hand. This lisping strain always comes regularly in its course. I can imagine that if-all these different strains were warbled continuously, they would not be equalled by the song of any bird with which I am acquainted. Some parts of Nuttall’s description of the song of the Hermit, if it be identical with the species called by him the Song-Thrush, are incorrect. It is not true that his 120 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. different strains or those of the Wood-Thrush “ finally blend together in impressive and soothing harmony, be- coming more mellow and sweet at every repetition.” Any one strain never follows another, without a full pause between them. I think Nuttall has described the song of the Veery, mistaking it for a part of that of the Song-Thrush. One of the enunciations which he attrib- utes to the Song-Thrush is equally remarkable and cor- rect. I allude to “the sound of at-ro-ee, peculiarly liquid, and followed by a trill.” The song invariably begins with a clear fife sound, as too, too, tillere illere, rising from the first about three musical tones to the second, and making the third and fourth words rather sharp and shrill. We seldom, however, hear more than one low note in a strain, as too, tillere dlere ; afterwards, beginning with the low note too, follows the sound of at-ro-ee, like the notes of the common chord. The fourth bar is a lisp- ing strain. resembling the sounds made by shaking thin metallic plates in the hand; the fifth, a trilling like the notes of the Veery, —fs1WU, taddadded, taddaddal. ‘There are several other bars consisting of a slight variation of some one of those I have described. I have not been able to determine the order in which the several strains succeed one another. I feel confident, however, that the bird never repeats any one strain, save after two or three others have intervened. The Wood-Thrush is a larger bird than the Hermit, more common in our woods, having a similar song, con- taming fewer strains, delivered with less precision and moderation, and with shorter intervals between the high and the low notes. In their general habits the two spe- cies differ very slightly. BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 121 THE VEERY, OR WILSON’S THRUSH. The Veery is perceptibly larger than the Hermit, and is marked in a similar manner, save that the back has more of an olive tinge. He arrives early in May, and is first heard to sing during some part of the second week of that month. He is not one of our familiar birds; and unless we live in close proximity to a wood that is haunted by a stream, we seldom hear his voice from our doors and win- dows. He sings neither in the orchard nor the garden. He shuns the town, and reserves his wild notes for those who live in cottages by the woodside. All who have once become familiar with his song await his arrival with impatience, and take note of his silence in midsummer with regret. Though his song has not the compass and variety of that of the Hermit, it is more continuous and delivered with more fervor. Until this little bird arrives, I feel as an audience do at a concert before the chief singer appears, while the other performers are vainly en- deavoring to soothe them by their inferior attempts. The Veery is more shy than any other important singing- bird except the Hermit. His haunts are solitary woods, usually in the vicinity of a pond or a stream. Here, especially after sunset, he warbles his few brilliant but plaintive strains with a peculiar cadence, and fills the whole forest with music. It seems as if the echoes were delighted with his notes, and took pleasure in passing them round with multiplied reverberations. I am confi- dent that this little warbler refrains from singing when others are vocal, from the pleasure he feels in listening either to his own notes or to the melodious responses which others of his own kindred repeat in different parts of the wood. Hence, he chooses the dusk of evening for his tuneful hour, when the little chirping birds are silent, that their voices may not interrupt his chant. 122 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. At this hour, during a period of nine or ten weeks, he charms the evening with his strains, and often prolongs them in still weather until after dusk, and whispers them sweetly into the ear of Night. His song, though loud for so small a bird, is modulated with such a sweet and flowing cadence that it comes to the ear like a strain from some elfin source. It seems at first to be wanting in variety. I formerly thought so, while at the same time I was puzzled to account for its enchanting effect on the mind of the listener. The same remark may be applied to the human voice. I suppose I am not the only person who can remember certain female voices, which, with limited compass and execution, do, by a peculiar native modulation, combined with great simplicity, affect the listener with emotions such as no prima donna could produce. Having never heard the Nightingale, I'can draw no comparison between that bird and the Veery. But neither the Mocking-Bird, nor any other bird in our woods, utters a single strain to be compared in sweetness and expression to the five bars of the simple song of the Veery. Were we to attempt to perform these notes upon a musical instrument, we should fail from the difficulty of imitating their peculiar trilling and the liquid ventrilo- quial sounds at the end of each strain. The whole is warbled in such a manner as to produce on the ear the effect of harmony, and to combine in a remarkable degree the two different qualities of brilliancy and plaintiveness. The former effect is produced by the first notes of each strain, which are sudden and on a high key; the second by the graceful chromatic slide to the termination, which is inimitable and exceedingly solemn. I have sometimes imagined that a part of the delightful influence of these notes might be ascribed to the cloistered recesses in which they are delivered. But I have occasionally heard them BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 123 while the bird was singing from a tree near the heart of a village, when they were equally delightful and impres- sive. In my early days, when I was at school, I lived near a grove that was vocal with these Thrushes. It was there I learned to love their song more than any other sound in nature, and above the finest strains of artificial music. Since then I have seldom failed to make frequent visits to their habitats, to listen to their notes, which cause full half the pleasure I derive from a summer evening ramble. Dr. Brewer does not so highly estimate the song of the Veery, but Mr. Ridgway differs from him. “To his ear,” says Dr. Brewer, “there was a solemn harmony and a beautiful expression which combined to make the song of this bird surpass that of all the other American Wood- Thrushes.” I have found the nests of this species very near the ground, also upon a mound of grass and sticks, and on a bush. Their eggs are of a greenish-blue. THE CATBIRD. Fond of solitude, but not averse to the proximity of human dwellings, if the primitiveness of some of the adjacent wood remains ; avoiding the deep forest and the open pastures, and selecting for his habitat the edge of a wooded swamp, or a fragment of forest near the low grounds of a cultivated field, the Catbird may be seen whisking among the thickets, often uttering his complain- ing mew, like the cry of a kitten. Still, though attached to these wet and retired situations, he is often very famil- iar, and is not silenced by our presence, like the Veery. His nest of dry sticks is sometimes woven into a currant- bush ina garden that adjoins a swamp, and his quaint notes may be heard, as if totally unmindful of the near- ness of his human foe. The Catbird is not an invet- 124 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. erate singer. He seldom makes music his sole employ- ment; though at any hour of the day, from dawn till evening twilight, he may occasionally be heard singing and complaining. Though I have been all my life familiar with the notes and manners of the Catbird, I have not been able to discover that in his native woods he is a mocker. He seems to me to have a definite song, unlike that of any other songster, except the Red-Thrush. It is not made up from the notes of other birds, but is as unique and original as the song of the Robin or the Linnet. In the song of any bird we may detect occasional strains that resemble those of some other species; but the Catbird gives no more of these imitations than we might rea- sonably regard as accidental. The truth is, that the Thrushes, though delightful songsters, have inferior pow- ers of execution, and cannot equal the Finches in learn- ing and performing the notes of other birds. Even the Mocking-Bird, compared with many other species, is a very imperfect imitator of any notes which are rapid and difficult of execution. He cannot give the song of the Canary ; yet I have heard a caged Bobolink do this to perfection. , The modulation of the Catbird’s song is somewhat similar to that of the Red-Thrush, and I have found it sometimes difficult to determine, from the first few notes, whether I was listening to the one or the other; but after a moment I detected one of those quaint utterances that distinguish the notes of the Catbird. I am confident that no man would mistake this song for that of any other species except the Red-Thrush; and in this case his mis- take would soon be corrected by longer listening. The Red-Thrush has a louder and fuller intonation, more notes that resemble speech, or that may be likened to it, and some fine guttural tones which the other never utters. BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 125 I repeat that I have not any proof, from my own obser- vation, that the Catbird is a mocker. Dr. Brewer says, on the other hand, that it is a very good imitator of sim- ple notes and strains. He has heard it give excellent imitations of the whistling of the Quail, the clucking of a Hen, the notes of the Pewee, and those of the Ground- Robin, repeating them with such exactness as to deceive the birds that were imitated. He has known the Catbird call off a brood of young chickens, to the great annoy- ance of the old hen. The Catbird is said to be very amusing when confined in a cage. A former neighbor of mine, who has reared many birds of this species in a cage, informed me that when tamed they sing better than in their native woods. He taught them not only to imitate the notes of other birds, but to sing tunes. This is an important fact; but we must confess that the wild birds and the wild-flowers are more interesting in their native haunts than in avi- aries or conservatories. Though I have no sensibility that would prevent my depriving a bird of its freedom by placing it in a comfortable prison, where it would suffer neither in mind nor body, I should not keep one in a cage for my own amusement, caring but little to watch its ways except in a state of freedom. The mewing note of the Catbird, from which his name was derived, has been the occasion of many misfortunes to his species, causing them to share that contempt which is so generally felt towards the feline race; and that con- tempt has been followed by persecution. The Catbird has always been proscribed by the New England farmers, who from the first settlement of the country have enter- tained a prejudice against the most useful of our birds, which are also the most mischievous. Even the Robin has been frequently in danger of proscription. The horticul- turists,.who seem to consider their cherries and strawber- 126 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. ries and favorite insipid pears of more importance than the whole agricultural crop of the States, have made sey- eral efforts to obtain an edict of outlawry against him. These repeated onslaughts have induced the friends of the Robin to examine his claims to protection, and the result of their investigations is demonstrative proof that it is one of the most useful birds in existence. The Catbird and all the Thrushes are similar to the Robin in their habits of feeding, but are not sufficiently numerovs to equal it in the extent’ of their services. THE RED-THRUSH. After we have grown tired of threading our way through the half-inundated wood-paths in a swamp of red-maple and northern cypress, where there is twilight at broad noonday, and where the only sounds we hear. are the occasional sweet notes of the Veery, now and then a few quaint utterances from the Catbird, and the cawing of Crows, high up in the cedars, we emerge into the upland under the bright beams of noonday. The region into which we enter is an open pasture of hill and dale, more than half covered with wild shrubbery, and displaying an occasional clump of trees. There, perched upon the middle branch of some tall tree, the Red-Thrush, the thapsodist of the woods, may be heard pouring forth his loud and varied song, often continuing it without cessation for half an hour. His notes do not, like those of the Finches and many other birds, have a beginning, a middle, a turn, and a close, as if they were singing the words of a measured hymn. The notes of the Red-Thrush are more like a voluntary for the organ, in which, though there is a frequent repetition of certain strains, the close of the per- formance comes not after a measured number of notes. The Red-Thrush has many habits similar to those of BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 127 the Catbird, but he is not partial to low grounds. He prefers the dry hill and upland, and those places which are half cleared, and seems averse fo deep woods. Still, though less of a hermit than the Catbird, he is also less familiar. He dislikes the proximity of dwelling- houses, and courts the solitude of open fields and dry hills distant from the town. This bird probably owes its shyness and timidity to the desperation with which the species have been hunted by men who are unwilling that the birds shall take any pay for the services they perform ; and who, to save a dozen cherries from a bird, would sacrifice the tree to mischievous insects. Modern civilized society bears the besom of a devastation greater than the world has yet seen, and when it has completed its work, and destroyed every bird and animal that is capable of doing any service to agriculture, man will perish too, and the whole earth become a combined Sahara and wilderness of Mount Auburns. The Red-Thrush builds in a low bush, or more fre- quently upon the ground under a bush. I think he sings at some distance from his nest, selecting for his musical moments the branch of a tree that projects over a rustic roadside. As the roadside supplies a greater abundance of larve than the wild pastures, it may be that after hav- ing taken his repast, he perches near the place where he obtained it. He is not partial to any certain hour for singing, but is most musical in fine and bright weather. I can always hear him where he dwells in the vocal season, Morning, noon, and evening. When employed in song, he makes it his exclusive occupation, and sings, though moderately, with uninterrupted fervor. In this respect he is distinguished above almost all other species. I have observed, however, that if he be disturbed while singing, he immediately becomes silent and may not renew his song under an hour. 128 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. The Red-Thrush is considered by many persons the finest songster in the New England forest. Nuttall says “he is inferior only to the Mocking-Bird in musical tal- ent.” I doubt his inferiority except as a mocker. He is superior to the Mocking-Bird in variety, and is surpassed by him only in the sweeter intonations of some of his notes. But no person grows tired of listening to the Red- Thrush, who constantly varies his notes, while the Mock- ing-Bird tires us with his repetitions, which are often continued to a ludicrous extreme. Perhaps I might give the palm to the Mocking-Bird, were it not for his detesta- ble habit of imitation. But when this habit is considered, I do, without hesitation, place the Red-Thrush above him as a songster, and above every other bird with whose notes I am acquainted. If I were listening to a melo- dramatic performance, in which all were perfect singers and actors, I should prefer the prima donna to the clown, even if.the clown occasionally gave a good imitation of her voice. When we are in a thoughtful mood, the song of the Veery surpasses all others in tranquillizing the mind and yielding something like enchantment to our thoughts. At other times, when strolling in a whortleberry pasture, it seems to me that nothing can exceed the simple melody of the Wood-Sparrow. But without claiming for the Red-Thrush, in any remarkable degree, the plaintiveness that distinguishes these pensive warblers, his song in the open field has a charm for all ears, and can be appreciated by the dullest of minds. Without singing badly he pleases the millions. He is vocal at all hours of the day, and when thus employed, devotes himself entirely to song with evident enthusiasm. It would be difficult, either by word or by musical nota- tion, to give to one who has not heard the song of the Red-Thrush a correct idea of it. This bird is not a rapid BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 129 singer. His performance is a sort of recitatwe, often re- sembling spoken words rather than musical notes, many of which are short and guttural. He seldom whistles clearly, like the Robin, but he produces a charming vari- ety of tone and modulation. Some of his notes are delivered rapidly, but every strain is followed by a mo- mentary pause, resembling the discourse of a man who speaks fast, but hesitates after every few words. He is rapid, but not voluble. An ingenious shoemaker, named Wallace, whom I knew in my early days, and who, like many others of his craft when they worked alone or in small companies in their own shops, and not by platoons as in a steam factory, was a close observer of nature and mankind, gave me the following words as those repeated by the Red-Thrush: “Look up, look up,-——Glory to God, glory to God, — Hallelujah, Amen, Videlicet.” Thoreau, in one of his quaint descriptions, gives an off- hand sketch of the bird, which I will quote: “ Near at hand, upon the topmost spray of a birch, sings the Brown- Thrasher, or Red Mavis, as some love to call him, — all the morning glad of your society (or rather I should say of your lands), that would find out another farmer's field if yours were not here. While you are planting the seed, he cries, ‘Drop it, drop it,-— cover it up, cover it up, — pull it up, pull it up, pull it up’” The Red-Thrush is most musical in the early part of the season, or in the month succeeding his arrival about the middle of May ; the Veery is most vocal in June, and the Song-Thrush in July. The Catbird begins early and sings late, and fills out with his quaint notes the re- mainder of the singing season, after the others, save the Song-Thrush, have become silent. 9 PROTECTION OF BIRDS. THE presence of birds as companions of a home in the country is desirable to all, next to woods, flowers, green fields, and pleasant prospects. Without birds, the land- scape, if not wanting in beauty, would lack something which is necessary to the happiness of all men who are above a savage ora boor. Indeed, it is highly probable that Nature owes more to the lively motions, songs, and chattering of the feathered race for the benign effects of her charms, than to any other single accompaniment of natural scenery. They are so intimately associated with all that is delightful in field and forest, with our early walks in the morning, our rest at noonday, and our med- itations at sunset, with the trees that spread their branches over our heads, and the lively verdure at our feet, that it is difficult to think of one apart from the others. Through the voices of birds Nature may be said to speak to us, and without them she would be a dumb companion whose beauty would hardly be felt. Both from our regard for their utility to agriculture and for their pleasant companionship’with man, we have thousands of motives for protecting the birds. Very little attention has been paid to this subject. A few laws have been made for their preservation; but they have seldom been enforced. I believe the farmer would promote his own thrift by extending a watchful care over all fami- lies of birds, but the smaller species are the most useful - and delightful. It seems as if Nature had given them beauty of plumage and endowed them with song, that PROTECTION OF BIRDS. 131 man by their attractions might be induced to preserve a race of creatures so valuable to his interest. There are two ways of preserving the birds: we may avoid destroying them, and we may promote the growth of certain trees, shrubs, and plants that afford them shelter and subsistence. The familiar birds that live in our gar- dens and orchards will multiply in proportion as the forests are cleared and the land devoted to tillage, if the clearing does not amount to baldness. To this class belong many of our sparrows, the robin, the bobolink, — indeed, all our familiar species. The solitary birds that inhabit the pas- ture and forest would probably be exterminated by the same operations that would increase the number of rob- ins and sparrows. It is no less necessary to keep the birds for the preservation of the forests than to keep the forests for the preservation of the birds. To insure the protection of all species, there must be a certain proportion of thicket and wildwood. The little wood-sparrow seldom frequents our villages, unless they are closely surrounded by woods. Yet this bird lives and breeds in the open field. He frequents the pastures which are overgrown with wild shrubbery and its accom- paniment of vines, mosses, and ferns. He is always found in the whortleberry field, and probably makes an occasional repast on its fruits in their season. He builds his nest on the ground or on a mossy knoll protected by a thicket. All birds are attached to grounds which are covered with particular kinds of plants and shrubbery that sustain their favorite insect food. If we destroy this kind of vegetation, we drive away the species that are chiefly attached to it from our vicinity, to seek their natural habitats. We -may thus account for the silence that pervades the local- ity of many admired country-seats; for with regard to the wants of our familiar birds it is often that trimming and cultivation are carried to a pernicious extreme. 132 PROTECTION OF BIRDS. There will be no danger for many years to come that our lands will be so thoroughly stripped of their native growth of herbs, trees, and shrubs as to leave the birds without their natural shelter in some places, The danger that awaits them is that they may be driven out of par- ticular localities, and the inhabitants thereby deprived of the presence of many interesting songsters. | Wher- ever the native species are abundant, we find a consid- erable proportion of cultivated land, numerous orchards, extensive fields of grass and grain, interspersed with frag- ments of forest or wildwood, well provided with water- courses. Where these conditions are present, the famil- iar birds will be numerous if they are not destroyed. If these cultivated lands lie in the vicinity of pastures abounding in thickets and wild shrubbery, fragments of wood and their indigenous undergrowth, we may then hear occasionally the notes of the solitary birds, many of which are superior in song. Wild shrubbery and its carpet of vines and mosses form the conditions that are necessary for the preservation of these less familiar species. The shrubs that bear fruit are the most useful to the birds, especially as they are infested by more insects than other kinds. The vaccinium, the viburnum, the cornel, the elder, the celastrus, and the small cherries are abun- dant where there is a goodly number of the less famil- iar birds. If we clear our woods of their undergrowth and convert them into parks, we do in the same propor- tion diminish the numbers of many species. No such clearing as this is favorable to any of the feathered race. But the clearing and cultivation of the land outside of the woods, if it be done rudely, leaving bushes on all barren knolls and elevations, is beneficial to all kinds of birds by increasing the quantity of insect food in the soil. A nice man at the head of a farm would do more to prevent the multiplication of birds, than a dozen striplings with their PROTECTION OF BIRDS. 133 guns. The removal of this miscellaneous undergrowth and border shrubbery would as effectually banish the red- thrush, the catbird, and the smaller thrushes, as we should extirpate the squirrels by destroying all the nut-bearing trees and shrubs. A smooth-shaven green is delightful to the eye at all times; but lawn is a luxury that is obtained at the ex- pense of the familiar birds that nestle upon the ground. The song-sparrows build their nests in the most fre- quented places, if they are not liable to be disturbed. Not a rod from our dwelling-house these little birds may have their nests, if the right conditions are there. They are often built on the side of a mound overrun by blackberry- vines and wild rose-bushes. He who would entice them to breed in his enclosures must not, for the preservation of a foolish kind of neatness, eradicate the native shrubs and vines as useless weeds. Clipped hedge-rows, which have been recommended as nurseries of birds, are checks to their multiplication. A hedge-row cannot be “properly” maintained without keeping the soil about its roots clear of grass and wild herbage, which are needful to the birds. It is only a neglected hedge-row that is useful to them, or a sponta- neous growth of bushes and briers, such as constitutes one of the picturesque attractions of a New England stone-wall. We seldom see one that is not covered on each side with roses, brambles, spirea, viburnum, and other native vines and shrubs, so that in some of our open fields the stone-walls, with their accompaniments, are the most attractive objects in the landscape. Along their bor- ders Nature calls out, in their season, the anemone, the violet, the cranesbill, the bellwort, the convolvulus, and many other flowers of exceeding beauty, while the rest of the field is devoted to tillage. The “nice man” who undertakes farming will grudge 134 PROTECTION OF BIRDS. Nature this narrow strip on each side of his fences, though she never fails to cover it with beauty. He considers it an offence against neatness and order to allow Nature these simple privileges, and employs his hired men to keep down every plant that dares to peep out from the fence- border without a license from the owner. Such a mis- cellaneous hedge-row would constitute a perfect aviary of singing-birds, and the benefits they would confer upon the farmer by ridding his lands of noxious insects would amply compensate him for the space left unimproved. Then might we hear the notes of the wood-thrush and the red-mavis in the very centre of our villages, and hundreds of small birds of different species would cheer us by their songs where at present only a solitary indi- vidual is to be heard. From the earliest times it has been customary to en- courage the multiplication of swallows by the erection of bird-houses in gardens and enclosures. Even the Indians furnished a hospitable retreat for the purple martin by fixing hollow gourds and calabashes upon the branches of trees near their cabins. It is generally believed that this active little bird is capable of driving away hawks and crows from its vicinity by repeated annoyances. The custom of supplying martins with a shelter has of late grown into disuse. The wren and the bluebird may be encouraged by similar accommodations. But as these two species are not social in their habits of building, like the martin, a separate box must be supplied for each pair of birds. The wren is an indefatigable destroyer of insects and one of the most interesting of our familiar songsters. The bluebird, which is not less familiar, is delighted with the hollow branch of an old tree in an orchard, but is equally well satisfied with a box. AUGUST. THE plains and uplands are green with a second growth of vegetation, and nature is rapidly repairing the devas- tation committed by the scythe of the mower. But the work of the haymaker is not completed. He is still swinging his scythe among the tall sedge-grasses in the lowlands ; and the ill-fated flowers of August may be seen lying upon the greensward among the prostrate herbage. The work of the reapers is also begun, and the sheaves of wheat and rye display their wavy rows to gladden and bless the husbandman. Flocks of quails, reared since the opening of the spring flowers, are dili- gent among the fields, after the reapers have left their tasks. They may be seen slyly and silently creeping along the ground, and now and then lifting their timid heads as if jealous of our approach. The loud whistling of the guardian of the flock, perched at a short distance upon a wall, may also be heard, and as we saunter care- lessly along the field-path, a brood of partridges, rising suddenly almost from under our feet, will often astound our ears with their loud whirring flight. Since the fading of the roses, the birds have generally become silent, as if the presence of these flowers were necessary to inspire them with song. They have grown timid and have forsaken their usual habits, no longer warbling at the season’s feast or rejoicing in the heyday of love- They fly no longer in pairs, but assemble in flocks, which may be seen rising and settling over differ- ent parts of the landscape. Some species are irregularly 136 AUGUST. seattered, while others gather into multitudinous flocks, and seem to be enjoying a long holiday of festivities, while preparing to leave their native fields. Their songs, lasting only during the period of love, are discontinued since it is past, and their young are no longer awaiting their care. On every new excursion into the fields I perceive the sudden absence of some important woodland melodist. During the interval between midsummer and early autumn one voice after another drops away, until the little song-sparrow is left again to warble alone in the fields and gardens, where he sang the earliest hymn of rejoicing over the departure of winter. Since the birds have become silent, they have lost their pleasant familiarity with man, and have acquired an unwonted shyness. The warblers that were wont to sing on the boughs just over our heads, or at a short distance from our path, now keep at a timid distance, chirping with a complaining voice, and flee at our approach, before we are near enough to observe their altered plumage. The plovers have come forth from the places where they reared their young and congregate in large flocks upon the marshes ; and as we stroll along the sea-shore, we are often agreeably startled by the sudden twittering flight of these graceful birds, aroused from their haunts by our unexpected intrusion. It is now almost impossible for the rambler to pene~ trate some of his old accustomed paths in the lowlands, so thickly are they interwoven with vines and trailing herbs. Several species of cleavers with their slender prickly branches form a close network among the ferns and rushes ; and the smilax and blackberry vines weave an almost impenetrable thicket in our ancient pathway. The fences are festooned with the blue flowers of the woody nightshade and the more graceful plants of the glycine are twining among the faded flowers of the elder AUGUST. 137 and viburnum. The lowlands were never more delightful than at the present time, affording many a pleasant arbor beneath the shrubbery, where the waters have dried away and left the greensward as sweetly scented as a bower of honeysuckles. In these places are we tempted to linger for refreshment on summer noondays, — bowers where it is delightful to repose beneath the shade of slen- der birches whose tremulous foliage seems to whisper to us some pleasant messages of peace. All around us the convolvulus has trailed its delicate vines, and hung out its pink and striped bell-flowers; and the clematis has formed an umbrageous trellis-work over the tops of the trees. Its white clustering blossoms spread themselves out in triumph above the clambering grape-vines, form- ing deep shades which the sun cannot penetrate, over- hanging and overarching the green paths that lead through the lowland thickets. When the pale orchis of the meads is dead, and the red lily stands divested of its crown; when the arethusa no longer bends its head over the stream, and the later vio- lets are weeping incense over the faded remnants of their lovely tribe, then I know that the glory of summer has departed, and I look not until the coming of the asters and the goldenrods to see the fields again robed in beauty. The meeker flowers have perished since the singing-birds have discontinued their songs, and the last rose of summer may be seen in solitary and melancholy beauty, — the lively emblem of the sure decline of all the beautiful ob- jects of this life, the lovely symbol of beauty’s frailty and its transientness. When the last rose is gone, I look around with sadness upon its late familiar haunts; I feel that summer’s beauty now is past, and sad momenta tise where’er I tread. It is my delight to seek these last-born of the roses, and to my sight they are more beautiful than any that 138 AUGUST. preceded them, as if Nature, like a partial mother, had lavished her best gifts upon these her youngest children. The bushes that support them are overtopped by other plants, that seem to feel an envious delight in concealing them from observation, but they cannot blot them from our memory, nor be admired as we admire them. The clethra with its white odoriferous flowers, and the button- bush with its elegant globular heads, strive vainly to equal them in fragrance or beauty. The proud and scornful thistle rears its head close by their side, and seems to mock at the fragility of these lovely flowers; but the wild briar, though its roses have faded, still gives out its undy- ing perfume, as if the essence of the withered flowers lingered about their former leafy habitation, like spirits about the places they loved in their lifetime. In the latter part of the month we begin to mark the approaching footsteps of autumn. Twilight is chill, and we perceive the greater length of the nights and evening’s earlier dew. The morning sun is later in the heavens, and sooner tints the fleecy clouds of evening. The bright verdure of the trees has faded to a more dusky green ; and here and there in different parts of the woods may be found a sere and yellow leaf, like the white hairs that are interspersed among the dark-brown tresses of manhood, that indicate the sure advance of hoary years. The fields of ripe and yellow grain gleam through the open places in the woods, making a pleasant contrast with their green- ness, displaying in the same instant the signs of a cheer- ful harvest and the melancholy decay of vegetation. The swallows assemble their little hosts upon the roofs and fences, preparing for their annual migration, and all things announce the speedy decline of summer. 139 A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. CATBIRD. 140 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. mitt eater ra it Pecos ee ura BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. IIL. THE CUCKOO. Our native Cuckoos have not the free-love instinct of the European Cuckoo; and Daines Barrington would have been delighted to quote their good parental habits as an argument in his special plea for the European bird, whom he considered the victim of slander. The Cow- bird is our Cuckoo in the moral acceptation of the term. The American Cuckoo is attached to its offspring in a remarkable degree, and rears them with all the fidelity of the most devoted parents. In my boyhood, the two severest fights I had with birds on approaching their nests were once when I examined the nest of a Bluejay, and again when I examined one belonging to a Cuckoo. The young Cuckoos were equally savage when I attempted to handle them. Yet this bird bears the reputation of cow- ardice. It is remarkable that the American Cuckoo, though a faithful and devoted parent, should have certain peculiar habits connected with laying and hatching, that bear some evidence that the European and American species have a common derivation. The habit of the European bird of dropping its eggs into other birds’ nests is proba- bly connected with continued laying, extended to a greater length of time than with other birds. The same fertil- ity has been observed in the American Cuckoos. Mr. Audubon mentions the peculiar habit of these birds of laying fresh eggs and hatching them successively. Thus 142 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. it would seem that the last-laid eggs were hatched by the involuntary brooding of the young which had not left the nest. Dr. Brewer has “repeatedly found in a nest three young and two eggs, one of the latter nearly fresh, one with the embryo half developed, while of the young birds, one would be just out of the shell, one half fledged, and one just ready to fy. Subsequent obser- vations in successive seasons led to the conviction that both the Yellow-billed and the Black-billed Cuckoo share in these peculiarities, and that it is a general but not universal practice.” Dr. Brewer mentions an interesting fact that evinces the strong attachment of the Cuckoo to its offspring. Speaking of the Black-billed Cuckoo, he says: “ Both parents are assiduous in the duties of incubation and in supplying food to each other and their offspring. In one instance where the female had been shot by a thoughtless boy, as she flew from the nest, the male bird successfully devoted himself to the solitary duty of rearing the brood of five. At the time of the death of the female, the nest contained two eges and three young birds. The writer was present when the bird was shot, and was unable to interfere in season to prevent it. Returning to the spot not long afterwards, he found the widowed male sitting upon the nest, and so unwilling to leave it as almost to permit himself to be captured by the hand. His fidelity and his entreaties were not disregarded. This nest, eggs, and young were left undisturbed ; and as they were visited from time to time, the young nestlings were found to thrive under his vigilant care. The eggs were hatched out, and in time the whole five were reared in safety.” The Cuckoo is an early visitor. His voice is often heard before the first of May, proclaiming that “the spring is coming in,” like his congener in England, who has always been regarded as the harbinger of that season. BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 143 His note is not strictly musical, yet we all listen to the first sound of his voice with as much pleasure as to that of the Bluebird or Song-Sparrow. I have not met a per- son who was not delighted to hear it: It may be called, figuratively, one of the picturesque sounds in Nature, re- minding us of the resurrection of the long-hidden charms of the season. The Cuckoo is swift in his flight, which resembles that of a Dove so much that I have often mis- taken them. In plumage and general shape this bird is like the Red-Thrush, with some mixture of olive. THE COWBIRD. Young nest-hunters, who are persistent in their enter- prises, and who pursue their occupation partly from ra- tional curiosity and not from mere wantonness, are often surprised on finding in the nest of some small bird a sin- gle egg larger than others in the same nest. In my own days of academic truancy, I found this superfluous egg most frequently in Sparrows’ nests. It was not until I had made a large collection of eggs that I discovered the parentage of the odd ones. These eggs were generally speckled ; but I occasionally found a large bluish egg among others of the same color, and supposed they must contain two yolks, save that birds in a wild state seldom produce such monstrosities. Can it be that the Ameri- can Cuckoo occasionally follows the instincts of his Euro- pean congener? In each case I considered the spurious ~ egos as lawful plunder, since they were an imposition practised upon the owner of the nest either by some unknown bird or by the Cowbird, a member of a family which are too aristocratic to rear their own offspring. But as a politician of the speculative class I feel a peculiar interest in the Cowbird, as affording me an op- portunity of understanding the system of free love, as exemplified in the habits of this species. 144 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. The Cowbird has no song. Nature seldom furnishes any creature with an instinct which would be of no ser- vice to the species. What occasion has the Cowbird for a song,—a bird that neither wooes nor marries, —a bird that would not sing lullabies to its own young; that cares no more for one female than for another, and whose indifference is perfectly reciprocated? As well might a poet write Petrarchian sonnets who was never in love; or a practical plodder write amatory songs, who asks the members of a church whom he shall marry. There is nothing romantic in this bird’s character. His love is a mere gravitation. Nature, despising his habits, has not even arrayed him in attractive plumage; for why should he have beauty when his whole species are without the sentiment that could appreciate it? The Cowbirds are the free-love party among the feathered tribes, — the party also of communism, who would leave their off- spring in others’ hands, that they may have leisure for esthetic culture. “ This species,” says Dr. Brewer, “is at all times grega- rious and polygamous, never mating and never exhibiting any signs of either conjugal or parental affection. Like the Cuckoos of Europe, our Cow-Blackbird never con- structs a nest of her own, and never hatches out or at- tempts to rear her own offspring, but imposes her eggs upon other birds; and most of them, either unconscious of the imposition or unable to rid themselves of the alien, sit upon and hatch the stranger, and in so doing virtually destroy their own offspring ; for the eggs of the Cowbird are the first hatched, usually two days before the others. The nursling is much larger in size, filling up a large portion of the nest, and is insatiable in appetite, always clamoring to be fed, and receiving by far the larger share of the food brought to her nest; its foster companions, either starved or stifled, soon die, and their dead bodies are BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 145 removed, it is supposed, by the parents. They are never found near the nest, as they would be if the young Cow- Blackbird expelled them as does the Cuckoo; indeed, Mr. Nuttall has seen parent birds removing the dead young to a distance from the nest and there dropping them.” THE REDWING-BLACKBIRD. In early spring no sounds attract so much attention as the unmusical notes of the Redwing-Blackbird coming to our ears from every wooded meadow. A sort of chip- chip churee, mixed with many other confused and some gut- tural sounds, forms this remarkable chorus, which seems to be a universal chattering, hardly to be considered a song. Most of the notes are sharp, and in none could I ever detect anything like musical intonation. Sometimes they seem to chant in concert with the little piping frogs, though the sounds made by the latter are by far the most musical. Indeed, the Redwing-Blackbird never sings, though we frequently hear from a solitary individual the sound of chip-churee. This bird, as well as the Cowbird, is a free-lover, though the females have not yet declared their rights, and their communistic prejudices are not sufficient to cause them to refuse to rear and educate their offspring. In early April assemblages of Redwings, perched upon trees standing in wet grounds, constantly chatter in mer- ry riot, while the bright scarlet epauletted males strive to recommend themselves by music, -like some awk- ward youth who serenades his mistress with a jewsharp. These notes seem to spring from a fulness of joy upon returning to their native swamps. The Redwings un- doubtedly mate, though there is plainly no jealousy among them. Like the Otaheitans, a flock of birds has a flock of wives, the ee being recognized above \ 146 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. the others only while rearing their young. In this respect they differ from the gallinaceous birds, who reso- lutely demand exclusive possession of all the females and establish their right by might. They fight until the con- queror is left to be the sultan of the flock. The nests of the Redwing are always suspended upon a bush or a tuft of reeds in a half-inundated meadow. I have frequently found them in a button-bush, surrounded by water ; but they are also suspended from the perpendicular stalks of cat-tails, which encircle the nests, bound to them “by the leaves of the sdme plant or any other fibrous material which is near at hand. The Redwing displays almost as much dexterity as the Baltimore Oriole in the construction of its nest, which is always firmly woven so that it is not easily detached from its position. It rears but one brood in a-season. The eggs have a whitish ground tinged slightly with blue, and mottled with dark purple blotches irregularly distributed. The Redwings are resolute defenders of their nest and young, both par- ents manifesting equal anxiety and courage. Like all our most useful birds, the Redwings are very mischievous, consuming Indian corn while it is in the milk, and thus doing an incalculable amount of damage, especially at the South, where the species assemble in countless flocks. Alexander Wilson has seen them so numerous in Virginia during the month of January, as to resemble an immense black cloud. When they settled upon a meadow their united voices made a sound which, heard at a distance, was sublime; and when they all rose together upon the wing, the noise was like distant thun- der. He took particular notice of the glitter of their epaulets, flashing from thousands of wings from this vast assemblage. At the North they are seldom numerous enough to do any extensive damage, and they are such in- defatigable hunters of all those erubs that are concealed BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 147 beneath the surface of the ground, that they probably compensate in this way for all the mischief they perform. THE PURPLE GRACKLE. High up in the pines or firs that constitute a grove outside of any of our villages, in the latter part of April, small flocks of Purple Grackles may be seen gathered together like Rooks, and making the whole neighborhood resound with their garrulity. They are not very shy birds, seeming hardly conscious of the enmity with which they are regarded by the villagers near whose habitations they congregate. They become every year more numer- ous and familiar, their numbers increasing with the ex- tension of the area of tillage. In no way is the truth of the Malthusian theory more clearly proved or more plainly illustrated than in the habits of certain species of birds. They will increase in spite of our persistent efforts to exterminate them, unless we cut down our woods and thickets to deprive them of a shelter and a home. A single model farmer or landscape-gardener may do more in the way of their extermination, by keeping his grounds nice, and clear of undergrowth, than twenty mischievous boys with guns or a dozen avaricious farmers with their nets. Birds that, like the Robin and the Grackle, consume all sorts of insects they can find upon the ground, will increase with their supply of insect food. If we wish to stop their multiplication, we must bury every fertilizer six feet deep. The Grackles are intelligent birds, and, though ap- parently not very shy, they are wise enough to build their nests in the tops of tall trees which are difficult of access, choosing an evergreen for this purpose, that they may be more safely concealed. These birds have been known to build sometimes in the hollows of trees; like- 148 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. wise inside of the spire of a church and in martin-houses. Indeed, Mr. S. P. Fowler thinks that as human population increases, the Grackles are gradually assuming the habits of the English Rooks. Like the Rook, they are naturally gregarious, and as the area of agriculture is expanded, and woods afford birds less protection than formerly, they are disposed to seek artificial shelter in the vicinity of towns, that they may feed upon insect food, which in these local- ities is very abundant. The Purple Grackle has, upon examination, very beau- tiful plumage; for its black feathers are full of various tints, changeable, according as the light falls upon them, into violet, purple, blue, and green. We see, however, nearly all the same varying shades in the plumage of the common Cock, when it is black. They are said to con- sume so much corn as to seriously injure the crop wher- ever they exist in large numbers. Still they are so use- ful as to deserve not only protection, but encouragement, and groves in which they can nestle without disturbance should be saved for them. Like the Redwing, they assemble in large flocks in the Southern States. According to Wilson, the magnitude of their assemblages can hardly be described. In Virginia he witnessed one of these myriad flocks settled on the banks of the Roanoke. When they arose at his approach, the noise of their wings was like distant thunder, and they completely hid from sight the fields over which they passed by the blackness of their multitudinous flocks. He thought the assemblage might contain hundreds of thousands. The depredations of such immense flocks upon the Indian-corn crop must be incalculable, since they are known to attack it in all stages of its growth, beginning as soon as it is planted. In New England they remain only during the breeding- season, when it is a well-established fact that their whole ae BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 149 diet consists of worms and insects. Good observers who have watched them here testify to the truth of this asser- tion. They do, in fact, consume but little corn or grain at any season, save when they cannot find a sufficient supply of insect food. When associated in such vast flocks as described by Wilson, they are necessarily granivorous. THE QUAIL. I have not yet seen any good reason for denying that the Quail is a Quail; nor can I understand why, in the new Classifications of birds, the marks that formerly char- acterized species are now used to characterize genera. Let us pursue the same philosophical rule to its final results, and we shall arrive at the discovery that the different varieties of the common fowl constitute so many genera, and that the black and the white and the Seebright Ban- tams, for example, are species of the genus Galliparvus. But the Quail, whether it be itself or another bird, is now a rare inhabitant of New England. Thousands of its species were destroyed by the deep snows of the winter of 1856-57, and again by the cold winter of 1867-68. Indeed, every winter destroys great numbers of them. And as the Quail does not migrate, and never wanders any great distance from its birthplace, I cannot under- stand why its species could ever have been numerous so far north as the New England States, unless the vast: numbers rendered it impossible for any accident of Nature to destroy so many that there should not be multitudes left. But since the white man came, the gun, the snare, and the winters united have nearly extirpated the whole race. For many years past I have seldom heard the musical voice of the Quail. Seldom is the haymaker in these days reminded of the approach of showers by his procla- 150 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. mation of “More wet” from some adjoining fence. Not that the few that remain are no longer prophets, but they have become timid from the persecutions they have suf- fered, and have ceased to prophesy in the vicinity of the farm. Neither does the Quail any longer make known his presence to his mate by saying in musical tones, “ Here’s Bob White.” He knows too well that this would lead to his discovery and death. Man, too short-sighted to understand his own selfish advantage in protecting the bird, and too avaricious to let pass the opportunity of buy- ing a feast with a few cheap charges of powder and shot, will give him no peace. A female Quail, leading her little brood under the shel- ter of pines to escape the notice of those who have intruded into her presence, is one of the most interesting sights in animated nature. The rapidity with which the young ‘make their escape to some hiding-place in the grass or among the bushes, and the anxiety displayed by the moth- er, cannot fail to awaken our sympathy. If we sit still in ambush and watch for them, the mother, no longer aware of our presence, gives her cheerful call-note, when they all suddenly reappear and follow her, as chickens follow the hen. Their timidity and their expertness in wending their way through the thicket and then out on the open land, and their nimble motions as they forage in the pasture for grubs and insects, are an ample reward to any sympathetic observer for long and patient watching. The destruction of this useful and interesting species by our winter snows is a public calamity; and nothing, it seems to me, can mitigate the evil save the building of artificial shelters, strewing around them some sort of grain to prevent their wandering far away from them. Our farmers have not sufficiently considered the advantages they might derive from this semi-domestication of the Quail and some other species that winter with us. Even BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. 151 if this protection were offered them only that their sur- plus might be used to erace our tables, it would be found a profitable enterprise. THE RUFFED GROUSE. In May, if we were to wander into an extensive wood which is not a swamp, at a sufficient distance from any village tavern, we should probably hear the drumming of the Partridge. This peculiar sound is heard early in the morning and late in the evening, becoming more frequent and persistent as the breeding-season advances. It is made by the male, and is unlike any other sound I ever heard. I cannot compare it to the rumbling of distant thunder, as some do, because the sounds of thunder are irregular, while the strokes of the Partridge’s wings are perfectly timed, and increase in rapidity as they decrease in loudness, until they die away in a faint, fluttering vibration. ; I think those observers are mistaken who believe this drumming to be made by striking or flapping his wings against his sides or against the log where he is stand- ing. Samuels says: “The bird resorts to a fallen trunk of a tree or log, and while strutting like a male Turkey, beats his wings against his sides and the log with con- siderable force. It commences very slowly, and after a few strokes gradually increases in velocity, and ter- minates with a rolling beat very similar to the roll of a drum.” Dr. Brewer describes the sound as produced in the same manner, and this seems to be the universal opinion. On the contrary, the bird produces this sound by striking the shoulders of his wings together over his back, as the common Cock frequently does before he crows, and as the male Pigeon does when after dalliance with his mate he flies out exultingly a short distance from 152 BIRDS OF THE PASTURE AND FOREST. his perch. It is very difficult to obtain sight of the bird while he is drumming, and then ‘we cannot venture near enough to see his motions very distinctly. But whenever I have gained sight of one in the act of drum- ming, he seemed to me to elevate his wings and strike them together over his back, increasing the rapidity of these strokes, until the last was nothing more than the sound produced upon the air by the rapid vibration of the feathers of his wings and tail. A similar vibrating sound is made by the Turkey with his tail-feathers when strut- ting about the yard among the females. It seems very improbable that the Grouse has sufficient power to make so much sound by flapping the concave surface of his wings against his downy sides. Birds can- not move their wings with so much force in this direction as in the opposite one; and so long as some uncertainty exists about it, it is the wisest course to reason from anal- ogy, and to conclude that the Partridge makes this sound as similar ones are made by certain domestic birds. Many of our farmers believe that this bird stands on a log and makes the drumming sound by striking the shoul- ders of his wings against the log. Some think the log must therefore be hollow. But instances are well known where a bird has selected a rock for his drumming-place, when the same sound is produced. As the flapping of the wings of the common Cock pre- vious to crowing is a mode of expressing defiance, the same may be said of the drumming of the Partridge, who before and after his drumming struts about in the most amusing way, placing himself in many graceful attitudes. All these actions are a part of the ceremony of courtship. They always, therefore, excite the jealousy of other males, who, if sufficiently bold, will immediately attack the drummer. The conqueror draws in his train the greater part of the females, and becomes their favorite. FORAGING HABITS OF BIRDS. TuE different habits of foraging that distinguish the several tribes and species of birds deserve attention as indicating a similar difference in the character of their aliment. Birds, for example, that take their food chiefly from the surface of the ground forage in a different man- ner from others that collect it from under the surface. Swallows catch all their food while on the wing, and give proof by this habit that they take only winged insects ; but their manners differ essentially from those of the fly-catchers, that do not take their prey on the wing, but seize it as it passes by their perch. Robins and black- birds gather their fare entirely from the ground, but their ways while seeking it differ exceedingly. Their respec- tive habits of foraging are adapted to the successful pursuit of the worms and insects that constitute their principal diet. Though both species are consumers of all kinds of insects, they have their preferences, which are the chief objects of their pursuit. It is necessary to study their different habits of foraging to understand the principle which I have endeavored to inculcate, that cach species performs certain services in the economy of nature, whach cannot be so well accomplished by any other species ; and that it is necessary for this end to preserve all in such proportions as would spontaneously exist if the whole feathered race were unmolested and left to their own natural chances of living and multiplying. The sylvians are the most interesting of foragers among the smaller birds, and are remarkable for their 154 FORAGING HABITS OF BIRDS. diligence in hunting their prey. They have a peculiar way of examining the foliage and blossoms rather than the surface of the branches, and their motions are very conspicuous upon the outer parts of the trees near the extremity of the spray. The golden robin hunts his prey like the sylvians, though he is not one of them, and his motions are more rapid and energetic than theirs. The wren, the creeper, and the chickadee seek their food while creeping round the branches, and take less of it from the foliage than the sylvians or the flycatchers. They seldom pause in their circuitous course, proceeding usually from the junctions of the branches to their ex- - tremities, hopping from spray to spray, and then passing to another tree. The sylvians appear to examine the leaves and blossoms, while the creepers and tomtits exam- ine the bark of the tree. Hence the former do not pro- long their stay with us after the fall of the leaf, while the other species are seen after the trees are entirely denuded. We may infer, therefore, that the sylvians feed chiefly upon beetles and other winged insects that devour the leaves of trees, while the creepers and tomtits take more insects in embryo, which during autumn and winter are half concealed in the bark of trees. The habits of the flycatchers differ from those of any of the species above named. Let us take the pewee as an example. He sits on a twig almost without motion, but with a frequent sideling of the head, indicating his watchfulness. He does not seem so diligent as the sylvi- ans, because he waits for his prey to come to him, and seeks for it only by carefully awaiting its approach. That he is not idle is shown by his frequent flitting out in an irregular circuit, and immediately returning to his perch with a captured insect. These salient flights are very numerous, and he often turns a somerset in the act of capturing his prey. He seldom misses his aim, and FORAGING HABITS OF BIRDS. 155 probably collects from ten to fifteen insects of an appre- ciable size every minute. As he lives entirely upon them, and in summer gathers them for his offspring, this is no extravagant estimate. The pewee, however, does not catch all his prey while it is flying, but he is usually on the wing when he takes it. If he finds a moth or a beetle upon a leaf or a branch, he seizes it while he is poised in the air. A sylvian would creep along the branch, and when near enough extend his neck forward to take it. The vireos, forming an interme- diate genus between the sylvians and the true flycatchers, partake of the habits of each. Some of them are remark- able for a sort of intermittent singing while hunting for their food. The preacher, indeed, seems to make war- bling his principal employment. He is never, apparently, very diligent or earnest, and often stops during his desul- tory exhortations, to seize a passing insect, and then re- sumes his song. Woodpeckers reside chiefly in the forest, of which they are the natural guardians ; and as the food of their choice is nearly as abundant in winter as in summer, they are not generally migratory. Hence the operations of these birds are incessant throughout the year. As their food is not anywhere very abundant, like that of some of the granivorous birds, woodpeckers never forage in flocks. The more they scatter themselves the better their fare. The woodpeckers bear the same relation to other birds that take their food from trees, as snipes and woodcocks bear to thrushes and quails. They bore into the wood as the snipe bores into the earth, while thrushes and quails seek the insects that crawl on the surface of the ground. There are several families of birds that take only a small part of their food from trees, and the remainder from the soil or the greensward. Such are all the galli- naceous kinds, larks, blackbirds, and thrushes. It has 156 FORAGING HABITS OF BIRDS. been said that the skylark was never known to perch upon a tree. These families are the guardians of the soil. The thrushes do not refuse an insect or a grub that is crawling upon a tree, but they forage chiefly upon the surface of the ground. In the feeding habits of the thrushes, their apparent want of diligence attracts frequent attention; but this appearance is delusive. The common robin will exemplify their usual manner, though he carries it to an extreme. When he is hunt- ing his food he is usually seen hopping in a listless man- ner about the field. Sometimes a dozen robins or more may occupy one enclosure, but they are always widely separated. Observe one of them and you will see him standing still, with his bill inclined upward, and looking about him with seeming unconcern; soon he makes two or three hops, and then stands a few more seconds with his bill turned upward, apparently idle. Presently he darts suddenly a few yards from his standing-place, and may be seen pecking vigorously upon the ground. If you were near him you would see him pulling out a cutworm, seldom an earthworm, or devouring a nest of insects which are gathered in a cluster. Blackbirds, though they also gather all their food from the ground, seem to be more industrious. Blackbirds of all species walk. They do not hop like the robin. They seldom hold up their héads, but march along with their bills turned downward, as if entirely devoted to their task. They never seem to be idle, except when a flock of them are making a garrulous noise upon a tree. If a blackbird looks upward, it is only by a sudden movement ; he does not stop. After watching a blackbird and a robin ten minutes in the same field, any one would suppose that the blackbird had collected twice as much food as the robin during that time. But this is not true. The difference in their apparent industry is caused partly by FORAGING HABITS OF BIRDS. 157 the character of their food. The robin is entirely insec- tivorous, while the omnivorous blackbird hunts the soil for everything that is nutritious, and picks up small seeds that require a close examination of the ground. The robin is probably endowed with a greater reach of sight than the blackbird, and while hopping about with his head erect, his vision comprehends a wider space. Many a time have I been astonished at the rapidity with which one of these idle robins would collect cutworms during a dry spell when they could not be very abun- dant, sometimes bringing two at a time in her bill and carrying them to her young. The robin not only watches for a sight of his prey, but also for the marks upon vege- tation that denote the place of its concealment. He must possess an extraordinary share of this sagacious in- stinct; for the thousands of cutworms destroyed by him could not be discovered except by these indications and when they crawl out at twilight. The robin is therefore one of the earliest as well as the latest feeders among all our birds in the morning and evening. The foraging habits of the different species of domestic poultry are worthy of remark as illustrating some of the differences observed in the manners of wild birds. Place a brood of ducks in a field during grasshopper-time, and they generally pursue one course, marching in a body over the field with great recularity. A brood of chickens, on the contrary, will scatter, occasionally reassembling, but never keeping close together, unless they are follow- ing a hen. : Turkeys scatter themselves less than chickens, but do not equal ducks in the regularity of their move- ments. Pigeons settle down upon a field in a compact flock, and then radiate in all directions. They pursue no regular march, like ducks. A very interesting class of foragers are those that feed in compact assemblages. This habit renders the snow- 158 FORAGING HABITS OF BIRDS. buntings exceedingly attractive. Their food is not dis- tributed in separate morsels like that of robins and wood- peckers. It consists of the seeds of grasses and of com- posite plants, which are often scattered very evenly over a wide surface. When, therefore, a flock of fifty or more settle down in a field, each one fares as well as if he were alone, during the short time they remain on the spot. Insect-feeders find it for the most part profita- ble to scatter and keep separate, because their food is sparsely distributed. This is not true of the birds that. frequent the salt-marshes that are overflowed by the tide. Their aliment consists of insects and worms which are evenly scattered and abundant. Hence sandpipers and some other species forage in flocks, though they live exclusively upon an animal diet. _ The swallow tribes are the guardians of the atmosphere, that would otherwise swarm with fatal quantities of mi- nute insects. Their foraging habits are observed by all, and are well known. Woodpeckers, creepers, and chicka- dees are the guardians‘of the timber of the forest ; sylvians and flycatchers, of the foliage. Blackbirds, thrushes, crows, and larks are the protectors of the surface of the soil; snipes and woodcocks, of the soil under the surface. Each family has its respective duties to perform in the economy of nature; and man must beware lest he disturb this equilibrium by reducing the numbers of any species below the supply of insects which is afforded them. It is.curious to note the assiduity with which insects are hunted in all stages of their existence. In their larva state, those that lurk inside of the wood and bark are taken by woodpeckers, and those under the soil by snipes and woodcocks. Insects, when the larva has as- sumed the form of moths, beetles, and flies, are attacked by flycatchers and sylvians and other small birds that take their food by day, and by small owls and whippoor- FORAGING HABITS OF BIRDS. 159 wills by night. It matters not in what stage of its ex- istence the insect is destroyed; it is still demonstrable that these minute creatures cannot be kept in check unless they are attacked in all stages. Birds are their only effectual destroyers. Man cannot check their mul- tiplication or their ravages by artificial means. He cannot even protect his garden. Their destructive and infinite multiplication can be prevented only by Nature’s own agents, which she has created with this power. A million of ichneumons would not do the work of a dozen birds. COWBIRD. SEPTEMBER. We have hardly become familiar with summer ere _ autumn arrives with its cool nights, its foggy mornings, and its clear brilliant days. Yet the close of summer is but the commencement of a variety of pleasant rural occupations, of reaping and fruit-gathering, and the still more exciting sports of the field. After this time we are comparatively exempt from the extremes of temperature, and we are free to ramble at any distance, without ex- posure to sudden showers, that so often spring up in sum- mer without warning us of their approach. Though the spicy odors of June are no longer wafted upon the gales, there is a clearness and freshness in the atmosphere more agreeable than fragrance, giving buoyancy to the mind and elasticity to the frame. The various employments of the farmer are changed into agreeable recreations ; and the anxious toils of plant- ing and haymaking have given place to the less weari- some and more exhilarating labors of the harvest. Beside the pleasures of the sportsman, there are successions of fruit-gatherings and rural excursions of various kinds, from the beginning of this month to the end of the next, that impart to the young many cheerful themes for remembrance during the rest of their days. The provident simpler may be seen upon the hills busily employed in gathering medicinal plants for her own humble dispensary. Close by her side are neatly bound sheaves of thoroughwort, hardhack, bear-berry, penny- royal, and life-everlasting, which she benevolently pro- SEPTEMBER. 161 vides for the supply of her neighborhood. And while thus employed, she feels the reward of the just in the pleasing contemplation of the good she may perform, when winter comes with its fevers and colds. There is no season when the landscape presents so beautiful an appearance just before sunset, as during this month. The grass has a singular velvety greenness, being without any mixture of downy tassels and panicles of seeds. For the present covering of the fields is chiefly the second growth of vegetation, after the first has been mowed by the farmer or cropped by the grazing herds. The herbage displays little but the leaves, which have been thickened in their growth and made green by the early rains of autumn. When the atmosphere has its usual autumnal clearness and the sun is just declining, while his rays gleam horizontally over the fields, the plain exhibits the most brilliant verdure, unlike that of the earlier months. When this wide landscape of uni- form greenness is viewed in opposition to the blue firma- ment, it seems as if the earth and the sky were vying with each other in the untarnished loveliness of their appropriate colors. There is usually a serenity of the weather for the greater part of September, unknown to the other autumn months. Yet this is no time for inaction; for the temperate cli- mate, too pleasant for confinement, and too cool for indo- lent repose, invites even the weary to ramble. Of all the months, the climate of September is the most equable and salubrious, and nearly the same temperature is waft- ed from every quarter of the heavens. The sea-breezes spring up from the ocean almost with the mildness of the southwest, and the rude north-wind has been softened into a delightful blandness by his tender dalliance with summer. g One of the charms of the present month is the profusion 11 162 SEPTEMBER. of bright-colored fruits that meet the eye on every side in the deserted haunts of the flowers. The scarlet berries of the nightshade, varied with their blossoms, hang like clusters of rubies from the crevices in ‘the stone-walls through which the vines have made their clambering tour. On each side of the fences the elder-trees in inter- rupted rows are bending down with the weight of their dark purple fruit, and the catbird may be seen busily gathering them for his noonday repast. Above all, the barberry-bushes scattered over the hills, some in irregu- lar clumps, others following the lines of the stone-walls, down narrow lanes and over sandy hills, with their long slender branches fringed with delicate racemes of varie- gated fruit, changing from a greenish white to a bright scarlet, form hedge TOWS as Heautiful as art, without its formality. September is the counterpart of June, and displays the transformation of the flowers of early summer into the “ripe and ruddy harvest. The wild-cherry trees are heav- ily laden with their dark purple clusters, and flocks of robins and waxwings are busy all the day in their merry plunder among the branches. But in the fruits there is less to be loved than in the flowers, to which imagination is prone to assign some moral attributes. The various fruits of the harvest we prize as good and bounteous gifts. But flowers win our affections, like beings endowed with life and thought; and when we notice their absence or their departure we feel a painful sense of melancholy, as when we bid adieu to living friends. With flowers we associate the sweetness, the loveliness, and the dear and bright remembrances of spring. Like human beings, they have contributed to our moral enjoyments. But there are no such ideas associated with the fruits, and while the orchards are resplendent with their harvest, they can never affect the mind like the sight of flowers. BIRDS OF THE AIR. ALL birds that take their food while on the wing, and seldom or not much in any other way, may be arbitrarily designated as Birds of the Air, whether their prey in- habit the air, like the insects taken by the Swallows and Flycatchers, or the cup of a flower, like those taken by the Humming-Bird. Of these the Swallows, including the Martin and the Swift, are the most conspicuous and most numerous in this part of the world. These birds have large wings, fly very swiftly, and without a great deal of apparent motion of their wings. It could hardly be explained on mechanical principles how they are able to pass through the air with such rapidity. While watch- ing them on the wing, it seems as if they were never weary ; but Daines Barrington says the Swallow makes frequent pauses for rest while engaged in the pursuit of insects. THE BARN-SWALLOW. This is the species with which the inhabitants of New England are best acquainted. But they are every year becoming fewer, and this diminution of their numbers is attributed by Mr. 8. P. Fowler to our modern tight barns. Though they often build under the eaves of houses and in sheds, they find in these places but limited accommo- dations, compared with the old-fashioned barns that were formerly scattered over the whole country. There are now hundreds only where thirty years ago there were 164 BIRDS OF THE AIR. thousands, all swarming with these lively birds, who built their nests on the horizontal beams that supported the barn roof. The birds left us when they were de- prived of their tenements, while the Cliff-Swallow, that builds under the eaves of barns and houses and under projecting cliffs of rocks, has increased, feeding upon the larger quantity of insects consequent upon the absence of the Barn-Swallow. This species is of a social habit; fond of building and breeding, as it were, in small communities. An old- fashioned barn has been known to contain as many as two dozen nests. They are constructed of materials simi- lar to those of a Robin’s nest; but the Swallow adds to the lining of grass a few feathers, which the Robin does not use. Dr. Brewer alludes to a custom among the Barn- Swallows of building “an extra platform against, but dis- tinct from the nest itself, designed as a roosting-place for the parents, used by one during incubation at night or when not engaged in procuring food, and by both when the young are large enough to occupy the whole nest.” The eggs of the Barn-Swallow are nearly white, with a fine sprinkling of purple. Two broods are reared in a season, When the bird appears to have a third brood I think it must have happened from the accidental destruc- tion of the second brood of eggs. THE CLIFF-SWALLOW. The Cliff-Swallow is the species that has apparently filled the vacancy made by the diminished numbers of the Barn-Swallow. It is a smaller bird and more whitish underneath. The nests of this species are placed under the eaves of houses, sometimes extending nearly across the whole side of a roof, resembling in some degree a long row of hornets’ nests. The nest is of a roundish BIRDS OF THE AIR. 165 shape; the body of it is plastered to the wood; the en- trance is the neck, slightly covered for protection from rain. They are made of clay and mud without intermix- ture of other substances. They are lined with grass and feathers. This species was at the early settlement of the country so rare, in this part of the continent, that it escaped the notice of some of the earliest observers of the habits of our birds. It was not known even to Alexander Wilson. It seems to have been observed and described in Maine before it was well known in any of the other States. Dr. Brewer says of this species: “I first observed a large col- ony of them in Attleborough (Mass.) in 1842. Its size indicated the existence of these birds in that place for several years. The same year they also appeared in Bos- ton, Hingham, and in other places in the neighborhood.” The notes of this Swallow are not so agreeable as those of the Barn-Swallow and other species. THE WOOD-SWALLOW. The White-bellied Swallow is known in the British Provinces by the name of “ Wood-Swallow.” This will be regarded a very appropriate designation, when we consider the continuance of the primitive habits of this bird of building in hollow trees. Samuels has seen great num- bers of the nests of this species in the woods of Maine, near the northern lakes, built in hollow trees, some of them standing in water. In an area of about ten rods he counted fifty nests. He says this species is the most common of the Swallows in that region. The nests are formed entirely of grass and feathers without any mud, for which there is no necessity. The eggs are pure white. ; This species has superseded the Purple Martin in many 166 BIRDS OF THE AIR. parts of New England, as the Cliff-Swallow has snper- seded the Barn-Swallow. They are pretty generally dis- tributed over the whole continent, though, notwithstand- ing the primitive habits that still adhere to a great part of their numbers, they are most numervus in cities and their suburbs, attracted probably by the vast multitudes of small flies, which are more abundant than in the woods. The CliffSwallow breeds as far as the Arctic Seas. THE SAND-MARTIN. This is not the least interesting of the family of Swal- lows. The swarming multitudes that often assemble in one vicinity, their constant motions while going in and out their holes in the sand-bank, and sailing about on rapid wing in quest of their microscopic prey, and their lively notes render them objects of frequent attention. Of all the Swallows the Sand-Martins afford the most amusement for small boys in the vicinity, who employ themselves in digging out their nests, which are some- times less than two feet under the surface. The dith- culty is in finding the exact spot where the excavation should be made. Large multitudes of them formerly assembled every year and made their holes in the high sand-bluffs that surround the Beverly coast. I have count- ed over fifty holes in one large and high bank. “The work of preparation,” says Dr. Brewer, “they perform with their closed bill, swaying the body round on the feet, beginning at the centre and working out- wards. This long and often winding gallery gradually expands into a small spherical apartment, on the floor of which they form a rude nest of straw and feathers. The time occupied in making these excavations varies greatly with the nature of the soil, from four or five days to twice that number.” BIRDS OF THE AIR. 167 THE PURPLE MARTIN. It is seldom in these days we hear the sweet hilarious notes of the Purple Martin in Eastern Massachusetts. From some not very accountable cause the species have left many of their former habitations, and we are no longer pleasantly roused from our sleep by their sportive garrulity near our dwellings. The absence of these birds is a truly sorrowful bereavement. When I visit the places where I formerly heard them and note their ab- sence, I feel as I do when strolling over some old familiar ground upon which every scene has been changed, where wood has become open space, old houses are removed and replaced by new, and strangers occupy the homes of the old inhabitants. We no longer see any large assemblages of Purple Martins in Eastern Massachusetts; and in almost all parts of New England, where they were formerly the most common of our birds, their numbers are greatly dimin- ished. Why, it may be asked, have they so generally left these parts, especially the vicinity of Boston? May it not be that the Wood-Swallows, which have multiplied in the same ratio as the Purple Martins have decreased, have been the cause of their disappearance? They breed in the boxes, formerly used by the Martins, who, upon their later arrival, finding them preoccupied by the Wood-Swal- low, and failing to obtain other accommodations, fly away to another vicinity. Ina contest for a box the Purple Martin would be the victor, but would prefer seeking a habitation elsewhere to making an attempt to dislodge birds which had already built their nests there. The Purple Martin is the largest of the American Swal- lows, with plumage of a bluish-black mtermingled with purple and violet. In beauty it is not surpassed by any of the species. It seems to have no fear of man, who 168 BIRDS OF THE AIR. from immemorial time has protected it. The aboriginal inhabitants set hollowed gourds upon the trees to draw the Martins to their huts.) And when the white man came, he provided them with a meeting-house, consider- ing it a fitting structure for their musical congregations. The Purple Martin utters a series of notes which are so varied and continued as to deserve to be called a song. This song has attracted less attention from those who have described the habits of our birds than it merits. In my early days I have listened for hours to the peculiar notes of the Purple Martin, in which a variety of chatter- ing and chuckling is combined with a low guttural trill, resembling certain parts of the song of the Red-Thrush. The Martin, however, does not give himself up to song. His notes are heard chiefly while on the wing; but they are almost incessant. He is constantly in motion, and his song seems to me one of the most animated and cheerful sounds uttered by any American bird except the Bobolink. The flight of the Purple Martin and his peculiar ways render him exceedingly interesting and amusing. Sur- passed by no bird in swiftness, there is none that equals him in the beauty of his movements on the wing, uniting grace and vivacity in a remarkable degree. Often skim- ming the surface of ponds, or swiftly gliding along a pub- lic road a few feet from the ground, then soaring above the height of the lower clouds, he sails about with but little motion of the wings, till he is out of sight. These flights seem to be made for his own amusement; for it cannot be supposed that he finds the larger insects that constitute his prey at so great a height. The boldness displayed by the Purple Martin in driving Hawks and Crows from his neighborhood accounts for the respect in which he was held by the Indians, who were great admirers of courage. “So well known,” says Wil- BIRDS OF THE AIR. 169 son, “is this to the lower birds and to the domestic poul- try, that as soon as they hear the Martin’s voice engaged in fight, all is alarm and consternation.” The Martin is often victor in contests with the Kingbird, perhaps when one is tired of the contest another takes his place with fresh vigor, so that the Kingbird is finally driven away and conquered. THE CHIMNEY-SWALLOW. The Chimney-Swallow attracts general attention on account of its practice of building its nest in the un- used flue of a chimney. In village and town this fam- ily of birds are very abundant, some deserted chimney being always appropriated for the rearing of their young. It is remarkable that their desertion of their original breeding-places and their present selection of chimneys should be so universal. Though they are known at the present time to build, as formerly, in hollow trees, they do so only in forests very distant from town or village. It cannot be said that they are fond of the companion- ship of man. The small flies that constitute their food are probably more numerous in towns than in forests. Hence the birds for convenience resort to the chimney rather than the hollow tree, which is farther from their supplies of food. The Chimney-Swallow is the smallest of our American species, and is partially nocturnal in its habits, being most active during morn and early twilight. Its nests are nicely woven with sticks, fastened to the chimney with a glutinous saliva. Says Samuels: “ About sunset, great multitudes of these birds are out, and the num- bers of insects they destroy must be immense. Every- where they may be seen; away up in the blue sky, as far as the eye can reach, they are coursing in wide- 170 BIRDS OF THE AIR. extended circles, chasing each other in sport, and even caressing and feeding their mates while on the wing. A little lower they are speeding over the tops of trees, gleaning the insects that have just left the foliage ; over the surface of the lake or river they fly so low, in the pursuit of aquatic insects that their wings often touch the water. Everywhere are they busy.” THE KINGBIRD OR BEE-MARTIN. The true Flycatchers take all their food while it is flying in the air, though they do not sail round, like a Swallow, to catch it. They are commonly seated quietly on their perch, and seize it by sallying out a few yards, and then returning. If we watch the ways either of the Kingbird or the Pewee, we shall observe this peculiar habit of all the Flycatchers. One of the most common of our birds, well known by his lively manners, his shrill notes, and twittering flight; always apparently idle, sit- ting on the branch of a tree as if he were a sentinel of the field, is the Kingbird. From this branch you may observe his frequent sallies when darting upon his prey. You may often see him pursuing a Hawk or a Crow, and annoying it by repeated attacks, always made in the rear of his victim. His usual custom is to rise a little above the object of his harassment, and then swoop down in such a manner that the bird cannot turn upon him. I have frequently seen him rise almost out of sight when engaged in such encounters. His victim constantly endeavors to rise above his pursuer, while the Kingbird by his activity as invariably balks him. I‘could never deter- mine which of the two was the first to tire. But the King- bird may probably be relieved by another of his species who may take his place. This pugnacious habit is said to continue only during the breeding-season. A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. 171 KING BIRD. 172 BIRDS OF THE AIR. It is amusing to watch his movements when flying. He sails rapidly along the air with but little motion of his outspread wings, save the vibrations of his extended feathers, all the time screaming with a sharp and rapid twitter. You observe this habit of the bird at short dis- tances from the ground, when pursuing an insect. Upon seizing it he returns immediately to his post. He is watching all the while for the larger insects. He will not quit his perch, upon a fence, the branch of a tree, or a mullein-stalk, to catch small flies. _ He leaves all minute insects to the Swallows and small Flycatchers. ~The farmers complain of him as a bee-eater, whence the name of Bee-Martin which is often applied to him. Some observers say he discriminates between the differ- ent kinds of: bees, selecting only the drones for his re- past. But among the offences charged against him, he is never accused of stealing grain or fruit. Hence he is seldom molested, and enjoys great security compared with many other equally useful birds. The Kingbird has not much beauty of plumage ; but he is so neatly marked with black and white, with a bluish color above, and a white band at the extremity of his dark tail-feathers, and he displays his form and plumage so gracefully in his vibrating ‘flights, that he cannot escape notice. The crest, containing a vermilion centre, is hardly discernible, save when the bird is excited, when it is slightly elevated. The Kingbird more frequently builds in an orchard than in a wood, an open cultivated place being more productive of those insects which afford him subsistence. THE PEWEE. If we stroll at any hour of the day in summer and sit under a rustic bridge for coolness or shelter, while BIRDS OF THE AIR. 173 watching the stream and listening to its flow, we may hear the plaintive cry of the Pewee, a common but re- tiring bird, whose note is familiar'to all. He seems to court solitude, though he has no apparent fear in the presence of man; and his singular note harmonizes with the gloominess of his retreat. He sits for the most part in the shade, catching his insect prey without any noise, but after seizing it, resuming his station. This movement is performed in the most graceful manner; and he often turns a somerset or appears to do so, if the insect at first - evades his pursuit. All this is done in silence, for he is no singer. The only sound he utters beside his lament is an occasional clicking chirp. All the day, after short intervals, with a plaintive cadence he modulates the syllables pe-wee. As the male and the female can hardly be distinguished, I have not been able to determine whether this sound is uttered by both sexes or by the male only. So plainly expressive of sadness is this remarkable note, that it is difficult to believe the little creature that utters it can be free from sorrow. Certainly he has no congeniality with the sprightly Bobolink. Why is it that two simple sounds in succession can produce an effect on the mind as intense as a solemn strain of arti- ficial music and excite the imagination like the words of poesy? I never listen to the note of the Pewee without imagining that something is expressed by it that is be- yond our ken; that it sounds in unison with some one of those infinite chords of intelligence and emotion, which in our dreamy moments bring us undefinable sensations of beauty and mystery and sorrow. Perhaps with the rest of his species, the Pewee represents the fragment of a superior race which, according to the metempsy- chosis, have fallen from their original high position among exalted beings; and this melancholy note is 174 BIRDS OF THE AIR. but the partial utterance of sorrow that still lingers in their breasts after the occasion of it is forgotten ! Though a retiring bird, the Pewee is very generally known on account of his remarkable note, which is heard often in our gardens as well as in his peculiar habitats. Like the Cliff-Swallow, he builds his nest under a shelter- ing roof or rock, and it is often fixed upon a beam or plank undera bridge. There are no prejudices in the community against this species. They are not destroyed on any occa- sion. By the most ordinary observer they cannot be sus- pected of doing mischief in the garden. I should remark in this place, that the Flycatchers and Swallows and a few other species that enjoy immunity in our land, though multiplied to infinity, would perform only those offices which are assigned them by nature. It is a vain hope that while employed in exterminating any species of small birds their places can be supplied and their services per- formed by other species which are allowed to multiply to excess. The Swallow and the Pewee, with all their multitudinous families, will not perform the work of the Robin or the Woodpecker, nor can all these together do the work of the Sylvians. WOOD-PEWEE. We seldom ramble in a deep wood without hearing the feeble and plaintive note of the Wood-Pewee,—a bird that does not leave the forest, and is therefore less known than the larger species that builds under bridges and the eaves of old houses. The Wood-Pewee places its shallow nest upon some large branch of a tree without any protec- tion above it, and it is chiefly concealed by the resem- blance of its materials to the mosses and lichens on the bough. Its habits, except its attachment to the soli- tude of the wood, differ but little from those of the com- BIRDS OF THE AIR. 175 mon Pewee. It seems likewise to have the same cheer- ful manners. The minor notes of the two Pewees serve, more than any others equally simple, to harmonize the anthem of Nature. THE HUMMING-BIRD. The Humming-Birds, of which it is said there are more than four hundred species, are among the most exquisite of all animated beings. They unite the beauty and deli- cacy of*a beautiful insect with the organization and intelligence of a creature of flesh and blood. Of all the feathered tribe, none will compare with them in the minuteness of their size. The splendor, variety, and changeableness of their hues are no less admirable than their diminutiveness. The colors of the rainbow do not surpass those of many of the species either in beauty or variety. A brilliant metallic lustre greatly enhances all this splendor. The variability of their hues, which is also observed in many other birds, is in the Humming-Birds almost unaccountable. Says Dr. Brewer: “ The sides of the fibres of each feather are of a different color from the surface, and change as seen in a front or an oblique direc- tion ; and, while living, these birds by their movements can cause their feathers to change very suddenly to different hues. Thus the Selasphorus rufus can change in a twinkling the vivid fire color of its expanded throat to a light green; and the species known as the Mexican Star, changes from a light crimson to an equally brilliant blue.” Yet with all their beauty of color, what is most attrac- tive about them is their flight. When a Humming-Bird is flying, so rapid are the motions of its wings that it seems like the body of a bird suspended in a circle of radiating sunbeams, or like one in the midst of a globe 176 A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. RUMMING BIRDS AND THEIR NESTS. BIRDS OF THE AIR. 177 of down, like that which surrounds the receptacle of a ripened dandelion flower. When we watch the flight of a short-winged bird like the Quail, the radiations formed by the rapid motions of its wings make only a semicircle. In the Humming-Bird they form a complete circle of luminous rays. This flight, which resembles that of cer- tain insects, is the more remarkable on account of the extraordinary length of its wings, which would lead us to infer that they would be incapable of such rapid motion by the muscular force of so small a body. The wings of those moths and beetles which have a similar movement bear no proportion to the length of the Humming-Bird’s wing, compared with the size of the body of the insect and of the bird. It is the rapid vibration of the wings, pro- ducing a sound like the spinning of a top, that has given to this family of birds the name by which they are desig- nated. While hovering before a flower, this hum is plainly audible ; but when the bird darts off to another place the tone produced by these vibrations is plainly raised to a higher key, as it spins like an arrow through the air. Dr. Brewer, alluding to the Swiss philosopher Saussure, says: “ On the first visit of this naturalist to a savanna in the island of Jamaica, he noticed what he at first took to be a brilliant green insect, of rapid flight, approaching him by successive alternations of movements and pauses, and rapidly gliding among and over the network of inter- lacing shrubs. He was surprised by the extraordinary dexterity with which it avoided the movements of his net, and yet more astonished to find, when he had cap- tured it, that he had taken a bird and not an insect.” The largest known Humming-Bird is about the size of the Chimney-Swallow ; and so great is the disparity in the size of the different species, that when confined in a cage, and the perch “has been occupied by the great 12 178 BIRDS OF THE AIR. Blue-throated Humming-Bird, the diminutive Mexican Star has settled on the long beak of the former, and re- mained perched on it some minutes without its offering to resist the insult.” Some of the species are so small that if they flew by night they might be swallowed alive by one of the smaller Owls as easily as a beetle. The Humming-Bird was formerly supposed to feed entirely on the nectar of the flowers it was seen so con- stantly to visit. It is now well ascertained that its chief subsistence is made up of small insects which it takes from the flower. But the ancient opinion was not en- tirely a fallacy, since a portion of the nectar of the flower is taken with the insects, and supplies to the Humming- Bird that kind of nourishment which the larger insec- tivorous birds derive from fruit. Dr. Brewer says “the young birds feed by putting their own bills down the throats of their parents, sucking probably a prepared. sustenance of nectar and fragments of insects.” The bird uses his tongue both for capturing insects and for sucking the drops of dew and nectarine juices contained. in the flower. Notwithstanding the small size of the whole tribe of Humming-Birds, they are notoriously the most courageous and combative birds in existence. Their sharp bills, their rapid flight, the electric quickness of their manceuvres, render them so dangerous that no bird whom parties of them choose to attack can escape unharmed. I once discovered a nest of the Humming-Bird in my own garden, upon the horizontal bough of an old apple- tree. It was placed near the end of the bough, about five feet from the ground. It was built, as all writers have described other nests of Humming-Birds, of ferns and mosses, with lichens glued together, perhaps from being collected while they were damp. It contained two eggs about the size of a pea-bean. SWALLOWS: THEIR HIBERNATION. THERE is not much that is interesting to be said of swallows, which are not singing-birds, and do not by their aerial flights attract attention, as if they were seen creeping on the branches of trees, and associated with their flowers. We watch with admiration their rapid movements through the air, their horizontal flight along the surface of some still water, and are charmed with their twittering when assembled round their nests. There was once a lively controversy in relation to the manner in which swallows pass the winter. The opin- ion of naturalists in Sweden and in the North of Ku- rope, among whom we may name Linneus and Kalm, was that swallows buried themselves in water under the freezing-line, or slept in the crevices of rocks. This theory has been discarded by modern naturalists, who have authentic accounts of flocks of swallows which have settled upon the masts and sails of ships when on their passage to or from the countries where they pass the winter. Still, the mystery is not cleared up. White of Selborne mentions a week in March that was attended by very hot weather, when many species of insects came forth, and many house-swallows appeared. On the immediate succession of severe cold weather, the swallows disappeared and were seen no more until April. He mentions another instance recorded in his journal, of the reappearance of swallows after a month’s absence, on the 4th of November, just for one day, which was remark- ably warm, playing about at their leisure, as if they were \ 180 SWALLOWS: THEIR HIBERNATION. near their place of retreat. On the same day, more than twenty house-martins appeared, which had retired with- out exception on the 7th day of the October previous. He adds that whenever the thermometer is above 50°, the bat flits out during any autumn or winter month. The author concludes that two whole species of swal- lows, or at least a large proportion of them in Great Britain, never leave the island, but remain torpid in some place of retreat; for he remarks, “ We cannot suppose that, after a month’s absence, house-martins can return from Southern regions, to appear for one morning in November; or that house-swallows should leave the districts of Africa, to enjoy in March the transient summer of a couple of days.” Daines Barrington testifies that he has in many. in- stances known martins to reappear during warm days in different parts of the winter, but he is not sure that he has ever seen swallows at such times. He thinks, there- fore, that martins conceal themselves in crevices of rocks, from which on a warm day they can emerge; but swal- lows, which are buried under water, cannot feel the influ- ence of a short period of warm weather. The treatises on Ornithology written in the northern parts of Europe allude frequently, as if it were an established fact, to the submersion of swallows during the winter. Peter Brown, a Norwegian painter, informed Mr. Barrington that while he was at school near Sheen, he and his comrades con- stantly found swallows in numbers torpid under the ice © that covered bays, and that they would revive if placed ina warm room. The author of a paper read before the Academy of Upsal mentions the submersion of swallows as a known fact in that part of the world. Among the superstitions associated with this belief, Pantoffidan re- lates that swallows before they sink under water sing the Swallow Song, as it is called, and which everybody knows. SWALLOWS: THEIR HIBERNATION. 181 A gentleman of science informed Mr. Barrington that when he was fourteen years of age, a pond belonging to his father, who was a vicar in Berkshire, was cleared out in February. While the workmen were clearing it, he picked up a cluster of three or four swallows that were caked in the mud, and they revived and flew about when carried to a warm room. Mr. Barrington records many similar facts, for which I have no space. In one instance swallows were taken out of a mass of solid ice, and were brought to life by the application of heat. He thinks swallows only are ever submerged in water or mud, but that martins retire to fissures in rocks or to some lurking-places in the ground. He mentions a boat- man who had seen thousands of martins in the crevices of a rock, and that they would revive when taken into a warm room. Kalm also relates, in his “ Travels in Amer- ica,” that they have been found torpid in holes and clefts of rocks near Albany, New York. Mr. McKenzie, being at Lord Stafford’s in Yorkshire, near the end of October, a conversation began about swallows crossing the seas. This the game-keeper disbelieved, and said he would carry ‘any one to some neighboring coal-works, where he was sure of finding them at that time. Some of the servants attended him to the coal-pits, where several martins were found in a torpid state, but would show life when warmed. Mr. Barrington concludes from all these facts that martins appear occasionally throughout the winter, when the weather is mild; but he had heard no well-attested cases of the reappearance of sand-martins during the winter; he cannot conjecture where they conceal them- selves, but he is positive they do not winter in their holes. He expresses his belief in the impossibility of their making a journey across the seas to Africa, and doubts the few recorded instances of their alighting on 182 SWALLOWS: THEIR HIBERNATION. the masts of vessels on their journeys of migration. If this theory of the migration of swallows be true, it must be true of those in the northern and southern parts of Asia. On the contrary, they hide themselves in the banks of the Ganges, during the three so-called winter months in that part of the world. Du Tertre mentions that the few swallows seen in the Caribbee Isles are only observed in summer, as in France. We are assured by Dr. Pallas, that not only are there swallows in Russia and Siberia, but that on the banks of the Wolga, latitude 57°, they disappeared about the fourth of August. These birds, according to the theory of migration, ought to have been passing to the more southern parts of Asia. Yet it has not been observed by any Asiatic traveller that they have the same species of swallow, or that they are seen in those parts during our winter. As an objection to the theory of the torpidity of swal- lows as their mode of hibernation, it is asked where and when they moult, if not in regions south of Europe, as they do not moult before their disappearance. This is an objection that Mr. Barrington fails to answer. It is im- possible, however, that their moulting can happen when submerged in water or torpid in some concealed resort. The functions of the animal economy would be unable to supply a new plumage while the system is in this state. I would suggest, if the theory of their torpidity were proved, that they may drop their feathers one by one, during all their active season of flight, as human hair is shed. Still, I cannot but think it more probable that swallows leave their northern habitats very early in the season, that they may arrive at their winter-quarters just before the season of moulting; and that the cause of their remaining undiscovered during their residence in the warm regions to which they resort is, that while moulting they live upon the ground in shelters of thicket, SWALLOWS: THEIR HIBERNATION. 183 not being able to fly, and subsist upon a diet which they pick up from the ground. But this does not explain the moulting of those swal- lows and martins, few or many, which have been proved to remain torpid in northern countries. Do these come out in the spring only to die, or do they perish in their winter retreats and never revive? If they are destined to perish here, why has Nature provided them with an instinct which answers no purpose whatever in their economy? If this submersion is only a method of suicide, why do they not perish immediately, instead of lingering along during the whole winter to die at the end of this season? And if they do not.perish at this time, but awake and revive like bats and dormice, the most important question is, not where and when they moult, but why Nature has provided migration for a part of each swallow family, and a torpid sleep under water, and in crevices of rocks, for the remainder of the same families. I cannot but conclude that there is yet the greatest burden of proof remaining with those who main- tain the theory of migration. OCTOBER. THE cool and temperate breezes that prevail at this time almost constantly from the west, attended with a clear sky, announce the brilliant month of October with a climate that alternately chills the frame with frosty vapors by night and enlivens the heart with beauty and sunshine by day. At sunrise the villagers are gath- ered round their fires shivering with cold; the chirping insects also have crept into their shelters and are silent. But ere the sun has gained half his meridian height the villagers have forsaken their fires, and are busy in the orchards beneath the glowing sunshine ; and the insects, aroused from their torpor and warmed into new life, are again chirping as merrily as in August, and multitudes that could hardly creep with torpor in the morning are now darting and spinning in the grassy meadows. There are occasional dull and cloudy days in October, the dreary precursors of approaching winter; but they are generally bright and clear, and unequalled by those of any other month in salubrity. There are no sleep- ing mists drawn over the skies to obscure the trans- parency of the atmosphere; but far as the eye can reach, the distant hills lift up their heads with a clear, unclouded outline, and the blue arch of heaven preserves its deep azure down almost to the horizon. In the morn- ings of such days a white fleecy cloud is settled upon the streams and lowlands, in which the early sunbeams are refracted with all the myriad hues of dawn, forming halos and imperfect rainbows that seem to be pictured on a OCTOBER. 185 groundwork of drifted snow. By this vapor, nearly mo- tionless at sunrise, we may trace the winding course of the small rivers far along through the distant prospect. ~ But the sun quickly dissipates this fleecy cloud. As the winds float it slowly and gracefully over the plains, it melts into transparency ; and ere the sun has gained ten degrees in his orbit, the last feathery fragment has van- ished and left him in the clear blue firmament without one shadow to tarnish his glory. October is the most brilliant of the months, unsurpassed in the clearness of its skies and in the wonderful variety of tints that are sprinkled over all vegetation. He who has an eye for beautiful colors must ever admire the scen- ery of this last month of foliage and flowers. As Nature loses the delicacy of her charms, she is more lavish of the gaudy decorations with which she embroiders her apparel. While she appears before us in her living attire, from spring to autumn she is constantly changing her vesture with each passing month. The flowers that spangle the green turf or wreathe themselves upon the trees and vines, and the herbage with all its various shades of ver- dure, constitute, with their successive changes, her spring and summer adornment; but ere the fall of the leaf she makes herself garlands of the ripened foliage, and crowns the brows of her mountains and the bosoms of her grove.’ with the most beautiful array. ‘Though the present is a melancholy time of the year, we are preserved from cheerless reflections by the bright- ness of the sunshine and the interminable beauty of the landscape. The sky in clear weather is of the deepest blue ; and the ocean and the lakes, slightly ruffled by the October winds, which are seldom tranquil, have a pecu- liar depth of coloring, unwitnessed when their surface is calm. Diverted by the unusual charms of Nature, while we look with a mournful heart upon the graves of the ‘ 186 OCTOBER. 4 flowers, we turn our eyes upward and around us, where the woods are glowing like a wilderness of roses, and forget in our ravishment the beautiful things we have lost. As the flowers wither and vanish from our sight, their colors seem to revive in the foliage of the trees, as if each dying blossom had bequeathed its beauty to the forest boughs, that had protected it during the year. The trees are one by one putting aside their vestures of green and slowly assuming their new robes of many hues. From the beginning to the end of the month the land- scape suffers a complete metamorphosis; and October may be said to represent in the successive changes of its aspect all the floral beauty of spring and summer. Unaffected by the late frosts, the grass is still green from the valleys to the hill-tops, and many a flower is still smiling upon us as if there were no winter in the year. Many fair ones still linger in their cheerful but faded bowers, the emblems of contentment, seeming per- fectly happy if they can but greet a few beams of sun- shine to temper the frosty gales. In wet places I still behold the lovely neottia with its small white plumes arranged in.a spiral line about their stems, and giving out the delicate incense of a lily. The purple gerardia, too, has not yet forsaken us, and the gentians will wait till another month before they wholly leave our borders. If we quit the fields we find in the gardens a profu- sion of lovely exotics. Dahlias and fuchsias, and many other plants that were created to embellish other climes, are rewarding the hands that cherished them with their fairest forms and hues. All these are destined, not, like the flowers-of our own clime, to live throughout their natural period, and then sink quietly into decay, but to be cut down by frosts in the very summer of. their love- liness. A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. 187 SWALLOWS. 188 A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. NuMEROUS swarms of insects and many small quadru- peds that require darkness for their security come abroad only during the night or twilight. These creatures would multiply almost without check, were it not that certain birds, having the power of seeing in the dark, and being partially blinded by daylight, are forced to seek their food in the night. Many species of insects, not strictly noc- turnal, — those in particular that pass their life chiefly in the air, —- are most active after dewfall. Hence the very late hour at which certain species of Swallows retire to rest, the period of sunset and early twilight affording them a fuller repast than any other part of the day. No sooner has the Swallow gone to rest than the Night- Jar and Whippoorwill come forth to prey on the larger kinds of aerial insects. The bat, an animal of antediluvian type, comes out a little earlier, and assists in lessening these multitudinous swarms. The small Owls, though they pursue the larger beetles and moths, direct their efforts chiefly at the small quadrupeds that steal out in the twilight to nibble the tender herbs and grasses. Thus, the night, except the hours of total darkness, is with many species of animals, though they pursue their objects with great stillness and silence, a period of general activity. The birds of the night may be classed under two heads, including, beside the true nocturnal birds, that go abroad in the night to seek their subsistence, those diur- nal birds that continue their songs. There are other spe- cies that are quiet both at noonday and midnight. Such 190 BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. is the Chimney-Swallow. This bird employs the middle of the day in sleep after excessive activity from the ear- liest dawn. It is seen afterwards circling about at the decline of day, and is sometimes. abroad in fine weather the greater part of the night, when the young require almost unremitted exertions on the part of the old birds to procure their subsistence. The true nocturnal birds, of which the Owl and the Whippoorwill are prominent examples, are distinguished by a peculiar sensibility of the eye that enables them to see clearly by twilight and in cloudy weather, while they are dazzled by the broad light of day. Their organs of hearing are proportionally delicate and acute. Their wing-feathers have a peculiar downy softness, so that they move through the air without the usual fluttering sounds that attend the flight of other birds. Hence they are able to steal unawares upon their prey, and to make their predal excursions without disturbing the general silence of the hour. This noiseless flight is remarkable in the Owl, as may be observed if a tame one is confined in a room, when we can perceive his motions only by our sight. It is remarkable that this peculiar structure of the wing-feathers does not exist in the Woodcock, which is a nocturnal feeder. Nature makes no useless provisions for her creatures. Hence this bird, that obtains its food by digging into the ground and takes no part of it while on the wing, has no need of such a contrivance. Neither stillness nor stealth would assist him in digging for his helpless prey. THE OWL. Among the nocturnal birds the most celebrated is the Owl, of which there are many species, varying from the size of an Eagle down to the Acadian, which is no larger BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. 191 than a Robin. The resemblance of the Owl to the feline race has been a frequent subject of remavk. Like the cat, he sees most clearly by twilight or the light of the moon, seeks his prey in the night, and spends the greater part of the day in sleep. This likeness is made stronger by his earlike tufts of feathers, that correspond with the ears of a quadruped; by his large head; his round, full, and glaring eyes, set widely apart; by the extreme con- tractility of the pupil; and by his peculiar habit of sur- prising his victims by watchfulness and stealth. His eyes are partially encircled by a disk of feathers, giving a remarkably significant expression to his face. His hooked bill, turned downwards so as to resemble the nose in the human face, the general flatness of his features, and his upright position produce a grave and intelligent look. It was this expression that caused him to be selected by the ancients as the emblem of wisdom and to be consecrated to Minerva. The Owl is remarkable for the acuteness of his hearing, having a large ear-drum and being provided with an ap- paratus by which he can exalt this faculty when he wishes to listen with great attention. Hence, while he is noise- less in his own motions, he is able to perceive the least sound from the motion of any other object, and overtakes his prey by coming upon it in silence and darkness. The stillness of his flight adds mystery to his character, and assists in making him an object of superstitious dread. Aware of his defenceless condition in the bright daylight, when his purblindness would prevent him from evading the attacks of his enemies, he seeks some secure retreat where he may pass the day unexposed to observation. It is this necessity which has caused him to make his abode in desolate and ruined buildings, in old towers and belfries, and in the crevices of dilapidated walls. In these places he hides from the sight of other birds, who 192 BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. regard him as a common enemy, and who show him no mercy when they have discovered him. Here also he rears his offspring, and we associate his image with these solitary haunts, as that of the Loon with our secluded lakes. In thinly settled and wooded countries, he selects the hollows of old trees and the clefts of rocks for his retreats. All the smaller Owls, however, seem to multi- ply with the increase of human population, subsisting upon the minute animals that accumulate in outhouses, orchards; and fallows. When the Owl is discovered in his hiding-place, the alarm is given, and there is a general excitement among the small birds. They assemble in great numbers, and with loud chattering assail and annoy him in various ways, and soon drive him out of his retreat. The Jay, commonly his first assailant, like a thief employed as a thief-taker, attacks him with great zeal and animation. The Chickadee, the Nuthatch, and the Red-thrush peck at his head and eyes, while other birds less bold fly round him, and by their vociferation encourage his assailants and increase the terror of their victim. It is while sitting on the branch of a tree or on a fence after his misfortune and escape that he is most frequently seen in the daytime. Here he has formed a subject for painters, who have generally introduced him into their pictures as he appears in one of these open situations. He is sometimes represented ensconced in his own select retreat, apparently peeping out of his hiding-place and only half concealed; and the discovery of him in such’ lonely places has caused the supernatural horrors attached to his image. His voice is supposed to bode misfortune, and his spectral visits are regarded as the forerunners of death. His occupancy of deserted houses and ruins has invested him with a romantic character, while the poets, by introducing him to deepen the force of their pathetic BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. 193 or gloomy descriptions, have enlivened our associations connected with his image; and he deserves therefore in a special degree to be classed among those animals which we call picturesque. Though the Owl was selected by the ancients as the emblem of wisdom, the moderns have practically re- nounced this idea, which had its foundation in the gravity and not in the real character of the bird, which possesses only the sly and sinister traits that mark the feline race. A very different train of associations and a new series of picturesque images are now suggested by the figure of the Owl, who has been more correctly portrayed by modern poetry than by ancient mythology. He is now univer- sally regarded as the emblem of ruins and of desolation, —true to his character and habits, which are intimately allied with this description of scenery. I will not enter into a speculation concerning the na- ture and origin of those agreeable emotions which are so generally produced by the sight of objects that suggest ideas of ruins. It is happy for us that by the alchemy of poetry we are able to turn some of our misfortunes into sources of melancholy pleasure, after the poignancy of grief has been assuaged by time. Nature has also benevolently provided that many an object that is capa- ble of communicating no direct pleasure to our senses shall affect us agreeably through the medium of sentiment. Thus, the image of the Owl awakens the sentiment of ruin; and to this feeling of the human soul we may trace the pleasure we derive from the sight of this bird in his appropriate scenery. Two Doves upon the mossy branch of a tree, in a wild and beautiful sylvan retreat, are the pleasing emblems of love and constancy; but they are not more suggestive of poetic fancies than an Owl sitting upon an old gate-post near a deserted house. T have alluded in another page to the faint sounds we 13 194 BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. hear when the birds of night, on a still summer evening, are flying over short distances in a neighboring wood. There is a feeling of mystery awakened by these sounds that exalts the pleasure we derive from the delightful in- fluence of the hour and the season. But the emotions thus produced are of a cheerful kind, slightly imbued with sadness, and not equal in intensity to the effects of the hardly perceptible sound occasioned by the flight of the Owl as he glides by in the dusk of evening or in the dim light of the moon. Similar in effect is the dismal voice of this bird, which is harmonized with darkness, and, though in some cases not unmusical, is tuned as it were to the terrors of that hour when he makes secret warfare upon the sleeping inhabitants of the wood. THE ACADIAN QWL, OR SAW-WHETTER. One of the most interesting of this family of birds is the little Acadian Owl, whose note formerly excited much curiosity. In the “Canadian Naturalist” an ac- count is given of a rural excursion in April, when the attention of the party was called, just after sunset, to a peculiar sound heard in a cedar-swamp. It was compared to the measured tinkling of a cowbell, or to regular strokes upon a piece of iron quickly repeated. One of the party, who could not describe the bird, remembered that “during the months of April and May, and in the former part of June, we frequently hear after nightfall the sound just described. From its regularity it is thought to resemble the whetting of a saw, and hence the bird from which it proceeds is called the Saw-Whetter.” These singular sounds are the notes of the Acadian Owl. They are like the sound produced by the filing of - a mill-saw, and are said to be the amatory note of the male, being heard only during the season of incubation. BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. 195 Mr. 8. P. Fowler informed me by letter that “the Acadian Owl has another note which we frequently hear in the autumn after the breeding season is over. The parent birds, then accompanied by their young, while hunting their prey in the moonlight, utter a peculiar note resem- bling a suppressed moan or low whistle. The little Aca- dian, to avoid the annoyance of the birds he would meet by day; and the blinding light of the sun, retires in the morning, his feathers wet with dew and rumpled by the hard struggles he has encountered in seizing his prey, to the gloom of the forest or the thick swamp. There, perched on a bough near the trunk of the tree, he sleeps through a summer’s day, the perfect picture of a used-up little fellow, suffering the evil effects of a night’s carouse.” THE SCREECH-OWL. The Mottled Owl, or Screech-owl, is somewhat larger than the Acadian, or Whetsaw, but not so familiar as the Barn Owl of Europe, which he resembles. He builds in the hollows of old trees and in deserted buildings, whither he resorts in the daytime for repose and security. His voice is heard most frequently in the latter part of sum- mer, when the young owlets are abroad. They use their cries for mutual salutation and recognition. The wailing note of this Owl is singularly wild and not unmusical. It is not properly a screech or a scream, like that of the hawk or the peacock, but rather a sort of moaning melody, half music and half bewailment. This plaintive strain is far from disagreeable, though it has a cadence expressive of dreariness and desolation. It might be performed on a fife, beginning with D octave and running down by quar- ter-tones to a third below, frequently repeating the notes with occasional pauses for about one minute. The bird does not slur his notes, but utters them with a sort of 196 BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. tremulous staccato. The separate notes may be distinctly perceived, though the intervals are hardly appreciable. The generality of this family of birds cannot be regard- ed as useful. They are only mischievous birds of prey, and no more entitled to mercy or protection than the Fal- cons, to which they are allied. All the little Owls, how- ever, though guilty of destroying small birds, are service- able in ridding our fields and premises of mischievous animals. They destroy multitudes of large nocturnal insects, flying above the summits of trees in pursuit of them, while at other times their flight is low, when watch- ing for mice and moles, that run upon the ground. It is on account of its low flight that the Owl is seldom seen upon the wing. Bats, which are employed by Nature for similar services, fall victims in large numbers to the Owls, which are the principal means of checking their multi- plication. An interesting family of nocturnal birds are the Moth- hunters, of which in New England there are only two species, the Whippoorwill and the Nighthawk. These birds resemble the Owls in some of their habits; but in their structure, their mode of obtaining subsistence, and in their general characters they resemble Swallows. They are shy and solitary, take their food while on the wing, abide chiefly in the deep woods, and come abroad only at twilight or in cloudy weather. They remain, like the Dove, permanently paired, lay their eggs on the bare ground, and, when perched, sit upon the branch length- wise, unlike other birds. They are remarkable for their singular voices, and only one species the Whippoor- will — may be considered musical. They are inhabitants of all parts of the world, but are particularly numerous in the warmer regions of North and South America, where the curiosity of the traveller is constantly excited by their voices resembling human speech. BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. 197 THE WHIPPOORWILL. The Whippoorwill is well known to the inhabitants of New England by his nocturnal song. This is heard chiefly in wooded and retired situations, and is associated with the solitude of the forest as well as the silence of the night. The Whippoorwill is therefore emblematic of the rudeness of primitive nature, and his voice re- minds us of seclusion and retirement. Sometimes he wanders away from the wood into the precincts of the town, and sings near our dwelling-houses. Such an in- ‘cident was formerly the occasion of superstitious alarm, and was regarded as an omen of evil to the inmates of the dwelling. The cause of these irregular visits is probably the accidental abundance of a particular kind of insects which the bird has followed from the woods. The Whippoorwill in this part of the country is first heard in May, and continues vocal until the middle of July. He begins to sing at dusk; and we usually hear his note soon after the Veery, the Philomel of our summer evenings, has become silent. His song consists of three notes, in a sort of polka-time, with a slight rest after the first note in each bar, as given below : — Ah, == <9 i Whip poorwill Whip poorwill Whip poor will Whip. xe I should remark that the bird begins his song with the second syllable of his name, if we may suppose him to utter the word, or I might say with the second note in the bar. Some birds occasionally, though seldom, fall short of these musical intervals, as they are written on the scale, and an occasional cluck is heard when we are near the singer. The notes of the Quail so clearly resemble 198 BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. those of the Whippoorwill that I give them below, that they may be compared. ire ae alder Ca eee ea a ht me c i (pI 77 = { 7 Lyanene ie AN v la Ve Bob White More Wet. So great is the similarity of the notes of these two birds, that those of the Quail need only be repeated in succes- sion without pause to be mistaken, if heard in the night, for those of the Whippoorwill. They are uttered with a similar intonation ; but the voice of the nocturnal bird is more harsh, and his song consists of three notes instead of two, and is pitched a few tones higher. The song of the Whippoorwill, though wanting in mel- lowness of tone, as may be perceived when we are near him, is very agreeable except to a few, notwithstanding the superstitions associated with it. Some persons are not disposed to class the Whippoorwill among singing- birds, regarding him as more vociferous than musical. But it would be difficult to determine in what respect his notes differ from the songs of other birds, except that they approach more nearly to the precision of artificial music. Yet it will be admitted that a considerable distance is required to “lend enchantment” to the sound of his voice. In some retired and solitary districts, the Whip- poorwills are so numerous as to be annoying by their vo- ciferations. But in those places where only a few individ- uals are heard during the season, their music is a source of great pleasure, and constitutes one of the principal charms of the neighborhood. I was witness of this some years ago, in one of my botanical rambles in Essex County, which is for the most part too open and cleared to suit the habits of these soli- tary birds. On one of these excursions, after walking BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. 199 several hours over a rather wild region I arrived at a very romantic spot, consisting of an open level, com- pletely surrounded by woods. Nature uses her ordinary materials to form her most delightful landscapes, and causes them to rise up as it were by magic when we least expect them. Here I suddenly found myself encom- passed by a charming amphitheatre of hills and woods, and in a valley so beautiful that I could not have imag- ined anything equal to it. A neat cottage stood with only one other in this spot. It was entirely wanting in any architectural decoration, which I am confident would have dissolved the spell that made the whole scene so attractive. It was occupied by a shoemaker, whom I recognized as an old acquaintance and a worthy man, who resided here with his wife and: children, whose mode of living was one of the few vestiges of ancient simplicity. I asked them if they were contented while living so far from the town. The wife of the cottager replied that they suffered in the winter from their soli- tude; but in the warm season they preferred it to the town, “for in this place we hear all the singing-birds early and late, and the Whippoorwill sings every night during May and June.” It was the usual habit of this bird, they told me, to sing both in the morning and even- ing twilight; but if the moon should rise late in the evening after it had become silent, it would begin to sing anew as if to welcome her rising. May the birds continue to sing to this happy family, and may the voice of the Whippoorwill never bode them any misfortune ! THE NIGHT-JAR. The Night-Jar, or Nighthawk, is similar in many points to the Whippoorwill. The two, indeed, were for- merly considered identical; but more careful investiga- 200 BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. tion has proved them to be distinct species. I believe that some extraordinary pedant has also demonstrated that they belong to two distinct genera. Let us take heed that science do not degenerate, like metaphysics, into a mere vocabulary of distinctions which only the mind of a Hudibras can appreciate. The two birds, however, are not identical The Nighthawk is a smaller bird, has no song, and exhibits many of the ways of the Swallow. He is marked by a white spot on his wings, which is very apparent during his flight. He seems to take his prey in a higher region of the atmosphere, being frequently seen, at twilight and in cloudy weather, soaring above the - house-tops in quest of insects. The Whippoorwill finds his subsistence chiefly near the ground, flitting about the farmyard, the fences, and wood-piles, and taking an insect from a branch of a tree, while poising himself on the wing like a Humming-Bird. He is never seen circling aloft like the Nighthawk. The movements of the Nighthawk during his flight are performed generally in circles, and are very picturesque. The birds are usually seen in pairs at such times, but occasionally there are numbers assembled together ; and one might suppose they were engaged in a sort of aerial dance, and that they were emulating each other in their attempts at soaring to a great height. It is evident that these evolutions proceed in part from the pleasure of motion, but they are also a few of their ways during courtship. While they are soaring and circling in the air, they occasionally utter a shrill note which has been likened to the word Piramidig, forming a name by which the bird is sometimes called. Now and then they are seen to dart with a rapid motion to take a passing insect. While performing these circumvolutions, the male occa- sionally dives perpendicularly downwards, through a con- siderable space, uttering, as he makes a sudden turn BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. 201 upwards at the bottom of his descent, a singular note resembling the twang of a viol-string. This sound has been supposed to be made by the action of the air as the bird dives swiftly through it with open mouth. This is proved to be an error by the fact that the European species makes a similar sound while sitting on its perch. Others think that this diving motion of the bird is de- signed to intimidate those who seem to be approaching his nest; but the bird performs the same manceuvre when he has no nest to defend. This habit’ is peculiar to the male, and it is probably one of those fantastic motions which are noticed among the male Doves as arti- fices to attract the attention of the female. This twanging note, made during the precipitate de- scent of the Nighthawk through the air, is one of the picturesque sounds of Nature, and is heard most fre- quently in the morning twilight, when the birds are col- lecting their early repast of insects. If we should go abroad before daylight or at the earliest dawn, we might see them circling about, and hear their cry frequently repeated. Suddenly this twanging sound excites our attention, and if we were not acquainted with it or with the habits of the bird, we should feel a sensation of mystery, for there seems to be nothing like it in na- ture. The sound produced by the European species is a sort of drumming or whizzing note, like the hum of a spinning-wheel. The male begins this performance about dark, and continues it at intervals a great part of the night. It is effected while the breast is inflated with air, like that of a cooing Dove. The Nighthawk inflates its breast in a similar manner, and utters a similar sound when any one approaches the nest. The habit of the Whippoorwill and Nighthawk of sit: ting lengthwise and not crosswise on their perch has excited some curiosity ; for it is well known that these 202 BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. birds are capable of grasping a perch and sitting upon it. On the contrary, they roost upon a large and nearly hori- zontal branch in a longitudinal direction. The design of nature in this instinct is to afford the bird that con- cealment which is needful for its protection in the day- time. When thus placed, he is éntirely hidden from sight below. The Owl is protected by another mode of con- cealment. He sits very erect, near the bole of the tree, and draws his tail-feathers right against the branch, so that he can hardly be seen from below. The Nighthawk, while reposing lengthwise upon his perch, would, if his foe were looking down upon him, hardly be distinguished when his mottled-brown plumage made no contrast in color with the bark of the tree. THE MOCKING-BIRD. I will now turn my attention to those diurnal birds that sing in the night as well as in the day, and are classed under the general appellation of Nightingales. These birds do not confine their singing to the night, like the Whippoorwill, and are most vocal by twilight and the light of the moon. Europe has several of these min- strels of the night, beside the true Philomel of poetry and romance. In the United States the Mocking-Bird enjoys the greatest reputation; but there are other birds of more solitary habits and less known, among which are the Rose-breasted Grosbeak and the Water-Thrush, that sing in the night. The Mocking-Bird is well known in the Middle and Southern States, but seldom passes a season in New Eng- land, except in the southern extremity, which seems to be the limit of its northern residence. Probably like the Grosbeak, which is constantly extending its range in an eastern direction, the Mocking-Bird may be gradually BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. 203 making progress northwardly; so that fifty years hence each of these birds may be common in the New England States. The Mocking-Bird is familiar in his habits, fre- quenting gardens and orchards, and perching on the roofs of houses when singing, like the common Robin. Indeed, this bird owes much of his popularity to his familiar and amiable habits. Like the Robin, too, a bird that sings at all hours except those of complete darkness, he is a persevering songster, and seems to be inspired by living in the vicinity of man. In his manners, however, he bears more resemblance to the Red-Thrush, being dis- tinguished by his vivacity and his courage in repelling the attacks of his enemies. The Mocking-Bird is celebrated throughout the world for his musical powers; but it is difficult to ascertain precisely the character and quality of his original notes. Some naturalists affirm that he has no notes of his own, but confines himself to imitations. That this is an error, all persons who have listened to his native wild notes can testify. I should say, from my own observa- tions, not only that he has a distinct song, peculiarly his own, but that his best imitations will bear no compari- son with his native notes. His common habit during the day is to utter frequently a single strain, hardly dis- tinguishable from that of the Red-Bird, and. similar to that of the Baltimore Oriole. This seems to be his amusement while busy with the affairs of his own house- hold and providing for their wants. It is only when con- fined in a cage that he is constant in his mimicry. In his native woods, and especially at an early hour in the morning, when he is not provoked to imitation by the notes of other birds and animals, he sometimes pours out his own wild notes with uninterrupted fervor. Yet I have often listened vainly for hours to hear him utter anything more than a few ‘idle repetitions of monoto- 204 BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. nous sounds, interspersed with some ludicrous variations. Why he should discard his own delightful song to tease the listener with all imaginable discords is not easily explained. Though his powers of mimicry are the cause of his fame, his real merit is not based upon these. He would be infinitely more valuable as a songster, if he were incapable of imitating a single sound. I would add that as an imitator of the songs of other birds he is very imperfect, and has been greatly overrated by our orni- thologists, who seem to vie with each other in their exaggerations of his powers. He cannot utter correctly the notes of the rapid singers. He is successful only in his imitations of those birds whose notes are simple and moderately delivered. Hence he gives good imita- tions of the Robin. He is, indeed, more remarkable for his indefatigable propensity than for his powers, in which he is exceeded by some Parrots. Single sounds, from whatever source they may come, — from birds, quadru- peds, reptiles, or machines, — he delivers very accurately. But I have heard numbers of Mocking-Birds in confine- ment attempt to imitate the Canary without success. There is a common saying that the Mocking-Bird will die of chagrin if placed in a cage by the side of a caged Bobolink, mortified because he cannot give utterance to his rapid notes. If this would cause his death, he would also die when confined near a Canary or with any of the rapid-singing Finches. It is also an error to say of his imitations, as writers assert, that they are im- provements upon the originals) When he utters the notes of the Red-Bird, the Oriole, or the common Robin, his imitations are perfect, but are no clearer or sweeter ; and when he gives us the screaming of a Jay, the mew- ing of a cat, or the creaking of a cart-wheel, he does not change them into music. BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. 205 As an original songster, estimated by the notes which on rare occasions he pours out in a serious mood from his own favorite spot and during his favorite hour, which is the earliest dawn, the Mocking-Bird is probably un- equalled by any American songster. His notes are loud, varied, melodious, and of great compass. They may be likened to those of the Red-Thrush, more forcibly deliv- ered, and having more flute-notes and fewer guttural notes and sudden transitions. He also sings often on the wing, and with fervor, while the other Thrushes sing only from their perch. But his song has less variety than that of the Red-Thrush, and falls short of it in some other respects. The Red-Thrush, however, has too little persistence in his singing. By other writers the Mocking-Bird is put forward as superior to the Nightingale. This assumption might be worthy of consideration, if the American bird were not addicted to mimicry. This execrable habit renders him unfit to be compared with the Nightingale, whose song also resembles that of a Finch more than that of a Thrush. His mocking habits almost annihilate his value as a songster ; as the effect of a concert would be spoiled if the players were constantly introducing, in the midst of their serious music, snatches of vulgar and ridiculous tunes and uncouth sounds. TO THE MOCKING-BIRD. CaroLiine bird, that merrily night and day Tellest thy raptures from the rustling spray, And wakest the morning with thy varied lay, Singing thy matins ; — When we have come to hear thy sweet oblation Of love and joyance from thy sylvan station, Why in the place of musical cantation Balk us with pratings ? 206 BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. We stroll by moonlight in the dusky forest Where the tall cypress shields thee, fervent chorist ! And sit in haunts of echoes when thou pourest Thy woodland solo. Hark ! from the next green tree thy song commences ; Music and discord join to mock the senses, Repeated from the tree-tops and the fences, From hill and hollow ! A hundred voices mingle with thy clamor ; Bird, beast, and reptile take part in thy drama ; Outspeak they all in turn without a stammer, — Brisk Polyglot ! Voices of kill-deer, plover, duck, and dotterel ; Notes, bubbling, hissing, mellow, sharp, and guttural, Of catbird, cat, or cart-wheel, thou canst utter all, And all untaught. The raven’s croak, the chirrup of the sparrow, The jay’s harsh note, the creaking of a barrow, The hoot of owls, all join the soul to harrow And grate the ear. We listen to thy quaint soliloquizing, As if all creatures thou wert catechizing, Tuning their voices, and their notes revising From far and near. Sweet bird, that surely lovest the ‘‘ noise of folly,” Most musical, but never melancholy ; Disturber of the hour that should be holy, With sounds prodigious ; — Fie on thee ! O thou feathered Paganini! . To use thy little pipes to squawk and whinny, And emulate the hinge and spinning-jenny, Making night hideous. Provoking melodist ! why canst thou breathe us No thrilling harmony, no charming pathos, No cheerful song of love, without a bathos ? The Furies take thee ! Blast thy obstreperous mirth, thy foolish chatter, — Gag thee, exhaust thy breath, and stop thy clatter, And change thee to a beast, thou senseless prater ! Naught else can check thee ! BIRDS OF THE NIGHT. 207 A lengthened pause ensues ; but hark again ! From the near woodland, stealing o’er the plain, Comes forth a sweeter and a holier strain ! Listening delighted, The gales breathe softly, as they bear along The warbled treasure, the tumultuous throng Of notes that swell accordant in the song, As love is plighted. The echoes, joyful, from their vocal cell, Leap with the wingéd sounds o’er hill and dell, With kindling fervor as the chimes they tell To wakeful even : They melt upon the ear ; they float away, They rise, they sink, they hasten, they delay, And hold the listener with bewitching sway, Like sounds from heaven. CALCULATIONS. It is remarkable that in this “ enlightened age” (I give the quotation-marks, lest I might be suspected of originat- ing the expression) there should be a necessity of enter- ing upon a course of argument to prove the. utility of birds to agriculture. It is also surprising that the greatest enemies of birds are among men whose oeeupation would be ruined if they were for a single year wholly deprived of their services. There are many who plead for the birds as beautiful and interesting objects, deserving protection for their own sake. But, valuable as they are for their songs, their gay plumage, and their amusing habits, all these qualities are of minor importance compared with the ben- efits they confer upon man, as checks to the overmultipli- cation of insects. The trees and the landscapes are made greener and the flowers more beautiful in the spring, the fruits of autumn finer and more abundant, and all nature is preserved i in freshness. and beauty by these hosts of winged musicians, who ‘celebrate their garrulous revel- ries in field and wood. I believe it admits of demonstration, that if birds were exterminated man could not live upon this earth. Al- most every one of the smaller species is indispensable to our agricultural prosperity. The gunner who destroys ten small birds in’the spring preserves as many millions of injurious insects to ravage our crops and render barren our orchards. Naturalists are unanimous in declaring the importance of their services; but cultivators, who of all persons ought to be most familiar with the facts that prove 1 CALCULATIONS. 209 their usefulness, are indeed the most ignorant of them. They attribute to them a full moiety of the injury oc- casioned by insects; yet there is not an insect in exist- ence which is not the natural food of certain birds, and which would multiply to infinity if not kept in check by them. Men are willing and eager to keep dogs and cats, to feed and protect them, and endure their annoyances, be- cause they understand that their services in a variety of ways, both in the house and out of doors, are sufficient to compensate for all their mischief and their trouble. They can appreciate their value, and are willing to overlook their offences. But the birds, who sing and make them- selves agreeable in thousands of ways, men will destroy, because they are either too ignorant or too stupid to understand the benefits they derive from them. Probably the cats and dogs in this country cost in the aggregate a million of dollars in feeding them, to say nothing of their troublesomeness, to one hundred dollars which the whole feathered tribe costs us by the fruit and grain they damage and consume. Calculations have been frequently made to ascertain the probable amount of insects consumed by any single bird. Many of these accounts are almost incredible, yet the most of them will admit of demonstration. Two dif- ferent methods have been adopted for ascertaining these facts. The investigators watch the birds, to learn their food by their habits of feeding or foraging; or they de- stroy single birds at different times and seasons and exam- ine the contents of their crop. Mr. Bradley, an Eng- lish writer, mentions a person who was led by curiosity to watch a pair of birds that were raising a young brood, for one hour. They went and returned continually, bring- ing every time a caterpillar to the nest. He counted the journeys they made, and calculated that one brood did not 14 210 CALCULATIONS. consume less than five hundred caterpillars in the course of the day. The quantity destroyed in thirty days, at this rate, by one nest would amount to fifteen thousand. Suppose every square league of territory contained one hundred nests of this species, there would be destroyed by them alone in this space a million and a half of cater- pillars in the course of one month. I was sitting at a window one day in May, when my sister called my attention to a Golden Robin in a black- cherry tree employed in destroying the common hairy caterpillars that infest our orchards, and we counted the number he killed while he remained on the branch. Dur- ing the space of one minute, by a watch, he destroyed seventeen caterpillars. I observed that he did not swal- low the whole insect. After seizing it in his bill, he set his foot upon it, tore it asunder, and swallowed an atom taken from the inside. Had he eaten the whole cater- pillar, three or four would probably have satisfied his appetite. But the general practice of birds that devour hairy caterpillars is to eat only a favorite morsel. Hence, they require a greater number to satisfy their wants. This fact led me to consider how vast an amount of benefit this single species must contribute to vegetation. Suppose each bird to pass twelve out of the twenty-four hours in seeking his food, and that one hour of this time is employed in destroying caterpillars. At the rate of seventeen per minute, each bird would destroy a little more than one thousand caterpillars daily while they were to be found. Yet, if the crop of the bird were dissected, it would not be possible to discover from these titbits the character of the insect which he had devoured. So I draw the inference that while we may discover many important facts by dissection, all are not revealed to us by this mode of examination. Imagine, however, from the facts which I have recounted, the vast increase of cater- CALCULATIONS. 211 pillars that would follow the extinction of this single species. It is recorded in “ Anderson’s Recreations,” that a curious observer, having discovered a nest of five young jays, re- marked that each of these birds, while yet very young, consumed daily at least fifteen full-sized grubs of the May- beetle, and would require many more of a smaller size. The writer conjectures that of large and small each bird would require about twenty for its daily supply. At this rate the five birds would consume one hundred. Allow- ing that each of the parents would require fifty, the fam- ily would consume two hundred every day, and the whole amount in three months would be about twenty thousand. This seems to me from my own experience a very mod- erate calculation. In obedience to an almost universal instinct, the gra- nivorous birds, except those that lead their brood around with them like the hen, feed their young entirely upon the larva of insects. The finches and sparrows are therefore insectivorous, with but a few exceptions, the first two or three months of their existence.. They do not consume grain or seeds until they are able to provide for themselves. The old birds supply their young with larva, when this kind of food is abundant, and when the tender state of their digestive organs requires the use of soft food. Ac- cording to Mr. Augustus Fowler, who is good authority for any original observations, the American Goldfinch waits, before it builds a nest, until it is so late that the young, when they appear, may be fed with the milky grains and seeds of plants. It should be added that doves and pigeons soften the grain in their own crop be- fore they give it to their young. 212 A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. WHY BIRDS SING IN THE NIGHT. In connection with this theme, we cannot escape a feeling of regret, almost like sorrow, when we reflect that the true nightingale and the skylark — the classical birds of European literature — are strangers to our fields and woods. In May and June there is no want of sylvan minstrels to wake the morn and to sing the vespers of a quiet evening. A flood of song awakens us at the earliest daylight ; and the shy and solitary veery, after the vesper bird has concluded his evening hymn, pours his few pen- sive notes into the very bosom of twilight, and makes the hour sacred by his melody. But after twilight is sped and the moon rises to shed her meek.radiance over the sleeping earth, the nightingale is not here to greet her rising, and to turn her melancholy beams into brightness and gladness. When the queen moon is on her throne, “clustered around by all her starry Fays,” the whippoor- will alone brings her the tribute of his monotonous song, and soothes the dull ear of night with sounds which, how- ever delightful, are not of heaven. We have become so familiar with the lark and the nightingale by perusing the romance of rural life, that “neither breath of Morn when she ascends” without this the charm of her earliest harbinger, nor “silent Night” without- her “solemn bird,” seems holy as when we read of them in pastoral song. Poetry has hallowed to our minds the pleasing objects of the Old World. Those of the New must. be cherished in song many more years be- fore they can be equally sacred to the imagination. 214 WHY BIRDS SING IN THE NIGHT. The cause of the nocturnal singing of birds that do not go abroad during the night, and are strictly diurnal in all their other habits, has never been rationally explained. It is natural that the whippoorwill, which is a nocturnal bird, should sing during his hours of wakefulness and activity, and we may explain why ducks and geese, and other social birds, should utter their alarm-notes when they meet with any midnight disturbance. The crowing of a cock bears still more analogy to the song of birds ; for it is certainly not a note of alarm. This domestic bird might therefore be considered a nocturnal songster, though we do not hear him at evening twilight. The cock sings his matins, but not his vespers. He crows at the earliest dawn and at midnight when he is wakened by the light of the moon, and by artificial light. Many birds are ac- customed to prolong their notes after sunset to a late hour, and become silent only to begin anew at the earliest day- break. But the habit of singing in the night is peculiar to a small number of birds, and the cause of it is a curious subject of inquiry. By what means are they qualified to endure such ex- treme watchfulness, — singing and providing for their off- spring during the day, then becoming wakeful and musical during the night? Why do they take pleasure in singing when no one will come in answer to their call? Have they their worship like religious beings; and are their midnight lays but the fervent outpouring of their devo- tions? Do they rejoice like the clouds in the presence of the moon, hailing her beams as a pleasant relief from the darkness that has surrounded them? Or, in the silence of the night, are their songs but responses to the sounds of the trees, when they bow their heads and shake their rustling leaves to the wind? When they listen to the streamlet that makes audible melody in the hush of night, do they not answer to it from their leafy perch ? WHY BIRDS SING IN THE NIGHT. 215 And when the moth flies hummingly through the recesses of the wood, and the beetle winds his horn, what are the notes of the birds but cheerful counterparts to those sounds that break sweetly upon the quiet of their slumbers ? Wilson remarks that the hunters in the Southern States, when setting out on an excursion by night, as soon as they hear the mocking-bird, know that the moon is rising. He quotes a writer who supposes that it may be fear that operates upon the birds when they perceive the owls flitting among the trees, and that they sing as a timid person whistles in a lonely place to quiet their fears. But if such be the case, Nature has implanted in them an instinct that might lead to their destruction. Fear would instinctively prompt them to be quiet, if they heard the stirring of owls; for this feeling is not expressed by musical notes, but by notes of alarm, or by silence. The moonlight may be the most frequent exciting cause of nocturnal singing ; but it is not true that birds always wait for the rising of the moon; and if it were so, the question still occurs, why a few species only should be thus affected. Since philosophy cannot explain this instinct, let fancy come to our aid, as when men vainly seek from reason an explanation of the mysteries of religion they humbly submit to the guidance of faith. With fancy for our in- terpreter we may suppose that Nature has adapted the works of creation to our moral as well as our physical wants ; and while she has instituted the night as a time of general rest, she has provided means that shall soften the gloomy effects of darkness. The birds, which are the harbingers of all rural delights, are hence made to sing during twilight; and when they cease, the nocturnal songsters become vocal, bearing pleasant sensations to the sleepless, and by their lulling melodies prepare us to be keenly susceptible to all agreeable emotions. CHANGES IN THE HABITS OF BIRDS. BirDs acquire new habits as certain changes take place upon the surface of the country that create a necessity for using different modes of sheltering and protecting their young. Singing-birds frequent in greatest numbers our half-cultivated lands and the woods adjoining them. It may therefore be inferred that as the country grows older and is more extensively cleared and cultivated, the numbers of our songsters will increase, and it is not im- probable that their vocal powers may improve. It may be true that for many years after the first settlement of this country there were but few singing-birds and that they have multiplied with the cultivation of the soil. At that time, though the same species existed here and were musical, their numbers were so small that they were not universally heard. Hence early travellers were led to believe that American birds were generally silent. By a little observation we should soon be convinced that the primitive forest contains but few songsters. There you find crows, jays, woodpeckers, and other noisy birds in great numbers ; and you occasionally hear the notes of the sylvias and solitary thrushes. But not until you are in the vicinity of farms and other culti- vated lands are your ears saluted by a full band of feath- ered musicians. The bobolinks are not seen in a forest, and are unfrequent in the wild pastures or meadows which were their primitive resorts. At the present day they have left their early habitats, and seek the cultivated grass-lands, that afford them a more abundant supply of CHANGES IN THE HABITS OF BIRDS. 217 insect-food, with which they feed their young. They build upon the ground in the grass, and their nests are exposed in great numbers by the scythe of the mower, if he begins haymaking early in the season. These birds, as well as robins, before America was set- tled by the Europeans, and when the greater part of the country was a wilderness, must have been comparatively few. Though the bobolink consumes great quantities of rice after the young are fledged and the whole family have departed, it is not the rice-fields which have made its species more numerous, but the increased abundance of insect food in the North, where they breed, — an increase consequent upon the increased amount of tillage. The robins are dependent entirely upon insect food, and must have multiplied in greater proportion than the bobolinks. There are probably thousands of both species at the pres- ent day to as many hundreds that existed at the dis- covery of America. Many other small birds, such as the song-sparrow and the linnet, have increased nearly in the same ratio with the progress of agriculture and the settlement of the country. Domestication blunts the original instincts of animals and renders birds partially indifferent to colors. It changes their plumage as well as their instincts. In pro- portion to the length of time any species has been domes- ticated, it is unsafe to depend on the correctness of our observation of their instincts with respect to colors. All the gallinaceous birds, except the common hen, lay spec- kled eggs. It is probable that during the thousands of ages since the latter was domesticated her eggs have lost their original marking and have become white. As great a change has happened in their plumage, while the more recently domesticated birds, like the turkey and guinea- hen, retain more nearly their original markings. After domestication birds no longer require to be protected from 218 CHANGES IN THE HABITS OF BIRDS. the sight of their enemies by the hues of their plumage. Their natural predisposition to be marked only by a cer- tain combination of hues is weakened. Being entirely in the power and under the protection of man, color is of no service to them, as in their natural and wild state. Mr. S. P. Fowler communicated to the Essex Institute an essay containing some important facts concerning the changes in the habits of some of our own birds. He says: “ The Baltimore oriole still constructs her nest after the old pattern, but has learned- to weave it with materials furnished by civilization. I have a whole nest of this kind, made wholly from materials swept out of a milli- ner’s shop, woven and interlaced with ribbons and laces, including a threaded needle.” He has noticed for several years a change in the habits of our crow-blackbirds, and thinks they are becoming domesticated, like the rooks of England. This change, in his opinion, has been pro- duced by planting the white pine in cultivated grounds; for wherever a group of pines has attained the height of thirty feet, they are visited by these birds for breeding, even in proximity to our populous villages. He states that the purple finches have followed the evergreen trees that have been planted in our enclosures, though a few years since they were to be seen chiefly in our cedar groves. They have grown more numerous, and breed in his grounds on the branches of the spruce, feeding early in the season upon the flower-buds of the elm or upon those of the pear-tree. A YEAR WITH THE BIRDS. 219 ALES ies: \\ MARTINS. NOVEMBER. A CHANGE has lately come over the face of nature; the bright garniture of field and wood has faded; the leaves have fallen to the ground, and the sun gleams brightly through the naked branches of the trees into the late dark recesses of the forest. In some years the bright hues of autumn remain unseared by frost until November has tarried with us many days. It is then melancholy to observe the change that suddenly takes place in the aspect of the woods after the first wintry night. The longer this fatal blast is deferred, the more sudden and manifest are its effects. The fields to-day may be glowing in the fairest hues of autumnal splendor. One night passes away, —a night of still, freezing cold, depositing a beautiful frostwork on our windows,—and lo! a complete robe of monotonous brown covers the wide forest and all its colors have vanished. After this frost the leaves fall rapidly from the trees, and the first vigorous wind will nearly disrobe them of their foliage. This change is usually more gradual. Slight frosts occur one after another during many successive nights, each adding a browner tint to the foliage and causing the different trees to shed their leaves in natural succession. Though November is the time of the general fall of the leaf, yet many trees cast off their vesture in October. But the flowering season closed with the last of the month. A few asters are still seen in the woods, and here and there on the green southern slopes a violet NOVEMBER. 221 will look up with its mild blue eye, like a star of promise, to remind us of the beauties of the coming spring. There is a melancholy pleasure attending a ramble at this time, while taking note of the changes of the year, and of the care with which Nature pro- vides for the preservation of her charge during the coming’ season of cold. All sounds that meet the ear are in harmony with our feelings. The breezes murmur with a plaintive moan, while shaking the dropping leaves from the trees, as if they felt a sympathy with the gen- eral decay, and carefully strew them over the beds of the flowers to afford them a warm covering and protection from the ungenial winter. The sear and yellow leaves eddying with the fitful breezes fill up the hollows in the pastures where slumbering lilies and violets repose, and gather around the borders of the woods, where the ver- nal flowers are sleeping and require their warmth and protection. There is an influence breathing from all nature in the autumn that leads us to meditate on the charms of the seasons that have flown, and prepares us by the regrets thus awakened to realize their full worth, and to experience the greater delight when we meet them once more. There are rural sounds as well as rural sights which are characteristic of this as well as every other month of the year, all associated with the beauties and bounties of their respective seasons. The chirping of insects declines during October and dies away to silence before the middle of the present month; and then do the voices of the winter birds become more audible. Their harsh unmusical voices harmonize not unpleasantly with the murmuring of wintry winds and with the desolate ap- pearance of nature. The water birds assemble in the harbors and are unusually loquacious ; and occasionally on still evenings we hear the cackling flight of geese as 222 NOVEMBER. they are proceeding aloft to the places of their hyemal abode. These different sounds, though unmusical and melancholy, awaken many pleasant recollections of the season, and always attract our attention. But silence for the most part prevails in the fields and woods so lately vocal with cheerful notes. The birds that long since discontinued their songs have forsaken our territories, and but few are either heard or seen. The grasshoppers have hung their harps upon the brown sedges and are buried in a torpid sleep. The butterflies: also have perished with the flowers, and the whole tribe of sportive insects that enlivened the prospect with their motions have gone from our sight. Few sounds are heard on still days, save the dropping of nuts, the rustling of leaves, and the careering of the fitful winds that often disturb the general calm. Beautiful sights and sounds have vanished together, and the rambler who goes out to greet the cheerful objects of nature finds himself alone, communing only with silence and solitude. It is in these days of November that we most fully realize how much of the pleasure of a rural excursion is derived from the melodies that greet our ears during the vocal months of the year. Since the merry-making tenants of the groves have left them to inanimate sounds Nature seems divested of life and personality. While separated from all sounds of rejoicing and ani- mation, we seem to be in the presence of friends who are silent and mourning over some bereavement. In the vocal season the merry voices of birds and insects give life to the inanimate objects around us, and Nature herself seems to be talking with us in our solitary but not lonely walk. But when these gay and social crea- tures are absent, the places they frequented are converted into solitude. No cheerful voices are speaking to us, no bright flowers are smiling upon us, and we feel like one NOVEMBER. 223 who is left alone to mourn over the scenes of absent joys and departed friends. But the silence to which I allude is chiefly that of the singing-birds, whose voices are the natural language of love and rejoicing. There are still many sounds which are characteristic of the month. Hollow winds are sigh- ing through the half-leafless wood, and the sharp rustling of dry oak-leaves is heard aloft in the place of the warb- ling of birds and the soft whispering of zephyrs. The winds as they sweep over the shrubbery produce a shrill sound that chills us as the bleak foreboding of winter. The passing breezes have lost that mellowness of tone that comes from them in summer while floating over the tender herbs and the flexible grain. Every sound they make is sharper whether they are rustling among the dry cornfields or whistling among the naked branches of the trees. Since the forests have shed their leaves the voices of the winter birds are heard with more distinctness, and the echoes are repeated with a greater number of rever- berations among the rocks and hills. Our rural festivities are past, the harvest is gathered, and all hands are busy preparing for the comforts of the winter fireside. The days are short, and the sun at noon- day looks down with a slanting beam and diminished fer- vor, or remains behind the cloud that often overshadows the horizon. Dark clouds of ominous forms and threaten- ing look brood sometimes for whole days over the sullen atmosphere, through which the beams of the sun will occasionally peer, as if to bid us not wholly despair of his benignant presence. Every object in the rural world tells of the coming of snows and of the rapid passing of the genial days of autumn. The evergreens are the only lively objects that grace the landscape, and the flowers lie buried under the faded leaves of the trees that lift up their branches as if in supplication to the skies. BIRDS OF THE MOOR. THE AMERICAN WCODCOCK. THE American Woodcock is a more interesting bird than we should suppose from his general appearance and physiognomy. He is mainly nocturnal in his habits, and his ways are very singular and worthy of study. He ob- tains his food by scratching up the leaves and rubbish that lie upon the surface of the ground in damp and wooded places, and by boring into the earth for worms. He remains concealed in the wood during the day, and comes out to feed at twilight, choosing the open ploughed land where worms are abundant. Yet it is probable that in the shade of the wood he is more or less busy among the leaves in the daytime. The Woodcock does not usually venture abroad in the open day, unless he be disturbed and driven from his retreat. He makes his first appearance here early in April, and at this time we may observe that soaring habit which renders him one of the picturesque objects of nature. This soaring takes place soon after sunset, con- tinues during twilight, and is repeated at a corresponding hour in the morning. If you listen at these times near the place of his resort, he will soon reveal himself by a lively peep, frequently uttered from the ground. While repeating this note he may be seen strutting about like a Turkey-cock, with fantastic jerkings of the tail anda frequent turning of the head ; and his mate is, I believe, at this time not far off. Suddenly he springs upward, and with a wide circular sweep, uttering at the same time BIRDS OF THE MOOR. 228 (| ; ‘| 226 BIRDS OF THE MOOR. arapid whistling note, he rises in a spiral course to a great height in the air. At the summit of his ascent, he hovers about with irregular motions, chirping a medley of broken notes, like imperfect warbling. This continues about ten or fifteen seconds, when it ceases and’ he de- scends rapidly to the ground. We seldom hear him in his descent, but receive the ‘first intimation of it by the repetition of his peep, like the sound producéd by those minute wooden trumpets sold at the German toy- shops. No person could watch this playful flight of the Wood- cock without interest; and it is remarkable that a bird with short wings and difficult flight should be capable of mounting to so great an altitude. It affords mea vivid con- ception of the pleasure with which I should witness the soaring and singing of the Skylark, known to us only by description. I have but to imagine the chirruping of the Woodcock to be a melodious series of notes to feel that I am listening to the bird which has been so familiarized to us by English poetry, that in our early days we often watch for his greeting on a summer sunrise. It is with sadness we first learn that the Skylark is not an inhab- itant of the New World; and our mornings and evenings seem divested of a great part of their charm by their want of this lyric accompaniment. , There are other sounds connected with the flight of the Woodcock that increase his importance as an actor in the great melodrama of Nature. When we stroll away at dusk from the noise of the town, to a spot where the still- ness permits us to hear distinctly all those faint sounds which are turned by the silence of night into music, we may hear at frequent intervals the hum produced by the irregular flight of the Woodcock as he passes over short distances near the wood. It is like the sound of the wings of Doves, or like that produced by the rapid whisking of a BIRDS OF THE MOOR. 227 slender rod through the air. There is a plaintive feeling of mystery attached to these musical flights that yields a savor of romance to the quiet voluptuousness of a summer evening. On such occasions, if we are in a moralizing mood, we are agreeably impressed with the truth of the maxim that the secret of happiness consists in keeping alive our susceptibilities by frugal indulgence, and by avoiding an excess of pleasures that pall in proportion to their abundance. The stillness and darkness of a quiet night produce this quickening effect upon our minds. Our susceptibility is then awakened to such a degree that slight sounds and faintly discernible lights convey to us an amount of pleasure that is seldom felt in the daytime from influences even of a more inspiring char- acter. Thus the player in an orchestra can enjoy such music only as would deafen common ears by its crash of sounds in which they can perceive no connection or harmony; while the simple rustic listens to the rude notes of a flageolet in the hands of a clown with feelings of ineffable delight. To the seekers after luxurious and exciting pleasures, Nature, if they could but understand her language, would say, “Except ye become as this simple rustic, ye cannot enter into my paradise.” THE SNIPE. The Snipe has the nocturnal habits of the Woodcock, and is common in New England in the spring and au- tumn, but does not often breed here. It has the same habits of feeding as the Woodcock, and the same way of soaring into the air during morning and evening twilight, when he performs a sort of musical medley, which Audu- bon has described in the following passage: “The birds are met with in the meadows and low grounds, and by BIRDS OF THE MOOR. RSIS BIRDS OF THE MOOR. 229 being on the spot before sunrise, you may see both male and female mount high in a spiral manner, now with con- tinuous beats of the wings, now in short sailings, until more than a hundred yards high, when they whirl round each other with extreme-velocity, and dance as it were to their own music; for at this juncture, and during the space of four or five minutes, you hear rolling notes mingled together, each more or less distinct, perhaps, according to the state of the atmosphere. The sounds produced are extremely pleasing, though they fall faintly on the ear. I know not how to describe them; but I am well assured that they are not produced simply by the beatings of their wings, as at this time the wings are not flapped, but are used in sailing swiftly in a circle, not many feet in diameter. A person might cause a sound somewhat similar, by blowing rapidly and alternately from one end to another across a set of small pipes con- sisting of two or three modulations. This performance is kept up till incubation terminates; but I have never observed it at any other period.” In this respect the Snipe differs from the Woodcock, whose nocturnal flights I have not witnessed except in April and perhaps the ‘early part of May. The time occupied by the Woodcock in the air is never more, I am confident, than fifteen sec- onds, and the notes uttered by him while poised at the summit of his ascent sound exactly like chip, chip, chip, chip, chip, chip, about as rapidly as we might utter them in a loud whisper. THE VIRGINIA RAIL. The shyness and timidity of the Virginia Rail, and the quickness of its movements, its peculiar graceful atti- tudes, and the rare occasions on which we can obtain sight of one, combine to render this bird highly interest- 230 BIRDS OF THE MOOR. ing. It is so seldom seen on account of its habit of con- cealment during the day and of feeding at evening and morning twilight, that many persons have never met with it. It is in fact quite a common bird, and breeds in the ’ thickets in the immediate vicinity of our rivers and ponds. I have seen numbers of this species in the meadows sur- rounding Fresh Pond in Cambridge when hunting for aquatic plants and flowers; but I have not discovered their nests. Samuels says the eggs, which are from six to ten in number, are of a deep buff color, and that their nest “is nothing but a pile of weeds or grass which it arranges in a compact manner, and hollows to the depth perhaps of an inch or an inch and a half.” This is a very pretty species. The upper parts are brown, striped with deeper shades of the same color; the feathers on the breast are of a bright brown deep- ening into red; the wings black and chestnut with some white lines. It resembles somewhat a miniature hen with long legs and short tail, and is very nimble in its move- ments. This species is most commonly found in those fresh meadows into which the salt water extends or those salt marshes which are pervaded by a stream of fresh water. They feed more on worms and insects than upon seeds and grain, though they do not refuse a granivorous diet. THE CLAPPER RAIL. - I have so seldom seen the Clapper Rail, though I have many times heard its clattering notes, that I have nothing to say of it from my own observation. But as it is not unfrequent on the New England coast, it seems a fit sub- ject to be introduced in my descriptions of picturesque birds. I shall, therefore, in this case deviate from my general practice of writing from my own experience, and insert in this place a brief abstract of an essay on BIRDS OF THE MOOR. 231 “The Clapper Rail,” by Dr. E. Coues, published in the “ American Naturalist,” Vol. III. pp. 600-607. The Clapper Rail, or Salt-water Marsh Hen, inhabits the marshes all along our coast, within reach of the tides, rarely, if ever, straying inward. It goes as far as Massa- chusetts, where it is rare; but is found abundantly in the Middle States, and in countless numbers on the coast of North Carolina, where it spends the whole year. The young birds while in their downy plumage are jet black, with a faint gloss of green, resembling newly hatched chickens. Rails live in the marshes, and are not very often seen except when they fly up. , The eggs of the Clapper Rail are of a pale buff or cream color. They are dotted or splashed with irregular spots of a dull purple or lilac color; and the number found in a nest is from six to nine. They raise two broods in a season, and some idea of the countless num- bers of Rails in the marshes may be gained from the fact that baskets full of eggs are gathered by boys and brought to the Beaufort market. The Rails’ nests are sometimes floated away and de- stroyed by an unusual rise of the tide caused by a storm. A great tragedy of this kind happened at Fort Macon on the 22d of May, 1869, when the marsh, usually above water, was flooded, — only here and there a little knoll breaking the monotony of the water. There was a ter- rible commotion among the Rails at first, and the reeds resounded with their hoarse cries of terror. But as the waters advanced and inundated their houses the birds became silent again, as if in unspeakable misery. They wandered in listless dejection over beds of floating wrack, swam aimlessly over the water, or gathered stupefied in groups upon projecting knolls. Few of the old birds probably were drowned, but most of the young must have perished. 232 BIRDS OF THE MOOR. As if to guard against such an accident, the Rails gen- erally build their nests around the margins of the marsh or in elevated spots, at about the usual high-water mark. The nest is always placed on the ground, in a bunch of reeds or tussock of grass or clump of little bushes. It is a flimsy structure made of dry grasses or reed-stalks broken in pieces and matted together, but not inter- twined. Sometimes it is barely thick enough to keep the eggs from the wet. The Rail, though not formed like a natatorial bird, swims very well for short distances. Dr. Coues has often seen it take to the water from choice, without necessity, and noticed that it swam buoyantly and with ease, like a coot. But the bird is a poor flyer, and it is surprising, therefore, that some of the family perform such extensive migrations. The Rails, in fact, are not distin- _ guished either as flyers or swimmers. But as walkers they are unsurpassed; and have the power of making a remarkable compression of their body, that enables them to pass through close-set reeds. The bird indeed, when rapidly and slyly stealing through the brush, becomes literally as “thin as a rail.” Rails are among the most harmless and inoffensive of birds. But when wounded or caught, they make the best fight they can and show good spirit. In this case they use their sharp claws for a weapon rather than their slen- der bill. A colony of Rails goes far towards relieving a marsh of its monotony. Retiring and unfamiliar as they are, and seldom seen, considering their immense numbers, they have at times a very effective way of asserting them- selves. Silent during a great part of the year, or at most only indulging in a spasmodic croak now and then, dur- ing the breeding-season they are perhaps the noisiest birds in the country. Let a gun be fired in the marsh, and like the reverberating echoes of the report a hundred cries BIRDS OF THE MOOR. 233 come instantly from as many startled throats. The noise spreads on all sides, like ripples on the water at the plash of a stone, till it dies away in the distance. In the even- ing and morning particularly, the Rails seem perfectly reckless, and their jovial if unmusical notes resound till the very reeds seem to quake. Dr. Coues compares them to the French elaqueurs. Unobtrusive, unrecognized ex- cept by a few, almost unknown to the uninitiated, the birds steadily and faithfully fulfil their allotted parts; like elaqueurs they fill the pit, ready at a sign to applaud anything that may be going on in the drama of life before them. THE HERON. No family of birds is possessed of more of those qualities which are especially regarded as picturesque than the Herons. This family comprehends a great many species, distinguished by their remarkable appearance both when flying aloft and when wading in their native swamps. They are generally seen in flocks, passing the day in sluggish inactivity, but called forth to action by hunger in the evening when they take their food. It is at the hour just after twilight that their peculiar cries are heard far aloft as they pass from their secluded day- haunts to their nocturnal feeding-places. Their flight deserves attention from their slow and solemn motion on the wing. Their flying attitude, however, is uncouth, with the neck bent backwards, their head resting against their shoulders, and their long legs stretched out behind them in the most awkward manner. THE BITTERN. Among the Heron family we discover a few birds which, though not very well known, have ways that are singular 234 BIRDS OF THE MOOR. and interesting. Goldsmith considered one of these worthy of introduction into his “Deserted Village” as contributing to the poetic sentiment of desolation. Thus, in his description of the grounds which were the ancient site of the village, we read :— » ** Along its glades, a solitary guest, The hollow-sounding Bittern guards its nest.” The American Bittern is a smaller bird than the one to which the poet alludes, but is probably a variety of the European species. It displays the same nocturnal habits, and has received at the South the name of Dunkadoo, from the resemblance of its common note to those sylla- bles. This is a hollow-sounding noise, which would at- tract the attention of every listener. J have heard it by day in wooded swamps near ponds, and am at:a loss to explain how so simall a bird can produce so low and hol- low a note. The common people of England have a notion that it thrusts its head into a hollow reed and uses it as a speaking-trumpet, and at times puts its head into the water and bubbles its notes in imitation of a bullfrog. The American Bittern utters another note resembling the sound produced by hammering upon a stake when ‘driv- ing it into the ground. Hence the name of Stake-driver applied to him in some parts of New England. THE QUA BIRD. On a still evening in summer no sound is more com- mon above our heads than the singular voice of the Qua Bird, as he passes in slow and solemn flight from his re- treats where he passes the day to his feeding-places upon the sea-shore. His note is like the syllable guaw sud- denly pronounced. If it were prolonged it might resem- ble the cawing of a Crow. This note is very frequently repeated, though one note by the same bird is never BIRDS OF THE MOOR. 235 immediately succeeded by another. The birds of this species are social in their habits, and the woods in which they assemble are called heronries. During the breed- ing-season they are extremely noisy, uttering the most uncouth and unmusical sounds that can be imagined. THE CRANE, OR BLUE HERON, The Crane is a very attractive bird; but the only in- dividuals of the species I have seen enough to study their ways and manners were tamed. There is a sort of majesty in their appearance which I could not but admire. “During the day,” says Samuels, “the Crane seems to prefer the solitudes of the forest for its retreat, as it is usually seen in the meadows only at early morning and in the latter part of the afternoon. It then, by the side of a ditch or a pond, is observed patiently watching for its prey. It remains standing motionless, until a fish or a frog presents itself, when with an unerring stroke with its beak, as quick as lightning it seizes, beats to pieces, and swallows it. This act is often repeated; and as the Heron varies this diet with meadow-mice, snakes, and insects, it certainly does not lead the life of misery and want that many writers ascribe to it.” ’ This bird, like the Night Heron, breeds in communities. Samuels once visited with some attendants a heronry of this species in a deep swamp, intersected by a branch of the Androscoggin River. The swamp over which he had to pass was full of quagmires ; and these he could hardly distinguish from the green turfy ground. It was only by wading through mud and water, sometimes nearly up to his waist, or by leaping from one fallen tree to another, through briers and brushwood, that he arrived beneath the trees which the birds occupied. These were dead hemlocks, without: branches less than thirty feet from the 236 BIRDS OF THE MOOR. ground, and could not be climbed. The nests, placed in the summits of the trees, were nearly flat, constructed of twigs and put together very loosely. It was on the 25th of June, and the young were about two thirds grown. He says the old birds flew over their heads uttering their hoarse, husky, and guttural cries. He observed, however, that they were careful to keep out of gunshot. The eggs, he says, are of a bluish-green color, and but one brood is reared in the season. The birds are very suspicious ; they are constantly looking out for danger, and with their keen eyes, long neck, and fine sense of hearing, they immediately detect the approach of a gunner. TESTIMONY FOR THE BIRDS. A FARMER'S boy in Ohio, observing a small flock of quails in his father’s cornfield, resolved to watch their motions. They pursued a regular course in their forag- ing, beginning on one side of the field, taking about five rows and following them uniformly to the opposite end. Returning in the same manner over the next five rows, they continued this course until they had explored the greater part of the field. The lad, suspecting them of pulling up the corn, shot one of them and examined the ground. In the whole space over which they had trav- elled he found but one stalk of corn disturbed. This was nearly scratched out of the ground, but the kernel still adhered to it. In the craw of the quail he found one cutworm, twenty-one striped vine-bugs, and one hun- dred chinch-bugs, but not a single kernel of corn. As the quail is a granivorous bird in winter, this fact proves that even those birds that are able to subsist upon seeds prefer insects and grubs when they have their choice. Mr. Roberts, a farmer who resided in Colesville, Ohio, was invited by a neighbor to assist him in killing some yellow-birds which, as he thought, were destroying his wheat. Mr. Roberts, not believing the birds guilty of any such mischief, was inclined to protect them. To satisfy his curiosity, however, he killed one of the yellow- birds, and found, upon opening its crop, that instead of wheat the bird had devoured the weevil, the greatest de- stroyer of wheat. He found in the bird’s crop as many as two hundred weevils and but four grains of wheat; 238 TESTIMONY FOR THE BIRDS. and as each of those grains contained a weevil, he be- lieved they were eaten for the sake of the insect within them. The jealousy of the Ohio farmers had prompted them in this case to destroy a family of birds, at the very time when they were performing an incalculable amount of benefit to agriculture. The Southern farmers suspected the kildeer, a species of plover, of destroying young turnips. A writer in the “Southern Planter,” alluding to this notion, declares the kildeer to be the true guardian of the turnip crop; and to prove his assertion he dissected a number of them. Their crops were found to contain no vegetable substance. Nothing was found in them save the little bug that is a well-known destroyer of turnips and tobacco-plants. They were little hopping beetles, and were rapidly in- creasing, because the kildeers, their natural enemies, had been nearly exterminated. “I seldom nowadays,” he says, “hear the kildeer’s voice. Let no man henceforth kill one except to convince himself and others that they eat no young turnips. The sacrifice of one, producing such conviction, may save hundreds of his brethren.” Insects of various kinds, in the year 1826, had become so generally destructive as to cause apprehensions for the safety of all products of the field. A correspondent of the “Massachusetts Yeoman” expressed his belief- that this unusual number of injurious insects was caused by the scarcity of birds. His neighbors were astonished that everything in his garden should be so thrifty, while their plants were cut down and destroyed before they had ac- quired any important growth. “I have no concern about it,” he replied; “my robins see to that. I preserve them from their enemies, and they preserve my garden from worms and insects. In one corner of my garden near my dwelling is a tree in which a couple of these friends of man have reared their families for three successive TESTIMONY FOR THE BIRDS. 239 years. There has ever been a harmony between my birds and me.” He protected all the birds that frequented his grounds, and they devoured the insects that infested them. Grasshoppers, he said, in the early stage of their existence are not bigger than flies. Ten or twelve birds would clear a whole field of them before they could do any injury to the grass-crop. Small owls are useful as destroyers of the larger moths and nocturnal insects, and they are excellent mousers. Hon. Richard Peters, in “The Memoirs of the Philadel- phia Society for Promoting Agriculture,” says that all owls are destroyers of mice. A pine-tree near his house afforded a resort to about a dozen of these birds during the winter. From witnessing their operations, he con- cluded that a few of them, if harbored near, would clear the fields, barns, and out-houses of vermin. He says it is only the larger species that will attack poultry or do any other damage. The inhabitants of a new country, like America, are not so well informed of the evils that follow the destruction of birds as those of old countries, who have learned from the experience of many generations the indispensable character of their services. Vincent Kollar says, if we would prevent the increase of the cockchafer, we must spare the birds that feed upon its larva. Among these he thinks the crow deserves the first place. The bird follows the plough to obtain the larva of this and other insects as they are turned out by the furrows. In gar- dens he walks among the plants, and wherever one has begun to wither he plunges his bill into the ground and draws out the grub. Crows do the same in the meadows, which are sometimes nearly covered with them. The American crow has the same habits; but he does not fol- low the plough, from his fear of the farmer’s gun. Our people will not believe that the crow does anything but 240 TESTIMONY FOR THE BIRDS. mischief. But John Randolph was so well convinced of the usefulness of crows, that he would not allow one to be shot upon his farm. To prevent their depredations he fed them liberally when his young corn was liable to be injured by them. Mr. E. 8. Samuels, while admitting the important ser- vices rendered by the crow ag a destroyer of insects, larva, and vermin, thinks it counterbalances all its ser- vices by its habit of devouring young birds while in their nest, of which it destroys an immense number. His reasoning is logical, and I have no information that would lead me to doubt his facts. It seems probable, however, that the crow would find its time more profita- bly spent in exploring the fields for grubs and worms than in hunting for birds’-nests. Nuttall, after describing the mischief done to the corn- crop by immense assemblages of crow-blackbirds in the Southern States and the hatred borne them by the far- mers on that account, remarks that on their arrival their food for a long time consists wholly of those insects which are the greatest pests to the farmer. He says they familiarly follow the plough, and take all the grubs and other noxious vermin as they appear, scratching the loose soil, that none may escape. He affirms that up to the time of the harvest he has found invariably, upon dissec- tion, that their food consists of larva, caterpillars, moths, and beetles, in such immense quantities that if they had lived they would have destroyed the whole crop. DECEMBER. Ir is one of the most cheerful recreations for a leisure hour, to go out into the fields, under a mild, open sky, to study the various appearances of Nature that accompany the changes of the seasons, and to note those phenomena which are peculiar to a climate of frost and snow. The inhabitant of the tropics with his perpetual summer, who sees no periodical changes except the alter- nations of rain and drought, is deprived of a happy ad- vantage possessed by the inhabitant of the north; and, with all the blessings of his voluptuous climate, is visited by a smaller portion of the moral enjoyments of life. In the minds of those who dwell in a northern latitude there are sentiments which are probably never felt by the indolent dweller in the land of the date and the palm; and however poetical to us may seem the imagery drawn from the pictures we have read of those blissful regions, ours is most truly the region of poetry, and of all those sentiments which poetry aims to express. It will not be denied that in winter Nature has com- paratively but few attractions; that the woods and fields offer but few temptations to ramble; and that these are such as appeal to the imagination rather than to the senses, by furnishing matter for studious reflection and calling up pleasing and poetic images. The man of phlegmatic mind sees, in all these phenomena, nothing but dreariness and desolation; while to the studious or the imaginative, every form.of vegetation on the surface of the earth becomes an instructive lesson or awakens a 16 249, DECEMBER. train of imagery that inspires him, on a winter's walk, with a buoyancy not often felt in the balmy days of June. Then does he trace, with unalloyed delight, every green leaf that seems budding out for spring; and in the gen- eral stillness, every sound from abroad has a gladness in its tone not surpassed by the melodies of a summer morning. On these pleasant days of winter, which are of frequent occurrence in our variable climate, I often indulge myself in a solitary ramble, taking note of those forms of vege- tation that remain unchanged, and of the still greater number that lie folded in hyemal sleep. For such excur- sions the only proper time is when the earth is free from snow, which, though a beautifier of the prospect, conceals all minute objects that are strewed upon the ground or that are still feebly vegetating under the protection of the woods. The most prominent appearances are the remains of autumnal vegetation. The stalks of the faded asters are still erect, with their downy heads shaking in the breeze, which has already scattered their seeds upon ~the ground ; and the more conspicuous tufts of the golden- rods are seen in nodding and irregular rows under the fences, or bending over the ice that covers the meadows where they grew. All these are hut the faded garlands of Nature, that pleasantly remind us of the past festivities of summer, of cheerful toil, or studious recreation. Nature never entirely conceals the beauties of the field and wood save when, for their protection, she covers them with snow. The faded remnants of last summer’s vege- tation may have but little positive beauty; but to the mind of the naturalist they are attractive on account of the lessons they afford and the sentiments they awaken. But there are objects in the wood which are neither faded nor leafless; and many that are leafless still retain their heauty and the appearance of life. Beside the ever- DECEMBER. 243 greens, many of the herbs that bear the early spring flowers still retain their freshness and spread out their green leaves in the protected nook or in the recesses of the fern-covered rocks. The leaves of the wild strawberry and the cinquefoil are always green in the meadows, and those of the violet on the sheltered slope of the hill. The crowfoot and the geranium are in many places as fresh as in May; and the aquatic ranunculus and the wild cresses are brightly glowing with their emerald foli- age, in the depths of the crystal watercourses that remain unfrozen beneath the wooded precipice, or in the mossy ravines of the forest. These phenomena are doubly interesting as evidences of the continued life of the beautiful things they repre- sent, and of the invisible and ever-watchful providence of Nature. Every step we take brings under our review other similar curiosities of vegetable life, which, by reason of their commonness, often escape our observation. On the sandy plain the slender hazel-bushes are loaded with thousands of purple aments, suspended from their flexile twigs, all ready to burst into bloom at the very first breath of spring. In the wet lands, where the surface is one continued sheet of ice, the crowded alders are so full of their embryo blossoms, that their branches seem to be hung with dark purple fruit; and the sweet-fern of the upland pastures, in still, mild weather, often faintly perfumes the atmosphere with the scent of its half- developed leaves and flowers. But the face of Nature, at this time, is not an unfruitful subject for the poet or the painter. The evergreens, if not more beautiful, are more conspicuous than at any other season; and there are many bountiful streamlets that ripple through the woods and often in their depths find protection from the greatest cold. Around these streams the embroidering mosses are as green as the 244. DECEMBER. grasses in May. The water-cresses may be seen grow- ing freshly at the bottom of their channels, and the ferns are beautiful among the shelving rocks, through which the waters make their gurgling tour. When the sun, at noonday, penetrates into these green and sheltered re- cesses, before the snow has come upon the earth, when the pines are waving overhead, the laurels clustering with the undergrowth, and the dewberry (evergreen-blackberry) trailing at our feet, we can easily imagine ourselves sur- rounded by the green luxuriance of summer. Nature seems to have prepared these pleasant evergreen retreats, that they might afford to her pious votaries a shelter — during their winter walks, and a prospect to gladden their eyes, when they go out to admire her works, and pay the homage of a humble heart to the great Architect of the universe. Nor is the season without its harvest. The bayberry, or false myrtle, in dry places gleams with dense clusters of greenish-white berries, that almost conceal the branches by their profusion ; the pale azure berries of the juniper are sparkling brightly in the midst of their sombre ever- green foliage; and the prinos or black-alder bushes, glowing with the brightest scarlet fruit, and resembling ata distance pyramids of flame, are irregularly distrib- uted over the wooded swamps. While the barberries hang in wilted and blackened clusters from their bushes in the uplands, the cranberries in the peat-meadows shine out like glistening rubies, from their masses of delicate and tangled vinery. In the open places of the woods the earth is mantled with the dark glossy green leaves of the gaultheria, half concealing its drooping crimson berries ; and the mitchella, of a more curious habit, each berry being formed by the united germs of two flowers, (twins upon the same stem,) adorns similar places with fairer foliage and brighter fruit. DECEMBER. 245 There is a sort of perpetual spring in these protected arbors and recesses, where we may at all times behold the springing herbs and sprouting shrubbery, when they are not hidden under the snow-drift. The American hare feeds upon the foliage of these tender herbs, when she exposes herself at this season to the aim of the gunner. She cannot so well provide for her winter wants as the squirrel, whose food, contained in a husk or a nutshell, may be abundantly hoarded in her subterranean grana- ries. The hare in her garment of fur, protected from the cold, feels no dread of the climate; and man is almost the only enemy who threatens her, when she comes out timidly to browse upon the scant leaves of the white clover, or the heath-like foliage of the hypericum. But the charm of a winter’s walk is derived chiefly from the flowerless plants, -— the ferns and lichens of the rocks, the mosses of the dells and meres, and the trail- ing wintergreens of the pastoral hills. Many species of these plants seem to revel in cold weather, as if it were congenial to their health and wants. To them has Nature intrusted the care of dressing all her barren places in verdure, and of preserving a grateful remnant of sum- mer beauty in the dreary places of winter’s abode. And it is not to be wondered that, to the fanciful minds of every nation, the woods have always seemed to be peo- pled with fairy spirits, by whose unseen hands the earth is garlanded with lovely wreaths of verdure at a time when not a flower is to be found upon the hills or in the meadow. Whether we are adapted to nature, or nature to us, it is not to be denied that on the face of the earth those objects that appear to be natural are more congenial to our feelings than others strictly artificial. The lichen- covered rocks, that form so remarkable a feature of the hills surrounding our coast, are far more pleasing to every 246 DECEMBER. man’s sight than similar rocks without this garniture. All this may be partly attributed to the different asso- ciations connected with the two, in our habitual trains . of thought; the one presenting to us the evidence of antiquity, the other only the disagreeable idea of that defacement so generally attendant on the progress of pioneer settlements. Hence the lichens and mosses, upon the surface of the rocks, have an expression which has always been eagerly copied by the painter, and is as- sociated with many romantic images, like the clambering ivy upon the walls of an ancient ruined tower. At this season, when the greater part of the landscape is either covered with snow, or with the seared and brown herbage of winter, this vegetation of the rocks has a singular interest. In summer the rocks are bald in their appearance, while all around them is fresh and lively. In winter, on the other hand, they are covered with a pale verdure, interspersed, with many brilliant colors, while the surrounding surface is a comparative blank. Some objects are intrinsically beautiful, others are beau- tiful by suggestion, others again by contrast. This latter principle causes many things to appear delightful to the eye at one period, which at other times would, by com- parison with brighter objects, seem dull and lifeless. Hence on a winter’s ramble, when there is no snow upon the ground, our attention is fixed, not only upon the lichens and evergreens, but likewise on the bright purple glow that proceeds from every plat of living shrub- bery which is spread out in the wild. This appearance is beautiful by contrast with the dull sombre hues of the surrounding faded herbage, and it is likewise strongly suggestive of the life and vigor of Nature. BIRDS OF THE SEA AND THE SHORE. In my preceding essays I have treated of birds chiefly as they are endowed with song, or have some particulaMy interesting trait of character. But I must not omit those birds which may be especially regarded as picturesque objects in landscape. A large proportion of these are the birds of the sea and the shore. They are not sing- ing-birds. Nature has not provided them with the gift of song, the music of which would be lost amidst the roaring and dashing of waves. Neither do I make them the subject of my remarks as objects of Natural History, but rather as actors in the romance of Nature. I treat of them as they affect the pleasant solitudes they frequent, and increase their impressiveness chiefly by their graceful or singular flight. To the motions of birds, no less than to their beauty of plumage and to the sounds of their voices, are we indebted for a great part of the in- terest we feel in our native land. The more we study them, the more shall we feel that in whatever direction we turn our observations, we may extend them to infinity. There is no limit to the study of Nature. Even a subject so apparently insignificant as the flight of birds may open the eyes to new beauties in the aspects of Nature and new sources of rational delight. Nothing can exceed the gracefulness we observe in the flight of many birds of the sea, from the Osprey, that vaults in the upper region of the clouds, down to the little Sand- piper, that charms the youthful sportsman by its merry movements and circuitous flights. These little birds 248 BIRDS OF THE SEA AND SHORE. KINGFISHER. BIRDS OF THE SEA AND THE SHORE. 24Y belong to the tribe of Waders, which are more graceful in their walk than any that live in trees and bushes. The great length of their legs permits them to take long and unembarrassed steps and to move with great facility, nodding all the while with the most amusing gesticula- tions. A flock of Sandpipers on the beach where it is left open by the receding tide, employing themselves in gathering their repast of marine insects, always in motion, nodding their heads and bending their bodies as if they moved them on a pivot, now carelessly taking their food, then suddenly raising their heads upon a slight alarm, now moving in companies a short distance, then rising in a momentary flight, is, to the eye of a young sportsman, one of the most interesting sights in animated nature. The interest we feel in these birds is caused by their | picturesque assemblages in twittering flocks and by their peculiar cries. The voices of the sea-birds have a family resemblance. We can always distinguish their cries, which are shrill and piercing. Their notes are never low and could seldom be mistaken for those of land-birds. The Sandpipers afford great sport to young gunners, who over- take and surprise them upon the flats of solitary inlets when the tide is low. They arrive in dense flocks, alight- ing at the edge of the tide and taking the insects as they are uncovered ; and the dashing of the waves close to their ranks causes them to be constantly flitting as they break at their feet. While we watch them there seems to be an active contention between them and the rippling edves of the water. It is in winter that the picturesque movements of land- birds are most apparent. In summer and in autumn, before the fall of the leaf, birds are partially concealed by the foliage of trees and shrubs, so that the manner of their flight cannot be so easily observed. In winter, if we start a flock of them from the ground, we may watch 250 BIRDS OF THE SEA AND THE SHORE. all the peculiarities of their movements. I have alluded to the descent of Snow-Buntings upon: the landscape as singularly beautiful; but the motions of a flock of Quails, when feeding in an open space in a wood or when suddenly alarmed, are equally interesting. When a Dove or a Swallow takes flight, its progress through the air is so rapid and the motions of its wings so un- discernible as to injure the beauty of its flight. We hardly observe anything so much as its rapidity. It is quite otherwise with the Quail. The body of this bird is plump and heavy and its wings short, with a peculiar concavity of the under surface when expanded. The motions of the wings are very rapid, and, having but little sweep, the bird seems to hang in the air, and is car- ried along moderately by a rapid vibration of the wings, describing about half a circle. Hence we see the shape of the bird during its flight. Birds of prey are remarkable for their steady and graceful flight. The motions of their wings are slow, but they are capable of propelling themselves through the air with great rapidity. The circumgyrations of a Hawk, when reconnoitring far aloft in the heavens, are very picturesque, and have been used at all times to give char- acter to certain landscape scenes in painting. A single picturesque attitude is sufficient to suggest a whole series of movements to one who has frequently watched them. The Raven and Crow are slow in their flight, which is apparently difficult. Hence these birds are easily over- taken and annoyed by smaller birds, which are ever watchful for an occasion to attack them without danger. Crows are not formed, like Falcons, to take their prey on the wing, and they cannot perform those graceful and difficult evolutions that distinguish the flight of birds of prey. Small birds of the Sparrow tribe and some others gen- BIRDS OF THE SEA AND THE SHORE. 251 erally move in an undulating course, alternately rising and sinking. The species that move in this way seldom fly to great heights, and are incapable of making a long jour- ney without frequent intervals of rest. They perform their migrations by short daily stages. The flight of the little Sandpipers that frequent salt marshes in numerous flocks would be an interesting study. These birds are capable of sustaining an even flight in a perfectly hori- zontal line, only a few inches above the sandy beach. When they alight they seldom make a curve or gyra- tion. They descend in a straight line, though obliquely. Snow-Buntings turn about, just before they reach the ground, and come down spirally. I have seen them per- form the most intricate movements, like those of people in a cotillon, executed with the rapidity of arrows, when suddenly checked in their course by the discovery of a field covered with ripened grasses. THE KINGFISHER. If we leave the open field and wood, and ramble near the coast of some secluded branch of the sea we may be startled by the harsh voice of the Kingfisher, like the sound of the watchman’s rattle. This bird is the cele- brated Alcedo or Halcyon of the ancients, who attributed to it supernatural powers. It was supposed to con- struct its nest upon the waves, where it was made to float like a vessel at anchor. But as the turbulence of a storm would be likely to destroy it, Nature has gifted the sitting birds with the power of stilling the motion of the winds and waves during the period of incubation. The serene weather that accompanies the summer solstice was believed to be the enchanted effect of the benign influence of this family of birds. Hence the name of Halcyon days was applied to this period of tranquillity. 252 BIRDS OF THE SEA AND THE SHORE. It is remarkable that fable should add to these super- natural gifts the power of song, as one of the accomplish- ments of the Kingfisher. This belief must have been very general among the ancients, and not confined to the Greeks and Romans. Some of the Asiatic nations still wear the skin of the Kingfisher about their persons as a protection against moral and physical evils. The feathers are used as love-charms; and it is believed, if the body of the Kingfisher be evenly fixed upon a pivot, it will turn its head to the north like the magnetic needle. The Kinefisher is singularly grotesque in his appear- ance, though not without beauty of plumage. His long, straight, and quadrangular bill, his short and diminutive feet and legs, his immense head, and his plumage of dusky blue, with a bluish band on the breast, and a white collar around the neck, form a mixture of the grotesque and the beautiful which, considered in connection with his singularity of habits, may account for the super- stitions that attach to his history. He sits patiently, like an angler, on a post at the head of a wharf, or on the trunk of a tree that extends over the bank, and, leaning obliquely with extended head and beak, he watches for his finny prey. There, with the light-blue sky above him and the dark-blue waves beneath, nothing on the surface of the water can escape his penetrating eyes. Quickly, with a sudden swoop, he seizes a single fish from an unsuspect- ing shoal, and announces his success by the peculiar sound of his rattle. THE SPOTTED TATTLER. A very interesting bird inhabiting the shores of seas and lakes is the Peetweet, or Spotted Tattler. The birds . of this species breed in all parts of New England, arriv- BIRDS OF THE SEA AND THE SHORE. 253 ing soon after the first of May, and assembling in occa- sional twittering flocks, skimming along the edges of some creek or inlet, most numerously after the tide has left the beach. In their circuitous flights they follow all the inequalities of the coast. It is amusing to watch their ways when they are preparing for incubation, rest- less and anxious, and uttering their lively and plaintive ery, like the syllables pect-weet, repeating the last with the rising inflection. They resemble the notes of the little Wood-Sparrow, when repeated many times in suc- cession, except that the Tattler utters them without in- creasing their rapidity or varying their tone. These notes approach more nearly to music than those of any other bird of the sea or the shore. The Tattlers build in the meadows among the rushes, sometimes in a tilled field and very near human dwell- ings, where they are seen roaming about with their young, like a hen with her chickens, searching for worms and grubs. They are very liable to be shot, while attracting attention by their lively motions and their low and musi- eal flight. The young follow the parent as soon as they are hatched, when their downy plumage is of an almost uniform light-grayish color. If surprised, they imme- diately hide themselves ainong the herbage, while the parent by her motions and cries endeavors to draw atten- tion exclusively to herself. The birds of this species have been so wantonly and mercilessly hunted by gunners of all ages, that they have become extremely shy, and have lost all confidence in man. Yet, if they were harbored and protected from annoyance and danger, they would grow tame and con- fiding, and our fields and gardens would be full of them. A brood of them following the hen would be indefatigable hunters of insects in pastures and tilled lands. A few pairs with their young would perform incalculable service 254 BIRDS OF THE SEA AND THE SHORE. on every farm, and if encouraged and protected, would soon reward us with their confidence and their services. These little birds are incapable of doing any mischief, even if there were fifty of them on every farm. They take no fruit; they do not bite off the tops of tender herbs, like poultry; they are interesting in their ways; and the only cause of their scarcity is the destruction of them by gunners. THE UPLAND PLOVER. This is a species allied to the Peetweet, and well known by the name of Hill-Birds. They are of a solitary habit, not to be compared in utility and interest with the little Peetweet. They are seldom seen in flocks. We know them chiefly by their notes, which are familiar to all as heard at dawn or early evening twilight. These melan- choly whistling notes are uttered as they pass from their feeding-places, while flying at a great height, and the hour of darkness when they are heard, and their plain- tive modulation, render them the most striking sounds of a late summer evening. THE GULL. Among the birds which are most conspicuous about our coast, I should mention the Gulls. They are not very interesting birds; but their screaming voices remind us of their habitats, and their picturesque motions are famil- iar to all who are accustomed to the sea-shore. They associate in miscellaneous flocks, containing often several species, and enliven the hour and the prospect by their manceuvres and their peculiar cries. The Gull is distin- guished by its small and lean body, which is covered with a great quantity of feathers. Its wings and head are very BIRDS OF THE SEA AND THE SHORE. large, all uniting to give the bird a false appearance of size. Hence, I suppose, originated the word, when used to imply deception. The sportsman who for the first time has shot one of these birds, expecting to find it large and plump, and discovers only a miserable lean carcass imbedded in a large mass of feathers, is said to be gulled. THE LOON. I must not conclude without mentioning the Loon, one of the most romantic of birds, the Hermit of our northern lakes, and so exceedingly shy that it is rarely seen ex- cept at a great distance. This bird belongs to the family of Divers, so called from their habit of disappearing under the water at the moment when they catch a glimpse of any human being. The Loon inhabits the northern parts of Europe and North America, and is occasionally seen and heard in the lakes of New England, but chiefly now in those of Northern Maine. As population increases, this species retires to more solitary places. In allusion to the scream of this bird, Nuttall says: “Far out at sea in winter and in the great northern lakes, I have often heard on a fine, calm morning the sad and wolfish call of the solitary Loon, which like a dismal echo seems slowly to invade the ear, and rising as it proceeds dies away in the air. This boding sound to the mariner, supposed to be indicative of a storm, may be heard some- times for two or three miles, when the bird itself is invis- ible or reduced almost to a speck in the distance. The aborigines, almost as superstitious as sailors, dislike to hear the cry of the Loon, considering the bird, from its shy and extraordinary habits, as a sort of supernatural being. By the Norwegians it is with more appearance of reason supposed to portend rain.” FACTS THAT PROVE THE UTILITY OF BIRDS. THE consequences which have followed the destruction of birds in many well-authenticated instances are suffi- cient to demonstrate their utility. Professor Jenks men- tions a case communicated by one of his female correspond- ents. In former times, as she had been told by her father, an annual shooting-match was customary on election day in May. On one of these occasions, about the year 1820, in North Bridgewater, Mass., the birds were killed in such quantities that cart-loads of them were sent to farmers for compost. Then followed a great scarcity of birds in all that vicinity. The herbs soon showed signs of injury. Tufts of withered grass appeared and spread out widely into circles of a seared and burnt complexion. Though the cause and effect were so near each other, they were not logically put together by the inhabitants at that time. Modern .entomology would have explained to them the cause of the phenomena, by the increase of the larva of insects which were previously kept in check by the birds destroyed at the shooting-match. After the abolition of the game-laws in France, at the close of the last century, the people, having been accus- tomed to regard birds as the property of great land-owners, destroyed them without limit. Every species of game, including even the small singing;birds, was in danger of extermination. It was found necessary to protect them by laws that forbade hunting at certain seasons. The most serious evils were the consequence. The farmers’ crops were destroyed by insects, and the orchards pro- FACTS THAT PROVE THE UTILITY OF BIRDS. 257 duced no fruit. It is only by such unfortunate experi- ence that men can learn that the principal value of birds does not consist alone in their flesh or in their power of conferring pleasure by their songs. Some years ago, in Virginia and North Carolina, several tracts of forest were attacked by a malady that caused the trees to perish over hundreds of acres. A. traveller passing through that region inquired of a countryman if he knew the cause of the devastation. He replied that the mischief was all done by the woodpeckers, and though the inhabitants had killed great numbers of them, there still remained enough to bore into the trees and destroy them. The traveller, not satisfied with this account, made some investigations, and soon convinced them that the cause of the mischief was the larva of a species of Buprestis, which had multiplied without limits. This larva was the favorite food of the woodpeckers, which had congregated in that region lately on account of its abun- dance. He showed them that they were protecting the real destroyers of the forest by warring against the woodpeckers, which, if left unmolested, would soon eradi- cate the pest sufficiently to save the remaining timber. Birds become accustomed to certain localities, and if by any accident they should be exterminated in any one region insects of all kinds will increase, until the birds that consume them are slowly attracted to them from other parts. In the year 1798, in the forests of Saxony and Bran- denburg, the greater part of the trees, especially the coni- fers, died, as if struck at the roots by some secret malady. The foliage had not been attacked, and the trees perished without any manifest external cause. The Regency of Saxony sent naturalists and foresters to investigate the conditions. They proved the malady to be caused by the multiplication of a speoe a lepidopterous insects, which 258 FACTS THAT PROVE THE UTILITY OF BIRDS. had in its larva state penetrated into the wood. Wher- ever a bough of fir or pine was broken, the larva was found, and had often hollowed it out even to the bark. The report of the naturalists declared that the extraordi- nary increase of this insect was owing to the entire dis- appearance of several species of titmouse, which for some years past had not been seen in that region. According to an account given by Buffon, the Isle of Bourbon, where there were no grackles, was overrun with locusts imported in the eggs contained in the soil which with some plants had been brought from Madagascar. The Governor-General, as a means of extirpating these insects, caused several pairs of Indian grackles to be brought into the island. When the birds had considera- bly increased, some of the colonists, seeing them very dili- gent in the newly sown fields, imagined them in quest of the grain, and reported that they did more mischief than good. Accordingly they were proscribed by the Council, and in two hours after their sentence was pronounced, not a grackle was to be seen on the island. The people soon had cause for repentance. The locusts multiplied without check and became a pest. After a few years of experience, the grackles were again introduced, and their breeding and preservation were made a state affair. The birds multiplied and the locusts disappeared. Kalm, a pupil of Linnzus, remarks in his “ Travels in America,” that after a great destruction of purple grackles for the legal reward of threepence per dozen, the Northern States in 1749 experienced a total loss of the grain and grass crops from the devastation of insects and their larva. The crows of North America were some years since so nearly exterminated, to obtain the premiums offered for their heads, that the increase of insects was alarming, and the States were obliged to offer bounties for the protec- tion of crows. The same incidents have repeatedly hap- FACTS THAT PROVE THE UTILITY OF BIRDS. 259 pened in other countries, and ought to convince any reasoning mind that all the native species of insectivo- rous birds are needful, and that one or any number of species cannot perform the work which would have been done by the species that is extirpated. “ Anaged man” of Virginia remarks, in “The Southern Planter” of 1860, that since his boyhood there has been a rapid decrease in the numbers of birds and a proportional : increase of insects. Since their diminution great ravages have been committed on the farmers’ crops by clover worms, wire-worms, cut-worms, and on the wheat crops particularly by chinch-bugs, Hessian flies, joint-worms, and other pests. All this is owing, he thinks, to the destruction and the scarcity of birds. He alludes par- ticularly to the diminution of woodpeckers as a public calamity. He has known a community of red-headed woodpeckers to arrest the destructive progress of borers in a pine forest. He mentions the flicker or widgeon woodpecker — a common bird in New England — as the only bird he ever saw pulling out grubs from the roots of peach-trees. May not this habit of the flicker, which is a very shy bird because he is hunted for his flesh, be the cause why apple-trees that grow near a wood are not affected by borers ? The alarming increase of grasshoppers in some parts of the Western States, is undoubtedly the consequence of the wholesale destruction of quails, grouse, and other birds in that region. SOUNDS FROM ANIMATE NATURE. A TREATISE on the beauties of nature would be very imperfectly accomplished if nothing were written of sounds. The hearing is indeed the most intellectual of our senses, though from the sight we undoubtedly de- rive the most pleasure. Hearing is also more intimately connected with the imagination than any other sense; and a few words of speech or a few notes of music may produce the most vivid emotion or awaken the most ardent passion. At all seasons and in all places the sounds no less than the visible things of nature affect us with pleasure or with pain. Everywhere does the song of a bird or the note of an insect, the cry of an animal or other sound from the animate world, come to the ear with messages of the past, conveying to the mind some joyful or plaintive remembrance. Sounds are the medium through which many ideas as well as sensations are communicated to us by nature ; and we cannot say how large a proportion of those which seem to rise spontaneously in the mind are suggested by some animal, through its cries of joy or complaint. There is hardly a rational being who is not alive to these sugges- tions, varying with his habits of life, especially those of his early years. Some persons do not purposely listen to the voices of insects, and seem almost unaware of the existence of these sounds. Yet even these apathetic per- sons are unconsciously affected by them. We attend so little to the subjects of our consciousness that we can seldom trace to their source any of our most ordinary SOUNDS FROM ANIMATE NATURE. 261 emotions. We see without conscious observation and hear without conscious attention, so that when we are suddenly deprived of these sights and sounds we feel that there is a blank in our enjoyments, which can be filled only by those charming objects that never before received our thought or attention. How many bright things have faded on our mind, and how many sweet sounds have died on the ear before we were hardly aware of their existence ! If we hearken attentively to the miscellaneous sounds that come to our ears from the outer world, we shall perceive that some of them are cheerful and exhilarat- ing, others are melancholy and depressing. Of the first are chiefly the songs of birds, the noise of poultry, the chirping of insects ; indeed, the greater part of the sounds of animate nature. The second class comes chiefly from inanimate things, as the whistling of winds, the murmur of gentle gales, the roar of storms, the rush of falling water, and the ebbing and flowing of tides. All these are of a plaintive character, sometimes gloomy and sad, at other times merely soothing and tranquillizing. They all produce more or less of what physicians call a seda- tive effect. These two classes of sounds are often insep- arably blended, inasmuch as some of the voices of birds, insects, and other creatures are melancholy, and some of the sounds of winds and waters are cheerful. I shall treat of these different sounds chiefly as they affect the mind and sensibility ; of the poetry rather than the science of these phenomena. My object is to point out one remarkable source of our agreeable sensations as de- rived from nature, and to show in what manner we may cause them to contribute to our pleasure. I am persuaded that one important means of deriving pleasure from any object is to direct our attention to it; and if this be not an indulgence that is liable to increase to a vicious extent, 262 SOUNDS FROM ANIMATE NATURE. our happiness will be improved by our devotion to it. By studying the various sounds of nature and by habitually giving our attention to them, we become more and more sensitive to their influence and capable of hearing music to which others are deaf. Cheerful sounds come chiefly from animated things; and from this we may infer that the mass of living crea- tures, in spite of the evils to which they are exposed and the pains they suffer, are happy. The chirping of insects denotes their happiness. No man goes out in the autumn and listens to the din of crickets and grasshoppers among the green herbs, and regards it as a melancholy sound. To all ears these notes express the joy of the creatures that utter them. Those doleful moralists who look upon every- thing as born to woe are greatly deluded; else why do not the voices of the sufferers give utterance to their pangs? Why, instead of uttering what seem like songs of praise, do they not cry out in doleful strains that would excite our pity? The greater part of the life of every creature is filled with agreeable sensations. The fly, the gnat, the beetle, and the moth, though each makes a hum that awakens many pleasing thoughts and images, are not to be ranked among singing insects. Among the latter are crickets and locusts and grasshop- pers, which are appointed by nature to take up their little lyre and drum after the birds have laid aside their more me- lodious pipe and flute. Their musical apparatus is placed outside of their bodies, and as they have no lungs, the air is obtained by a peculiar inflation of their chests. Hence the musical appendages of insects are constructed like reed instruments or jews’-harps. The grasshoppers in all ages have been noted as musical performers, and in certain ancient vignettes are frequently represented as playing on the harp. Each species of insect has a peculiar modulation of his SOUNDS FROM ANIMATE NATURE. 263 notes. The common green grasshopper, that during the months of August and September fills the whole atmos- phere with its din, abides chiefly in the lowland meadows which are covered with the native grasses. This grass- hopper modulates its notes like the cackling of a hen, uttering several chirps in rapid succession and following them with a loud spinning sound that seems to be the conclusion of the strain. These notes are continued in- cessantly, from the time when the sun is high enough to have dried the dews until dewfall in the evening. The performers are delighted with the sunshine, and sing but little on cloudy days, even when the air is dry and warm. SONG OF THE DIURNAL GREEN GRASSHOPPER. Bs oo: @ 9 0—0— 0-0} te 099-0 { { { { { I 7 Laer | | ea TRA I { ee Z ANS Paey) i774 Z ff ff Yogi ast 4—F—-#_¥ ¥-—#—-#—--4#—#F—-¥ There is another grasshopper with short wings that makes a kind of grating sound difficult to be heard, by scraping its legs, that serve for bows, upon its sides, that represent as it were the strings of a viol. If we go into the whortleberry pastures we hear still another species, that makes a continued trilling like the note of a hair- bird. In some places this species sings very loudly, and continues half a minute or more without rest. Its notes are not so agreeable as those which are more rapidly intermittent. There is a species of locust, seldom heard until mid- summer, and then only in very warm weather. His note is a pleasant reminder of sultry summer noondays, of languishing heat and refreshing shade. The insect begins low, usually high up in the trees, and increases in loud- ness until it is almost deafening, and then gradually dies away into silence. The most skilful musician could not surpass his crescendo and diminuendo. It has a peculiar vibrating sound that seems to me highly musical and ex- 264 SOUNDS FROM ANIMATE NATURE. pressive. The insect that produces this note is a gro- tesque-looking creature, resembling about equally a grass- hopper and a humblebee. The black crickets and their familiar chirping are well known to everybody. An insect of this family is cele- brated in English poetry as the “cricket on the hearth.” Those of the American species are seldom found in our dwelling-houses ; but they are all around our door-steps and by the wayside, under every dry fence and in every sandy hill. They chirp all day and some part of the night, and more or less in all kinds of weather. They begin their songs before the grasshoppers are heard, and continue them to a later period in the autumn, not ceasing until the hard frosts have driven them into their retreats and lulled them into a torpid sleep. The note of the katydid, which is a mere drumming sound, is not musical. In American literature no insect: has become so widely celebrated, on account of a fancied resemblance to the word “katydid.” To my ear a chorus of these minute drummers, all uttering in concert their peculiar notes, seems more like the hammering of a thousand little smiths in some busy hamlet of insects. There is no melody in these sounds, and they are accord- ingly less suggestive than those of the green nocturnal grasshopper, that is heard at the same hour in similar situations. The nocturnal grasshoppers, called August pipers, or Cicadas, begin their chirping about the middle of July, but are not in full song until August. These are the true nightingales of insects, and the species that seems to me the most worthy of being consecrated to poetry. There is a singular plaintiveness in their low monotonous notes, which are the charm of our late summer evenings. There are but few persons who are not affected by these sounds with a sensation of subdued but cheerful melan- SOUNDS FROM ANIMATE NATURE. 265 choly. This effect does not seem to be caused by asso- ciation so much as by their peculiar cadence. The notes of these nocturnal pipers on very warm evenings are in unison and accurately timed, as if they were singing in concert. It is worthy of notice that they always vary their keynote according to the temperature of the atmosphere. They are evidently dependent on a summer heat for their vivacity, and become sluggish and torpid as the thermometer sinks below a certain point. When the temperature is high they keep good time, sing- ing shrilly and rapidly. As it sinks they take a lower key and do not keep time together. When the thermom- eter is not above sixty, their notes are very low, and there are but few performers. Height of Thermometer. Keynote of the Insects. 80° F natural, perfect time and tune. 75° E flat, es a « 70° D, “ “ce “ 65° C, imperfect time and tune. 60° B flat, ““ is 55° A, keynote hardly to be detected, many out of time and tune. 50° G, a few individuals only, singing slowly and feebly. JANUARY. Ports in all ages have sung of the delights of seed- time and harvest, and of the voluptuous pleasures of summer; but when treating of winter, they have con- fined their descriptions to the sports of the season rather than to the beauties of Nature. Winter is supposed to furnish but few enjoyments to be compared with those of summer; because the majority of men, being oppressed by too many burdens, naturally yearn for a life of indo- lence. I will not deny that the pleasures derived from the direct influence of Nature are greatly diminished in cold weather; there are not so many interesting objects to amuse the mind, as in the season when all animated things are awake, and the earth is covered with vegeta- tion; but there are many pleasant rural excursions and invigorating exercises which can be enjoyed only in the winter season, and for which thousands of our undegen- erate yeomanry would welcome its annual visit. The pleasures of a winter’s walk are chiefly such as are derived from prospect. A landscape-painter could be but partially acquainted with the sublimity of terrestrial scenery, if he had never looked upon the earth when it was covered with snow. In summer the prospect unfolds such an infinite array of beautiful things to our sight, that the sublimity of the scene is hidden beneath a spec- tacle of dazzling and flowery splendor. We are then more powerfully attracted by objects of beauty that charm the senses than by those grander aspects of Nature that awaken the emotion of sublimity. In winter, the earth JANUARY. 267 is divested of all those accompaniments. of scenery which are not in unison with grandeur. At this period, therefore, the mind is affected with nobler thoughts; it is less bewildered by a multitude of fascinating objects, and is more free to indulge itself in a serious train of meditations. The exhilaration of mind attending a winter walk in the fields and woods, when the earth is covered with snow, surpasses any emotion of the kind which is pro- duced by the appearance of Nature at other seasons. We often hear in conversation of the invigorating effects of cold weather; yet those few only who are engaged in rural occupations, and who spend the greater part of the day in the open air, can fully realize the amount of phys- ical enjoyment that springs from it. I can appreciate the languid recreations of a warm summer’s day. When one is at leisure in the country he cannot fail to enjoy it, if he can take shelter under the canopy of trees or in the deeper shade of the forest. But these languid enjoyments: would soon become oppressive and monotonous; and the constant participation of them must cause one gradually to degenerate into a mere animal. The human mind is constituted to feel positive pleasure only in action. Sleep and rest are mere negative conditions, to which we submit with a grateful sense of their power to fit us for the renewed exercise of the mind and the body. In our latitude, at the present era January is usually the month of the greatest cold; and in severe weather there is a general stillness that is favorable to musing. The little streamlets are frozen and silent, and there is hardly any motion except of the winds, and of the trees that bend to their force. But the works of Nature are still carried on beneath the frost and snow. Though the flowers are buried in their hyemal sleep, thousands of unseen elements are present, all waiting to prepare their 268 JANUARY. hues and fragrance, when the spring returns and wakes the flowers and calls the bees out from their hives. Nature is always active in her operations; and during winter are the embryos nursed of myriad hosts, that will soon spread beauty over the plains and give animation to the field and forest. Since the beauties of summer and autumn have faded, Nature has bestowed on earth and man a brilliant recom- pense, and spread the prospect with new scenes of beauty and sublimity. The frozen branches of the trees are clattering in the wind, and the reed stands nodding above the ice and shivers in the rustling breeze. But while these things remind us of the chills of winter, the univer- sal prospect of snow sends into the soul the light of its own perfect purity and splendor, and makes the landscape still beautiful in its desolation. Though we look in vain for a green herb, save where the ferns and mosses conceal themselves in little dingles among the rocks, yet the general face of the earth is unsurpassed in brilliancy. Morning, noon, and night exhibit glories unknown to any other season; and the moon is more lovely when she looks down from her starry throne and over field, lake, mountain, and valley, emblems the tranquillity of heaven. It is pleasant to watch the progress and movements of a snow-storm while the flakes are thickly falling from the skies, and the drifts are rapidly accumulating along the sides of the fences and in the lanes and hollows, The peculiar motion of the winds, while eddying and whirling over the varied surface of the ground, is ren- dered more apparent than by any other phenomenon. Every curve and every irregular twisting of the wind is made palpable, to a degree that is never witnessed in the whirling leaves of autumn, in the sand of the desert, or in the dashing spray of the ocean. The appearance is JANUARY. 269 less exciting when the snow descends through a perfectly still atmosphere, but after its cessation we may witness a spectacle of singular beauty. If there has been no wind to disturb the snow-flakes as they were deposited on the branches of the trees, to which they adhere, they hang from them like a drapery of muslin; then do we see throughout the woods the mimic splendor of June; and the plumage of snow suspended from the branches re- vives in fancy’s eye the white clustering blossoms of the orchards in early summer. Sometimes when the woods are fully wreathed in snow-flakes, and the earth is clothed in an interminable robe of ermine, the full moon rises upon the landscape and illumines the whole scene with a kind of unearthly splendor. If we wake out of sleep into a sudden view of this enchanted scene, though the mind be wearied and depressed, it is impossible, without rapture, to contem- late the etherial prospect. The unblemished purity of the snow-picture, before the senses are awakened to a full consciousness of our situation, glows upon the vision like a scene from that fairy world which has often gleamed upon the soul during its youthful season of romance and poetry. And when the early rays of morning penetrate these feathery branches and spread over the white and spotless hills of snow a rosy tinge, like the hues that burnish the clouds at sunset, and kin- dle amid the glittering fleece that is wreathed around the branches all the changeable colors of the rainbow, we are tempted to exclaim that the summer landscape with all its verdure and fruits and flowers was never more lovely than this transitory scene of beauty. Yet the brilliancy of this spectacle, like the rainbow in heaven, passes away almost while we are gazing on its fantastic splendor. A brisk current of wind scatters from the branches, like the fading leaves of autumn, all the false 270 JANUARY. honors that have garlanded the forests, and in an hour they have disappeared forever. Beside the pleasing objects already described as pecul- jar to the season, there are many beautiful appearances formed by the freezing of waters and the crystallization of vapors which one can never cease to examine with delight. One of the most brilliant spectacles of this kind is displayed on a frosty morning, after the prevalence of a damp sea-breeze. The crystals, almost imperceptibly minute, are distributed, like the delicate filaments of the microscopic mosses, over the withered herbs and leafless . shrubbery, creating a sort of mimic vegetation in the late abodes of the flowers. Vast sheets of thin ice overspread the plains, beneath which the water has sunk into the earth, leaving the vacant spots of a pure whiteness, and forming hundreds of little fairy circles of a peculiarly fantastic appearance. The ferns and sedges that lift up their bended blades and feathers dhrough the plates of ice, coated with millions of crystals, “peRembls, while sparkling in the rays of the sun, the finest jewelry. After a damp and frosty night, these appearances are singularly beautiful, and all the branches of the trees glitter with them as if surrounded with a network of diamonds. These exhibitions of frostwork are still more magnifi- cent at waterfalls, where a constant vapor arises with the spray and deposits upon the icicles that hang from the projecting rocks a plumage resembling the finest ermine. Some of the icicles, by a constant accumulation of water which is always dripping from the .crags, have attained the size of pillars, that seem almost to support the shelv- ing rocks from which they are suspended. The foam of the water has been frozen into large white masses, like a snow-bank in appearance, but as solid as ice, The shrubs that project from the crevices of the rocks are JANUARY. 271 clad in a full armor of variegated icicles; and when the slanting rays of the sun penetrate into these recesses, they illuminate them with a dazzling brilliancy; and it seems as if the nymphs, that sit by these fountains, had decorated them as the portals to that inner temple of Nature, whence are the issues of all that is lovely and beautiful on earth. Thus, when the delightful objects of summer have perished, endless sources of amusement and delight are still provided for the mind and the senses. Though the singing-bird has fled from the orchard and the rustling of green leaves is heard no longer in the haunts of the little mountain streams, there are still many things to attract attention by their beauty or their sublimity. Whether we view the frosts that decorate the herbage in the morning, or the widespread loveliness of the snow on a moonlight evening, the sublimity of heaven seems to rest upon the face of the earth and we behold with rapt emotions every terrestrial scene. The universe, full of these harmonies, yields never-ending themes for study and meditation, to absorb and delight the mind that is ever searching after knowledge, and to raise the soul above the clods of the valley to that invisible Power that dwells throughout all space. I never listen to the shrill voice of the woodpecker, within the deep shelters of the forest, or to the lively notes of the chickadee, which alternate with the sound of winds among the dry rustling leaves, without feeling a sudden and delightful transport. I cannot help in- dulging the fancy, that Nature has purposely endowed these active birds with a hardihood almost miraculous, to endure the severity of winter, that they might always remain to cheer the loneliness of these wintry solitudes. For no clime or season has Nature omitted to provide blessings for those who are willing to. receive them, and 272 JANUARY. in winter, wheresoever we turn, we find a thousand pleas- ant recompenses for our privations. The Naiad still sits by her fountain, at the foot of the valley, distributing her favors to the husbandman and his flocks; and the echoes still repeat their voices from the summits of the hills and send them over the plains, with multiplied reverberations, to cheer the hearts of all living creatures. THE WINTER BIRDS. WE are prone to set an extraordinary value upon all those pleasures that arrive in a season when they are few and unexpected. Hence the peculiar charms of the early flowers of spring, and of those, equally delightful, that come up to cheer the short and melancholy days. of November. The winter birds, though they do not sing, are interesting on account of the season. The Chicka- dees and Speckled Woodpeckers, that tarry with us in midwinter and make the still, cold days lively and cheer- ful by their merry voices, are in animated nature what flowers would be if we saw them wreathing their forms about the leafless trees. Nature does not permit at any season an entire dearth of those sources of enjoyment that spring from observation of the external world. As there are evergreen mosses and ferns that supply in win- ter the places of the absent flowers, so there are chattering birds that linger in the wintry woods; and Nature has multiplied the echoes at this time, that their few and feeble voices may be repeated by lively reverberations among the hills. To those who look upon the earth with the feelings of a poet or a painter, I need not speak of the value of the winter birds as enliveners of the landscape. Any cir- cumstance connected with natural scenery that exercises our feelings of benevolence adds to the picturesque charms of a prospect. No man can see a little bird or quadruped at this time without feeling a lively interest in its welfare. The sight of a flock of Snow-Buntings, 274 THE WINTER BIRDS. descending like a shower of meteors upon a field of grass and eagerly devouring the seeds contained in the droop- ing panicles that extend above the snow-drifts; of a company of Crows, rejoicing with noisy sociability over some newly discovered feast in the pine-wood; of the parti-colored Woodpeckers winding round the trees and hammering © upon their trunks, —all these and many other sights and sounds are associated with our ideas of the happiness of these creatures; and while our benevolent feelings are thus agreeably exercised, the objects that cause our emotions add a positive charm to the dreary aspects of winter. These reflections have led me to re- gard the birds and other interesting animals as having a value to mankind not to be estimated in dollars and cents, and which is entirely independent of any services they may render the farmer or the orchardist by pre- venting the over-multiplication of noxious insects. The greater number of small birds that remain in northern latitudes during winter, except the Woodpeck- ers, are such as live chiefly upon seeds. Those insectivo- rous species that gather their food chiefly from the ground, like the Thrushes and the Blackbirds, are obliged to mi- erate or starve. Thus the common Robins are almost ex- clusively insect-feeders, using fruit, that serves them rather as dessert than substantial fare. A bird that never de- vours seeds or grain or any farinaceous food, depending on insects and grubs that may be gathered from the sur- face of the ground, cannot subsist in our latitude save in mild and open winters. During such favorable seasons Robins in small parties are often seen collecting their fare of dormant insects from the open ert, The Robin, a bird that should hardly be called migratory, never proceeds any farther south than is necessary to keep him from starvation. Robins perform their migra- tions only as they are driven by the snow. If on any THE WINTER BIRDS. , 275 years, as sometimes happens, a large quantity of . snow should cover the territory of the Middle States as early as the first of November, while north of them the ground remained uncovered, the Robins would be retarded in their journey, which is not a continued migration, and tarry with us in unusual numbers.