“apanee e CORNELL LAB of ORNITHOLOGY LIBRARY AT SAPSUCKER WOODS Illustration of Snowy Owl by Louts Agassiz Fuertes CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DATE DUE GAYLORD Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924090296785 GRAY’S NEW MANUAL OF BOTANY (SEVENTH EDITION — ILLUSTRATED) A HANDBOOK OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF THE CENTRAL AND NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND ADJACENT CANADA REARRANGED AND EXTENSIVELY REVISED BY BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON ASA GRAY PROFESSOR OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY AND MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD ABBISTANT PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY NEW YORK «:. CINCINNATI -: CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY DN iin Oe Wt eis 190% CorpyRIGHT, 1908, BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE ENTERED AT STATIONERS’ Hatt, LoNDON w. P. IO PREFACE AnaLyTicaL Key ro THE FAMILIES TABULAR ViEW OF THE FAMILIES Summary By Divisions, CLAssEs, ETC. , SumMaRY BY Minor Groups EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS EMPLOYED Descriptive Firora GLossaRY InDEX . CONTENTS Names PAGE 875 885 PREFACE In bringing Dr. Asa Gray’s well-known Manual to date and into avcord with modern views of classification and nomenclature, the present editors have round it necessary to rearrange it throughout, rewrite considerable portions, modify at least slightly nearly all the descriptions, and adopt certain principles of nomenclature (notably the one relating to the first specific name) somewhat at variance with Dr. Gray’s practice. Although these changes have been numerous and in some respects fundamental, it is believed that they are all in thorough accord with the liberal spirit of progress which character- ized his own successive publications. Wherever possible and ‘in al! cases of doubt, the wording of the sixth edition, prepared by Dr. SERENO Watson and Professor Joun Merrie Counter, and pub. lished in January, 1890, has been retained. In the arrangement of the plant-families and in grouping them in orders, the admirable system of Eichler, in recent years much elaborated and perfected by Engler and Prantl, has been followed with a few deviations of minor importance. The term order, used by Dr. Gray as synonymous with family, is here employed, according to the recommendation of the International Botanical Congress at Vienna, to designate a group of superior rank; the same, in fact, which has sometimes been called a cohort. Orders, in this sense, are not capable of sharp definition in the manner of species, genera, or even families, nor is it to be supposed that one order begins in development where the preceding ends. They are rather to be conceived as representing somewhat parallel and long. disconnected lines or tendencies in evolutionary development. The grouping of the families into orders is shown in the tabular view on pages 23-27, To cover a more natural floral area and to make the Manual con. venient for a greater number of users, some alterations have been made in the geographic limits adopted in the sixth edition. These changes result in (1) the exclusion of the territory at the west between the 96th and 100th meridians, a region now known to include a con- 5 6 PREFACE siderable percentage of plants characteristic of the Great Plains and not harmonious with the flora which the present work is especially designed to treat; and (2) the inclusion of the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the greater part of Quebec and Ontario. As thus modified, the limits are as follows: on the north, the 48th parallel from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lake Superior, and the international boundary thence to the northwest corner of Minnesota; on the west, the western boundary of Minnesota and northwestern Iowa, thence southward along the 96th meridian; on the south, the southern boundaries of eastern Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, and Virginia. In the preparation of this edition valued assistance has been received from Professor A. 8. Hircucocx of the United States Department of Agriculture, who has elaborated the Gramineae; Mr. Oakes Ames, Assistant Director of the Botanic Garden of Harvard University, who has treated the Orchidaceae; President Ezra BrainerD of Middlebury College, who has revised the genus Viola; My. A. A. Eaton of the Ames Botanical Laboratory, who has treated the technical genera Eguisetum and Isoétes; Dr. J. M. GREENMAN of the Field Museum of Natural History, who has revised Senecio; Mr. W. W. Eaaieston, who has revised the exceed- ingly difficult genus Crataegus; and Miss Mary A. Day, Librarian of the Gray Herbarium, who has given much clerical and biblio- graphical assistance throughout the preparation and proof reading of the text. Many of the older figures, formerly grouped in plates, have been redrawn and for greater convenience placed in the text, and to these have been added a much larger number of new ones drawn chiefly by Mr. F. Scpuyrer Marnews, but in part also by Professor J. FRanKLIN Coxtiins of Brown University and Mr. P. B. Wuetptey. ‘All the illustrations of the Orchidaceae have been not only skillfully executed but generously contributed by Mrs. Oaxes Amgs. The fact that it has been possible thus to extend the illustration of the Manual has been due in great part to the interest and liberality of the Visirine ComMMITTEE oF THE Gray HERBAa- Rium. Many botanists throughout the country, notably the members of the New England Botanical Club, have furnished specimens and notes which have been exceedingly helpful in determining the geo- graphic range and limits of variation. To all who have thus m different ways aided in the preparation of the present work, the editors wish to express their sincere appreciation and cordial thanks. At the International Botanical Congress, held at Vienna, June, PREFACE 7 1905, it was fortunately possible to reach a substantial agreement on the controversial subject of nomenclature. Some mutual con- cessions were necessary, but it is believed that they will be cheer- fully made by those who are really seeking harmony in this matter. The editors have, therefore, scrupulously endeavored to bring the nomenclature of the Manual into accord with the Vienna agreement, in order that American botanical nomenclature may be freed as speedily as possible from peculiarity or provincialism and assume the form which has received international sanction. The most im- portant change in this respect which characterizes the present edition in distinction from the previous editions is the adoption of the earliest specific name instead of that specific name which was first combined with the correct generic name. With this change it becomes more important to trace the previous use of specific names under other genera, and, to facilitate this, it seems wise to adopt the double citation of authorities. In the capitalization of specific and varietal names, it has been thought best to adopt the custom of many promi- nent botanists from Linnaeus himself to the distinguished editors of the Index Kewensis. The chief change in this respect from the usage of previous editions consists in the decapitalization of geo- graphic adjectives, such as canadensis, americana, and the like. In regard to these words it should be borne in mind that they are not Engfish and therefore not subject to the rules of English grammar. They are a part of an international system of Latin nomenclature, which should not be modified by different nations by introducing peculiarities of their several languages. Many generic and other names, which were in use prior to 1753, were adopted by Linnaeus and his followers. These names are indicated in the Manual by brackets inclosing the name of the pre-Linnean author; thus, Poly- podium [Tourn.] L. In the treatment of the ever increasing number of foreign plants which have been recorded within our range, it has seemed desirable to include in the Manual only those which have given some evidence of self-dissemination and shown some tendency to become permanent members of our flora. Waifs, ballast-weeds, and plants persisting locally after cultivation have in general been omitted. During the last twenty years there has been an unprecedented activity in the characterization of new species and varieties within our range. The present editors have considerably delayed the issue of this work in order to examine these new propositions and give them recognition in all cases where their merit could be 8 PREFACE demonstrated. In a few instances, however, it has been impossible from lack of material or data either to include as valid or to reduce definitely to synonymy such species and varieties, and it has accord- ingly seemed best not to mention them. It is not thereby meant that they are not of value, but merely that evidence of their distinct- ness has not been available. Botanical names, being in many instances latinized forms of geographic, aboriginal, or personal designations, are not always capable of easy or consistent pronunciation. From long-established custom they are usually pronounced in English-speaking countries according to the pronunciation of Latin after the English method, exceptions being frequent in such names as Michauwxiana, which is commonly pronounced mésholani, or by others méshéziand, to avoid the awkward pronunciation which the word would have according to the English rules. The subject is one into which considerations of taste, convenience, and custom enter to such an extent that it is most difficult to lay down definite principles free from pedantry. However, as a general guide, the names in this, as in previous edi- tions, are marked with accents, — the accented syllable being deter- mined as far as possible by the well-known rules of Latin quantity. In cases of doubtful quantity, in such names as Berlandiera, Palmeri, Bacopa, etc., it has seemed best to treat the penultimate vowel as long, according to the usage of most British and Continental writers. Two accents are used, the grave (‘) to indicate the long English sound of the vowel, the acute (’) to show the shortened or other- wise modified sound. For aid in determining the accented syllable, the editors are in several instances indebted to Dr. A. 8. PEasr. In consideration of recent differences 1n nomenclatorial practice, and with a wish to make the Manual as convenient as possible for all users, synonyms have been inserted freely to show the equiva- lence of different names, especially of those permitted by the Rochester and American Codes but not sanctioned by the Interna- tional Rules. It has been necessary to make these citations exceed- ingly brief, the specific name, when the same, being omitted; e.g. under Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh, the synonym Oxygraphis Prantl means that the species has been treated by Prant] under the identi- eal specific name (Cymbalaria) in Oxygraphis, a genus not maintained in the present work. B. L. R. ML. F. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES (Carried out, in some cases, to subfamilies and genera) Division I. PTERIDOPHYTA Fern-like, moss-like, rush-like, or aquatic plants without true flowers. Reproduction by spores (without embryos). A. Floating plants with small 2-ranked leaves; sporocarps borne on the under side of the stem SALVINIACEAB, 50 A. Terrestrial or submersed plants, not floatmg B. B. Stems conspicuously jointed, their nodes covered by toothed sheaths; sporangia on the scales of terminal dry cone-like - spikes EQUISETACEAE, 51 B. Stems without conspicuous sheathed joints C. C. Leaves closely imbricated or very narrow; sporangia sessile, axillary. Stem short, corm-like; leaves elongate, awl-shape or linear, in a rosette IsobTACEAR, 58 * Stem elongate, creeping (sometimes underground) or branch- : ing; leaves very short, crowded or imbricated. Sporangia of two kinds, some containing many minute spores (microspores), others bearing few (usually 3-4) much larger macrespores SELAGINELLACEAR, 57 Sporangia bearing uniform minute spores LycopoDiacEAg, 54 C. Leaves (fronds) not closely imbricated; if narrow, without axillary sporangia D. D. Leaves (fronds) 4-foliolate, clover-like; sporocarps (iuclosing the sporangia) stalked from the creeping stem MARSILEACEAE, 49 D. Leaves -(fronds) not 4-foliolate, simple or variously cleft; spo- rangia not inclosed in basal sporocarps %. E. Fertile fronds, or fertile portions of the fronds conspicu- ously unlike the sterile F. F. Slender twining or climbing plant, the frond with alter- nate paired and stalked palmately lobed divisions Lygodium, 46 F. Neither twining nor climbing G. : G. Sterile fronds linear-filiform, tortuous; the fertile fili- form, tipped by a 1-sided short (8-8 mm. long) pinnate fertile portion Schizaea, 45 G. Sterile fronds (or segments) broader H. H. Sterile segment of the frond simple; the fertile a long-stalked simple spike OPHIOGLOSSACEAR, 47 H. Sterile and fertile fronds or segments more or less cleft I. 9 10 ANALYTICAL KEY I, Rootstock almost none, the solitary (rarely 2) fronds appear- ing to rise from a cluster of fleshy roots; lower segment sterile, upper fertile and bearing 2-rowed globular sporangia Botrychium, 47 I. Rootstock well developed, elongate or stout, the roots fibrous; fronds numerous or the fertile and sterile clearly distinct J. J. Fertile fronds or segments scarcely or not at all leaf-like, the sporangia globose or in bead-like rows. Sporangia globose, thin-walled, 2-valved, densely crowded, not 2-ranked OSMUNDACEAE, 46 Sporangia globose and distinct or connected in bead- like chains, firm, 2-ranked Onoclea, 45 J. Fertile fronds or segments green and leaf-like, at least above; the sporangia not globose POLYPODIACEAE, 33 E. Fertile fronds or segments essentially like the sterile. Sporangia sessile at the base of a bristle-like receptacle and surrounded by a cup-like involucre; frond of a single layer of cells HYMENOPHYLLACEAE, 33 Sporangia stalked, with no bristle-like receptacle; frond of more than one layer of cells POLYPODIACEAE, 33 Diviston II. SPERMATOPHYTA Plants with true flowers containing stamens, pistils, or both. Reproduc- tion normally by seeds containing an embryo. Susprvision I. GYMNOSPERMAE Ovules not in a closed ovary. Trees and shrubs with needle-shaped, linear, or scale-like mostly evergreen leaves, and monoecious or dioecious flowers K. K. Flowers themselves catkin-like or borne in catkins, which be- come cones or berry-like PINACEAE, 62 K. Flowers solitary, axillary; seed solitary, more or less enveloped in a pulpy disk TAXACEAR, 62 Suspivision II. ANGIOSPERMAE Ovules borne in a closed ovary, which at maturity becomes the fruit. Crass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE Stems without central pith or annular layers, but having the woody fibers distributed through them (a transverse slice showing the fibers as dots scat- tered through the cellular tissue). Embryo with a single cotyledon, the early leaves always alternate. Parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes, never in fives. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Our species, except in the genus Smilax, herbaceous L. L. Small lens-shaped, ellipsoidal, or flask-shaped free-swimming aquatics without true leaves LEMNACEAR, 259 L, Plants with stems and leaves (sometimes scale-like) M, ANALYTICAL KEY 11 M. Perianth free from the ovary or none N. N. Perianth wanting or of scale-like or bristle-form divisions O. O. Flowers inclosed or subtended by imbricated husk-like scales (glumes); grass-like plants with jointed stems, sheathing (mostly narrow) leaves, and 1-seeded fruit. Stems hollow, round or flattened; leaf-sheaths split; anthers attached by the middle GRAMINEAE, 86 Stems usually more or less triangular, solid; leaf-sheaths not split; anthers attached at the base CYPERACEAE, 171 O. Flowers not inclosed in husk-like scales (though sometimes in involucrate heads) P. P. Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy, the upper leaves often floating. Flowers perfect NAJADACEAE, 69 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Flowers in globose heads SPARGANIACEAR, 68 Flowers axillary, solitary NaJgaDACBAE, 69 P. Terrestrial or marsh plants Q. Q. Leaves petioled, the blade net-veined ARACEAE, 257 Q. Leaves linear or sword-shaped, parallel-veined, not petioled R. R. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Flowers in cylindrical spikes TYPHACEAE, 67 Flowers in heads. Heads spheroidal, pubescent, involucrate ERIOCAULACEAE, 260 Heads globose, glabrous, not involucrate SPARGANIACEAR, 68 R. Flowers perfect. Flowers in a dense spike, this borne on the margin of a 2-edged scape; root aromatic Acorus, 258 Scapes or peduncles cylindrical. Ovaries 3-6, separating at least when ripe JuNCAGINACEAR, 79 Ovary single, 3-carpeled JUNCACEAE, 267 N. Perianth always present, herbaceous or colored, neither scale-, like nor bristle-form 8. 8. Pistils numerous in a head or ring ALISMACEAE, 80 S. Pistil one, compound (cells or mies mostly 3) T. T. Stamens 3. Moss-like, aquatic; flowers seitianes MAYACACEAE, 263 Rush-like marsh or bog plants; flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads. Flowers racemose or spicate JUNCAGINACEAE, 79 Flowers in dense scaly heads XYRIDACEAE, 262 T. Stamens 4 Maianthemum, 291 T. Stamens6 U. U. Stamens all alike and fertile. Gray scurfy moss-like epiphyte BROMELIACEAE, 265 Not epiphytic. * Ovary of nearly separate carpels JUNCAGINACEAE, 79 Ovary (often angled or lobed) not deeply cleft. Divisions of the perianth alike or nearly so. Perianth woolly HAEMODOBACEAE, 296 Perianth not woolly. Plant rush-like; perianth small, greenish or purplish brown JUNCACEAE, 267 12 ANALYTICAL KEY Plant not rushb-like LittaceAk, 279 Divisions of the perianth unlike, 3 green sepals and 3 colored petals. Stem-leaves ovate or oblong, 3 in a whorl Trillium, 293 Stem-leaves linear or nearly so; flowers umbeled COMMELINACEAE, 264 U. Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers. Perianth of 3 herbaceous sepals and 3 colored ephemeral petals COMMELINACEAE, 264 Perianth tubular, 6-lobed PONTEDERIACEAE, 266 M. Perianth present, adnate to the ovary V.- V. Stamens 1-2; flowers irregular. Anthers 2-celled; seeds many ORCHIDACEAE, 304 Anthers 1-celled; seeds solitary MARANTACEAE, 304 V. Stamens 3 or more; flowers mostly regular or nearly so W. W. Climbing plant with net-veined ovate leaves DioscOREACEAE, 297 W. Not climbing; leaves parallel-veined. Perianth woolly, only partially adnate to the ovary HAEMODORACEAE, 296 Perianth not woolly, adnate to the whole surface of the ovary. Aquatics; flowers dioecious or polygamous HybDROCHARITACEAE, 85 Terrestrial; flowers perfect. Stamens 6 AMARYLLIDACEAE, 297 Stamens 3. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant; stamens opposite the outer segments of the perianth IRIDACEAE, 299 Leaves not 2-ranked, the cauline scale-like; stamens opposite the inner segments of the perianth BuRMANNIACEAB, 304 Crass 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a zone between the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves net-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Parts of the flower mostly in fours or fives X. X. Corolla none; calyx present or absent Y. Y. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both sorts in catkins Z. Z. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. Fertile flowers in a short catkin or catkin-like head URTICACEAR, 344 Fertile flowers single or clustered; the sterile in slender catkins (except in Fagus). Leaves pinnate; fertile flowers and fruit naked JUGLANDACEAE, 330 Leaves simple; fertile flowers 1-3 in a cup or involucre FAGaAcEAR, 337 Z. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads «. a. Ovary many-ovuled; fruit many-seeded. . Ovary and pod 2-celled; seeds not tufted Liquidambar, 453 Ovary and pod 1-celled; seeds hairy-tufted SALICACEAR, 320 ANALYTICAL KEY 13 a. Ovary 1-2-celled; cells 1-ovuled; fruit 1-seeded. Parasitic on trees; fruit a berry LORANTHACEAE, 351 Trees and shrubs, not parasitic. Calyx regular, in fertile flower succulent in fruit URTICACEAE, 344 Calyx none or rudimentary and scale-like. Style and stigma 1, simple. Leaves palmately angled or lobed PLATANACEAE, 454 Leaves ovate or oblong, entire LEITNERIACEAE, 330 Styles or long stigmas 2. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin BETULACEAE, 332 Fertile flowers single under each scale; nutlets naked, waxy-coated, or drupe-like MYRICACEAE, 329 Y. Flowers not in catkins 0. b. Ovary or its cells containing only 1-2 (rarely 3-4) ovules c. c. Pistils more than 1, distinct or nearly so. Stamens inserted on the calyx; leaves with stipules RosacEAg, 454 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Leaves punctate with transparent dots Zanthoxylum, 537 Leaves not dotted. Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like RANUNCULACEAE, 392 Calyx none; flowers spiked PIPERACEAE, 320 zs. Pistil1, simple or compound d. d. Ovary free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting e. e. Stipules (ocreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes. Tree; calyx none PLATANACEAE, 454 Herbs; calyx present, commonly corolla-like PoOLYGONACEAE, 353 e. Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none /. J. Herbs g. g. Aquatic, submerged or nearly so. Leaves whorled, dissected; style 1 CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 389 Leaves opposite, entire; styles 2; ovary 4-celled CALLITRICHACEAE, 549 g. Not aquatics h. h. Styles 10; ovary and berry 10-celled PHYTOLACCACEAE, 374 h. Style, if any, and stigma 1. Flowers unisexual; ovary of the fertile flowers 1-celled URTICACEAE, 344 Flowers perfect; pod 2-celled, 2-seeded Lepidium, 425 h. Styles 2-3 or branched; ovary 1-4-celled 7. i. Leaves palmately lobed or divided Cannabineae, 344 Z. Leaves not palmately lobed or divided j. j. Ovary and pod 3-celled; juice usually milky. Flowers in basal spikes; stamens 4; _fila- ments thick, flattened BuxaAcEAE, 550 Inflorescence various, not of basal spikes; stamens 1-~«, rarely 4; filaments not con- spicuously thick EvuPHORBIACEAE, 540 « Jj. Ovary not 3-celled; juice not milky 4%. k. Flowers in numerous small involucrate heads; fruit a 3-angled achene Eriogonum, 353 &. Flowers not involucrate. Leaves covered at least beneath with stel- late hairs; embryo straight EuPHoRBIACEAE, 540 14 ANALYTICAL KEY Leaves without stellate hairs; embryo curved or coiled. Stipules scarious ILLECEBRACEAE, 376 Stipules none. Leaves opposite. Plant fleshy Salicornia, 369 Not fleshy. Flowers in heads or spikes, these often panicled; anthers 1-celled AMARANTHACEAE, 371 Flowers sessile in forks of branching inflorescence ILLECEBRACEAE, 376 Leaves alternate. Flowers and bracts scarious AMARANTHACEAE, 371 Flowers small, chiefly greenish ; no scarious bracts CHENOPODIACEAE, 364 f. Shrubs or trees. Leaves small, linear or scale-like; low heath-like shrubs EMPETRACEAE, 551 Leaves oblong to orbicular; never heath-like. Leaves opposite. Fruit 3-celled, not winged ‘ RHAMNACEAR, 560 Fruit 2-celled, a double samara ACERACEAE, 557 Fruit 1-celled, a single samara OLBACEAE, 650 Leaves alternate. Ovary 3-celled RHAMNACEAE, 560 Ovary 1-2-celled. Styles and stigmas 2 URTICACEAE, 344 Style and stigma 1. Anthers opening lengthwise THYMELAEACEAE, 589 Anthers opening by uplifted lids LAURACEAE, 413 d. Ovary inferior or so closely and permanently invested by the calyx as to appear so. Parasites on the branches of trees LORANTHACEAE, 351 Aquatic herbs HALORAGIDACBHAE, 602 Terrestrial. Herbs with calyx colored like a corolla. Leaves opposite, simple NYCTAGINACEAE, 375 Leaves alternate, pinnate Sanguisorba, 494 Leaves alternate, simple Comandra, 350 Shrubs or trees. Leaves scurfy ELAEAGNACEAE, 590 Leaves not scurfy, opposite Nestronia, 350 Leaves not scurfy, alternate. Style 1, stigmatic down one side; flowers solitary, in pairs, or in umbel-like clusters Nyssa, 625 Style 1, short; stigma terminal; flowers racemose Pyrularia, 350 Styles 2 HAMAMELIDACEAE, 452 b. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules ?. l, Calyx none; ovary and fruit naked. Aquatic herb PODOSTEMACEAE, 441 Tree or shrub HAMAMELMACEAR, 452 « Calyx present m. m. Ovary superior. ANALYTICAL KEY 15 Ovaries 2 or more, separate RANUNCULACEAE, 392 Ovary single. Ovary 5-celled, 5-beaked ; leaves scattered Penthorum, 442 Ovary 3-5-celled; leaves opposite or whorled AIZOACEAR, 377 Ovary 1-2-celled. Leaves compound RANUNCULACEAE, 392 Leaves simple. Calyx of separate sepals CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 377 Calyx 5-toothed or -cleft Glaux, 647 Calyx 4-toothed LYTHRACEAE, 591 m. Ovary and pod inferior. Ovary 6-celled; stamens 6-12 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 351 Ovary 4-celled; stamens 4 Ludvigia, 594 Ovary 1-celled; stamens 8-10 Chrysosplenium, 448 X. Both calyx and corolla present n. n. Corolla of separate petals o. v. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 (rarely 9-10 in Pola- nisia), and more than twice as many as the sepals or calyx- lobes p. p. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils q. g. Pistils several or many, wholly distinct or united at base into a strongly lobed or several-beaked ovary r. r. Aquatics with peltate leaves NYMPHAEACEAE, 389 r. Terrestrial plants. Climbers. Leaves alternate «. MENISPERMACEAE, 410 Leaves opposite Clematis, 402 Not climbing. Filaments united into a tube MALVACEAE, 566 Filaments not united. Leaves opposite, entire CALYCANTHACEAE, 409 Leaves alternate. Stamens on the calyx Rosackak, 454 Stamens on the receptacle or disk. Trees or shrubs. Sepals and petals imbricated MAGNOLIACEAE, 408 Sepals and petals valvate ANONACEAE, 410 * Herbs RESEDACEAE, 439 q. Pistils strictly one as to ovary; the styles or stigmas may be several s. s. Leaves punctate with translucent dots HYPERICACEAE, 571 s. Leaves not punctate Jt. t. Ovary simple, 1-celled. Ovules 2 Rosacgak, 454 Ovules many. Leaves 2-3-ternately compound or dissected RANUNCULACEAE, 392 Leaves peltate, lobed Podophyllum, 411 t. Ovary compound. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 2 (rarely 3), caducous; juice milky or col- ored; placentae parietal PAPAVERACEAR, 414 Sepals 2; juice watery; placentae central PoRTULACACEAE, 387 16 ANALYTICAL KEY Sepals 4; juice watery ; placentae parietal CAPPARIDACEAE, 438 Sepals 3 or 5, persistent; juice watery; placentae ’ parietal CISTACEAE, 576 Ovary several-celled. Calyx valvate in bud. Herbs or rarely shrubs; stamens united; anthers 1-celled MALVACEAE, 566 Trees; anthers 2-celled TILIACEAE, 565 Calyx imbricate in bud. Shrubs; stamens on the base of the petals 'TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 570 Aquatic or marsh-dwelling herbs. Leaves tubular or trumpet-shaped; placentae in the axis SARRACENIACEAE, 439 © Leaves (when mature) flattish, never tubular or trumpet-shaped ; ovules gn the partitions of the ovary NYMPHAEACEAE, 389 p. Calyx more or less adherent to a compound ovary. Ovary 7-30-celled. Cells many-ovuled ; aquatic herbs NYMPHAEACEAE, 389 Cells 10, each 1-ovuled; trees or shrubs Amelanchier, 459 Ovary 6-celled Asarum, 352 Ovary 1-5-celled. Fleshy-stemmed, without true foliage; petals many CACTACEAE, 588 Leaves present. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2; ovules arising from the base of a 1-celled ovary PORTULACACEAR, 387 Sepals or calyx-lobes more than 2. Leaves opposite ; stipules none SaXIFRAGACEAE, 444 Leaves alternate. Stipules present RosacBAg, 454 Stipules none. Herbs with rough-pubescent leaves Loasacgag, 588 Trees or shrubs STYRACACEAE, 649 o. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals wu u. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them. Ovaries 3-6, separate; woody vines MENISPERMACEAR, 410 Ovary only one. e Ovary 2-4-celled. Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete; petals valvate VITACEAE, 562 Calyx 4-5-cleft; petals involute RAAMNACEAE, 560 Ovary 1-celled. Anthers opening by uplifted lids BERBERIDACEAE, 411 Anthers not opening by uplifted lids. Style 1, unbranched; stigma 1 PRIMULACEAB, 643 Styles, style-branches, or stigmas more than 1. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 PoORTULACACEAE, 387 Sepals or calyx-lobes 3-5. Flowers monoecious Crotonopsis, 542 Flowers perfect PLUMBAGINACEAE, 643 uw. Stamens not of the same number as the petals, or if of the same number alternate’ with them v. v. Calyx free from the ovary, i.e. ovary wholly superior w. ANALYTICAL KEY 17 , w. Ovaries 2or more, wholly separate or somewhat united x. x. Stamens united with each other and with a large thick stigma common to the 2 ovaries ASCLEPIADACEAE, 663 x. Stamens free from each other and from the pistils y. y. Stamens on the receptacle, free from the calyx. Leaves punctate with translucent dots.’ ~ RutTAcEAg, 537 Leaves without translucent dots. Trees or shrubs; leaves pinnate. Low shrub; leaflets mostly 5 Zanthorhiza, 408 Tree; leaflets 11 or more Ailanthus, 638 Herbs. Leaves fleshy CRASSULACEAE, 441 Leaves not fleshy. r Ovaries or lobes of the ovary 2-5, witha common style. # Ovary 2-3-lobed LIMNANTHACEAB, 551 Ovary 5-lobed GERANIACEAR, 534 Ovaries with separate styles or sessile stigmas RANUNCULACEAE, 392 y. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Plant fleshy ; stamens just twice as many as the pistils CRASSULACEAE, 441 Plant not fleshy; stamens not twice as many as the pistils. Stipules present RosaceAg, 454 Stipules none SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444 w. Ovary 1 z. z. Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta LEGUMINOSAE, 499 z. Ovary compound, as shown by the number of its cells, placentae, styles, or stigmas A. A. Ovary 1-celled. Corrolla irregular. Petals 4; stamens 6 FUMARIACEAB, 416 Petals and stamens 5 VIOLACEAE, 579 Corolla regular or nearly so. Ovule solitary. Trees or shrubs ANACARDIACEAE, 552 Herbs CRUCIFERAE, 418 Ovules more than one. Ovules at the center or bottom of the cell. Petals not inserted on the calyx CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 377 Petals inserted on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx LYTHRACEAE, 591 Ovules on 2 or more parietal placentae. Leaves punctate with translucent dots HYPERICACEAE, 571 Leaves beset with gland-tipped bristles DROSERACEAE, 440 Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular. Petals 4. Stamens essentially equal; pod usually stiped CAPPARIDACEAE, 438 Stamens unequal, 2 being shorter than the other 4; pod sessile CRUCIFERAE, 418 Petals 3 or 5. Ovary stiped PASSIFLORACEAE, 587 Ovary sessile. GRAY’S MANUAL—2 ok 8 ANALYTICAL KEY Calyx 5-lobed or of 5 equal sepals SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444 Calyx of 3 equal or 5 very unequal sepals CISTACEAE, 576 A. Ovary 2-several-celled B. B. Flowers irregular C. C Anthers opening at the top. Authers 6-8, 1-celled PoLYGALACEAER, 538 Anthers 10, 2-celled Rhododendron, 631 C. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of the gibbous calyx Cuphea, 59. Stamens 5-10 and petals hypogynous or nearly so. Ovary 3-celled; trees or shrubs Aesculus, 559 Ovary 5-celled; herbs BALSAMINACEAE, 560 B. Flowers regular or nearly so D. D. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals. , Trees or shrubs. Stamens fewer than the 4 petals OLEACEAE, 650 Stamens more numerous than the petals ACERACEAE, 507 Herbs. Petals 5 HYPERICACEAE, 571 Petals 4 CRUCIFERAE, 418 ». Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals E. E. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. Herbs. Flowers monoecious or dioecious EUPHORBIACEAE, 540 Flowers perfect and symmetrical. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals. Ovary 2-3-celled LIMNANTHACEAE, 551 Ovary 5-celled GERANIACEAB, 534 Cells of the ovary twice as many as the sepals. Leaves abruptly pinnate ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 536 Leaves simple LINACEAE, 531 Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound. Leaves 3-foliolate, punctate Ptelea, 537 Leaves pinnate, not punctate SAPINDACEAE, 559 Leaves simple. Leaves palmately veined ACERACEAE, 557 Leaves pinnately veined. Leaves alternate. Climbing shrub Celastrus, 55% Erect shrubs or trees. Flowers racemose CYRILLACEAR, 553 Flowers solitary or cymose AQUIFOLIACEAR, 554 Leaves opposite CELASTRACEAR, 556 E. Ovules, and usually seeds, several or many in each cell F. F. ‘Leaves compound. ‘ Tree or shrub STAPHYLEACEAR, 557 Herbs; leaves alternate, or all radical. Leaflets 3, obcordate OXALIDACEAE, 532 Leaflets more numerous, pointed Astilbe, 444 F. Leaves simple Stipules present between opposite leaves ELATINACEAR, 575 ANALYTICAL KEY 19 Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. Stamens 5, united at base into a 10-toothed cup or tube; leaves all radical Galax, 642 Stamens free from each other... Style 1. Stamens free from the calyx ERICACEAB, 625 Stamens inserted on the calyx LYTHRACEAE, 591 Styles 2-5, or splitting into 2 in fruit. Stamens free from the calyx; leaves opposite CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 377 Stamens inserted on the calyx ERICACEAE, 625 y. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half G. G. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs CucuRBITACEAR, 764 G. Not tendril-bearing H. H. Ovules and seeds more than 1 in each cell. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2; ovules borne at the base of the ovary PORTULACACEAL, 387 Sepals or calyx-lobes 4-5; placentae 2-3, parietal SaxIFRAGACEAE, 444 Ovary 2-many-celled. Anthers opening by pores at the apex MELASTOMACEAE, 593 Anthers not opening by pores., Stamens inserted on or about a flat disk which covers the ovary CELASTRACEAE, 556 Stamens inserted on the calyx. Style 1; stamens 4 or 8 (rarely 5) ONAGRACEAE, 594 Styles 2-3, distinct; stamens 5 or 10 SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444 H. Ovules and seeds only 1 in each cell. Stamens 5 or 10. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, not prickly Crataegus, 460 Leaves compound, or prickly ARALIACEAE, 605 Herbs. Fruit dry, splitting at maturity; styles 2 UMBELLIFERAE, 607 Fruit berry-like; styles 2-5, separate or united ARALIACEAE, 605 Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Style and stigma 1; fruit a drupe CorNACESE, 623 Styles or stigmatic branches or sessile stigmas usually more than 1; fruit not drupaceous. Shrubs or trees HAMAMELIDACEAR, 452 Herbs. Style 1; stigma 2-4-lobed ONAGRACEAB, 594 Styles or sessile stigmas 4 HALORAGIDACEAE, 602 n. Petals more or less united I. I. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla J. J. Ovary 1-celled. ‘ Placenta 1, parietal LEGUMINOSAE, 499 Placentae 2, parietal FUMARIACEAE, 416 Placenta at the center or base of the ovary STYRACACEAB, 649 J. Ovary 2-celled; cells 1-ovuled POLYGALACEAR, 538 J. Ovary 3-ccelled K. Ix. Stamens free from the corolla. ‘ Style 1; leaves simple ERICACEAE, 625 Styles 5; leaves 3-foliolate OXALIDACEAR, 532 20 ANALYTICAL KEY K. Stamens attached to the base or tube of the corolla. Saprophytic herbs without green foliage Monotropoideae, 626 Not saprophytic; foliage green. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs; anthers mostly 2-celled. Filaments united into 1-5 groups. Ovary superior TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 570 Ovary at least partly inferior StyRACACEAE, 649 Filaments free from each other. Style 1 ERICACEAE, 625 Styles 4 EBENACEAE, 648 Herbs; anthers 1-celled. Filaments united into a tube MALVACEAE, 566 Filaments distinct, 2 at each notch of the corolla Adoxa, 763 I. Stamens not more numerous than the corolla-lobes L. L. Stamens of the same number as the corolla-lobes and opposite them. Corolla appendaged with scales inside; ovary 5-celled; trees or shrubs SaPOTACEAE, 648 Corolla not appendaged with scales inside; ovary 1-celled; herbs. Style 1; fruit a several-many-seeded capsule PRIMULACEAB, 643 Styles 5; fruit a 1-seeded utricle PLUMBAGINACEAE, 643 L. Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes or fewer M. M. Ovary free from the calyx-tube (superior) N. N. Corolla regular O. : O. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes P. P. Ovaries more than 1, or, if 1, deeply lobed Q. Q. Ovaries 2, or, if 1, 2-horned. Stamens united ASCLEPIADACEAE, 663 Stamens distinct. Stipules or stipular membrane or line between opposite leaves; ovary 2-horned LOGANIACEAE, 652 Stipules none; ovaries 2. Leaves kidney-shaped, alternate Dichondra, 669 Leaves not kidney-shaped, chiefly opposite APOCYNACEAE, 661 Q. Ovary deeply 4lobed. Leaves alternate BoORAGINACEAR, 679 Leaves opposite LABIATAB, 690 P. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed R. R. Ovary 1-celled. Seed 1; corolla scarious PLANTAGINACEAE, 743 Seeds several-many. Leaves entire, opposite GENTIANACEAE, 654 Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound. ‘Whole upper surface of corolla white-bearded ; leaflets 3, entire Menyanihes, 660 Corolla not conspicuously bearded; leaves, if compound, with toothed leaflets HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 676 R. Ovary 2-10-celled. Leafless twining parasites Cuscuta, 671 Leaves opposite, their bases connected by a stipular line LOGANIACEAE, 652 ANALYTICAL KEY 21 . Z Leaves alternate or if opposite with no trace of stipules. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. Style 1 ERICACEAE, 625 Style none AQUIFOLIACEAR, 554 Stamens in the notches of the corolla; style1 D1ApEnstacnaAn, 642 Stamens on the tube of the corolla. ra Stamens 4. Leafy-stemmed; leaves opposite; corolla petaloid VERBENACEABR, 688 Acaulescent; corolla scarious PLANTAGINACEAE, 743 Stamens 5 or rarely more. Fruit of 2 or 4 seed-like nutlets BoRAGINACEAE, 679 Fruit a few-many-seeded pod. Styles 3 (rarely in) Breweria, 669 Styles 2. Pod few(mostly 4)-seeded CONVOLVULACEAE, 668 Pod many-seeded HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 676 Style 1, often branched. Branches of the style (or at least the lobes of the stigma) 3. Not twining POLEMONIACEAE, 673 Twining Ipomoea, 670 Branches of the style or lobes of the stigma 2 or rarely 4. Seeds few, mostly 4 ConVOLVULACEAE, 668 Seeds many SoLaNACEAB, 712 O. Stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes. Stamens with anthers 4, in pairs. Ovary 2-celled; cells several-seeded ACANTHACEAR, 742 Ovary 2-4-celled ; cells 1-seeded : VERBENACEAE, 688 Stamens with anthers only 2 or rarely 3. Ovary 4-lobed Lycopus, 709 Ovary 2-celled, not 4-lobed. Herbs. Acaulescent; corolla scarious PLANTAGINACEAE, 743 Leafy-stemmed ; corolla not scarious Veronica, 726 Trees or shrubs OLEACEABR, 650 N. Corolla irregular S. S. Stamens with anthers 5. Stamens free from the corolla; anther-cells opening at the apex Rhododendron, 631 Stamens inserted on the corolla. Ovary deeply 4lobed around the style Echium, 688 Ovary not deeply lobed, many-ovuled. Filaments or some of them woolly Verbuscum, 719 Filaments not woolly Hyoscyamus, 716 §. Stamens with anthers 2 or 4. Ovules solitary in the 1-4 cells. Ovary 4-lobed; style rising from between the lobes LABIATAE, 690 Ovary not lobed; style from its apex. Ovary 1-celled; fruit turned downwards PHRYMACEAE, 743 Ovary 2-4-celled; fruit not turned downwards VERBENACEAE, 688 Ovules 2-many in each cell. 22 ANALYTICAL KEY Ovary imperfectly 4-5-celled MARTYNIACEAR, 741 Ovary 1-2-celled. Ovary 1-celled. Parasites without green foliage, terrestrial; stamens 4 OROBANCHACEAE, 739 Not parasitic, chiefly aquatic or mud plants; stamens 2 LENTIBULARIACEAE, 736 Ovary 2-celled. Trees or woody climbers; placentae parietal B1iGNONIACEAE, 740 Herbs, rarely trees; placentae in the axis. Seeds (mostly numerous) not borne on hooks ScROPHULARIACEAR, 717 Seeds (2-12) borne on hook-like processes of the placentae ACANTHACEAE, 742 M. Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior) T. T. Tendril-bearing herbs; anthers often united CucURBITACEAE, 764 T. Tendrils none U. U. Stamens separate V. V. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its lobes; stipules none; juice milky CAMPANULACEAE, 765 V. Stamens inserted on the corolla. ; Stamens 1-3, always fewer than the corolla-lobes VALERIANACEAR, 761 Stamens 4-5; leaves opposite or whorled. Ovary 2-5-celled. ; Leaves opposite or perfoliate, but neither whorled nor provided with true stipules CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 754 Leaves either opposite and stipulate, or whorled and destitute of stipules RUBIACEAE, 746 Ovary 1-celled ; flowers in dense involucrate heads DipsacacEAk, 763 U. Stamens united by their anthers; these joined in a ring or tube. Flowers separate, not involucrate; corolla irregular LOBELIACEAR, 768 Flowers in an involucrate head ComposiITak, 770 TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES TREATED IN THIS WORK OrpERS, FAMILIES, ETC. GENERA. Species. ee Native, | Introd. | Native. | Introd. | Native, | Introd. Division I. PTERIDOPHYTA Order I. FiLicazs Fam. 1. Hymenophyllaceae 1 1 “9. Polypodiaceae 18 58 22 «8, Schizaeaceae . 2 2 “4, Osmundaceae 1 8 5 “5. Ophioglossaceae . . sea 2 9 7 ‘6. Marsileaceae. . 1 2 “©, Salviniaceae. . . . 2 2 Ord. II. EquisetaLes Fam. 8. Equisetaceae 1 10 5 Ord. III. LycopopraLes Fam. 9. Lycopodiaceae . ke te 1 12 10 “10. Selaginellaceae . s 1 3 ** 11. Isoétaceae 1 18 1% Division II. SPERMATOPHYTA Suspivision I. GyYMNOSPERMAE Ord. [V. ConiFeraLes Fam.12, Taxaceae ....... 4 1 “18. Pinaceae . : i es ea “st 9 24 3 2 Sugpivision II. ANGIOSPERMAE Crass I. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE| Ord. V. PANDANALES Fam, 14.’ Typhacese ...... 1 2 «45. Sparganiaceae . . . . . 1 9 2 Ord. VI. NasaDALes Fam. 16. Najadaceae . . . . 5 44 1 IT “ 17. Juncaginaceae. . 2. 2... 2 4 “© 18. Alismaceae . . ae a ee 4 19 abl “19. Hydrocharitaceae. . . . . 8 8 Ord. VII. GraminaLes Fam. 20. Gramineae . .. . x 68 19 812 66 42 5 “© 91. Cyperaceae . . . 2. «ss 18 822 11 135 Ord. VIII. Arates. .. . Fam. 22, Araceae... 1 ee ee 6 7 “* 98, Lemnaceaze . . . .. . 4 9 1 Ord. [X. XyRrpaLes Fam. 24, Eriocaulaceae e be yi 8 6 “95. Xyridaceae . i a : 1 8 96. Mayacaceae 1 1 “97. Commelinaceae * 2 12 i «« 98. Bromeliaceae . . . . 1 1 se 99. Pontederiaceae. . . 2 4 1 23 i 24 TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES OxpErs, FAMILIES, ETO. VARIETIES AND Namep Forms. Native. | Introd. Ord. X. LiLiaes Juncacese . Liliaceae . Haemodoraceae Dioscoreaceae Amaryllidaceae Tridaceae . Ord. XI. Scrramivarus Marantaceae Ord. XII. Oncuarss Fam, 30. «al. “82. «83. 84. 85. Fam. 86. Fam. 87. ste 883 Crass Il. DICOTYLEDONEAE Burmanniaceae Orchidaceae . Subclass I, Archichlamydeae Ord. XIII. Fam. 39. PIPERALES Piperaceae Ord. XIV. Saricaves Fam, 40, Salicaceae Ord. XV. Myricares Fam. 41. Ord. XVI. Fam. 42. Ord, XVII. Fam, 43. Ord. XVIII. Fam. 44, 45. Myricaceae . LEITNERIALES Leitneriaceae . JUGLANDALES Juglandaceae FAGALES Betulaceae . Fagaceae . Ord. XIX. Unrtioates Fam. 46. Urticaceae . Ord, XX. SANTALALES Fam. 47. 48, Ord. XXI. Fam, 49. Ord, XXII. Fam. 50. Ord. XXIII. Fam. 51. Fam. 57. Santalaceae . Loranthaceae ARISTOLCONIALES Aristolochiaceae POLYGONALES Polygonaceae CHENOPODIALE: Chenopodiaceae . Amaranthaceae . Phytolaccaceae . Nyctaginaceae . . Tlecebraceae . Aizoaceae . CARYOPBYLLALES Ss Caryophyllaceae . Portulacaceae RANUNOULALES Nymphaeacene . . Ranunculaceae . Magnollaceae . Ceratophyllaceae . GENERA. Native. | Introd. 2 29 5 2 1 5 1 3 l 1 1 -18 1 2 1 1 2 5 3 11 2 8 2 2 6 1 8 2 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 7 T 4 1 5 19 4 ” SPECIES. Native. | Introd. 49 1 80 4 2 d, 5 2 23 4 1 1 68 1 80 10 4 1 10 17 1 25 18 8 6 2 7 1 43 14 23 18 9 9 1 5 4 1 1 1 87 33 11 2 1 8 1 73 15 6 > ao TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES 25 GENERA. Sprciss. eas SD Orpurs, FAMILIES, ETC. Native. | Introd. | Native. | Introd. | Native. | Introd. Fam. 63. Calycanthacene . . . . « 1 2 “64, Anonaceae . . 2. 2 2. 6 1 1 “« 65. Menispermaceae . ... . 8 3 ‘© 66. Berberidaceae . ..... 5 5 1 “© 67. Lauraceae . 2. 2. 2. 2 ee 4 6 Ord. XXVI. PapaveraLes Fam, 68. Papaveraceae . . 6... 3 4 8 9 1 “* 69. Fumariaceae . . 2. 6 se 8 1 9 1 1 ‘70, Ceneliorie- « 4 se & & * 16 15 56 46 14 A, “1. Capparidaceae . 2... e. 2 4 1 se 92, Resedaceae . . . 2. «2 « 1 8 Crd. XXVIII. SarracenraLes . Fam. 78, Sarraceniaceae. . . . 1 2 1 “44, Droseraceae. . 2. . 2 se 1 6 pl Ord. XXVIII. Rosaes Fam. 75, Podostemaceae. . . ... 1 1 “ 76. Crassulaceae . 2... ee 8 1 9 5 “9%. Saxifragacene . . ee 14 50 4 5 “© 78. Hamamelidaceae ier Serge 8 3 “« 19. Platanaceae . . a ee tes 1 1 “© 80. Rosaceae. » 2 «ee ee 20 4 181 83 74 1 “ 81. Leguminosae . ..... 42 1 145 37 23 1 Ord. XXIX. GERANIALES : ' ‘Fam, 82. Linacese . . 2. we i 1 7 4 “ 88. Oxalidaceae . , - . ess 1 8 1 “© 84, Geraniacene. . . 2 wee 1 1 4 9 “* 85, Zygophyllaceae .«.... 2 2 “ 86, Rutaceae. 2. 2 2 ee ee 2 1 8 1 1 “© 87, Simarubaceae . . . . « - 1 1 “ 88. Polygalacene . . . +. ss 1 14 2 «¢ 89, Euphorbiaceae . . ee 10 2 39 9 “© 90. Callitrichaceae . . 2. 6 = 1 4 Ord. XXX. SapinDALES Fam, 91, Buxaceae ......-- 1 1 «« 92. Empetraceae . . . . . 2 2 2 «« 98, Limnanthaceae . . . . - 1 1 “© 94, Anacardiaceae . .... 1 8 7 “95, Cyrillaceae. 2. 2 6. ee 1 1 ‘© 96. Aquifoliaceae . . . . . 2 10 8 “ 97. Celastraceae . . . 2. . 8 5 1 * 98, Staphyleaceae. . . . . « 1 1 «99, Aceracene . wl en ee a 1 6 3 © 100. Sapindaceae . . . ee - 2 1 4 2 2 “© 101. Balsaminaceae . . . . - 1 8 Ord, XXXI. RmaMNaLeEs Fam, 102, Rhamnaceae . . . 6 © - 8 6 2 ‘1 “© 108. Vitaceae. . 2 2 2 oe ew 8 14 5 Ord, XXXII. MALtvaLzes Fam. 104. Tiliaceso . . . 2 + se 1 8 «© 105. Malvaceae... - 6 + 6 8 8 17 12 Ord. XXXIII. Viovaes Fam. 106. Ternstroemiaceae .... 2 3 omni 26 TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES VARIETIES AND GENERA, Srzoiie: NaMep Fora. OrpEk8s, FaMILIzs, ETO. Native. | Introd. | Native. | Introd. | Native. | Introd. Fam, 107. Hypericaceae . . . 2 25 uf 1 ** 108. Elatinaceae . 2 4 “109. Cistaceae 3 18 3 “* 110. Violaceae . eer Bs 43, 8 1 ' “© 411, Passifloraceae =. 1 2 “112. Loasaceae a We 1 2 Ord. XXXIV. OpuntTIALes Fam. 1138. Cactaceae . . . . 2 6 1 Ord. XXXV. Myrrarzes Fam. 114, Thymelaceae . . 1 1 1 1 “115. Elaeagnaceae . 2 3 ‘116, Lythraceae. . e 6 10 2 1 “117. Melastomaceae 1 4 *¢ 118. Onagraceae . 7 1 48 2 9 “119. Haloragidaceae 3 12 8 Ord. XXXVI. UmMBELLALES Fam. 120, Araliaceae . . eet 8 7 2 “« 121. Umbelliferae 29 17 5T 20 7 “© 122. Cornaceae . ee 2 18 1 Subclass II. Metachlamydeae Ord. XXXVII. Ericates Fam, 123, Ericaceae e 25 1 18 1 17 ‘© 124, Diapensiaceae. . . 3 8 Ord. XXXVIII. PrimuLares Fam. 125. Plumbaginaceae tee 1 1 “© 126. Primulaceae , . ... 10 1 17 5 5 1 Ord. XXXIX. Esenares Fam. 127, Sapotaceae. . . . . . 1 2 “© 128. Ebenaceae . . . . 1. 1 1 ‘© 129, Styracaceae 3 5 Ord. XL. GENTLANALES Fam. 130. Oleaceae. . . . . 8 2 9 2 1 “© 181. Loganiaceae . . 4 4 “182, Gentianaceae . . 10 84 4 3 ‘© 133. Apocynaceae . 3 1 5 1 3 “134. Asclepiadaceae rae 5 1 81 2 3 Ord. XLI. PoLeMontaLes Fam. 135. Convolvulaceae . 5S oad 6 19 9 2 2 ‘186, Polemoniaceae . . 3 14 a 1 “187. Hydrophyllacere . 5 16 : “© 188. Boraginacere . 7 5 28 16 4 ‘* 189. Verbenaceae . 3 11 2 il “140. Labiatae . 21 14 vad 42 14 1 “© 141. Solanaceae eo a 3 5 19 14 3 1 -* 142, Serophulariaceae . 24 5 86 24 i “© 143, Lentibulariaceae . 2 16 “« 144. Orobanchaceae 3 5 3 ‘* 145, Bignoniacene . 7 3 8 1 “146. Martyniaceae . ome 1 1 “147, Acanthaceae . . . 8 6 2 ‘© 148, Phrymacese . . , 1 1 ernst TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES OT VARIETIES AND GENERA. Sprorxs. Namep Forms. OrpDERS, FAMILIES, ETO. Native. | Introd, | Native. | Introd. | Native.| Introd. Ord, XLIL. PLanracinaLes Fam, 149, Plantaginaceae . . 2. . 2 12 3 2 Ord, XLIII. Ruprares Fam. 150. Rubiaceae Bi ihe one ae os T 2 84 8 8 “151, Caprifoliaceae. . 2 1. 8 85 6 8 ‘© 152, Valerianaceae. . . . . 2 8 2 8 ‘© 158. Dipsacaceae . . .. 1. 3 5 Ord, XLIV., CAMPANULALES Fam. 154. Cucurbitaceae, . . . 2. 4 4 ‘¢ 155. Campanulaceae . . . . . 2 1 8 5 1 1 ** 156. Lobeliaceae. . . % a 18 3 “157. Compositae ‘ 81 25 430 89 128 i 18 SUMMARY BY DIVISIONS, CLASSES, ETC. VARIETIES AND GENERA. SPEOIES. NameED Forms Division, CLass, ETO. Native. | Introd. | Native. | Introd. | Native. | Introd. Pteridophyta . . 6. ee ee ‘81 115 61 Spermatophyta. . . . Bo oh «% 790 180 8298 666 105 40 Gymnospermae’ . . +. ee ee 10 25 3 2 Angiospermae . < ‘ AD 780 180 3273 668 708 40 Monocotyledoneae . . . . + + 184 26 993 92 236 5 Dicotyledoneae mee ee 8 596 154 2280 571 467 35 Archichlamydeae. . . . s/h x 3385 88 1249. 321 258 15 Metachlamydeae . é ee 261 66 1081 250 214 20 SUMMARY BY MINOR GROUPS Families’ 3 2s oe ee ee ee we AT Genera native. . . - . . 821 introduced . . . . 180 , total 2 op a we ee wee a 100 Species native. . .. . . 8418 introduced . . . . 666 doll pg be ce ee ee we OO Varieties, named forms, ete. native. .... . 766 introduced . .. . 40 fof] « kB ewe ce we we OO Whole number of different plants (species, varieties, and named forms) treated in this work - a eee eA ee ee RR |e Be Re ow ORR EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES A, Br, —Braun, Alexander. Adans.— Adanson, Michel. A. DC. — De Candolle, Alphonse. Ait. — Aiton, William. dit. f, — Aiton, William Townsend. 4(1,— Allioni, Carlo. Anders. — Andersson, Nils Johan. Andr.— Andrews, Henry C. Andrz.— Andrzejowski, Anton Lukiano- wicz. Ard.— Arduino, Pietro. Arn.— Amott, George A. Walker. Asch. — Ascherson, Paul. Aust. — Austin, Coe Finch. B. & H.— Bentham, George, and Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Bab.— Babington, Charles Cardale. Baill. — Baillon, Henri Ernest. Baldw.— Baldwin, William. Barn. — Barneoud, F. Marius. Bartl.— Bartling, Friedrich Gottlieb. Bartr.— Bartram, William. Beauv. — Beauvois, A. M.F. J. Palisot de. Benn. — Bennett, Arthur. Benth. — Bentham, George. Bernh.— Bernhardi, Johann Jacob. Bess. — Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von. Bieb.—Bieberstein, Friedrich August, Marschall von. Bigel.— Bigelow, Jacob. Bjornstr. —Bjornstrém, Friedrich Jo- hann. B. Juss. — Jussieu, Bernard de. Boeckl. — Boeckeler, Otto. Boenn. —Boenninghausen, C. M. F. von. Boerh. — Boerhaave, Hermann. Boiss.— Boissier, Edmond. Borkh. — Borkhausen, M. B. Br., A. Br.— Braun, Alexander. Br., P. Br.— Browne, Patrick. Br., R. Br. — Brown, Robert. Brack. —Brackenridge, William D. Brig. — Brigquet, John. 28 BSP.— Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns, E. E., and Poggenberg, Justus F. Burm. f.— Burman, Nikolaus Laurens. C. & S.—Chamisso, Adalbert von, and Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von. C. A. Mey.— Meyer, Carl Anton. Carr. —Carriére, Kilie Abel. Cusp.—Caspary, Robert. Cass. — Cassini, Henri. Cav.—Cavanilles, Antonio José. Celak. —Celakovsky, Ladislav. Cerv. — Cervantes, Vicente. Cham.—Chamisso, Adalbert von. Chapm.—Chapman, Alvan Wentworth. Chois. — Choisy, Jacques-Denis. Clayt.— Clayton, John. Coult. — Coulter, John Merle. Cyrill. — Cirillo, Domenico. Darl. — Darlington, William. Davenp.— Davenport, George Edward. DC.—De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus. DC., A. DC.—De Candolle, Alphonse. Dene. — Decaisne, Joseph. Desf.— Desfontaines, Réné Louiche. Desr. — Desrousseaux. Desy.— Desvaux, Augustin Nicaise. Dietr.— Dietrich, Albert: Dili. — Dillenius, Johann Jacob. Dougl.— Douglas, David. Dufr.— Dufresne, Pierre. Duham.— Du Hamel du Monceau, H. L. Dumont. —Du Mont de Courset, G. L. M Dumort.—Dumortier, Barthflemy C. Dur.—Durieu de Maisonneuve. Eat. — Eaton, Amos. Ehrh.— Ehbrhart, Friedrich. Ell, — Elliott, Stephen. Endl. —Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus. Engelm. — Engelmann, George. Esch.—Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich. Fisch. — Fischer, F. E. Ludwig von. Forst.— Forster, J. R. and George. Foug.— Fougeroux, Auguste Denis. ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES 29 Fourn. —Fournier, Eugene. Fresn. — Fresenius, J. 73. G. W. Froel. — Froelich, Joseph Aloys. Gaertn. — Gaertner, Joseph. Gal. — Galeotti, Henri. Guud. — Gaudichaud-Beaupré, Charles. G. F. W. Mey.—Meyer, Georg Fried- rich Wilbelm. Gilib. —Gilibert, Jean Emmanuel. Gmel. — Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb. Gmel., J. F. Gmel. — Gmelin, Johann Friedrich. Gmel., J. G. Gmel. — Gmelin, Johann Georg. Godr. —Godron, Dominique Alexandre. Good. — Goodenough, Samuel. Grab. — Grabowski, Heinrich Emanuel. -Graebn. — Graebner, Paul. Gren. — Grenier, Charles. Grev. — Greville, Robert Kaye. Griseb.— Grisebach, Heinrich R. A. Gronov. —Gronovius, Jan Fredrik. Gunn. — Gunnerus, Johann Ernst. Guss. — Gussoni, Giovanni. H. & A.—Hooker, William Jackson, and Amott, G. A. Walker. Hack. —Hackel, Eduard. Hartm. — Hartman, Carl Johan. Hassk. —Hasskarl, Justus Carl. Haussk. — Haussknecht, Carl. Haw.— Haworth, Adrian Hardy. HBK.—Humboldt, F. Alexander von, Bonpland, Aimé, and Kunth, C. 8. Hegel. — Hegelmaier, Friedrich. Heist. —Heister, Lorentz. Herb.— Herbert, William. Hitche. — Hitchcock, Albert Spear. Hof'm.—Hoffmann, Georg Franz. Hook. — Hooker, William Jackson. Hook. f.— Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Hornem.—Hornemann, Jens Wilken. Huds. — Hua_on, William. Jacq. — Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph. J. D, Sm.— Smith, John Donnell. J. F. Gmel.— Gmelin, Johann Friedrich.” J. G. Gmel.— Cmelin, Johann Georg. J. G. Sm.— Smith, Jared Gage. J. Sm.— Smith, John. Jord. — Jordan, Alexis. Juss. — Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de. Juss., B. Juss.— Jussieu, Bernard de. Karst. — Karsten, Hermann. Krock. — Krocker, Anton Johann. Kize.— Kuntze, Otto. ZL.—Linnaeus, Carolus, or Linné, Cari von. L. f.—Linné, Carl von (the son). Laestad. — Laestadius, Lars Levi. Lag.—Lagasca, Mariano. Lall. — Ave-Lallemant, J. L. E. Lam.—Lamarck, J. B. A. P. Monnet. Lamb.— Lambert, Aylmer Bourke. Lat.— Latourette, M. A. L. Leavenw.— Leavenworth, Melines C. Ledeb. — Ledebour, Carl F. von. Lehm.— Lehmann, J. G. C. Lesp.& Thév.— Lespinasse, Gustave, and Théveneau, A. Less. — Lessing, Christian Friedrich. L’ Hér. —L’Heéritier de Brutelle, C. L. Lightf. — Lightfoot, John. Lindl. — Lindley, John. Lodd.— Loddiges, Conrad. Loefl.—Loefling, Pehr. Loisel. — Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J L. A. Loud.— Loudon, John Claudius. Lour.—Loureiro, Juan. MacM.— MacMillan, Conway. Marsh. — Marshall, Humphrey. Mazxim.—Maximowicz, Carl Johann. Medic. — Medicus, Friedrich Casimir. Meisn. — Meisner, Car] Friedrich. Merr,. —Merrill, Elmer D. Mett, —Mettenius, Georg Heinrich. Mey.— Meyer, Ernst Heinrich F. Mey., C. A. Mey.—Meyer, Carl Anton. Mey., G. F. W. Mey.— Meyer, Georg Friedrich Wilhelm. Mich.— Micheli, Pier’ Antonio. Michx.— Michaux, André. Michx. f.—Michaux, Frangois André. Mill. — Miller, Philip. Moq.— Moquin-Tandon, Alfred. Muell. Arg. — Mueller, Jean (of Aar- gau). Muench. —Muenchhausen, Otto Freiherr von. Muhl. — Muhlenberg, G. H. E. Murr.— Murray, Johann Andreas. Neck. — Necker, Noel Joseph de. Nees—Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Gottfried. Nees & Eberm.— Nees von Esenbeck, T F. L., and Ebermaier, K. H. Newm.— Newman, Edward. 30 ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES Nutt, — Nuttall, Thomas. Pall. — Pallas, Peter Simon. Parl. —Parlatore, Filippo. P. Br.— Browne, Patrick. Pers, —Persoon, Christian Hendrik. Peterm. — Petermann, Wilhelm Ludwig. Planch. —Planchon, Jules Emile. Plum. — Plumier, Charles. Poir.— Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. Poll.—Pollich, Johann Adam. Rk. & P.—Ruiz Lopez, Hipolito, and Pavon, Josef. ; R. & S.—Roemer, J. J., and Schultes, August. Raf. — Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. 8. Rk. Br. —Brown, Robert. Reichenb. — Reichenbach, H. G. L. Retz. — Retzius, Anders Johan. Richards. — Richardson, John. Roem.— Roemer, M. J. Rostk. — Rostkovius, F. W. G. Rotth. — Rottboell, Christen Fries. Rupp.-—Ruppius, Heinrich Bernhard. Rupr.— Ruprecht, Franz J. Rydb.—Rydberg, Per Axel. Salisb. — Salisbury, Richard Anthony. Sarg. — Sargent, Charles Sprague. Sch. Bip. —Schultz, Karl Heinrich (dis- tinguished as Bipontinus, z.e. of Zweibrucken). Schleich. —Schleicher, J. C. Schleid. —Schleiden, Matthias Jacob. Schrad.—Schrader, Heinrich Adolph. Schreb. —Schreber, Johann D. C. von. Schwein. —Schweinitz, Lewis David de. Scop. —Scopoli, Johann Anton. Scribn. — Lamson-Scribner, Frank. Ser.— Seringe, Nicolas Charles. Shuttho. — Shuttleworth, Robert. Sibth. — Sibthorp, John. Sieb. & Zucc.—Siebold, P. F. von, and Zuccarini, J. G. Sm. — Smith, James Edward. Sm., J. Sm.—Smith, John. Sm., J. D. Sm. — Smith, John Donnell. Sm., J. G. Sm.— Smith, Jared Gage. Soland. — Solander, Daniel. Spreng. — Sprengel, Kurt. Sternb. — Sternberg, Caspar. Steud. — Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb. Stev. — Steven, Christian. St. Hil. — St. Hilaire, Auguste de. Sulliv. —Sullivant, William Starling. Sw.— Swartz, Olaf. T. & G.—Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa.. Thunb. —Thunberg, Carl Pebr. Torr. —Torrey, John. Tourn.— Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. Trel.— Trelease, William. Trev. — Treviranus, Christian Ludolf. Trin. —Trinius, Karl Bernhard. Tuckerm. — Tuckerman, Edward. Turcz. —Turczaninow, Nicolaus. Underw.— Underwood, Lucien Marcus. Vaill.— Vaillant, Sébastien. Vent. — Ventenat, Etienne Pierre. Vill. — Villars, Dominique. Wahib.— Wahlberg, Pehr Fredrik. Wahlenb.— Wahlenberg, Georg. Waldst. & Kit.— Waldstein, F. A. von. and Kitaibel, P. Wallr. — Wallroth, K. F. W. Walp. —Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard. Walt. — Walter, Thomas. Wang. — Wangenheim, F. A. J. von. Wats. — Watson, Sereno. Wettst.— Wettstein, Richard von. Willd. —Willdenow, Car] Ludwig. Wimm.— Wimmer, Friedrich. With. — Withering, William. Wormsk. — Wormskiold, M. von. Wulf. — Wulfen, Franz Xavier. FURTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS EMPLOYED IN THIS WORK (The customary and well known abbreviations for the states of the Union and months of the year are omitted from this list.) Adv., adventive, i.e. as yet only casual and sporadic. Afr., Africa. Alb., Alberta. Am., America or American. Assina., Assiniboia. Austr., Australia. auth., authors. B. C., British Columbia. cm., centimeter (or centimeters), the hundredth part of a meter, = about two-fifths of an inch. cosmop., cosmopolitan. distr., distributed. dm., decimeter (or decimeters), the tenth part of a meter, = about four inches. é., east or eastern. eastw., eastward. Eu., Europe. Eurasia, Europe and Asia. f., filius, son, or the younger. Fl., flowers or flowering. Fr., fruit or fruiting. Greenl., Greenland. Huds. B., Hudson Bay. I, island. Introd., introduced, i.e. brought in inten- tionally, as through horticulture, etc. I. T., Indian Territory. L., lake. Lab., Labrador. L. I., Long Island, New York. m., meter (or meters), = about 39} inches. Man., Manitoba. Man. ed. 6, Sixth edition of Gray’s Man- ual of Botany. Mex:., Mexico. mm., millimeter (or millimeters), = about one twenty-fifth of an inch mt., mts., mountain, mountains. n., north or northern. XN. A., North America. nat., naturalized, i.e. thoroughly estab- lished. NV. B., New Brunswick. n. €., northeast. Nfd., Newfoundland. no., number. northw., northward. N.S., Nova Scotia. n. w., northwest. Okla., Oklahoma. Ont., Ontario. P. E. I., Prince Edward Island. Que., Province of Quebec. R., river. s., south or southern. S. A., South America. Sask., Saskatchewan. s. e., southeast. Siber., Siberia. southw., southward. Subtrop., sub-tropical. s. w., southwest. Temp., temperate. Trop., tropics or tropical. w., west or western. westw., westward. W. I., West Indies. » (pronounced mu). A micron, the mil- lionth part of a meter, a measure used in microscopic studies. - Figures or words connected by the ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS short dash indicate the extremes | ! A mark of affirmation or authentica- of variation, as ‘‘5-12 mm. long, tion. i.e. varying | ? indicates doubt. few-many-flowered,”’ from five to twelve millimeters in | ¢Bearing stamens or antheridia but length and from few to many flow- neither pistils nor archegonia. ered. QBearing pistils or archegonia but § section. neither stamens nor antheridia. co Of indefinite number, usually many. X crossed with, the sign of a hybrid. 100 Millimeters TULLE TIN HAHAH 1 2 NAA 38 4 TUUTQTOOOVIONTEUTUTYTTTTTV TTT TTTTTTTTUTTTT 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 Centimeters Yo Meter, or 1 Decimeter DESCRIPTIVE FLORA Division I. PTERIDOPHYTA (Ferns anp Fern ALuiEs) Male generative cells (spermatozoids) spirally coiled motile bodies, aot developing into a tube. Plants with more cr less distinct alter- nation of generations. The sexual stage, a small thalloid body; the asexual provided with vascular tissue and (with rare exceptions) differentiated into stem and leaves (fronds), some of these modified to bear asexual reproductive bodies or spores (without embryo), which again give rise to the sexual generation.— Often called Vascular Cryptogams or Higher Flowerless Plants. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE (Fiumy Fern Famiry) Delicate ferns with slender often filiform creeping rootstocks. Fronds pellucid, of a single layer of cells. Sporangia sessile on a bristle-like receptacle within a cup-shaped, tubular, or bivalvular involucre, from the apex of a vein, the ring transverse and complete. Chiefly tropical, inhabiting damp places, often epiphytic. Fronds circinate in vernation. 1. TRICHOMANES L. Finuy Fern Involucre tubular-funnel-shaped, the mouth nearly or quite truncate. Spo- rangia bursting vertically. — Ours a small creeping fern with much divided fronds. (.\n ancient Greek name for some fern.) 1. T.Boschianum Sturm. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, 12-35 mm. wide, bipinnatifid; rhachis narrowly winged; pinnae triangular-ovate, the divi- sions toothed or again lobed ; capillary receptacle often much exserted. (TZ. rad- icans Man. ed. 6, not Sw.) —On moist and dripping sandstone cliffs, Ky. to Ala. POLYPODIACEAE (Fern Famity) Leafy plants (ours herbaceous), with creeping rhizomes. Spores borne in sporangia (spore-cases), these collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters (sori or fruit dots) on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, cellular- reticulated, stalked, the stalk running into a vertical incomplete many-jointed ring, which by straightening at maturity ruptures the sporangium transversely on the inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit dots often covered (at least GRAYS MANUAL—3 33 : B+ POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) when young) by a membrane called the indusiwm (or less properly the involucre}, growiig either from the back or the margin of the frond. a, Indusium none or abortive and obscure b. >. Sterile fronds simply pinnatifid (the segments rarely toothed or bebe) Fertile fronds similar to the sterile, flat and leaf-like . 1. Potyvopium. Fertile fronds much contracted ; segments pod-like . . . . 18. Onocvea. b Sterile fronds 2-4-pinnate or -pinnatifid. Sterile fronds green on both surfaces. Fertile fronds similar to the sterile, leaf-like . . . . 2 PHEcorreris. Fertile fronds much contracted ; segments pod- ‘like | . . 18. ONnocLrA. Sterile fronds whitened beneath . é 3, NOTIHOLAENA« u. Indusium present ¢. c. Indusium formed entirely or in part by the revolute edge of the frond @. d. Sori clearly distinct. Indusium single, covering the sorus . é a 5 @ - 4 ADIANTUM. Indusium double, cup-like or 2-valved Z 5 . 17. Droksonta. d. Sori soon confluent as a more or less continuous marginal band. Stipe stout (8-4 mm. in diam.), commonly solitary . % . . 5, Preris. Stipes filiform (0.5-1.3 mm. in diam.), clustered. Segments of the sterile frond glabrous. reen or greenish. Segments petiolulate or articulated at cordate or rounded base 7. PELLAEA. Segments of sterile frond cuneate at sessile unarticulated base 8. CrypToGRs IMA Chalky-white beneath . < 5 Fi é . 8 NornoLagya, Segments of the sterile frond pubescent. P . . . 6, CHEILANTHESs. ce. Indusium not continuous with the edge of the frond e. é. Indusium peltate or laterally attached, covering the sorus when young /f. J. Sori more or less elongated. Sori parallel to the midrib. < z . . 9. Woopwarpta. Sori parallel to the oblique lateral veins. | Veins free ; fronds 1-3-pinnate. Sori separate, straight or horseshoe-shaped . 10. ASPLENIUM. Sori linear, confluent in pairs (appearing like single sori but with indusia on both sides) . . 11. ScoLoPENDRIUM. Veins reticulated ; fronds simple, rooting at the ‘tip . e 12. CampTosorts. J. Sori orbicular or reniform g. g-_ Indusium evident at least when young ; fertile fronds leaf-like h. hk. Indusium fixed by the center. Indusium orbicular-peltate, without a sinus . 18, PotysticHuM. Indusium reniform or if orbicular with a narrow sinus . . 14, Asprpium. h. Indusium attached at the side. . 15. CystoprTeris. g. Indusium obscure, lunate; fertile segments much contracted, pod-like . 5 + 18. ONOOLEA. e. Indusium inferior, cup-like or involuere like. Indusium 2-valved, cup-like . 5 ‘a * . . . 17. Dioxsonta. Indusium cleft into narrow segments . : S ‘ < s .- 16. Woopsia. 1. POLYPODIUM [Tourn.] L. Poryropy Fruit dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one cr more rows each side of the midrib or central vein, or irregularly scattered, each borne in our species on the end of afree yeinlet. Rootstocks creeping, branched, often covered with chaffy scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which the stipes are attached by a distinct articulation. (Name from rodv-, many, and rods, foot, alluding to the branching rootstock.) 1, P. vulgare L. Fronds evergreen, oblong, smooth both sides, 8-40 cm high, simple and deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse or some- what acute, remotely and obscurely toothed; veins once or twice forked ; fruit dots large, midway between the midrib and the margin. — Rocks ; common. July. (Eu., etc.) Variable. Some of the more noteworthy forms have been distinguished as: Var. arrenuAtum Milde, with segments attenuate-acuminate, serrulate toward the end. Var. auritom Willd., with the lowest segments auri- cled. Var. cAmpricum (L.) Willd., with the segments more or less strongly toothed or pinnatifid. Var. cristAtum Moore, with segments 1-several times forked at the ends. w 2. P. polypodioides (L.) Hitchce. Frond evergreen and coriaceous, oblong, 6-25 cm. high, grayish and very scurfy underneath with peltate scales, simply pinnatifid ; the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse ; fruit dots rather small, near the margin ; veins forking, free in the N, ‘American plant! (P. incanum Sw.)— Rocks and trunks of trees, Va. and 0. to Ia, and southw. ; reported on Staten I., N.Y. (Trop.) POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 35 , 2. PHEGOPTERIS (Presl) Fée, Bszcu Fern Fruit dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. — Our species have free veins and bright green membranaceous fronds, decaying in early autumn. (Name composed of gyyés, an oak or beech, and mrrépis, fern. ) * Fronds twice pinnatiyjid ; pinnae all sessile, adnate to the winged rhachis. 1. P. polypodioides Fée. Fronds triangular, longer than broad (8-26 cm. long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward ; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire, the basal decurrent upon the main rhachis ; fruit dots all near the margin. (P. Phegopteris Underw.) — Damp woods, Nfd. to N. Y., “ Va.,” Wisc., la., Wash., and Alaska. (Eurasia. ) \- 2. P. hexagonéptera (Michx.) Fée. Fronds triangular, usually broader than long (14-80 cm. broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath : pinnae lanceolate ; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, those of the very large lowest pinnae often elongated and pinnately lobed, basal ones very much decurrent and forming a continuons many-angled wing along the main rhachis ; fruit dots near the margin ; some also between the sinus and the mid- rib. — Rather open woods, centr. Me. to w. Que., w. to Minn., and southw. common.—Larger and broader than the last, which it often closely resembles. * * Fronds ternate, the three divisions petioled j vhachis wingless. 3. P. Dryépteris (L.) Fée. (Oak Fern.) Fronds smooth, broadly triangular (1-1.5 dm. wide), the three triangular primary divisions all widely spreading, 1-2-pinnate ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed ; fruit dots near the margin. — Rocky woods ; common northw. (Eurasia.) 4, P. Robertiana (Hotfm.) A. Br. Fronds minutely glandular and some- what rigid, dull green ; lowest inferior pinnae of the lateral divisions smaller in proportion than in the last species. (P. calcarea Fée.)— Shaded limestone, “Lab.” and Anticosti to N. B., Ia., and Man.; rare. (Eu.) 8. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. Cxioax Fern Fruit dots roundish or oblong, placed near the ends of the veins, soon more or less confluent into an irregular marginal band, with no proper involucre. Veins always free. Fronds of small size, 1-4-pinnate, the lower surface almost always either hairy, tomentose, chaffy, or covered with a fine waxy white or yellow powder. (Name from »éfos, spurious, and daiva, a cloak, the woolly coating of the original species forming a spurious covering to the sporangia.) 1. N.dealbata (Pursh) Kunze. Fronds triangular-ovate, 3-8 cm. long, 3-4-pinnate ; rhachis and branches straight, black and shining; ultimate pin- nules ovate-oblong, scarcely 2 mm. long, white and powdery on the lower surface. (N. nivea, var. Davenp.) —Clefts of dry calcareous rocks, Mo., Kan., and southwestw. July, August. 4. ADIANTUM ([Tourn.] L. Marpennair Fruit dots marginal, short, borne on the under side of a transversely oblong, crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin of a lobe of the frond reflexed to form an indusium ; the sporangia attached to the approximated tips of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules none (in our species) or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. (The ancient name, from a- privative and dalyw, meaning unwetted, the foliage repelling rain-drops. ) v1. A. pedatum L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender stalk (2-5 dm. high), the recurved branches bearing on one side several slender _ spreading pinnate divisions ; pinnules numerous, short-stalked and obliquely sriangular-oblong, entire on the lower margin, from which the vines all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other.— Rich moist woods. J uly. 36 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 2. A. Capillus-Véneris L. Fronds (1-5 dm. high) with a continuous main rhachis, ovate-lanceolate, often pendent, 2-3-pinnate at the base, the upper third or half simply pinnate; pinnules wedge-obovate or rhomboid, 15-32 mm. long, deeply and irregularly incised ; veinlets flabellately forking from the base ; invo- lucres lunulate or transversely obiong. — Moist rocky places, s. N. Y. (?) ; s.e. Pa. to Ky. and Fla.; also S. Dak. and southwestw. (Widely distr.) 5. PTERIS L. Braxs or BRaAcKEN Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire margin of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which forms a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an uninterrupted transverse vein-like receptacle connecting the tips of the forked free veins, with or without an obscure inner indusium. Fronds 1-3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient Greek name of Ferns, from rrepdév, a wing, on account of the prevalent pinnate or feathery fronds. ) 1. P. aquilina L. (Common Brake.) Frond dull green (2-9 dm. wide), ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (2-9 dm. high), the widely spread- ing branches twice pinnate ; pinnules oblong-lanceolate ; the upper undivided ; the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round with the indusium, which is really double in this species. (Pteridium Kuhn.» —Thickets and hillsides, common. Aug. (Widely distr.) Var. pseupocat- pAra Clute is a form with many of the pinnules, especially the terminal ones, narrow, entire, and much elongated. — Mass. to N. J., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 6. CHEILANTHES Sw. Sporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small and roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit dots, covered by a mostly whitish and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed ot the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule. — Low, mostly with 2-3-pinnate and hairy or chaffy, rarely smooth fronds, the sterile and fertile nearly alike, the divisions with the principal vein central. Some species with continuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. (Name composed of ye?dos, margin, and dybos, a flower, from the marginal sori.) * Fronds smooth, or at most hairy. 1. C. alabaménsis (Buckley) Kunze. Fronds smooth, chartaceous (7-20 cm. long), ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnae numerous, oblong-lanceolate ; pin- nules triangular-oblong, rather acute, often auriculate or lobed ; indusium con- tinuous, rather broad, pale, and of firm consistence. —On rocks, mts. of Va. to Ky., southw. and westw. (Mex.) ‘ 2. C. landsa (Michx.) Watt. Fronds (1-4 dm. high) lanceolate-oblong, hirsute, as are the brown and shining stipes, with stratghtish prominently articu- lated rusty hairs, twice pinnate; pinnae rather distant, triangular-ovate ; pin- nules oblong, crowded (4-8 mm. long), more or less incised, the ends of the roundish or oblong lobes reflexed and forming separate herbaceous involucres, which are pushed back by the ripened sporangia. (C. vestita Sw.) —Clefts of rocks, Ct. to Minn., Wyo., and southw. * * Fronds woolly or tomentose. 3. C. tomentdsa Link. Fronds (1.5-5 dm. high) lanceolate-oblong, densely tomentose with slender and entangled whitish obscurely articulated hairs, thrice pinnate ; primary and secondary pinnae oblong or ovate-oblong; pinnules dis- tinct, minute (1-2 mm. long), roundish-obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the upper surface less woolly, the reflexed narrow margin forming a continuous somewhat membranaceous indusium. — Mts. of Va. and Ky.; thence w. and southw, —Stipe and rhachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow chaffy scales and whitish hairs. (Mex., W. 1.) 4. C. Feéi Monre. Stipes slender, at first hairy, black or brown, shining; POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 37 fronds (8~17 cm. high) ovate-lanceolate, woolly with soft whitish distinctly articulated flattened hairs, becoming smoother above, twice or thrice pinnate; pinnae (8-12 mm. long) ovate, the lowest distant, the others contiguous; pin- nules crenately pinnatifid, or mostly divided into minute and roundish densely crowded segments (1-2 mm. long), the herbaceous margin recurved and forming an almost continuous indusium. (C. lanuginosa Nutt.) ~—In dense tufts, on dry rocks and cliffs, Ill. to Minn., thence w. and southw. 7. PELLAEA Link. Curr Brake Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free veins, distinct, or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous line of fructification of Pteris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous and continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, which consists of the reflexed and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division.—Small ferns, with 1-3- pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the sterile, but otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth, and shining. (Name from wedXés, dusky, alluding to the stipe.) 1. P. atropurpirea (L.) Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on the midribs and especially on the dark purple and polished stalk and rhachis, 1-6 dm. high; fronds coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate; the divi- sions broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, some- what heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base ; veins about twice forked. —Dry calcareous rocks, ‘‘N. H.”’ and Vt. to R. I, Ga., and westw. ; not common. July. Var. cristata Trel. is a form with dichotomously forked pinnae, somewhat crowded toward the summit of the frond. — Eureka, Mo. (@. Pauls). 8. CRYPTOGRAMMA R.Br. Rock Brake Fruit dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking veins. Margins of the fertile segments herbaceous or more or less scarions, at first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat and exposing the confluent sporangia. — Low ferns, with smooth 2-8-pinnate tufted fronds, the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with narrower divisions. (Name from xpurrés, hidden, and ypauuy, a line, alluding to the lines of sporangia at first concealed by the reflexed margin.) * Revolute margins of the fertile frond bearing a distinct scarious indusial border ; ultimate segments of the sterile fronds lance-linear, acute. 1. C. dénsa (Brack.) Diels. Fronds not very dissimilar, 8-20 cm. high ; stipes purplish brown; segments of the sterile fronds lance-linear, very acute, incisely serrate. (Pellaea Hook.) — Calcareous or serpentine walls of ravines, etc., Mt. Albert, Gaspé Co., Que. ; Grey Co., Ont. ; and in the far west. ** Revolute margins of the fertile frond scarcely modified ; ultimate segments of the sterile fronds broader. 2. C. acrostichoides R. Br. Fronds markedly dissimilar; segments of the fertile linear (6-10 mm. long), of the sterile ovate-oblong, obtuse, serrulate ; stipes straw-colored, scaly especially toward the base.—Crevices of rocks, Arctic Am. to L. Huron, L. Superior, Col., and Cal. 8. C. Stelléri (Gmel.) Prantl. Fronds markedly dissimilar; segments of the fertile linear-oblong to lance-linear; those of the sterile ovate to obovate- flabelliform, crenulate, decurrent at their cuneate bases. (Pellaea gracilis Hook.) — Shaded chiefly calcareous rocks, Que. and N. B. to Vt., Ct. n. Pa., TIL, and northwestw. ; local. (Asia.) 9. WOODWARDIA Sm. Cuatn Fern Fruit dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on trans- yerse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium fixed by 38 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN WAMILY) its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and opening cn the side next the midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free toward the margin oi the frond. — Large ferns, with pinnatifid or pinnate fronds. (Named for Thomas J. Wood- ward, an English botanist.) §1. ANCHISTHA (Presl) Hook. Sterile and fertile fronds alike ; veins form- ing only one row of meshes (areoles). V1. W. virginica (L.) Sm. Fronds (6-14 dm. high) pinnate, with numerous lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae; segments oblong; veins forming a row of narrow areoles along the midrib both of the pinnae and of the lobes, the outer veinlets free ; fruit dots oblong, one to each areole, confluent when ripe. — Wet swamps, N. S. to Fla., La., Mich., and Ont. Rootstocks creeping, often 2-3 m. long! July. § 2, LORINSERIA (Presl) Hook. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; veins of the sterile fronds forming many rows of meshes. 2. W. areolata (L.) Moore. Fronds pinnatifid ; sterile ones (2-6 dm. high) with lanceolate serrulate divisions united by a broad wing ; fertile fronds taller. with narrowly linear almost disconnected divisions, the areoles and fruit dots (8-10 mm. long) in a single row each side of the secondary midrib ; rootstocks creeping. (IW. angustifolia Sm.) — Wet woods, s. Me. to Fla. and Tex. ; also Ark. and Mich. ; rare. Aug., Sept. 10. ASPLENIUM 1. Spreenwort Fruit dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate ; the straight or rarely curved indusium fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile vein ; —in some species a part of the fruit dots are double, the fertile vein bear- ing two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Name from a- privative and orh7r, the spleen, for supposed remedial properties. ) § 1. EUASPLENIUM (Endl.) Klotzsch. IJndustum straight or slightly curved, attached to the upper side of the vein, rarely double ; small evergreen ferns ; stipes filiform or nearly so, with vascular bundles separate and peripheral or if united toward the summit forming a lunate bundle ; scales of the rhizome and stipes narrow, of firm texture and with thick-walled cells. * Fronds pinnatifid, or pinnate only near the base. 1. A. pinnatifidum Nutt. Fronds (7-20 cm. long) lanceolate, pinnatifid or pinnate below, tapering above into a slender prolongation, ‘the apex sometimes rooting’; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, or the lowest long-acuminate ; fruit dots irregular, those next the midrib often double, even the slender proJongation fertile; stipes brownish, becoming green above, and so passing into the broad pale green midrib. —On cliffs and rocks, Ct. to Mo., and southw. ; very rare. July. —Resembles the Walking Leaf (Camptosorus), but the veins are free. x A. ebenoides R.R. Scott. Fronds (1-2 dm. high) broadly lanceolate, pin- natifid, below pinnate, the apex proionged and slender; divisions lanceolate from a broad base, the lower ones shorter, often proliferous, as is the apex of the frond; fruit dots much as in the last; stipes black and polished, as is the lower part of the midrib, especially beneath. — Limestone cliffs, Vt. (Miss Wool- son, Miss Smith) to Mo., and southw. ; very rare. A noteworthy hybrid be- tween A, platyneuron and Camptosorus rhizophyllus ; its origin early suspected by M. G. Berkeley and recently demonstrated by Miss Margaret Slosson. This fern is more abundant and probably self-perpetuating in Ala, * * Fronds narrow, linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, with numerous pinnae ; these entire to serrate or rarely incised. + Pinnae not auricled. 2. A. viride Huds. Fronds (5-13 cm, tall) tufted, linear in outline, pale green, softly herbaceous; pinnae roundish-ovate ar ovate-rhomboid, short- stalked, crenately toothed (4-9 mm. long), the midvein indistinct and forking ; POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 30: the slender stipe brownish and passing into a green herbaceous rhachis. — Shaded limestone ; Nid. ton. N. E., w. and northw, rare. (Widely distr.) 3. A. Trich6manes L. Fronds (8-22 cm. long) in dense spreading tufts, linear in outline, dark green and more rigid; pinnae roundish-oblong or oval (8-7 mm. long), entire or crenulate, rarely incised, unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at base, attached by a narrow point, the midvein forking and evanescent; the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple-brown and shin- ing. —Shaded rocks. July. (Widely distr.) Forma imcisum Moore with deeply pinnatifid pinnae has been reported from Vt. (Miss Grout, Mrs. Horton). + + Pinnae more or less auricled. 4. A. pdrvulum Mart. & Gal. Fronds upright (1-25 dm. high), narrowly linear-oblanceolate ; pinnae (4-12 mm. long) rigid and thickish, mostly opposite, nearly sessile, somewhat deflexed, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate, auricled on the upper or both sides ; sori rather few, as near the margin as to the continu- ous midvein ; stipe and rhachis black and shining. (A. resiliens Kunze.) — Mts. of Va. to Kan., and southw. — Intermediate between the last and the next. v 5. A. platynetron (L) Oakes. Fronds upright (2-5 dm. tall), linear- oblanceolate in outline, fertile ones much the taller; pinnae (1-3 cm. long) Jirmly membranaceous, mostly alternate, sessile, spreading, oblong or oblong- linear, jinely serrate or even incised, the base auricled on the upper or both sides ; sori many, nearer the elongated midvein than the margin; stipe and rhachis blackish-purple and shining. (A. ebeneum Ait.) — Rocky open woods, s. Me. to Col., and southw. (W.I., S. Am., Afr.) / Var. serrRATUM (KE. S. Miller) BSP. is a form with at least some of the pinnae deeply jagged-serrate. Var. inctsum (E. C. Howe) Robinson has very brittle stipes and the pinnae deeply pinnatifid. (A. ebeneum, var. Hortonae Davenp.) — Vt. to Md., Mo., and ‘“ Ark.’ ; rare. 6. A. Bradléyi D.C. Eaton. Fronds oblong-lanceolate (4-20 cm. tall); stipe blackish and somewhat shining ; pinnae membranaceous, rather numerous, the lower ones no larger than the middle ones, all short-stalked, oblong-ovate, obtuse, incised or pinnatifid into oblong toothed lobes. —On rocks, e. N. Y. to Ky., “«Mo.,”’ and southw. ; rare. * * * Fronds ovate-lanceolate to deltoid, 2-3-pinnate or -pinnatifid. 7. A montanum Willd. Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base (5-18 em. long), subcoriaceous, pinnate ; pinnae ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper gradually simpler ; rhachis green, broad and flat; stipe brown at base. — Cliffs and rocks, from Ct. to O., Ky., *¢Ark.,’? and southw. July. ’ | 8 A. Rita-muraria L. Fronds deltoid-ovate (8-7 cm. long exclusive of the green stipe), subcoriaceous, laxly 2-3-pinnate at base, the pinnae alternate ; ultimate segments few, stalked (38-14 mm. long), from narrowly cuneate to roundish-obovate, toothed or incised at the apex; veins forking ; sori 2-4 on a segment ; rhachis and stipe green. — Limestone cliffs, Vt. to Ont., Mich., Mo., and southw.; scarce. July. (Hurasia.) § 2. ATHYRIUM (Roth) J. Sm. Indusium straight or more often curved, fre- quently crossing the vein; fronds tall, strictly herbaceous ; the stipes green or greenish not filiform, the bundles concentric and uniting above into a 3-4-armed central bundle; scales delicate, of thin-walled cells. — Athyrium Roth as redefined by Milde. * Fronds simply pinnate; indusium straight or but slightly curved. 9. A. angustifdlium Michx. Fronds 6-12.dm. high; pinnae (8-12 cm. long) numerous, short-stalked, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or crenulate, those of the fertile frond narrower ; fruit dots linear, 20-40 each side of the midvein ; indusia slightly convex. (Athyrium Milde.) — Rich woods, w. Que. and N. H. to Minn., and southw. Sept. * * Fronds bipinnatifid ; indusium straight or slightly curved. 10, A. acrostichoides Sw. Jronds (6-11 dm, high) pinnate; pinnae deeply 40 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (7-13 cm. long) ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong fruit dots, some of them double. (A. thelypteroides Michx.; Athyrium acrostichoides Diels.) — Rich woods, N.S. to Ga., Ala., and Minn.; not rare. (Asia.) * * * Fronds bipinnate ; indusia at least in part reniform or horseshoe-shaped. Y 11. A. Filix-fémina (L.) Bernh. (Lavy Fery.) Fronds (4-10 dm. high) ovate-oblong or broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, numerous ; pinnules confluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and doubly serrate, or elongated and pinnately incised with cut-toothed segments ; fruit dots short, variously curved, at length confluent. (Athyrium Koth.) — Moist woods ; common and presenting many varying forms. July. (Cosmop.) 11. SCOLOPENDRIUM Adans. Hanrr’s Toncur Fruit dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening along the middle. (The ancient Greek name, employed because the numerous parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or Sculopendra.) 1. S. vulgare Sm. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart-shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (12-45 cm. long, 2-6 cm. broad), bright green. (Phyllitis Scolopendrium Newm.) — Shaded ravines and under limestone cliffs ; Woodstock, N. B.; Grey and Bruce Cos., Ont. ; centr. N. Y.; and Tenn. ; very rare. Aug. (Mex., Eurasia.) 12. CAMPTOSORUS Link. Waxxine Lear Fruit dots oblong or linear, as in Asplenium, but irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib single, the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indusia open face to face) or to become confluent at their ends, thus forming crooked lines (whence the name, from xaymrés, flexible, and cwpéds, for fruit dot). 1. C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Fronds evergreen, subcoriaceous, growing in tufts, spreading or procumbent (1-3 dm. long), gradually narrowed from a cordate or auricled base to a long and slender acumination, which often roots at the end and forms a new plant. —Shaded, especially calcareous rocks; centr. Me. to Ottawa, thence to Minn., and southw. to Kan. and Ga. — The auricles are sometimes greatly elongated, and even rooting; in another form they are lacking. 13. POLYSTICHUM Roth Fronds tufted at the end of a stout rootstock, chiefly of firm or leathery texture, evergreen ; stipes and rhachises chaffy. Sori orbicular, opening on all sides of the circular peltate centrally attached indusium. (Name from zowv-, many, and erlxos, row, the sori of some species being in many ranks. ) * Fronds narrowly obiong or lanceolate, simply pinnate, the pinnae sometimes again cleft. + Upper (spore-bearing) pinnae of the fertile fronds much contracted. \ 1. P. acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. (Curistmas Frry.) Fronds 2-5 dm. long, the scaly stipe 5-15 cm. in length; pinnae linear-lanceolate, halj-halberd- shaped at the slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth; the smaller upper pinnae bearing two rows of sori, which in age becoming confluent cover their entire lower surface. (Aspidium Sw.) — Common in rocky woods. Var. Scuwernitzi1 (Beck) Small (Aspidium acrostichoides, var. incisum Gray) is a variable form with larger fronds, toothed or pinnatifid pinnae, the fertile less reduced and the sori less confluent, chiefly near the tips of the pinnae. — Not rare, + + Upper (spore-bearing) pinnae similar to the others. 2. P. Lonchitis (L.) Roth. (Horny Fern.) Fronds linear-lanceolate, very POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 41 short-stalked, rigid (1-6 dm. long); pinnae broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, acute, the lowest short-triangular, strongly auricled on the upper side, spinulose- dentate ; sori biseriate, at length subconfluent. (Aspidium Sw.) — Rocky (calca- reous) woods, Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and from Niagara Falls, Ont., to L. Superior, westw. and northw. (£u ) ** Fronds bipinnate. 3. P. Braunii (Spenner) Fée. Fronds ovate- or oblong-lanceolate (4-9 dm. long) tapering to a very short-stiped base; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost rectangular at base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. (Aspidium aculeatum, var. Ddoll.)— Rich, mostly upland woods, Nfd. to N. Y., and L. Superior. (Eu.) 14. ASPIDIUM Sw. Surety Fern. Woop Fern Fronds tufted, 1-3-pinnate ; veins simple or branched. Sori orbicular, borne on the back of the scarcely modified fertile frond. Indusium reniform or, if orbicular, exhibiting a distinct narrow depression or sinus at one side, although centrally attached. Stipes not articulated at the base. (Name from domlduoy, a small shield, from the shape of the indusium.) Nerpuropium Rich. a. Veins simple or once forked ; fronds not evergreen ; stipes and slender rootstocks nearly naked. Lowest pinnae scarcely smaller than the middle ones, Fertile veins once forked . 3 ‘ o » Ll. A. Thelypteris. Fertile veins simple . ‘ ; 7 : ‘ . ss . . A, simulatun. Lower pinnae gradually decreasing in size, the lowest very small . 38. A. noveboracense. 1 Veins, at least the lowest, more than once forked ; fronds mostly ever- green; stipes and rootstocks scaly 0b. : be b. Pinnae 40-60, small,4-8 nim. broad . . et » 4 Az fragrans. 6. Pinnae fewer, 12-90 mm. broad ec. e. Frond bipinnatifid or bipinnate (or sub-tripinnatifid near the base). Sori marginal . . 7 : s "3 A . 58 A. marginale. Sori not marginal. Basal scales lance-linear, caudate-attenuate . r Si . 6 A. Filio-mas. Basal scales ovate-oblong to deltoid. Basal scales firm, shining, dark chestnut-colored e . tT A. Goldianum. Basal scales thin, dull, membranous, light brown. Indusium glandular-puberulent. Lobes of frond with incurved teeth; sori 1.5-1.8 mm. in diameter : : ‘i : (9) A. eristatum, var. Clintonianum. Lobes with spreading teeth ; sori 1-1.2 mm. in diameter. 8. A. Boottit. Indusium glabrous. « Frond conspicuously narrowed at the base. + «+ 9% A. eristatum. Frond scarcely or not at all narrowed at the base. Lobes incurved-serrate. - (9) A. eristatunr, var. Clintonianum Lobes spinulose-dentate ‘ . . ° . + 10. A. spinulosum. ce. Fronds tripinnate or tripinnatifid d. d. Fronds tripinnatifid. Basal scales large, lance-oblong, dark brown (10) A. spinulosum, var. dilatatum. Basal scales small, deltoid-ovate, light brown. Indusium glandless i . a ¥ - (10) A. spinulosum. Indusium glandular-puberulent . - (10) A. spinuloswm, var. intermedium. d, Fronds tripinnate é - (10) A. sptnolusum, var. concordianum. M1. A. Thelypteris (L.) Sw. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline; pinnae horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid ; lobes oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute when in fruit from the strongly revo- lute margins ; veins forked, bearing the (numerous and soon confluent) fruit dots near their middle; indusium minute, smooth and naked. (Nephrodium Strempel; Dryopteris Gray.) -——- Marshes; common. Aug. (Cosmop.) Forma Purrrrakz (A. A. Eaton) Robinson is a form with pinnae variously forked at the tip. : 2. A. pee tres Davenp. In habit similar to the preceding ; veins simple ; fruit dots few (3-10 on each lobe) ; indusium glandular-ciliolate. (Dryopteris Davenp.) — Boggy woods, etc., Me. to Vt. and Md. ; reported from Mo. (73. A. noveboracénse (L.) Sw. Fronds pinnate,-lanceolate in outline, taper- ing both ways from the middle ; pinnae lanceolat2, the lowest 2 or more pairs 42 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) gradually shorter and deflexed ; lobes flat, oblong, basal ones often enlarged and incised ; veins simple, or forked in the basal lobes; fruit dots distinct, near the margin ; indusiuin minute, the margin glanduliferous. (Dryopteris Gray.) — Rich woods; common. July. —Frond pale green, delicate and membrana- ceous, hairy beneath along the midribs and veins. : 4, A. fragrans (L.) Sw. Fronds (1-3.5 dm. higk, glandular and aromatic, narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately-parted pinnae ; their crowded divisions (2-4 mm. long) oblong, obtuse, toothed or almost entire, nearly covered beneath with the very large thin imbricated indusia, which are orbicu- lar with a narrow sinus, the margin sparingly glanduliferous and often ragged. (Nephrodium Richards.; Dryopteris Schott.) — Chiefly on limestone cliffs, N. B., and n. N. E. to Minn., Alaska, and Greenl. (Caucasus, Asia.) ; 5. A. marginale (L.) Sw. Frond evergreen, smooth, thickish and almost coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (3-7 dm. long) ; pinnae lanceolate, acumi- nate, slightly broadest above the base ; pinnules oblong or oblong-scythe-shaped, crowded, obtuse or pointed, entire or crenate; fruit dots close to the margin, (Nephrodium Michx.; Dryopteris Gray.) — Rocky hillsides in rich woods. common, especially northw. Aug. Var. éLecans J. Robinson is a form with large fronds (2-2.5 dm. broad) which have the pinnules or most of them toothed or lobed. 6. A. Filix-m4s (L.) Sw. Frond lanceolate (8-11 dm. long); pinnae linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex; pinnules oblong, very obtuse, serrate at the apex and obscurely so at the sides, the basal incisely lobed, dis. tinct, the upper confluent; fruit dots nearer the midvein than the margin. usually confined to the lower half of each fertile pinnule. (Dryopteris Schott.) — Rocky woods, Nfd., N. 8., n. Vt., L. Huron, L. Superior, Dak., Ariz., and northw. (Cosmop.) 7. A. Goldianum Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate-oblong (6-10 dm. long); pinnae (1.56-2.3 dm. long) oblong-lanceolate, broadest in the middle, pinnately parted; the divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear, slightly scythe-shaped (2-3 cm. long), serrate with appressed teeth; veins pin- nately forking and bearing the fruit dots very near the midvein; indusium very large, orbicular, with a deep narrow sinus, smooth and without marginal glands. (Nephrodium Hook. & Grev. ; Dryopteris Gray.) — Rich woods, centr. Me. to Minn., Ia., and N. Car. Var. célsum (Palmer) Robinson. Fronds more narrowly ovate-oblong, slightly firmer, the lowest pinnae on rather long stalks; pinnules subremote. (Dryopteris Goldieana, subsp. Palmer.) On cypress: knees and decaying logs, Dismal Swamp, Va. (Palmer). 8. A. Bodttii Tuckerm. Scales of the stipe pale-brown; fronds (4-6.5 dm. long) elongated-lanceolate in outline, somewhat narrowed at base; lowest pin- nae triangular-ovate, the upper longer and narrower; pinnules oblong-ovate, -sharply spinulose-serrate or the lower pinnatifid ; industwm minutely glandular. (Nephrodium Davenp. ; Dryopteris Underw.)— Low wet thickets, etc. — Many differing forms have been referred to this species. Plants corresponding to the original material have been seen only from N. H., e. Mass., Ct., and e. Pa. They are suspiciously intermediate between A. cristatum and . e % yn ‘ 8. P. rigida. Leaves in 8’s, 15-25 em. long ‘ . . rf ry i . 4. P. serotina. Leaves flaccid, 0.7-1.5 mm. broad. Old cones when open subcylindric-ovoid, about 10 em. long, usually shining . 3 ee . Ans . ener: . 2 P. Taeda. Old cones when open broadly ovoid, 4-7 em. long, dull. Spine of cone-scale 2-8 mm. long ; leaves in 2’s, 4-8 cm. long 6. P. virginiana, Spine of cone-scale minute, about 1 mm. long ; leaves in 2s or 8's, 7-18 cm. long. et ‘i ae 5 - 8. P. echinata. i. P. Strdbus L. (Wuire P.) Tree 20-50 m. high; leaves in 5’s, very slender, glaucous ; sterile flowers oval (8-10 mm. long), with 6-8 involucral scales at base ; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical ; cones narrow, cylindri- cal, nodding, often curved (1-1.5 dm. long); seed smooth; cotyledons 8-10. — Nid. to Pa., along the mts. to Ga., west to Man. and e. Ia. ; 72, P. Taéda L. (Losrotny or Oup-Frerp P.) Leaves long (14-23 cm.), in 3°s or sometimes 2’s, with elongated sheaths, light green; cone-scales tipped with a stout incurved spine. —Wet clay, or dry sandy soil, s. N. J. to Fla., near the coast, thence to ‘Tex. and Ark.—A tree 15-45 m high, staminate flowers slender, 5 cm. long, usually with 10-18 involucral scales; seeds with 3 strong rough ridges on the under side, 64 PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 3. P. rigida Mill. (Prrcu P.) Leaves (5-12 cm. long) dark green, from short sheaths; cones ovoid-conical or ovoid (3-0 cm. long), often in clusters; scales with a short stout generally recurved prickle. —Sandy or barren soil, N. B. to L. Ontario, e. Tenn., and n. Ga.— A tree 10-25 m. high, with very rough dark bark and hard resinous wood ; sterile flowers shorter ; scales 6-8. 4, P. serétina Michx. (Ponp or Marsu P.) Similar to the last but readily distinguished by its much longer leaves (15-25 cm. in length) and sheaths, as well as the short more deciduous prickles of the cone.—-Coastal swamps, Va. (Harper) to Fla. ; 5. P. pingens Lamb. (Taste Movunrain P.) Leaves stout, short, in 2’s or 3’s (8-6 cm. long), crowded, bluish; the sheath short (very short on old foliage); the scales armed with a strong hooked spine. — Allegheny Mts., N. J. and Pa., to Ga. and Tenn. — A rather small tree (6-18 m. high) ; cones long- persistent. (-6. P. virginiana Mill. (Jersey or Scrus P.) Leaves shoré (4-8 cm. long), in 2’s; cones sometimes curved, the scales tipped with a straight or re- curved awl-shaped prickle. (P. inops Ait.) — Barrens and sterile hills, L. I. to S.C., Ala., and s. Ind. —A straggling tree (5-12 m. high), with spreading or drooping branchlets ; larger westward. Young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom. 7. P. Banksiana Lamb. (Gray or Nortuern Scrur P.) Leaves in 2's, very short and thick (usually 2-3 cm. long), oblique, diveryent ; cones conical, oblong, usually curved (4-5 cm. long), smooth, the scales pointless, or with a minute obsolescent prickle. (P. divaricata auth.) — Barren, sandy, or rocky soil, N.S. to n. N.Y., w. ton. Ul, Minn., and northw.— A low tree, usually 5-10 (rarely 20) m. high. 1-8. P. echinata Mill. (Yettow P.) Leaves in 2’s or 3's, slender, mostly about 1 dm. long, with long sheaths; cone-scales with a minute weak prickle. (P. mitis Michx.) — Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten I. to Kan., and southw. — A straight tree (15-30 m. high), with dark green leaves more soft and slender than the preceding. The western form has more rigid leaves and more tubercu- late and spiny cones. ; 9. P. sy_vestris L. (Scorcn P., Scorcn Fir.) Leaves in 2’s, dark green ; cones 4-6 cm. long, the thickened rhombic scales with central tubercle but not spinous. — Much cultivated, and thoroughly naturalized at some points on the N. E. coast.— A valuable long-lived tree attaining considerable height, but the trunk rarely straight, the bark gray. (Nat. from Eu.) 10. P. resindsa Ait. (Rep P.) Leaves in 2’s, dark green; cones ovoid- conical, smooth (about 5 em. long), their scqles slightly thickened, pointless ; sterile flowers oblong-linear (12-18 mm. long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base.—Dry woods, Mass. to n. Pa., Mich., and Minn., and northw.—A tall tree, with reddish rather smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous. 11. P. palustris Mill. (Lone-Leavep, YELLow, or Georeia P.) Leaves in 3’s from long sheaths, very long, crowded at the summit of very scaly branches; sterile flowers 6-8 cm. long, rose-purple; cones large, cylindrical or conical- cylindric, the thick scales armed with a short recurved spine. (P. australis Michx.) —Sandy soil, s. Va. to Fla. and Tex. —A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood. 2. LARIX [Tourn.] Adans. Larca Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year’s growth or more, short or globular, developed in early spring ; the sterile from leafless buds ; the fertile’ mostly with leaves below.