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LIBRARY

THIS BOOK IS ONE OF A COLLECTION MADE BY

BENNO LOEWY 1854-1919

AND BEQUEATHED TO CORNELL UNIVERSITY

CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

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IC^. Cicowes ,U)vMt aw., avid -Sons, riT^^^erx K<^e->(t-rv^- "ViOYx ol ^\ess.vs. C5^ovii.<Li. av^^oov^i Y'^''^^'^^\

Cajfjl 0f t|e flumes

OF ALL THE

JWatriages, Baptisms;, anb Burials

WHICH HAVE BEEN SOLEMNIZED

ptibat^ €^l)apei of Somerset Ifeotis^,

STRAND, IN THE COUNTY OF MIDDLESEX.

EXTENDING FROM

1714 TO 1776;

With an Index and Copious Genealogical Notes.

LONDON:

Printed for and Sold by JAMES COLEMAN,

GENEALOGICAL. AND HERALDIC BOOKSELLER,

22, HIGH STREET, BLOOMSBURY, W.C, 1862.

DEDICATION.

To the Lovers of Genealogy and all who desii-e to rescue fiura oblivion any Genealogical facts.

I humbly dedicate this copy of the Names of all the Marriages, Baptisms and Burials, many of them being those of Eminent Persons, which have been solemnized at the Chapel of Somebsbt Housk, from 1714 to 1776, the commencement and end of the Registers.

There can be no doubt the fact of the Chapel having been a Private one, and the Registers Private also, has occasioned much loss of time, and in some cases created a difficulty, in proving the Pedigrees of the parties herein named. The Chapel was shut up in 1777. It was removed to carry out improvements in 1790.

The Notes between brackets will be found interesting as well as authentic ; having been supplied to me by an Accubatb Genealogist,

A Strictly Alphabetical Index is added.

It is hoped this little work will be as useful to others as it has been to

Your Very Obedient

Servant

JAMES COLEMAN.

MARRIAGES

)C8Wtrset J^ouse ^f)apeL

>i<^\®[<

1714 Joseph Baker, married to Mary Brougli.

A hUmk.

1718 Jolm Knapp, to Mary Wright.

Charles Selw-yir, to ]\'Iary Hiil>

lon.

[lie was M.P. for Ludgarshall, co-

Wilts., and died 9th June 1749 s.p.

She was dan. of Cook and

widow of Houblon, and buried

at Hampstead, co. Middx.] July 7th Sir Edward Desbonverie, to Mary Smith.

[He was the 2nd Bart, and died 1736, s.p. she was the youngest dau. and co-heir of John Smith, esq. of Beaufort-buildings, Strand, and died Jan. 1721, both bm-ied at Britford, near Salisbury.]

James Mathews, to Sarah Hnm- plii'ies.

John Langham, to Mary Kemp- stor.

Thomas Wren, to Rachel Wal- ker.

Thomas dimes, to Am: Rip- pon.

Henry Stephens, to Lydia Sal- ter.

1718 Jonathan Tempest, to Mary

Fleetwood.

Blank.

1719 George AUestry, to Ann So-

ley. ■ John Wightwick, to Mary Gird May 27 Simon Peter, to Ann Grey- goose. James Roth, to Christiana

Swajmey. John Ravenhill, to Catherine Dansey. [He was of co. Hereford and she dan. and sole heir of Wni. Dansey, of Brinsop, in the same co., by Eliza- beth dau. and coheir of Sir Francis Russell, of Strensham, Isart.]

George Bincks, to Dorothy

Shelley. EUerker Bradshaw, to Rebecca Norther. [Dan. of Sir Edward. Northey, knt. Attorney General to Q Amie; mar- riage settlement dated 21 & 22 July 1719 ; he was of Risby, oo. York being only son and heir of Sir James Bradshaw, knt. by Dorothy, sister and heir of John Ellerker, of Risby aforesaid. He died 28th June, 1742 aged 62, leaving no surviving issue She died 2.5th July, 1770.]

jiAnniAGKS,

1719 George Rolfe, to Magdalen Hargrave. Theodoi'e Johnson, to Mary

Jones. John Day, to Rebecka Bryant.. 1720 Thomas Grime.s, to Henrietta Mai'ia Howell. William Co\vpei', to Mary GoTigh. July 3rd. Thomas Wentworth, Esq. to Elizabeth Lord. Stephen Hobberaa, to Jane Lnp-

ton. Thomas Milles, to Ann Cutts. Charles Hedges, to Catherine Tate, [He was of Finchley, co. Middx. esq. and she one of the co-lieirs of the Barony of Zouch, being dau. of Bartholomew Tate, of Delapre co. Northampton, esq. he died April, 1756, she survived her liusband and was gTandmother of Cecil Bisshopp, Lord Zoucli.]

John Joyens, to Martha Reeve.

1721 Chai-les Bawden, to Bethia

Thornton.

Robert Pritchai'd, to Phebe

Clark.

(Sif/'iP'/} Richard Synge, Chaplain.

Herbert Perrot Packington, to

Elizabeth Conyers. [He succeeded his father in 1727 as 5th bart and dying at Leyden 1748 was there buried. She was the dau. of John Conyers, of Walthamstow, CO. Essex, married June, 1721, and was buried at Hampton Lovet, 14th •July 1758. Their grandaughter Eli- zabeth, married Wm. Russell, esq. of Powick. whose son assumed the name of Packington, and was cr. a bart. in July, 1846.

1721 Edmond Morris, esq,, to Ann

Campljell. Harry Mander, Clerk, to P]li-

zabeth Chandler. Sept. 19th. Wm. Northey, esq. ti.

Abigail Webster.

[Only dau. of Sir Thos. Webstei bart. of Battle-Abbey, co. Snssex He was son of Sir Edward Noi'they, knt. Attorney- General to Queen Anne, and v.-as of Compton Basset, Wilts. Died 10th Nov. 1738 aged 4^ leaving issue.]

Thos. liannam, to Mai-tlm

Geering. John Knapp, to Aim Bendishe. Michael Parry, to Ehzabeth

Cook. Dec. 21th Peter Chester, S.T.P,, ti-

Sarah Webb. James Ashton, to ]\lai'garei

Sherman. Charles Sambridge, to Frances

Speed James Nicholson, to Ann

Evans. 1722 Richard Stainsby, to 3hir

garet Turner. Hemy Neale Dutton, to Eliza.

beth ililler.

Wm. Lucas, to Mary Wliite. John Bennington, to Margaret

Thomas. Thomas Bromley, to Hester

Chatteverre. George Golfitng, to ]Mary CcjI-

more. Felix Calvert, to Mary Cal- vert.

[ilary, dau. of Felix Calvert, nt Hunsdon Herts marr'^. 6th Feb. 1723

6

MAHBIAOE8,

Felix Calvert, of Albmy Hall, in tluit CO. lie was biu-ied there 6tli May, 1755, and she 26th May, 1757; lieing ancestors of Sir Harr}- Calvert r-r. a bart., 1818.]

Peter Calvert, to Honour Cal- vert.

[Dan. of Felix Calvert, of Albm-y Hall, Herts.esq. married 14tli Feb. 1723, Peter Calvert, of St. George's Hano^^er Sq. and had issue.]

William Nichols, to Hester Darvill. 1723 April 2nd. William Strickland, esq., to Catharine Sambrook. Iilay 28th. Richard Harcourt, esq., to Elizabeth Banastre. [See this match in Edmonson's Baronagium, Vol. 3, p. 281.]

John Key, to Mary Thwaites. Samuel Long, to Mary Tate. [Second dau. and eventually co- heir of Bartholomew Tate, of Dela- pre, CO. Northampton, esq. marriage licen. dated 17th Sept. 1723, at Vic. Gen. Office ; he was of Longueville, in the Island of Jamaica ; died 12th J;iii. 1767, aged 56 and was bmied there. She died 16th Junel765 age 63 and was buried in Biistol Cathedral; leaving issue.]

Richard Armey, to Mary Lady- man. Thomas Valentine, to Mary ]\'Iarsh.

Clement Wcarge, esq., to Eliza- beth Mountague.

[He was afterwards Sir Clement Y/earge and Solicitor-General; he died in St. Clements Danes, 6th April

1728,]

C)ct. I'Hh. Nicholas Fazakerly, esq., '0 Ann Lutwjrche [H-j vvr.. o, barrister ci' the Middle

Temple, and M.P. for Preston, co. Laiicashire; she was dau. of Thos. Lutwyche, of Lutwyche, and mother of the Countess Gower ; he died 26th Feb. 1767, she died July, 1776, both bmied at the Temple Church.]

Richard Merry, to Sarah Foster.

Thos Bdmonds,to Susanna Crau- field,

Thos. Golder, to Marcia Stone Richard Synge, Chapiam.

Daniel Minet, to Anna Maria

Atkyns.

[She of Moor-place, Herts., he a

merchant, of London ; born at Dover

1699,died May, 1730, both buried

at Dionis's Backchmxh, London.]

William Holland, to Martha Fowke. 1724 Owen Haiswell, esq., to Ca- therine Soley. Rev. Thomas Dane, to Elizabeth Broughton. June 11th. Sir Wm. St. Quintin bart., to Rebecca Thompson. [The 4th bart., he died in 1771, having had 4 sons and 4 daus. and was succeeded by his son William, on whose death in July, 1795, the ti- tle became extinct ; she was the dau. of Sir John Thompson, knt.. Lord Mayor of London 1737, and died 1757.]

La^^Tcnce Morris, to Bridget

Nicholson. William Warmon, to Ann

Wheeler. John Gould, to Mary Bulke- ley Sept. 24th. William Jones, esq., to Lady Frances Norton. [Prances dau. of Ralph Freke, of Hannington, Wilts, widow of Sir Geo.

MAUnlAGES,

Norton, of Abbots-Leigh, co._ Somer- | set, cr. a knight 14th Dec. 16711 by whom she had Grace, only dau, and heir, who mairied Sir Richard Gethin, bart. but died Oct. 1697, aged 21, sans issue. The Will of Lady Frances Norton, alias Jones, widow, was proved 20th Feb. 1730 ; she was buried in Westminster abbey, with her dau. Lady Gethin. — Monlnscr.']

Edward Smallman, to Rosanna

Cart. Edward Clarke, to Mary Wel-

lock.

1725 Richard Arnold, esq. to Judith

Shaw. Timothy Fish, esq. to Mary

Hutchinson. Richard Jackson, to Elizabeth

Warner.

William Southern, to Ann Clarke.

Samuel Wiggett, to ]\rary Car- penter.

1726 Roger Adams to Elizabeth

Philips. [He of St. Brides, London, about 29, bach, she of Hertford, about 18 spin, with the consent of her aunt Rachel, wife of Thomas Ween, the guardian of the said minor, under

the will of , Merchant wid. her

grandmother ; marriage license at Fac. office, dated 21st May, 1726.]

Sir John Shadwell, to Ann Binns. [Knighted I2th June, 1715, being Physician to Q. Anne & K. George I., he was son of the Poet-daureate, died 4th Jan. 1747. This man-iage is said in Malcolm's " Londinum Redivivuni" to have taken place on 12th Islarch, 1725. Lady Shad- well, wife of Sir John Shadwell, knt

Physician to his Majesty, died 14th April, 1722, — Sfe Hist. Reo.]

William Ashby, to Ann Bul- strode.

George Cressener to Mary Bur- rige.

George James Guidott, to Eli- zabeth Bainton.

James Cutts, to Mary Gibbons,

1727 German Chaworth, to Frau'^ps

Thwaite. July 15 Sir John Frederick, bart to Barbara Kinnersley. (Son of Thomas Frederick, esq. and grandson of Sir John F. Lord Mayor of London, 1662. He was cr. a bart, 1st June, 1723; she was the dau. of Thomas Kinnersley, of Lox- ley, CO, Stafford and died 1st Sept, 1749, at Rotterdam, aged 49 ; he died 3rd Oct. 1755, aged 78 ; botli buried at Hampton, co, Middlx.)

Thomas Peers, to Elizabeth

Fairbone. William Mills, to Theodosia

Tenoe John Barker, to Ann Bainbigg, John Westly, to Elizabeth

Morgan, Thomas Barret, to Elizabeth

Peters.

{Siyned), L B.

1728 John Norris, to Catherine

Thorpe

Thomas Warden, esq. to Mary Pitt

George Knevett, to Anne Hai- vey.

Robert Peake, to Leah Sum- mers.

Geo Berkeley, to Ann Forestei .

MAKHIAGES.

ITl^S Fviclimond Pvigg-s, to Hannah Banks, ionali Bannister, to J\Iartlia

Terry Jacob Hunter, to Catherine

C'uiike C.liii Fo.^ter, tn Beulah Digby. William Att\\-ood, to Christian Poclcley . 1720 "SYiUiani Beddow, to Eliza- beth Dmiton. Henry Sayer, to Elizabieb EjTe lUcliard Edwards, to Dorothy

:Miehel John Hall, to Deljorah Pond. Beniamin ^lariott, to Esther

Chambers. William Green, to ]\'Iary Smith- Thomas Coventry, to JaneGrat-

wick. Ro^^Jand Child, to Arabella But- ton. 1730 Joseph Tily, to Mary Kelson Eennet, Jnseph Bced, t(i Frances Jlaii-

der. Fuehard Thorapsun, to Eliza- beth Ives.

Blix)ik.

.folm Kenwarcl, to Alice Brook.

James Altham, to Mary Han- way. ( Hl w-as Eector of Woodford and Vicar oJ' La.tton, CO. Essex; she was dau. of Thomas Hamvay, agent for Victualling at Portsmouth and sister t^ Jonas Hanway, esq.)

blank

1730 James Mundy, to Letitia

Strong

Uii.iik

llichard Acland, esq. to Ann Bur-,-el, Feb. 22nd Mark Halpenn, to the Lady Elizabeth Lawley. (Elizabeth, widow of John Perkins was the second vd1<i of Sir Thomas Lawley, 3rd \yxct. she died 2Stli Jan. 1739-io, Mr Halpen was formeily an Apothecary. — :-ee the Ciuious printed case of Mark Halpen, ap- pellant and Elizabeth Halpen his wife, commonly called Lady Lawley, and others respondents, heard in the House of Lords, Feb. 1734, by which it appears that Sir Thomas Lawle}', bart aged about 75, died on 31.st Dec. 1729 and that his widow immediately after the funeral consented to maiTy the appellant, provided he would conceal the same for one year and allow her ' the wearing of her weed,' .also that the marriage took place in a bed chambei' hired as a lodging, at the house of IB'. Jones a .Je-weller, in Great ISTeT^qoort Street, on the 24th Jan. 1729-30, about 3 weeks after the death of Sir Thomas. In the His- torical Eegister, Vol XVI, page 19, the mamage is said to have taken place on the Sth April, 1731. when pi'obalily, it was made public — the date of Feb. 22nd. 1730 1 as in the text is from Malcolm's " Londi- num Redivivum.")

Blanlc.

Mathe\v Johnson, to Judith

Wyat.

John Cliitty, to Ann Palmei-.

1731 Thomas Geers, oUas Whit- field, to Sarah Lutwych.

MAEEIAGES.

* !M;ij l.-,t. Sir "\"\'niiam Saiidorson, bart. to Piiscilla Licknell.

(She was his 2nd wife and died s.p. •26lh Jan. 1738-9; he was the 2nd Ijart. ai:d gentleman usher of the bhack rod, and died 16th Jan 1754, leaving an only son the 3rd bart. who died 30 Oct. 1760 aged 15 when the baronetcy became extinct)

* John Wentworth, to Ann John- son. * Insertfil afiencarih.

Robert Towers, to Elizabeth Leonard.

Joh!i Chadwel, to Eliza1)eth Thnrsby.

Richard Lambert, to Esther Beck.

Robert Lowther, to Catherine Pennington,

(Only dau. of Sir Joseph Penning- ton, bart. she died Dec. 1764 and was buried at Bath abbey ; he died Sept. 1745 ; their son Sir James Lo"i'\rther, bart was cr. Earl of Lonsdale, 24th May, 1781.)

Blank.

Joseph Stanfield, to Ann Eaton. Julj' 12th. George Fox, esq. to the Hon. Lady Harriet Betison fOnly dau. and heir of Robert Benson, cr. Baron Bingley, 21st July 1713, who died without male issue 9th April, 1730; she succeeded to Bramhampark, to lands worthX7000 a year and £100,000 in cash. Her husband assmned the additional sur- name of ' Lane ' and was cr. Ba ron Pingley 13th of May, 1762, but died 1773 s p. when the title became extinct.)

Inank,

1731 John Davis, to Ann Bold.

Blank.

Samuel Porten, to Rebecca Cock.

Blank. Jolin Boultby, to Aim Cibber. Blank.

{S'ljucd), L. B.

1732 Antony Nott, to Prudence

Warden. Brice Fisher, to Ann dc la

Chambre. Robert Wilson, to Elizabeth

Cliff

Jolm Temple to EHzabetli Cope- land. James Hustler, esq. of Oakham, Yorkshire, toElizabethBooth, of Colney-hatch, in Middlx. (He was 4th but only survivuig son and heir of Sir Wm. Huslter, of Acklam, co. York ; sh.e the dan. and co-heir of James booth, of Theo- balds, Herts, esq.)

Charles Jefferys, to Susanna Ford.

1733 Stephen Penton, to Mary Hil-

liard, of St. Clemant Danes, (Perhaps of the family of Stephen Penton, inducted to th Rectory i f Wath. CO. York in 1693, who died 18th Oct. 1706. aged 67— See " To- pographer and Genealogist," Vol HI., pages 430 & 432.) '

['arry Nash, of Worcester, to Hannah Owen, of Woi-cester.

J; >hnRoundtree, of (Tiristchurch London, to Martha Sturt, of Ripley, SuiTy

10

MAKniAGES.

17;j3 ThomaK ilartiii, to Bridget Ai'aliulla Warnciigliani, Bai'tliolomcw Burton, to Pliila- dclpliia liei'iie. l7.'>3--i' Steplicii Popliam, to Diaua Shelton JEansel Powel, esq., of Wel- ling-tou, CO. Hereford, to Mar- tha Hoai'e, of St. Giles's-in- tlic-fields Westminister, By Mr. Jolm Hill, Ecctor of Stour- ton, \^'ilts.

[She w;is one of the dans. of Henry Hoare, of London, banker, (then de- ceased) and born lOtli Jan. 1708. Slie had .£10,000 for her fortune.)

Andrew Haimc, or Hai'nc \vidr., to Elizal:eth Shelley.

William Eeason, to Mar^- 01-

field. Dowel Chelsey, to ^MaryLyddcll

widow. Bartholomew ilay, to Elizabeth Waylett. 17-35 Jolm Daniel Dreyer,to Sarah Fenton. Eicliard KnoUys, widower, to Hamiah Salwey. (Ho was a Cli3'mist, in Fleet '^ti'eet, London and married to his vnd wiie Haimah dau. of Eichai-d Salway, of Stratford, co. Essex, who died S.P. — by his l.st wife lie was lather of Sir Francis Ivnollys, bart.)

Jolm Pej^on, widower, to Su- sanna t'alvert. (Susanna, dan. of Felix Calvert, of llunsdon, Herts, esq. 2nd wife of John Pejrton, esq. who died 174<1 and mother of Sir Yelverton Pey- ton, Sth bart., who died 18th Oct. 181-5, when the baronetcy became

extinct. — She was living a widow in 1782.)

Charles Coker, esq. to Eliza- beth Wyime, widow. Antony Bannister, widower, tei Eebecca Streck. 1736 John Aris, to Sarah Marshall, Thomas PimicU, widower to Hannah Gifford, wddow. Benjamin Bund, to Susannah

La-^vton. Hill Mussenden, esq. of Her- ingfleet, co. Suffolk, to Mar- tha Johnson, of St.Martin's- in-the-Fields. Benjamin Stoakes, widower, to

Ann Shipton, widow. Samuel Budd, to Eebecca Ja-

cobson. George Budd, to Grace AVic-

ham. Thomas Vernon, esq. widower, to Elizabeth Nicoll, of Hen- don, ]\Iidlx. Thomas Waller, to Martha Walthoe, of Kensing-ton. 1736-7 John Shower, to Elizabeth Hmnall. William Goudge, widower, to ISIary Harbottle. 1737 Edward Hawke, Esq., of Ken- sington, to Catharine Brooke, of Kensington. (Afterwards Edward, 1st Lord Hawke the celebrated Admiral. She was the dau. and sole heir of Walter Brooke, of Bmtou-Hall, in the West Eiding CO. of York; she died 28thOct. 1756 and he died, 17th Oct- 1781.) Joseph Townsend, to Judith Gore

MAnRIACiES,

11

1737 TlioniasDrury,esq. of Overton, CO. Northampton, to IMartha Tyveil, of EastTliorndon, Es- sex.

( Afterward Sir Thos Drnry, bart. of Overston, co. Nortliampton. She was the dau. of Sir John Tyrell, of Springfield, co. Essex, Sir Tliomas died s.p.m. 19th Jan. 1759.)

Thomas Nicliols, to Sarah Burch. 1737-S William Browne, widower, to Jane Cooke of Ilampstead.

1738 Rev. Mr. Beaohcroft, of St.

Andre wUndershaft toSnsanna

Hudson, of Wanstcad, Essex.

Thomas Andre/on, to Lilly

Glass. Walter Gary, widower, to Eli- zabeth Collins.

1739 Richard Wright, to Margaret

Ridley, of St.Peter's in Ches- ter. William Jones, esq. of Hams- bury Manor, Wilts, to Bleo- nora Ernie, of Brimslade, in CO. Wilts.

(Second dau. & co-heir of Edward. Ernie, of Brimslade Park, Wilts, Esq., married 21st June, 1739 ; her husband died 13 Sept. 1753 aged 53, and was buried at Ramsbury afore- said, she was living 1792.)

John Wight, to Elizabeth Desca, widow.

Nathaniel Trayton, to Phila- delphia Parker, of Writtle, Esse:;.

William Sumner, to El''.'..;l,eth Tanner, tif St. John'r, Hack- ney. (He was of St. Andi-ew's Holborn,

aged 27, bachelor; she aged 25,.spin- •ster, mar. lie, at Fac. office, dated 18th Sept. 1739.)

Abraham Robarts, of Stepney to Elizabeth Wildey, of Step ney. Thomas Reynolds to Mary Cop- ing. 1739-40 Bev. John Watson, of Sandford, Essex, widower, to Jane Bodens.

William Fcnncll, to Elizabeth Howard- March 5th, Sir Thomas Brand, knt. of St. Marys-le- Strand, CO. Middlesex, widr., to Jane Hume, of St. Martins-in-the Fields, in the said co.,spin.

(On the 7th Nov. 1761 died Sir Thomas Brand, knt., aged 92, " for- merly an Embellisher of Letters to Eastern Princes." — See Gent. Mag., vol,. 31, page 539)

Edward Davis, of Northwick, CO. Worcester, widower, to Elizabeth Vaughan, 1740 Peter Taylor, to Jane Holt, John Andrew, widower, to

Dorothy Thomas, Richard Speed, to Sarah Brown Eliakim Palmer, to Martha Theobald, 1740-1 Joseph Boughton, to Ann Peell, Joseph Ward, esq, to Ann Fountayiie, of Bedington, Sm'rey, widow. [Ann dau. of Sir Nicholas Carew, bart. of Bedding-ton, co. Surrey, mai'ricd l.st Thomas Fouiitajme, esq. of Melton, co. York, who died 18th Jan. 1739-40 s.p. and 2ndly

1;

M.VTiPIArJFS,

Joscpli Ward, of tlu- Inner Tcinple, London esq.]

17-iO-l 'S'Javch, 1st Thomas Par- ker, esq one of tlic Justices of the ( 'ommon Pleas, widower to MartliaCranmer, of tt. Clement Danes, widow.

[i\lartha, 3rd dau. and co-lieir of Edward. Str(jng of Greenwich, Kent and relict of Henry Crammer — died 20th Oct. 1751. Her husband was knighted 1712 ^^•hen Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and died 1781, aged 80, leaving issue by b th liis wives.]

Norton iSTicliols, to Jane Ho-

yer. William Fleet, of EastPeckham,

Kent to ElizabetliWestloroolie Robert Fairfax, to j\Iartha

Collins. Giidwin Prince, to Maiy King. Richard Montagu, widower, to

Ann Graham. William Coxe.MD.of Richmond,

Surrey, to Barbara Clark.

1741 George Carpue, to Rebecca

Staples. Thomas Catlin, to Ann Watson 1741-2 Jolm Tunes, to Elizabeth Crome, widow.

1 742 Jacob Fowler, to Sarah Sinith. Henry Wright, of Ledget,

Norfolk, to Jane Grant. Marmaduke Wallis, widower, to

jVtarj' Johnson. Samuel Higgs, to Sarah Harris Aug, 8th. Sir Richai-d Warwick

Bampfylde, of Poltimore, co.

Devon, bart. bachelor, to Jane

Codringtoii, of Wraxhall, So

merset, spinster.

[Dau. cWieiress of Col. Jolm Cod- rington, M.P. for Bath, by Eliza beth only dau. and heiress of Samuel Gorges, esq. she inherited the ma- nor and estate of A¥i'axhall, afore- said, on the death of her Grandfa- thei' Edward Gorges in 1708. Born 24th Oct. and baptised loth Nov. 1720, at Wraxhall aforesaid, and bmi'ed there 24th Feb. 1789, having survived her husband who died 15th Aug. 1776. Their son Sir Charles Wanviok Bampfylde sold the pro- perty, at Wraxliall about a.d. 1800, being father of tlie first Lord Polti- more.]

Thomas Medlycott, esq widower to Elizabeth Dawson, widow.

[He was of Venn House, in Mil- borne port, co, Somerset ; she was widow of Gilbert Dawson, and dau.

of Seyhard of co.Kent ; she died

Jan. 1763,aged 62 ; he died 21 July follomng, aged 65, sp. his only child having died young, in his lifetime, his nephew Thomas Hutchings assu- : med the name and arms of Medly- cott, on succeeding to the property and was father of Sir William Coles Medlycott, cr. a bart. in 1808.] 1742-3 William Thomas, esq. to JIargaret Sydserfe, of Stoke Neivington, co. Middlesex. ' 1743 William Vigor, to Jane Ron- deau, widow. j John Conrand, to Ann Cokely.

Shardlow Wightman, widower, to ilary Mee. Jnly, 8th. Rev. ^Vadham Knatch- bull, L.L.D. of ChilhamKent bachelor, to Harriett Parry, of Oakfield, Berks, spinstei' [He was 4th son of Sir Edward Ivnatchbull the 4th bart. and died

MARKIAGES

If

27tb Doc. 1760, aged 54, leaving i.s.-ae. sliu wus the clau. of f'harles I'aiT)-, and died 12th Oct. 1794, age

83.]

Alexander Pvoss, to Mary Win- cott,

1743 Thomas Kamsden, esq. to Ann

Medows. [Ann,dau. of Sir Phillip Medowes, knt. Mai'shall, maiTied 14th July, I'^S, Thomas TJamsden, son of Sir Wm Eamsden, the 2nd bart. she died 1761, he died 1791, s.p.]

Hugh James, to Jane Lloyd.

John Whitmore, Sarah Stevens.

John Ivehopp, to Arm She well.

Nov 12. William de Grey, esq. of the

Middle Temple, London, bach,

to Mary Cowqaer, of St. John's

V.'estminster, spinster.

[Cr. Barcn \\'alsinghaml780 after

having been Solicitor and Attorney

(jeneral and Chief Justice of the

c 'm-t of Common Pleas.]

John Brown, to Ann Sellis.

1744 Edmmid Sanxay, to MariaAn- trobus, of Kidgley, co. Stafford.

Jolm Jackson, to Elizabeth Lloyd, of Bath.

Robei't Weston, to Frances Medows.

Cliarles Spencer, of Croydon, Sm'rey, to Mary Morris, of Croydon, Surrey.

Robert Dingley, to Elizabeth Thompson, of Kerby Hall, CO' York.

1744-5 Nathaniel Webb, of Bristol, to Jane Man.

1745 John Robinson, widower, to Mai-y J^Ioncaster, of Baddow, Essex.

Herbert Lawrenc, to Elizabeth

Baldy. Benjamin Olden toLydiaOwen.

1745 James Leman, to Deborali

T-riier.

Mathew Combe, to Hannah Hahn.

Vacancy for a marriage solemnized by Br Chapma.n^ Archdeacon of Svd- bury, who neither left the licence nor the names of the Couple.

1746 Charles AmUer, esq. to Ami

Paxton Rev. John Irons, of Lyn.statl,

Kent, to Elizabeth Green^^ay Stephen Dupuy, to Hannah

Haywood widow. Robert Cartony, to Mary Rob-

insr>n . wid.

Richard Martyn,to Mary Gould, wid.

Samuel Salt, esq. to Elizabeth Benson.

1746 7 Jan. 6th. Edwin Lascelles, esq. of Hare wood, co. York, bachelor, to Elizabeth Hawses, of Escrick, co. York, spinster, a minor. [Elizabeth, dau, and heir of Sii Darcy Dawes, bai-t. 1st wife of Ed- win Lascelles, cr. Baron Harewood 9th July, 1790; she died 31st Aue.. 1764. at Bath, he died 25th Jan. 1795, when the title became ex- tinct.]

Lawi'ence Williams, esq, widr.

toElizabeth Robinson, widow.

Jan. I9th. Moses da Costa, of Tot-

teridge, Herts, to Rachel

Mendes, alias da Costa, ol

St. Stephen Coleman Street.

Colonel Francis Leighton, ot

Bautsley, co. Montgomery,

to Renea Pinfold.

[There are several children of

Charles Pinfold, L.L,D. by Renea

his wife, bapt. between 1709 & 172.5

14

MAEHIAGES.

,it. St, Bennetts, Pauls wharf.] 1 747 William Walker, to Ann EUcs. Richard Noycs, esq, to Ann

Walker. Thomas Lodington, to Ann Broade, of Benifield, co. Northampton. Chiirles Hughes, to Esther

Peel. George Fox, to Elizabeth Drink- water, "widow. John Shrimptou, of ]Sre\\-|5ort, in Isle of Weight, to JaneOamey, of Reading, Berks. Richard Reynolds, to Ann d'Oyly, of New Windsor Berks Mathew Graves, widower, of Serjeant's Inn, to Sarah Met calf, of Sunbury, Middlesex. Aug. 22nd. Sir Capel Molyneux, of Dublin, in Ireland bachelor to BlizabethEast, of St. James's Westminster. [Sister of Sir William East, of Hall- place, Berks, hart, and first wife of Sir Capel Molpienx, who .succeeded his brother Sir Daniel l\Iolyneux in 1738, as 3rd bart. he died Aug. 1797, in his SOth year, leaving issue.]

Peter Dervinc, to Elizabeth

Simpson, a minor. John Wood, of Salisbnry to EHzabeth Hull, of Salisbury, widow, 1 k-c. 19th. Honorable Henry Con- way, esq. to Lady dowager Alesbury. [Caroline, only dau, of General John Campbell afterwards 4tli Duke of Argyll, 3rd wife of Charles, 3rd

earl of Ailesbmy, to whom she was married loth June, 1739. Henry Seymour Conway, brother of Francis 1st Marquess of Hertford, died 9th July, 1795 aged 75.]

1747-S Robert Winch, to Elizabeth Giles. Thomas Allan, widower, to

Elizabeth Penton, 'i\-idow. Thomas Weldon, esq. of Nor- wich, widower, to Mary Wingfield, widow. 1748 James Phillijjps, to Mary Car- ter. Isaac Dimslate, widower, to

Jane Paskell. Edmmid Easty, to Elizabeth

Thompson. John Goaler, to Catherine Har- ris. Adam AUyn, to Bethia Lee. George Wilson, to Mary Tur-

ton. Benjamin Morris, to Hannah Pierce, of Woodford, Essex, Valentine Morris, esq. of St, Awan, CO. Monmouth, to Mary Mordaunt. John Usher, to Susanna Cage, Henry Plant, to Jane Hyland, of Hillington, Middlesex, wid. 1748-9 William Ashe, of Heytes- bnry, Y\^ilts. esq. bachelor, to Honorable Catherine Pow- let, of Edington, Wilts. [2nd dau. of Lord Hari-y Powlett, who became in 1754 the 4th DcLbe of Bolton. — the marriage was on 4th Jan. 1748-9. He died 11th .Inly, 1750 s.p. and was buried at Heytes- bm-y. She re -married Feb. 175.5 Adam Drummond, esq. of IMeqcins

3IAREIAGES.

15

ill Scotland and died Stli Oct. 1774] Philip Jennings to Ann Thomp- son, of Coley. Berks, ^lathew Michel, of Chiltcrn, Wilts, esq.to FrancesAshford- by,of St.ClementDanes,Midx. Xathaniel Hancock, to Eliza- beth Amoutts. 17-10 Arthur Benjamin Lane, esq. of Hampstead, Middlesex, to Mary Clark. Thomas Hutton, of Gainslaoro' Lincolnshire, to Elizabeth Dilorland, of Lamberhurst. Alexander Thomas, widower, to Elizabeth Thomps<jn, widow. James Archer, to Elizabeth White, of High Wickham, Bucks. John Owen, to Mary Siggins. Thomas Smith, of Melton Mow, bray, co. Leicester, to Cathe- rine Knowles. Richard Adkins, to Elizabeth Lunn. 1749-50 Thomas Parry \vidower, to Elizabeth Bell. John Baker, M.D. of Richmond, Surrey, to Sarah Wood, of Richmond. 1 75iJ Robei-t Nettletou, esq. to Jane Becher. Samuel Brown, esq. to Sa- rah Cottle. Hans Buch, to Christiana Moore Samuel Grace, to Esther Rutt. Robert Hawkins, esq. widower, of Carshalton,Sui'rey,to Mary Monier, widow. Thomas Ripley, jun, to Amy

Dawson.

[Thomas Ripley, of the city of Westminster, esq. Comptroller-gene- ral of all his Majesty's Works, who stated that he was descended fronj the family of Ripiley, co. York ; had a grant of arms and crest 2Gth of Mai'ch, 1742.]

Richard Combes, to Margarct Barlow. widow. 1751 Robert Bright, to Fiancee Henzey. Robert Luson, widower, of Yai- mouth, CO. Norfolk, to Jane Vaughan. Peter Peterson, to Eleanor

Toulson. Edward Cartwiight, to Rebecca Cart^vright. Sept. 23rd Right Honorable John Thynne, Lord Chedworth to Martha Parker of St. Mar- tins-in-the Fields. [Martha dau. and co-heir of Sii' Phillip Pai'ker Long, bart. married John Thynne Howe, 2nd baron Ched- worth; he died s.p. 10th May, 1762; she died 30th Nov. 1775. The title became extinct 29th Oct. 1804. they are said to have been married by the Rev. 'Mr. How, rector of Wichford Magna, Wilts.]

William Jones, esq. widower, to Elizabeth Herbez't, widow William Dottin Battyn, esq. of Walfield, Berks, to Harriet Palmer, of Domey, Bucks. [Dau. of Sir Charles Palmer, the 5th Ijai-t. who died 8th Nov. 1773 ; her husband was of the Isle of Bar- badoes and afterwards a merchant in London.]

John Lewen Smith, to Mary Lumley.

16

MARRIAGES.

Honorius Combauld, to J\[aa:M'- i-et Reddall. i 75l! Ricliard Shellej^, esq. widower to Sarali Kendall, Avidow. Gooro-e Longci'off', to Elizabeth Ann l^foody. [;jrd and yonngest dan. of George IMoody, of St. Duustans in the West, London ;she was Ijuried atHampstead ill or Licfore 1 79 7 ; her husband, who was of theStampOfRce.Linooln'.s Inn, died 8th April, 1807, aged S2 and was ;dso Imried at Hampstcad.]

llariel Marear, to Sophia Me" 3rcr.s. 1752 -Tames Powell, of Bow, Middle- sex, to Ann Rhodes.

WilHam Cole, to Ann Gumme, of Mersham, Kent,

Solomon Darolls, esq, to Ara- bella Peterson.

[This Marriage is said to have been at St. Georges Cha.pel near Hyde Park corner. I suppose the Chapel at Knightsbridge — Mr. Davis in his history of that hamlet, has not extracted .such an eutry from the marriage register. Qy. if the nasne .sliould not be Durell — Solomon Du- tlII, esq. was appointed gentleman of the horse, and equerj' to the Prmcess of Wales in 1743 — His will is dated .Tannary and proved Juljr, 1771 in compliance with which Thomas P^v.ans his son-in-law took the name ■md arms of Durell.]

LethieuUier Tooke, of Clapham,

Surrey, to Mary Santi,

widow ,of Claphanr.

[LethieuUier Tooke was a merchant

in London, and a resident in the

parish of St. Stephen's Ccileman St.,

lieing one of the well kno^'^■n family

of boo]"'''''riers, of which Benjamin &

Samuel Tooke tv.'o brothers, were

concctcd ^7lth Swift, Pope and tlic "w-riters of that day. lie died 7tli Dec, 17o9, leaving a large family.]

Jeremiah Ives, esq. of Norwich, widr, to Ehzabetli Little.

Thomas West, to Jane Weaver,

Tlioiuas Hulbcrt, of Spcen, Berks, widower, to S.irah Rutherford, \vido\v, of ('riiok- bam, Berks.

Heni'y Broadky, esq. to Phila- delphia Baillie.

Thomas Joyce, widower, to Sa- rah Day.

Talbot Williamson, esq, to Christian Gill;)ert

William le Marchant, esq. of

Gotswell, in the parish of

Speed Berks.'ividower.to Anna

]\Taria Bagnell.

[This marrige said in Gentleman's

INIagazine to be on 30th Sept. 1752.

The word is ' Speed' in the original

entiy — q. pro Speen ?]

Thomas Osgood, of Newljury,

Berks, to Jane Edmunds, of

Clapham, Stu-rey. 1753 Jolm Fry Hussey, of Ensham,

in the co, of Dorset, esq. widr

to j^Jary Abliiss , John Henry IMertins, widower,

to Ann Lloyd. Rev. James Andrew, of Dr3-field Gloucestershire. to Eliza

Vanhatten, of Dinton, Bucks. SamuelGrindley, to Mary Clitlt Isaac Moseley. to Honor Alston

a minor. Thomas Harris, to Hannah

CuUum, wido\\-. Richard Everest, widower, lo

MARRIAGES.

!•;

Mary Wardman, widow.

Alexander Douglas, widower, to Mary Margaret Bo\vyer,

Jolui Bennett, of Warminster, Wilts, to Mary Aldridge, of ditto .

Legli Master, esq. of Winwick, CO. Lanca.ster, to Katherine

' Hoskins, of Oxted, Surry.

Guilford Gibson, to Hannah Robinson.

Josepb Poole, a minor, to Caro- lina Newman.

Joseph Wellard, of Swans- combe, Kent, widower, to Margaret Wallace, of ditto.

Joseph Nicholson, of Chelsea, to Letitia Dalton, of Ken- sington.

George Juby, to Mary Gray. - Benjamin Carpenter, esq. to Mary Carr. 1754 Andrew Didier, M.D., to Ann Bruce, widow.

William Beards, to Margaret Morgan. Sept. 26th. Soame Jenyns, esq. widr. of Bottisham,.co. Cambridge, to Elizabeth Gray, of the same parish, spinster.

(A well known writer and wit, married 1st, Mary, only dau. of Col. Soame, of Dereham, co. Norfolk, and 2ndly, Elizabeth, dau. of Henry Grey esq. of Hackney ; but died s.p. 13th December, 1787.)

Thomas Sheppard, widoweT, of Hertingfordbury, Herts, to Ann Jones, of ditto.

William Dalton, to Frances

Carter, widow, of Balling-toiij Suffolk. 175.5 June 4th. Hon. andRev. John Aylmer, of Greenwich, Kent, bachelor, to Elizabeth Vass" mer, of Greenwich, spinster" Married by special licence'

(He was 2nd son of Henry,2nd baron Aylmer, in the kingdom of Ireland and was prebendary of Bristol ; died 1793.)

July 17th. Rev. Dr. Balthazar Regis

of Edisham, Kent, widower,

' to Charlotte Clayton, of the

Royal Palace of Windsor,spin_

[Appointed Rector of Adisham,

GO. Kent, in March, 1717 ; died 5th

January, 1757.]

1756, April 8th. Sir Hanson Beiney, of Kirby Bedon, co. Norfolk, bart,, bachelor, to Catharine Woolball, of Walthanistow, Essex, spinster.

[The 6th bart. he died 1778, leaving issue.]

1757 Antony Lucas, esq. of Gran- tham, Lincolnshire, to Chi is- tian Calcraft, of Grantham.

[Dau. of John Calcraft, of Gran- tham, CO. Lincolnshire, died 24th of January, 1784 aged 49 ; he died 29th June, 1789. Their issue took the name of Calcraft.]

*1758 Sir Samuel Eludyer, knt. widr.

to Carolina BrudenelL [He was knighted 19th Sept. 1755, being of Lee, co. Kent, cr. a bart. 14th Nov. 1759, was lord mayor of London 1761, died 18th Jan. 1768. She was dau. and eventually co-heir of the Hon. James Brudenell, bro- ther of George, 3rd earl of Cardis-an

18

MAKEIAGES.

and niarrieJ 2iicl Sept. 1758 — From this match the present Fludyer barts descend.]

*Thomas Hodgetts, widower, of Ashwood Lodge, eo. Statibi-d, to INIargaret Ketelby, mdow.

[In the Gent.'s Mag. vol. 28, p. 244, the marriage of Thomas Hod- getts , of Ash/"orrf Lodge, Staffordshire esq. to Mrs. Johnston of Kitelby, is said to have taken place on 22nd of May, 1758.]

1764 Feb. 4th. Sir George Warren, knight of the bath, of St James Westminster, to Frances Bis- hopp, of the Palace of St James spinster, first Maid of Honour to her Majesty.

[Frances, dau. of Sir Cecil Bishopp bart. second wife of Sir George War- ren, of Poynton, Cheshire, K.B. by whom he had no issue ; by his first wife iliss Revell, whom he married in Majr, 1758 with ^200,000 fortmie he had an only child, Elizabeth Har- riet, who married Thomas James, 7th and last Lord Viscount Bulkeley on the 26th April, 1777, from Graf- ton Street, ancl died his widow 23rd

Fcl) 1826 aged 66, without issue leav- ing the lai'ge estates of the- Wai-ren family to Frances Maria, wife of the 4th Lord Vernon, and dau, and heir of Admiral Su- John Borlase Warren bait.., K B, in which family they still remain. Sir George died 30th Aug. 1801 ; his wido^iv on 15th Feb. 1804.]

1769 May 0th Mr. Eobert Travis, bachelor, of Allhallows Lom- bard Street, London, to Miss Catharine Gunning, .spinster, of Somerset House.

[The youngest of the 3 beautiful Miss Gmuiings, of whom one was Countess of Coventry and the other Dnchess of Hamilton, and afterward.? Duchess of Ai-gyle.]

Nov. 23rd The Rev. Hem-y Bcau- clei'k, bachelor, of >;omerset House, to Miss Charlotte Drummond, spinster, of St

Martins-in-the-Fields. (See Note to baptism of their child, on 6th Sept, 1770)

1776 John Crosse Crooke, esq, of Hendon, Middlesex, to Eli- zabeth Parry s

In the Original Register these two entries appear to be misplaced

19

BAPTISMS.

IN

1 732 June 30tli Robert Wilson, educated a quaker, aged 19 years, 8

months and 26 days.

1733 Jane, dau. of Joseph and Jane Tyler.

1734 Edward, son of ditto. ditto.

Joseph, son of Joseph and Jane Dawson.

Joseph, son of Ralph and Catherine Clayton. 1740 Sarah, dau. of Daniel and Magdalen Maud, born a quaker, Aug.

19 1722. 1742 Jane, dau of Joseph and JaneDawson.

1744-5 Charles, son of Ralph and Catherine Clayton. 1743, Dec. 18th. Mary, dau. of Lord Harry Beauclerk, of Somerset House,

1745, Sept. 2nd. Hem-y, son of ditto, born 12tli Aug. bajst,

by Rev. Mr. Bruce.

1746, Nov. 17th Charlotte, dau. of ditto, bapt, by Mr. George

Adams, the Reader. 1747-8, Jan. 8th Martha, dau. of ditto, born 12th Dec. 1747,

bapt. by the Rev. Dr. Bruce.

1749. Oct. 27th. Ann, dau. of ditto, born 5th, bapt. by the

Rev. Dr. Bruce.

(Lord Henry Beauclerk was 4th son of Charles, 1st Duke of St. Albans He was Col of tfap 31st Regiment of foot, died 5th January, 1761, aged 59. having hp':^ icsae 2 sons viz : George, who died an infant, and Henry. in Holy Orde.o, who left issue; also 6 daus., Diana, born 24th June 1741

-'' Baptisms

Maid of Honour to Queen Chfu'lotte — Hem-ietta, bom 26th Nov 1742;

Maiy, born 25tli Nov. 1743, married Rev. Walter Williams, Rector of

Pinner and Harrow, co. Middlesex. Charlotte, bom 24th Oct, 1746.

llartlia and Ann born as above mentioned,)

174.5 John, son of John Jones.

1745 6 Catherine Somerset Proctor, dan. of William Proctor.

1 749 William, son of Ralph Clayton.

1754 David, son of George and Catherine Garrick born April 4th bapt.

April 19th. (Not the famous actor David Garrick, who was born in Hereford, & bapt. at All Saints, there 28th Feb. 1716, but children of his brother George hj Catherine Carrington his wife. David died 1795 and Na- thaniel in 1788, both leaving issue. Their cxjusin the Actor had died 20th Januai-y, 1779)

1755 Nathan, son ditto.

John, son of John and Elizabeth BlackweU.

1756 Jane, dau. of Richard and Mary Burrow.

1757 John Lee.

1758 Anna Maria, dau. of Bibye Lake, esq. and Ann his wife.

( Probably a dau. of Bibye Lake, 2nd son of Sir Bibye Lake, 2nd bart. by i\nn his mte, dau. of Henry Sperling, of D}Ties Hall, co. Essex.]

1767 Richard, son of Richard and Mary Cullum.

1768 Sarah, dau. of Mary Smith, formerly Cullum, and John Smith. Ann, dau. of William and Hannah Latimei.

1769 William, son of ditto ditto. 1771 Arabella, dau. of ditto ditto. 1774 Catherine, dau. of ditto ditto.

1770 Arm Caroline, dau. of Hester and the Rev. Tallxit Keene.

Elizabeth Dorothea, dau. of Robert and Catherine Travis. (See the marriage of her parents, 6th May, 1769.)

Sept. 6th Henry, son of the Hon and Eev, Henry Beauclerk.

(The Rev. Henry Beauclerk, only surviving son of Lord Henry Beau- clerk aforesaid, Keotor of Greens Noi-ton co Northampton and of Leckain-

BAPTISMS. 21

stead Berks, married at this Chapel 23 Nov. l769,Charlott.e, dau. of John Drumraond, esq. who died at Sherfield, Hants. 20th March, 1774 leaving issue Henry, born 11th Aug. 1770 and bapt. as alx)ve, John bimi lotli Feb. 1772 and Charles who died very young.)

1771 David Thomas, son of Thomas and Catherine Powell.

1772 Catherine, dau of ditto ditto. 1774 Henry Thomas, son of ditto ditto.

1773 Philip Francis, son of John and Margaret Irene Harcomt. 177-5 William, son of William and Martha Dixie.

*^* Malcolm says there are but 39 Baptisms from 17y2 to 1777, but by the above list there would appear to be only 36.

BURIALS.

IN THE VAULT LiNDEK

g)Owttset l^otise €^l)apcL

1720, Aug. 21st. Mrs. Lee, of Lord Litchfield's family,

1725, Sept. 21st. Mrs. Allen, of Somerset House.

Sept. 24th. Thomas Hutton, esq. Keeper of Somerset House.

(On 25th Sept. 1725, Mrs. Blessington, ^vife of Major Blessington, was appointed under housekeeper at his Majesty's Palace of Somerset House in the room of Thomas Hutton, esq. deceased.

1726, April 2nd. Miss Sophia How, of Somerset House.

(She was Maid of Honom' to Caroline, Princess of Wales, who after- wards became Queen, and was dau. of General Emanuel Howe^ by Ru- peita, natm'al dau. of the celebrated Prince Rupert.

1741 Daniel Bm-gess, aged 67.

1 746-7 Daniel, son of the above.

Mrs. Penelopy Hume.

Mrs. Bodens, (The first bm'ied by Dr. Bruce.) 1752 Mrs. Sarah Bowen

Mr. Thomas Bowen

Mrs. Ho 1756, Aug. 21st. WilHam Bowen, Esq.

BURIALS. 23

1758, Nov. 26th. William Proctor, Esq. 1770, May 20th. Mrs. Watson, daughter of Mrs. Bodciis, and .sister

to Colonel Bodens. *

Witness LEWIS BRUCE, Chaplain.

From Michaelmas, 1775, the Chapel shut up by Order from the Treasm-y, as it is to he taken down for the new plan of buildings to be erected according to Act of Parliament.

All the Burials under Somerset House Chapel were by warrants from the Lord Chamberlains OfBce.

LEWIS BRUCE.

* The last interment of which there were but fom'teen between 1720 and 1777.

THE END.

INDEX TO MAEEIAGES.

Abbiss, Mary. Acland, Richard esq. Adams, Roger Adkins, Richard, Aldridge, Mary Alesbury, Lady Dowafjcr Allan, Thomas Allestry, George Alston, Honor AUyn, Adam Altham, James Ambler. Charles esq. Andreion, Thomas Andrew. Rev. James

,, John Antrobus, Maria Archer, James Aris, John Armey, Richard Arnold, Richard esq. Arnoutts, Elizabeth Ashby, William Ashe, William esq. Ashfordby. Frances Ashton. James Atkyns, Anna Maria Atwood, William Aylmer, Honorable and Rev.

B

Bagnell, Anna Maria Baker, Joseph

„ John M.D. Baillie, Phillaclelphia Bainbigg, Ann Bainton, Elizabeth Baldy, Elizabeth

Bamt'ylde, Sir Richard Warwick, bart. 42 Banastre, EHzabeth Banks, Hannah

Bannister, Anthony

1 735

,, Jonah

28

1753

Barker, John

27

30

Barlow, Margaret

50

26

Barret, Thomas

27

49

Battyn, William Dottin esq.

■jI

53

Bawden, Charles

21

47

Beachcroft, Rev, Mr.

38

47-8

Beauclerk, Rev. Henry

,69

19

Becher, Jane

5fl

63

Beck, Esther

31

48

Beddow, William

29

30

Bell, Elizabeth,

49-.5U

46

Bendishe, Ann

21

38

Bennet, Mary Kelson

30

53

Bennett, John

53

40

Bennington, John

22

44

Benson, Elizabeth

46

49

Honorable Harriet

31

36

Berkeley, George

28

23

Berney, Sir Hanson bart.

56

25

Bicknell, Pricilla

31

48-9

Bincks. George

19

26

Binns, Ann

26

48-9

Bishopp, Frances

64

48-9

Bodens, Jane

39-4,0

21

Bold. Ann

31

23

Booth, Elizabeth

32

28

Boughton, Joseph

40-1

hn 55

Boultby, John

Bouverie, see Des Bourerie.

31

Bowyer, Margaret

53

Bradshaw EUerker

19

Brand, Sir Thomas

39-40

1752

Bright, Robert

51

14

Broade, Ann

47

49-50

Broadley, Henry esq.

52

52

Bromley, Thomas

22

27

Brook, Alice

30

26

Brooke, Catherine

,37

45

Brougt, Mary

14

bart. 42

Broughton, Elizabeth

-4

23

Brown, John

43

28

" Samuel esq.

10

INDEX TO MARRIAGES.

2.J

„ Sarah Browne. William Bruce — See Alesbury.

J, Ann Brudenell, Carolina Bryant, Rebecca Buch, Hans Budd, George

,, Samuel Bulkeley, Mary Bulstrode, Ann Bund, Benjamin Burch, Sarah Barrel, Ann Burrige, Mary Burton. Bartholomew

c.

1740. 37-

54

58

19

50

.36

36

24

■26

36

37

30

26

33

Cage, Susanna

1748

Calcraft, Christian

57

Calvert, Felix

22

„ Honour

22

„ Mary

22

„ Peter

22

,, Susanna

35

Campbell, Ann

21

Carney, Jane

4-7

Carpenter. Benjamin, esq.

53

„ Mary

25

Carpue, George

41

Carr, Mary

53

Cart, Rosanna

24

Carter, Frances

54

„ Mary

48

Cartony, Robert

46

Cartwright, Edward

51

„ Rebecca

51

Cary, Walter

38

Catlin. Thomas

41

Chadwel. John

31

Chambers, Esther

29

Chambre — See de la Chambre

Chandler, Elizabeth

21

Chateverre, Hester

22

Chaworth. German

27

Chedworth, Right Hon. Lord

51

Chelsey, Dowel Chester, Peter, S.T.P. Child, Rowland Chitty, John Gibber, Ann Clark, Barbara ,. Ph(Ebe ,. Mary I Gierke. Ann „ Edward Clayton, Charlotte Cliff, Elizabeth I Clifft, Mary [ Cock, Rebecca

Codrington, Jane I Cokeiey, Ann Coker, Charles, esq. Cole, William Collins, Elizabeth

„ Martha Colmore, Mary Combauld, Honorius Combe, Mathew Combes, Richard Conrand, John Conway, Hon. Henry Conyers, Elizabeth Cook, Elizabeth Cooke. Catherine

,, Jane Copeland, Elizabeth Copping Mary Costa, — See da Costa. Cottle, Sarah Coventry, Thomas Cowper, William

,. Mary Coxe. William, M.D. Cranfield, Susanna Cranmer, Martha Cressener, George Crome, Elizabeth Crooke, John Crosse, esq. Cullum, Hannah Cutts, Ann ,, James

1734

21

29

30

31

41

21

19

25

24

55

32

53

31

■ 42

43

35

52

38

41

22

51

45

50

43

47

21

21

28

37-8

32

39

50

29

20

43

41

23

41

26

41-2

76

53

20

26

26

INDEX TO MARRIAGES.

D.

Elles, Ann

1747

Ernie, Eleanora

39

Da Costa, Moses

1746-7

., alias MeiideS; Rachel

46-7

Evans, Ann

21

Everest, Richard

53

Dalton, Letitia

53

„ William

24

Eyre, Elizabeth

29

Dane, Rev. Thomas

F.

Dansey, Catherine

19

Darolls. Solomon, esq.

52

Fairbone, Elizabeth

1727

Darvill, Hester

22

Fairfax, Robert

41

Davis, Edward

39-40

Fazakerley, Nicholas, esq.

23

,, John

31

Fennell, William

39-40

Dawes, Elizabeth

46-7

Fenton, Sarali

35

Dawson, Amy

50

Fish, Timothy, esq.

24

„ Elizabeth

42

Fisher, Brice

32

Day, John

19

Fleet, William

41

„ Sarah

52

Fleetwood, Mary

18

Deards, William

54

Fludyer, Sir Samuel, knt,.

58

Dc Grey, William, esq.

43

Forester, Ann

28

De la Chanihre, Ann

32

Ford, Susanna

32

Dervine, Peter

47

Foster, Colin

28

Des Bouverie, Sir Edward

18

„ Sarah

23

Desca, Elizabeth

39

Fountayne, Ann

411-1

Didicr, Andrew, .MD.

54

Fowke, Martha

23

■ Digby, Beaulab

28

Fowler, Jacob

42

Dimslade, Isaac

48

Fox, George, esq,

31

Dingley, Robert

44

„ George

47

Douglas, Alexander

53

Frederick, Sir John, bart..

27

D'Oyly, Ann

47

Dreycr, John Daniel

35

G.

Drinkwater, Elizabeth

47

Drummond, Charlotte

69

Geering, Blartha

1721

Drury, Thomas, esq.

37

Geers,— See Whitfield.

Dunton, Elizabeth

29

Gibbons, Mary

26

Dupuy, Stephen

46

Gibson, Guilford

53

Durell,— See Darolls.

Gifford, Hannah

36

Dutton, Henry Neale

22

Gilbert, Christian Giles, Elizabeth

52

47

E.

Gird, Mary,

19

East, Elizabeth

1747

Glass, Lilly

38

Easty, Edmund

48

Goaler, John

48

Eaton, Ann

31

Golder, Thomas

23

Edmonds, Thomas

23

Golding George

22

Edm.unds, Jane

52

Gore, Judith

37

iidwards, Richard

29

Goudge, William

36-7

INDEX TO MARRIAGES.

27

GouE^h, Mary Gould, John

„ Mary Grace Samuel Graham, Ann Grant, Jane Gratwick, Jane Graves, Mathew Gray. Elizabeth

„ Mary Green, William Greenway, Elizabeth Grey, — See de Grey Greygoose, Ann Grimes, Thomas

,. Thomas Grindley, Samuel Guidott, George James Gumme, Ann Gimning, Catharine

H.

Hahn. Hannah Haiswell, Owen Esq. Hall John Halpenn, Mark Hancock, Nathaniel Hannam, Thomas Hanne, or Harne, Andrew Hanway, Mary Harbottle, Mary Harcourt, Richard Esq. Hargrave. Magdalen Harne, — see Hanne Harris, Catharine

,, Sarah

„ Thomas Harvey, Ann Hawke. Edward Esq. Hawkins, Robert Esq. Haywood, Hannah Hedges, Charles Henzey, Frances Herbert, Elizabeth

1720

Ilerne, Philadelphia

1733

24

Higgs, Samuel

42

•16

Hilliard, Mary

33

50

Hoare. Martha

33-4

41

Hobbema, Stephen

20

42

Hodgetts, Tlionias

58

29

Holland, William

23

47

Holt, Jane

40

.54

Hoskins, Katherine

53

53

Howard, Elizabeth

39-40

29

Howe,— See Chedworth in the note.

46

Howell, Henrietta Maria

20

Hoyer, Jane

41

19

Hul>lon, Mary

18

IS

Hudson, Susanna

38

20

Hughes, Charles

47

.5,3

Hulbert, Thomas

52

26

Hull, Ehzabeth

47

52

Huniall, Elizabeth

36-7

69

Hume, Jane

39-40

Humphries, Sarah

18

Hunter, Jacob

28

Hussey, John Fry Esq.

53.

Hustler, James Esq.

.'i2

1745

Hutchinson, Mary

25

24

Hutton, Thomas

49

29

Hyland, Jane

48

3) 48-9 21

33-4 3) 36-7 23 19

48 42 53 28 .37 50 46 20 51 51

Innes, John Irons, Rev. John Ivehop, John Ives, Elizabeth ,, Jeremiah Esq.

Jackson, John „ Richard Jacobson, Rebecca James, Hugh JefFerys, Charles Jennings, Philip Jenyns, Soame Esq.

1740-1 46 43 30 52

1744 25 36 43 32 48-9 54

28

INDEX TO MAREIAGES.

Johnson, Ann

1731

Leonard, Elizabetli

„ Martha

36

Little, EHzal)eth

„ Mary

42

Lloyd, Ann

„ Mathcw

30

„ Elizabeth

„ Theodore

VJ

„ Jane

Johnston. — See Note to Ketelhy.

Lodington, Thomas

Jones, Ann

.54

Long, Samuel

„ Mary

19

Longcroft, George

„ William Esq.

24

Lord, Elizabeth

„ William Esq.

39

Lovvther, Robert

„ William Esq.

51

Lucas, Antony Esq

Joyce, Thomas

52

,, William

Joyens, John

20

Lumley, Mary

Juby, George

53

Lunn, Elizabeth

Lupton, Jane Luson, Robert

K.

Lutton, Arabella

Kempster, Mary Kendall, Sarah Kennersley, Barhara

1718

52 27

Lutwyche, Ann

„ Sarah Lyddell, Mary

Kenward, John

30

Ketelhy, Margaret

5S

King, Mary

41

Knapp, John

18

,, John

21

^Jan, Jane

Knatchbull, Rev. Wadham

43

JIander, Frances

Knevett, George

28

„ Harry

Knowles, Catherine

49

Marcar, Miiriel

KnoUys, Richard

35

Marchant,— SeeLe

L.

Ladyman, Mary 1723

Lambert, Richard 31

Lane, Arthur Benjamin Esq. 49

Langhan, John 18

Lascellas, Edwin Esq. 46-7

Lawley, Elizabeth, Lady 30

Lawton, Susanna ^6

Lawrence. Herbert 45

Lee, Bethia 48

Leighton, Col. Francis 46-7

Leman, James 45

Le Marchant, William Esq. 52

M.

Marchant

Marsh, Mary Marshall, Sarah Mariott, Benjamin JIartin, Thomas JIartyn, Richard Master, Legh Esq. Mathews, James May Bartholomew Medlycott, Thomas Medows, Ann ,, Frances

Mee, Jlary

Mendes,— See Da Costa.

Merry, Richard

Mertins,'John Henry

Metcalf Sarah

17:;i

4-1 43

47

20 31 57 22 51 49 2;i 51 29 23 31 34

1744-5

21 52

86 29 33 46 53 18 34 42 43 44 43

23 53

47

LNDEX TO MARRIAGES.

29

Meyers, Sophia MicliL'l, Dorothy

„ Matliew Esq. Minet, Uanicl Miller, Elizabctli Mills, Willjam JliUes, Tliornas Molyneux, Sir Capel, bart., Moncaster, Mary Monier, Mary Montagu, Richard Moody, Elizabeth Ann Moore, Christiana Mordauiit, Mary Morgan, Elizabeth

,, Margaret Morland, Elizabeth Morris, Benjamin

,, Edmund c;iq.

,, Lawrence,

,, Mary

,, \'alentine esq- Moseley, Isaac Mountague, Elizabeth Mundy, James Mussenden, Hill esq.

N.

Nash, Harry Nettleton, Robert e.sq. Newman Caroline Nichols, Norton

,, William Nicholson, Bridget

„ James

,, Joseph Nickols, Thomas NicoU, Elizabeth Morris, John Northey, Rebecca

„ William esq. Norton, Lady Frances

1752

Nott, Antony

17-32

2!)

Noyes, Richard, esq,

47

48-9

23

22

27

0.

20

Olden, Benjamin

1745

47

Olfield, Mary

.33-4

45

Osgood, Thomas

52

50

Owen, Hannah

33

41

„ John

49

52

„ Lydia

45

50

48

27 54

P-

id

Packington, Herbert Perrot

1721

48

Palmer, Ann

30

21

„ Eliakini

40

24

„ Harriet

57

44

Parker, Martha

51

48

„ Philadelphia

39

53

„ Thomas Esq.

41

2.3

Parry, Elizabeth

7fi

30

„ llarrieit

43

36

,, Michael

21

„ Thomas

49-5(1

Paskell, Jane

48

Paxton, Ann

46

Peake, Robert

28

1733

Peel, Esther

47

50

Peell, Ann

40-1

53

Peers, Thomas,

27

41

Pennington, Catharine

31

22

Penton, Elizabeth

47-8

21

„ Stephen

33

21

Peter, Simon

19

53

Peterson, Arabella

52

37

„ Peter

51

36

Peters, Elizabeth

27

28

Peyton, John

35

19

Philips Elizabeth

26

21

Phillips, James

48

24

Pierce, Hannah

48

30

INDEX TO MARRIAGES.

Pinfold, Renea Pinnell, Thomas Pitt, Mary Plant, Henry Pockley, Christian Pond, Deborah Poole, Joseph Popham, Stephen Porten, Samuel Powel, Manse), esq. Powell, James Powlet Hon. Catherine Prince, Godwin Prttchard, Robert

R.

Ramsden, Thomas, esq. Ravenliill, John Reason, William Reddall, Margaret Reed, Joseph Reeve, Martha Regis, Rev. Dr. Bathazar Rey, John Reynolds, Richard

,, Thomas Rhodes, Ann Ridley, Margaret Riggs, Richmond Ripley, Thomas Rippon, Ann Robarts, Abraham Robinson, Elizabeth

., Hannah

,, John

„ Mary Rolfe, George Rondeau, Jane Ross, Alexander Roth, James Roundtree, John Rutherford, Sarah Rutt, Esther

1746-7

S.

36

28

St. Quention, Sir William Bart.

1724

48

Salt, Samuel esq.

4(i

28

Salter, Lydia

18

29

Salwey, Hannah

35

53

Sambridge, Charles

21

33-4

Sambrook, Catherine

23

31

Sanderson, Sir William Bart.

31

33-4

Santi, Mary

52

52

Sanxay, Edmund

44

48-9

Sayer, Henry

29

41

Sellis, Ann

48

21

Selwyn, Charles

18

Shadwell, Sir John

2(i

Shaw, Judith

25

Shelley, Dorothy,

19

,, Elizabeth

33-4

1743

„ Richard esq. Shelton, Diana

52 33-4

19

Sheppard, Thomas

.54

33-4

Sherman, Margaret

21

51

Shewell, Ann

43

30

Shipton, Ann

36

20

Shower, Jo'm

36-7

55 23

Shrimpton, John Siggins, Mary

47 49

47

Simpson, Elizabeth

47

39

Smallman,Edward

24

52

Smith, John Lewen

51

39

„ jNIary

18

28

., Mary

29

50

,, Sarah

42

18

., Thomas

49

39 46-7

Soley, Ann „ Catlierine

19 24

53 45

Southern, William Speed, Frances

25 21

46

,, Richard

40

19

Spencer, Charles

44

43

Stainsby, Richard

22

43 19

Stanfield, Joseph Staples, Rebecca

31 41

33

Stephens, Henry

18

52 50

Stevens, Sarah Stoakes, Bejamin

43 36

INDEX TO MARRIAGES

31

Stone, Mavcia

1723

„ Margaret

1722

Streck, Rebecca

35

Turton, Mary

48

Strickland, William esq.

23

Tyrell, Martha

37

Strong, Letitia

30 33

Stun, JIartha

Summers, Leah

28

u.

Sumner, William

39

Swayney, Christiana

19

Usher, John

174S

Sydserfe, Margaret

42-3

Tanner, Elizabeth Tate, Catherine

„ Mary Taylor, Peter Tempest, Jonothan Temple, John Tenoe, Theodosia Terry, Martha Theobald, Martha Thomas, Alexander „ Dorothy ,, Margaret ,, William esq. Thompson, Ann ,, Elizabeth „ Elizabeth „ Elizabeth ,, Rebecca „ Richard Thornton, Bethia Thorpe, Catherine Thursby, Elizabeth Thwaite, Frances Thvvaites, Mary Tily, Joseph Tooke, Lethieullier Toulson, Eleanor, Towers, Robert Townsend, Joseph Travis, Robert Trayton, Nathaniel 'burner, Deborah

1739 20 23 40 18 32 27 28 40 49 40 22 42-3 48-9 44 48 49 24 30 21 28 31 27 23 30 52 51 31 37 69 39 45

V,

Valentine, Thomas Vanhatten, Eliza Vassmer, Elizabeth Vaughan, Elizabeth

,, Jane Vigor, William Vernon, Thomas' Esq.

w.

Walker, Ann

,, Rachael

,, William Wallace, Margaret Waller, Thomas Wallis, Marmaduke Walthoe, Martha Ward, Joseph esq. Warden, Prudence

,, Thomas esq. W^ardman, Mary Warmon, William Warnengham, Bridget Arabella Warner, Elizabeth Warren, Sir George K,B. Watson, Ann

„ Kev. John Waylett, Elizabeth Wearge, Clement esq. Weaver, Jane Webb, Nathaniel

,, Sarah Webster, Abigail

1723 53 55

39-40 51 43 36

1747 18 47 53 36 42 36 40-1 32 28 53 24

64 41

39-41 1 34 23 52 44-5 21 21

32

INDEX TO MARRIAGES.

Weldou, Thomas esq.

1747-8

Wightwick, John

1719

Wellard, Joseph

53

Wildey, Elizabeth

39

Wellock, Mary

U

Williams, Lawrance esq.

48-7

Wentworth, John

31

Williamson, Talbot est]

52

,, Thomas esq.

20

Wilson, George

48

West, Thomas

.52

,; Robert

32

Westbrooke, Elizabeth

41

Winch, Hobert

47-S

Westly, John

27

Wincot, Alaiy

43

Weston, Eobert

44

Wingfield, Mary

47-8

Wheel Lr, Ann

24

Wood, John

■17

Wliite, Elizabeth

49

„ Sarah

49-50

,. Mary

22

Woolball, Catherine

56

Whitfield, Thomas, alias Geers,

31

Wren, Thomas

18

Whitmore, John

43

Wright Henry

42

Wicliham, Grace

36

„ Mary

IS

Wiggett, Samuel

25

„ Richard

39

Wight, John

39

Wyatt, Judith

30

Wightman, Sharclloiv

4:i

Wynne, Elizabeth

35

FINIS,

INDEX TO 15APTISMS

-Geaiiclerk, Ann

,. Charlotte

,. Henry

„ Henry

„ JNIartlia

„ Wary Blackwcll. ,T,>hn Burrow, Jane Clayton, Charles

, , .Joseph

„ Willianr ( uUum, Kieh.'ird

„ — See Smith. Dawson, Jane

,, Joseph Dixie, Williai^i Garriek, David

„ Nathan Hareourt. Philip Francis

J "19

id

45

70

47-S

43

55

5t>

44-;

41 49 fiZ

42

41 75 54

Jones. John Keene, Ann Caroline Lake, Anna Maria Latimer, Ann

,, Arahella

,, Catherine

,. William Lee, John Maud, Sarah Powell, Catherine

;, D.ivid Thomas

,, Henry Thomas Proctor, Catherine Somerset Smith, Sarah

Travis, Elizalieth Dorothea Tyler, Edward

,, Jane Wilson, Robert

IM.j 70 38 68 71 74 CO 57 40 72 71 7-t -15-Ii 68 70 34 33 32

[NDEX TO BURIALS.

Allen, Mrs.

Bodens Mrs.

Bowen, Mrs. Sarali „ Mr. Thomas ,, William esq

Buroess; U.aniel „ Daniel

1725

Holt, Mrs,

4(17

Howe, Miss Sophia

52

Hume, Miss Penelopy

52

Hutton, Thomas esq.

50

Lee; Mrs. of Lord Litt

41

Proctor, William esq.

46-7

Watson, Mrs.

V 1 N

IS.

1752 20 40 7 25 y 20 58 70

London; Printed by J. Bacon, 5, HcHid Court, Holboic, W.C.

LIST {)¥ SliFnSOKIBEilS.

Sib Chables Yu ltng, Gartcr-Kiug-at-Arms, HLTalds Cullege, London.

George E. Adams, Esq., Rouge Dragon, Heralds College, London,

The Hon. Lord Monson, Burton Hall, Lincoln.

Rev. George H. Dashwood, Stow-Bardolph, county Norfolk.

Rev. Charles J. Robinson, Healaugh Vicai'age, Tadcaster. Yorlcsli',-?.

Rev. Humphrey F. Hall, Debden Rectory, Essex. (2 copies.)

Sidney Young, Esq., -i, Martins Lane, City, London. E.G.

J. H. Cooper, Esq,, Town Hall, Cambridge.

Dr. Tliorne, HaiTow Road, Paddington, London, W.

Dr. Rimbault, 29, St. Mark's Cresent, Regent's Park, London, IST.W.

F. G. West, Esq. Horham Hall, Essex.

George Burgess, Esq. Genealogist, 18, Lincoln Street, Bow Road, London, E.

Dr. Sykes, Whitby, Yorkshire.

William Price, Esq., 4, Castle Street, Abergavenny.

Rev. Beaver H. W. Blacker, M.A., Eokeby, Blaokroek, Dublin.

B. H. Beedham, Esq. Kimbolton, Huntingdonshire.

Mr. Francis Lyne, Guildsborough, Northamptonshire.

James P. D. Camp, Esq. 36, Hoxton Square, London, N.

Valentine Hurst, Esq., Genealogist, St. John's Street, Smithfield, London.

James Martin, Esq., Duke Street, St. James's, London, S.W.

Arthur John Knapp, Esq., Llanfoist House, Clifton, Bristol. W. H. Cooke, Esq. F.S.A,, 4, Elm Court, Temple, London, E.G.

S. J. Addis, Esq. 49 & 50, Worship Street, Finsbuiy, London. N.E, (3 Copies)

Mr. Charles Powell, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

Mr. Richard Hart, Westbury, Gloucestershire.

Mr. William Coleman, Arlingham, (2 Copies)

Duncan Thackray, Esq. Armagh, Ireland-

ON THE

ENGRAVED PORTRAITS

PRETENDED POKTRAITS

MILTON.

BY

JOHN FITCHETT MAESH, ESQ.

Extracted fkom the Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire AND Cheshire. Vol. XII, 1859-60.

LIVERPOOL :

T. BEAKELL, PEINTEH, COOK STKEET.

isen.

CONTENTS.

iNTEODrCTORY OesERYATIOXS

POBTKAITS IMMEDIATELY OR REMOTELY DERIVED FKOM AUTHENTIC SOURCES, VIZ.

&C.

110

1]7

122 „ 124)

V^b „ 127)

Janssen's Portrait (num'bered 1 to

The Onslow Portrait ( ,, 5 ,,

Marshal's Eugraving ( „ 21 ,,

Faithorue's Engravrng ( ,, 24 ,,

Others derived from the Faithorne Portrait . ( ,, 54 ,,

The White Portrait ; or Simon's Fo. Mezzotint ( „ 07 „

The White-Eichnrdson Likeness ( ,, 70 „

The White-Vertue Likeness ; or Yerttie (1725) ( ,, 77 ,,

The White-A^andergucht Likeness . . . . ( ,, 89 ,,

The Baker Drawing, &c ( „ 02 ,.

Vertiie's Eugraving (1750) f ,, 105 ..

Portraits derived from Busts, Medallions, Seals

Hollis's Bust

Eichardsou's Etcdiings

Milton Victonoiis over Salmasiiis . . .

Eysbrack's Monument

Miscellaneous Busts

Medallions

Seals

Pretended Portraits

The Cooper Miniature

Du Eoveray's Print

Craig's Drawing

Peck's Mezzotint

The Elderton Miniature

Yertue's Eichardson Portrait

The Chesterfield Portrait

The Strawhen^ Hill Portrait

The Capel Lofft Portrait -

Portrait in Dr. "Williams's Library

Pye's Print

Page's Print

The Falconer Miniature

Notice of dndescribed Prints, Pictures, &c. .

20)

■ri)

6P,) 00) CO) 76) 88 I 11!) 1-4)

:ij9j

110) 121,

128 131 137

130) 130) UO)

141 „ liC)

- )

- )

- )

- )

- ) 15i)

- ) 156 „ 157)

158 — )

159 — )

160 — )

161 „ 164)

147 148 149 150 151 152 155

PAGE

3

12 14 17 20 24 26 27 29 31 32 85 36 id. 37 89 id. 40 id. 41 id. id. 45 46 id. 47 id. 48 id. id. 49 50 id. id. ' 62

ON THE ENGRAVED PORTExilTS AND PRETENDED PORTRAITS OF MILTON.

Pry John FitcheU Marsh, Esq.

While volumes have been written on the portraits of Shakespeare, the information obtainalile respecting those of Alilton is conlined to a few scattered notes of his liiogi-aphers and commentators, the most copious account being one in Todd's Life, copied, with some additions, from Mr. Warton's note to Milton's Greijk epigram, " In efKgiei ejus sculptorem." The reason for this scarcitj' of information is iiot that less is known of the portraits of our greatest epic, than of those of our greatest dramatic poet, but that, on the contrary, more being known, less has been left to con- jecture ; but, unfortunately, the existing materials have been so used by successive commentators — each adopting and adding to the mistakes of his predecessors — as to produce an amount of confusion from which it is my hope to assist in extricating the subject. The olijects I propose to myself in the present paper are, to examine the relation in which the usually received [lortraits stand to each other, to collect the scattered notices of them, and thus to render them available for the illustration of a connected series of representations of the poet's features. It is of engraved POfiTRAiTS only that I propose to treat, having no opportunities for making myself acquainted with the original pictures and drawings. The extent of the materials for a catalogue is greater tlian perhaps would be generally supposed : for while Granger's list comprises 37 portraits, Bromley's only 25, and Evans's 42, I have been enabled not only to compile a catalogue of 164, but to produce upwards of 150 fir your inspection.

The portrait painted at the age of ten, now in the possession of iTr. Disney; that at the age of twenty-one, purchased from the executor of Milton's widow by Speaker Onslow; the print engraved by Marshal, for the first edition of the minor poems, in 1645 ; and that prefixed to the

first edition of the History of Britain, inscribcil " Oul. Faitliorne ad vivum " delin. et sculpsit, 1070," at tlie age of 0-i, funn a beiies of unqaestionalile autlieuticity, taken at various periods of the Poet's life, and presenting such maidvod difi'erence of feature as to create no risk of mistake or con- fusion among them. Tlieir pecuharities and history will be more filly noticed when we come to describe tbern in detail ; but tlie name of Faithorne has been so unwarrantably rnixcd up with ihe mistakes and falsifications which I shall presently have lo expose, that it will be con- venient, before proceeding further, to describe the characteiistics by which his celebrated engraving, and the large number, of portraits derived from it, may be distinguished. Jf, in duiug tins, 1 say little about expression and features, it is because they are more easily conveyed to the mind by actual inspection than described by words, and because the caprice or incompetence of engravers may readily produce such a vnriatiiai in them as effectually to disguise the source from which their subject has been derived ; whereas peculiarities of dress and attitude, though in some I'ospects secondary considerations, are usually found so persistently pre- served as to furnish satisfactory evidence of a coinmoii origin. The Faithorne engraving, then, may be distinguished by the following charac- teristics : — The i'ace is turned in the same direction as the bust. There is a broad Genevan band,-- the nearer half of which lies quite straight, and the other half falls in several folds, beneatti which is seen a tassel.

* .'\s we stiall liuvp to mention the distinguishing" costniues of the various portraits, it will be well to explain the sense in which several terras are used, especially as the name of the modern aciideniic badge cojmects the idea of " bands", in po2)ular estima- tion, rather with the rjenevan han<l here referred to than wath the article of dress to which the term " band" "was originally applied. The circnlar I'uff, witli its ample plaits, is familiar to us in the portraits of Queen Elizabeth's courtiers. In the succeeding reign (see Phniclic on British Cos'iimt;, ed. 18i7, p. 3oO), " the ri?^ was occasionally " exchanged for a wide stiff collar, standing ottt ho]"izontally niid squarely, made of the " same stutf, and starched and ^vircd as usual, but plain instead of plaited or pinched, " and sometimes edged, like the rulf, with lace: these collars were called 'Bauds'" — from which comes the term "band-hi.x" — and Fairliolt in the Glossary to his History of Costume detiues the BA^^u as " a cnljar of linen or cambric, surrounding tlie neck, *' and which v.'as stitfened with starch, or uuilei'prnpped ; or else allowed to fall upon the " shoulders, when it was ternjcd a 'falling-hand'." The .lanssen portrait and that de- scribed in the Gent. iWag. so closely resembling it (No. 4) furnish excellent illustrations of the " hand" and '-falling-band" respccii\"ely : it is an error to confound either one or the other with the " rnU'." Deprived or their laced edges — tlie sides cut away that they might not fall over the shoulder — and the parts overhanging the chest cut square — ■ the transition is easy from the " falling-bands" to tlie " Geneva bands," which, Mr. Planche observes, are "like those worn by our modern clergymen and councillors, " except that instead of being two small pieces worn for distinction merely, they were "bona fide collars, the ends of which hung negUgently out over the waistcoat." (p. 390.) For a fair specimen of the transition here spoken of see the print numbered 151.

11. S. f.h 1.. :.: C. Vnr. XI

Ko. 1.

i'o! '. : air — F'M-'Ti-i an b';ne.:'av,

L'lpr];-||-|l.

Pur' I /111-, Troni '■ Gontlen-i j vijI. lvm.

Frii-tTniL. — I'l-nrn ri 1 1 I'lns'vavrniL', bv ^'. vHir.,

lv^^l■.^ha^^■ Errrrnv: > if.;.

The drapery, Nvliicli falls so as to cover tlie vest except tlie two upper buttons, is ch'awn rather tight over the nearer shoulder. A thick fold, a little below, takes a direction more nearly approaching the horizontal ; and below tlrct, the edge or a thin fold of the material takes a peculiar curve from one side of tlie figure to the other.

Leaving these distinctive marks to be borne iu mind when we come to compare the portraits with which this original has been confounded, I will proceed to notice the circumstances from which the confusion I refer to has arisen. Several applications seem to have been made to Deborah Clarke, Milton's youngest daughter, who survived him until the year 17:27, for her opinion on the autlienticity of supposed portraits of her father. The first is related in a letter from Vertue to IMr. Christian, the seal engraver, preserved in the British "Museum, 'i- and is as follows : " INIr. Christian — Pray inform my Lord Harleyf that I have on Thursday " last seen the Daughter of Milton the Poet. I carry 'd with me two or " three different Prints of Milton's picture which she immediately knew to " be like her father & told me her mother in Law (if I living in Cheshire) " had two pictures of him, one when he was a school boy & the other when " about § twenty. Slie knows of no other picture of him because she was "several jears in L'eland — both before & after his Death. She was the " youngest of JMilton's daughters by his first wife and was taught to read " to her father several Languages. Mr. Addison was desirous to see her " once — & desired she would bring with her Testimonials of her being " Milton's daughter. But as soon as she came into the Boom he told her " she needed none, her face haveing much of the likeness of the pictures " he had seen of him. For my part T find the features of her Face very

* Tliis letter has been printed in the Geiit. Mug. (IS-jl) ; in the Meuiuirs of Thuiuas Hollis ; iind in Ivimey's and Masson's Biograpliies, and perhaps elsewhere. In some of these the reference is 'to Harl. MSS. HWi, f. 17ii, and in others to Add. MSS. 5nlG*, /'. 71. The Ihet is that the former is the original letter, and the latter a transcript of it in the handwriting of Dr. Birch, which, though nearly accurate, has, from its not being quite so legible as the original, led to inaccuracies in subsequent copies. Having stumbled on tliis fact at the Museum, I took the trouble of collating the two manu- scripts ; and tlie letter in the text is a literatim copy of the original.

+ Lord Henley. I Iiiiucij's L/Je of Millon, ]}. 3'-i'3.)

I The "if" is omitted ia Birch's copy. Vertue had originally written '■ is," but altered it with the pen. The doubt expressed, though immaterial to our present p>u-pose, is confirmatory of observations I have mude elsewhere on the inditference with which Milton's widow was spoken of by his family.

§ '' Above" in Birch's copy.

"much like the Prints, I showd her the Paiuting 1 have to engrave "which she beheves not to he her Father's picture, it being of a Brown "complexion & black hair & curled locks — ou the contrarj' he was of a " fair complexion a little red in his cheeks & light brown lanck hair. I " desire you woud acqitaiot BIr. Prior I was so unfortunate to wait on him " on Thursday morning last just after he was gone out of Town — it was " with-' this intent, to enrjuire of him if he remembers a picture of Milton "in the late Lord Dorsett's collection — as I am told this f was — or if lie " can inform me how I shall enquire or know the truth of this affair. I " shoud be much obliged to him — being very willing to have all certainty " on that account before I begin to engrave the Plate — that it may be the " more satisfactory to the Publick as well as to my self. The sooner you " can communicate this the better — because 1 have to resolve which " I cant well do till I have an answer, which will much oblige, Your "Friend to command, Geo. Vertue. Saturdiiy, Aug. 12, 17-21. To Jlr. " Charles Christian."

The elder Richardson, in his "Explanatory Notes and Piemarks on " Milton's ' Paradise Lost,' " published in 1734, inserted an etching " from " an excellent original in crayons," in his po^session, ami which he states in his introduction (p ii.) he had reason to believe Milton sat fur not long before his death. In a subsequent passage (p. xxxvi) be relates, as an evidence of Deborah Clarke's tender remembrance of her fatlier, that " this picture in crayons was shewn lier after several others, or which were " pretended to be his. When those were shewn, and she was asked if she " could recollect if she had ever seen such a face, ' No, no'; bat when this " was produced, — in a transport — ' 'Tis my father — 'tis my dear father — " I see him — 'tis him ;' and then she put her hands to several parts of her " face- ' Tis the very man — here — here.' "

In the "Memoirs of Thomas Hollis," edited in 1780 by Archdeacon Blackliurne, is inserted a print drawn and etched by Cipriani, from a portrait in crayons in the possession of Messrs. Tonson, which, at p. 619, is described as "a drawing in crayons by ^Villiam Faithorne, now in the

• " With" (iniitted in Bivcli's rdpy.

+ "As I aii) told //«?;■<? was" [IvUne]fs Life of Jlil/on, p, ^2i).) The difference iu tlie seriae is considL^rable ; but the liisloiy of a poitraiL wLnch turned out not to repre- sent iVrilton is nnimporfiint, except so far as it bears on the discussion re.specting tbe t.'onpor miniature, to he nienlioued bcrcnfter.

"hands of Messrs. Touson, booksellers, iu Loudon;" aud it is related that " about the year 1725 Mr. George Vertue, a worthy and emiuent " British antiquary, went on purpose to see Mrs. Deborah Clarke, iMiltou's " youngest and favorite daughter, and some time his amanuensis, who then " lodged in a mean little street near Moorfields, where she kept a school " for children for her support. He took this drawing with him, and divers " paintings said to be of Milton, all which were brought into the room " by his contrivance, as if by accident, whilst lie conversed wilh her. She " took no notice of the paintings ; but when she perceived the drawing she " cried out, ' 0 Lord ! that is the picture of my father — how came you by " it?' Aud, streaking the hair of her forehead, added 'Just so my father " wore his hair.' This daughter resembled Milton greatly."

There is no excuse for confounding the first of these three alleged visits to Deborah Clarke — when, after confirming the authenticity of several prints produced by Vertue, she condemned a painting which it was the special object of his visit to shew her — with the interview related by Plichardson, when his crayon drawing was shewn her by some person unnamed, and recognized with apparent emotion after she had failed to recognize the likeness of others. The third interview, as related iu Hollis's Memoirs, is full of inconsistencies, which it will be more con- venient to notice in another place. What I here wish to observe is, that Hollis's biographer, in alluding to Tonson's crayon dra-wing attributed to Faithorne, in no manner connects it with Pdchardson's ; nor does Eichardson attribute his own crayon drawing to Faithorne, or mention Vertue as the person who shewed it to Deborah Clarke. In fact, though Cipriani's pencil has taken sad liberties with the expression, the Tonson drawing, as represented by him, has the attitude and costume identifying it with the Faithorne engraving ; and is likely enough to have been Faithorne's original drawing in crayons — a mode of execution he is known to have adopted. [See Walpole's Catalutjue of Engravers, l.sf cd., p. .58.) With Richardson's etching it has no one point of identity. In the latter the countenance is more upturned than in Faithorne's engraving ; and the position of the head is such that the left shoulder and right clieek are nearest to the spectator ; the collar, not at all partaking of any of the forms of a band, has the ends separating from each other at something less than a right angle, with cord aud tassels between, the sides al';o approaching to straight lines; and the drapery falls from both shoulders so

8

as to form an aogle a little to the right of the buttons, of which a row of five is exposed. But notwithstanding these marked distinctions, or rather this total absence of anj' point of siniilarit)', the mention of two cra3'0D drawings in couneclion witli visits to Jlilton's daughter has led to a series of mistakes. Bishop Newton, at p. Ivi. of his life of Milton {BiiskervlUe edilioii, noO), in a sliort notice containing another glaring mistake which I need not stop to point out, confounds them lij speaking of the "portrait " in crayons, drawn when Milton was aliout si\ty-two, and which was " in the collection of Mr. Bidiardson, but h;is since been purchased by " ]\rr. Tonson." This may be VUeinllij true; for Pdchardson's drawing, as well as the otlier, may have eventually come into the possession of Tonson : but the statement is not the less calculated to mislead. Accordingly Warton gets deeper into the error, for he not only states, in his note at p. 530 fed. 1791 ), that Faithorne's original engraving, which he had stated in the preceding jiage to be from a dj'awing in crayons, " was copied by " Vertue, one of his chief woiks, in \l'io" (though I shall endeavour to shew yiresent'y that Vertue's portrait of that date had a connnon origin with Itichaidson's etching, and little in comuion with I'aithoi'ne,) but in the following page he states that " the Uichaidons, and next the Tonsons, " had the admirable cr.iyon drawing above mentioned, done ijy tViithorne, " tlie best likeness extant, and for which IMilton sate at the age of "sixty-two;" and after cpioting, in relation to the same drawing, the interview between Yeitue and Deborah Clarke, as told in Hollib's memoirs, adds, " This head by Faitborne was etched by Bichardson, the father, about " 1734, with the addition of a laurel crown to help the pjropriety of the "motto." Symmoiis repeats the ermr (pp. Ol.j, 531, 1st ed.) : and to make confusion worse confounded, Todd adopts verbatim the language of Wartoii, but adds that the drawing successively in the possession of Eicliaidson and Tonson was then in the possession of Mr. Baki r. who had allowed an engraving tu be made from it for Todd's woi'k. On turning, however, to the engra\ing last referreil to, we find it to be without one point of iilentity with Faitijorne or Cipriani's portraits, but with sucli rnai'ks of a common origin with Ftichardsou's as I shall piresently explain. Lastlv. ]\Ir. Cunningham, in a note to his edition of Johnson's "Lives of " the Poets" (I. 13 1 1, says — "The best portrait of Milton is that drawn " and engr.iveil bv Faithorue, prefixed to Milton's ' History of Britain,' " 107U, 4to : I'aithorne's original drawing is preserved, with other portraits

-^nonYTi'iOi73 Etchme", atKribLite'] to Pvichai'j.^or).

Ivliller's En^ravine" for Tonsoa'i Bas,' 'riTiue Edition, 175y.

Engraving fmm Mr. Bicker's C'ray-'n lirav:rn^, for Todr]'.? Eoi^ion, IcOl.

E"np'raYrri£" for Heptme'st^iU's Edition.

" belongiug to Tonson, including the Eit-kat collection, at Bayfordbury, "near Hertford, the seat of Mr. Baker." I should create additional con- fusion if I were to go on repeating these statements in the language of successive commentators ; but the errors of all of them are so completely condensed in a paragraph of a dozen lines by Mr. Keightley, that I may as well quote it: — "In 1070," he says, "was a portrait engraved by " Faithorue, /'/o)« a crcn/oii drau:in<j by himself, \yilli this legend, 'Gul. "'Faithorne ad vivum delin. et sculpsit. Johannis Miltoni efhgies. "'jEtat. 02. 1070.' This engraving has been often copied, [he adds in " a footnote, " there is one by Cipriani in Hollis's Memoirs,"] but as it was " not in Faithorne's best manner, a new cop;/ was made for the first edition " of Todd's Milton, from the original crayon chcuiing in the possession of " William Baker, Esq. This drawing had passed through the hands of " the Eichardsons ami Toiisons to those of Ilr. Baker. It T\'as at the " sight of tills, when shewn to her by Vertue, the engraver, among other " paintings and engravings, that Deborah Clarke made tire e.xclamation " above related. All the best jiortraits of Milton are taken from it." (Keiglitley's Life vf Milton, p. \'iU.) I have seen none of the drawings: but if the slightest reliance is to be placed upon the engravings, a glance at those published by Pdchardson, from the crayon drawing in his posses- sion— by Hollis, from the crayon drawing in the possession of the Tonsons (and likely enough, as I have stated, to have been Faithorne's original drawing) — and by Todd, from the drawing in the possession of Mr. Baker, would have shewn how distinct each was from tire other, wliatever of common origin there may have been between the iirst and third. It seems to me a most e.-^traordinary fact, that a careless statement of Bishop Isewton, upwards of a century ago, so far from being detected, should have gone on accumulating error as it pa>sed through successive hands until the present time, without one of the gentlemen quoted thinking "ft necessary to compare the published portraits whicli they thus hastily assumed to have been engraved from a common original. In one instance it is curious to watch the effect of the mistake while two disputants ai-e playing at cross purposes on the subject. In the discussion to wdiich I shall have to make more particular reference in speaking of the Cooper miniature, and in which Sir Joshua Pieynolds, under the signature of " R. J.," discussed with Lord Hailes its pretensions to be accepted as a portrait of Milton, the former writes (Gent. Mag., LXI, G03): — " In regard to the drop serene wo

10

" can assure your correspondent that it is not visible in the miniature, and " that he is mistahcn in saying that it is visible in the crayon picture by " Faithorne." Lord Hailes replies (p. 880) with sarcastic ingenuity :^" It " is said that the gutta serena, or rather its consequence, is not visible in " Faithorue's drawing of Slilton. I never saw it ; but I supposed that it " represented Milton as blind, because Richardson's etching represented " him so : and if Ricljardson has misled me, I must regret that I put my " trust in a painter and connoisseur." The explanation, is obvious. Reynolds, whether speaking from a knowledge of the crayon drawing in the possession of tlie Ton^ons, from Cipriani's copy from it, or from Faithorne's engraving, was justified in describing it as giving no indication of Milton's blindness ; whereas Hailes, imagining that he was speaking of the same drawing, had reference to liicbardson's etching from another, one of the special merits of which was its rendering of the peculiar expres- sion arising from the gutta serena, on which sulject some observations of Richardson are quoted below.

"VA'hat, then, was the "excellent original in crayons" from which Richardson made his etching in 1734, and which was recognized by Deboi'ah Clarke as so striking a likeness of her father ? In considering this question I have Ijeen led to attacli an unexpected degree of importance to a folio mezzotint, inscribed " Fi. AVbite ad vivum delin. .J. Simon fecit," the precise date of which I have been unable to ascertain. I am told it is a rare print, though I find it marl^ed at a trifling price in Evans's cata- logue, but I was not avrare of its rarity until after I had discovered its importance. I have seen no copy except my own. There is none in the British Museum ; and it is not mentioned either in Granger or Bi'ouiley. Bryan, also, in his Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, fails to particu- larize it among Simon's worl;s ; but his editor, Stanley, mentions Milton's among the heads engraved by that artist. AVhat I here wish particularly to remark, with reference to tliis portrait, is its exact correspondeuce with Richardson's etching of 1734. The former continues the drapery lower down the figure, so as, in fact, to constitute a half length ; but with this exception, and the wholly unimportant one of the portrait being reversed, every word of the description I have given of Pdchardson's etching is pjrecisely applicable to Simon's mezzolint. The laureate wreath, however, with which, in both, the head is encircled, and which at first seemed one of the most satisfactory points of identity, presents a difficulty : the elucida-

11

tion of it will depend in a great measure on the date of Simon's print, which I have not yet been able to ascertain. Eichardson expressly says (p. ii.) : — " Tlie laurel wreath is not in the picture ; the two lines under it " are my reason for putting it there — not what otherwise would be "imagined : all the world has given it hini long since." The presence of the laurel wreath in both prints cannot be explained away as a coinci- dence : for leaf liy leaf, with the exception of a single leaf inserted in Simon's (the highest of the further branch), but omitted in IJichardson's, the one wreath is a servile copy of the other. If, then, Simon's mezzotint was published pi'evious to 17o4, how comes it that Eichardson, tlms proved to liave been familiar with it, avoids all allusion to it, asserts the wreath to bo his own idea, and does not attrilnite the "excellent original," which he says he " has reason to believe Milton sate for not long before his deatli," either to Boberl White or to any other artist by name ? If Simon's print was published subsequent to 173-i, the identity of the wreaths proves him to have been the cojiyist ; and if so, on wdiat evidence did he inscribe his print with " E, White ad vivum delineavit ? " Tliese questions I am cotnpelled to leave unanswered. Internal evidence would tend to the conclusion that Simon's had priority in date, from the fact that the con- tinuatioir of the folds, as above noticed, accounts for the- direction of the lines of drapery in Eichardsou's etcliing, which are otherwise unmeaning. The truth is worth arriving at, if possible.* The result would probably affect the qucslit^n whether there i:- good ground for retaining the name of White as the original artist, as 1 have ventured to do below for distinc- tion's sake : but it would leave untouched the fact that the two prints had a common origin in a portrait, the vot-acity of wdiich was confirmed by the best authority — that of Slilton's d.iii,_;hter.

• The only clue I am aware of is the names of tlie tn'o firms of publishers — " sold " by T. Bowles in Paul's Cliurch-yard and J. Bowles in Cornhill." Tlie period during which tliese two firms existed contemporaneously might possibly be ascertained ; hut it would only enable us to ascertain the minimum antiquity of the print ; for one of our most eminent priulsellers tells me he has an impression of having seen it ^^ith an earlier imprint than that of the firms of Bowles. The date of 1738 is assigned tiy Bromley to a folio mezzotint of Pope by J. Faber, from a picture painted by Kneller in 1721, which is stated to be " jiriuted for Thos. Bowles in St. Paul's Churchyard, and .Tolm Bowles " and Son at the Black Horse in Cornhill." Simon's folio mezzotint of Shakespeare, from a picture attributed to Zoust, is supposed by Boadeii and Wivell to ha-\-e been jiub- lished in or about 172.5 ; and bis folio mezzotint of Pope, from a painting hy Dahl, is dated by Bromley 1728 ; but the first was by another publisher, and the second has no publisher's name. Bowles of the Black Horse is repeatedly mentioned in connection with the life of Hogarth; see the papers in the first vol. of the Cornhill Jfagazine.

13

I consider the same originul lo have been ihe source from which, with more or less artistic liceusc, were derived Vertue's celebrated head of 17'25 ; I. Vauderguclit's folio ; another en,i,'vaving hy Vertiie, greatly altered in expression and costume, in 175t) ; and lastlj', an engraving by Miller, inserted in an edition of ivewtou's Milton, published by the Tonsons in 1750, and of which I consider the original is likely enough to have been the drawing which passed from the possession of the Tonsons to Mr. Baker, as stated by Todd and Cunningham, or at least another drawing irorn the same original. All these portraits will be duly described below, and treated (to borrow a jihrase from physical science) as iijplcal forms, in connection with which I have thought it desirable to arrange the various prints to which they have respectively given rise. That all these are trustworthy representations of our great poet I am far from as-erting. On the contraiy, the extent to which various engraver's have departed from the originals they professed to copy is absurd enough ; but I have treated them as autlieatic to this extent, that their origin can be traced directly or reniiitely to portraits the histoiy of wliich is satisfactorily shewn, or ■which have been vouched by the family of the poet.

To these succeed the prints which have been derived from monuments, busts and seals. Tliere remain a reniaikable vaiiety of portraits, which have been published with the name of Milton, some of which may be — others cannot possibly be — and none, in rny opinion, are satisfactorily proved to be from pictures intended to represent him. The history of these portraits, or pretended portraits, will more conveniently be noticed when we come to describe them ; and I will now proceed with my cata- logue in the order I have indicated,

JaXSSEn's POETP.AIT.

The name of this artist has been given by common consent — though I know not on what authotity, prior to that of Cipriani, except the judgment of connoisseurs — to the picture referred to liy Aubrey, in his notes written shortly after Milton's death (/;. 3.'i7 in (Juilirin's repiinl): — "A" B"' 1019 " he was ten yeares old as by his picture and was then a poet : his school " master then was a Puritan in Essex who cutt hi, liaire sliort," that is not his Oi\n haif, but the hair of his pupil, as explained bv Professor Masson (p. 51, n.j. It was one of tlie piitures which remained in the possession of Milton's '^idow until her death in 17;i7, and were enumerated

13

in the testamentary inventory of her effects, which I had the jileasure of bringing under the notice of the Historic Society in 1855. On the 3rd of June, 17(30, it was purcliased by Mr. HoUis, at tlie sale by auction of the effects of Mr. Charles Stanliope, who liad mentioned to him, about two months before, tliat he had bought it of the executors of Milton's widow for twenty guineas. {Memoirs of Tlioiiias Mollis, p. 95.) Wartou men- tions that the price at which it was purcliased at Stanhope's sale was thirty-one guineas, and that Lord Harrington wishing to have tlie lot returned, Mr. Hollis replied that his lordsliip's whole estate should not repurchase it. (Warton, p. 530 n., ed. 1791.) It was this picture which Mr. Hollis was so careful to preserve on the occasion of his lodgings being on fire a few months subsccpent to his purchase. The story is told in his memoirs, p. 106. The picture passed, with the other antiquities and cuiiosities collected by Mr. Hollis, to Mr. Thomas Brand Hollis, who left them by will to his friend Or. Disney, and is now in the possession of his grandson, Edgar Disney, Esq., of the Hyde, near Ingatestone. It is described by Professor Masson as about twenty-seven inches by twenty in si/e, with the frame, the portrait set in a dark oval, and with the words "John Milton, getatis sure 10, Anno 1018" inscribed on the paint in con- temporary characters, but no painter's name. This minuteness of descrip- tion is important witlr reference to another portiait, to be mentioned shortly, which has been confounded with the present one. The first engraving from Mr. Disney's picture was that published in Hollis's memoirs : —

1. lohn Milton. Drawn and etched MDCCLX by I. B. Cipriani, a Tttscan, from a picture painted by Cornelius Johnson MDCXVIII, liow in tbe possession of Tlionias HoUis, of Lincoln's Inne, F.R. and A.SS. Portrait enclosed in an oval wreath of roses ; and below, as in all the prints engraved under the direction of the HoUises, their favorite device of the Cap of Liberty. {See Dibdin's Lib, Cojii. 555 n.) Subjoined ai-e some lines from "Paradise Regained," which Professor Masson con- siders were really written by the poet with some reference to his own recollections of himself as a child : —

" When I was yet a child, no childish i>lay To me was pleasing," &c. The print is mentioned in Granger and Bromley.

2. lohn Milton. /Etat. 10. From an original picture m the collection of Thomas Brand Hollis, Esq., near the Hyde, Essex. Corneliits Janseu pinxit.

14

W. N. Gnnliner soulp. ; an oval, (j.'2x5.9*iij plute, 9.8 x O.'i ; published June 4, 1704, by Jolm and Jo^iah Bnydell and Georgo Nicol, in tlie sumptuous eelitiou of the Poetical Works, in 3 vols, royal iVilic), known as Boydell's Milton.

3. Milton. jEtat. 10. Aftm- a pbotogTiiph from the original picture, in the

possession of Edgar Disney, Esq., of the Hyde, Ingatestone, Essex; engraved by Edwai'd liadflviie ; a beai.Ulful line engraving, forming one of the illit-ilrations to the first volume of Massou's Lil'e of Milton.

4. Anon. ^Vn engraving alnmst in outline, forming an illustration to the '* Geulicman's Magazine" (1787), vol. Ivii, p. 750, in which is i^rinted a letter signed "Z. Z.," dated from tJxford, ond sendi)jg the drawing from whicli this is engraved, and which it states " a friend, who lives there, has obligingly suffered to be taken "from a picture in his possession. It is oiu wnod. At top is ' A° IG'2-'!. ^t. suis "'12.' In the hands of the figure is a book with 'Homer's Ilhtds ' oti the leaves. " The hair is j'ed. Tliis drawing is very like, only perhaj^is somewhat older than '* the picture." A c^irrespondent, at p. w02 of the same voluml^ points out the identity of the portrait with that engraved by Cipriani in Hollis's Memoirs — adds that the dates correspond (which, however, is not the case) — and signs his com- munication " Q. E. D." This is getting on rather too fast, for it is evident there were two portraits in existence ; but though, in additinn to the discrepancies apparent from the above notice, the sketchy outline of the print shews a marked difference in costume (tlie srpiare-frduted erect band of ]\Ir. Disney's portrait being rejilaced by a falling-band of similar pattern +), the resemblance in feature between the two portraits is too close to have been the result of accident. That a copy of the original picture should have been taken while it was in the possession either of Mrs. Milton, her executor, Mr. Stanhope, or Mr. Hollis, is improijable, and we are (hiven to the conjecture either that the painter of Mr, Disney's jjortrait (wliellier Janssen or some one else) wa.s taiiUed with a mannmism wliich ■wunld deprive his pictures of all claim to individuiility, or that, being employed to ]';)lnt another portrait of the young schtdar at tlie age of twelve he had maije free use of his original picture. This snpposition would still lea\e an error of at least two years unaccounted for, if the date 1023 hi' cuiTcci.ly printpd in tlie " ("iratL-man's Maga- . '* zine," and I scarcely dare offer it even as a conjecture : but if it should turn out to be correct, it would fnlbjw iluit thi:re niay yet be in existence an alnmst unknown portrait of Milton, with better claims to authenticity than some which have had Jheii' pretensions more loudly asserted.

The Onsloav Por/irAiT. By ihis name is known tlie otlier of the two portraits enumerated in the inventory of Mrs. Milton's effects. AVarton (p. 530, ed. 1791) says, that

* The measurements are throughout in inches and tenths. + See note on Buffs and Bands, ante.

No, -1.

No. 6.

15

" by some it is suspected not to be a portrait of Milton." By whom sus- pected, or on what grounds, I know not. There are few portraits with a better authenticated pedigree. Its existence, in the custody of ]\Irs. Milton, was known to Aubrey, wlio wrote in IGSl (p. 337 of Godwins reprint) : — " His widowe has his picture draune {very well and like) when " a Cambridge schollar : she has liis picture when a Cambridge scliollar, " which ought to be engraven ; for the pictures before his bookes" [alluding to Marshal's in 1045 and Faithornc's in 1070] " are not at all like him : " and made a memorandum (p 345,) to "write his name in red letters on "his picture with his widowe to preserve." In 1721 Deborah Clarke informed Vertue (see his letter above) that her mother-in law, if living, in Cheshire, had two pictures of him, one wdien he was a school-boy, and the other when he was about twenty. In 1731, only four years after Mrs. Milton's death, we find it in the possession of Mr. Speaker Onslow, and engraved by Vertue ; and as late as 1794 it was stated in the inscription to the engraving in Boydell's Milton to be "in the possession of Lord " Onslow, at Clandon, in Surrey, purchased from the executor of lililton's " widow by Arthur Onslow, Esq., Speaker of the House of Commons, as " certified in his own handwriting on the back of the picture." It is mentioned by Professor Masson (vol. I, p. 978) that the picture is not now in the possession of the present Earl of Onslow. The information I have obtained as to its history since it left his lordship's custody and present place of deposit is such as I do not feel warranted in making public. It is much to be desired that this relic should find a permanent resting place beside the Chandos Shakespeare in the National Portrait Gallery. It seems to have been known to Warton, who observes that " the picture " is handsomer than the engravings, and that the ruff is much in the neat "style of painting ruffs about and before 1028." The engravings from it are numerous : —

5. Joannes Milton. JEt. 21. Vertue, sc. Ex pictura archetypa qiite penes est prsebonoratilem Artliurnm Onslow, Arm : Vertue sc. 1731. 4to. I extract this description from Granger, having heeu unlucky in not meeting with a copy. He mentions that it differs from the next described only in the inscription, Bromley also mentions it.

6. loannes Milton. jEtatis XXI. G. Vertue sculp. 1731 ; in a square panel, with ornamented top, surmounting and partly concealing the top and sides of an oval. The name and age are on two ribaiids below, between which is a circular escutcheon charged with a single-headed eagle (in which Vertue's heraldic know-

16

iedge was at fault, for the eagle borue by Milton was double-headed, as j^i'oved by

his two seals *), and heueath is a pedestal, ou the two ends of which stand busts of IIoniiT and Virgil ; and ou the front is iuseribed " Naseuntur Poeti:c, non flunt." Puhli^s]led in Bentlcy's edition of " Parachse Lost," 4to, London, 1732. Mentioned in Grander and Bn^niley.

7. Tlje s;une jilate, with Dryden's lines substituted for the " Nascuntur Poeta, ''non hunt,"' and (lie date badly altered from 1731 to 1747, is prefixed to Newton's etlition of "Paradise Lost," 2 vi.)ls. 4.to, London, 1749, which HoUis's biographer (see p. 117) suppnsod to be the original coutUtiou of the plate.

8. loannes Milton. vEtatis suas 21. G. Yertue sculp. An oval, with sUght scroll ornament at top, and below a riband, with name and age, above a plinth ; size of plate G \ 3.8 ; published in Kewton's edition of " Paradise Eegained," 8vo. London, 1773 ; mentioned by Granger and Eronilcy.

9. John IMilton. In the collection of the Pight Lion. Arthur Onslow, Esq^. Speaker of the House of Common. I. Houbraken sculps. Anist. 1741. Impensis I. & P. Knapton, Londoir, 1741. An oval, re2iresenting masonry, insciibed with name; at foot a pedestal ; and in front of it oiiiaments consisting of a lyre sur- mounted by che_rub bead, a book, serpent with apple, S:e. ; size of plate 14,2 x 8.9. One of the series of foUo plates known as Houbraken's heads; mentioned by Granger and Bromley.

10. Joannes Milton, .Etatis XXI. Andrew Miller fecit, Dublin, 1744; a copy of the last in niezzotmt, including the ornaments, but reversed; and on the pedestal the motto " Nascuntur Poetee, non fiunt ;" size of plate 13.6 X 10.1.

11. lohn Milton. Drawn and etclied MDCCLX by I. B. Cipriani, a Tuscan, at the desire of Thomas Plollis, F.E. and A. S3., h-om a picture in the collection of the Eight Hon. Arthur Onslow^ Speaker of the Commons Plouse of Parliament. Portrait enclosed in an oval, formed by intertwining boughs of laiu-el, and below Milton's sonnet — " How soon liAth time," ko. The print is mentioned by Granger and Bromley, and forms one of the series in HoUis's Memou-s.

12. John Miltun. In the collection of the Eight Hon. Arthur Onslow, Esq., Goldar sculpt. Some further lettering has been badly erased. An oval, in a rectangular frame of tooth and egg ijattern ; size of fi'ame 7,5x0.4.

13. John Milton. Published by E. Baldwin, at the Eose, in Pater Noster Eow, 1752, for the London Magazine. An oval, representing masonry of four voussoii's, with name inscribed, and resting on a plinth ; size of plate 5.7 x4.1.

14. John Milton. An oval, representing masonry of sis vonssou's, with seg- ments cut otf at top, bottom, and sides; no plinth; name at foot; size of plate 4.7x3.*/; in the fifth volume of the British Bi<jgraphy, xmblished by Baldwin,

'7 vols., 8vo, London, i7GG-72.

* See Masson's Life, vol. i., p. 4.

17

15. Jolm MIUoii. Ill same pliitt? with Alg'enion Sydney, John ITamden, niid Andrew INfarvel ; lour ovals, in Bligluly ornamented frames, oonnef:ted hy inter- lacing ornament : size of each frame 2.5 x 1.8.

l(i. .Tolni Jlilton. In same plate with Ben .Johnson, Eohert Boyle, Esq., nnd John Loeke, Es.(. ; fonr plain ovals, 2 X 1.8: I. June si-.

17. lohu Milton. yEtat. 21. From an originiil pir-ture in the possession of Lord Onslow, at Clanrton, in Surrey, purchased from the execntors of Milton's widow hy Arthur Onslow, Esq., Speaker of tlie House of Commons, as certified in his own handwriting on the back of the picture ; an oval, C.2 x 5.9, in plate, 0.8x0.7; W. N. Gardiner sculpt ; pnhlished June i, 179i, hy John and Jo.siah Boydell and George Nicol ; in Boydell's Milton.

18. John Milton. yEtat. XXI. Woolnoth sc.

19. Anon. Cornelius Jnnsen ! W. C. Edwards. J. Yates, Printer. London, John Macroue, St. Jnmes's S.picre, and E. Graves, King William Street, Strand. In Macroue's edition, edited hy Sir Egerton Brydges. The assigning of the picture to Cornelius Janssen has arisen from confoundir.g its history with that of the portrait hrst described : the artist is wholly unknown.

20. Milton, £etat. 21. Engraved hy Edwai-d Radclyffe, after Vertue's engn-aving in 17;J1, from the original iiictnre, then in tire possession of the Eight Hon. Speaker Onslow ; in Masson's Life of JUilton,

Marsh.^l's Engeaving. This poftnjit, which appeored in Humphrey Jloseley's original edition of Milton's poems, in 104.5, is one of consitlerable rarity and importance. It was the subject of the Greek epigram " In efligiei ejus sculptorem," in which the poet gave vent to his dissatisfaction with the manner in which Marshal had executed his task. \Yhether the complaint was dii'ecteJ against the coarseness of the engraving, or the unfavorable representation of IVIiltou's personal appearance, is a point which, though it has given rise to some discussion, is not of much iirrporttince ; for it is generally believed that Marshal was the designer as well as engraver of the head; and the term " '(wypa<poc " in the epigram is applicalile to him in either capacity Plorace Walpole says that Marshal was " employed by Moseley, the book- " seller, to grave heads for books of poetry ; and from their great similarity " in drawing and ornaments Vertue supposed that he drew from the life, " though he has not expressed ad vhnun as was the custom txfterwards ; and " he was confirmed in tliis conjecture by a priut of ?dilion, at the age of "21, with which Milton, who was handsome, and Marshal but a coarse " engraver, seems to have been discontented, by sutiie (ireek lines that are

18

■' added to the liottom of the plate. Vertue adds that from this to 1670 " he kuows no eugraving of Milton, when Faithorne executed one with " cid vivum dclineavit et sculjisit ; and this Vertue held for the most " authentic likeness of that great poet, and tliought Marshal's and Faith- " erne's bore as much resemblance as could be expected between features " of '21 and 02." [Walpoles Catiilotjiic oj Engravers, \st ed., p. 38.) The fact just noticed, namely, that this print was the only engraved portrait by which Milton's supposed features were known to the public between 1645 and 1670 — a period which embraced nearly the whole range of his con- troversial writings — invests it with an importance far beyond its merits. Salmasius, in a passage in his " Defensio Eegia," quoted by Walpole and Warton, applies to it the epithet of "comptulam"; but this could only have been meant to apply to the dress. The features would rather seem to have justified some of the terms in wdiicli the same author, in his posthumous work " Ad Joannem Miltonum Fiesponsio" attributes to Milton " frontem ferream, cor plumbeum, animum improbum, malam linguam, " stylum atrocem." {Besponsio, p. 2). The same impression as is indicated by the epithet "comptulam" led the author of " Regii sanguinis clamor" to taunt him with being a Narcissus ; to which Milton, in a passage in his " Defensio pro se," also partly quoted by Warton, replies: — "Narcissus "nunc sum, quia te depiugente nolui Cyclops esse; cjuia tu effigiem mei " dissimillimam, prefixam poematis, vidisti. Ego vero si impulsu et ambi- " tione librarii me imperito scalptori, propterea quod in urbe alius eo belli " tempore non erat, infabre scalpendum permisi, id me neglexisse potius " earn rem arguebat, cujus tu mihi nimium cultum objicis." [Prose TT'o)7i's, ed. 1698, vol. 3, /'. 123.) This passage goes far towards settling the question as to the date of the portrait. The engraving is spoken of as having been executed " eo belli tempore" applicable to the date of its pub- lication ; and no hint is given of its having been engraved, as Warton assumes, from some earlier drawing or painting in 1629, so as to justify the inscription of "Anno iEtatis Vigess: Pri:". The apparent age, which in 1615 would be thirty-seven — the generally received opinion that Mar- shal's prints were usually from the life — and the passage from Milton's " Defensio pro se," in which he accounts for the badness of the likeness by a reason which, though valid in relation to an original portrait in 1645, could have no reference to an earlier one then copied, combine to shew that in assigning the age of twenty-one to his print Marshal was as reck-

Nu. 31.

less of dates as of resemblance to Ids original. I have only cue conjecture to offer towards explaining away the difficulty. Though it is impossible, comparing the Marshal with the Onslow portrait, to treat the one as a copy of the other, it is possible that llarshal may have been allowed access to the Onslow portrait to aid him in the absence of the sitter ; and the adop- tion of the date which actually belonged to the Onslow portrait may thus in some way have originated. The engravings may be described as follows :—

21. loiuuiis jriltciui Aiigli Elligies Anno ^"Etaus Vigess : Pii : (iusfriljed round ail oval) W. M. Sculp. In Ihe liackgniuud au Arcadian .scene ; and iu the four corners, outside the oval, the ]Mnses [Mclpouiene, Erato, Urania., and Clio, with their names ; beneath, the Greek epigram ; * —

'A[J.aOu ytypa00rtt X^'-p'^ T)]l'(ft ^uv Uizova ^atyQ Tax '"^^' '^P^Q et^oc aurofl>v^(^ jiXkirojv. Tav d' iKTViriiiTuv ovk kTriyvovr^Q, <pi\oi VtXaT^ (pauXov ^vu^iifiyjixa ^wypci^oy. the size of the plate is 5.7 x 3.6. Its market value is more proportioned to its rarity than its beauty. An impression at the sale of Sir William jMusgrave's dupli- cates sold for £i l?s., and the Sib/iolkccn Aiii/lo-Poelica quotes the price of a copy of the minor poems, lni5, with the plate, at .£5, and another with Vanderguclit's copy of it at i'l 11 j. Od. It is of course mentioned in all the works on English engraved heads, and is mucli coveted by collectors.

23. Id. A gi5od modern copy of the same print is of freriueiit occurrence.

2:1. loannis Sliitoni Angli Effigies Anno yEtatis 21. M. A', dr. Guclit sc. A reditced copy of the above ; the sides and top of the oval partly cut away; and the four Muses in the corner omitted. This print is mentioned by Granger and Bromley, aird was prelixed to Tonsoii's edition of "Paradise Eegaiued," ]2iuo, London, 1713, the engraver innocently copying the Greek inscription and append- ing his own name, without being aware tliat he was applying the censtn'e to himself.

* This epigram and other Greek verses of Mihon are tlie subject r^f a severe critif|ue by Br. Bmirey, which formed an appendix to Warton's second edition of the Minor Poems. Whatever may be their faults of syntax and prosody, it must he admitted that the lines are destitute of ep)igrannnatic point, to air extent wliicli enables them almost to defy translation ; but the following will convey something like the sense and spnit of the original ; —

Who, that my real lineaments has scanned,

Will not in tins detect a hungier's hand?

My friends, in doubt on whom his art was tried,

lire idiot Htnner's vain attempt deride. Milton's strictures on the engraver were nrade the subject of attack by Sahjiasitts, who, in answer to a grossly oflensive play upon the Latin form of his name (for an explana- tion of the allusion see Ov. Met. iv. 285) writes: — " Quis nomen Salnmcidis magis " meretur, quam ille, qui quod est fasmiuarum sibi arrogat, et de solo formee liono " n-loiiatur, qui etiam sculptoii auo versibus editis in vulgus maledixit, quod se minus " formosum quam revera se esse pntaret, pinxerit ?" (Rcsponsio, p. 39.)

2U

Wartun, in nuticiny tliis iu a unte to his iirst editieu (p. 54(i), iiiltlw tliat lie is " not " suri' if Veitue liiis lint I'alb-n into Uie siiuic unhicky uiislnko." If so, I have not nu't \\itli tliO print 1.»y Vertue to which he alludes; and iVmn the passage being' omitted in Wj.rlon's second edition, and an allusion substituted to Vertiie's quota- tion from the Odyssey, T presume the original observation was found to have been written in error.

Fatthobne's Enghaytng.

The peculiarities; of this portrait of ]\Iiltou have been already sufficieutly noticed. It is cue of tLe "pictures Lefire bis bool^s" condemned as not at a.ll like bim in xVubroys note ; Lnt being the only likeness of tbe poet taken at mature ago, and published in his hfetime, it has been more fre- quently copied than any of the others.

2i. loaiinis Miltoni Eliig:ies .Etat. 02, 1G70, inscribed on the face of a low pedestal, on the top of which is " Gul. Faithorne ad vivum Delin. et scnlpsit." The portrait is an oval, of 4.0 ■< -1.2 inside measure; and the entire plate forms u 4tn, measuring 7 x 5. '2 ; published, as before mentioned, in Milton's History of Britain, in the year it bears date. It is mentioned in Granger and Emmley; and a good impression of the ]date in its original state is worth a couple of guineas.

25. Id. A modern copy of the preceding. The hnpressions are common ; fmt they are cxtrcniely coarse, and convey an ii.lea of the features very ditferent from the original engi'aving, which, however, is not in Faithoiiie's best manner, and would not justify' the compliment paid him by his fiiend Flatman, who says : —

" A ' Taitlioi'ne scailpsit' is a charm can save From dull oblivion and a gaping grave,"

26. Joa.nnis Miltoni Eltl-ies Natus Anno lUOS, Obiit Anno 1074. Gul. Faithorne ad vivnm Delin. et sculpsit. The oval as in the' fomier, but standing" on a deep panelled stuface, having in front Milton's arms aiul crest, so as to f(.)rm a folio plate 8.5x5.2; in Toland's CLlition of the prose works, 1608, Each impression is, how- ever, strnck cdf fi'oni two phit''s : for wlncli purp<ise the original, published in I(i7l), has been cut away innnediately below the name of the engraver, and the ohliqne lines forming the ends of the ripper surhice of the pedestal erased, and the horizontal Ihies of shading continued to the edge of the plate. The fact of this alteration having been made shews that the modern irnpressioi^s of the Fto plate are copies, and arc not struck front the oiiginal plnte worn and retouclied.

27. I'lannis xMiltimi Efligies -Etat. (?2. Hi70. A plate so much in Faithorne's manner that it has the appearance of his plate cut down at the sides, and without the " Gul. Faithorne ail vivum delin. et sculpsit" on the tiip of the pedestal; but a closer inspection shews in every part, ami especially by a reduction in the scale, that this is a copy. Tiie entire plate measures (1.0x4. 'J, and the interior of the oval 4.4x3.0. In the sale catalogue of Sii' Mark Sykes's collection (1824) is

No. 34.

21

tlescribcd a ('0[iy i>£' tlie Fiiitliornfi print "lipfnve tlte plate was redur-eJ." I iiiti not iiware tliat the plate ever was reduci-'d, unless tLe removal of the lower portion fur tlie purpose of the fulio impressions can be so described ; and believe the compiler of the eatalo;Tiie ]iod derived his impression from a hasty inspection of the print ntiw under description.

2S. loannts :\nhuni Etiigies -Etat. 63. 1G71. W. Bolle scnlpsit. A copy, on a reduced stale, from Faithnniu's -itn, and similar in all the avriai-ements ; size of plate 5.1 X 3.1 ; published in the " Arlis Logic® plenior Institutio," l"2mo, London, 1672, and again in the second edition of " Paradise Lost," in 1G74, and the third in 1078 ; mentioned by Griniger.

'-20. loannis Hiltoni EfQg"ies jEtat. 63. 1C71. No name of engraver; a close copy of the last except in tiie features, the expressiLUi of which is considerably varied, and the plate is a trifle smaller each way.

30. Mr. .John Milton nbt. anno 1074, cetat. 00. I. Simon fecit. Mezzotint; oval, with a wavy fillet in the two upper corners ; size of plate 0.8 x 5. The only copy I have seen is in the print room of the British Museum, and it is believed to be a portion of the plate desciibed in Bromley's catalogue as a mezzotint, one of four portraits, the others being Beaumont, Fletcher and Cowley : but the orna- mentation is certainly different from those and other uniform portraits with which I am acquainted, published by Bowles in sets of four, by Simon and Faber, all of wMch are in ovals formed of palm branches. The folio mezzotint by Simou, already alluded to and hereafter to be desciibed, must not be confounded with the present print, which is copied fi'om the Eaitliorne j^ortrait.

31. Anon. E. White sculp. Portrait in an oval formed of leaves and bold and peculiar scroll work ; and at f'.iot, in an ornamented parrel, Dryden's hacknied lines, here published for the llrst time :^

" Three i^oets in three distant ages bom," Szc.

Size of plate 10.5x7; published in the fourth edition of "Paradise Lost,'' folio, Loudon, 1C88, and various subser[uent editions; mentioned by Granger and Bromley. The costume and attitude proclaim this to be a copy of the Faithorne portrait ; and the features do not vary from it so far as to suggest a doubt on the subject; but yet there is a marked change in them, consisting principally in an increased roundness in the lower part of the face, and less seveiity in the expres- sion. Both these distinguishmg features are also to some extent observable in the folio mezzotint by Simon ; and if the original of the latter was, as it putports to have been, a drawing from the life by Robert White, we may trace to the intlucnee of his actual knowledge of Milton's features the slight deviation from the Faithorne engraving, of which that now under discussion is evidently a copy.

32. loannis Miltoni Elfigies, ob. 1074, zEt. 00. G. Vertue sculp. Portniit in an oval, of which the sides are partly concealed by a kind of architrave, and the top by a curtain, looped up at the left corner by a loosely flowing fillet, and tevmiuating

22

iii a. tassel on ilie rigiit side. On the ctirtnin arc the poeLs name and date of death ns aliove, and in a framed panel nt foot, -witLiu a peculiar scroll, Dryden's lines. Tlic plate appeared in Timson's edition of tlie Poetical Works, in 2 vols., 4to, London, 17'-iO ; mentioned hy Granger and Bromley ; size 8.8 X ("1.1. In tliis, as in the last deisfribed print, tliere is a softened expression, to he accomited for by Vertue's thorougli aciiuaiutiiuee with all the represent-atimts of the features of JMilton, and among others the drtivdug attributed to Wliite, of which, I have come to the conclusion, Vertue made a more direct use in his portrait of 1725.

30. Joannes Miltou. .-Etads LXII. lG-0. G. Yertne sculp. Closely resem- bling the precedhig, and priibably an idferation of the same plate; the diflereuce being that in the print now under description [he lettering on the curtain is the name and age as above, and in the panel at lV)0t Dryden's lin-^s are replaced by a quotation from Homer's Odyssey, 13. viii, 1. ("13. printed in four lines : —

" Toj/ Trepi ?.Iovg' K/ji'Xj/Tf," Sec. Published in Bentley's ei.htion of '• Pa.radise Lost,'' 4to, London, 1733 ; mentioned by Granger and Bromley.

3-i. Tbe same phite, with tlie date altered to 1747, was prefixed to the second volume of Newtons edition of "Paradise Lost," 3 vols., 4ta, London, 1749, wbieh Hollis's Biographer (see p. 117) treats as the original condition of the plate.

35. Anon. .J. Gwim sculp. Size 0.0 x 3.7. In the arrangement of the portrait, enrtain, and scroll dieaded panel containuig Dryden's lines, tbere is evidence of this plate having been copied from Vertue's first 4to print after Faithorne. It is a coarse hut scarce print, and is found in Grierson's editimi of tlte " Paradise Lost'' and "Paradise Regained,'' published in Dublin in 17"-24: ; liut it has scarcely the appearance of having been engTaved for the book, which is a 12mo, and the print has to be folded both v^^ays to admit of its insertion.

36. Anon. G.Yertue sculp, (the G. and Y. combmed in one letter.) Pectangle; with Dryden's lines and the iv.wjf " Drydcn" ai font. Granger describes a portrait thus: — "I\Jilton; Yertue sc, sm. 12nio.'' There are several portraits prefixed to Tonson's 12mo editions auil elsewhere, so similar to each other, and to wlfich Granger's description may be intended to refer, that a minute account of this and the two following prints may be desirable. The size of the engraving in the pre- sent, exclusive of the lines, is 3.7x2.8; portrait faeiug towards its proper left; in third line "thought" printed without a capital, and " Sm'pas'd" with capital and one s in last syllable ; in fourth line no comma after " majesty"; in fifth "f/(rther "gof''; and hi sixth ''former tu-o" in italics without capitals.

07. Same description except as follows: — size 3.8x2.0; "Thought" with ca- pital; *' surpass'd'' without capital ; comma after " majesty"; " iValher go"; "Two" in Pomau letters and a capital T ; no name of engraver.

38. Same description except as follows :— size 3.7x2.8; face towards proper right ; " thought" without capital, and " SurviassM " witb ; comma after " majesty";

23

" tWrllier gCK/'; *' Former" with capiial ;nul '' ticu" in itulics witlmut ; ud uauie of eiig'raver.

30. Milton. G. Vertne sculp. One of live ovals forndng an 8vo page, the centre portrait Leing Cliaucer, and the others Milton, Butler, Cowley ami Wdler ; mnntioned by Granger and "Wulpole. It forms one of the illustrations to Jacob's Poetical Register, 2 vols., Svo, London, 1723, hut the plates have the appearance of having been collected from various sources, and this may previnusly have appeared elsewhere.

40. Anon. Porb-ait in Faithorne costume ^^e., but with still further (hvergence in feature ; in a circle formed by a serpeut, hordered, at a distance of -^^ of an inch, by a circular border, extended at the sides by two shells, and contracted at the top by the boundary of the plate, and at the bottom by a pedestal with the inscription —

* * * * Cui mens divinior, atque os

Magna sonaturuui * * * * size of entire engraving, which has the appearance of a -sigiiette, 3.8x2.0 ; men- tioned by Granger, who ascribes it to Vertue.

Granger describes another plate : — " Milton; in a small round encompassed with " a sei-pent ; Vertue sc." If this be a separate print I have not seen it, and know not whether it wouhl be coiTectly inserted in this 2:)lace.

41. Anon. Portrait in a circle 1.2 in diameter, on a wreathed pedestal, betn'een two sphynxes, in the attitude of heraldic supporters ; appears to be a vig-nette, or cut from a larger plate.

42. The Effigie of John Milton : author of " Paradise Lost." In an oval, on a diapered ground, and partly covered at foot by a border of acanthus leaves, sur- rounding a vignette of the Temptation ; at the corners formed by the lower part of the oval, are several volumes, of which two are open, and are inscribed with the titles of "Comus" and " Lycidas." This is a carefully engraved i^late, measuring probably about 4.7 x 2.7 ; but my copy, which is the only one I have ever seen, has been somewhat cut down. The features have an expression differing considerably from any of the Faithorne portraits before noticed.

43. Milton. G. Faithorne delt., Landon dirext. A copy of the Faithorne print in outline, for the Hist, d' Angleterre.

44. Joannis MUtoai. ^t. LXII. MDCLXX. Gul. Faithorne ad viv. del. Car. Knight sculp. A handsome engra\iiig, in an oval, standing on a pedestal, with name and age as above on the front, and on the base " Sana posteritas sciet"; size of plate 0.5 X 4.4 ; prefixed to Capel Lofft's second edition of the first and second hooks of "Paradise Lost," published at Bury St. Edmunds in 1793. In the preface to his first edition, published in 1702 (p. xxv), he says — -"If any engTa\ing accom- "panies this edition, it will he only tlie portrait of Milton, in the most unembel- 'Mished style, from the engraving which was prefixed to the second edition.'' It is curious that LofFt was at this time, as he admitted in his sultscqucnt edition, unac-

24

([iuuiilt'd wJlU the (.-Xibteure uf llic raitlioiue |jor(ntil, unU knew it. only I'rciii Dulte's eo^,y.

45. Iiiliii ]\filloii, n;4ed l)'3. EugTiived frrun au ori;;iiial by ^Vi!lialll Faithunie, publisliPfl li;70, Piil)lisli<Ml IS June, 1706, liy I. lI" H. KicLter. Au oval, ineasii- liiig 5x4.4 ; prelixed to Itirliter's eilitiou of " Paradise Lost," 4to, London, 1704; so that tlie above d;ite or tliat of tbe inipriiit of the vohime is an error,

40. i\Iihou. Fiiithorne phixt. ItlTO, \V().idmau, Jiin., set. Eectan^^nlar ; in frame surmounted with a panel oontaiuiug a ti'nmpet and lam'el wreath, and at font a Tvieatljed sarcophagus, insci-ihed with name as above ; size of engri'a.viui;' 5.'i x 3.0; published Nov. 1st, 1807, by Mathews ami Leigh. It appears t<i be uniform mth the series of portraits issued by the same publishers in the " Cabinet: or Monthly " Report of Polite Literature," but 1 do not hnd it iuserli.'d in the volume of the dat^ it bears.

47. John l\IiUou. P. Egberts seulp No baekgTOund ; published by T. Dolby, Get. 1, 1W21.

48. John Milton (facsimile of autograph"). IL Eobinson sc. London, William Pickering, l^ol. A beautifully engraved oval, "-2.6x2.9; publisbed in his AJdine edition of Milton.

40. .Inhn Milton (facsimile of autograph). Gul. Faith-u-ne ad "\'ivum del. Cochran sculp. Engraved for Ivimey's Life of Milton : piTblished by Fliiugham Wilson, 5. Jan., 1883.

00. John Mihnn. Engraved by W. C. F.dwards : publibbed by Westley and Davis, London: prehxed in Fletelier's edition of tbe prose works, royal ^vo, London, 1833; rectangle, 4.0x4 exclusive of lettering. The softened expression already noticed indicates that this has beeu engraved from Vertue's copy of the Faithorne pijrtrait.

51. Milton London, L. Tallis, S';n ; published in Lermard To\\msend's "Alphabetical Chron^jlogy of Re-jutrkable Events."

52. An octagon. 3.7 x 3.1 ; a neatly hnished modem engraving, which, behig only known to me by a proof befi.ire letters, I am unable to describe further.

53. Jo. Milton. 1031 (facsimile of autograph). Engraved by W. Humphreys, from a print by Faithorne, London, William Pickering, Ap. 23, 1851- Eeetangoilar, 4.9 X 3. It ; and at foot, above the signature, a fa.csimile of iMilton's inscription in his copy of Aratus, now in the British Museum : —

" Cum sole, et Luna semper Aratus erit,"

OtHEES rtERIVED FRO^t THE FaTTHOKNE PORTRAIT.

We come now to a class of prints, in which the hkeness presents so great a divergence from the features we have been contemplating, that I hiwe thought it best to class thern under a separate heading. The costume

and attitude evideuce their origin, remotely at least, from r'aitliorne's

portrait : and I tbiuli it probable that another drawing from it by Cipriani,

while ill the possession of the Tonsons, may have led the way to the great

variety of feature we shall shortly have to notice. The identity of Messrs.

Tonson's drawing with Faithorne's original I am not disposed to question ;

but the stoiy related in HoUis's memoirs (p. 619; of Vertue's going on

purpose to see Mrs. Clarke at her lodgings near Moorfields, and causing

divers paintings, and this drawing which he took with him, to be brought

into the room as if by accident, is inconsistent from beginning to end,

and suggests the idea that it had its origin in a confused recollection of

Vertue's and Richardson's accounts of two other interviews with Deborah

Clarke. That the scene described might have taken place in his own

studio would seem more possible : but that while calling on her at her

lodgings, painting after painting could have been brought into her own

room "as if by accident" without attracting her attention is inconceivable.

Her surprise at the sight of the drawing is scarcely less remarkable : for

if it was Faithorne's original, she must have known of its existence, and

been as familiar as we are with the engravings from it, even if she had

left her father's house before the original was taken, and had never seen it,

and I think the probability is it was taken before she went to Ireland.

The drawing however needed no such anecdote to authenticate it. If

it agreed with the Faithorue engraving, Vertue's own opinion to that

effect, formed on internal evidence, would have been infinitely more

valuable than Mrs. Clarke's ; and there is no apparent improbability of its

having been — what Hohis supposed it to be — the original of that engraving.

In the faithfulness of Cipriani's representation of the features I confess I

have less confidence, and I attribute, in a great measure, to the influence

of his engraving the great \'ariely of features found among subsequent

prints, the costume and attitude of . which attest their origin in the

Faithorne portrait.

C 54. lobn Milton. Drawn iiud etelied MDCLX, tiy I. B. Cipiinui, a Tu.scan, at

the desii-e of Tliomas HoUis, F.B. and A.SS., from a portrait in crayons, now in tlie possession of Messrs. Touson, Booksellers in the Strand, London. Portrait en- closed in an oval wreath of luiu-el ; and helow, the qnotation: —

" I sing with mortal voice uuchaug'd," itc. The print is mentioned by Granger; and forms one of the HoUis series.

0.5. .John Milton. .1. Hall scnJpt. Printed for ,Iohn Bel), Marrh 1st, 1777.

20

An ovji.l siispeuiled iVorn areatb rtml riband : below, the nauie ou a label ; size 4x2.4.

50. III. Auotber, very similar, in Bell's Britisb Poets.

57. Miltou. From Vertue. MUton sculpt. Pnblisbeil by Hanison and Co., Dec, 1795. Oval, 1.9 X 1.4; eugi'aved as a ^dgnette illusti'ation to a sliort bio- graphical notice. It may possibly have been copied from one of Vertne's 4to. prints ; but the featm-es induce me to insert it in this place.

58. Anon. J. JliUer se. An oval much covered mth drapery ; and beneath, 111 a cii'cle, a lyre and laurel branches. This portrait is inserted here on the strength of the costume : but both as regards it and many subsequent ones it will be un- necessary to repeat that they preseut every shade of dissimilarity from the oi-iginal from which they are derived.

59. Anon. Holluook sc. A bad copy of the last mentioned plate, but reversed, and with Dry den's lines at foot ; prefixed to some copies of the pirose retranslation of Paradise Lost from Eaymoud de St. JMaur, 8vo, Londou, 177u.

GO. I. jMiltou. N. Parr sculp. An oval, 1..3 ^ 1.2, suspended by a riband.

01. Milton. Bartolozzi sculp. A cfrcle, partly surrounded by laiurel branches and fillet ; on a pedestal inscribed with name ; 4.7 X 2.8.

02. Miltou. Pi. II. Criunek sculp, "^'eiy similar to the last ; circle stu'mounted by laurel boughs ; name ou panel ; size -3.8 x 2.0.

03. Anon. From an origiual paintiug. Heath sculp. Eesembling the pre- ceding ; qy published iu Aikiu's British Poets, 1802.

04. Milton. Eugraved by W. T. Fry ; pulilished by Thomas Tegg ; in Howard's Beauties of IMiltou. Ornamented rectangular frame, 4.2 x 2.5 ; the name on a festoon overhanging the top. The portrait has a strong resemblance to Cipriani's engraving.

05. Anon. One of three portraits, in chcles l^in. iu diameter, in the title page of the Beauties of Milton, Thomson and Young, published by Kearsley, 12mo, London, 1783.

CO. John Mhtou. A. Haenish delt., Schenck and jMcFarlane, Lithographers, Edinburgh. Folio print.

The White Portbait, oe Simon's Folio Mezzotint.

The importauce I am incliued to attach to this porti'.ait and my reasons for it have been discussed in my introductory observations ; and the de- scription I liave ah'eady given renders unnecessary any further detaiL Tlie doubt there suggested furnishes the reason for my having provisionally given it an alternative title, until I am able to ascertain whether it was published before or after 1734.

No. 7"

07, Mr. [ulm Milti.n. E. White ad vivnm delin. J. Siiiiou fecit. Sold by T. Bowles ill Panl's Chnrcli yard and .T. Bowles in Cornliill. Mezzotint; size 11.2 x 9.3, within the plain oral frame ; and at foot Dryden's lines in double eohnuns. I have elsewhere mentioned the apparent rarity of this head, i\nd the absence of mention of it by Granger or Bromley. It is mentioned in the Catalogue of the Sutherland collection (1837), a work which does more credit to its printer than its compiler.

Cy. Milton. A composition, containing in the foreground a bust of Milton, copied from the above, and in the backgTouud pictures of Cowley and Deuham, the three names being inscribed on a panel at foot ; engi-aved by Anthony Cardon, from a drawing by Thomas Ihviu.s, after the originals of Sir Peter Lely and R. While, and published 1st November, 1S05, by .John Sharpe.

G9. An oval, 2.0 x -.3 ; known to me only by a proof before lette]'s. Though without the wreath, the continuation do\vnwards of tbe folds of ch-apery depending from the shoulders to the point at which they connect themselves with each other, as noticed already, shews that this print has been copied from Simon's rather than from Eiehardson's portrait.

The White-Eiciiaedson Likeness.

I have already stated the doubts, which nothing but proof of dates is hltely to settle, whether Eichardsou or Simon copied from the other of them the wreath which forms a distiuguisliiug feature of their respective prints. If Richardson was the copyist, and concealed the source from which he derived it, we have no reason to doubt the statement of Simon that his Mezzotint was from an origintil drawing of Eobert White who was contemporary both with him and Milton. If Simon was the copyist, we have no artist's ntime to set up in opposition : and there is still room for the possibility of his having had grounds, unknown to us, for attributing it to White. Pending the solution of these doubts, I have assumed the truth of the former alternative, and given the name of White to the original drawiug in the possession of Richardson in 1734; and consequently the joint names will properly belong to the class of portraits which were derived from Eiehardson's study of that drawiug. It will be convenient to introduce them by an extract from his preface to his " Expltmatory notes "and Eemarks on Milton's Paradise Lost," published in 1734. At p. ii he says: — "The print prefixed shews the face of him who wrote Paradise "Lost, the face we chiefly desire to be acquainted with. 'Tis done from " a picture wliich I have reason to believe he sate for not long before his " death : I have therefore given a little more vigour to the print and but a

'i8

"little. The complexion mast be imagined as of one who bad been ftdr "and fresh coloured. Toland says he was ruddy to the last. My picture " and other information does not tell us that, but that he might have been " so not long before. The colour of his eyes inclined to blue not deep ; "and though sightless they were as he says himself 'clear to outward view "of blemish or of spot;' he was told so and 'tis ceitaiu the gutta sereua " which was his case does not appear to common eyes and at a little "distance. But blindness even of that kind is visible in the colour, "motion, and look of the eye wdiich has the sad unhappiness of being " extinguished by it. 'Tis wonderfully expressed in the picture from " whi(;h this print was made as well as the sett of the mouth and the rest "of the air. I have imitated it as well as I could in a way of working " which I never practised but on a few- plates and those in my youth, " except an attempt on one or two near twenty years ago. The laurel is " not in the picture. The two lines under it are my reason for putting it "there— not what otherwise would be imagined: all the world has given it " him long since."

70. Anon. Etching. J. E. sen. f. From iin excelt, orig. (crayons) in his col- l(x:tion. Portrait with wreath as descrihed ahove, the face heiug turned to the proper left, and, nnder it : —

" Nectens aut Paphia ^lyTti, ant Parnasside Lauri Fronde comas, at ego secura pace quiescam. — Milton's Mansus." It is mentioned in Granger and I'romley ; size of plate 6x4.

71. Anon. Etching, lettered as the preceding, and so closely resemhling it as to he easily mistaken for it, hut differing iu size (hemg C.l x 3. .5), in the drapery hcing continued a little Ictwcr down on the chest, and in the laurel hranch on tlie right temple consisting of nine leaves instead of eleven.

72. JlUtoii. G. Barron delt. et fecit. An etching, copied from Eicliardson's origmal, hut reversed.

7o. Anon. Eagraving reduced from Eichardson's etching, hut reversed as in the last; size, exclusive of lettering (which is copied froiu Eichardson's), 4.3 x '2.7.

74. Auon. .J. Richardson f. An etching nrtich improved hy the omission of the wreath; at foot are the following verses, signed J. E. Jnu.; —

" Authentic I-fomer Light's whole Fountain flows, Immense ! Feirce Dazlmg yet, & Tnn-ent Glows : His Temper'd Beam the Jlantuan Bard reflects, Shines Sweeter, & his Fah-est Bays Selects : Thine Milton Both, hut not Both These Alone, Tliou, like Elvsium, Kuow'sl Another Sun."

N". 71.

No. 76

2<<)

Size 8 .< .1J. Wartcin's n.iie {p. 531 «/. 1791) .k'scrilH-s it as "audtiier rtclihiy oi " Milton by Eii-lmrdsoii tlie yoimger, before lie was blind, and wlien niiicli TMunger " tlian iiCty, accompanied witli six bombast rerscs, ' Amlientic IJoiucf,' &c.'' 1 know not nliat autlioiity tbere may lie for attributing tins cUbin!-'; to tlie Younger Richard- son. Ill niionier, it appears very like tbat of ibr lailier ; and tbe lettering seems to attribute to the son notliing more tliau llie autlmrsbip of tbe crazy yerses.

70. Arron. Au Etcliing in Eichardsou's manner, and so described by Granger; size 9.9 X 7.G ; without lettering; very similar bi the last, but on a larger scale, and with a soniewlifit dirt'erent expression. Whether it is an etching liy tlie elder Richardson is a question of some importance : for the driipcry, dilferiug from the preceding in being more full o^er the shoulders, and meeting at an acute angle over the cliest, points it out as a connecting link with what I have called lielow the " Baker Drawing,'' to which the resemblance in this respect is striking; but I am unalde to explain the precipe connection between them.

*»• Some other etchings by Ricliardson, which might perhaps have been placed here, will be found described among the engTa\'iugs from Busts, Medallions &c,

70. Anini. Engraved by J. Roper. An oval, 2.6 X o j • fonning a vignette in the eiigaaved title to Parsons's edition of Paradise Lost, roy. Hvo, London, 170G.

The White- Vii'ETUE Likeness, or Vebtde (1725).

I have adopted the first of these titles to indicate yrluit T believe to have been the origin of this portiuit, which Granger estiroates among the capital works of Yertue. No other person in his day was so well acquainted with the features of Milton, so largely employed in reproducing the known portraits of him, or more scrupulously faithful in doing so. When engaged on his series of Twelve Heads of the Poets, it may well be supposed to have been a reasonable ambition of Vertue to produce, from a careful comparison of the vai'ious authentic portraits, a print which, without being a servile copy of any of them, should embody his own ideal of the features of the Poet. The print about to be noticed appears to me to answer this description. The same drawing which served as an original to Simon and Piichardson, or possibly Simon's mezzotint itself, (for Pdchardson's etching was not published till nine years afterwards,) seems to have been adopted as regards the attitude, and I think I can trace in tlie features a blending of the expression of that drawing with the milder aspect of the Faithorne portrait, as rendered in White's engraving of 1688 and Vertue 's own 4to prints. The costume closely follows the same dra\ving, e.Kcept as regards the arrangement of the drapery, the treatment of which is original, and will serve us, as the distinguishing marks of the Faithorue engraving have

done alre;Kl3r, m Jetectmg the ongiu of subsequent prints. Mr. Cunnlng- liam, in a note to his edition of Johnson's Lives (voL I, p. 131), passes over Pdcliardson's etching with shght notice as a "compound portrait," and ohserves that "posthumous additions of this kind are only impertinences at " the best." I am not disposed in general to dissent from this proposition ; but it seems hard that what is tlie daily practice of the sculptor — the pro- duction, fi'om the best extant materials, of an ideal representation of the features of illustrious men of a past generation— should be a privilege wholly denied to the sister art; and a portrait so produced may surely claim our approval in proportion to the authenticity of the originals relied upon as authorities, and the conscientiousness and skill with which the available materials have been used. Such a claim for indulgence would be justly forfeited by any deception as to the original from which an engraving purports to have been taken : but in the ptresent instance, though the size and pretension of the plate would have led us to expect a statement of the authority used, we find only the engraver's own name and the date of his work — a circumstance which tends to confirm this explanation of the origin of the portrait. The " oatat. 03, anno 1670," if my conjecture be correct, is to be regretted, as tending to the practice I have just been condemning, but I presume the artist only meant to indicate the age at which he con- ceived his portrait to represent the features of Milton, namely the date of the Faithorne engraving.

77. loaimes Milton. jEtat. 02. A.D. 1C70. Geo. Vertue sculp. 17-25. lu an oval composed of ornamental masonry ; the age and date round tlic frame ; the name on a hlock ahove ; at foot of the oval, an escutcheon containing what Is intended for Milton's arms, hut the eagle is single headed as in another piint of Yertue's ; and heneath, on a panelled hlock, Dryden's lines ; size of plate 14. i x 9.4. lUustrissimo Dno. Duo. Algernon Comiti de Hertford Duo. Percy, etc, &c. Ohse- qiieutissime D.D. I). G. ^"ertue. Mentioned in Granger and Bromley.

78. John Milton. iElat. G2. Engi-aved hy Owen h'om a ch'awing hy Vertue, in the collection of Thomas Brand IloUis, Esq. Puhlished hy B. Wilks. Oval, 3.5 X S-7; and heneath, name and age on a panel. The execution is far fi-om doing justice to Vertue's likeness ; hut the mention of the authority as a drawing hy Vertue is eonfimiatory of the suggestioir made ahove as to the history of tJie pre- ceding print.

79. John MUton. jEtat. C3. Yertuc delint. W. N. GartUner sculpt. From the original ch'awing hy Vertue, in the collection of Thomas Brand HoUis, lisq., at the Hyde, Essex. Oval, 0.3 X 0.9 ; puhlished June 4, 17'J4, hy John and Josiali

BoYtlell and George Nicol ; forniiug one of the series of throe portraits in Boydell's jMilton, the otlter two I'eing the Janssen and Onsluw j^Mirtraits.

SO. John Milton. Blood so. Puhlished hy Lon;^nnm, llurst, liees & Oriiie, 1809; size of eng:raviDg' 4,1 x -.8.

81. Milton. Engi'aved hy E. Cooper. From an original pictm-e, f^r Lit Belle Assenihlee ; size 5.ox4.7, eselnsive of lettering; pnhlished July 1, 1810, hy J. Bell.

82. Jolin Milton, 1667 (facsimile of autograph). Puhlished hy William Piekeiing, 1820 ; appeared in his three vulume edition of the Poetieal Works, published in tliat year; size of engraving 5.0x3.7. The facsimile autograph is copied from Milton's agreement with Samuel Symons, -which bears date the 27 th April, ICiUT ; and the date attached to the si[;natnre in this print is only meant to iuLlicate the period at which the facsimile represented the supposed handwriting of the poet. Whether the sig-natm^e he really that of Milton is a question foreign to oiu' piurpose, and is under cUscussion among more competent authorities.

83. John Milton (facsimile of autograph"). William Faithorne del. E. Hicks sculp. Pnhlished by Thomas Kelly, Jmie 1, 1829. Size 0.1x2.4, exclusive of autogi'aph and lettering ; a close cox)y of VerLue's 1725 engraving, though igiioruntly attributed to Faithorne.

84. John Milton (facsimile of autograph). Vertue. W. C. Edwards. London, John Macrone, 1835 ; published in the six volume edition of the Poetical Works edited by Su- Egerton Biydges. The list of illustrations erroneonsly describes it as a "Portrait of Milton in his C2nd year, from Faithorne's origiinrl <.h-awing.''

85. John Milton. Eectangle, 1.5x1.2, in a frame of outline scroll -work; no name of engTaver.

8G. Jean Milton. Ne a Londres en 1608 mort en 1074 age de 00 ans. E. G. Schmidt sculpsit. A Paris chez Odieuvre. Oval, 3.0 x '3, in a phdn fi-ame ; escut- cheon with single headed eagle at foot ; the whole on a ^aedestul inscribed as above,

87. Jean Milton, autenr du Poeme du Paradis perdu et de celui du Paradis retrouve, ne a Londres en 1608, mort en 1674. Suite de Desrochers. Se vend Paris chez Petit. Oval, 3.9x3.3, formed of masomy; a scroll, at foot, inscribed as above ; and below a tablet with six Unes of verse, commencing —

"Par' la sublimits de son double Poeme," &c.

88. J. Milton. Ne a Londi-es le 9 xbre 1008. Mort a Brunhill [BunhilL fields] le 15 nbre 1074. F. Bonneville del. Oval, 4 x 3.4.

White- Vandergucht Engraving.

The attitude of the engraving next to be described proclaims its origin in the same dra\YiDg as the original of the portraits last noticed, and is my justification for the title I have given it. Yandergucht has altered the

32

features so as to represent a vouch 3-ouiigcr man than the Vertue engra- vmy, and lias clothed the ligure in the slovenly undress in vogue among the artists of Ins day.

80 (iioviiimi Milldii. Jnn. Vauil-r Guclit sculp. A liiipe ovul ; ami at foot au esciUrli.Miii \YUl: tlic siii^;le liea.lcd eii-l", \Yiili lii'lni-t, rnv,r, nuil liiiiitivfiiuiu, and THiiiMis iiruioucuts, Kiich as lias-ps, wreaths ttc. ; size <>! plule I'J <7.7; in tlie Italian touislaliMn "f "Paradise Lost," Ijy Paulo RoUi, folio, London, I'OG ; meii- tioneil l)y Grander.

no. loannes Milton N. Parr senlp. An oval, villi somewhat similar orna- meuts : size of engravinp" 5.7 x '1.2.

91. Giovanni Millon. Antonio Baratti scnl. An oval, on a pedestal : size of plate 6.2x2.9; in the edition of KoUi's translation, puhlished hi 13nio, Paris, 17oS.

The Bakt'e Drawing, &c.

In my introductory observations I quoted a ptissage from Todd's Life, confounding Faithorne s and Richardson's drawings and one which, after passing through the hands of the Tonsous to j\Ir. Baker, was engraved for Todd's work. In a note at p. 141 of his second edition (1609) Todd w'rites ; — " In the yetir 1670 there was another plate, by Faithorne, from a " drawing in crayons by Faithorne, prefixed to his History of Britain. * * " The piriut htis been several tiroes copied. By an ingenious young artist " a new drawing was taken from Faithorne's picture, (supposed to be the " best likeness extant of tlie poet, and for which he sat at the age of 6?,) " by the kind permission of ^Villiam Baker, Esq., in whose possession it " now is ; from which an engraving was made for my first edition of " Milton's Poetical AVorks. From the same picture the neat engraving in " the present edition is also made. '■'■ ■■'- '■■- The Piichardsons, and next " the Tonsons, before Mr. Btiker, had the admirable crayon drawing above " mentioned. * -•' ■■- This head by Faithorne was etched by Eichard- " son, the father, about 1734, with the addition of a laurel crown to help " the propriety of tlie motto." There is no question that the drawing copied by Cipriani, and which I am ready to admit to have been Faithorne's original drawing, was in the possession of the Tonsons, but I have pointed out that it has no connection with the drawing copied by Richardson ; and a glance at the engravings in Todd's Milton will shew that it had no more connection with the original from which they were taken. The drawing copied by Richardson maij hiive also piassed to the Tonsons, as stated by

No. 93

No. 94.

33

Newton, and after him by Warton and Todd. That belonging to INIr. Baker no doubt passed to him from the Tousons. IVly conjecture is that from the drawing copied by Eichardson, and which we have treated as an origiual by White, or still uioro probably from the anonymous etching (No. 75) which we have placed with those of Richardson, the Tousons had a new drawing made, for the purpose of having it engraved for their Baskerville edition (if " Paradise Lost," and that this is the drawing belonging to ]Mr. Baker, and again copied and engraved for each of the editions of Todd's iNlilton. I base this conjecture mahily on the fact that the drapery of the portraits in the Baskerville Milton and in Todd's editions shews an actual identity, though departing slightly from that of the White and White-Piichardson portraits, except the large anonymous etching (No. 75) to whi(;h the resemblance in this i-espect is very close. The attitude also is identical ; and the features do not differ more than may be accounted for to those wdio have gone thus far with me Ijy the inevitable divergence of successive drawings, and from these again having been copied by different engravers — more especially when we beai' in mind that the tirst of them was Miller, whose engraving, it is fair to suppose, bore about as much resemblance to the original from which he professed to copy as that already described (No. 58) did to the Faithorne portrait. These engravings, then, and some others which may possibly have lieen derived from them, are arranged as follows : —

0'2. Auon. J. Sliller sc. Portrait in au irrcg'ular oval, enveloped in diapery, wliiclj partly conceals a panel or pedestal, on wliich is a "viyuette representing;' tliC expulsion; size 6.6 xiM; prefixed to the edition of "Paradise Lost" edited by Newton, printed by Baskerville, and published by J. i: E. Tonson, Ito, Birniing- hara, 1759.

93. The same print, without engraver's name, and cat down to the size of &.8 X 3.6, to adapt it to an 8vo volume, was prelixed to Newton's " Paradise Lost,' 8th edition, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1778.

94. John Milton. Bom 1608. Died 1G74. T. Simpson del. .J. Baker scalp. From the original th-awing by Faithorne, in the ]iossession of William Baker, Esq. Size 4.7 X 3.7 ; prefixed to the first editiorr of Todd's Milton, 6 vols. 8vo, London, 1801. Simpson is the " ingenions young artist" refen-ed to in Todd's note. The features have more of the expression of White's drawing" than the subsequent engraving by CoUyer.

9.0. John Milton. Born lCl)8. Hied 1074. From thi- original painting by Faithorne, in the possession of Wilhani Baker, Fsq. Drawn by T. Sinipsnu.

34

Engraved by J. (J<illyi'V. yiiiiie .size : pnljlislii'd in IHOI), in the S(?i-oncl edition . if TodiVs iVniton.

06. .ToLin Miltim. Bom 1008. Died 1(174. From the ori,?iniil i.aiuting by Faitliorne, in tlic possession of William Bnker, Esq, Drawn by T. Simpson. EugTaved by T. A. Dean. Size 4.9x3.9; pnblislied in tlie tliirj edition of Todd s Milton, in 18.26. It was also prclixed to tlie fourth edition in 1851, lettrred 'John " Milton, Faithorne pinxit, Dean sculpt."

97. .John Milton. Fidthorne pinxt. Dean sculp. Published by ,1. G. ct K. Eivijigton, 1833 ; preljxed to an edition of " I'aratlise Dost" issued by the Soeiriy for Promoting Christian luiowledge ; size 3.0 >: 3 exelusive of letterii g ; a neat copy of the 2^receding.

08. Jcdm Milton. .Etat. 62. Engraved by Holl. Published Nov. 23rd, 1799, by T. lleptiiigstall. Oval, 4.4x3.4. I class this and the copies from it, and several succeeding engravings, with the above, rather than nntltiph subdivisions ; but there is a marked change of featiu-es, as well as costume, shewing that they are from a different th-awing, as is evidenced, inileed, by the date, ai:d I have some doubts wliether even from the same original portrait. A further issue of this print is marked as "printed for Vernoi- & Hood and the other proprietors," and is pre- fixed to Beusley's edition of " Paradise Dost,'' 8vo, Doudou, 1802.

99. John iMilton. EngTaved by J. Archer, for the select PorU-ail Gallery iu the Guide to Knowledge. Rectangle, 4.6 x 3.8 exclusive of lettermg ; a close copy of the preceding.

100. Milton. W. French sc. Jobii Tallis & Company, Dondon and New York. A copiy of tlie same print; in a tasteless border of iiTcgiilar form, 6.2 in diameter, of curtains, leaves, &c., forming a plate to Wright's Universal Pronouncing Dic- tionaiT, royal 8vo, no date.

101. John Milton (with five lines of biographical notice engTaved). Dondon, William Darton, 1822. No. 33 in the first vohnne of his " Cabinet of Portraits ; " a copy froni the same, rather coarsely execnted in the chalk manner of engraving; lyre and laurel wreath lightly sketched in behind the head ; size of plate 4.9 x 3.1.

102. JMilton. In a suspended frame, with ornamented corners, on the bottom of which the name is inscribed; outside size 3.2x2.7; a copy of the same.

103. Giovanni Milton. Onorate 1' altissimo Poeta. Engraved by Mariano Bovd ; oval, 5.7x4.3. The costtime somewhat resembling some of the preceding and the features more nearly approaching the White -Richardson type.

104. Giovanni Milton. Nato li 9 xbre 1008. Morto U 15 9bre 1074. B. Musitelli inc. Prefixed tti Scolari's Saggio di Critica sul Paradiso Perduto, 4to, Venezia, 1H18. A slight resemblance in costume is the oidy excuse I can allege for assigning tlie present place to this <l)av\ov (}v<Tj-i.ijxi}ya ^wypc((/>oi'.

No. [)i

35

Vehtuk's E^•G^,AVTN^; (175(1).

There are several otlier engravings beariug the name of ^'ert^ll^ the liistory of which 1 am unable to explain. The principal one bears the above date ; and the drapery is so nearly identical with that of the prints which I have classed together under the heading of the Baker drawing, and especially that by Millei- in the Baskerville Milton, that I think it probable it may have had a connection, more or less remote, with the drawing iu the possession of the Tonsons. In features it is wholly unlike any of the otlier portraits ; and the form of the collar in all the prints I have here classed together differs from any of those we have been examining. The others are quite unworthy of Vertue's reputation ; but some allowance must be made for au engraver pursuing his art at the age of 72.

10'). MDtou. (;. Yei'tue. IT'iO. Portruit in a pLdii nval fnmie, resting on ii, ppilestal, ou the top of wliicli iirr tlir- eni^Taver's name and date; at tlie top of tlie frame is a long" nai'row oval, surrouiided with scroll and liUet, and inscribed with the name of .MiUim : puhlislied in Newton's edition of " Paradise Lost," 2 vols 8vo, London, 1750, and again iu I77S, and prohaljly otlier editions. This may be the print referred to by Granger lunler the description of " Milton — oval — his name is " in capitals at the top — Vertiie sc. 8vo." Bromley has copied Granger's description.

106. John Milton. G. Vertne sc. (the G and V blended in a manner not unusual in Vertue's prints). The lower part of the portrait shews a portion of an oval frame ; the name on it panel beneatlr ; appears in Tonson's edition of " Paradise Lost," 12nio, Londim, 1751.

107. .John Milton. G. V. sc, 1756. The size and arrangments exactly like tlte preceding, but the features still more unsatisfactory. The monogram which I liave transcribed as G, Y. scarcely admits of description witliout a facsimile. The print appeared in one of tlie 12uio editions of " Paradise Lost,'' ptihlished with Fenton's Life.

108. John Milton. Ornamented and engraved by J. Chapman, 1804. Pub- lislied by .lames Candee. Prefixed to Evans's edition of " Paradise Lost,'' in two volumes small 8vo ; an octagon, 2.4x1.0, surmottnted by a dove, and with serpent, cross and other ornaments at foot ; the portrait evidently copied fronr the preceding.

109. Milton. Engraved by Chapman. An oval, 1.7x1.3, forming a vignette to the engraved title to a small edition of the Poetical Works, published by Snttaby, in 1805, and furnishing a more pleasing version nf the s.mv portrait.

30 rORTRAITS DERIVED FROM BUSTS, MEDALLIONS, SEALS kc.

It is one of the disadvantages incident to the practice of the sculptors art, that his services are frequently called into requisition for the purpose of conferring posthumous honor on those whose features can onl}- lie recalled by a comparison of extant portraits: and the resuU is that in portrait sculpture we look not so much for a litei'al renderini,' of tlie features of the original, as for a work of art, in which those I'eo lures are impressed with the artist's idea of what is characteristic nf the man. Whether any bust of ]\Iiltou, from which the engravings now to be noticed have been taken, were from the life, is at least doubtful ; but the consider- ations I have touched upon would render it unfair to class them on that account among pseudo-portraits.

HoLLTs's Bust. In Hollis's Memoirs (p. 513) it is stated that "Mr. Hollis, in a paper " dated Jnly 80, 1757, says, ' i'or an original model in clay of the head of " 'Milton i;9 12s., which I intended to have purchased myself had it not " 'been knocked down to Mr. Reynolds by a mistake of Mr. Foi'd the " 'auctioneer. Note, about two years before Mr. Vertue died he told me " 'that he had been possessed of this head many years, and thiit he believed "'it was done by one Pierce, a sculptor of good reputation in those times, " 'the same who made the bust in marble of Sir Christopher Wren which " 'is in the Bodleian Library. My own opinion is that it was modelled by " 'Abraham Simon, and that afterwards a seal was engraved after it in pro- " 'file by his brother Thomas Simon, a proof impression of which is now in "'the hands of Mr. Yeo, engraver, in Covent Garden.'" A few lines further on it is stated that " the bust probably was e.xecuted soon after " Milton had written his Defensio pro populo Anglicano," and that '-Mr. " Eej-nolds obligingly parted with this bust to Mr. Hollis for twelve " guineas." I infer from this that Mr. Hollis's own memorandum referred to the price at which the bust was sold to Re5molds. Warton states (p. 531 ed. 1791) that "Mr. Hollis bought it of Vertue" The inference from Hollis's memorandum, written in the year after Yertue's death, is that the latter had been the possessor before the sale at which it was knocked down to Eeynolds. From this bust there have been various engravings : —

110, Atilloti. ,1. Ricliurilsnu detiii. G. Vertue sculp.sit. A bnsl ou a pertestal, decoraU'iI witlt s'rpf'Ut and apple, and the priet's name iji.scril>ed on llie plinth-

37

riie bust stands in a vouiul-lieaJed uielie ; aiul tJie entire plale menstu-os 12 x 7. '2 ; it appeii.re(.I iu the edition of MiJtou's Prose Works, 2 vols, f "lie, London, 1738; iiieiitioned by Granger.

111. Milton. J. Kichardson deliu. G. Vertiie sculpsit. The same plate, cut down a little above the spi-ing of the circular Lead of the niche above mentioned, so as to reduce the size to 10x7.2, to adapt it tu Baron's edition of the Prose Works, in '2 vols. Ito, London, 1753.

1 12. ^liJton. E. Verhelst fee. Mannheim. A small bust, unlike Milton iu features, but indicating in costume and ornaments that it is inteiided fur a cnpy of the preceLluig.

11:3. lohn Milton, drawn aud etched MDCCLX by I. B. Cipriani, a Tuscan, from a bust in plaister, modelled from the life, now in the possession of Thomas H'dlis, F.E. and A.SS. An oval encircled with palm, uniform with the other HoUis portraits ; and beneath, the sonnet to Cyriac Skinner : —

" Gyriac this three years day," X'c. It is mentioned by Grainger.

] 14, John MUton. Engraved by H. Meyer, from a drawing by Mr. Cipriani, iu the possession of the Eev. Dr. Disney, published April 10, 1810, by T, Cadell and W. Davies. A representation of the same bust in profile; but whether from a di'awing by Cipriani, as stated, or only founded on that made for the print last described, I am not aware.

115. Milton. Li//erai-y Magazine. A representation of the same bust, probably coi'.ied fruui Vertue's print; size, exclusive of lettering, 3.5 x 2.8.

lir-;. John Milton. Literary Magazine. The same altered, and the title of the periodical corrected as above.

Richardson's Etchings.

117. MIATQ (inscribed on the pedestal of a bust). J. Eichardson f ; and beneath, the lines: —

" Forsitan & nostros ducat de Marmore Yultus, Nectens ant Paphia Myrti, aut Parnasside Lam'i Fronde Comas, at ego Secura Pace quiescam. Milton in Manso." Size of plate 0.2 x 5.8. This is an etching mentioned in the Memoirs of Thomas Hollis. At p, 511, tlie author — after introducing the subject of the Poems and Essays of Samuel Say, 4to, London, 1715 — writes : — '■' Let us not forget for what purpose we " brought this gentleman upon the carpet. It is for the sake of a print of a bust of "Milton, prefixed to his second essay, which, if oui" judgment were asked, we " should call a good one : the execution is by Mr. Richardson, Sen. : it is from " Mr. Hollis' model in clay, ornamented by Eichai'dson, and is one of his sets o-j "prints of Milton," Warton notices Mr. Hollis's bust, and says that "Eichardson " etched it for the Poems and Critical Essays of S. Say, 1751, Ito,'' but adds, " -j ** believe this is the same etching that I have mentioned above to have been made *' by old Eichardson, 1781, and which was now lent to Say's editor, 1751, for Sav's

a 8

■■ iLssiiys : nld liirhanlhuii \\;i>. iiul li\iiiy ui 1704." i B'arton's MUloii, \). O-il, ._•((. Vi\)\.) It, must Im:' ;uliiiitti''] that tlio resemblance between tlie utelnii^- of 17;!-Jt fNo. 70) ;tiia tliM.t under discnsMou i^ so idnse in i'eitture, attitude :md costume, and fven in tlte addition of tlie wreath, that the latter print would he more correctly described us a study nf Eiehardsnu from Ijis " exndlent original in crayons," adapted to the form of a bu^^t, than as a ropy from Ihdlis's model in clay ; lu.it it is impossi- ble that Warton could have compared the two etchiniis, or had more than the vag'uest recollection of one wldle describing the other, when he expressed his belief that the two plates wrre iileniical. His urgunjent, raore<'VPr, rests on an error in dates. Say's Poems mnl Essays were published, not in 1.75-i, as thrice stated by Warton in the course of four lines, but in 1745, on the (Jth of April in which year the preface is dat^-d, while Richardson survived to the 2^{\\ of May following. The publication of Say's Poems and Essays was posthumous, the author having died in 17J:o ; and a postserijit acknowledges tliat "the subscribers "are obliged to Mr. liichardsou for the line head of Milton, preiixed to tlie Essay " tui the Numbers of Paradise Lost, who lent tlie plate etched by himselJ', to be " used on this occasion." Granger's account of the print is that it " was done from " a bust which belonged to the painter that etched the print ; the bust is said to " iiave been done fron^ a mould taken from his face, and is indeed very like him," lie adds in a note, that " the prints of JMilton by Kiehardson are not eouimoii."

] 18. Milton (inseribeil fni the pedestal of a bust). Clark sc A sm;dl vignette, ench.tsed in an abundance of foliated orunment; and probably u Imd copy of the precetUng.

IID. M1\T12. J. Eichardson, 178H, A profile etching; in an oval 3 9x3.5; bearing no resenjblaiice to luiy other po]'t)-ait of Milton already noticed, but a con- siderable resemblance to Eirdiardson's profile eteliing of Pojie. Pdtdiardson's tendency to reproduce in portraiture the leatures of other portraits fiom his own hand is veiy remarkable ; and, but for the <dt.isi' resemblance whieh his etching of 1734 heai'b to the features iri Simon's mezz<.itint, would be sulllLient t'_> destrrty all conhdence in the tbrmer evii-n as an iileid ptjrtrait- I have placed this print in its present order from its apparent reseiiddance to a drawing from a medalliiin : hnt I am not aware i:if any from which it can have been t-akeu. It is mentioned by Granger and Bromley. The original di'awing is probably one described by Malone, (Priors Life of M (done, p. 397, 390,) as being in profile, and marked "13th "February 1737 P." This and another of Milton, " 4th December 1734 R.,"' and six other d]-awings by Pdchardstui, were bought at the sale of his drawings in 1740-7 by his son, at whose sale in 1772 they were bought by ^^Ir. Parsons, a picture cleaner, wdio sold them to Maloue. The liter;u-y coimectiun between Malone and the younger James Boswell renders it probable that these were the " two beautiful " pencil drawings of velluni, by the elder Eiehnnlson, portraits (d" Milton,'' whieh formed hd. 3'JOO at the sale of BosweU's libj'ary in IfS-^o, and srdd for nineteen shillings.

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hU). Auon. A prolile in oval : strongly resi^mWiug llie [)iei--eJiiig, Ijut t-lothed and with colliir lu the style of tlie Wliite- Rieliardson dniwiug.

J'-l. jMilton. F. P. The iiiitiids, as we arc informed liy Granger, are those of Francis Perry. He was a pupil of Eichardsou. The etching, which is iu profile, is a copy of the last btit one, but reversed.

Milton victoeious over Salmasius.

lJ-2. Anon. I.B.C.I.F. JMDCCLXVII. Life of M. l.y I. T., ed. 11, p. Ixxx. A ijaarto plate, representing a terminal bust of jMilton, copied frojn PloUis's laist above desciibed; on the face of the lenn is a voliiuje lettered " Def. pro pop. ■'Anglic."; and beneath, a palm branch, from which is suspended a medallion representing, as we are informed below, Salmasius ; mentioned by Granger and Bromley. The history of the print is given in the Memoirs of Thomas HoUis. At p. ;'T1, after mentioning a projected edition of Milton's Prose Wm-ks, which became aboi'tive in consequence of a misunderstandmg between Mr. HoUis and Miller, the publishe]', it is stated that "some tinre before this transaction Mr. HoUis had " settled with Mr. Cipriani, much as be said to his satisfaction, the sketch of a *' print representing MDton victorious over Salmasius, which he undoubtedly " intended for a frontispiece to the projected edition of the Prose Works jttst men- " tioned. He did not, however, countermand this print upon his Llisappointment, " ol 'Serving that it nright serve for some future edition of those works." In a sub- seipient passiige (p. 38.3) the author proceeds to say : — " We have mentioned above " tl.;it i\rr. H(dlis had, iu concert with Cipriani, settled the sketch of an emble- " niatical print representing Alilton's victory over Salmasius, On the 13th of ".J;uruary [1*08] Mr, Cipriani brought bim a finished drawhig from that sketch, " for which 3.[r. Hollis paid liim five guineas, and jjresented bim with two mm'e on " account of the masterly execution of it. It was agreed between tliein at the same "time that Cipriani should make an etcliing from that dra^viug, which was done, " a! d a profif brought to Mr. lloUis by Cipiiani March .5, for which the artist had, "as the price of his ingenuity, tw^enty gitineas, and live more as a present."

123 Aron. I.B.C.I.F. MDCCLXVII. J. Hopwood s. A reduced copy of the preceduig; 4.4x3.2; the volume and palm branch being superseded by a fillet, inscribed with the words " Defensio secunda," fi-om which the portrait of Salmasius is suspended ; prefixed to the third volume of the works of Archdeacon ^Vrang■ham, 8vo, Lond'm, 1810.

124. John Milton. The same plate, altered by the erastnc of the fillet and portrait from the face of the term, and the substitution of the Poet's name: and beneath, in odd conjunction, the words "Do fermented liquors contribute to intel- " lectual excellence ?"

PiYSBeack's Monument.

135. Milton. H. Gravelot deliii. Niithl. Parr sculp, llie name hiseribed on the pedestal of a bust, the history of which is given on a panel below, namely : —

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"ill tilt' year of miv Lord Clirist oiit^ tlioiisaiij seven Imudred and tliirty 3eveu " Tliis Bast ol' tlie AntU'ir of Pariulice Lost was plaeed here by William Benson " Esquire one of y" two Anditors of tlie Impress to His Majesty Iviug George the '■ Serond fiirnierly Surveyor General of tin? ^^'orks to His Majesty King George the " rirst. Rysbrack was the Statuary who oit it." This is the nrarble bust in Westminster Abbey. It is stated in HoUis's Memoirs to be after his plaister bust and the Faithorne (tawing in the possession of the Tousons, bitt chiefly the latter. The print is a folio 12 x 7.5.

12(>. The monument of the eelebrated ,J(din Mhton as it now stands iu West- minster Abbey. Drawn by Hamilton. Engraved by Thornton. A reduced copy of the preceding iu 8vo.

127. Johannes Miltonus. M. Eysbraeliius niarm. sc. pro Gnl. Beirsono, arm. G. Vandergnclit 1711, 4to. The above description is extracted from Granger. Tlie print is mentioned also by Bromley, but I have not happened to meet with it.

Miscellaneous Busts.

128. Milton. Engraved hj W. IJidley, from a ilrawing taken from a bust in the possession of the propiietor ; pirintcd for C. Ci>oI;e, IbOO; in Cooke's edition of Select Poets. I know notliing of the bust from ^■hich this purports to be taken.

120. Anon. A mhiiatnre bust, somewhat rcsenjbling the preceding.

IdO. Milton. Eichd. Smiike dclt. Abr. I-laimbach sctilpt. Pnlilished by .lohnson & Co , lyitl, as a frontispiece to Cowper's Milton. A terniiual bust, differ- ing from all the otlier likenesses; standing on a circtilar pedestal, against which is reared a medallion of Cowper.

Medallions.

l:ll. lohnnnes Wiltonus. J. Hiilett drl. et sculp. A ito plate iu Peck's Miltou, representing the ol.iverse and reverse of a medal : obverse, lobannes Miltontis. Tanner f. Eeverse, E. Marmore in Ecclcsia Sancti Petii apitd Westmonasterium erectore Gulielmo Beusono arm. Anno salutis hmnanEe MDCCXXX'711. Eys- brachius sculpsit ; beneath, the rpuitaticui from the Odyssey: — " Tui' TTEpi Mover' " l<pi\i}(re,^^ kc, and the dedication " Yiro ornatissimo Gulielmo Bensono arm. *' Rliltoni sui Tabulam Iiauc merito votivarn D.D.D. Francns Peck, A.]\I.'' This medal was struck at the expense of Mr. Benson, and given, as stated by Dr. Joseph Warton in a note to his brother's edition of the minor poems (p. 362, ed. 1791;, as prizes for the best veD'ses that were prodticed on Milton at all our great schools.

132, loanites IMiltonus. Gttls. Green, Jun., delin. J. Wood sculp. A profile , forming a medallion vignette, 2.1 in diameter in tlie title page of Dobson's Latin Translation of the Paradise Lost, 2 vols. 4to, Lmulon, 17.53 ; stated by Granger to have been engraved front a medaUi(m which was done after the head on his monu- ment by Eysbrack, and resemblitig that or HoUis's bust.

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• I'^'-i Ii>iiiuies iMillou, Ei)yraved iu outline fnnii a medal: obverse, tlje bead, uppai-ently designed chiefly nfter the type of tlie White portrait; reverse, the Tenip- t:iti(m, partly siUTOunded with lillet inscribed " Dba diik-e cauit alter Homerus ; " iu the exergTie the initiuls J. D.

134. Anon. A. Smith, A.R.A. sc. A medallion in prolile, forming a vignette in title page to an edition of Paradise Lost published in I'^mo by Sharp, 180!*.

13-3. .John Jlilton. Chas. Heath sculp. PuhUshed by J. Mawrnan, &c., 1817 ; u medallion in prohle.

13U. English Poets. Ten medalUon heads ranged on tlie side of a representa- tion of Mount Parnassus. B. Snnrke del. J. Ivewton & J. Landseer fecit. Medal- lions per .J. Newton. FoUo : the head of Milton, thougli m the form and style of a medallion, is copied from the Faitliorue portrait.

Seals.

137. Milton. W. W. Eylauds sc. From a drawing of Mr. Deacon, taken from an impression of a seal of T. Simon » in the possession of Mr. Yeo. This seid is referred to iu HoUis's Memoirs, in a passage already (juoted in relation to Ilollis's bust, with which it is stated this agi-ees ; but I confess I can see no resemblance. The print is mentioned hy Bromley, and with approbation by Granger.

138. Milton. From an impression of a seal of T. Simon, in the possession of Mr. Yeo. In the only copy I have happened to meet with, a worn plate appearing in an edition of the Poet's works published hy J. Smith, High Holborn, 1830, a close inspection detects traces of the words " engraved by" beneath the oval to the left, and a name to the right which I am unable to decipher. Granger mentions a print which he desciihes as "Jlhlon; from a tlrawing of Mr. Deacon taken from " an impression of a seal of T. Simon, in tlie possession of Mr. Yeo," Query whether this description is intended for the present print, or for either of those next to be described.

139. Wntun. T. Holloway, sculpsit. From an impression of a seal of T. Simon, iu the possession of the Lite Mr. Y'eo ; published August 15, 1801, hy J. JMawmau, &c.

liO. Milton. E. E. Eomuery sculp. A close and well executed copy of the preceding. I am tidd it is a rare, if not an tmpublished print.

PRETENDED PORTRAITS.

The Coopeb Miniature. In proceeding to treat of those engraved heads, published with the name of Milton, the history of which I do not consider satisfactorily authenti-

* Mr. HoUis is stated to have had a small steel puncheon of Milton's head, a full front, for a seal or ring, by the same T. Simon, who did many more of Milton's party in the same way. I have been favored by Albert Way, Esq., with an impression in wax from a steel puncheon answering this description and admii-ably exectited.

cated, the lirst rank i^ fitl\' orcupied l>j' one \\hieh, if the test I had adopted had been puhhr arcyptaiice, I liiust have placed among the autheiitir portraits : for none (jf those which will remain to be described have been so often or so well engra\"ed as that which goes Ij}' the name of the (.'ooi]er mniiatnre. It was liuiight for (jne lumdred guineas, ui 178i, by Sir Joshua Pie^-nolds, from a picture dealer named Hunt, who ''had " obtaiiied it from a common i'urniture broker, wlio could not rememlier " the time nor manner in whieli lie came lij' it." (yorllicote's Lili; of Eeijnolih, ito eiL, p. olO.j It was marked " S.C. 1G53"; and on the liadi; was written, " This picture belongM to Deliorali Milton wdio was lier " Father's Arnannuensis at her death was sold to S'' Will" Da^'enmits " Family.-- It was painted hj Mr. Sam Coopei' who was iiainter t(.i ( )li^■er " Cromwell at at y time Milton was Latin SecrataiT tu y« Protector. The "Painter & Poet were near of the same a^e. ^lilton was born in lOdS "& died in 107d. Cooper was born in ] 0(J9 & died in lG7;i & were " Companions & friends till Death parted Thriu. Several encoiu-agers and " Lovers of y fine Arts at that time wanted this picture, particularly I^ord " Dorset -|- John Soniers Esq.| S' Piob' Floward Dijden Atterbmy I)r. " Aldrich & S' John Denham." It was mentioned in the first edition of Warton's ililton in the following year (p. 540): and the lailJication of tlie second edition of that work in 1791, \^ith some additional remarks (pj. oooj suggesting the resemblance of the likeness to a portrait of Selden in the Bodleian, gave rise to a letter in the Gentleman's Magazine of ■2f(th i\fay, 1791 (vol. bd, y. 099), impugning the authentieity of tlie portrait, and written, as Tod-l inrorms us (and see also Nichols Lit. Anrc. IX, 67), by Lord Hailes. Tlie letter was answered on the 1.5th of June (p. GOo) under the signatme of "ll J.," wliicli indicated no less a piersonage than Sir Joshua himself: and indeed the ansAver is avowed liy his biographer Northcote, and printed by him in e:-:teiiso (p. 320). A reply appeared in

* Sir William Duveiumt's name liaft, slinrth' liefore Sir .Josliun Tfr'vuolds' purcljuse, been before the public in connection with the history of the Clianilos Shakespeare, of which a copy had been made by Sir Joshua himself. (See Boadcn on Shahi'speare portraits, p. 40.)

+ See nftte on Verlui-'s letter to Christian, ante. V\'iirtori uotiits tliat this mav have been the picture to which Pri<;ir's recollection was lu lie called, as having been in Lord Dorset's collection.

+ Mr. Keightley (p. lo3) prints "Lord Somers, Esfptire," witli "(sic)" to indicate that there is no typographical mistake ; but lie does not mention tliat he has exannned the ori.ginal miniature : and Miss Watson's engTiiving lias the inscription as cpioted in the tcxi.

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the Gc'Utleiuairs Magazine for Oetuliei' (\nl. Ixi, |i. M^'S'i); ami in the I'ellow- iug month Sir Joshna made his y\i)\. leaving "the niiniature of Milton hy " Cooper " to the Rev. Wni. Mason, whij in a letter printed in Sir James Prior's recently puhlished Life of ^ialone (\). 193) stoutly maintained the genuineness of his acquisition, gutta serena and all. By his will in 1797, after pro\iding for the editing of his works Ijy ^^^illm. Burgh, Esq., LL.l) , of Yoi'lv, he desired him for such friendly trouhle to accept the hue niiniature picture of Iililton, pauited hy Cooper, ^^■llicll ^\as he- queathed to the testator l.iy Sir Joshua Reynolds. (See Hunters South Yorlcshire, II, 169, quoted in Gent. Mwj. for July, 1831.) The contro- versy is too lengrthy for our purpose ; but the arguments may be shortly condensed. Lord Llailes shews the impossibility of reconciling the facts stated in the memorandum with the known date of Deb(jrali Milton's death ; and points out how irreconcileable any date is with the list of names given, and which he asserts to have been set down at random. It may be sufficient to mention that Sir John Denham died several years before Milton. Sir Joshua considered that the memorandum had been written before 1693, wlien Mr. Somers was knighted, and it had been admitted in an inscription on an engra\'ing which will presently be described, that the writer of the memorandum had been mistaken in sup- posing Deborali Milton to be then dead. He quotes the authority of ilr. TjTwlutt, to wliom the miniature had been she^^ii at the Archbishop of York's table, for stating that "the orthography as well as the colom' of the " ink shewed the memorandum to have been written about a hundi'ed " years since ; " and restates the case for the authenticity of the pictm"e, b}' saying its " progress seems to be tliis : — Milton dying insoh'ent, and " Deborah Milton of course in gi'eat indigence, it is very improbable that " she ^s•ould keep to herself a picture of such ^•alue ; it was therefore sold, " as we suppose, to the author of the memorandum ; and the account there " given is probably such as he recei\ed from the seller of the pictin-e, ■who, " in order to raise its value, boasts how many great men had desired to " have it." Lord Hailes replies to the argument as to the ortliograjjhy, by which he assumes the writer to mean J'ahe siiMiny, that the only words misspelt are " amannuensis" and " secratai^'"; and challenges Mr. Tyrwhitt to say whether such spelling was in use a hundred years ago, or whether a son of Sir William Davenant would so lia^-e written them ; and suggests the question \\Iiether the phrase "fine aits" was used in English so early

44

as lOOti. He denies, on tlio autliority of the testamentaiy papers wliicli had just been brought to Hght, that ililton died insolvent, and argues that before we can suppose Deborah to ha\'e sold the picture, we must suppose her to have lieen possessed of it, vhereas she was living apart from her father for several years before his death ; and even if she had Ijeen pos- sessed of it, and left in extreme indigence, she would not have been likely to retain it from 1074 to 1693 and then part, mth it. We may fairly sum up this portion of the argument by obsendng that while on the one hand the most perfect consistency in the facts stated in an unauthenticated memorandum, on a picture passing under such suspicious circumstances through the hands of a broker, would only prove the possibility and not the truth of the statement, a mistake in important facts is f ital to its authority, and justifies us in treating it as a falirication. It may be added that Deborah Clarke expressly told Vertue thiit she knew of no other picture of her father than the two ui the possession of his mdow, having been several years in Ireland, both before and after his death. But abandoning the e\udence of the memorandum, there remain'< the internal e\'idence of the pictm'e itself. On this subject Sir Joshua Reynolds is entitled to be heard with respect, though vith large allo"wance for his evident disinclination to believe he had lieen duped, and his eagerness to maintain a foregone con- clusion arrived at on insufficient external evidence. He had told Warton that " the picture was admhaljly painted, and with such a character of " natm'e that he was perfectlv sure it was a striking likeness — he had now " a distinct idea of the countenance of Milton which could not be got from " any of the other pictm'es which he had seen." Under his assumed initials of " R. J." he says: — "The opinion of Sm Joshua Reynolds in " matters relating to his own profession certainly ought to have some " weight. He is not likely to be wanting in that skill to which every other ," artist pretends, namely, to form some judgment of tlie likeness of a " pictm'e mtliout knoving the original. ='■= * ■■- AA'ithout being an " artist it is easily perceived that the pictm'e of Faithornc does not possess " that individuality of countenance v\irich is in the miniature. ='■ * =•= " There is no doubt but that iMilton sat to Faithorne for that craj'on " pictiu'e : the distinguishhig features are the same as in the miniature — ■ " the same large eyelid — the same shaped nose and mouth — and the same " long line, \\hich reaches from the nostril to below the corners of the " mouth — and the same head of hair : but if the effect and expression of

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" the whole together should be, as iu fact it is, different in the two pictures, "it cannot, I should think, be dithcult for us to determine on which side " our faith ought to mchne, even though neither possessed any strong " marks of identity." The engravers have furnished ample opportunities for examining the lineaments of this much contested portrait.

J41. Anon. Ova], 2.5 x 1.9 within tlie i'raine, iu I'rout of a curtain and pyramid; on tlm two exposed sides of tin.' buse are bris-reliefs representiug' the Expulsion and tlie Tt-mptntion ; reared against tlie front an oval representjuii' the back of tJie niiniuture, with the ineniorandnm ahove qnnted ; and, helow, the fol- lowing' inscription : — " The above is a fac-siioile of tlie loanuseript on the hack of " the pictiure which appears to have been written some time before the year 1003 *' when Mr. Somers was knighted, and afterwards created Baron Evesham which " brings it within nineteen years after Milton's death. The writer was mistaken " in supposing Deborah Milton to be dead at that time : she lived till 1727, but in " indig'ence and obscurity marrit-d to a weaver in Spitalfields. I have ouly to add " that Cooper appears to have exerted his lUmost abilities on his frieud's picture, " and that Miss Watson has shewn equal excellence in this specimen of her art. " The likeness to the original picture which is in my possessiou is preserved with *' the utmost exactness. J. Reynolds." Published January 4, I'/SO, by Caroline Watson; mentioned by Bromley.

1-12. Milton. Engraved by Caroline Watson, 1808, fTom a miniature by Coo23er. Oval; same size as above; published January 20, 18f)8, by liicliard Philips.

143. J. Milton. Ne en 1608, Mort en 1671. Reynolds pinx. Boutrois so. 3.9 X 3.1. Sir Joshua Reynolds's connection with the piotme sug:gests the origin of the mistake as to the painter.

I'll. lobn Milton. Augsbtng, by John Elias Haid ; mezzotint; oval, 0 x 4.6 within the frame,

115. John Milton. Cooper del. Cochran sc, published in Bohn's edition of Milton's Prose Works, vol. I.

140. Vignette to the edition of L'Ahegro and II Penseroso, illustrated by Birkett Foster. The description states broadly that " this portrait was formerly in the " possession of Milton's daughter Deborah : it then passed into the hands of Sir " William Davenaut, and subsequently into those of Sir- Joshua Reynolds."

Du Roveeay's Print.

147. Milton. Engraved by William Shaq), after an original miniature by Samuel Cooper : the oraameuts by (i. B. Cipriani and E. F. Burney. Oval, 3 x 9.1, surrounded with wreaths, &c., in front of a truncated column, against the base of which is an oval vignette i-epresenting the Temptation. Published iu Du Eoveray's edition of Paradise Lost, 1802.

i(3

If nothing ran lie fuiuul in comraon between this and Miss Watson's engraving, I presume th_c explanation must he tliat the name of Cooper, having heen once brought into connection with Milton portraits, has heen ti-eated in tlie same manner as tliat of Faithorne, and is intended to assist the portly gentleman, wliose features are here represented, in personating Milton.

Coaig's Drawing.

Its. Jnliu jriUnii. Ilmwu liy W. M. Crnig, Esq., from n uiiniature by C'loptT, 1\. Hii'ks sriilp. Oval, 'i.2 x 2.6, witlt fserpeat and apple, aiul otlier oniataeaty. PuUislieil l.y Nuliiill, Fislier ;ind Ilixi.n, Liverpool, Marcli ■H), 1S12. The same otiservatioiiy apply to iLis as to Uie preceding.

Peck's Mezzotint.

This impudent attempt to foist upon the public a pretended portrait of Milton appeared in Peck's Jtlemoirs in 1741). He desciilies it at p. 103 as " a picture, an half length, drawn when he was about live and twenty." " The original '' he says "was once the property of Sir John Meres, of " Kirby Belers, in com. Leic, kt , but is now mine and you have a good " print of the head prefi.xed to this work. However as the plate exhibits " the head only, and as no engraving can express the colouring of the " complection and drapery, and perhaps something of the features, I " shall here add a short description of the wdiole. Milton is here drawn " sitting in a red velvet chair in a russet coloured nightgown lined with "blue." He then proceeds with a minute description of the dress, and concludes by saying: — " His left hand lying over an open book on a table " covered with a loose red velvet table cloth : the open dexter leaf of the " book numbered p, 30 . and on the edge of tlie book a label inscribed " Paradice Lost, with a c not an .s — as he often wrote it." Will it be believed that this book is tlie sole pretext for attributing the portrait to Milton? Someone has observed that on similar grounds, if the volume had been the Book of Genesis, Mr. Peck would have supposed the portrait to be that of Moses. But he did not err from ignorance : for having asked Vertue whether he thought it a picture of Milton, and being peremptorily answered in the negative, Peck replied " I'll have a scraping from it " however and let posterity settle the difference." (See W'Vtoii p. .54.5, Ed. 1785, j Vertue himself told the story to Hollis in 1755. {See HoJUs's Memoirs 513, 539. J Posterity has long since " settled the difference " not much to Mr, Peck's credit.

47

1 i'J. Iiihaiiues .Vliltoiiiis; cii'ca aiuuuji letutis xxv"' J. Faberferil. C'pililr H.iniaiii Scriptores, cedite Graii, (ProiierL) Vii-o orimtissiuio Cutliberto Constable de Burton Constalde in com. Ebor. Tabulam liauc iiieiito votivara D.D.D. Franrua Peck AM. An oval represeuting" a youiiL^^ man of about tbe ai?i' stated, wifh tlowing bushy Lair and moustache, dressed iu a g'riwn and short shirt collar open at the throat; size, exclusive of lettering, C.H X 5 8 ; mentioned by Granger and Bromley.

The Ei.DERTON Miniatube.

Iu January, 1791, the Eev. J. Elderton, of Bath, announced to the world in the columns of the Gentleman's Magazine, the existence of a miniature picture of Milton in his possession. He states that " it " belonged to his child's great ancestor Sir Edward Seymour, who was " speaker of the House of Corartrons, and grandfather of the Duke of " Somerset ; it has been seen by connoisseurs, who always agTeed it was " an original : the hair is of a dark chesnut colour, flowing down to the "shoulders." (Gent: May. v. Ixi, p. 39.) Perverse individuals liaving ventar_d to hint a doubt of its genuineness, though vouched by so aristocratic a pedigree, Mr. Elderton settled the question by forwarding the outlines of the miniature for the purpose of the engraver : and this curious addition to tbe engraved portraits of Milton accordingly appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine for January, 1792 ; —

150. Picture supposed to be Milton. Ovul, 4.3 X 1.8, forming (me of a page of illustrations to the Gentleman's Magazine ; B[asu'e] sc.

VeETDE's PiICHAEDSON PoRTEAlT.

101. loanues jMilton, ffitat. d"2. Ex mus^eo J. Pdchardson. G. Verttte, Scitlpsit, 17 'j1. An oval, the frame of wliich terminates at the base iu a foliated scroll, in T\'hich is inserted a panel, with name and age as above, and at the top lightning, serpent aird apjde, &c. ; size of plate 8.6 X 6.

This plate, which appeared in Newton's edition of Paradise Piegained, 4to, London, 1752, and is mentioned in Granger and Bromley, and in the memoirs of Thomas HoUis, (p. 117), represents a person about the ag3 stated, dressed in gown and falling or Genevan band, with flowing hair and slight moustache. There can be no hesitation in classing it among the pseudo-portraits, though I regret so to treat an engraving inscribed wdth the name of the conscientious Vertue. I know nothing of its history beyond what I have stated. Piichardson died six years before the date of the print, as I have mentioned in speaking of the etching published in Say's Poems and Essays, (Xo. 117.)

48 The Chesterfield Por.TRAiT.

153. Joliii Millnii. FriiUi iin nviginal in Lonl Cliesteriield's collection. Cook sculpt. I'liuttd for .J(.lm Bell, Nov. 12, 1777. Ovul ; poiti-iiit of a young man of from '29 to oO, with ii]ouf,tiiclie, kf., Jjis lieail leauing on his li;uid i]i an attituile of tJmiiL'lit; name on a iianel Ijeliov.

15o. .loLn Milton. Fr'nu an original iri Lord CLesterlicld's collection. Cook rscnl]-it. SligLtly ditfeiiug from tltc preceding and dLstingnislialde liy the panel having square iuslead "[ ronnilcd L-nds.

lOi. .John Milton. In an edition of Paradise Lost, pnhlislied hy Law, Millai- and Co., London, 1792 ; a copy of the precedin,^', Ijut with hri>ader and coarser features.

The Steavvbehey Hill Poethait.

155. .Tolm Milton. S. Harding ilel. E. Harding, Jnn., sctilpt. From an original picture in the collection of Lord Orford, at Strawherry Hill. Published Dec. 1, 1700, hy E. & S. Hardmg, Pall Mall; 4to,

The print is a half length pintrait of a gentlemen of from 30 to 40 years of age and light complexion ; in cavalier costume, ap[)areiitl3' of black vehet ; mth pointed lieard and moustache. The sarrio plate, pubhshed ■n-ithout date by Evans of Great Queen Street, figured as a portrait of Sir William Kilhgrew, "Vandyke pinx." being sulistituted for " S. HtU'ding del." If the latter account of the pictm-e have any better evidence in its favor than the former I have no objections to offer, unless it represent a man older tlian 30, wdiicli vas the age of IviUigrew at the date of Vandyck's death ui 1041. The sale catalogue of the Strawben^' Hill collection has no mention of any portrait of KiUigrev ; but lot 7 in the 21st daj-'s sale is desciibed as " a portrait of ^Milton," ^\ithout a vford to identify or trace the history of the picture. In the catalogue of Portraits in the Manchester iirt Treasm'es' Exhibition is one, numbered 105, (lent by tiie DulvC of Newcastle) of " Sir ATilliain Killigr-e^v ; half length, in "black; signed 'A A^an Dyck piuxit 103'S."' I had not then any reason for takhig especial notice of the pietnre ; Ijut I am told it coiTe- sponded with the print.

The Capel Lofft Poeteait.

This is a folio engraving from a picture in the possession of Capel Lofft, who in the preface to liis edition of the Paradise Lost, puldished at Bmy St. Edmunds in 1792, in describing the edition of 1074, with the portrait bv W. DoUe, says : — "Whatever harshness there may be in the style of

49

" the engraving, even to a degree of ruileuess, there appear strokes of " a cliaracteristic resemblance. It seems to me to Ije from an original " wlricli was bequeathed to my father by Col. Holland, on which lines "of Latin verses were inscribed beneath the scroll; Inch/tus et Fcelix " Patiiam can be pretty plainly traced : the rest is lost, and I fear irre- " coverably. Mr. Stevenson of Nornich had this picture to copy, as he is "always warm in the interests of genius and humanity." I cannot imagine what possible relationship Mr. LolTt could trace between this portrait and Dolle's, which is a copy, and not a very unfaithful one of Faithorne's Engraving. AVith the latter however Lofft appears from other passages in his preface to have been nnaciiuainted. To those who can beheve that the portrait now under discussion represents Milton at all, the fact that Peter Vander Plas, to whom it is attributed, died in 1626, ■R-hen Milton was 1 8 years of age, will probably present a minor difTiculty. The figure appearing in a beam of light entering at the upper right hand comer of the engi-aving, and probably representing the Pdsen Saviour, may have suggested the idea of the portrait being that of the author of Paradise Piegained. This emblem and the Pilgrim's staff and bottle, which fjrm so prominent an object in the print, would be ecjually appropiate to Bunyan, to whom the featm'es bear, at least, as much resemblance as they do to Milton ; but if Vander Plas was the painter, this suggestion is as impossible as the other ; and for our purpose the question of who the original was is of little importance if he was not MUton. The engraving may be described as : —

166. Miltou. p. V. Plas fecit. Drawn and engraved by G. Qiiinton, from an original picture in the possession of Capel Lofft, Esq. Published August 1st, 1797, by W. Stevenson, Norwich, for G. Qiiiuton, engraver, and sold by Messrs. Boydell. A rectangle Bg X 7 inches. Below the figure is a scroll, showing in a legible state part of the Latin words quoted by Mr. Lofft; and below, in rude Eomau letters, P.V. PLAS Fee.

1.57. Milton (from a picture by Plas.) Drawn on stone by M. Gauci, Esq. Printed by F. Moser. An enlarged copy in folio of the head from the preceding print.

POETEAIT IN De. WiLlIAMS's LIBRARY.

158. John Milton. Drawn by .J. Thurston, Engraved by J. T. Wedgwood, from a picture by Dobson in Dr. Wfllianis's Library. London, March 1, 182(1, published by W. Walker. A coarse featured, heiivy looking man, of middle age, with flowmg hair and broad Genevan band, but no trace of Milton's features. The

50

original picture, of tlie liistory of which nothing is known at the libraiy, is not quite 30 repulsire as the engraving.* Todd mentions tlie name of Dobson in connection with another portrait which has also been attributed to Riley.

Pie's Phint.

159. John Milton. Painted by C. .Janssen ! Engrayed by Charles Pye. Loii- don, published for the proprietor, March 1823. The print represents a young man, of upwai'ds of 20. in a lace cravat of the time of Queeu Anne. I arjt not aware in what publication the engraving appeared — probably some general biographical work : for I have met with uniform portraits of Locke, Louis lyi, Pitt, Sydney, Thurlow, Washmgton &c.

Page's Pbixt.

160. Milton. Engi'aved by R. Page from an orighial painting. In a suspended frame with onjamental comers. I know nothing of its history; and its importance is not such as to challenge much enquiry.

The Falconeb Miniature.

The liistoiy of this portrait is contained in the pages of Notes and Queries. In vol. II, 2nd series, p. 231, Mr. Jones, of Nautwich, had mentioned a tradition that one of the two pictures enumerated in the testamentary inventory of the effects of Milton's widow had passed on her decease to a yomig Oxonian student named Wilhraham, of ToT^^lsend, in Nantwich. The e\idence already given identities Mrs. Milton's pictures ■with the Jaussen and Onslow portraits too clearly to leave room for belief in the tradition referred to hj Mr. Jones : but his note gave rise to another from Thomas Falconer, Esq., of Usk, printed at p. 303 of the same volume, in which he states that the exquisitely finished portrait of MUton, from which the engraving was made which is pubhshed in the series of piortraits of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge — a

• Since the reading of the paper, I have met with a small volitme, entitled " Effigies " Poetioie ; or. The Portraits of the British Poets, illustrated by Notes, Biogi-aphical, " Critical and Poetical," London (Carpenter) 1824, which appears to be a reprint of the letter-press descriptions accompanying a series of engi-aved portraits. " No. .56, John " Milton, from a picture by Dobson in Dr. Williams' Library," surely refers to the present portrait, but the estimate there given of its merits is very difl'erent from that above ex- pressed. " We have here given," it says, " a resemblance of Milton which has never " before been made public. It is as well autlienticated. perhaps better, than such pictures " usually are ; but it fails in some few respects, like all others. Nevertheless, there is " something characteristic iu it. There is an ap^u'oach to sweetness and majesty, (both " of which Miltou possessed iu no common degree,) that we do not recollect elsewhere. ' The eye-brow is contracted, like that of a thinker ; the glance is penetrating, yet raised ; *' the moitth wears a sweet expression : and the hair flows down upon the shoulders, and " gives a massy character to the whole that is not without its grandeur."

51

painting on vellum — belonged to his grandfatlier, a son of Mr. Falconer, recorder of Chester, whose wife was bom in ] 703, and was a daughter of Mr. ^^'Llbraham of Townsend. He adds, however, that he knows of no fact to identify this miniature with the portrait mentioned by Mr. Jones ; and states his belief that it was never in the possession of the WUbraham family. Mr. Falconer's history of the miniatm-e offers no ground for ani- madversion ; but contams nothing to connect it witli Iililton ; and the Society wdiich publicly adopted it as a portrait of him may share TOth then- publisher the credit of having diffused the useful liiiowledge that their engraving is "from a miniature of the same size hy Faithorne 1 anno " 1667 ! !" To judge from the engraving, Mr. Falconer's pi'aises of the miniature, as a work of art, are weU. deserved ; but the young gentleman it represents had certainly not numbered half of Milton's years at the date attributed to it, and, when Milton was of the age there represented, Faithorne was in his boyhood : nor was he at any period of his life a miniatm-e painter. If therefore the above name and date are found on the miniature, they ai'e a clumsy forgeiy ; but it is not stated by Mr. Fal- coner that there is any lettering on it. Faithorne, as we have seen, is the common vouchee of Milton portraits ; and the date of 1667 may have been suggested by Pickering's engraving of 1826 (No. 82) in which, as I took occasion to explain, the figures had no reference to the date of any picture. The engravings are as follows : —

IGl. .JoLn Milton. Engraved Ly T. Woolnotli from a miniatiu-e of the same size ty Failliorne, anno 1007, in the possession of WilUam Falconer, Esq. An oval, 2-0 X 'il, within a shaJed rectangle. Published under the superintendence of the Society for the DiiFusion of Useful Knowledge,

102. lolin Milton. Engraved by Samuel Freeman from a miniature by Faithorne, anno 1007. Published by Archibald FuUarton & Co,, Glasgow ; in Cunningham's Lives of Eminent and Illustrious Englishmen, 8 vols. 8vo, Glasgow, 183')-7 ; an enlarged copy from the preceding.

10.3. .Tolm MUtou. No name of engraver; rectangle, 2 0 X 2'1 ; a close copy of the society's print.

164. Milton. No name of engraver; rectangle, 2-1 x I'G ; in the same plate with Ban-ow, Pope and Defoe ; published by Koutledge & Co. ; in Knight's Half- hours with the best Authors.

I have now exhausted my list of portraits, having pm-posely excluded several prints which seemed to me scarcely to come under that denomination.

such as Veiiue's plate of Miltou behveeu Homer and Virgil, mentioned by- Granger- Sant's imaginary portrait — Faed's large print of MUton in Iris study — and various others, in T\'hich he is represented as dictating to liis daugliter, or acting in the imaginary character of amauueusis to Cromwell. I have also abstaiued from inserting an etching by Hollar, of extreme rarity, of wliich there is a copy in the piint room of tire British Museum, going by the name of Milton. It represents a very youthful bust, which I can imagine no reason for supposing to be Miltou ; and as it is unlettered, we have iro right to class it among pseudo-portraits. That I have made some mistakes, and more onrissons, I am prepared to find : but if my paper should receive the honor of beurg printed, it may serve as a text for the reception of additional information and coiTectifms, which may enable me at some future period to reproduce it in a more perfect form. In the meantime, that I may not be guilty of any wilful omission, I conclude my list by enumerating a few prints, which I have fomid mentioned in various catalogues, &c., but ^^•hich I have not had an opportunity of describing. Granger mentioirs "John Milton; a square print with a label under the "head, G. Vandergucht sc. neat;" and Bromley mentions it in similar terms. Wivell {Portraits of Shakefipcare p. 234) mentions a print by Faber on a half-sheet with Shakespeare, Ben. Jonson and Samuel Butler, being one of the series published by John Bowles (See observations above on Simon's copy of the Faithorne print, No. 29 ; both Simon and Faber seem to have been employed on Bowles's series ; and in some instances the same author appears eirgraved by both). Piodd's Catalogue of British Portraits, 1812, mentions an 8vo print by Coster: and Evans's Catalogue describes a 4to print of Milton at fom- diiferent ages; a rare print 12mo by Phinir ; and a folio by Gunst. Some of these may turn out to be prints already noticed, but which, for want of lettering, I have been unable to identify.

From the account I have given of the number of existing portraits, mediately or immediately derived from a very few originals, it results that many having some claim to autheirticity are probably still in existence. The history of the Jansson portrait happily rreeds no discussion ; and I hope the doubts as to the recent history and present deposit of the Onslow portrait will shortly be set at rest. No mention has ever been made of any drawing for the piurpose of the Marshal print. Faithorne's original, assuming it to ha\'e been the crayon drawing of which we have heard so

53

much, is last heai'd of in the possession of the Tonsons : for I must main- tain, until actual inspection satisfies me to the contrary, that the idea of its having passed to Mr. Baker has arisen from confounding it \"\dth a copy from the Wliite drawing, or Richardson's "excellent original in crayons." The copy so made ranj, perhaps, be yet in the collection at Bayfordbury ; and the subsequent copies from it by Sunpson for the engravings of Baker, CoUyer and Dean are probably in the possession of the puljlishers of Todd's Milton. The " excellent original" itself, and the copy "which I have con- jectured to have been made from it for Vertue's 1750 engraving, are not traced beyond the Tonsons, nor, v\ith certainty, even to them. Vertue's drawing for his 1725 engraving is traced by the inscription on Gardmer's print in Boydell's Milton (No. 79) to tlie possession of Mr. Brand Holhs ; and I hope it is still in the worthy custody of the inheritor of his literary treasures. The various drawings by Cipriani may be looked for in the same place ; but I should be inclined to assign to them a much lower value. The drawing for Vandergucht's engi-aving (No. 89) has not been mentioned as having been presen-ed. Of Pdchardson's drawings many are probably in existence. Various others of the prints above described may possibl}- have been engi-aved from drawings ta,ken specially for the pui-pose.

I have avoided any discussion of the subject of original pictures and drawings, exce[)t such as necessarily arose out of my treatment of my subject ; but a few lines may properly be devoted to the mention of such as I find noticed in the various works I have consulted. Some of them may be drawings the probable existence of which I have just been specu- lating on ; and others would only swell the list of pseudo-portraits ; but even these may in some cases have been the subject of engi-avings which have escaped my notice, and on that accomit should be mentioned here to reduce the risk of accidental omission. It will require strong evidence to establish the authenticity of any beyond those I have mentioned ; and nothing but internal evidence can now be expected. The strongest case hkely to be made out, so far as I have at present the means of judging (for I have not yet seen the picture), is one which has been kindly brought under my notice by Albert Way, Esq., whose ready help I should be most ungrateful if I did not wai'mly acknowledge. It is at Caj^esthome, the seat of Arthur Davenport, Esq., by whose father it was bought at Lady Holland's sale, at Christie's, and was brought from Amptlull soon after

54

her death. It is inserihed lOHANXES MILTON EFFIG^- ANNO SAL^- MDCLXXIII .ETATIS 05, and beai's the name of Riley as the Painter inscribed on a stone pilastei'. These particulars are from information olitained for me from the family liy Mr. Way, \Yho describes the picture, as a painting, with adniu'ation, and as bearing the stamp of authenticity. It represents the poet blind, and caressing his dog. The name of Pdley is mentioned by Todd in connection with a portrait for which he e.x'presses his obligations to a Mr. Chamock, and says it " has been " affirmed by some to have been a portrait of Milton by Dobson, but con- " jectured by others to have been a performance of Pdley, who lived rather " too late to delineate JMilton.* Some have supposed it may be a head of " Ins brother Christopher. It is, however, remarkable that INIr. Greenslade, " a collector of pamtings, who resides in Bond Street, London, has a copy " of the very painting, which has been called a portrait of the Poet." An alleged miniatm'e of ^Milton when young, winch AVarton mentions as in the possession of the Duchess of Portland, and descrilies as "having a face of " stem thouglitfulness, and to use the poet's expression, severe in youthful " beauty," was sold, along with an alleged miniature of his mother, at the sale of the Portland museum, in 1786, for £34. (See Gent. Mar/., 1786, p. 527 ; ToJd's Milloii, I, p. 143, 146, ed. 1809.) In the same note Todd states that " at "West Wycomb Manor House, in Buckinghamshire, there is " a fine p)ortrait of JMilton, supposed to be an original," (see Langley's Hist, and Antiq. of tJie Hund of Dexhorough, p. 417,) and that " Mr. Waldron " is in possession of a painting which exhibits a likeness of the Poet in his " middle age." Mr. Mitford writes, " I once knew a portrait of Milton at " Lord Braybrooke's, Audley end, m the gallery (with a beard) : I also saw " one of him when young at Lord Townshend's, at Piainham ; but many " years have passed, and I cannot recollect any pjarticulars Charles Lamb, " Esq., possesses an original porti-ait, | left by his brother, and accidentally " bought in London. * * * I have heard that an original portrait of " jMUton (about thir-ty years of age) has been discovered by ilr R Lemon " of the State Paper Office." (Pickering's Aldine Milton, p. xc, n.) An oil

* He was bom in 1646.

+ Mr. CiTnningham mentions it as " the Cliarles Lamb and Moxon portrait,'' and says "it is a striking likeness of tlie poet, and is an old picture, though there is no proof " that the poet ever sat for it." — {Johnson's Lives, I, 131 «.)

55

painting, I presume that last mentioned, was exhibited by Mr. Lemon to the Society of Antiquaries on the 17th March, 1853, as reported in Gent. Mag., N.S., xxxix, 526, and was stated to have foimerly had the Poet's name in an old haiid«iitiug on the back of the canvass, but removed on the reluiing of the picture a few years ago. To these notices I may add that I have seen a painting in the possession of Mr. Graves, the printseller, from which I imagine the head in Faed's print to have been di-awn ; and Mr. Way mentions to me a life size portrait, hi oils, formerly belonging to his father, at his seat, Stansted Park, Sussex, but which on the sale of the property was handed over to the purchaser in consec^uence of its forming one of a series of literary portraits partly inlaid in the paneled wainscot. Upwards of ten years ago the same obliging correspondent mentioned to me a painting, attributed to Wallior, formerly belonging to Sh- Joseph Banks, and now belonging to Archdeacon Bonney, of Lincoln.* Of busts, besides those I have mentioned, one in marble by Scheemaker, for Dr. Mead, and bought at his sale by Mr. Buncombe for £11 lis., is stated in Hollis's Memoirs to have been copied exactly from the plaister bust. A marble bust in the pirmt room of the British Museum lieai's a strong resemblance to the featm'es of the White portrait. A paragi'aph ui the Athenaeum of 10th August, 1850, mentions the purchase by Mr. Labouchere, for 200 guineas, of a marble bust of Milton, made, it is said,

* An exhibition of niiuiatures ]ias been held by the Archeeological Institute since the reading of the paper; and Mr. Way mentions to me two miniatures there exhibited; one of them, belonging to Mr. Russell, the accountant-general, I imagine from the description to be a copy of the Onslow portrait; the other, exhibited by the Duke of Buccleugh, described as a young portrait, with light brown hair and falling band, and inscribed " John Milton by Cooper," I do not identify, from the description given me, with any portrait I know. A sale catalogue of Messrs. Chinnock and Galsworthy (18th Jnne, 1860) includes an alleged portrait of Milton by.James Houseman. To collect tlje notices of pretended Milton portraits from sale catalogues and similar sources would, however, be an endless and useless task. The notorious old Zincke, of Wind- mill Street, Lambeth, whose name is so familiar in connection with the Talma Shakes- peare, is stated by a correspondent of Notes and Queries {2nd S., X, 122) to have "died *' about twenty-five years since, and left behind him about twenty portraits of Shakespeare " and Milton S:c., all in pledge at the various West End pawnbrokers', and also a catalogue " (written in a small memorandum book) of all the portraits be had manitfactured of his " favorite tiio, Shakespeare, MUton and Nell Gwinn ; but Shakespeare sold the best.'' Such anecdotes should serve as a caution against credulity in the reception of unauthen- ticated portraits : but I suspect the Milton manufacture of old Zincke had less tendency to the perpetuation of pseudo-portraits than the practice — of which the Falconer minia- ture is so flagi'ant an instance — of appending circumstantial statements of dates and artists' names to portraits which have originally been assigned to Milton on no better authority than conjecture.

50

from the life liy an Italian sculptor during the poet's ^dsit to Italy. Its history is not stated : but it is worthy of note that Mr. Thomas Hollis was so far impressed \ritli the belief that there was somewhere in Florence a marble bust of ililton, as to be induced to make search for it in 170:3, but ^^ithout success. {See Memoir.'i of Thomas Hollis, /). 107, Wartons Minor Poems, 333, ed. 1791.) A medallion b}' Wedgwood, a draviing from which is in my possession, completes the list of representations of Milton's featm'es which I have thought it necessary to mention.

THE

3Jistnn( k €xMm&

OF

ST. PANCRAS.

BY THOMAS C O U L L.

' )•. y PERMISSION, T O T H E

Ki:V. WILLIAIM WELD ON ClIAMPNEYS, M.A., VICAR OF ST. PANCRAS,

A X 11 C A X O N OF ST. PAD L'S.

LONDON:

PUHLISIIEU in" T. AND W. COCJLL, 28, UPPER NORTH PLACE, GRAY'S INN ROAD, W.C.

AXD SOLD ny ALL BOOKSELLERS THKOUGHOUI THE PARISH.

1861.

fiiefari^.

It having ofteu been a subject of expressed regret that the history of so great and important a parish as that of St. Pancras remained unwritten, the author of this httle work was encouraged to undertake the laborious task of collecting what information could be obtained, and present such to the public. That the subject is not without interest, most readers, who are acquainted with the district, will acknowledge ; and that there is plenty of material is proved by the fact, that it has been found impossible, within the limits of this book, to scarcely touch upon the modern histoiy of the parish. Having, however, laid the foundation, as it were, it is to be hoped that a history upon a more extensive scale, and more worth)' of the parish, will follow ; and if such should be the result, the labour will not have been undertaken in vain. In conclusion, the author desires to thank all those friends who have kindly afforded much valuable information, -without which the work would necessarily have been very imperfect ; as also those who have contributed to its success by their approval and support.

February, 2, 1861.

ajontentfj.

iNTRomjc'i lox — Top(-);:^ra|-i]i\- . . 1

The "Elephant and Castle"

4G

Derivation of tlie Name "St. i'au-

The Hamlet of Highgate .

47

eras" — lli.-tory of the Saint . . 2

Tlie Hermitage and Chapel at High

1 The Ancient jrANi>i:s--

gate ....

48

Cantelows, ov Kennistoiine . . o

Remarkable Houses —

TolUele, or Totteulium Court . 1

Arundel House

49

The Manor of St. Paiicras . . :,

Lady Arabella Stuart

49

— Rise and Progress of Somers

Death of Lord Bacon

50

Town C,

Lauderdale House .

51

The jManor of Ruggemerc . . [>

Fitzroy House

51

The Old CnuRCii ... 9

Holly Lodge

51

1 List of the Vicars . . . .10

Cromwell House .

52

1 The Church in the Time of Kliza-

The "Fox and Crown" .

52

beth 12

The Highgate Oath .

52

1 Celebrated Characters Buried in

St. Michael's Church

64

the Cliurch and Churchyard . 12

Sir Roger Choraley's School

55

Ancient Benefaction^ to tlie Poor of

Highgate Green

57

' St. Pancras 16

Mansfield House

58

1 The Old Lamb's Conduit ... 17

Bellsize House and Park .

59

' The Foundling: Hospital . .11*

Regent's Park

60

: St. Chad's Well .... 22

The Hospital of St. Katherine .

61

Old Bagnigge Wells' Tea Gardens . 2:j

Primrose Hill ....

63

1 The Fleet Brook .... 2.j

The Zoological Gardens .

63

; The " Adam and Eve" . . . 28

The Colosseum

63

Battle Bridge .50

The Veterinary College .

64

IMaiden Lane ..... 31

St. John the Baptist, Kentish Town

65

Euston Road . . " . . .32

Institutions, Etc. —

The " Boarded House" , . .33

The Orphan Working School

66

1 The London University . . 3.")

St. Pancras Female Charity Schoo

66

"Whitfield Cha|iel . . . .37

The Reformatory, Euston Road

67

'[ Sketch of Whitfield's Life and

St. Pancras Almshouses

67

1 Mode of Preaching ... 38

Tonbridge Chapel .

67

The St. Pancras Volunteers of 1799 . 40

The National Scotch Church

67

The Pauish Chi-kcii . . .41

Highgate Cemetery

68

St, Bartholomew's Churcli . . 42

The Vestry Hall .

68

Life of Willianr Huntington . 43

The Workhouse

68

Errata — In t/f LiM nf I'lOi/'s, piuji: 10, it i in 1842, it should rea'l. IhlO.

In the article on " The Old La.nb's C'ondui

six-and-ticentieth day of Anrjust,'' o'c., read " th

j In the article on " Remarkalle Houses" page

' lij Sir Francis Burdeft Coiitls, it should read '• )

■

s stated that Canon Dale entered the vi

," page 17, "/or these leorhs icere heg e six-and-twentkth day o/" March." 51, it is stated that Holly Lodge ^cas pia 'm^ purchased &?/Mr. Coutts"

carage in the chafed

THE

¥Mm\ k €xM\m

ST. PANGEAS.

INTRODtJCTIUN. — TOPOGEAPnV.

WHEN the Norman Conqueror ordered a survey to be taken of the whole of his newly-acquired domiuiuu, a lar;^e extent of country somewhat to the north- west of the City of London, and mostly covered with the ancient forest of Middle- sex, was known as St. Pancras. It covers an area of 2,700 acres, and its soil is com- posed of clay, gravel, and loam. It is bounded on the north bj' Hampstead, Finch- ley, ajid Hornsey parishes ; on the west by the parish of Marylebone ; on the south by the parishes of Bloomsbury and St. Andrews, Holboni ; and on the east by Clerk,enwcll and Islington.

DERIVATION OF THE NAME ST. PANCRAS. — HISTORY OF THE SAINT.

St. Pancras derives it name from the saint who suffered martyrdom, under the Emperor Dioclesan, at Rome. It is very probable that many may have imagined St. Pancras to have been a venerable disciple, with a flowing white beard and a long loose garment, and, like Polycarp, or Ig- natius, the head of some ancient district church. If so, they are quite mistaken. Pancratius (for that Avas his Roman name) was but a little handsome boy, about fifteen years of age, when he died as a martyr. He was the son of an ancient and wealthy Phrygian nobleman, in which country he was born. The first ten years of his life was spent at Synnada, and his mother, of whom he was devotedly fond, had brought him up with tender care, and his childish days were one round of sunshine and plea- sure. When only nine years of age, how-

ever, he lost his beloved parent, and Cleonius buried his wife beside the waters of a brook that ran through his estate. Every day for three months, did he and his little boy Pan- cratius visit the mother's grave, to weep over and strew flowers upon the soil under which she rested. At the end of that time the father himself died out of grief for the loss of his partner. As he lay on his death-bed, however, and just before he died, he sent for his brother, and his last earne&t request was that he should take charge of his orphan child, Pancratius, and educate him as though he w^ere his own son.

The boy's uncle promised faithfully to carry out the request of his dying brother. He thought that the best method which he could pursue to fulfil that wish, would be to take his little charge to Rome, that there he might have the advan- tage of the best instruction, and when he grew older would have an opportunity of perhaps obtaining a good position in the state. He accordingly did so, and it was in the reign of the Emperor Dioclesan, about the year of our Lord 290, that Pancratius and his uncle arrived in the Imperial city.

The Christian religion was at that time, as indeed, it had been for a long while past, the subject of the bitterest persecution, and many of the disciples of our Lord had sealed their testimony with their blood. At that period, however, there lived amongst the Christians at Rome a pastor or bishop of the church whose name was Marcelliiius. This good and devoted man was in the habit of going secretly from house to house, affec- tionately telling the heathen Romans whom he could persuade to listen to him that Jesus, the despised Nazarene, was the Saviour of Mankind.

The Emperor Dioclesan himself was a great

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

enemy to the Christians, and amongst those who assisted him in his efforts to extermi- nate them "was his minister Galerius, a man even more cruel than himself, and who at hist persuadc^l him to put all the Christians to death. In consequence of this cruel re- solve more vigorous proceedings than ever were taken, and many professing the new religion were put to excruciating torments, some being flayed alive, others burnt or thrown to the wild beasts at the Colisseura. Notwithstanding these persecutions, and though Marcellinus expected from day to day that his own turn would come, he fear- lessly went at the dead of night, when all Rome was slumbering, from house to house, cheering the desponding and rousing the in- different.

One night, as Marcellinus was engaged in this good and courageous work, he happened to enter the house in which resided Pancra- tius and his uncle. To them he earnestly expounded the doctrines of the new faith ; and it is stated that he principally preached from the Gospel of St. John. They listened and believed ; they forsook the worship of the Temple of Jupiter, and often at midnight, with lighted torches in their hands, they would wend their ■\vay to the catacombs of Rome, there to celebrate the Lord's Supper and to commune with fellow Christian friends. Upon the approach of morning the catacombs would disgorge these nocturnal assemblages, the members returning to their separate homes, invigorated and strengthened against the terrors of death, and resolved, come what may, to confess Christ before all men.

As we have said, the portion of Scripture from which Marcellinus principally expoun- ded was the Gospel of St. John, and the orphan boy and his uncle took mutual de- light in repeating to each other all that they could remember of what they had heard in the catacombs. Unfortunately the uncle died soon after his conversion, leaving young Pancratius alone in the world and almost broken-hearted. The day following this sad event, as he was kneeling beside the dead body, engaged In earnest pra3'^er, four Roman soldiers entered the room, and one of them, laying his hand upon the youth's shoulder, bade him rise and prepare to enter the presence of the Emperor. Brusliing awny Ills blinding tears, the little Pancra- tius rose from his knees, when a chain was fastened to his wrists, and after taking a last fond gaze at the calm hut rigid features of his dead unclf, he followed the guard to the Imperial palace of the Cffisars.

It is said, that though his Httle arms ached

with the heavy chains, and his tender feet were blistered with the fast walk which tlie

brutal soldiers urged him to make, he dis- played a remarkably pleasant and cheerful countenance during his journey along the streets of Rome. Being the son of a noble - man, there is no doubt but that he was consi- dered worthy of a trial, or he would have probably been despatched at once. Diocle- san was seated upon his throne, surrounded by all the Insignia of royalty and power, when the footsore child was led hito the monarch's presence ; and a very striking spectacle it must have appeared, to have seen a weak youth, conscious of the strength of his faith, thus braving, witli undaunted courage, the majesty of Imperial Rome The Emperor himself, bitter as he was against the Nazarenes, was moved with pity when he saw the youthfulness of the hero whom he had ^iven orders to be brought before him. He tried to win him over by promises, in- stead of using threats, as was his wont. He reminded the boy of his father and mother, how, to their dying day, they had been faithful to the gods of their ancestors, and he promised to take him under his own care, and eventually place hira in a high position in the state if he would only offer sacrifice to Jupiter. The child, however, steadfastly refused. The Emperor then turned to threats. He told him that he should be destroyed that very day ; that he should not live an hour longer, and that his body should be thrown to the wild beasts. It is record: d, that pale and trembling as he was, he boldly answered, " You may kill me, but I dare nnt deny my Saviour ; I dare not worship idols. God will give me strength to die for him."

''Take the obstinate boy away from my presence," exclaimed the infuriated mo- narch ; " leiid him to the Aurelian Way and there dispatch him with your swords." The same legionaries who had brought him to the palace led him out and conducted him to the place where the monarch had directed. It was sunset, and kneeling down upon the pavement, with his hands fastened behind, the noble boy, pierced by the swords of his persecutors, died with the meekness and the heroism of a martyr. Late upon the same evening, some Christian ladles went to the place of his execution, and under the cover of night, secretly fetched away his little man- gled corpse and buried it in the catacombs of Rome.

For many years after this Pancratius was forgotten, but after the conversion of the Emperor Constantlne, and when the Chris- tian Church at Rome became less pure, and

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

(lui; up the relics of saints, amongst tliose relics tlie bones of Panorivtius were disin- terred and regarded as sacred, and a magnifi- cent church was erected overliis burial place. From this church at R ime, all others of the

same name derive their title ; and such are the interesting old Latin records of the his- tory of the youthful saint, which gave the name to the parish of St. Pancras.

Ulxt ^lu^^ni piuiaiiB.

IN that invaluable record, the " Dooms- day Book," caused to be written by WUliiim tlie Conqueror, and which is still kept in good preservation in the Record Office, Chancery Lane, it is stated that Pancras conti^ined four ancient hannlets, or prebendary manors, viz,, Kentish Town (an- ciently called Cantelows, or Kennistonnc); the hamlet of Tothele, or Tottenham Court ; St. Pancras proper, a small cluster of houses round the village chm-ch ; and the manor of K igcmere. These were the four principal manors in St. Pancras, and the following is a brief history of each : —

CANTELOWS, OR KENNISTONNE.

As regards the origin of the name Kentish Town, some antiquarians thuik it not im- probable that it may have been derived frnm the name of the wood ■which once covered its surface, called Ken Wood, part of which stiU exists on Lord Manfield's estate, and is now known as Caen Wood. It has ever been, and is now, a prebendial manor, that is, its pos- sessor pays a certain yearly sum to one of tlie prebends of St. Paul's. A long time ago, at the earliest period of Christian his- tory, one of the Deans of St Paul's was named Reginald de Kentwoode, from which, no doubt, the wood derived its title ; and the name of Kaunteloc, or de Kanteloc, appears in some of the most ancient court-rolls in the neighbouring manor of Tottenham Court, or Tothele. In the " Doomsday Book" it says, " The canons of St. Paufs hold four hides of land in the parish of St. Pancras, for a manor called ' Cantelows or Kennistonne.' The land is of two caracutes ;* there is plenty of tim- ber in the hedgerows, good pasture for cat- tle, a running brook, and 20d. rents. Four villeins,! together with seven bordars,| hold this land under the canon of St. Paul's, at 40s. a-year rent." lu King Edward's time it was raised to GOs. a-year.

* A caracute was as much land as could be cultivated by one plough.

f VilUeiis were common tillers of the soil, and were the absolute property of the pro-

In the reign of Henry IV., Henry Bruges, Garter-King-at-Arms, had a splendid man- sion at Kennistonne, and, on one occasion, he there entertained Sigismund, Emperor of Germany, who was on a visit to this country, to a magnificent banquet at his residence there. This mansion stood near the old Episcopal Chapel at Kentish Town, said to have been erected by two brothers, Walter and Thomas de Cantelupe as early as the reign of King John, though some historians say the chapel only dates as far back as Elizabeth.

According to a survey ordered to be taken in the time of Cromwell, in 1G49, this manor contained 210 acres of land. The manor- house was then sold to a Richard Hill, a merchant of London, and the manor to Richard Utber, a draper. At the restoration of the monarchy, however, the original lessees, or their repi^esentatives, were re-in- stated in their possession of the manor, but about the year 1670 it again changed hands, Jo'm Jeffreys, father of Sir Jeffreys Jeffreys, aldciTnan of London, becoming proprietor. By the intermarriage of Earl Camden with Elizaboth, one of the daughters and co-heirs of Richard Jeffreys, grandson of Sir John, it became vested in him in right of his wife, and it is now the property of the Earl Cam- den. The estate is held subject to a re- served rent of £20 Is. 5d. per annum, paid to the prebendary of St. Paul's.

In ancient times the monks of Waltham Abbe}'', Essex, held an estate in the parish of St. Pancras, called by them CaneLond, (now

prietors of the land on which the^' laboured. They could hold no property of their own, and were sold with the estate just the same as the cattle, or were transferred from one estate to another like any other goods and chattel .

X A hiyrdar or cottar was a little higher in the social scale than a yillien. He generaUy rented a piece of land and a cottage, forwhicli he undertook to supply the lord of the manor's table with a certain quantity of eggs, butter, poultry, &c.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

part of Caen Wood), with woods and pasture valued at £13. In the year IGGl, Venner, wlio raised an insurrection, and placed him- self at the head of the fifth monarchy men, fled with his followers to Caen Wood, and there hid themselves for about two weeks in the month of January, Several celebrated historians and antiquarians think that Caen Wood is the remains of the ancient forest of Middlesex. In 1601 this estate appears to have been the property of John Bull, Esq., who married Lady Pelham ; afterwards it fell into the hands of an upholsterer, named Dutton, who bought it out of a sum of money he had made in the celebrated South Sea Bubble scheme. Soon after, however, it fell into the hands of the Duke of Argylc, then into those of the Earl of Bute, and, finally came into the possession of Lord Mansfield, whose property it now is. During the time of the late Earl Mansfield, Chief Justice of the Kinc!;\s Bench, the seat which he erected in Caen Wood was the scene of much festivity. A visit to the summer seat of the Chief Justice at Hampstead, was cm- sidered by the fashionable world as f:;reat a trip into the country as a journe}^ to Land's End is now; and during the season it was crowded with the wit, learning and fashion of the great w^orld of London. The Earl spent vast sums in embellishing and improv- ing his seat and beautifying the grounds. The most remarkable room in the building is the library, a very splendid apartment, about 60 feet long by 21 wide) ornamented with paintings by Zucchi ; there are also fine busts of Sir Isaac Newton and of Homer, the last of which was bequeathed to Lord Mansfield by Pope. The paintings in the hall are by Rebecca, and in the beautiful parlour is a fine portrait of Sir Christopher Hatton. The grounds, including the wood consist of about iO acres, and connected with them are seven ponds, which gave rise to the river Fleet. In an old chronicle, it states, " that there were some beautiful water-works connected with these springs and ponds, un- der the management of a compau}'", incorpo- rated in 1692. These springs are made to supply some houses in the neighbourhood of Tottenham Court with pure water !"

THE HIANOR OF TOTriELE, OR TOTTENHAM- COURT.

The manor of Tothele, or Tottenham Court, is thus described in the records of the Doomsday Book : " The land is of four car- acutes, but only seven parts in eight are

cultivated. There are four villlens and four cottars; wood and keep for 150 hogs, and about 40s. per annum arising from the sale of herbage. Rental, £4." In King Edward's time its value had risen to £5. This manor is also prebendary, and for a long time was kept by the prebend of Tottenhall in his own hands.' In 13-13, John De Caleton lield a court-baron as lessee, and the prebendary the same year held a view of frank-pledge, con- summating the lease with the above person- age. In the year 1500 the manor and pahice of Tottenhall were demised to Queen Elizabeth for 90 years. In the year 1630 a lease was granted to Charles I. ; and in 1649 It was seized as crown land by the Coramonweallh and sold to Ralph Harrison, Esq., for £3,318 3s. lid. At the restoration of the monarchy, it again reverted to the crown ; and in 1661 it was gi'anted by Charles 11. to Sir H. Wood, in payment of a debt which that spendtlirlft monarch owed to that individual. After that the lease became the property of Isabella, Countess of Arlington, from whom it was in- herited by her son Charles, Duke of Grafton. In 1768, the lease became vested in the Hon. Charles Fltzroy (afterwards Lord Southamp- ton), and an Act of Parliament was passed by which thefee-slmple of the manor was invested in him, subject to the payment of £300 per annum, in lieu of the ancient reserved rent of £46. According to a survey taken hi 1649, the manor comprised about 240 acres.

In 1730, Tottenham Court was a kind of suburban resort of the London people. Its upper end, near Whitfield Chapel, was bordered with the hawthorn hedge, and on either sides were pleasant fields. About that time, an amphitheatre was erected by Small- wood and the celebrated George Taylor, and its entertainments were exclusively devoted to boxing and pugilistic encounters. The manners and the customs of tlie times were then so depraved that it was filled every night, and its audience comprised a good sprinkling of the nobility. A fair was also hi^ld annually, near Whitfield Chapel, and in the booths erected at such fair, some of the actors from the theatres royal, most celebrated for comic humour, entertained the public with droll Interludes. It became, however, to be the resort of so much vice, that the .Justices were obliged to suppress it in 1744. In 1748, a man named Daniel French, opened an amphitheatre in Tottenham Court Rond, at which, during the year, he exhibited an entertainment called the "Country Wake," consisting of a display of cudgel-playing, box- ing, wrestling, fisticuiTs, and winding up with a general meMe. In 1780, Earl Sandwich

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

suggested the opening of a theatre in Totten - hum Court Road, for the performance of ancient music, and the place became so popular that it was several times honoured by the King and Queen, indeed, they regularly attended for some time. After having had its day, it became a place of resort where comic pantomime and melodrama were played. This theatre is now known as the " Queen's"

THE MANOR OF PANG K AS.

The third great manor into which the parish of St. Pimcras was in days of yore d'vidcd, consisting of the land near the village churcli and round about Somers Town, was called Paneras Manor. It now includes several estates, such as the Skinner's, the Bedford, the Agar estates, &c., which were detached from the manor after the dissolution of the monasteries. When the great survey of Doomsday was taken, \yalter, a Canon of St. Paul's, held two hides of land in Paneras. " The land in this manor," says that record, "is of one caraeute, and employs one plough. On the estate are twenty-four men, who pay a rent of 30s. per annum." The accounts respecting the possessors of this manor are of a very imperfect and scanty nature for a long time after that period, but in 1375 we find that Joan, wife of Robert Lord Ferrers, died possessing this estate, paying a rent to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, of 30s. In 1373 it was sold to Sir Robert Knowles, and in 1381, the reversion, which belonged to the crown, was granted, after the death of Robert and his wife, to the prior and convent of the house of Carthusian monks, built in honour of the Holy Salutation. After the dissolution of the monasteries, it came into the possession of Earl Somers, in whose hands the principal portion of it still remains. The most remarkable historical incident connected with Somers Town is an account of its being supposed to be the site of an ancient Roman camp, called the "Brill," and which stood at the top of Brewer Street, around the spot where the old church now stands. Stukeley, the antiquarian, says the name Brill was applied to many old Roman stations. There is a village of Brill in Buck- inghamshire, which Camden thinks must have been a Roman station, from the fact that an immense number of coins have been discovered there ; he also mentions a Roman camp near Chichester, which retained the name of Brill or Briele. It was not long after Ctesar invaded the shores of Albion that he encamped upon this spot, and the circum-

stances which gave rise to it are narrated in the following terms : —

*' Caesar, having in his progress through the country, crossed the Thames at Chertsey, encamped near Staines, where a splendid embassy of Londoners waited upon him, de- siring his alliance and protection, and asking him to restore their Prince, Mundabrace, who had fled to Gaul to seek refuge from the enemies who had conspired against him at home, and had placed himself in Cassar's retinue. Caasar promised to attend to the deputation, and having first attacked a hos- tile British chief who had retreated to Wat- ford, he turned towards London with the in- tention of re-instating Mundabrace. On his arrival near the metropolis, Ocesar did not deem It advisable to encamp in the cit}^ it- self, he therefore pitched his camp in the north, just where old St. Paneras Church now stands, and there the Londoners came to meet him and arrange for the reinstating of their king."

All traces of this camp are now swept away, but Stukeley, the authority we have just quoted, who lived in the last century, in a house in Queen-square, says, " That in his time, over against the church, in the foot- path on the west side of the brook, the val- lum or ditch was perfectly visible, its breadth from east to Avest forty paces i its length from north to south, sixty. North of the church was a square moated about, originally the proitorlum or residence ol' the English king, and where C;esar made the British kings, Casveliiam and Mundabrace as good friends as ever, the latter presenting him with that famous corslet of pearls wiiich the conqueror afterwards bestowed upon Venus In her temple at Rome."

We are bound to record that much dispute has taken plnce amongst antiquarians as to the truth of Dr. Stukeley's statement. Some say that the ditches and earthworks he talked of were formed of the intrench- ments and ramparts raised in the fields near Paneras Church in 1042 : and an old chroni- cle states, that during the civil wars in the time of Cromwell, walls of raised earth were thrown up in the grounds contiguous to the Duke of Bedford's House in Bedford Fields. That, however, does not do away with the fact that the neighbourhood of the Brill was an old Roman encampment, for the name Brill is decidedly of Latin origin, and it is well known that Ca?sar encamped about the spot, and the forces in the time of Cromwell might have made use of the same site and rc-eonstructed or improved the more ancient earthworks.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

Tlie Manor of Pancras continued to be

principally a, pastoral district till the year 1700, the vilia^i'e itself consisting only of a few lonely houses surrounding the village church. When a visitation of St. Pancras Church was made by order of the Dean of St. Paul's in the year 1251, tliere were only forty houses in the whole parish, and those of the meanest description. The desolate condition of the village of Pancras, is thus quaintlj'- described by Norden the historian, who lived in the reign of Elizabeth : —

''^ About the Old Church there have been riianie buildings now decaied, leai'ln// poor Pancras alone, without companie or comforte. Although the place be as it 7vere Jbrspken of all, and true men seldom frequent the same, hut on divine occasions, lohen they come from the surrounding countrle for to praye ; yet it is oft visited by thieves, who assembled not there to praye but to lay in wait for preye ; and manie men fall into their hands that are clothed, loho are very glad if they can manage to escape all safe naked. Walk not there too late r'

A ver}'- sad condition for poor Pancras to be in, it niust certainly be confessed, and the quaint pun which the historian endeavours to make at its expense, as well as the warn- ing at the end of his remarks is extremely interesting. It was probably about those periods the resort of robbers and highwav- men, who laid in wait for tfavellors proceed- ing to the north, and who frequented the country lanes that led to HIghgate from the metropolis. Indeed, so infested were these parts with foot-pads that less than one hundred years ago, travellers, who were about to proceed to Highgate or the north, would drop in at some hostelrie just on the outskirts, and wait in mine host's parlour until a goodly company was made up, when, for mutual protection and safetv, they would start off together.

Kise and Progress of Somers Tovm. — The French Emigrants.

In the year 1790 the metropolis had grown so large that buildings began to extend rapidly into the neighbouring suburbs. The first speculators, however, who obtained a lease from E'lrl Somers, and took to building upon Somers Town, did not meet with much encourafjement. Houses were run up and streets built, but they were so difficult of access (for the Euston Road was not then made) that large numbers re- mamed unoccupied. At length, however,

the French Revolution took place, and many of thepeople who adliered to the ancient Bourbon monarchy of that country, sought an asylum in London from the storm of anarchy and terror which then swept over tiiat land. When they arrived in London, the emigrant French Roman Catholic priests fixed upon Somers Town as a desirable spot for the refugees to reside in. A gicat many houses were then unoccupied ; they would, therefore, have the advantage of being toge- ther if located there. Anotlicr advantage was they would be near to the what they considered the Catholic cemeter}' in St. Pan- cras, and as but few of them ever expected to see their own country again, it was some consolation to think that they would be buried amongst their own kindred. Indeed, St. Pancras churchyard was long looked upon with favour by Catholics as a place of interment. Various reasons are given for this preference. Some say it was in conse- quence of being the last place belonging to the Established Chnrch where Romish mass was celebrated ; others that St. Pancras was the name of a church in the south of France from whose neighbourhood many of these refugees had come. The most probable, bow- ever, was its convenience, and the associations were called up in connection with It after- wards. These poor emigrants, nearly all of whom had lived in comparative ease and luxiTr}" in their own land, were reduced to a state of beggary when they arrived in Somers Town ; for it must be remembered that those who thus fled their country were not the mere mob, who professed anything to suit the times, but were men of strong principle, who sacrificed all— land, houses, and wealth, to uphold it, and many of their descendants are amongst the most respected of our parishioners at the present day.

The sojourn of the ejected French emi- grants in Somers Town, caused a great rise in rents, and stimulated builders to extend their operations in that neighbourhood. The French, however, in their hurried flight, having brought nothing with them, were soon thrown Into a state ofterrible destitution, and Somers Town was turned into a miserable district, known only in connection with want and wretchedness. At last a truly amiable and pbllantliropic Catholic, named Abbe Carron, came amongst them, and instituted several establishments for their i^elief, includ- ing a hospital for the reception of the agel and infirm French clergy, and a receptacle ' for the distressed female emigrants. Indeed, ! Abb^ Carron's exertions were unceasing. In 1810 he established an institution for the re- ;

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

lief of the destitute of his own congregation. Here soup was doled out to the poor liungry applicants twice a week, and wine, clothing, and pecuniary assistance administered when absolutely needed. In the Roman Catholic chapel in Clarendon Square, built for the es- pecial accommodation of the emigrants, stands a monument which was erected to the memory of this truly good man. The chapel also contains the remams of the Princess Conde'.

A few years after the arrival of the French Catholics in Somers Town, a very interesting article appeared In the Gentlemaii's Magazine, upon the surprising progress of this district. It was then rising into importance, and the New Road had just been cut through the fields. As it affords some idea of the condi- tion of St. Pancras sixty years ago, it is givrn entire, as it was addressed to tiie editor of the above publication : —

"Oct. 13, 1813. "Slu, — Permit me to acquaint you, from an irresistible whim, of what has occurred during the last thirty years in the place honoured by my residence in the north of London. A road has hren lately called the Netc Tioad, which has intersected extensive fields from Tottenham Court Road to Battle Bridge; about mid-way, and on the south- side of the same stood the famous ' Bowling- green House,' which had been noted for at least a century as a country retreat for Lon- doners on a Sunday afternoon; and lower down, on the opposite side, was the 'Brill,' a comfortablecountry tavern, and perhaps more ancient than its rival. A few houses near the ' Mother Red Cap,' at Camden Town, and the Old Church of St. Pancras, were the only buildings that interrupted the view of the country from Queen Square and the Foundling Hospital. With the exception of the two buildings already mentioned, and a group of tall trees in a lane leading from Gray's Inn Lane to the ' Bowling-green House,' there was nothing to Interrupt the view. Commencing at Southampton Row, near Holborn, is an excellent private road belonging to the Dtike of Bedford, and the fields along the road are intersected with paths in various directions. The pleasant- ness of the situation, and the temptation offered by the New Road, Induced some peo- ple to build on the land, and the Somers Places east and west arose ; a few low build- ings near the Duke's Road (now near the ' Lord Nelson'), first made their appearance, accompanied by others of the same descrip- tion ; and, after a while, Somers Town was

planned. Mr. Jacob Leroux became the principal landowner under Lord Somers. The former built for himself a handsome house, and various streets were named from the title of the noble lord (Somers), a chapel was opened, and a polygon begun in a square. Everything seemed to prosper fa- vourably when some unforeseen cause arose which checked the fervour of building, and many carcases of houses were sold for less than the value of building materials.

" In the meantime gi'adual advances were made on the north side of the New Road, from Tottenham Court Road, and, finally, the buildings on the south side reached the line of Gower Street. Somewhat lower, and near to Battle Bridge, there was a long grove of stunted trees which never seemed to thrive ; and on the site of the Bedford Nursery a pavilion was erected. In which her Ro}'al Highness the Duchess of York gave away colours to a volunteer Regiment. The interval between Southampton Place and Somers Town was one vast brickfield.

" The influx of French emigrants, caused by the goings on In France, has contributed to the prosperity of Somers Town, by their occupying most of the previously empty houses ; and the increase of the native popu- lation began to be perceptible by the de- mand ibr ground offered in building leases by the Duke of Bedford and the Foundling Hosiiltal, whose trustees own a greal de.al of land In the neighbourhood. The conse- quence Is the erection of such streets as Guildford Street, Bernard Street, and the houses comprising Brunswick and Russell Squares, and Tavistock Place and Chapel, the east side of Woburn Place, &c. During this time the death of Jlr. Leroux occurred, and his large property being submitted to the hammer, numbers of small houses were sold for less than £150, at rents of £20 per annum each. The value of money decreas- ing at this time, from £30 to £40 were de- manded as rents for these paltry habitations ; hence many who could obtain the means be- came builders — carpenters, retired publicans, leather-worker.5, haymakers, &c., each con- trived to build his house, and every street was lengthened in Its turn. The barracks for the Life Guards in Chalton Street, became a very diminutive square, and now we really find several of these streets approach- ing the Old Pancras Road. The Company of Skinners, who own thirty acres of land, perceiving these projectors succeed in cover- ing the north side of the Euston Road from Somers Place to Battle Bridge, and that the street named from them has reached the

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

Brill Tavern (lately destroyed), have offered the ground to Mr. Burton to build upon, and it is now covered by Judd Street, Tonbridge Place, and a new chapel for some description of dissenters or other, and thus you see, Mr. Editor, we have lived to see Somers Town completely annexed to London.

" After several fruitless attempts to sup- port the old chapel in Wilsted Street, the members of the Established CInirch gave way to the Baptists, who flourish wonderfully, and have a Lancastrian school to assist. The venerable little St. Pancras Church still re- mains, but it is too true an emblem of the decline of our church, shrinking into nothing in comparison with its towering rivals, (the chapels just mentioned) and the noble parish workhouse adjoining,

"To return, however, to the New Road, where, close by a pretty cottage, surrounded by a. large flower-garden, and fronting an- other of vegetables, we find they are about to erect a magnificent square, to be called ' Euston-square,' and this, with Seymour Place, win complete the connexion with Tot- tenham Court Road.

" To conchide : Clarendon-square, which encloses the Polygon, contains, on the north side, the establisliments of the Abbe CaiTon, a gentleman who does his native country honour. He resides in the house lately oc- cupied by the builder Leroux, and presides ov£r four schools for young ladies, poor girls, young gentlemen, and poor boys. A dormi- tory, bakehouse, &c., are situated between his house and the emigrant Cathohc chapel recently built, which contains a monument to the Princess Conde' ; further on is the .school for the poor girls, and at the back of the wliole are convenient buildings for the above purposes and a large garden. The general voice of the place is in favour of the Abb^, and be lias been of incalculable service to his distressed fellow-sufferers, who are enthusiastic in his praise. — Yours, &c.,

'■p. Malcolm."

Such was tlie state of Somers Town in 1813. The Horse Barracks alluded to have been removed to Albany Street, Regent's Park; the Baptist Chapel" is still in Wilsted Street ; and tlie chapel behnginrj to some de- scription of dissenters or other is Tonbridge Chapel, of which the much-respected Mr. Madgin is the minister.

Tlie Skinn-er's Estate. The Skinner's Estate in St. Pancras is

held in trust by the Hon. and Worshipful Company of Skinners on behalf of their school at Tonbridge in Kent. The pro- perty was known by the name of the Sand- hills Estate, and consists of about thirty acres of land bequeathed by Sir Andrew Judde, Lord Mayor of London in 1558, to- wards the endowment of a school which he had founded in his native town of Tonbridge. Hence the nomenclature of various streets and edifices upon the said estate : Judd Street, Skinners' Street, Tonbridge Place, Tonbridge Chapel, tS:c.

It is interesting to note the value of pro- perty then and now. In the old knight's will, made in the year 1588, he says, " I give and bequeath my estate called Sandhills, consist- ing of a close of pasture situated at the back- side of Holbom in the parish of Pancras, and valued at £13 6s. 8d. per annum, to the Company of Skinners on behalf of my school at Tonbridge, in Kent." Only jmi-t of the very same property, valued at £13 6s. 8d. a-year in 1588, was, on the 29th September, 1807, leased to Mr. Burton for 99 years at £2,500 per annum, and when that lease ex- pires, which will occur in Michaelmas, 1906, its yield of revenue will be something enor- mous.

The school to the support of which Sir Andrew .Judde's estate in the parish of St. Pancras is applied, stands at the north end of Tonbridge. It is built in a plain neat uniform style. Behind it there is the master's habitation, together with a hall and refectory for the use of the scholars, and a small yet elegant library, built at the joint expense of the patrons of the school. There are also detached offices, a garden, and a playground.

Among other matters contained in the statutes of the school, it is ordained that the master of the school shall be a Master of Arts, and that he shall have authority to reject such as apply for gratis insti-uction as day boys, unless they can write competently and read Latin and English perfectly ! The whole is under the management of the Skinner's Company, who -^nsit it annually in May. On the occasion of their visit, the company are attended, as their statutes direct, by some respectable London, clergyman, whose business it is to examine the several classes of the school. The examiner dis- tributes, as an honorary reward, a silver gilt pen to each of the six senior scholars, who on that day walk in procession to the church before their patrons with garlands of fresh flowers on their heads.

L^-MVi i l.\J

NS OF ST. PANCIIAS.

THE MANOR OF KIJIJ<JEMp;KE.

Tin; extent and exact situiition of this manor is not at present known. No estate is liekl under this prebend, Ijut it is tertain that in former times the prebend of Unggemere lield property in the parish of St. Panoras. It is mentioned in the survey of tlie parisli in the year 1251, the reeords of wliich are now in tlie possession of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, Lib. L. Xorden, also, in his his- tory, mentions it as an estate belonging to the Dean and Chapter. It is very pro- bable that at the breaking up of the eccle- siastical system at the time of the Reforma- tion it reverted to the crown, and was bought of or given awav bv the monarch to some of

his l\u'onritcs, for the liljeral niaiinerin which Henry VIII. bestowed Ijis ill-gotten church property upon such is well knov/n. The Bedford family, for instance, acquired all their immense property in the metropolis at that monarch's hands. It is recorded, too, that the title to the Somers estates is held by a gift from the same king, the origi- nal " Will Somers," as he was called, being a jester at Court, whose wit drew forth many substantial acknowledgments from his master. The manor of Euggemere, there- fore, was probably situated in the south- eastern part of the parish, now divided into several estates, such as tlio Calthorpe, Doughty, Swinton, &c.

ilti} (BUI allniriii.

IT is diliieult to imagine that the ancient and diminutive little cdilice in the Old Paucras Poad could once have accommo- dated the whole God-fearing population of this uow populous parish. Yet, with the ex- ception of a Chapel of Ease at Kentish Town, it was the only ecclesiastical building the parish could boast till the middle of the last century. It is not known with certainty when the present structure was erected, hut its date is ll.xed about the year 1350 ; there was, however a building upon the same spot long before that date, for in the records be- longing to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, in which there is noticed a visitation made to this church in the year 1251, it states " that it had a very sm;ill tower, a little belfry, a good stone font for baptisms, and a small marble stone to carry the jax.*"'

Norden, whom ve have already quoted and who wrote a work in the reign of Eliza- Ijeth upon the lo])Ography of every parish in Jfiddlesex, makes the following quaint re- marks upon the old church and its church- yard : —

" I'ancras Church standeth all (done, as iiUerli/ fov$ijhen, old, and welher belen, which for the antiquity thareoj' Is thoiiglit not to yceld to ^St. PaiUe's in London. Folks from the hamlet of Kennistonne now and then visit it.

Svmbol of -Vtonement.

hut not often, hac'.ng a chapelt of their own- When, however, they haiie a corpse to he in- terr, d, they are forced to leave the same uithin this forsyken church or churchyard, where it restrlli as secure against the day oj'rcsurrec- tion as if it laie in stately St. Paulc's."

Nurden's account makes it evident that there were no body-stcalers in those days ; it also implies that where the church is situated was then one of the least frequented and desolate spots ia the vicinity of the me- tropolis.

In ancient times divine service was per- formed in St. I'ancras Church only on the first Sunday in every month, and at all other times in the Chapel of Ease at Kentish Town, it being thought that the few people who lii'ed near the church could go up toLondon to pray, -while that at Kentish Town was more suited for the country-folk, and this continued to within the present century. The Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's are patrons and ordinaries of the vicarage, and likewise pos- sess the rectory, which they lease, subject to a reserved rent. It first came into their pos- session about. the year 1100. William de Belmeis, nephew of Richard de Beimels, Bishop of London, being possessed of the prebend of Pancras, within which the church was situated, gave the tithes to the Canons of St. Paul's, which grant was confirmed by Bishop Gilbert (1183), and Bclmeis's succes- sor in the prebend, .John de St. Lawrence.

No.

10

THE HISTORY AND TUADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

Soon afterwnnis the Dean and Chapter Granted the Church of Pancras, with all tithes, &c., to the hospital -within the Ca- thedral founiled by Henry de Northampton, reserving to tlieniselvcs im annnal pension of one mark. About the same time Ralph de Diceto, gave the prebend of 'I'ottenhall (Tot- tenham Court) to St. Paul's. Various an- cient leases of the rectory are to be found amongst the ecclesiastical records of the cathedral.

After the suppression of chantries, guilds, S:c., the rectory came again into tlie posses- sion of the Dean and Chapter, and has since been leased in the usual manner of church property. By an old rent-hook in St. Paul's it appears that in 1G30 the land belong- ing to the rector}' was leased by one Mar- garet Past ; in 1G50 John Elborow, clerk, held possession as her heir ; in 1694, John Joyner ; in 1701, "\^'illiani Brown; 1701-, Francis Collins; 17.51, Richard Draper; in 1794 the lease wa.s vested in a Mr. Swinner- ton, of the White Hart Inn, Colebrook, and it has since been leased by the Agar family. It is now, however, in consequence of a non- fnlfilment of the conditions of the lease, in the hands of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, who, it is stated, when the leases of the pre- sent wretclied tenements run out, intend to erect upon it a better class of propert}'. In 1327 the rental of the rector}' was rained at 13 marks per annum.

In 12.51 (the date at which the visitation was made by order of the Dean of St. Raid's) the vicar had all the small tithes, a pension of £5 per annum out of the great tithes, four acres of glebe land, and a vicarage house near the church. In IGoO the vicarage was rated at £9 per annum ; in 10.50, £2S, and about that time an augmentation was ordered of £50 per annum. The vicarage is now worth about £1,000 per annum.

A list of the vicirs from 1183, as far as can be ascertained, is as follows, though there is a great gap at the commencement ;

1183. 1190.

Fulcherius Alexander.

1580. Gray. — Henry Bradley, .sen.

1G27. John Elborow. [His son probably the lessee of the rectory in 1G50.]

lC+7. William Birketc.

1657. Randolph Yearwood (Chaphun to the liOrd Mayor, 1657.) In thechurch- yaj'd was formerly a stone to the iuemcr}' of Randolph Y'earwood,

(1689) and Margaret his wife; dur- ing the time Y^earwood was living the vicarage wasunder sequestration. He was suspended for performing marriages illegally, and the two following were appointed during liis suspension.

IGGO. Timothy Boughev, Oct. 22, 1660.

1664. Thomas" Daniel, A.M., June 17, 1604.

1084. .John Marshall.

1707. Nathaniel Marshall, L.L.B. Educated at Emanuel College, Cambridge. llectorofSt. Vcdastand ofMiohael- le-Qnern, London, 1717.

1728. Edward de Chair. He was cardinal of St. Paul's, and presented to the rectory of Coulsden, Surrey, 1737.

1749. Benjamin Mence (King's College, Cambridge.)

1796. Weldon Champneys (Trinity College, Cambridge. — Lecturer of St. Bride's.) [Grandfather of pre- sent vicar.]

1811. Thomas Fanshaw Middleton, D.D. (The first Bishop of Calcutta )

1814. James Moore, L.L.D., Magdalen Coll.

1842. Thomas Dale, M.A., Canon of St. Paul's. Rural Dean.

1860. ^\'. Weldon Champneys, Canon of St. Paul's.

The estate belonging to the prebend of St. Pancras is about 70 acres. Among the many eminent men who have held the prebendary stall of St. Pancras, maybe mentioned Ralph de Diceto, Dean of St. Raid's, and a celebrated English annalist ; Laurence Booth, Arch- bishop of York; John Overall, the Bishop of Norwich ; Launcelot Andrews, Bishop of Winchester ; the Rev. Dr. Paley, Archdeacon of Carlisle, who was succeeded by the Rev. William Beloe, translator of " Herodotus."

The earliest date at which baptisms and marriages were registered in the parish was in IGCO ; that of burials, 1GG8. It is to be feared, however, that such register is not entirely correct, because permission being given by the vicar to baptise in the more distant parts of the parish, some registers may be omitted. The following averaees of baptisms and deaths as registered will give some idea of the population of the parish at the periods named : —

Averages of Deathi

31 29

Averages of

Year.

baptisms.

1C6S

13

1686

13

1697

25

1707

29

ii-ijo iiib i. vJlS- i' ±i.i\0 lU

Averuijcs of

Avci-aaes ot

Year.

baptisms.

Deaths.

1717

04

79

1727

47

13U

1737

01

220

17-17

41

279

17Si

245

318

1789

271

319

1794

343

389

1795

409

4G3

1800

474

578

1805

554

615

iONS OF ST PANCRAS.

11

The rapid, increase of the population within the last lifty years gives an average out of all proportion to the above. According to tiie returns made hy I)i'. Hillier, the Medical Officer of Health, tlie number of deaths regis- tered in 1850 was -l,27G, and the number of registered births, 0,G04:, there being now born in the parish every year more than a fifth of the whole inhabitants but half a cen- tury ago. As regards the increase of popu- lation and houses, in the year 1251, as has been alread}'" stated, there were but forty houses in the whole parish. From tliat period, up to 1801, there are no returns, but in the year ISOl a return was ordered to be made by Parliament, when there were declared to be 4,174 inhabited, 35^_» uninha- bited bouses, and 31,779 inhabitants. The population in 1859 was estimated at 200,000 and the number of tenements asscs.^ed to the poor rate is nearly 24,000.

The old church has several times been re- paired, the most recent of which took place within the last few years, and has given its exterior quite a modern appearance. Upon entering, liowover, the visitor is struck with its ancient aspect and its diminutive size, and is almost sorry that so unique a me- mento of the past has not been permitted to Avear its ancient outside garment of simpli- city and hoary greyness. It consists only of a nave and a chancel. The chancel, as usual, is situated at its ea.steru end. Heavy beams support the roof, and upon those over the chancel and the western gallery arc written in illuminated scrolls, various sentences from scripture, such as, " I am the Way, the Truth, and the Life, he that cometli unto me I will in no wise cast out," &c. There is a very elegant stained-glass window over the altar, and on the sides of the chancel are some small circular lights of coloured glass. On cither side of the nave arc pointed win- dows of plain glass, and at the western end is a small but elcgunt oriel window of co- loured glass. The walls are exceedingly thick and will, no doubt, last for ages. A narrow

strip of oaken gallery runs along the nave, affording accommodation for only two rows of seats. It is approached by a single circular staircase in the southern tower, and its dimi- nutive size is in keeping with the other parts of the building.

The principal monuments are situated in the chsmcel, though there are some very ancient and interesting ones in the nave. Tlierc are also some very old monuments in the churchyard, which has been long noted as the burial place of the Roman Catholics who died in its vicinity : the visitor cannot fail being struck with the number of crosses and the profuseness of the Roman Catholic initials, R. I. P.

Weever, an antiipiarlan, speaks of a won- derfully ancient monument in the old church, erected in 1500, and, by tradition, said to be- long to the family of Gray, of Gray's Inn. It is on the north wall of the church, of Par- beck marble, and has an elliptical arch, or- namented with qnartre-foils, but no inscrip- tion or arms at present remain.

The same antiquary also mentions the family tomb of Robert Ive, clerk of the crown to King Henry VI., but there is do date to it. The famil_y of Ive, however, are of great an- tiquity in this parisli, for in the year 1458 King Henry granted leave to Thomas Ive to enclose a portion of the highway adjoining to his mansion at Kennistonne.

On the north of tlie chancel are the monu- ments of John Oxlcy and Thomas Doughty (1694), the latter the orignal owner of the estate in St. Pancras which takes his name. On the east wall of the chancel is a monu- ment erected to Daniel Clarke, Esq., who had been raa.ster cook to Queen Elizabeth, in 1G2G, and another on the south wall to Samuel Cooper, Esq., a celebrated painter. Cooper was born in London, in the year 1()09, and brought up by his uncle Hofldns, a miniature painter of great eminence. He, however, soon excelled bis master, and com- mencing to labour at his art on his own ac- count, established a good connection among the nobility and gentry. His pencil has transmitted to us likenesses of the most cele- brated statesmen, wits, and beauties of his age. A portrait of Oliver Cromwell is es- teemed liis clff^'' iloum-e. He seldom drew more than the head, or when he did wlxs not so successful. His manner approached so near to that of Vandyke that he was called Vandyke in miniature, and his productions now^ fetch great prices all over Europe. Cooper was intimate with P>utler, the author of "Hudibras," an«t lie was related to the poet Pope.

12

Till- HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

The most striking monmiicnt in the churchi jijvhaps, is that erected to Phihidelphin. the wife of Thomas Wollnston, Ksfj., oT London. Tlic date is concealed, but It i.s of the Last oontnry, and the manner in whicli the hady inet her death is affcctingly denoted by her effiiiy, In veined marble, being recumbent npciii ;i couch with an infant In her anus.

Tho following is a, brief hIstor\" of the uiore remarkable characters ^v]\n he en- tombed in the old church^'ard : —

writers have ever attained a laro-er share of temporary celebrity than' Mrs. Godwin, hut tiie calamities of her life miserably prove the impropriety of her doctrine. Over her ashes is a square monumentid pillar, on one 5.ide of "which is written the following in- scription ; —

"?*r.\.UY AV00L3T0Ni;iJR_VFT Ooi>\VIV,

Author of

' A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.'

Born April 27, 1759,

Died September 10, 1797."

She was born in Epplng Forest, and at an early age engaged lierself in the occu[)atioii of teaching, forv/hlch by her talents she was eminently qualified. Unhappily, however, her sentiments on religious and other subjects were most exceptionable, and when 'very young she imbibed principles quite hostile to all the usages of society, and which the experience of ages has proved to be most conducive to the happiness of mankind. She soon gave up the employment of teaching, and took to her pen, startling s 'elety by her eloquence, wit, and her novel and dangerous views. One of her doctrines was the inutility of the marriage state; sh.e held such a state to be quite unnecessary on principle, and acting upon it she connected herself with a Mr. Imlay, an American merchant, whom she met in Paris in 1792. This gentleman, hovrever, de?ert._^d her, and she was so affec- ted by it that ^he determined to destroy her- self. She took a boat at Westminster and rowed up to Putney Bridge, from which, she deliberately threw herself off in tlie montli of October, 1795. She was, however, buoyed I up by her clothes, and floated about 21^0 j yards down the river, and her fall having I been seen by some watermen, she was takon j up and carried into a public house called the " Duke's Head,"' where she was recovered by medical assistance. The circumstanc:! was I commented upon by the newspapers of the

day, but it was not known till long after- wards, that the suicide, whose life had been saved, was tlie celebrated Marj' W'oolstone- craft. In the month of July, 179G, she took a house in Somers Tov/n, and not long after- wards she formed a connexion with I\Tr. (iod- win, author of " Caleb Williams." Their sentiments were perfectly In unison. They both had a contempt for the rite of marriage, and it was only in consequence of her preg- nancy, and the apprehension that she might he excluded from society, that she consented to enter that state. Iii 1707 Mr. and Mrs. Godwin took a hr.use in the Polygon, Somers Town, where slie died eleven days after having given birth to a child.

Jolia Walker.— T\iQ munument erected to John AValker Is of a very plain description, but the well-known worth of the occupant v.'ill prove more durable than anything tViat can be engraven on sione. It mcrcdy states,

'■ Here Lie the Remains

of

John AValker,

-\u[hurof the 'Pronouncing Dictionary of

the English Language,' of which he

was for many years a y(;yj

Distinguished Professor.

Tie closed a life devoted to piet}' and virtue

on the 1st of August, 180.",

Aged 75."

Besides bis " Pronouncing Dictionary," he wrote many other wr)rks of great value.

WiUlaym WoIIeft, the celebrated engraver to King George III., lies buried in St. Pan- eras churchyard. His works are numerous, and are held in high estimation. A monu- ment has been erected to his memory in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey.

Jerennj Collier, Wiis buried in St. Pancras chuichyard, April 29, 172C. He was edu- cated at Cambridge. In 1G85 he came up to London, and was soon after appointed lecturer at Gray's Inn. On the eve of the Revolution, though a member of the Church of England, he attached himself to King James, and wrote the first pamphlet against the Prince of Orange. His antagonism to the nQ,\\ government caused him to he im- prisoned twice, and his refusal to sign certain legal forms subjected him to an outlawry which continued to the day of his death. Soon after his release from imprisonment, he attacked the stage for its immorality, and so got engaged in a contest with niost.of the

AXaj^ iiiolv_»m

AKJ- LiiAViiiuL<S OF ST. PANCllAS.

13

distinguisheil wits of tile a^p. lie, however, cnme off victorions in the end, and was the means of checking the progress of that lieen- tions stylo of writing whicli threatened to banish every friend to virtnc and decorum from the theatre. At Queen Anne's acces- sion he was earnestly solicited to confonn to the new dynast}", and was offered considera- hlo preferment, hnt he refused. He died on the 2Gth April, 172C, and was huried three days afterwards.

Abraham Latu/^'ord, a celebrated autioneer and dramatic writer of his day, lias a tornh in St. Pancras churchyard, on hoth sides of which are the following hnes : —

"His spring was such as should have been Adroit and gay, unvexed by care or spleen. His summer's manhood, open, fresh, and fair. His virtues strict, his manners debrjmiaire. His autumn rich with wisdom's goodly fruit, "Which every varied appetite might suit. In polished circles dignified with ease, And less desirous to he pleased than please. Grave with the serious, comic ivith the gay. True to the fond affections of tlie Iieart, He played the friend, the husband's parent's

part. Wbat needs there more to eternise his fame ? What monument more busting than Ijis name ?"

There ars also some very excellent lines on a tomb erected to the memory of a Mrs. Anne Cooper, who was interred in 1759. They were written by the lady's daugliter :

"Ah, shade revered, this frail memorial take, 'Tis all, alas, thy sorrowing child can make ; On this faint stone, to mark thy* parent

worth, And claim the spot that holds thy sainted

earth.

This clay-cold shrine, the corpse enshrouded

here, This holy hillock, bath'd with many a tear; These kindred flames that o'er thy bosom

glow, Fed by the precious dust that lies oelow.

E'en those rude branches that embrace thy

head And the green sod that forms thy sacred

bed, Are richer, dearer to this filial heart Than .all the monuments of proudest art.

Yet, yet a little, and thy child shall come. To join a mother in this silent tomb : Tliis only .spot of all the world is mine, And soon my dust, sweet shade, .shall mix with thine."

Mrs. ■huliella Mills, better kno\vn as Miss Burchell, a celebrated singer of the la.st cen- tury, lies buried in the churchyard. She long sustained her character as a musical artist, hut withdrew from public life on the marriage of her second husband, who raised a monument, with the following inscription, to her memory : —

" In Memory of

Mrs. I.sabella Mills,

Wife of H. Mills, Esq., of this Parish,

Who departed this life,

.Tune 9, 1802,

Aged 67.

"And art thou then in awful silence here,

Whose voice so oft has charmed the public

ear ; Who, with thy simple notes could strike the

heart Beyond the utmost skill of laboured art. 0, may the Power who gave thee dulcet

strain, And, pitying, rescued thee from earthly

pain. Exalt thy spirit, touched witli hallowed fire, To hymn his praise among the angelic choir."

Count HasUng. — There is a monument to Count Hasling, a great favourite of George II. His inscription is as follows : —

" Here lie Deposited the Pemains

of

Count Hasling,

Count of the Holy Roman Empire,

Hereditary Grand Master of Upper and Lower

Bavaria, and Envoy Extraordinary to the Court of London, From His Serene Highness Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine, Duke of Bavaria. Having lived in the presence of every social virtue, after a Christian preparation, he resigned his soul into the hands of his Creator, regretted by his sovereign and lamented by all who knew him. May he rest in peace."

His funeral was attended by the w^hole of the di])lomatic corps of the day.

77(6 Chevalier ctEon. — The remains of the

u

THE HISTORY AND TRADITION^S OF ST. PAMCKAS.

unfortunate Cbevalier d'Eoa also lie ia St. Piuicras clmrcliyard. This extraordinary and well-]i.nowii character, \Yhose story ex- cited at the time so uiuch curiosit}', after having distinguished himself hoth as a soldier and a diidomatist, assumed the ha- bit of a female, at the requisition of the French Court, and -was appointed as sueh to a situation in tiie household of the Q.ueen of France. This strange re'.|uisition arose in consequence of a doubt existing as to his sex, and it embittered the remainder of the poor man's days. He "was first brought up as a male, and was appointed Jlinister ricnipotentiary to the British Court. About the year 1771 the doubts hrst arose con- cerning his sex. They appear to Inwe been started in St. Petersburgli, for when on a mission to that city from the Court of France he assumed the guise of a female for state purposes. The remarks made soon became the general topic of conversation, and im- mense suras were iiazarded in the way of gnmbling and betting, and life policies '.vere effected on the same. A rcmarlcable trial toolc place, presided over by Lord Mansfield, concerning one of these policies, and the GbevaUer was accused of being concerned in some of them in order to swindle the pub- lic out of their money. In consequence of these painfnl attacks, the Chevalier left Fiigland, first, however, asserting his inno- cence in an advertisement which he caused to he inserted iu the Morning Post a few days before. The following is an extract : —

" London, Pii-ewer Street, Golden Square. " November 11, 1775. " The Chevalier d'Eon desires, with most earnest entreaty, the people of England who have liitlierto testified their benevolence to- wards him, and have taken so gi-eat a part in his misfortuues, not to renew any policy on his sex. I publicly declare that I have re- fused with sovereign contempt all offers to become concerned in such policies, and if such persecution is not disce)untenanced I shall have to quit a country I love as dearly as my own."

The unfortunate man quitted England, and on his arrival at the Court of France was compelled to assume the female dress, after an imprisonment of some weeks in the Castle of Dijon for refusing. He was again, how- ever, compelled to return to England in con- sequence of the French Revolution, and for several years was struggling with poverty and destitution in this country, from which, he was occasionally relieved by the contribu-

tions of a few benevolent persons, to whom his unfortunate situation v/as known. For the last two years of his life he scarcely ever quitted his bed, and death at length brought bis sutierings to a close on Monday, thciilst of May, 1810.

D'Eon was distinguished as a scholar, and was well acquainted with the ancient and most of the modern European languages; he possessed a valuable library, part of which he was compelled to sell for the relief of his ne- cessities. As a soldier, his personal courage and knowledge of the military profession had been distinguished on many occasions. In religion he was a sincere Catholic, divested of all bigotry. There v/erc peculiarities about his per=o:i ■which, no doubt, were the cause of all the remarks that were circulated respect- ing his sex. An unusual roundness about ills limbs, no beard, and a very slender throat, were some of the characteristics; the ai'm.s, hands, and fingers were those of a stout fe- male, and the legs and feet corresponded with the hands and arms.

Arthur C/Lfanj. — Amongst the distin- guished Catholics who lie buried in St. Pancras churchyard is the Rev. Arthur O'Leary, v.dio died the 8th October, 1802, aged 70, lie was a native of Cork and edu- cated at St. Omers. He was for .some time chaplain to a French regiment, from which situation he was dismissed, because he objected to assist in enlisting the subjects of his own king into that of foreign service. After liis return to Ireland, he rendered him- self very conspicuous and useful by delivering vainous addresses to his countrymen, in. which he controverted the doctrine of the Pope's temporal authority, and exhorted the Irish, in most troublesome times, to a peaceable demeanour. His exertions were attended with the most beneficial effects during the insurrection at Munster in 1787, and he is said to have been rewarded with a pension. O'Leary was many j-ears resident in London as a priest of the Roman Catholic church in Soho Square, being highly esteemed for his amiable manners, and much admired for his eloquence in the pulpit. He died at his lodg- ings on the 8th of October, and he was buried in St Pancras churchyard, where a monument is erected to his memory with the following inscription : —

" Sacred to the Memory

of the

Rev. Arthur OT^eary, O.F.S.,

A man eminently gifted by nature and

learning; he employed his talents in pro-

IHb HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

15

motiiig the glory of God and the good of every fellow-crentiu-c ^-itliout distinction, for he pniyed and wept and felt for all. Of him it may be trnly said, that his life was the best comment on his "writings : as the benevolence which they breathe, was en- livened and recommended by his example, even in the moment in which he was called to receive the reward of both. Obitt, Jan. S, Ji~.T>. Jl'lt 70. This tomb was erected by order and at the expense of the Earl of Moira, a monument ofhis lordship's esteem for the virtues and talents of the late venerable Tather O'Leary. 1804."

The Chevalier de St. C'roi.r, died August 25, 1803, and was buried in St. Pancras churchyard. He was for some time Minister Plenipotentiary for the King of France in Sweden. After the seizure of Louis XIV., he fled to this country, where he became involved in much pecuniary distress, subsist- ing chiefly upon the bounty of some liberal friends.

Jean Francis de la 2f<irche, Bishop of St. Pol de Leon In France, was another of those eminent characters who fled for refuge to this country during the irevolution. The above amiable Catholic prelate, wliose name will always be ranked in the first class of those who have done good in their generation, was descended from an ancient family in Brittiin3\ One of his first episcopal acts, was the found- ing of a seminnry of learning at his own ex- pense, and endowing it with funds sufficient for the salaries of professors and the repairs of the buildings. Besides this munificent foundation, the Bishop expended two-thlrrls of his income in various plans for the ad- vantage of his diocese and the relief of the poor. The French revolution, however, deprived him of his diocese and drove him a fugitive to this country. After suffering man}' hardships he landed at Mount's Bay, in Cornwall, on the 3rd of November, 1791. He was not long in England before he set to work to admiuister to the necessities of his brethren who had sought shelter in great numbers upon onr hospitable island, and all lie could spare out of his own slender purse was devoted to that purpose. Upon the occasion of a great influx of the persecuted French clergy in the autumn of 1792, the Bishop of Leon drew up an address urging upon the emigrants to pursue a certain course while in this country. In proportion to the increasing calls upon him he became more and more indefatigable in his humane exer-

tions ; he visited the sick, consoled the de- jected, and devoted his whole time to the service of his poor wretched brethren, who consulted him iipon :ill dillicultles and looked upon him as a guardian angel sent by Pro- vidence for the alleviation of ti)cir suft'erlngs. He printed a very animated address to the English nation, expressing his gratitude for the kindness shewn his countrymen. lie was always treated by the British government with the greatest respect. The University of Oxford, having with much liberality printed a large edition of the New Testament in Latin for the use of the Catholic clerg}-, he sent a very elegant epistle of thanks in that language to the University, which was read in Convocation. He was particularly honoured by tbc frlendshij) of the Duke of Portland and the Marquis of Buckingham, at whose seats he was a frequent guest. After spending a summer at Stowe in a state of great debillt}'", he returned to his lodgings in Queen Street, Bloomsbury. where he died and was buried in St. Pancras churchyard on the 25th November, 1806. An elegant and appropriate epitaph, from the pen of the Marquis of Buckingham, is inscribed on a monument erected to his memory.

Pascal de PaoJi^ the celebrated Corslcan, was a most shining character — the Garibaldi of his da}'. The Corsicans, uneasy under the yoke of the French, revolted, and young Paoll was placed at their head. After a long and, for a time, successful struggle, against their tjTants, they were at length obliged to submit, and the exiled Paoli sought an asy- lum in this land of freedom. He experienced, in an eminent degree, the esteem and sup- port of the monnrch and the people of Eng- land. He died on the 5th of February, 1807, and was buried in the churchyard, where there is a tomb and an inscription to his memory.

Within the recollection of many parish- ioners the old Church continued to be in an almost rural country. In 1820 a fine group of trees stood at the back of the church- yard, a high grass bank was situated on the opposite side of the Pancras Road, and on the spot now occupied by the model-lodging houses was a good-sized pond in which boys from town, on a summer's after- noon, indulged in the exercise of swimming. Before its recent renovation its exterior w:is exceedingly plain and simple. Daring the repair of the foundiitions some curious relics were discovered.

ll]

THE HISTORY A:^D TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

AN^ lEXT l-EXKFAt.TIONS TO THE POOR OF ^T. PANCRAS.

A LTHOUGH St. Paucras lius no rlcli J\ aucieiit enflowments, it has some noblo modern institutions, such as the Alms- houses, the Orphan Asylum, &:■<:•. 'J'here arc a itiv,' ancient benefices, however, of small amount, which it may prove intere-^ting to bi- made acquainted with.

In 1547, Jolm Morant, Kiq., gent., gave and berjueatlied to the poor ef St. Pancras, four acres ol" land, valued at Id^. per an- num.

A benefactor, now unknown, gave a third part of the profits of three acres of land, near the Fortess Field, in the manor of Can- telows (now Fortess Terrace, Kentish Town) to the poor, the title to which is engraved on a brass plate in Baniet Cimrch. In 1Q\)G this third produced £2 10s. per annum ; in 1810, £14 , and now it produces about ^50 per annum. When the lease runs oat in the course of a few years it will produce a much larger sura.

There are twenty-three acres of land be- longing to the parish church, given also by a person now unkno^^Ti. These Innds were

loaded for a term of years by Sir Robert Payne and otiicrs. In 1811 they were rented at £120 per annum, and arc now very valu- jihlc.

William Heron, Esq., of this parisli,- gave ,£8 a year to mend the highways.

John jMiller, Esq., in 15?So, gave a rent charge of £1 fjs. 8d. on laud>; in Pancras to poor impotent people.

Williara Piatt, Esq., in IC.-jT, gave £10 per annum to the poor of Higtigatc. and £10 to the poor of Kentish Town.

Thomas Charles, Esq., in 1G17, gave a rent of £1 -Is. to buy bread for the puor. Thomas f'leeve, for the same purpose, gave, in IGoi, the sum of £50, with which was purchased a rent charge of £2 IGs. He also gave tlie like sum to the poor of St. Pancras living at Ilighgate, to be distributed in Highgate Chapel.

John Cremer, Esq., of Gray's Inn, loft the sura of £2,000 to he distributed among H)0 poor housekeepers of the parish who had been rated in the poor books. The distribu- tion was made on the 14tli of March. 1781).

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

17

®he ©Id JTimiFs a|.aiukil

a

LAMB'S < Hattoii, 1

CONDt^IT," says Edward , the Author of a "New View of London,'' published in 1707, " stands somewhat above the north end of Red Lion Street, Holborn, in the Kelds, and affords plenty of water, clear as crystal, which is chiefly used for drlnkin^fj. The fountain head is und^ra stone marked vS.P.P., in the vacant gi'ound a little to the cast of the new Ormond Street, and from whence the water is taken in a conduit in lead pipes to Snow Hill, where there is a temple with a figure of a Lamb on it, denoting that its waters come from Lamb's Conduit."

This celebrated conduit, which gave the name to the well-known street opposite the Fonndlinn' Hospital, was one of those sources which supplied the Londoners with water before the New Kiver Company came into existence. It was erected for the use of the Londoners by a gentleman of the name of AVilliam Lamb, of whom, notwithstanding his munificence, but little of his history is known at the present day. The greatest of his gifts, however, and which are recorded by Stow, are the building of the above-men- tioned conduit and the endowment of a chapel in the city, which was burnt down at the great fire of London. As we have said, a full account of the life of this public-spirited man is not now to be had, but what is known is recorded by Stow as follows : —

" William Lambe, for some time a gentle- man of the chappele of King Henry VIIL, and aft 'rwards a Citizen and Clothworker of London, was born in Kent. Neere unto Holbnrne he founded a faire Conduite and a standard with a cocke at Holborne Bridge, and the water was carried along in pipes of lead from the north fields more than two thousand yards, all at his own cost and charge, amounting to the sum of fifteene hundred pounds. These works were begun the six-and-twentieth day of August, L577, and fully finished the 24:th of August the same veere. He gave also pails to one hun- dred and twenty poor women, wherewith to serve and carry this water as it ran out."*

' Before the method was adopted of laying

From other sources we also glean that his prcfessinn was that of a chorister in St. Paul's and Westmi]i6ter Abbey. He was a free brother "of the Company of Cloth workers. At an early age he arrived at a state of great aflhicnce, and at the end of the reign of Henry VIII. appears to have quitted his pro- fession as a choir-singer, for his name does not oceur in the chapel-establishment of his immediate successor. His wealth must have been derived from other sources than that of singing, for the salary of a chorister in those days was only 7d. per diem. It is supposed, however, that he got into the good graces of the capricious monarch through his voice, and obtaining a grant of land from him after the suppression of the monasteries, was raised by him from the rank of a gentleman to that of an esquire. He was thrice married, and was interred in the parish church of St. Faith under the old Cathedral of St. Paul. Of his numerous charities to the various hospitals there is abundant mention.

The head of this conduit stood, as we have olr-erved, on Snow Hill. Its form was that of a square pillar, ten feet high, with Corinthian pilla.^ters in the angles, and with a groined :irch roof. The pipe from which the water flowed issued out of an aperture halfway up the structure, and on the top stood the sculp- ture of a lamb with its head towards Hol- born Hill, in honour of the founder's name. This fubric was sufl'ered to remain some 3'ears after those of Chenpside, Alderm.anbury, and othur conduits were taken down. When, however, the New River Company com- menced to supply the metropolis with water, the conduit pipes got neglected and stepped up, and it ceased to run to Snow Hill, though still useful to the inhabitants in the neigh- bourhood of the streets in the north of Hol- born. The stone at the soutxe of the conduit itself was taken down at the time of the erection of the Foundling Hospital, and the v/ater caused to run a little more to the east,

down pipes and supplying each house sepa- rately with water, Londoners had no other resource than hy fetching it from one of the conduits, or by paying men who made it their business to bring it from thence in pails.

No. 3.

L-

THE IIISTORV AXD TRADITIONS OF ST. PAXCEAS.

from v/]jci"ice, for a long time, the inhabi- tants lia<l iicccss. The supplies of the pumps in ]\IocklcnbGrg and Brunswick Squares arc derived from the springs "which supplied the Lamb's Conduit. lu the year 1800 the access to the water was by steps descending to the pipe whence it issued, and the follow- ing inscription was ivrittcn on part of the conduit : —

" Oa this spot stood the Conduit

Commonly called and known

By the name of Lamb's Conduit,

The property of the City of London ;

Which was rebuilt in the year mdccxlvi.,

At the request of the Governor and Guardians

Of the Hospital for the Maintenance

And education of exposed and deserted

Young children,

In order to lay the way

And make the same more commodious ;

The waters thereof are still preserved,

And continued for the public emolument,

By building an arch over the same,

And this compartment is erected

To preserve tlie City's right and interest

In the said ground, water, and springs.

Lamb's Conduit, as well as most other con- duits in the City and Westminster, was made to run with wine on occasions of public re- joicing, such as the marriage or coronation of a king or the birth of a prince, and this mode of exhilirating and pleasing the popu- lace was easy to practice, and far less ex- pensive than many would imagine, as the popular notion is tliat the efdux of wine was the same as that of the water, or at least the size of a stream issuing from our drinking fountains at the present day. But nothing of the sort : a lio;^'shead of wine was put in communication with the conduit and allowed to run out, and the aperture from which the people filled their vessels was never larger than that of a straw.

In addition to the conduit AVilham Lam1> built and endowed a chapel near Cripplegate, and gave it to the Clothworker's Company. lie likewise left to their trust a sufficient sum to give every year certain npparcl to twelve poor men and women. " To every one of the twelve men," he says in his will, " a frieze gowne, one shirt of linen cloth, and a good strong pair of winter shoes. To the women likewise, a frieze gowne, a smocke, and a good pair of winter shoes, ready for the wearinge. Ahvaies, be it remembered, that they be person- )ioth poor and honest, to whom this cbaritahlo decfle is to be extended, an 1 this ycerely done on the first of October."

Four sermons are still ]ireaebed to the

Clothworker's Company b}' their chaplain upon the four principal festivals of the year, viz., the Annunciatinn, the Feast of St. John the Baptist, St. Michael, and St. Thomas, on which occasion the Master, Wardens, and Livery of the Company go in their gowns in conformity with the will of William Lamb, to hear the preaching and to bestow alms.

From Sir William Dagdale's history of St. Paul's, we learn that this muniticent citizen was buried in the church of St. Faith under that cathedral.^ In the plan which he has given of that subterranean church he has pointed out the very place where Lamb was interred, and a pillar standing in his time, on wliich was affixed a plate of brass, with the | following curious and original inscription, dictated by himself: —

William Lamhe, so sometimes was my name, Whiles I alive dyd runne my mortall race, Serving a prince of most immortall fame, Henry the VIH., who of bis princely grace In his chapell allowed me a place, l>y whose favour, from Gentleman to Esquire, I was preferred with worship for my hire. AVith wives three I joynd wedlock hand, Which (all alive) true lovers were to me ; Joanne, Alice, and Joanne, for so they came

to hande. What needeth praise regarding their degree, In wively truth none stedfast more could be ; Who, though on earth death's force did once

dissever, Heaven yet, I trust, shall joyn us altoa:ether. <.) Lambe of God ! which sinnc didst take

away, And as a Lambe was offered up for sinne, When I (poor Lambe) went from thy flock

astray ; Yet thou, Good Lord ! vouchsafe th^^ Lambe

to win Home to thy folde, and liolde thy Lambe

therein ; That at the day when Lambe^ and Goates

shall sever, Of tliy choice larabes, Lambe may be one for

ever. I pra}^ you all that receive bread and pence,! To say the Lord's prayer before ye go hence.

^ The Church of St. Faith served as a parish church for the Company of Stationers and others dwelling in Paternoster Eow. It was in a vault under the choir of the Old Cathedral, soniewhat like the subterraneous church which was assigned to the French I'rotestauts in the vaults of Canterbury Cathedral, and which visitors may remember to have had shown them.

f Alluding to his gift to the Clothworker's ; Company j

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST PANCRAS.

19

Upon tlie upper portion of the tomb was engraven as follows : —

" As I was, so are ye, As I am, 3-0U shall be,

That I had, that I gave. That I gave, that I have. Thus I end all my cost, That 1 left, that I lost.

(i^ (J|.oiui(llin0 Sjofji^ital

THE trustees of tlie Foundling Hospital own several pieces of laud in St. Pan- eras on behalf of this noble charit}'. The following is a brief account of the origin and progress of this interesting insti- tution : —

Addison, in one of his periodical essa3's in the Guardian (No. 105), sa^'S, " I will men- tion a species of charity which has not yet been excited amongst us, and which deserves our attention the more because it is prac- tised by most of the nations amongst us. I mean a provision for foundlings, or for those children who, through want of sucli a pi*o- vision, are exposed to the barbarity of cruel and unnatural parents. One does not know how to speak of such a subject without horror, but what multitudes of infants have been made away with by those who brought them into the world and were after'wards ashamed or unable to provide for them ! There is scarce an assizes where some un- haj^py wretch is not executed for the mur- der of a child ; and how many more of these monsters of inhumanitj' may we suppose to be wholly undiscovered or cleared for want of legal evidence."

In consequence of this and similar appeals the matter at that time proceeded so far that various persons left by their wills sums for the support of the projected charity, but it was not until Captain Coram came upon the scene about ten years later, that the sclieme assumed a tangible shape. This gentleman, who was the master of a vessel trading to the colonies, had his attention drawn, while frec|uentl3' passing, in the pursuance of his occupation, to and fro between Rotherhithe and London, to the numbi-r of infants lie fre- quently saw exposed in the streets, de.-erted and left to perish through the inclemency of tlie seas -n. Coram accordingly took the ' matter in hand, and straggled for seventeen \ vears to obtain the corap]el:e establishment I of the Foundling Ho-pital Never was phi- i h.mthropist more indtd'Htigable than Coram ;

and, like other guod men, his perseverance did not meet with the most courteous ac- knowledgment. A copy of Coram's memorial and petition to her Royal Highness Princess Amelia is deposited among the records of the Hospital, at the bottom of which Coram has written tlie following note : —

" N.P.— On Innocent's Day, tlie 28'Lh of December, 1737, I went to St. James's Palace, to present this jiotition, having been first advised to address the Lady of the Bed- chamber in Waiting to introduce it ; but the Lady Isabella Finch, who was the Lady in Waiting, gave me very rough words, and bade me begone with my petition, which I did, without opportunity of presenting it. " TiiojiAS CoKAai."

At last, however, begot a memorial signed by twenty-one ladles of quality, noblemen and gentlemen, and a charter was given by George II., on the 17th October, 1739, and a corporation was appointed, including John Doke of Bedford, several peers, the Master of the Rolls, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Attorney General, Solicitor General, and Captain Coram.

The IIos])ital was first opened at a house in Hatton Garden, on the 2Gth October, 1740. Tlie day previous to the opening there appeared on the door the following notice; —

" To-moiTow, at eight oV-lock in the even- ing, this house will be oj'ened for tlie recep- tion of twenty children, under the following regulations ; — No child exceeding the age of tv\'o months, will be taken in, nor such as have the evil, leprosy, or diseases of like na- ture. . . . The person who brings a child is to come at the outward door and ring a bell at the inward door, and not to go away until the child is returned or notice given of its reception ; but no questions whatever will be asked of any jierson bring- ing a child, n^r shall anv servant of the

20

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

house presume to endeavour to discover who such person is on paia of being discharged. All persons who bring children are requested to affix on each child somy particular writing, or other distinguishing mark or token, so rhat the children may be known if hereafter necessary."

The twenty children were accordingly- taken in and immediately afterwards a no- tice appeared on the door, " The hons<^ h /till." It can be left to the imagination to picture the appearance of the street on that especial morning, the rushing, scrambling, and squeezing ; in fact, disgraceful scenes used to take place in Hatton Garden amongst the mothers, who fought and struggled to get in the front, that they might obtain an entrance into the outward door, the success- ful being those who were the strong(:'st, and it very often happened that in the ?neL'e a number of the infants got seriously injured. These raehmcboly and disgraceful scenes were subsequently got rid of by an ingeniou^^ balloting process, all the women being ad- mitted into the court-room to draw balls from bags, those who drew black ones were immediately dismissed, those who drew white were entitled to an admission for their children, if eligible, whilst those who drew red might remain to draw once more amongst themsflves for any vacancies left open by the ineligibility of the former chi.^s.

The establishment in Hatton Garden, how- ever, soon outgrew itself. The clamorous demands for- admission were overwhelming, and London was astonished at the number of foundlings which it called into existence. Fresh funds were solicited, and a large tract of ground, now called tlie Foundling Estate, was taken for the purpose of erecting a commodious and substantial building. The site selected was then a beautiful open country spot, and would be liardly rec^g- m'sible at the present da}', by the good uld Captain Coram, were it possible that he could be recalled to life, built upon and sur- rounded as it is by tall and stately edifice.^.

In 174-5 the western wing of the present Hospital was opened, and the house at Hat- ' ton (xarden given up ; the other two portions of tije Hospital soon followed, and in 1747 the chapel was begun, and here, full of years and hoLiours, was buried Coram, in 1751. the first person interred in that place. At liis funeral the charter w-is borne before him on a velvet cushion, and the pall was supported hy a number of distinguished personages.

In the chapel is an altar-piece by Westj " Christ blessing little children," a beautiful

painting. The magnificent organ was the gift of Handel, who drew large audiences by performing his "Messiah" upon it, adding upwards of £10,000 to the funds of the in- stitution. Not content with this munificent act on the part of the immortal ci.imposer, it is stated that the tnjstees of the Hospital petitioned Furliumcnt to allow them to lay claim to the copyright oi' the " Messiah" for their own especial benefit. When Handel heard of this request, being entireU' ignorant of the meaning of the a[>pfication and yet annoyed at their assmnption, lie indii^nantly exclaimed "What de deevil do yon mean bv sending my music to de Parlement !"

The great attraction in connection with tlie service at the chapel is the singing, which is very beautiful, professionals being cng;iged to render it with effect. The visitor U ex- pected to drop a piece of silver in the plate npon entering. In the girls' dining-room is the famous picture of Captain Coram painted by Hogarth, and upon which he said he exercised more pains and patience than upon any of his oth^r works.

The two most interesting apartments in the hospital are those devoted to the use of the secretary and the committee of numagement. In the secretary's room is " Elisha raising the child," also an immense sea-piece by Brook- ing, painted within the walls, landscape.^ and portraits; bat the gem of the place, and, iikdeed, of the entire collection, is Hugiirth's " March to Fiachley." The history of this work is curious. Among his other benefac- tions to the hospital Hogarth gave a number of unsold tickets connected with the disp(!sal of the " March to Flnuhley," hy lottery : one of the tickets obtained the prize.

The walls of tlie committee-reuim are niag- nificently decorated. The lieautifui stucco- ! ceiling, the marble chlmncy-]nece, the verd- ' antique table, with its magnificently carved | support, and the glass above it, are respcc- j tively the gift of different artists. Rystrack gave the beautiful piece of sculpture over the | mantel-piece ; Hogarth, Hayman, Wills, and HIghmore, contributed the four great pictures wliich occupy so large a portion of the walls; whilst Wilson, Gainsborough, and others of humbler name filled the eigiit small round compartments scattered between the more pretending works, representing ditferent me- tropolitan hospitals. Of the four larp.<.-r pic- tures Highmore's represents the " Angel of the Loi-d and Ishmael ;" Well's, " Christ show- ing a child as the emblem of Heaven ;" H;iy- mau's, " The finding of Moses ;" and Ho- garth's " The adoption of Moses by Pha- roah's daughter." It is in this room that the

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCUAS.

21

eouiuiittee sit every Wednesday and decide ail applications for admission. It may be in- teresting to note, that from the rooms in the Foundling Hospital thus decorated by the hand of genius, the first idea of estabhshing the Royal Academy originated.

Shortly after the removal of the Hospital from liatton Garden results anything but fa- vourable to public momhty urose i'roni the system of management hrought to bear on the charity. Such a number of calls were made for admission that the funds became exhausted, and application was made to Par- liament ibr a grant, and £10,000 was allowed. The governors thereupon set to work to meet all demands made for admission, and that no trouble should be given to the parents a basket was hung at the gate and they were requested to ring a bell v,-lien they deposited their little burdens therein. The consequence was that in less than throe years and eight m)nths, the time this precious system lasted, nearly 15,0o0 infants were received in the Foundling Hospital ; out of this number, however, as if to prove the frightful evil of such ill-judged management, they were only able to rear 4,000.

A correspondent in one of the papers of the day, wrote from a town 300 miles distant from London, the following letter in reference to the system which had sprung up of tratlicking in the conveyance of foundlings from thence to the Founding Hospital. It illustrates, no doubt, what was being carried ou all over England ; —

" There is set up in our corporation a new and uncommon trade, namely, the conveying of children to the Foundling Iio?pita), in London. The person employed in this tniliic is a woman of notoriously bad cha- racter. She undertakes the carrjing of these children at so much per head. She has, I am told, made one trip already, and, has now set upon her journey with two of her daughters, each with a cijild upon her back."

From another quarter it was reported that the charge for carrying up children from Yorkshire to London, four in two panniers strung across a horse's back, was, for some, eight guineas a trip, but competition soim reduced this amount, and, to make it up, the carriers used literally to strip the little thino"S naked, for the sake of tiie value of their clothing, and thus leave them in the basket at the Foundling gate.

The evil of this .system was too glaring to last long. In ITG'J a resolution was passed

declaring that the indiscriminate admission of all children under a certain age, into the Hospital, had been attended with many evil consequences, and that it be discontinued. The national funds contributed no less a sum than £549,796 to the expenses of this ill-judged experiment.

The governors of the charity, after this se- vere warning, proceeded with more caution ; they restricted their exertions to the scope of their own funds ; they endeavoured to re- duce the evils which must belong to all such institutions to a minimum, and to raise the good they could accomplish to a maximum ; yet it was not till 1801 that the most objec- tionable practice of taking children without inquiry, on the pa}uient of £100, was formally abolished.

Of the present government of the Hospital httle need be said. The system of manage- ment is nearly as perfect as it is possible to make it; the funds are more than amply suf- ficient, the receipts being in 1841 £11,000, and as all those large and valuable houses be- longing to the charity, which surround it, are held on leases, the actual revenue in the course of a very i'ew years will be at least £5(t,000. There are at present nearly 400 children in the hospital, so that the funds will soon admit of a great extension in their numbers.

In respect to the mode of admission at the present time, Mr. Wrottesley, commissioned by Government to inquire into the manage- ment of the various hospitals, thus w^rites ; — "■ Tbe most meritorious Ci)se would be one in which a young woman having uo means of subsistence except those derived from her own labour, and having no opulent rtdations previously to committing the offence, bore an irreproachable character, but 3-ieldod to long- continued seduction and -.m express promise of marriage, whose delivery took pbice in secret, and whose shame was only known to one or two persons, and, lastly, whose em- plo\'ers, or other persons, were able or de-I- rous to take her into si rvice if enabled to gain her livelihood by the reception of the child, — this is considered the must eligible case."

The chihlren are baptised the day after their admission, and named; names of a general character are chosen. Immediately after baptism the infants nre sent to one of the two stations in the coimtry, East Peck- ham, in Kent, and Chei'tse}', in Surrey. The nurses who receive the children are in receipt of os. 6d. a week each, and a gra- tuity of lOs. Gd. at tlie end of the first year if the child appears to have been snreessfullj-

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

rearo'l. The iinrses auJ their hiisbancis, generally" poor cottagers, are not only called fatlicr and mother by the children, but tlie}^ invariauly fulfil their duties in a manner that not only leaves nothing to be desired, but that goes beyond all reasonable expecta- tion ; indeed, so strong is the attachment which generally grows up between nurse and child, that when the age is attained at which the latter is removed to London, tho parting is often of a very distressing clmracter.

"When the time expires for the children to leave the Hospital, the boys are apprenticed to different tradr^s, and, if required, premiums are given varying from £5 to £10. The girls arc never entrusted to the c;ire of un-

man'ied men, nor to married men, except with the consent of their wives, nor to per- sons who only keep a single servant. Per- sonal inspection and inquiry as to their con- duct is kept up through the whole period of tlieir apprenticeship, and more particularly with regard to the females. A pleasant cus- tom has been introduced of giving to the gi-adually dissolving connection the right tone of feeling preparatory to its final disso- lution. Once in every year takes place a meeting of the apprentices of the hospital, to mingle once more among their youthful associates and elder friends and guardians, on which occasion a gratuity is given to all who can present a certificate of good con- duct from theu' employers.

St. a^Mii

THE spot now occupied bj-St. Chnrl'sRov.-, near the Home and C'donird Scliools, Gray's Inn Road, was formerly noted on account of its well, dedicated to St. Chad. The well-house still exists (18G0), but will soon 1)6 numbered with the things of the past, the Metropolitan Railway Company being about to raze it to the ground. The follow- ing accountof a visit by a gentleman, in 182.5. taken from " Hone's Every-da3^ Book," will be found interesting: —

" St. Chad died about tlie year G7.3. He was the founder of the see and bishopric of Litchfield. According to Bede, he died at- tended by angels ; joyful melody, as of persons sweetly singing, descended from heaven to his oratory, for half an hour, and then mounted again to heaven, presaging his decease.

"St. Chad's "Well, near Battle Bridge, takes its name from the above saint. The water was aperient, and in years gone by was purchased by crowds of invalids, who used to Hock thither to drink it, the cost at fir^t being (id. a-head, but afterwards brought down to the low sum of one halfpenny per glass.

" If anyone desire to visit this spot of emi- nent renown, li:-t bim descend from Holborn Bars to the very bottom of Gray's Iini Lane. On the left hand side formerly stood a con- siderable bill, whereupon were wont to climb and browze certain swine of the metropolis —

the hill was the largest heap of ciuiler dust in the neighbourhood of London. It was formed by the annual accumulation of some thousands of cartloads, and was afterwards exported in .ship-loads to Russia for making bricks to rebuild JIoscow after the conflagra- tion of that capital by the entrance of Na- poleon. Opposite this mrsightly hill, and on the right hand side of the road is an angle- wise, faded inscription of

Saint Chad's Well.

It stands over an elderly pair of wooden gat„s, one whereof opens upon a scene which the unaccustomed eye ma}' take for the pleasure- grounds of Giant Despair. Trees stand as if made not to vegetate ; clit.)ped hedges seem willing to decline, and woecls struggle weakly upon unlimited borders. If you look around, you see upon an octagonal board, ' Health preserved and restored.' Further on, towards the left, stands a low, old-fashioned comfort- able-looking, large-windowed dwelling, aiid there also stands at the open-door an ancient female, in a black bonnet, a clean bine cotton gown and a checked apron. Tbis is tlie 'L'idy of the Well.' She gratuitously informs yon that the gardens of St. Chad's Well are for exhibition b}* paying for the water, of wliicli you may drink as much as you please for

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIOXS OF ST. PANCRAS.

ur.u ,£;uiiiep. per year, Os IjJ. quarterly, 4s. GJ. monthly, or Is. Gd. weekly. You qualify for a single visit by payinj; Gd., ami a large glassful of warm water is handed to you As a stranger you are told that St. Chad's "Well was famous at one time, and should you be inquisitive the dame will tell you that ' things are not as they used to be in her time, anil she cnn't tell what will happen ne.s.t.' While drinking St. Chad's water yon observe an imnien^^e copper into which is poured the water, and there heated to a due efficiency, from wdieiice it is drawn by a tap into gla-<ses and then retailed. Y^ou also remark hanging on the wall 'a tribute of gratitude' in verses, telling the visitor of a \vondeifid cm-f b\- using the invaluable waters. Above all, tiiere is a, full-lengih portrait of a stout, eomely personage, with a ruddy countenance, in a scarlet cloak, a laced cravat falling down the breast, and a small red night-cap carelesslv placed on the head, conveying the idea that it was painted for s ime ojuilent butcher of the reign of Queen Anne. Ask the dame about it, and she refers you to an old man who says lie is ninety four this present year of our Lord

one thousand eight hundred and twenty-live, and all he has to eoramunicatc concerning it, is 'I have heard say it is the portrait of St. Chad.'

" I was told that an tdd American loyalist, who hiis lived in PentouviUc ever ^iiice the Rebellion forced him to the mother country, eontinnally haunts tlit5 place. It was the first place of amusement he visited after his ai-rival, and he goes nowhere else, for every- thing is so altered. St Chad's Well is haunted, but not frecfuented. A few more years and it will he with its waters as with tlic waters of St. Fancras Wells, which arc enclosed in the garden of a private house near old St. Pancriis churchyard."

Such is a description of St. Chad'.s Well by a gentleman who paid it a visit in 1825. Many an " old inhabitant," who lived in the neighbourhood at that time, will doubtless re- member much of what has been stated. The " few more years" have at length passed away, and St. Chad's Well is now a thing of bygone days, its "name" and "local habi- I tation" being perpetuated by St. Chad's Row

iiifliiiiiTlij tidljj' W^d &n\\(lmi

P.4RT of the road now called " Bagnigge Wells Road," divides St. Pancias from the parish of Clerkenwell — its western side being in .St. Pancras. It is part of the old and ancient highway leading from the city to High Barnet, and which Norden tile historian, describes as " passing Pancras Church on the west, and Plighgate on the north," running as it did into Maiden Lane, which is one of the oldest roads in the north of London. For some unknown reason the river Fleet in that neighbourhood was locally nicknamed the "' River Bagnigge" and hence a well near at hand was called " Bagnigge Wells," and ultimately there arose Bagnigge House and Tea-gardens. The house originally called " Bagnigge House," is said in Bede's anecdotes, and with some appenriince of pro- bability, to have been a country residence of Nell Gwynne's, the celebrated mistress of Charles IL, and in memory of its .supposed proprietor the owner of some small property

near the north end of the "gardens, styled them " Nell Gwynne's Buildings." At that time, however, the valley possessed beauties wdiich have long since vanished ; but perhaps the render could picture to himself a beautiful country scene if he would fancy the rising slopes of PentonviUe HiU, Penton Street, and Percy Street and Circus, and all the nndulrited surface in the immediate vicinity, to be covered with smooth verdure and delightful foliage, and the Fleet Brook to be a clear and wdrolesome stream, instead of a stinking underground dUch.

The house used to be tenanted bv private tenants until the year 1757, when, in coa- soquence of some mineral springs being dis- covered in its g.ardens, it was opened to the pubhc. In fact, the medical qualities of the springs were first discovered by the occupant himself, wdio, finding the water from the well he had dug in his garden to have a curious efl'ect upon some flower-beds in which lie

THE HISTORY AND TRADITION'S OF ST. PANCRAS.

took great delijjht, vras led to inquire the cause, aud by the assistance of a medical friend, lie found that the in'ater contained certain luiiieral qualities, which were then raucli iu vogue. The gentleman took ad- vantage of Ills discovery and opened the hoiise to the public as a place for drinking waters with much success.

Though thus opened for the fii-st time to the general public, Bagnigge House was un- doubtedly used previous to this as an occa- sional resort of a public nature, for, on the north garden wall was an old stone taken from a Gothic portal that formed part of the ancient residence, and on the stone was the following inscription : —

T.T.

This is Bagnigge

House neare

The Pindar of Wakefielde,

1060.

Such an inscription, we can scarcely sup- pose, could have been affixed to a private dwelling. The " Pindar of Wakefield " was then of even greater celebrity than Bagnigge Ploase ; indeed, it is perhaps the oldest esta- blished inn in the parish, dating as far back as 1577, and at that time the only house of entertainment between " Holborne and High- gate." '^ In tlie case above-mentioned," ob- serves Malcolm, (the author of the '' Manners and Customs of Ancient London ") "it would seem as if the proprietor of Bagnigge House was concerned in the ' Pindar,' as he would ?cnrCtf]vhave allowed a slab of stone to have

remained on the front of liis hou-e, pointing it out as a place well-luiown, unless he had some interest in it."

When Bagnigge House was first opened as a public Spa, it soon rose into notoriety as a tea-garden resort on the Sundays. The gar- dens were at first of considerable .size, deco- rated in the old-fashioned maimer, with walks in formal lines, a profusion of leaden statues, alcoves, and fountains, but being taken by anew tenant in 1813, they were considerably curtailed. In the sale that then took place, the catalogue described the fixtures and fit- tings up as compri-sing a temple, a grotto, arbours, boxes, large leaden pipes, pumps, shrubs, 200 drinking tables, 350 wooden seats, &c. The temple and grotto were pur- chased by the new proprietor, and remained as long as it continued a tea-garden. The former consisted of a roofed and circular kind of colonnade, formed by a double row of pil- lars and pillasters, with an interior ballustrade, a building something after the fashion of the water-temples at the Crystal Palace. In the Long Room was a fine-toned organ and a bust of Nell Gywnne in a circular border, composed of a variety of fruits, supposed to have alluded to her original occupation of selling fruit at the plajdiouse. The.se speci- mens of carved work were placed over a chiinoey-piece in the old mansion, and after- wards were put up in the assembly room by the proprietor of the tea-garden. Bagnigge Wells Tea-garden is now, how'ever, a thing of the past. Like those of White Conduit and other places, all trac:" o." i.trality liave disappeared, and its site is cjvcved with bricks and mortar.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

25

®It4 (^tij^t gnaali.

THE ancient Fleet Brook, which had its origin in the high grounds of Hamp- st,'ad Heath, from whence it passed by Kentish Town, Camden Town, and the Old Church, was anciently denominated " Turnmill Brook,'* also the ''River of "Wells." Some years ago, on making the excavation necessary for arching over the Brook, at Battle Bridge, an anchor was found, from which it is inferred that vessels must have originally passed from the Thames down to that place. Stow, the historian, in his survey of L aidon, says, *' that the Fleet Brook was clear and sweet as far down as Old Borne rPIolborn) Bridge." It did not long remain so, how- ever, for in the year ]21)0, the monks of Whitefriars complained to Parliament of its putrid exhalations overcoming the frankin- sence burnt at their altar during the hours of divine service, and at a Parhament, held in 1307, Henry Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, com- plained "that whereas in times past, the River Fleet had been of such depth and breadth that ten or twelve ships, with mer- chandise were wont to come to the Fleet Bridge and some of them to Old Borne Bridge, now, the same course, by the filth of the tanners, and such others, and by the raising of wharfs, is stopped up," Subse- quent to this the stream was frequently' cleansed, imd in the year 1502 the whole course of the Fleet Dyke, as it was then called, was scoured down to the Thames, so that boats, laden with fish and fuel, were rowed to Fleet Bridge and Holborn Bridge, as was their wont. In 1G70 it was again cleansed, enlarged, and deepened sufficiently to admit of barges as far as Holborn Bridge, when the water was five feet deep at its lowest tides, and twenty-three at the fullest. So convenient, however, was the river as a receptacle for filth to the inhabitants, that the expense of keeping it clear became very burdensome, and in the year 1734 it was or- dered to be arched over as far as Farringdon Street by an act of Parliament, and thus be- came extinct as a navigable river.

Not many years since, however, its stream was sufficiently powerful to give motion to

some flour and flatting mills in Clerkenwell, and in the winter time it frequently over- flowed its banks and laid the fields in the neighbourhood of Battle Bridge and King's Cross entirely under water. A local his- torian, who lived in Somers Town in 1812, says : " Such is the increase of water in the channel of the Fleete, after long-continued rains, or a sudden thaw with much snow on the ground, by reason of the great influx from the adjacent hills, that sometimes from this place (Battle Bridge), it overflows its bounds, breaks up the bridijes, and inundates the surrounding neii^hboui-hood to a consi- derable extent. Several years ago an inun- dation of this kind took place, when several drowned cattle, butts of beer, and other heavy articles were carried down the stream from the premises on its banks, in which the flood had entered and made great devasta- tion. But the most considerable overflow that has happened within the memory of many now living, occurred iu January, 1809. At this period, when the snow was lying very deep, a rapid thaw came on, and the arches not affording a sufficient passage for the increased cuiTent, the whole space be- tween Old Pancras Church, Somers Town, and the bottom of the hill at Pentonville was in a short time covered with water. The flood rose to the height of three feet from the middle of the highway ; the lower rooms of all the houses within that space were com- pletely inundated, and the inhabitants suf- fered considerable damage in their goods and furniture, wliich many of them had not time to remove. For several days persons were obliged to be conveyed to and from their houses, and receive their provisions, &c., in at their windows, by means of carts." At this period (1809), the country north of King's Cross was very open, there being few houses of entertainment beyond the Old Church beside the " Red Cap," at Camden Town ; the Fleet Brook was also open as far down as Farringdon Street, and when the Hampstead and Highgate hills were covered with snow, the melting of such a large tract considera- bly increased the usual flow of the stream, and often caused an inundation.

No. 4.

21.";

THE HISTORY AND TRADmONS OF ST. PAXCRAS.

Jinny an old iuhal)itant of St. Piincrns re- members the Fleet Brook when it openly flowed by the side of the Old Church, passed under the little bridge at King's Cro^s, and continued its way along the hol- low which now forms the Bagnigge Wells' Koad, and one can easilyimagine what a sweet scene must have been presented in the valley formed by the rising grounds on either side, Pentonville Hill, its highest ridge on the one side and the gentle undulating slope from Gray's Inn Lane, on the other.

It will be found interesting to note the condition of London and its suburbs in the time of the Romans, and the gi-adual conver- sion of those little streams like the Fleet which once watered the capital, into common sewers. During the Roman era, London ^A'as, as it now is, the principal commercial town in Britain. The site whereon was situated the great Roman lilghway of London now called Watling Street (a name it still bears) was a continuation of the great Roman high-road from Dover, and the vast quantities of mosaic pavement that have been found in its vicinity lead us to coticlude that it was paved with that material ; and on the areas upon which the Cathedral of St. Paul and Westminster Abbey now stand, temples to the goddess Diana and the god Apollo, it is supposed, were erected, those same spots having thus been dedicated to sacred purposes, both in heathen and Christian religion, from the earliest known period of our history. Nor were those the only sites on which objects of a similar character still continue to occupv the place they were originally iised for, it being almost certain that the Romans were in possession of a bridge that crossed the Thames at the point where the present Lon- don Bridge now stands ; for, on dredging and laying the foundation of the piers of the new bridge, bronze figures, ornaments, and in- numerable articles of every description, were found right across the bed of the river. The Romans, too, erected magnificent embank- ments, which are still in existence, on both sides of the river, in order to y.n-event the high tide from overiloudng the land, extending, on the north side of the Thames, from Wapping along the whole of the marshy Essex coast; and, on the south, from Lambeth down- il wards — B;ink ide, Southwark, being the only I] spi.t, perhai'S, which now bears a name relative to that great work of the Romans.

Tlie exquisite specimens of ware which abound in our museums, and in the cabinets of antiquaries, show to what a degree of ex- cellence the Romans had arrived in potter's work — vases, bowls, pipes, pipkins, tessalated

pavement, tiles, and domestic utensils of all kinds, were all subjects ofthelrartin clay. Pottery, however, was only one of the branches of industry in which the Roman Londoners excelled, for the specimens of locks, bells, coin-moulds, spoons, and even scissors, that have been exhumed, show that they were not deficient in the manufacture of cutler}^ and hardware; while the innumerable articles, both of use and ornament, which they fashioned out of bronze, acquaint us of the esteem in which that metal was held by them. It is exceedingl3' to be regretted that some of the more substantial works of the Romans should not have been spared to be handed down to us as eye-seeing evidences of their dwellings in our ancient city ; but, after the Romans had departed, much of the impression they had left was effaced in the devastating wars and the ruthless incursions of the Scots that followed their departure ; and when that was succeeded by the invasion of the Saxons, a people almost as barbarous and uncivilized as themselves before Roman rule, it is not to be wondered at that but few memorials have escaped complete destruction, especially as they made use of the materials of the Roman temples and houses to build np their own.

Roman London, too, it appears, was not without it cemeteries, and these, it is con- jectured, from the large number of sarco- phngns and other emblems of the dead that from time to time have been discovered, were situated near Smithfield — probably where St. Sepulchre's Church now stands — and in the neigbourhood of Spitalfields. Walbrook now occupies the site of a little stream which ran down a gentle declivity into the parent river, dividing, in its course, the boundary of the gardens belonging to the houses that were arranged on either side ; Cornhill, also, was a pleasant acclivity, on whose eminence ran another little brook called the Fen (hence Fenchurch Street), and whenever the ground in these localities is disturbed, there is always sure to be found a qiiantit}'' of pottery, some of beautiful design and workmanship; which circumstance leads us to infer that the Roman works for the mtinufacture of such articles must have been in this neighbourhood. The small but important articles which have been saved to us only by being buried in the ground, reveal sufhcient facts to prove the taste and refinement that characterised a wealthy London citizen in the days of the Romans.

The Romans, too, perfectly understood the luxury of possessing well-kept thorough- fares, and the great high roads which com- municated with London were made so en-

ijtiii lilsrOKY AND TliADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

27

dunilile luul solid, tliat large bodies of infantry

and cavalry could, in all weatlicrs and seasons,

I be easily moved from one part of the country

to the other. In every instance, the distance

I from station to station was indicated by

j numerals on Roman milestones, and of these

' the famous London Stone, still to be seen

I leaning against the south wall of St. Swithin's,

in Cannon Street, is supposed to have been

the first, or that from which the others were

numbered.

The private dwellings of the Romans wore in consonance with their public works ; for magnificent villas studded the banks of the beautiful Fleet ]'»rook, and its meander- ings through tile sylvan valleys formed by Snow Hill (famous for its snow drops), Sall'ron Hill, Clerkenwoll, and the undulating ground in the neighhiiurliood of those places, must have afforded many a lovely scene to the eye of the citizen. Clear as crvstal did it wander from its source in tlie then distant Iligligate Hills, watering many a pleasant glade, and giving birth to swarms of silver trout and other fi»ii, till it fell into the equally clear Thames.

From the time of ^Villiam the Conrpieror to the reign of Eduard I., the Fleet was called the " River of Wells," in consequence of the great number of springs which were found on either side of its course, and which have since given natnes to so many localities in its neighbourliood. Thus, tliose curious in local topography know that St. Chad's Row is named from " St. Ciiad's Well." Then, there was " Amwell," hence Arawell Street ; " Clerk's M^ell," hence Clcrkenwell ; St. Paucras "Wells, situate in the Old St. Pancras Road; Bagnigge Wells, &e.

As London extended, the Fleet Brook gradually became polluted by the gullies constructed on its ea.st side, which emptied their contents into its stream. It was navi- gable for barges and boats for many hundred years as far as Farringdon Street, where a bridge (hence, Holborn Bridge) was con- structed for the convenience of passengers, though .at many places it was fordable wlnai the tide had run out. It still continued clear, however, a short distance h-om town, and as it flowed through Bagnigge Wells, Old St. Pancras, and Highgato, alFordcd pleasant conteni})lation and delight to many a citizen. Dnring the period of heavy rains its banks ^vould swell to a very great height, and its depth at Holborn Bridge has been known to rise npwards of nine feet, inundating the low-lying districts at the bottom of Safl'ron Hill and Clerkenw'eli.

During the time of the early Georges the

greater part of its course presented nothing but the aspect of a filthy sewer, and was a constant source of disease and ill health to the thick population through wliich it ran. Many a dark tragedy, too, was perpetrated in its waters dnring those lawless and licen- tious times. Tliere was not, probably, a blacker community on the face of the civilized world than existed upon the banks of the Fleet Sewer in the eighteeiith century. Field Lane, Saffron Hill, and Cow Cross was one large fester-sput of poverty and crime. ' It was the resort of the robber, the assassin, the piclcpocket, and the prostitute. Stane of the houses overhung the rushing sewer, and their floors had trap doors, through wdiich the unsuspecting victim suddenly sank into the water. .Jonathan Wild, .Jack Shep|iard, .and other notorious criminals here committed many of their robberies, and on the occasion of the razing of the lanes and alleys in order that the new Victoria Street might be con- structed, several articles were found in a house those criminals were known to have frequented, and wliich were supposed to have belonged to them. Strangers were lured into the neigh- bourhood by promises of cheap bargains, and if in the apparent possession ol" any wealth or valuables, were requested to enter the shop, and thence conducted to the bncli: premises, where they were robbed and murdered. Their bodies w'ere afterwards consigned to the rushing Fleet, which carried them into the Thames, and there they floated up and down with the tide; and if by chance any boat- man happened to descry the floating body, it was taken ashore, buried by the parish, and returned as found drowned. ]\hniy a murdered man has the dark and rush ing waters of the Fleet carried down into the Thames, whom no effort on the part of friends could ever discover, and whose end will only he brought to light on that Great Day when all wicked deeds shall lie revealed. The following anecdote is taken from tlie Gsntlemwi's il(igazlne of 183G : — " On thi! Dih of August a remarkably fat boar was taken up on coming out of the Fleet Ditch at low tide into the Thames ; it proved to belong to a butcher near Smit'dield l>ir>, wlio had missed him fiir lire teonths, all nf wljicli time it appears he li;;d been in the common sewer, and wus improved in ['rice from ton shillings to two guineas."

IMuch, however, as we may lamt-nt th^ metamorphosis of a clear running stieani into a filthy sewer, the Fleet Brook does the J^ondonci" good service. It affords tlie he:-.t of natural drainage for a ho;ge '■xcent norrh of the metropolis, and irs le\"el is so situati d

28

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

as to render it capable of can-ying off the contents of a vast number of side drains wbicli run into it. It is now nearly all covered in, but there still exists in its native state, a few yards in oar parish. At the back of the Grove, in the Kentish Town Road, a running rill of water, one of the little arms of the Fleet, is yet clear and un- tainted, and continues so till it empties itself into the parent brook. Another arm, which joined the Fleet near Dr. Orange's garden,

may be seen on the east side of the Kentish Town Road, at the bottom of the field at the back of the "Bull and Last Inn." We are not sure, whether its communication with the Fleet is not now cut off, but it once belonged to that river, and as we lean over the paling of the little wooden bridge and listen to the soft trickling of the running water, we picture to our minds the time when it could liavc been followed, clear and ftninless, into the equally clear and stainless Thames.

®Iie ''^hm Hud (&v{'

AMONG the many plnces of entertainment and resort -with winch the suburbs of London abounded during the hist cen- tury, the " Adam and Eve '' Tea Gardens at the corner of the Hampstead Road ranked amongst the foremost. The "Adam and Eve'' is supposed, to stand upon the site of the old Manor House cfTottenhall or Tot- tenham Court. Contiguous to the inn, and near to the reservoir in the Hampstead lload, there formerl}"" stood an ancient house, called in various old records " King John's Palace." Whether King John ever resided there or no, it is now impossible to ascertain ; all we have for its authority is tradition, but that the old manor house of Tottenhall was once called a palace is pretty evident, and tliL'. fact that there is a place in the Euston Koad called " Palace Row" supports the tradition that the house was generally known by that name.

In the year 1800, when the northern end of Tottenham Court Road from Whitfield Chapel was lined on either side with the hawthorn edge, the " Adam and Eve " tea- gardens were the constant resort of thousands of Londoners. It then had spacious gardens at the rear and at the sides, and a fore-court, with large elm-trees, and tables and benches for out-door customers, who pruferrod to smoke their pipes and enjoy the fresh air from Marylebone Park in front of the road. Liside the gardens were fruit trees and bowers, and arbours, with every accommoda- tion for tea-drinking parties. At that period, there was only one conveyance a day between Paddington and the city. This conveyance was called the " Paddington Drag," and stopped to take up passengers at the " Adam and Eve," whose doors it passed by twice a-

day. It -was driven by its proprietor, per- i'orming the journey In two hours and-a-half quick tbne^ returning to PaddIn'j,"ton in the evening within three hours from its leaving the City, which was deenitdyai/' time con.^i- siderlng the necessity for precaution against the accidents of " night travelling !"

The following interesting letter appeared in the Year Book of Facts, edited by Mr. Hone, from an old parishioner, who appears to have been well-acquainted with the " Adam and Eve," together with the condition of the sur- roundlnn; neighbonrhood during the latter half of the past century. After referring to some notice that had been made of the " Adam and Eve " by the editor, he says : —

" Mr. Editor, — It may also be recol- lected that the " Paddington Drag," the tedious process of which you have so correctly described, made its way to the City from Paddington down the defile called Gray's Inn Lane, and gave the passengers an oppor- tunity for shopping by waiting one hour at the " Blue Post," Holborn Bars. The route to the Bank by the way of the City Road was then a thing nnth ought of, and the Hampstead coachman who first achieved that daring feat was regarded with an admiration somewhat akin to that bestowed on him who first doubled the capo in search of a passage to India.

" The spot near the * Adam and Eve,' i I recollect well as a rural suburb. It is now surrounded on every side with houses | and streets, but was once numbered among the common walks of a Cockney's Sunday strolc. George Wither, in his ^' Brittannia llemera- brancer,' 1623, has this passage : —

THE IIISTOKY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

20

" ' Some by the banks of Thames their plea- sure taking :

Some sillabubs among the milkmjiids making;

AVith music some, upon the waters rowing ;

Some to the next adjoining hamlets going,

And Hogsden, Islington, and Tothnam- Couft,

For cakes and creame had then no small resorte/

" In the same poem the following lines occur : —

" ' Those who did never travel, till of late Half way to Pancridge from the city-gate.'

" Broome, in his ' New Academy,' 1658,

Act. 2, has this passage : —

" 'When shfiU we walk to Totknam Court; or Crosse o'er the water ; or take a coach to

Kensington ; Or Piiddint^ton, or to some one or other Of the city outleaps, for an afternoon?'

" In Act 3 of the same play, it says : —

*' ' He's one Of the four famous parties of the time ; None of the cremo and cake boyes ; nor of

those That gall their hands with stool-balls, or their

cat-.-tlcks, For white-pots, pudding-pies, stewed prunes,

or tansies, To feast their titts at Islington or Hogsden.' "

The " Adam and Eve" was also celebrated on account of its cream-cakes, which were then a delicacy much in vogue among rural excursionists to the outskirts of the metro- polis. Another writer to the same book upon the same subject, writes the following inter- esting communication to the editor: —

" Sir, — Your brief notice of the ' Adam and Eve ' has awakened many pleasant re- collections of a suburb which was the fre- quent hau.nt of my hoyish days, and the scene of the happiest hours of my existence at a more mature a^^e. Few places afford more scope for pleasant writing than the northern suburbs of London, for not many places have undergone within the space of a few years, a more entire, and to me, a scarcely pleasing, mutation. I am almost afraid to own that Old Marylebone Park holds a dearer place in my affections than its more splendid but less rural successor.* When,

too, I remember the lowly but picturesque old ' Queen's Head and Artichoke,' with its long skittle and ' bumble-puppy ' grounds, and the ' Jew's Harp,' with its bowery tea- gardens, I have little pleasure in the sight of the gin-shop lookin<T places which now bear the name. Neither does the new hay market* compensate me for the fields in which I made my earliest studies of cattle, and once re- ceived from the sculpture, NoUekcns, an ap- proving word and pat on the head, as he re- turned from his customary morning walk.

" Coming more eastward, I remember the long fields with regret, and Somers Town, isolated and rural as it was when I first haunted it, is now little better than another arm to the great Briareus, dingy with smoke and deprived almost wholly of the gardens and fields which once seemed to render it to me a terrestrial paradise. The Hampstead Road, and the once beautiful fields leading to and surrounding Chalk Farm, have not escaped the profanation of the builders' handicraft, and Hampstead itself, 'the region of all suburban ruralities,' has had a vital blow aimed at its noble Heath and charming Vale of Health. True the intended sacrilege was not effected, but was it not to be dreaded from the senseless and insane par- tiahty of its tasteless and truly senseless landlord — senseless, because he cannot see that the attainment of his object would de- feat, instead of further, his avaricious views by rendering the buildings almost wholly valueless. One might almost as reasonably deprive Ramsgate of the sea or Leamington of its Spa, Hampstead, besides, affords many delightful subjects for pictorial illus- trations.

"The residences of men remarkable for talent might also be pointed out. Somers Town, for example, is full of artists, as a re- ference to the Royal Academy catalogue will evince. In Clarendon Square still lives, I believe, Scriven, the engraver, an artist of great ability, and in his day.of much consi- deration. In the same neighbourhood dwells the venerable Dr. Wilde, who may justly be termed the best engraver of his age for up- wards of half a century. From his pencil came the whole of the portraits illustrating Bell's edition of the English theatre, a series of which the Rev. T. F. Dibdin, in his 'Li- brary Companion,' has spoken of as ' admi- rably executed, and as making the eyes sparkle and the heart dance of a dramatic virtuoso.' Not an actor, I believe, of any note, daring the full period above-nientioned,

The Regent's Park.

Cumberland Market.

THE HISTORY A^D TUADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

can be named, from vhosc lineaments the theatrical world is not indebted to the faith- ful and skilful hand of Dr. "VVilde.

" Your paper led me to a chat with a dear and venerable connection of my own, who remembers when the New R'lad was not, and when the last house of Tottenham Court Road was the public-house at the corner by Whitfield's Chapel. I myself remember the destruction of a tree which once shadowed the skittle-ground and road-side of the same house. It u'as cut down and converted into fire-wood by a man who kept a coal-shed hard by. I\Iy relation above referred to, also remembers when Rathbone Place ter- minated at the corner of Percy Street ; when the windmill, which gave its cognnmen to the street of that name, still maiiitaiiK'd its position, and when large soil-pits occupied the site where Charlotte Street and its neighbouring thoroughfares, now stand. A fact which he relates connected with this spot may be worth repeating. A ponr crea- ture, a sailor, I believe, was found dead and denied burial by the parish, on the ground, I suppose, of a want of legal settlement. The body was placed in a coffin and carried about the streets in that condition by persons who solicited alms to defray the expenses of t'l'^

funeral. S'lmething considerable is suii]>o-i-d thus to have been collected; but after they had obtained :is much as they could they threw the body, coffin and all, into one of these soil-pits. In the course of time the corpse of course floated and the atrocity wns discovered, but the perpetrators were not to be found. My informant saw the procession himself, and subsequently the fragments of the coffin lying on the surface of the water. I will only add that he recollects seeing Sixteen-String Jack taken to Tyburn, and also going to see the celebrated Ned Shuter at a low pot-house in St. Giles' at six in the morning, and where, upon quitting the theatre, he had adjonrned to exhibit his e:-:- traordinary powers to a motley crew of mid- night revellers, consisting of highwaymen carmen, sweeps, et id r/eims omne.

" Yours respectfully.

"T.'F." The "Adam and Eve," like other old " suburban" houses of enttM-tainment, is now far away from the fields. It used to include the baker's shop at the corner of the Hamp- .^ti.'ad R"ad, over which was inscribed " The Ailam an<l Evn," and a sign on the top- corner of the old house had the same inscrip- tion.

MAIDEN LANE, AND EUSTON KOAD.

BATTLE BRIDGE is one of the most classic spots in tlic vicinity of Londnn, it having been the scene of a remarli- kahle event wliicli happened in the early his- tory of our country, and the authorities have not improved its appellation by altering it to that of Pentonville Bead and King's Cross. It is said that Julius Ca;sar, with Mark Antony and Cicero, encamped upon this spot for two succeeding years. That, iiov.'cver, is nuicli to be doubted ; but it is tolerably ci'rtain, that in the immedi.atc neiahhourhHvl of Battle Bri.lge tii^a-e wms ibught th:H liatil,-, 50 fearful in its results, of Vv'bieh BcL'di'.'^'a, t^neen of the Ic.ni, \v;is the her.ilue. The ofca^i^in of it vas tli' f.illow- ing : The Queen had placed hcrs-eif at the head of tli;if portion of her conntrynieu Vvdio resolved to throw off' the flou'iau bondage.

She urged the Britons, in the absorice of the Roman General Paulinus, to put all the I'nreigners to death. Excited by the exhorta- tions and complaints of this warlike Queen the Britons fell upon the Romans throughout the various colonies they had founded, hill- ing every one they came in contact with, without the least distinction of age or sex. Indeed, they carried their revenge to a shocking extent, inventing tortures and punishments of tlie most barbarous descrip- tion ; wives were hung wdth children sucking at their Iiosoms ; virgins had their breasts cijt oif and crammed into their mou.ths, and many were impaled to the ground alive, and left to die a lingering death. A great number of the old Roman soldiers, unfit (or service, but who were pensioned off with plots of land in Britain, were burnt in a temple thcv had

THE HISTORY AND TK'AniTIONS OF ST PANCRAS.

31

retiivil to near Colciirstcr. Nntliing escaped tliu fury uF the Britoiis, niicl it is computed 8U,0U(J persons were immolated on the ulttir of reveage. Tlic British army was now in- creased to 100.000 men, commanded by Boedicea in person, and was gathering fre-h power and augmenting its resources every day, when Paulinas, the Roman general, heard tlie news of the rebellion He imme- diately quitted Anglesey, whither he had gone to exterminate the Druids, and marched with the greatest celerity to London, intend- ing^ to visit the ixbels with coadign punish- ment.

On his arrival near London, he found Bcedicea and her army posted near or about the spot knowMi as Battle Bridge, and there a terrible battle ensued, in whicti nearly the wliole of the British army was slain, and Bocdicea herself taken prisoner. Several relics have at various times been found in the neighbourhood upon making excavations, which support the testimony vt' historical tradition upon this point. Beside this important battle, it is stated that an en- gagement took place between King Alfred and the Danes upon the same spot. The spot is also associated with other reminis- cence^. Cromwell had an observatory situated at King's Cross. The original Roman road to the north commenced here. Some years ago a dumpy miserable statue of George IV. stood upon the spot, and its appropriate his- torical name of Battle Bridge was changed to King's Cross in compliment to the said ugly statue. In 18*^1:2 it was taken down and a lamp now occupies its sice.

MAIDEN LANE.

Tirou<_rH not strictly In the parish of St. Pancras, the above highway forms its easternmost boundary, and was partly under its juri->diction in former times. It is one the most ancient roads in the north of Lon- don. The historian Camden, says, " it was opened to the public in the year 1300, and was then the principal road for all travellers proceeding to Higligate and the north." It was formijrly called " Longwich Lane," and was generally kept in sucli a dirty, disrepu- table state as to be almost impassable in winter, and was so often complamed of that the Bishop of London was induced to lay out a new road from the top of Hampstead Heath to Highgate Hill, so that a carrier coming from the west country might get to the north by avoiding Longwich Lane.

Norden, in his work called the " Speculum

Britannife," says, " The old and anciente highwaye to Highe Baniet, from Gray's

Inn and Clcrkenwell, was through a lane to the east of Pancras Church, called Longwich Lane, from whence, leaving Highgate on the west, it passed through Tallingdon Lane (the old road over the archway) and so on to Crouche Ende, thence through Hornscy Greate Parke to Muswell Hill, Coanie Hatche, Fryene Bar- nete, and so on to Whetstone. This anciente waye, by reason of the deepness and dirtieness of the passage in the winter season, was re- fused uf wayfaring men, carriers, and travel- lei's, in rfgarde whereof it is agreed between the Bishop of London and the countrie, that a new waye shall Ije laide forthe through Bishop's Parke, beginning at Highgate Hill, to leade directe to Whetstone, for which a certain tole should he paid to the Bishop, and for that purpose has a gate been erected on the hill, that through the same all tra- vellers should passi, and be the more aptly staide for the same tole." This new road, however, was convenient only to those who passed to the north through Hampstead, and numerous accidents and inconveniences at- tendant on the continued bad state of Maiden Lane, caused many complaints, and in the Public Advertiser of August 5, 1770, a letter i-ecommended that a road, commencing from the " Bull," in Ken- tish Town should be made to run eastward, avoiding the hill.

In 1778 a dispute arose between Islington and St. i*ancras as to which parish should bear the expenses of the repairing of the road, which gave rise to legal proceedings. On the 11th of May, 1791, an indictment was laid against the parish of Islington by St. Pancras for the non-r'pair of the road. It appeared that a boundary-stone belonging to Islington ha'd bemi incautiously removed trom the south-side of the lane to the west, thereby including the whole of the I'oad within that parish ; after which St. Pancras refused to bear any more expense. Islington contended that it was a party-road, and urged the fact that the plan of the manor of St. John of Jerusalem extended only to the centre of the lane, which manor defined the boundary of Islington: evidence was also brought forward from the records of the Manor of Cautelows, and from the Chapter House of St. Paul's. Notwithstanding all this evidence, however, it was decided that Maiden Lane belonged to Islington, and though they appealed against such a decision, it was confirmed by the King's Bench, and has ever since been under their jurisdiction.

33

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

THE EUSTON KOAD.

The above road (lately called the New Road), and along which so vast an amount of merchandise and traffic pass daily, is scarcely a century old, and was, in the year 1750, part of an expanse of verdant fields. It was made by virtue of an act of Parliament passed in the reign of George II. (1756), after a most violent contest with the Duke of Bedford, who opposed its construc- tion on the ground of its approaching too near to Bedford House — the duke's town mansion. The Duke of Grafton, on the other hand, supported it with all his power, and after a fierce legal battle it was ulti- mately decided that it should be formed.

A clause in the act prohibited the erection of buildings within fifty feet of the road, and empowered the authorities of parishes through which it passed, to pull down any such erec- tion, and levy the expenses on the offending goods and chattels, without proceeding in the usual way, by indictment. The effect of such resolution was the laying out of gardens be- fore the houses, though the law appears to be now set aside, shops being continually brought out to the footway. The following are a few extracts from the daily papers of tlie period, showing the great interest taken by the public at the time of its progress : —

March, 1750 — " Tlie intended new road through St. Pancras from Paddington to Islington, would meet with no sort of objec- tion, provided the owners of certain lands would consent to a clause against building ■, but as that don't appear to be their intention, it is doubted whether the bill will pass upon the present plan."

May 8, 1752. — " On Wednesday next a board of the trustees for the great new road, will be held, and the next day men are to work on it. It is computed the charge for making it will amount to £8,000."

Sept. 13, 1756. — " It is with pleasure we can assure the public that great numbers of coaches, carriages, and horsemen pass daily over the New Road from Islington to Battle Bridge, and that the surveyors are hard at work in fencing and marking out the road across the fields from Battle Bridge to Totten- ham Court Road."

Sept. 17, 1756.—" The tracts and fences of the lands between Battle Bridae and Totten- ham Court Road were levelled on Friday last, 90 that the New Road across the fields to Paddington, and the grand communication between the great eastern, western, and northern roads, are now open to the public at large."

Sept. 22, 1756.—" A scheme, we hear, is already concerted to build no less than forty new streets contiguous to different parts of the New Road. The road is said to bid fair to be an expensive one, 100,000 cartloads of gravel being thought to be rather under than over the mark for completing it."

Such are a few extracts from the daily papers during the construction of the Euston Road. Its subsequent history is well-known. After being macadamised, it was paved with wood, after that at a gi'eat expense, with granite cubes. It is now being torn up by the Metropolitan Railway Company, which great undertaking will form the subject of future history.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

33

©Ire "§oaii(t4(t ^m^t!'

IN the ycnr 1743 a man named Daniel French opened an amphitlieatre in Tot- tcnliain (,'ourt Kond for the exhihition of prize f^^htin^^ In this place tlie renowned James Figg iiscd to display his science to muhitndes of the pugilistic fraternity. Far more noted however, wns a place culled the "Boarded House," of which Flgg was the proprietor, and -which was situated in Mary- lehone Fields. At the death of Figg another house, or amphitheatre, was erected at the back of the "Boarded House" byBroughton, (who became no less celebrated as a pvize- hghter,) and which likewise became noted as a place for the exhibition of pugihsm. A short account of the characters frequenting', and amusements provided at tbesc houses, will give an idea of the manner in which many of the inhabitants of St. Pancras and Mary- lebone used to spend their hours of " re ■ creation" a century ago.

Foremost amongst the prizefighters of Ins time was the celebrated James Figg. lie was a great favourite amongst the aristo- cracy who extensively patronised the ring, A poem of Dr. Brysom's, describing a fa- mous combat between Figg and Sutch, be-

" Long-live the great Figg, by the prize- fighting swains Sole monarch acknowledged of i\rar3de- hone plains."

Figg, who long bore the palm of victory from all competitors, was the acknowledged champion of England, and was extolled by Captain Godfrey in his treatise on the "Science of Defence," as the greatest mas- ter of the art he had ever seen. He called him the "Atlas of the sword," and said " that he nnited strength, resolution, and un- paralleled judgment."

The amphitheatres in which prize-fights used to take place were the favourite resort of a large body of the people ; especially so was Figg's " Boarded House" situated in what were then called Marylehone Fields, near Oxford Road (now Oxford Street). Here Fii"''*"^ frequei'itly exhibited his own skill.

and at other times made matches between the mo^t celebrated masters and mistresses of the art, for in those days the " noble art of self-defence" was not confined to the male sex, for we learn that Mrs. Stok'^s, the fa- mous City championess, challenged the Hi- bernian heroines to meet her at Figg's, in i\Iarylebone Fields. In Mist's Journal of November 20, 1725, there is the following paragraph respecting the above noted lady :—

" We hear that the gentlemen of Ireland have been long picking out an Hibernian heroine to match Mrs. Stokes, the bold and famous City championess; there is now one arrived in London, who by her make and stature seems likely enough to cat her up. However, Mrs. Stokes being true English blood (and remembering some of the late reflections that were cast upon her husband by some of the country folk), is resolved to see her out " vi at armisy This being likely to prove a notable and diverting entertain- ment, it is not at all doubted but that there will be abundance of gentlemen crowd to Mr. Figg's amphitheatre to see this imcom- mon performance."

Sometimes bear-hfliting, tiger-baiting, &g., were exhibited at Figg's amphitheatre. A bull-fight was once advertised to be per- formed by a "grimace" Spaniard, who had for some time amused and delighted the peo- ple of St. Bancras and Marylehone by making iigl}' faces and a great company was drawn together by the novelty of the proposed entertainment.

A portrait of Figg is introduced by Ho- garth in his second plate of the " Rake's Progress."

After Figg's death, which took place De- cember 11, 1734, the celebrated Broughton occufjied an a m^alii theatre near the same spot, and was for many years the hero of bruisers as Figg had been of prize-fighters In one of the advertisements issued byBroughton, an- nouncing a trial of skill between two prize- fighters, it was promised, as a kind of " tempt- ing-bait" to the people, "that the beauty of the sword should be rigorously displayed, and that there should be no bandage nor wound

No,

34:

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. TANCRAS.

dressed till the battle was over," for it must be remembered that it was legal iu those days to fight with swords as well as fists. Rowland Best, who frequently fought at Broughton's generally made it his boast when- ever he issuetl a challenge, " that the ever- memorable Timothy Buck fell by his unfor- tunate hand." Broughton was at last beaten on his own stage by Slack, the butcher. The fight which took place on this occasion wa£ looked forward to as of great national interest, and the following advertisement in the Daily Advertiser of November 17, 1749, announces in glowing language the coming contest : —

"Tl)e battle between Mr. John Broughton and Mr. John Slack will be decided at the amphitheatre in the Oxford Road, to-morrow, the 11th inst., exactly at II o'clock. Note — By desire of several noblemen and gentlemen tickets for the matted galleries will be de- livered out at ]\Ir. Broughton's house in the Haymarket.

"As Mr. Broughton some time since took leave of the stage, it nia}^ not be improper to acquaint the public that nothing but an insult, which, to pass unresented, would highly im- peach his manhood, would ever have provoked him again to enter into the lists ; but he flatters himself it will only furnish him with an opportunity to add one more wreath to that trophy which, during the space of twenty- four years, lie has been raising by an un- interrupted course of victories; and he hence- fortli hopes he will meet with the indulgence of the old Roman Champion, and be at liberty with him to say, IIlc victor Cxstus artem que repono.'''

The battle came off, Broughton lost, and Slack the butcher, won £600 by the event. The sums lost and won by the bystanders, were, to a great amount, the place being crowded with amateiirs, some of whom were of ver}^ high rank.

The two following advertisements, from the Dully Advertiser of November, 1745, will give our readers an idea of the challenges and answers o^ the professional boxers, which, from 1730 to 1750, teemed in the public newspapers. They are couched in the true authenticated sporting style: —

Daily Advertiser, Nov. G, 1745.—" At Broughton's new amphitheatre, Oxford Road, the back of the late Mr. FIgg's, on "Wednes- day next, the 13th inst., will be exhibited an experimental lecture on manhood, by Tlawk- esh^y and Benjamin Bonwell, professors of athletics.

"My behaviour In a late combat with I\Ir. Smallwood, notwithstanding my inexperience

at the time in the art of boxing, having given a favourable opinion of my prowess, and being ambitious to give a further demonstra- tion of it, do now invite the celebrated Mr. Bonwell to a trial of his abilities, and doubt not. in spite of bis jaw-breaking talents, to give him so manly a reception, as to convince the spectators that I do not despair of one day arriving at a Broughtonian excellence in this science ; na}', perhaps of obliging that ali- conqnering hero himself to submit his laurels and resign the boasted IIlc victor in his motto, to

" IIawkesley."

[Reply.] Ixdli/ Advertiser, Noi}. 7, 17i5. — " I sliall do my endeavour to convince my antagonist i tliat tliougli ambition may excite liini to tlie attempt, yet great abilities are necessary to ensure him success in his arduous undertak- ing, and I believe I shall stop the progress of this aspiring upstart in his imaginary race of glory, and totally expel all thoughts of laurels, mottoes, etc., out of his head, by the strength of the arm of, gentlemen, your old combatant,

"Ben. Bonwell."

The following is a curious advertisement of the same character, announcing a combat between James and Smallwood, the admis- sion to witness which T\'as 5s ; — ■

Daihj Advertiser, Dec. 7, 1745. — " Aut Cessar, aut nulius.

" At Broughton's amphitheatre, this day, the 7th inst., there will be a tremendous de- cision of manhood between the celebrated champions James and Smallwood. The various proofs these heroes have given of their superior skill in manual combat, having justly made ih^rathQ deJicix pugnacis generis, and being too ambitious to admit ofriv.al- ship in the lists of fame, are determined by death or victory, to decide their pretensions to the palm. As not only their whole for- tunes, but wdiat is far, far mcn-e dear to their hearts, their whole ghnj is at stake, it is not doubted that the utmost efforts of art and nature will be exhibited in this encounter, and thereby the dignity of this heroic science be vindicated from the scandal it hae suflered from some late unequal contests, occasioned by the vmmanly attempts of vain pretenders who are totally unqualified for such arduous undertakings.

" N B. — As this contest is likely to be rendered horrible with blood and braises, all Frenchmen are desired to come fortified with

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

a proper supply of smelling-salts, and it is to bo lioped that' the ladies of Hockley-in-tlie- Ilole who should happen to be pregnant, will absent themselves on this occasion, lest the terror of the spectacle should unhappily oc- casion the loss of some young champion to postci-it)'. Noblemen and gentlemen are de- sired to send for tickets to Mr. Brongbton's, the Haymarkct, which will admit to the

lower part of the house set apart for their better accommodation."

Shortly after the above, the legal exhibi- tion of prize-fighting was put a stop to by Act of Parliament, and the houses in Marylebone Fields, together witli the places of a like resort in Tottenham Court Road, were pulled down, and shops erected on their sites.

'M>\\^ Sottdoii ^liiiti4ipiti>.

THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON is situated in the southern district of St. Pancras, and the building and grounds occupies an area of seven acres. It was founded in the year 1827 for tlie purpose of aftording to the youth of tlie metro- poHs and to such as might ohject to tlie religious confoi-niity required at the Univer- sities of Oxford and Candoridge, a liberal course of instruction calculated to qualify them for professional pui"saits. The institu- tion is governed by a council of twenty-four, who appoint a warden and several profe.^sors in the various departments of literature, to whom a regular salary is paid. According to the statutes the funds of the institution are not to be less than £150,000 or more than £300,000 advanced on shares of £100 each, every proprietor receiving a dividend of four percent. andhaving tlieprivilege of appointing one pupil. The course of studies compre- hend the ancient, modern, and oriental lan- guages and literature, mathematics, natural, moral and experimental philo^^ophy, me- chanics, astronomy, ancient and modern his- tory, logic, political economy, botany, che- mistry, medicine and surgery.

The building has in the centre a lofty por- tico of ten Corinthian pillars, supporting a cornice and triangular pediment, surmounted by a handsome elliptical dome, and on each side a noble facade of tlie Doric order. It contains lecture-rooms, libraries, a museum, with some beautiful sculpture by Flaxman, besides the different theatres, laboratories, offices, &c. The foundation-stone of the University was laid on Monday, the 20th of April, 18^7, by the Duke of Sussex. The following is an account of the proceedings which took place upon the occasion as re- ported in the T/'mes of that date : —

The New University. — The spot

selected for the erection of the London Uni- versity is situated at the north end of Gower Street, and occupies an extensive piece of ground. The adjacent streets were crowded with passengers and carriages moving to- wards the place. The day was one of the finest of this fine season. The visitors who wore admitted by cards, were conducted to an elevated platform so that every spectator could see the ceremony. Immediately in the rear of this platform was another, upon which the foundation-stone was placed. The persons admitted to view the ceremony were upwards of two thousand, the greater pro- portion of whom were well-dressed ladies. Every house in the neighbourhood which afforded the smallest opportunity of witness- ing the ceremony was crowded from the windows to the roof, and even the windows of the houses in Gower Street from which no view of the scene could in any way be ob- tained, ware filled with company. At a quarter past three the Duke of Sussex arrived upon the ground, and was greeted by the acclamations of the people both inside and outside the paling. When he descended from his carriage, the band of the third regi- ment of Foot Guards which had been in the ground some time playing popular airs, struck up " God save the King !" The royal duke, attended by the committee and the stewards, went in procession to the platform, upon which the foundation stone was depo- sited. The stone had been exactly cut in two, and in the lower half was a rectangular iioUow, to receive the medals and coins, and the following Latin inscription, engraved upon a copper-plate : —

Deo opt. Max.

Sempiterno orbis architecto

favente

quod felix faustura que sit

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. I'ANCP.AS.

Octavum regni annum ineunte

Georgio quarto Brittaniaruai

Rege

Celissinius princcps Augustus Fredericus

Sussexiic Dux

Omuiuiu Bouarum Artium patronus

Antiquissimi ordlnis architcctoiiici

Praescs apud Anglos summus

Primum Londiaensis Acaderaia^ lapidem

inter civium et fratrum

clrcumstantium plausus

manu sua locavit

Pi-id. Kal. Maii.

opus

Diu multum que desideratum

Urbi patriae commodissimum

Tandem aliquando inchoatum est

Anno salutis humante

MDCCCXXVII.

Nomina clarissiraoriun vivonim qui sunt e concillo Henricus dux Xorfolcia^ Henricus marcliio de Lansdowu Dominus Joannes Russell Joannes viceeombes Dudley et Ward Gcorgius Baro de Auckland Honorabilis iac. Abercrombie Jacobus Macintosh Eques Alex Baring Georgius Birkbeck

Hen Brougham Thomas Campbell

I. L. Goldsmid Olinthins Gregory

Georgius Grote Joseplius Hume

Zac. Macaulay Jacobus Mill

Benjaminus Shaw Johannes Smith Gulielraus Tooke Hen. AVarburton

Hen. Waymonth Joannes Wishaw

Thomas Wilson Guhelmus Wilkins, Architectus.

After the above inscription had been read, the upper part of the stone was raised by the pullies, and his Royal Highness having re- ceived the coins, medals, and inscription, de- posited them in the hollow formed for their reception. A bed of mortar was next laid upon the ground by the workmen, and his Royal Highness added more, which he took from a silver plate, and afterwards smoothed the whole with a golden trowel, upon which were inscribed the following words : —

" With till? trowel was laid the first stone of the London University by his Royal High- ness Augustus, Duke of Sussex, on the 3Uth of April, 181^7, AViliiam Wilkins, architect; ilcssrs. Lee and Co., builders."

The stone was then gradua'ly lowered amid the cheers of the assembly, the band playing, " God save the King." His High-

ness, after having proved the s-tone with a perpendicular, struck it three times with a mallett at the same time saying, "^Liy God bless this undertaking which we have so happily commenced, and make it pr-tsperfor the honour, happiness, and glory, not only of the metropolis, but of the whole country."

An oration was then delivered by the Rev. Dr. .Maltby, in which a prayer was offered up on behalf of the University. After which

Dr. Lusliington, in a speech of considerable length, stated that he had been chosen by the committee to be the organ of their opinion on that occasion, and expatiated upon the advantages which were likely to arise from the establishment of a London University, and especially upon its admission of Dissen- ters, wiio were excluded from the two great Universities. He concluded by paying an eloquent compliment to the Duke of Sussex, who, attached to no p;irty, was a friend to all, and who by his liberality promoted and encouraged any efforts of the subjects of this realm, whatever their political opinions, if their motives were proper and praiseworthy.

The Duke of Sussex acknowledged the compliment paid liim, and said that the proudest day of his life was that on which he laid the foundation stone of the London University, surrounded as he was by gentle- men of high rank, fortune, and character as any in the kingdom. He was quite con- vinced the undertaking would be productive of great good ; it would excite the old uni- versities to fresh exertions, and force them to reform abuses.

On the evening of the same day on which the foundation stone was laid, a grand dinner was held at the Freemason's Tavern in com- memoration of the event, to which upwards of 420 sat down. The Duke of Sussex was in the chair, and the Duke of Norfolk, the Marquis of Lansdowne, Llenry Brougham, Esq., and a great number of notabihties were present. After the usual toasts had been drunk, the chairman proposed '^ Prosperity to the University of London," which was re- sponded to by Lord Brougham (then Mr. Brougham).

Mr. Henry Brougham in responding to the toast, said, two years had not elapsed since he had the happiness of attending a meeting, at which most probably a great proportion of those he saw before him, were present, for the purpose of founding the new University of London, in the heart of the metropolis of the empire, the cradle of all our great estab- lishments, and of the civil and religious liber- j ties of the land. On the day which he re- ferred to, the circumstances under which he

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

37

spoke were very different from those which now surrounded liini. The advocates of the Univer&Ity had then to endure the sneers of some, the more open jibes and taunts of others, accompanied by the timidl}^ expressed liopcs of maii}^ friends, and the ardent good "wishes of a hu'ge body of enhghtened men, bahmced, however, by the loudly expressed and deep execrations of the enemies of human improvement, light, and hberty throughout the world. Now, however, the heavy clouds which had hung over the undertaking, had disappeared arid they hud succeeded that morning in laying the foundation of the Uiii- sity auiid.-it the plaudits of surrounding thou- sands, accompanied by the good wishes of mankind from every quarter of the globe. (Cheers.) As regarded the management of the institution, the council had come to a fixed resolution, that in the selection of teachers for tlie University no such phrase as " candidate for votes ^' should be used in tlieir presence. Tlie appointments would be given to those who were found most worthy of it; and if their merits, however little known, should be found to surpass others the most celebrated, only in the same proportion as the dust is found to turn the balance, the former would certainly be preferred. Instead of teaching for only five or ^ix months in the year, it was intended that the lectures at the University should continue nine months. After eacli lecture the lecturer would devote an hour or two to examine each of the pupils to ascertain whether they had understood the subject of tlie discourse. The lecturer would then apply another hour, three times a week, to the further instruction of such of his pupils as displayed particular zeal in the pursuit of knowledge. By such means it was hoped that the pupils might not only be encouraged to learn what was already known but to dash into untried paths and become

discoverers themselves. (Cheers.) He (Mr. Brougham) in a strain of eloquence, then pro- ceeded to defend the charge which had been made against him of being Inimical to the two great English Universities, which he de- signated the two lights and glories of litera- ture and science. Was it to be supposed that because he had the misfortune not to be educated in the sacred haunts of the muses on the Cam or the Isis, that he should, like the fox in the fable, declare the fruit which was beyond his reach, to be sour. He hoped that those two celebrated seats of learning would continue to flourish as heretofore, and he would be the last person in the world to do anything which would tend to impair their glor3^ He would conclude by repeating some lines written by one of the sweetest minstrels, and which he had before quoted in reference to the undertaking which they were then assembled to support. He bad qnot-'d them prophetically ; now it was apphcable as a description of past events : —

" As some tall cliff that lifts Its awful form, Swells from the vale, and midway leaves

the storm ; Though round its breast the rolling clouds

are spread. Eternal sunshine settles on its head."

Various other toasts were drank, amongst which was that of the Marquis ofLansdowne, coupled with the Cambridge University, and who in reply, stated " that he felt the greatest veneration for the institution in which he had been educated. He considered it by no means inconsistent with that feeling to ex- press the most ardent wishes for the pros- perity of the New University. He was per- suaded that the extension of science in one quarter could not be prejudicial to its culti- vation hi another."

mi\4M djluipel

THE foundation-stone of the above chapel was laid on the lOtli of May, 175G, and opened on the 7th November, of the same year. It was built by subscription raised under the auspices of George Whitfield, who at that period, together wdth AV'.sley, was awakening the land by his eloqueuce and his

indefatigable energy. On the occasion of its opening, Whitfield preached a most impressive sermon to a crowded auditoiy, and during his life it continued to be one of the most popular places of worship in the metropolis. It is octagonal in shape, and built so as to accom- modate a large number of people. Over the

THE IIISTOrvY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PAXCRAS.

door are the arms of Whitfield. Inside tliere is a monument erected to bis and that of his wife's memoi-y, thelatter of whom lies buried in the vaults of tlie chapel, and on ■\vbich is the following inscription : —

In Memory of Mrs. Elizabktii Whitfield, Aged G2, Who after upwards of tbirt}'' years' stroni^ and frequent manifestations of a Saviour's love, and as strong and frequent stragglings with the buffetings of Satan, bodily sickness, andtbein-dwellingsof sin, finished bcr cour.-:;e with joy, August i), anno domine I7<j8.

Also to the Memory of George Whitfield, M.A.,

Late Chaplain to the '

riight Hon. the Countess of Hantingdon, Whose soul, made meet for glor}^, was taken to Iramanuers bosom, the 30th Sep- tember, 1770, and whose bod}' now lies in the silent grave at Newbury Port near Boston, in New England, there de])osited in sure and certain hope of a joyful resurrection to eternal life and glory. He was n man eminent in piety, of a humane, benevolent, and charita- ble disposition ; his zeal in the cause of God was singular, his labours indefatigable, and Ills success in preaching the Gospel re nnrk- able and astonishing. He departed this life in the 5Gth 3'ear of his ago.

"And like his blaster, by some despised, Like him, hy many others loved and prized ; But theirs shall be the everlasting cro-vn, Not whom the world, but Jesns Christ shall own."

On the congregatiun of Whitfield Chapel receiving the news of the death of their minister, George Whitfield, who had under- taken a mission to Georgia, in America, the edifice was bung with mourning for six weeks, and the pulpit decorated with his es- cutcheon.

Among the other monuments is that of John Green, minister of the chapel, 177-1. On the Uoor arc the tombs of Mr. Matthew Pearce, bcilder of the chapel, and the Rev. A. M. Toplady. The latter gentleman was a most zealous advocate of Calvinism, and his writings, wliich are many, are most se- vere against tJM^e who ditfL'r from hiir,. In the cemetervis the tomb of tlic It'".". Kiehiu-d Elliott, member of Bennett College, Cam- bridge, and who published several works. He dropped down dead while he was preaching

Yard,

at the meeting-house in Glasshousi Goswcll Street.

The chapel was burnt out a few years ngo, but again restored, with but little alteration from its former shape. Attached to the chapel are several almshouses, each resident in which receives a weekly stipend, besides coal and candles free.

SKETCH OF AVHITFIELD S LIFE AXD MODE OF PREArillNG.

George AVhitfield was a mitivc of Gloucester, in which city his father kept an inn. He was horn in December, 171L At the ngc of 12 he became one of the scholars of a Grammar School established in that city. At 18 he went to Pembroke College, Oxford ; the following year he became aecjuainted with the Methodists, whom, he said, "he loved as his own soul.'' From that bod}' he recLdved the information "that he must be bijrn again, for outward religion availed him nntliing.'' Impressed with this idea he began to assist in the active operations of his brethren, b}' fasting and visiting prisons and sick persons. In the words of Wesley, who jireached Whitfield's funeral sermon, " a com- plete change in the course of his studies fol- lowed. Neglect and contempt from his fel- low students, the loss of his best friends, sleepless nights, and physical prostration, were evidences of his trial, as with fire."

At the age of 21, he was solicited to enter holy orders, but refused through a conviction of his own inetHciency. At length the Bishop prevailed on him to consent, adding the compliment that though he had deter- mined to ordain no one under the a^'e of 23, he would make an exception in his favour. While at the University, he was indefatiga- able in bis visits to the prisoners and the poor in the neighbourhood. After taking his de- gree of B,A. he went to the cure of Dunmer, in Hampshire, at which place it was his habit to read prayers early in the morning daiW, and in the evening, after the country people left their work, catechise the children, and then to visit all who would admit him. In order to accomplish this fatiguing dat}', he divided the day into three portions — eight hours were appropriated to sleeping and eating, eight hours to retirement and study, and eight to the ofhces already mentioned.

In January, 1737, he determined upon going to America, and left Dunmer for Gloucester, to take leave of his friends. In the course of his journey, such was the eager-

THE inSTDUY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

39

ncss of the people to hear liiiii preach, " that I the heat of the churehes was scarcely sup- portnhlc."

On his return from the New World Ije was ordained at Chrish Church, Oxford. The moment he began to preach, he found liis auditors so extremely numerous that he con- ceived the idea of adtlressing them in tlie open air in future. His friends, however, said it ^vould mucli derogate from his dignity, and he was accordingly dissuaded from so acting at the time. On the tilst of February, 1739, however, he happened to be at Bristol, wiicn, finding no church in the city would be aide to contain one-half of tlie people who displayed a desire to hear him, at three in tlie afternoon he w-ali^ed to Kingswood, and preached to nearly 2,000 people of the poorer classes, and so great was his success in out- door preaching tluit sometimes he afterwards had as many as 5,000 and even 10,000 for a congregation.

After continuing for some time to preach to over-crowded in-door congregations as well as immense out-door gatherings, tlie large chapel in Tottenham Court lioad was erected for his ministry, and at its open- ing he preached a most powerful and eloquent sermon. Not long after the commencement of Ills ministry there, however, he again ex- pressed Ills detenni]nUion to go to America, where, upon his arrival, his reception was most enthusiastic. " In all places the greater part of his congregation were affected to an amazing degree, and many truly converted to God." " In some places," he states in his own journal, " the whole congregation were dissolved in tears. After service ' all liis family,' particularly the little children, re- turned home, crying along the street, and some could not help praying aloud." He died at Newbury, in America, in the year 1770.

The following are some very interesting extracts taken from Mr. Wiitfield's private journal, pubhshed some years ago : —

" Surtdny, J(ui. 7, 17.50. — Preached twice to-day, and expounded with great power to three societies, one of which I never visited before. God grant that I may pursue the method of expounding and praying extem- pore. Had another love-feast, and spent the whole of the night m prayer and thanksgiving at Fetter Lane Chapel. There was a great outpouring of the spirit among the brethren, but I cannot say I was so full of joy as the last night we .spent together."

" J/ondtii/, Jan. 15. — Near nine times did Ciod enable me to preach last week, and to expound twelve or fourteen times. I find I gain greater liglit and knowledge by preach- ing extempore, so that I fear I should quench the spirit did I not go on to speak as he gives me utterance. Waited upon an oppo- sing clergyman, and had a conference with him of nearly two hours. His grand objec- tion was against our private societies. In answer I showed that the act of Charles II. was entirely levelled against schismatic meetings contrary to the Church of England. He replied that ours was a public worship ; but this I denied, for oitr societies were never intended to be set up in opposition to the public worship by law established, but only in imitation of the primitive Christians, who eontimied daily with one accord in the Temple."

" Sundaij, Feb. i. — Had a comfortable night's rest. Was warmed much by an almost Christian, who came to ask me cer- tain rpiestions. Preached in the morning at St. George's-in-tlie-East, and had, I believe, GOO communicants, which highly offended the officiating curate. Poor man ! I pitied and prayed for him sincerely."

" Tncsdinj, Feb. C— Reached Northamp- ton about five in the evening, and was cour- teously received by Dr. Doddridge, master of the Academy there. At 7 o'clock I preached to about 3,000 hearers, on a com- I nion near the town. Great power, I believe, was amongst us, and I preached with great pleasure, because I then thought I had hold of one of the devil's strongholds."

" Fridaij, June 1.— Dined at Old Ford, gave a short address to a few people in the Held, and preached in the evening at a place called May Fair, near Hyde Park. The congregation consisted, I believe, of nearly 10,000 people, and was by far the largest I ever preached to yet. During the time of )-)rayer there was a little noise, but they kept silent the whole of the discourse. A high and very commodious scaffold was erected for me to stand upon, and though I was weak in myself God strengthened me to speak so loud that all could hear, and so powerful, that most, I believe, could feel."

Such are a few of the sentiments and feel- ings of a man whose preaching in the last century effected such a wonderful change in the lives and manners of masses of our be- nighted countrvmen.

iO

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

OF 1790.

niXTY YEARS AGO the inhabitants of St. 1^ Pancras -were as enthusiastic iu support of the Volunteer movement as they are upon the present occasion. When the enemy in the year 1801, was encamped in full sight on the heights across the channel, and the intention of an invasion of these islands was loudly proclaimed, hundreds of the inhabi- tants of this parish enrolled themselves as volunteers under various denominations. There were the " St. Pancras Volunteers," the " Loyal Highgate Volunteers," the "Ken- tish Town Association, the " Loyal British Artificers," and the "London and Westmin- ster Light Llorse Volunteers," the later of which erected at considerable cost barracks in the Gray's Inn-road, now converted to the purposes of the Royal Free Hospital.

The Kentish Town Association was the first Volunteer Corps formed in the parish ^ it liad for its commandant, at its formation, George Jackson, Esq., an old and highly re- spected inhabitant of the vUlage, and after his resignation, the Honourable Archibald Fitz-Simoii Eraser of Lovat (the son of the unfortunate Lord Lovat), who, for many years, resided at Kentish Town.

The St. Pancras Volunteer Corps was formed in April, 1708, for the preservation of public tranquillity, to assist the civil magis- trates, and lor the protection of property, but not to march, without consent, beyond their own district. Tiie corps consisted of three compiinies, battalinn and light infantry, of about 310 privatL-s ; every man had the care

of his arms, ammunition and accoutrements. This corps in 1799 had for its Major Com- mandant and Captain, John Dixon, and originally formed part of the Kentish Town Association. The St. Pancras Volunteers received their colours from the hand of Mrs. Dixon, as proxy for Lady Camden in the cricket-ground belonging to Mr. Lord ; on the 19th October, 1803, their colours were consecrated at Fitzroj Chapel, by the Rev. A. T. Matthew, their chaplain. They were reviewed by George IIL in Hyde Park on the 4th of June, 1799, when sixty-six volun- teer corps paraded there in honour of their Sovereign's birthday, and by their lo3"ai, steady, and military appearance, showed themselves both ^willing and able to defend their king and constitution. On the 21st June in t!ie same year the St. Pancras Volun- teers were inspected by the King at the Foundling Hospital.

On stated days the corps marched to Chalk Farm to fire with ball at a target, for a silver cup. subscribed for by the corps.

The committee consisted of all the officers and eighteen privates ; each company chose its own private to represent them in com- mittee.

The dress of the St. Pancras Volunteers was a blue coat and pantaloons, red lappet, collar, and cufPs, and white waistcoat; on the helmet was a label with " St. Pancras A^olunteers, G R.," ornamented with garter- and-erown.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

41

She fEiiifili (^h\\tk

IN the early period of the present century the population of the parish had so much increased that the old church in the Fan- eras Road and the Episcopal Chapel at Ken- tish Town were totally inadequate to accom- modate the parishioners, and it was resolved that a temple worthy to represent the district should he erected in a more central position in the parish. A site was accordingly se- lected on the south side of the then newly- formed Euston Road, and the foundation- stone was laid hy the Duke of York on Thursday, July 1st, 1819, with great solem- nity, and in the presence of a large assem- blage of people. The Rev. J. Moore, LL.D., was the Vicar, Charles Lambert and Thomas Weeding, Esqs., Churchwardens ; William Inwood and Henry William Inwood, Esqs., the architects, and Mr. Seabrook the builder. Tne entire cost of its erection amounted to upwards of £76,000.

In the general plan of its exterior it is fonnded on a model of the ancient temple of Ercctheus at Athens, and is said to be the first place of Christian worship erected in this country in the strict Grecian style ; it consequently exhibits a chaste simplicity and airy elegance which strongly contrasts with the ponderous splendour and gorgeous solemnity of architecture which distinguish the generality of religions edifices. Its por- tico is formed of six Ionic pillars of the most beautiful symmetry, and there are three en- trances under the portico, the centre one an exact representation of the entrance of the Greek temple named, the rich ornaments and mouldings of which were executed from models by Mr. Rossi, the celebrated sculptor, in terra cotta. Indeed, the doorway of tlie church, its portico, and other details were taken I'rom models expressly oast at Athens on the site of the temple by Mr. H. \V. In- wood, one of the architects, and brought to this country in the year 1820. The two side doors are in the same classical, style. At the eastern end of the church are two projecting wino-s, one a vestry-room, the other a registry ofBce. They are formed upon the model of the Prandosium, which was attached to the temple of Erectheus, and are richly decorated

with mouldings, paterae, and other ornaments The female figures, with inverted torches, were executed by Mr. Ilossi; they are some- what varied in character, to suit the sepul- chral effect of their situation, anderncath the wings being the entrance to the catacombs. Bi'twecn these two wings, the eastern end of tlir clnirch is erected in a semi-circular form, and in this respect only differs from the ori- ginal at Athens, which is square. Around the outer edge of the summit of the church, at intervals two feet apart, are Grecian tiles, and these, like the other ornaments, are com- posed of terra cotta, and are the common finish to all the Grecian roofs of buildings of any pretension, giving a lightness to their structures which they would not otherwise possess. The steeple is also from an Athenian model, the " Temple of the Wind," said to have been built by Pericles, and which was followed as closely as circumstances would permit. Its elevation from the ground is 1G5 feet. It is of an octagonal form, and consists of two stories, each supported by eight pillars. There is an ornamented roof, and the whole is surmounted by a cross. The original steeple at Athens was sur- mounted by a figure, which turned on a pivot, and indicated the quarter from whence the wind blew, and hence the title of the " Temple of the Wind."

The interior of the church is in keeping with its exterior. A chaste and almost severe simplicity characterises its general appearance. The vestibule or entrance hall is a correct representation of the interior of the " Temple of the Wind." In the body of the church, above the communion-table, are some splendid verd antique Scagliola marble columns, with bases and capitals of white statuary marble, and copied from the " Temple of Minerva." The light and ele- gant pillars which support the galleries are taken from casts of the Elgin marbles. The galleries are very commodious, though plain and without any ornament beyond Grecian mouldings cast in terra cotta. The pulpit and reading desk are composed of tlie I oak of the veneralile tree so long and so well 1 known as the Fairlop Oak ; the grain of the

No. 6.

42

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIOXS OF ST. PANCRAS.

wood is particularly beautiful, and bears a higb polish. The windows of the church are also upon the Grecian model, and are com- posed of ground ^lass with stained borders. There is nccommodation for about 2,500 people ill the ciiurch.

The time it took for erection was three years, and on Tuesday, the 7th of May, 1822, the church was consecrated for public wor- ship ty the Bishop of London in the presence of a large and aristocratic assemblage of people. On the morning of the consecr.ition the doors were opened at ten o'clock, and in halfan hour the edifice was completely filled. A few minutes after eleven o'clock the i3i.-)liop of London arrived, and was received at the churcli doors by the Registrar, the Chancel- lor of the Diocese, and the Yicar, Dr. jMoore, in their robes, accompanied by the church- wardens, and the twelve trustees. After his Lordship had robed, he proceeded to the front of the altar, where the petition for the consecration was presented by the Vicar, and read by the Registrar, after which a proces- sion was formed, headed by the Bishop, which walked up and down the middle iiisle in the following order, repeating the 2-ith Psalm, the clergy and others making re- spouses : —

Tho Clergy

Twelve Trustees

The Churchwardens with wands

The Apparitor

The Bishop of London

The Chancellor

The Vicar

The Bishop's Chaplains

The Registrar

Solicitors

Arcliitects

B Lxilder.

After his Lordship had proceeded up and down the iiisle he was conducted to the com- munion table. The usual prayers were then repeated by the Bishop, after which the sen- tence of consecration was read by the Chan- cellor and ir-igned by the Bishop. The ser- vice was read in an impressive manner by Dr. Burroughs. The lessons were taken from the 1st chapter of Kings and 10th of Hebrews ; the Psalms sung upon the occasion were the 84th, 122nd, and the 123rd. After the ad- mired anthem. " Oh, that I had wings like a dove I" in wlilch the gentlemen of the King's Clnipcl Royal assisted, the Bi&hop road the communion service, and one of hi^ lordship's chaplains read tne Gosp^-l rmd Epistle. The lOOth Psalm was then sung, after which the Rev. J. Moore, ( the Vicar) preached an appropriate sermon, taking his text from the 06th Psalm, 9th verse, '^ 0, worship the Lord in the beauty of Holiness !" The reverend gentleman, in a style which commanded much attention, touched upon the modes and forms of worship (particular!}' as connected with the erection of religious edifices) from the commencement of the Christian era, through the dark ages and the troubles of the Reformation, down to that d;iv. He strongly urged the nece-'sity of ap- jjropriating proper space to provide poor people with fn;e sittings in all religious edifices. After the sermon the Bishop read tlie common prayer for the church militant, and pronnunced the bene<lic;ion, the whole cerL-mon}" concluding at about three o'clock. Thij ecclesinstical right of the new church to its claim of being the parish church is not yet (1861) definitely settled, a dispute is still p-juding on the subject, though to all in- tent and purposes the question is considered to liave been long since dicided.

p>t. §artholonu;i»'!i <)|!imtlt.

^

THE ?il)0vc chnrcli, formerly known as the Episcopal Chapel, Gray's Inn Road, is a I plain, square, brick-built structure, with

j stone facings, standing in the centre of a plot I of gi'oundon the east side of the road, a little \ below Calthorpe Street. Its interior is also I plain, but commodious, and affords accommo- I dation for 1,500 people. It was originally

erected for the well-known'Wihiam Hunting- ton, a popular disseiiting preacher at the be- ginning of the present century, and whose history is a most remarkable one. After his death it was purchased by a Mr. Davenport, who sub-leased it to the Rev. T. Mortimer at a rental of £320 per annum, and who re- opened it for public worship as an Episcopal

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANGEAS.

43

Cbapel. Upon the retirement of Mr. Mor- timer in 1840, the present incumbent, the Rev. E. Gurbett, consented to become bis SLiccessoi-, and has laboured for ten years to get rid of tlie debt by which the chapel was encumbered and to have It consecrated as a district chm'ch. A succession of almost in- surmountable legal difficulties arose before this object could be effected, in oncinstunce an Act of Parliament having to be specially passed to make the title of the land, which ■was generously presented by Lord Calthorpe, perfectly valid. The original leaseholder, Mr. Davenport, being a lunatic and a dissen- ter, it became necessary to P-pply for the authority of the Court of Ghancery before a sale could be completed. An order of the Court was, however, issued for the sale of the property for £3,000. A loan and a fancy sale were resorted to to pay this sura, its lii[ui- dation being demanded within a month from the date of the order. A difficulty then arose in the tran>fer of the ground, the ori- ginal lease to Mr. Davenport Including four houses, situated on either side of the chapel entrance, to which the ti-ustees could prefer no claim. No law existed which could en- able the ground landlord to divest himself of the freehold of the chapel without divesting liimself likewise of his right as landlord over the four houses. The holders of these lease- holds had to be induced to resign their leases and accept new leases. When these difficul- ties were removed, another impediment oc- curred in the death of one of the parties "whose signatures were necessary for the com- pletion of the leases. Tho successor to the property was a lunatic, and for a second time the affairs of the chapel were complicated b}'' a commission of lunacj'-, and another year was lost before it could be completed. At length, after ten ^^ears' constant effa-t, afford- ing an example of perseverance and triumph over difficulties on the part of the incumbent, all obstacles to its consecration were removed, and it was accordingly foi'mally consecrated by the Bishop of London, on Monday the 13th of February, ISGO.

As has been already remarked, the church was originally built for William Huntington at an expense of nearly £10,000, and opened in May, 1811. He was severally a coal- heaver, a shoemaker, and a gardener, and before he took to the ministry, his career was an exceedingly strange and eventful one. His genius and force of character were un- doubted, but that the\^ were somewhat marred by the want of education, and other circum- stances, is equally evident. lie preached for a lon-^ time very successfuU}^ in "Providence

Chapel," as it was then called, and was as popular a dissenting preacher as Spnrgeon is in our own day, though we would not caiTy the comparison further. The following is a short but interesting account of the iiistory of this remarkable man : —

LIFE or WILLIAM HUNTINGTON.

William Hctntington was born in the year 1744, in the piirish of Cranhrook, Kent, and, by bis own account, was an illegitimate child. His reputed father was a day labourer, but his real parent was a farmer in the vici- nity. He obtained admi:^sion into a free school at an early age, at wdnch he merely learnt to write a little and read the New Testament. His occupations, as he grew up, were extremely various; at first he was an errand-boy, then a day-labourer, and at otlier periods of his life a servant, a gardener, a cobbler, and a coalheaver. It was at Ewell, in Smrey, where he lived as a gen- tleman's gardener, that he received his first impression that his calling was for the minis- try ; he had then learnt to read with tolera- ble proficiency, and availed himself of this advantage by reading the Scriptures and prenching in his own little cottage or hovel situated at EwcU Marsh, near to his em- ployer's residence. " At this place," he says, " I continued preaching. My congregation increased until the little thatched house be- came full of hearers, and the Lord often visited us with precious gales from the ever- lasting hills, and made that little thatched house a Bethel to us ; yea, the house of God in reality and the very gate of heaven."

In this little thatched hovel, he also tells us, " he lived with his wife and child in a ready- furni>^hed room, at a rental of 2s. per week, frequently having left, to supply all his other w^ants, only eighteen or twenty-pence, some- times two shillings, sometimes half-a-crowm, 3'et living through the week upon that only, without contracting any debt." Losing his situation at Ewell through a conscientious refusal to work in his master's garden on the Sunday, he removed to Thames Ditton, where he was employed, for fourteen months, as a coalheavf-r, at ten shillings per week.

It was while engaged in this employment that ho put on his first parson's attire, being enabled to do so by a gentleman having given him an old black coat and waiscoat, and which happening to be very large, made a complete suit for him. Soon afterwards he i turned cobbler, but as he found it irapossi- '

44:

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

ble to preacli five or six times a week and cany on business as well, he determined to give up tliat employment and continue to labour for God only, -whatever he might suf- fer. At this time he rented a little cottage at £o I85. per annum, and had about as much furniture in it as a porter could carry in one loud. His resolution was the means of exercising his faith to a great extent, but he persevered, and his fame spreading, he Vy^as at length Invited to preach in London, at Margaret Street Chapel "At this," he says, " he was sore afraid for various reasons; he had heard the place a!)Ounded with errors, and as he had no learning, nor knew nothing of Greek, Hebrew, or even English grammar, he fblt he would be ex- posed to the scourging tongue of ever}- critic."

However, lie did preach in London, and shortly after his arrival, the numerous calls upon his ministerial labours made it neces- sary for him to hire a horse, that he might the more easily'" perform Ids journe^-s to and fro between Thames Ditton and the metro- polis. This led one of his London bearers to present him with one, and Huntington's reflections upon this gift were in bis cus- tomary tone : " I believe this horse," he says, " was the gift of God, because he tells me in his Word that all the beasts of the forest are his, and so are the cattle on a thousand hills. I have often thought that if my horse could speak he w'ouldhave more to say than Ba;d- ams' ass, as he might say, ' I am an answer to my master's prayers.' " Pi-^^yer was, in- deed, bis resource in all emergencies, whether important or not, and we cannot help ad- miring the simplicity of heart with which he received the commonest gifts as the answers to prayer. As an instance, he writes at ano- ther time, " When Providence had been ex- ercising m}^ faith and patience till the cup- board was empty, in answer to a simple prayer, be sent me one of the largest Jinms I ever saw. Indeed, I saw clearly I had nothing to do but to pray, to study, and to preach, for God took care of me and my family also."

At length, in consequence of a dream, in wbieli he was commanded to " prophecy upon the tldck houffl/s,'^ he felt it suddenly impressed upon his mind to leave Thames Ditton and take a house in London. " On removing," he says, " my effects b;id so in- creased that I loaded two large carts with furniture, besides a pustchaise well filled with children and cats /" So strong was bis faith, that at a time when he was twenty pounds in debt for the necessaries of life be com-

menced building a chapel in Ticbtield Street, andforwdtieh, wlien Kiiisbcd, he was in an'ears £1,000 more. His friends were not, how- ever, few, and the following account of the free-will offerings which the people brought, is characteristic of his usual style : — "The first," he says. " brought about eleven sove- reigns, and laid them on the foundation-stone when we commenced the building. A good gentleman, with whom I had but little ac- quaintance, and of whom I bought a load of timber, sent it in with a bill and receipt in full as a present to the Chapel of Providence. Another good man came, with tears in his eyes, and blessed me, and desired to paint my pulpit desk, &c., as a present to the chapel. Another friend gave me half-a-dozen chairs for the vestry, and a daugliter of mine in the faith gave me a looking-glass for my chapel study, and another gave me a book-case for the vestry ; and my good friend, Mr. E., seemed to level alibis displeasure at the Devil, for he was in hopes I should be enabled, through the gracious arm of our Lord, to cut Ruhab in pieces, therefore he furnished me with the Sword of the Spirit — a new Bible with silver clasps."

In the end, however, he went on and so prospered that bis httle chapel became full, and he thought of building an addition to it on a piece of land adjoining, but was de- terred from executing this plan by the sum demanded for ground-rent — £100 per an- num. His reflections upon this event were characteristic : — " ' The heavens, even the heavens, are the Lords, but the earfh He bath given to the children of men I' So I found it, and they are determined to make the most of It." Lie soon, however, found a cure for this circum^^tance, "for," said he, " finding nothing could be done with the eartkJwkhrs I turned my eyes ano- ther way, and determined to build my stories in the heavens (Amos ix. G), where I should find more room and less rent .'"

To this his friends agreed, and the chapel was raised one story higher, and the expense was chiefly paid out of the sale of his works, " The Book of Faith," "The Kingdom of Heaven taken by Prayer," &c. They sold enormously. They were full of quaint and original remarks, as the following extracts will show : —

Plis original name was Hunt, and the rea- son which led him to change it to Hunting- ton was peculiar. Being obliged to flv from the parish in which he resided by the de- mand made upon him for the support of an illegitimate child (which took place before bis conversion), he had recourse, among

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

45

other expedients for the concealment of this stigma, upon his entrance into a new life to change his patronymick. The grounds ivhiL'h he gives arc in his own woi'ds : " If I change m}-- name, the law may follow me lor that ; if I let the present name stand I may by that be traced by the newspapers. There is bnt one way to escape, and that is by addition. Addition is no change, no rob- bery. \Vell thonght on, said I, it is — i, n, g, t, n, n, which is to be joined to II, n, n, t, vviiicb, pnt together, make Thintlngfon. And thus matters were settled without being gnilty of an exchange or committing a rob- bery. With this name I was horn again ; with this name I was baptised with the Holy Ghost, and I will appeal to any man of sense, if a p-.-rson has not a just right to go by the name that he was horn and baptised with."

When he wrote a w^ork he always put the initials S. S. at the end of it, and his reason for so doing he gave as follows : —

" Some have been inquiring what I mean by S. S. at the end of my name, and various constructions have been put upon it. You know loe clergy are very fond of titles of honour ; some are called Lords Spiritual, though we have no lords but in the person of the ever blessed Trinity; others are named Doctors of Divinity and Prebends, though God gives no such titles ; therefore I cannot conscientiously add D.D. to my functions, though some hundreds have been spiritnally healed under my ministry; nor have I four- teen pounds to spare to buy the dissenting title of D.D. Being thus circumstanced I cannot call myself a Lord Spiritual, because Peter, the Pope's enemy, condemns it, nor can I call myself Lord High Primate, because supremacy in the Scriptures is applied only to kings, and never to ministers of the Gos- pel. As I cannot get at D.D. for the want of cash, neither can I get at M.A. for the want of learning, therefore I am compelled to fly for refuge to S.S., by which I me;in Sinner Saved, or, that I am ' made wise unto salvation.'"

Eventually the little chapel in Tichfield Street, belonging to this singular man, was burnt down, but such was the influence he possessed amongst his congregation, that they determined to build him another. After some time they found a suitable piece of ground on the cast side of Gray's Inn Road, which they took on lease from Lord Cal- thorpe, and built the structure, now called St. Bartholoni*jw'3 Church, at a cost of about £10,000. A day was fixed upon for open-

ing it, but he refused to officiate unless they made it his own personal freehold, and so great was the devotion of all concerned in the building, that the trustees unanimously re- signed their shares in liis favour. On the front of the chapel was the following inscrip- tion : " Providence Chapel. Erected by William Huntington, A.D 1811."

Here he preached for some time very suc- cessfully to crowded congregations. Some few years before his death his first wife died, and he afterwards married the wealthy widow of the late Sir James Grandison, Bart, daughter of Alderman Skinner, who, it is stated, first repaired to "Providence Chapel " with the view of finding a subject of ridicule in the preacher " who afterwards became his wife."

He died July 1, 1813, atTunbridge Wells, whether he went for the sake of Ijis health and was removed to Lewes for interment. Tile stone at the head of his grave exhibits the following epitaph, dictated by himself a few days before his death : —

Here lies The Coaliieayer

AVho departed this life July 1, 1813, In the 60th year of liis age, Beloved of his God But abhorred of men. The Omniscient Judge at the Grand Assize shall ratify and confirm this to the confusion of many thousands, for England and its me- tropolis shall know that there has been a pro- phet among them.

Soon after his death his furniture and effects belonging to the house in which he lived at Hermes Hill (near White Conduit House, Islington) were sold by public auc - tion. The sale lasted four days, and such was the anxiety of many of the members of his congregation to obtain some relic of tl)eir admired preacher, that enormous prices were i-calized. An old elbow chair, in which he was accustomed to sit, sold for sixty guineas ; a pair of spectacles, seven guineas; a silver snuff-box, £5 OS ; and all articles of plate 26s. per ounce. The whole produced £1,800.

A member of his congregation, who was in possession of what he considered a precious relic belonging to Mr. Hantington (the corer of bis Bible) wrote the following lines, after coming into possession of the Bible itself: —

The Sous of Science and of Fame With God are not preferred.

He gives to some oflistle name The treasure of liis word.

47

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

Aaros was called from servile clans

To preach to dying souls, BuNYAN from brazen leaky pans,

And Hunt from heaving coals.

Inscribed with notes on doctrines high.

To one his Bible fell \VliO took the kernel out, and I

Inglorious got the shell ; Here I replace the sacred tome,

From human comment frae,

Untouched by Huntingtonian thumb, Yet not denied to me.

This rustic scanned the tnitli with care,

And by the Spirit's aid Made wiser than hi* teacliers were,

Resigned his sable trade. He took the Gospel trnmp in liaml,

Now, like the ram's liorn found, And then, his pliant lips command

In tones of silvery souud.

S^It([ '^®lj}|Innit and 0\i\^i\{,"

CAMDEN TOWN".

THE above house of entertainment is one of the oldest in St. Pancras, and is said to have derived its name from a peculiar discovery which was made in its vicinity more than a century ago.

About the year 1714, Jlr. John Conyers, an apothecary in Fleet Street, who was an enthusiastic local antiquarian, and who made it his chief business to collect local antiqui- ties, which at that time were often being discovered in and about London consequent on the extensive building operations then going on, was one day digging in a field near to the Fleet Brook and Battle Bridge, and not far from St. Pancras Workhouse, when he discovered the remains of an ele- phant, conjectured to have been killed there

by the Britons when battling with their Roman conquerors. Near the same spot was also found an ancient Briti.sh spe.ar, consisting of the head of a flint fastened into a shaft of considerable length. It is from this curious fact that the pubhc-house, called " the Ele- phant and Castle" derives its name. At th.at time the ancient Fleet Brook ran past tbe west side of the road of the Workliouse, where its width increased very much. The elephant mentioned was probably brouglit over by the Romans, thinking, no doubt, such huge monsters would frighten the barbarians and so aid them in obtaining victories, as they had done before with many other un- civilized hordes who had never seen such animals.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

46

®Ite garnet af §iultpti{.

THE hamlet of Highgate is situated in three different parishes — St. Pancras, Hornsey, and Islington. Its southern end is snhject to the jurisdiction of the local government of St. Pancaas, and includes part of the " Gate-House" Inn, the Ceme- tery, St. IMichaers Church, Sir Roger Chom- ley's School, and other objects of interest.

At a very early period the greater portion of what is now known as the hamlet of High- frate was covered by the great forest of Middlesex, and continued to be principally covered with wood for some considerable time, for it appears that Henry YIII. used to in- dulge in hunting in this neighbom'hood. In the middle of his reign, fearful of losing his sport in this direction, that monarch issued the following proclamation : —

"A PROCLAMATION yt HOC pcrson interi*upt

the King's game of partridge or pheasant. *' Rex majori et vicccomitlbus London. Vo-

bis mandamus, &c.

"Forasmuch as the King's most Royale M;ijestie is much desirous of having the game of hare, partridge, pheasant and heron, pre- served in and about his honour at Westmin- ster for his disport and pastime ; that is toe saye, from his said palace, toe our Ladye of the Oke, toe Highgate and Hamsted Heath, toe be preserved for his own pleasure and recreation ; his Royale Highnesse doth straightwaye charge and commandeth all and singular of his subjects, of what estate and condition soev' they be, not toe attempt toe hunt or hawke or kill any of the said games within the precincts of Hamsted, as they tender his favour, and would eschewe the imprisonment of theJr bodies and further punishment at his M;ijestie's will and plea- sure."

" Teste raeipso apnd Westm. vij die Julij anno trecisimo scptinio Henrici Octavi, 1546.

was derived from the " High Gate " or " Gate on the Hill," there having been from time immemorial the toll-gate belonging to the Bishop of Loudon on the summit of the hill.

The origin of the gate was as follows : There was not, until the fourteenth century, any public road over the hill into the northern counties ; the main way from the metropolis into the northern districts being from Clerk- enwell and Gray's Inn Lane, up Maiden Lane, across the road over the archway, and thence by Crouch End, Muswell Hill, Colney Hatch, Whetstone, and High Barnet. The circuitous route of this road, however, and its bad state in winter, gave rise to great complaints on the part of packmen and carriers, and at length the Bishop of London, agreed to form a new road right across tlie hill to Whetstone. The agreement is recorded in an old do- cument. In referring to the old route it says: —

" The ancient highway was refused by wayfaring men and travellers by reason of the deepness and dirtie pas-age in the winter season. In regard whereof it was agreed between the Bishop of London and the coun- trie tliat a new waie should be laid through the said Bishop's Park, beginning at High- gate run to lead directly to Whetstone, for which new waie all cartes, carriers, and pack- men, yeeld a certain tole unto the Bishop, which tole is farmed at £40 per annum, and for which purpose a gate was erected."

Norden, from whose invaluable work upon Middlesex, we have so often quoted, and whose authority may safely be trusted, in writing upon Highgate, says :- -

" It is a hill over which is a passage, and at the top of the said hill is a gate through which all manner of passengers have their waie. The place taketh the name of the High Gate on the Hill, which gate was erected at the alteration of the waie, which is on the east of Highgate. When the waie was turned over the said hill, to lead through the park of the Bishop of London, as now it doth, there was in regard thereof, a tole raised upon such as passed that Avaie, and for that no passenger should escape without paying tole by reason of the wideness of the waie, tills gate was raised, through which all tra- vellers must passe and be more aptely staide."

43

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCJtAS.

©^ §([i[m}tnr|i> & (Hkpijl at litjhjatij.

THERE Wiis fomierly a lienult;i;;\: or chapel on tlie snmniit of Iligbgate Hill, which Norden supposes stood on the site now occupied by Sir Richard Clioniley's school. The hermitage was in the gift of the Bishop of London. In 1386 " Bishop Braybrooke of London, gave to "William Lichfield, a poor hermit, the office of keep- ing our chapel at Highgate, and the house annexed to the said chapel, hitherto accus- tomed to be kept by other poor hemiits." In 1531 William Forte was hermit. This Wilham Forte was probably the last hermit, as in the year 1565 Queen Elizabeth granted the chapel, or hermitage, to Sir Richard Chomley, and in 1578 an entirely new chapel was built contiguous to the school which that knight had founded. It was erected as a chapel of ease for the inlia- bitanls of Highgate.

In the registry of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's is a conveyance of this chapel to Sir Roger Chomley by Edmund Griiidall, Bishop of London, in 1565. It was a briclv building, of humble architectural character, with a small scpiare tower at its western end. According to an inscription which was placed under the tower, the structure appears to have been enlarged since its first erection by " the pietie and bountie of divers honourable and worthie personages," and it was hkewise repaired at considerable cost in the year 1772.

The inter;, jr coiT-i'itcd of a chancel, nave, and south aisle. On the south wall was the raoniniipnt of William I'latt, Esq. (the founder of " Piatt's Gift" to the poor), who died in 1637. At ?i short distance from this was a monument to the memory of Dr. Lewis Atterbnry, LL.D., who was preacher at Highgate Chapel. On the chapel being pulled down, this monument was removed to Hornsey Church, of which Dr. Atterbury had been Vicar.

Old Highgate Chapel stood till 1832, when it was pulled down and the present church erected.

IIlOIIIjATK I'OSL>.

The present pond, near the Gate-house, was formed and excavated by the hermits of the old chapel, and the gravel they dug out was used by them for forming the roadway leading down the hill into Hollowaj'. Fuller, in his "Worthies of England," says, '■ that the old Highgate hermits, by thus making this pond, did a two-handed charity. By digging out a hollow on the top of the hill a place was made to catch water where it was w-anted, and plenty of material was had to make the valley clean and passable in winter."

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

4<J

JlauiirkBIc ^auB^f).

THERE are many interestmg houses at Higligate whose histories are of some importance, not only to local inhabi- tants, bur. to the f-ountry at large. The fol- lowing are brief accounts of a few of the more noted, either within, or upon the bor- ders of St. Pancras parish : —

• AKUNDEL HOUSE.

AucNDEL House, famed in English history as the residence of the Earls of Arundel, was situated a httle way up the hill, on the bank, past the well-known red-brick build- ing, called " Cromwell House." It was par- tially pulled down in the year 1825, but the present building still heai's the name, and the walls, which were left standing of the old house, bear evidences of great anti- quity. The history of Arundel House is very interesting on account of two incidents which took place there — the death of Lord Bacon in 1626, and the imprisonment of the unfor- tunate Lady Arabella Stuart in 1611. Ori- ginally it was a building in the Elizabethan style, with spacious "window^s, commanding a magnificent view of the surrounding country.

Escape of Lady Arulella Stewart from Arundel House.

The unfortunate Lady Arabella Stuart was a near relation to James I., and the crime for which she was imprisoned was that of marrying a man whom she loved in de- fiance of the Court to which she was allied. Tho King having issued an order for her arrest she was first taken to Sir Thomas Parry's House, at Lambeth, hut was after- wards removed to Arundel House, from whence she m.anaged to make her escape, tut was retaken. The following interesting account of her flight and capture is taken from *' Win- wood's Memorials," in a letter from Mr. John Moore to Sir Ralph Winwood, dated June 8, 1611 :—

" Lady Stuart having induced her keepers

into securitio by the fayre show of conformity and willingness to goe on her journey to- wards Durham, whether she was to he con- ducted hy Sir James Croft, in the meantime disguised herself by drawing a great paire of French fashioned hose over her petticotes, and putting on a man's doublet, a man-like peruke, with long locks, over her hair, a black hat, black cloake, russet hootes with red tops, with a rapier by her side, and walked forthe, between three and four of the clock, with Mr. Markham. After they had gone on foot a mile and a half, they reached a sorry inn, where one Crompton attended with their horses. She here grew^ very sick and fainte, so that the ostler who held the st3'r- rup said, ' that gentleman would hardly hold out to London !' Yet, being on a good gelding, astride in the wonted fashion, the galloping of the horse brought the blood to her face, and so she rode towardes Blackwall, where, arriving about nine o'clock, and find- ing there in readiness tw^o men, and a gentle- man and a chambermaid, with one boate full of Mr. Seymour's"' and her trunks, and another boate for their pcrsones, they hasted from thence towards Woolwich. Bemg come so far they bade the watermen rowe on towards Gravesend ; there the watermen were desi- rous to lande, but for a double freighte were contented to go on to Leigh, yet, being very tired by the way, they were faine to lie still at Tilbury whilst the oar-men went on lande to refresh themselves. They then proceeded to Leigh, and by that time the day had ap- peared, and they discovered a ship at anchor a mile beyond, which was the French barque which waited for them. There the ladye would have lyen at anchor, expecting Mr. Seymour, but through the importunity of her followers, they forthwith hoisted saile to sea- warde.

"In the meanwhile, Mr. Seymour, with a peruke and a beard of black hair, walked alone, without suspicion, from his lodging, out of the great west door of the Tower, fol-

• Mr. Seymour was her husband, and he liad concerted a plan of escape in a Frencli vessel to Calais.

No. 7.

50

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PAXCRAS.

lowino; a cart that had brought iti some bil- lets of woode. From thence he walked along by the Tower wharfe, by the warders of the south gate, where Rodney was ready with a boat to receive bim. When they came to Leigh, and fomid that the ship was gone, the billows running very high, they hired a fisherman, for twentie shillings, to set them aboard a certain ship they saw under sail. That ship they found not to be the one they looked for, so they made for the nexte under saile, "which was a shippe of Newcastle. This, with much, ado, they hired for fortie pounds to carry them to Calais, but whether or no the collier performed his bargain is not as yet knownc.

''On Tuesday, my Lord Treasurer having been advertized that the Ladye Arabella had made her escape, sent forthwithe to the Lieu- tenante of the Tower to set strlctc guarde over Mr. Seymour, which be promised to doe ; but on coming to the prisoner's lodgings, he founde to his greate amazement that he was gone from thence one whole da3-e before. Now, the King and the Lords being much disturbed at this unexpected accident, my Lord Treasurer sent downe orders to a pinnace that laye in the Do^^vnes, to put pre- sently to sea, first to Calais Road, and to saile np the ro'ide towards Dnnkirkc. This pinnace, spying the aforesaid French bari[ue, wiiich laye lingering for I\Ir. Seymour, made to her, which, thereupon offered to fly to- wards Calais, and endured thirteen shot I'rum the piimaee before she would strike her colours. In this barque was the ladye t:iken prisoner, and hcrselic and her Ibl- lowers taken back towards the Tower, the Ladye Arabella not so sorry for her own re

j straint as she would be glade if i\Ir. Seymour might escape, whose welfare she protesteth

I to fcfl much more than her owne.''

i

Tills devoted and imfortunate'lady ended her daj's on the 27th September, 1G15, after j being confined in the Tower four years, I merely because of her great attachment to : her husband. It was generally supposed she i died of a broken heart. She was buried in I the Royal Chapel at Westminster. Mr. Sey- mour, her husband, effected his escape, and afterwards became Marquis of Hertford.

Death of Lord Bacon at Arundel House.

Lord Bacon, Chancellor of Great Britain, died at Arundel House, Highgate, in 1626, His death occurred through the following

singular circumstance : — One day in tlicearly part of the yi^arjust mentioned, he wa-; tak- ing an airing, accompanied by the King's physician, Dr. Wlnterborne. It was a very cold day, and snow lay upon the ground. On arriving at Highgate Hill a thought struck the philosopher that he would try an experi- ment as to whether flesh might not be pre- served with snow as well as salt. Getting out of his coach, he, togeth<'r with Dr. Wln- terborne, went into a poor woman's Ci^ttage at the bottom of the hill, and bought a hen, which, after killing, he stufl'ed with snow. The experiment, however, so chilled him that he could not return to his lodgings at Grwy's Inn, but was obliged to seek a lodging atthe Earl of Arundel's hou*e at Highgate. There it is said, he was unfortunately placed in a damp bed which had not been used for a year or more, and which so aggravated his cold that he died a few days afterwards.

In confirmation of the above, an account appears in his life, written by Rowley, and published in 1671 : —

"■ He died on the 0th of April, in the year 1026, in the eaidy morning of the day cele- brated for our Saviour's ResniTection, in the GOth year of his age, at the Earl of Arundel's house at Highgate, near London, to which place he had casually repaired about a week iiefore; God so ordaininj.- that lie should die there of a gentle fever, accidentally accom- panied by a great cold, where the deduction ofrbeame fell so plentifull}' upon his breast that be died of suffocation, and was buried in St. Michael's Church, at St. Alban's."

An interesting letter is preserved, which was written by Bacon to the Eaid of Arundel and Surrey, when lying ill at his house at

" To the Earl of Arundel and Sum^ey. " My veey good Lord, —

" I was likely to have the fortune of Cains Plinlus the elder, who lost his hfe by trying an experiment about the burning of the mountain Vesuvius. For I was also desirous to try an experiment or two touching the conservation and induration of bodies. As for the experiment itself it succeeded exceed- ingly well ; but in the journey (between London and Highgate), I was taken with such a fit of casting as I know not whether it was the stone, or some surfeit, or cold, or in- deed a touch of all three.

" But when I came to your lordship's house I was not able to go back, and therefore was forced to take up my lodgings here, where

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

your l]ousukeepcr is very careful and diligent about me ; ivbich I assure myself your lord- ship will not only pardon towards him, bat think the better of him for it. For indeed 3'Dur lordships house was happy to me ; and I kiss your noble hands for the welcome I am sure you give me to it. I know how un- fit it is for me to write to your lordship with any other hands than my own ; but, by my troth, my fingers are so disjoynted with this fit of sickness, that I cannot steadily hold a pen.

"Fk. St. Albans."

It is well-known that this great man was accused of talcing bribes in cases that de- pended before hira wlien he was Chancellor, and upon his trial by the peers, he was con- victed with four-and-twenty articles of bri- bery. An ample confession was signed by him, and an humble petition for a favourable sentence. He resigned the Great Seal on the 2nd of May, 1621, and the Lords, the next day, pronounced the following judg- ment : — " That the Viscount St. Albans, Lord Chancellor of England, should pay a fine of £40,000 ; that he should be impri- soned in the Tower during the King's plea- sure ; that he should for ever be incapable of any office, place, or employment, in the State or C'ommonwealtli ; that he should never sit in Parliament, or come within the verge of the Court."

It is exceedingly painful to reflect upon the humiliation and ignominy which this profound philsosopher,

"The greatest, wisest, meanest of mankind," brought upon himself by his own unfortunate misconduct. It seems to point to the conclu- sion that neither learning nor wisdom, nor strength of genius is sutticient to overcome the wicked promptings and deceit of the human heart. The history of King So- lomon, when he forsook that reliance upon the Creator, without which it is impos- sible to continue in the path of integrity and virtue, afl'ords a striking parallel to that of the great English philosopher. The full sen- tence, however, upon Lord Bacon was not carried out. The fine was abandoned and a pension allowed him, which, however, was soon discontinued. He became very reduced, and applied for a situation at Eton, but was re- fused. His estates were sold to pay his debts, and ultimately he ivas obliged to go back to his old lodging in Gray's Inn, which he had inhabited when he was a barrister, and which was his only home at the time when he breathed his last at Ilighgate.

LAUDEKDALE HOUSE.

Lauderdale House is situated on the left side ofthe hill-road, nearly opposite Cromwell House, and just on the borders of the parish. It is supposed to have been built about the year 1600, and for many years was the re- sidence ofthe Earls of Lauderdale, eminent as statemen and warriors. It is a fine old- fashioned mansion, its wdndows and terraces commanding extensive prospects of the me- tropolis. For some time it was the residence of Nell Gywnne, mistress of Charles II., and mother of the first Duke of St. Albans. A tradition is related concerning her while liv- ing there. Slie was very desirous of obtain- ing a title for her son, which she had for a long time being unsuccessful in gaining. The father, Charles II., being there one after- noon, it is stated she held the child out of the window, exclaiming, " If you do not do something for it, I will drop it." He immediately replied, " Save the Earl of Bur- Ibrd !" The story, however, is scarcely pro- bable, the incident being opposed to Nell Gywnne's general character, and it might possiblj' have originated in some striking birt less melodramatic method of putting an alter- native.

FITZEOV HOUSE.

The above house "was formerly the seat of Lord S"utham])ton, and situated in the park adjoining Caen Wood. Lord Southampton was the Lord of the manor of Tottenhall, or Tottenham Court in -n-hose family it still re- mains. In the rooms of the old mansion were portraits of Henry, the first Duke of Grafton, George, Earl of Euston, and Charles Duke of Grafton. The Duke of Bucking- ham resided at Fitzroy House in 1811. In 1828 the mansion was taken down and the park sub-divided and improved by the erec- tion of several elegant villas.

HOLLY LODGE.

The handsome villa, known as '* Holly Lodge," is situated at Highgate Rise. It was purchased by Sir Francis Burdett Coutts, the hanker, and is now the residence of jMiss Burdett Coutts, so well known for her bene- volence. It was formerl}^ the residence of tlie late Duke of St. Albans.

THE HISTORY AXD TRADITIONS OF ST. PAXCRAS.

c^.OM^yELL house.

Most perlostriiins wlio have ascended High- gate Hill have no doubt observed, near the turnpike- fixate half ivay np, a red-brick edi- fice called " Cromwell House." It was built by the Protector, abont the year 1030, as a residence for General Ireton, one of the com- manders in his army, and who married his daughter. It is said that Cromwell himself resided there, but it is not certain. Tradi- tion also states tliat there was a subterranean passage between it and the mansion-house at Hi.fvhgate. Cromwell House was evidently built in accordance with tlie taste of its mili- tary occupant. The staircase, which is of handsome proportions, is richly decorated with carved oak figures, supposed to be of persons in the general's army, in their cos- tumes. The ceiling of the drawing-room is ornamented with the arras of Ireton, and carved devices, emblematical of warfare, abound in all parts of the building.

THE "FOX AND CROWN.

Over the door of this inn, situated in the road down the hollow of the hill leading to Kentish Town, many, no doubt, have noticed a ro^^al gilt coat-of-arms. This privilege, if such it can be called, was obtained by an in- teresting incident. On July (Jth, 1837, her Majesty, accompanied by the Duchess of Kent, was taking an airing round High- gate, when on arriving near to the "Fox and C^'rown" the horses suildenly liccame restive and set off at a fearful pace down the hill; fortunately, however, their progress was ar- rested by the prompt assistance of the inn- keeper, and the royal party saved from an accident which threatened alarming conse- rjuences. The timel}' service thus rendered was rewarded by a license being granted to the landlord, Mr. Turner, to place the royal arms in front of his house, and, in ad- dition, a suitable present was forwarded to hi 01.

©aih.

" It's a custom at Highgate, tliat all who go

through, Must be sworn on the horns, dr ; a;]d so,

sir, must you. Bring the horns, shut the door I now, sir,

take off your hat, When you come here again, don't f^>rget

to mind tJait.''^

UK ancient cu;toni of swearing on the horns is almost extinct, but a i'liw 3-ears ncco tlie question, " Have 3'ou been sworn j at I-IighgiUe?" was frequently asked by per- I sons in aU part.^ of the kingdom. An old in- habitant of Highgate snys, " That in the coaching times, more than sixty years ao-o, upwards of eighty stage coaches would s'-op every day at the Red Lion Inn, and nnt n'. every five passengers three were sworn." On the drawiog-up of the coaches at the inn doors, most pressing iuvitatlone; wnnld h'' given to the company to nli ^'liN rnd :\i\cr o.< many as possible could he onl'e'-t-'d in the parlour, the landlord, or somebody interested, wnnld introduce the subject of being sworn at Highgate. A little artifice easily led to the detection of tliose who had not taken the nnth, and as soon as the fact was ascertained, the

hnrns were usually l)rougltt in l\y the landlord, there being generally assembled a sufficient number of persons interested to enforce com- pliance- The horns, fixed on a pole five feet in length, were then placed upright upon the ground before the person to be sworn, who was required to take off his hat, and all present having done the same, the landlord, in a loud voice swore in the party proposed. The substance of the oath commenced by the landlord exclaiming; Upstanding and un- covered— silence! Take notice what I now say to you, for that is the first word of the oath — mind fJmt ! You must acknowledge me to be your adopted father, I must acknow- ledge you to be my adopted son. If you do nnt call me father, you forfeit a bottle of wine; if I do not call you son, I forfeit the same. ! And now, my good son, if you are travelling ihr ugh this vilhige of FLigligate, and you h ive no money in your pocket, go call for a h it tic of wine at any house you ni'iy think proper to enter, and book it to yc>\\y f tther's score. If yon have any friends with you, you may treat them as well; but if 3'ou have money of yourown, you must pa}' for It your- [ self; for you must not say you have no money

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

53

"when yon liave; neltlier must you convey your money out of your own pocket into that of your friends' pockets, for I sliuU search yon as well as them, and if I find that you or they have any money, you forfeit a bottle of wine for tryin<^ to cheat and cozen your old father. You must not cat brown bread while you can get white, unless you like brown the best; nor must you drink small beer when YOU can get strong, unless you like small the best; you must not kiss the maid, while you can kiss the mistress, unless you like the maid the best, but sooner than loose a good chance, you may kiss them both. And now, my good son, I wish you a safe journey through Ilighgate and this life. I charge you, my good son, that if you know any in this company who have not taken this oath, you must cause them to take it, or make each of them forfeit a bottle of wine ; for if you fail to do so, you will forfeit one yourself. So now, ray son, God bless you; kiss the horns or a pretty girl, if you see one here, wliicli you like the best, and so te free of Highgate!"

If a female was in the room she wns gene- rally saluted, if not the horns must be kissed, but the option wns not allowed formerly. There was a peculiarity in the oath in con- nection with the pronoun that which generally resulted in the victimising of the strangers of some bottles of wine. As soon :is the saluta- tion was over and the wine drank, the land- lord, addressing himself to his newly-made son said, " I have now to acquaint you with your privileges as a freeman of Highgate. If at any time you are going through Highgate and want to rest yourself, and you see a pig lying in the ditch you are quite at liberty to kick her out and take her place ; but if you see three lying together, you must only kick out the middle one and lie between the two. God save the King !"

There was o;ie circumstance essential for a freeman of Highgate to remember, that was, the first words of the oath — ^^ Mind that P' If a person failed to remember the pronoun *'that," he was subject to be resworn from time to time, and so often until he remem- bered to ejaculate " ' that' is the first word of your oath — mii)d that P'

We believe the old crier of Highgate, Mr. Bell, still keeps a gown and wig to swear art3-'body in who wishes to perpetuate this curious custom, and some even now are made free of Highgate. The swearer in, wdioever he may be, generally performs the ceremony in a black gown, mnsk, and wig, and is ac- companied by a person v/Iio acts as clerk and carries the horns.

The custom was first practised at the Gate- House Inn, near the turnpike. As to its origin there are various accounts. One is, that it was devised by a landlord who had lost his license as a means of covering the sale of his liquors. Another, and a more probable account is, that Highgate, in days ofj'ore, being the place nearest to London where cattle rested on their way from the north for sale in Smithfield, a large number of graziers were accustomed to put up at the Gate-House Iim for the riight. These graziers formed a Ic'nd of fraternity, and generally endeavoured to secure the inn for their own accommodation on certain days. Finding it impossible, however, to exclude strangers who, like themselves, were travel- ling on business, from tlieir society, they fomied a kind of club, and made it impera- tive that those who wished to join them should, after taking an oath, bring an ox to the door, and those who did not kiss its horns they would exclude from their society.

The custom has been noticed by Lord Byron, in his " Childe Harold," and in a note attached to that work, he particular!}'- alludes to the saving clause "unless you like it best." The following are his words in the hrst Canto : —

" Some o'er the Thamis row th Others along the safer tur Some Richmond Hill ascend AVare,

And many to the steeps of Highgate

hie ;

Ask ye, Bcetlan shades, the

'Tis to the worship of the

Grasp'd in the holy hand of

In whose dread name both

he ribbon'dfair, rnpike fly : d, some scud to

; reason why ? i solemn horn,

mystery,

man and maid

are sworn. And consecrate the oath and dance till morn."

with draught

In 182G there were 19 licensed public- houses in Highgate, and Mr. Hone, in his " Every-day Book," states the names of the inns, and the kind of horns they used, as fol- lows:— 1. The Gate-House Inn, staggs' horns; 2, the Mitre, staggs' horns; 3, the Green Dragon, staggs' horns ; 4, the Red i^ion and Sun, bullocks' horns .; 5, the Bell, staggs' horns ; G, the Coach and Horses, rams' horns ; 7, the Castle, ranis' horns; 8, the Red Lion, rams' horns ; 'J, the M'restler, staggs' horns ; 10, the Bull, staggs' horns; 11, the Lord Nelson, staggs' horns ; 12, the Duke of Wellington, staggs' horns; 13, the Crown, staggs' horns ; 1-1, the Duke's Head, staggs' horns ; 15, the Coopers' Arms, rams'

54

THE HISTORY AND TRADmONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

horns ; IG, the Rose and Crown, stiig^c^s' horns ; 17, tlie Angel, stag-gs' horns ; 18, the Fhisk, rams' horns ; ID, the Fox and Crown, rams' horns.

The above custom was especially encoiir- aged by the villagers to the advantage of the landlord, and at the present time in nearly every one of the nineteen inns in Idighgate, there are a pair of horns in the coffee-room or parlour attached to such. This large number of public houses for so small a village is accounted for by its liavmg been the halt- ing place of both the military and the stage-

coach traveller, either before entering or quit- ting the metropolis for the north. During

the great war with France, when large bodies of military passed through the metropolis for abroad, an immense business was carried on, hut now there is scarcely any trade attached to them. There is no spot in England, per- haps, where so many inns can be seen at one glance as at Highgate. On taking a stand at the Gate-House Inn the number of sign- posts and public-houses to be seen at a single view comprises nearly the whole of the above list.

t. Mi.dn!d'r) (Mnntrli.

)UEVIOUS to the old chapel being pulled down the present church was erected on the site of the old mansion- house,* built by Sir William Asbhm-st, Lord Mayor of London, in IGO-L It is dedicated to St. Michiiel, and was consecrated by the Bishop of London upon the 8th of No- vember, 1832. Mr. Lewis VuUiamy "'as the architect, and Messrs. Cubitt, the builders. Its whole cost was £10,000, £5,000 of which was given by the Ecclesiastical Commis- sioners and the remainder raised by subscrip- tion amongst the inhaVdtants. Some delay took place in its consecration in consequence of Highgate being in the three different parishes of St. Pancras, Ilornsey, and Isling- ton, and though surrounded by the diocese of London, not included in it. Claims to jurisdiction over the church were set up liy Pancras parish, as it had been built in that pnrt of Highgate included within its boun- dary, Ijut an Act of Parliament Avas passed, which made Highgate a separate ecclesias- tical district.

St. Micliael's Church is a most picturesque addition to the Cemetery, of wdiich it seems to form a crowning appendage, enhancing the solemnity and beauty of the burial ground by its situatjon. It is an elegant specimen of the later English style, with an enriclied tower and crocketted spire ; the north ehjva- tion, especially, facing the Grove at Highgate, presents a pccuUar and striking appearance. The interior also deserves much praise. At its south end, overlooking the Cemetery, there is a magnificent stained-glass window representing the Saviour and the apostles, the gift of the Rev. G. Slayo, many years

preacher in the old cliapel. It was made at Rome ; the border contains several coats-of- ai-ms from tlie windows of the old chapel. The clock and bells, weighing upwards of nineteen cwt., were the gift of George Cray- shiiw, Esq. There is accommodation for 1,500 people, of which there is provided 500 free sittings for the poor. The appointment is in the gii't of the lijsh'ip of London, and is worth about £600 a-year. The present in- cumbent is the Rev. S. Dalton, M.A.

There arc a few interesting moninne]its from the old chapel around the walls r4'tbe new church ; but that perhaps most worthy of notice is the one erected to tiie enunent poet, Samuel Tajdor Coleridge, who during the later period of his life, resided at High- gate, in the bouse of Mr. Gilhnan, surgeon, Pemberton Row, wdiere he died. Mr. Gill- man, who was a very endeared friend of the [)oet's, did not long survive him, and a mo- nument to his memory has been placed beside that of his companion, denoting, now they are gone to a better world, their lasting friendship wdiile on earth. The fullowdng is the inscription ou that of the poet's monu- ment : —

Sacred to the Memory of

Samuel Taylor Colekidge.

This truly great and good man resided for

The last nineteen years of his life

In this hamlet.

He quitted " the bodv of this death "

July 25, l'83i,

In the sixty-second year of his age.

Of his learning and discursive genius,

His literary works are an imperishable record.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

65

To his private wortli,

His social and Christian virtues,

James and Ann Gillmanj

Tlie friends with whom he resided

Dnring the above period, dedicate tliis tablet.

He died under tlic pressure of a lon^

And most painful disease.

His disposition was unalterably sweet and

[angelic. Ho was an ever-cnduriug, ever-loving friend. The gentlest and kindest teacher, The most engaging home-companion.

" 0 framed for calmer times find nobler hearts! 0 studious poet, eloquent for truth ! Pliilosnpher, contemning wealth and de.atli. Yet docile, childish, full of light and love. Here on this monumental stone thy friends [inscribe thy worth."

" Reader ! for the world mourn ! A light has passed away from the earth! But for this pious and exalted Christian Rejoice, and again I say unto you rejoice."

The other inscription is as follows: —

Sacred to the Memory of James Gillman, Surgeon, For many years an eminent practitioner in This place. The Friend of S. T. Coleridge. His Christian faith has, we humbly trust, through the merits of the Saviour, ob- tained the promise of a better inheritance.

" He asked and hoped through Christ- Do thou the same."

l!}|[f Ojltamlen'^ ^diaol.

cy

SIR ROGER CHOMLEY'S Grammar Scliool was founded in 1565 for the pur- pose of edncating forty poor boys be- longino; to Highn;ate, Kentish Town, and Finchley. The present Grammar Schuol is a substantial brick Gothic building near the gate, and has the following inscription on a tablet on the west front : —

" Sr. Roger Ciiomley, Knt. Founded in

15G5. Tins BUILDING ERECTED IN 1810."

Sir Roger Choniley was Loi'd Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench, and probably obtained the property on which he founded the scliool by a grant from the crown. The pious and benevolent old knight, after performing many good works, finally settled at Hornsey, and there he spent his latter days in literary retirement. Among the rules and laws made by the governors for the regulation of thein- stitution, a decree made in the reign of Eliza- beth, a few years after the knight's death, is still extant. The following are some ex- tracts : —

" First — AVe order and decree, according to the will, mind, and intent of the said Sir Ro;2;er Choraley, Knight, founder of the Free School, that there be an honest and learned schoolmaster, appointed and placed to teach the scholars coming to this Free School;

which schoolmaster that shall be so placed be a graduate of good, sober, and honest conver- sation, and no light person, who shall teach and instruct young children, as well in their A, B, C,* as in other English books, and to write, and also in their grammar, and that without taking any money or reward other- wise than is hereafter expressed and declared.

" Second, — We will and order that any schoolmaster that shall be placed to teach in the free school shall sat/ and read openly 2it the chapel at Highgate next adjoining the said free school the service set forth by the Queen's Majesty in the form following, — that is to say, every Sunday and hoUday, morning and evening prayers ; every Wed- nesday and Friday, morning prayers with the Litany ; and on Saturday and every festival day in the year, evening prayers.

"We order that the master for the time being shall receive quarterly for his wages, fifty shillings, also his dwelling-house, rent free. That he shall have besides two acres of ground, lately enclosed out of Highgate Common, with the giirden and orchard ad-

* The common alphabet is not here meant, but a Black Letter Book calb'd the '' A, B, C, with the Catechism"— that is to sav, an in- struction to be taught and learned (yf every child before he be brought to be confirmed by the Bishop.

56

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

joininf^'the chapel, and shall also have yearl}^ ont of the wood of the Lord Bishop of Lon- don at Ilornsey, eight loads of fire- wood, pro- vided the said firewood be burnt within the house, and not suld away."

This decree was signed by Edwin Sandys, Bishop of London, Jasper Chomley, Roger Martin, &c., on the 7th December, 1571, in the fourteenth year of the reign of Elizabeth.

The yearly funds of the school at the time

of its foundation were only £10 13s. 4d., but by various benevolent donations and the in- creased value of property, they soon increased to a considerable amount. By an account furnished by the Rev. Weldon Champneys (the then Yicar of St. Pancras) in 1800 to Mr. Lyssons, author of a work entitled the " Environs of London," the moneys vested in the governors of Higligate Grammar School were as follows : —

Date.

Donors^ Names.

Description.

Value in 1800.

1502

The Founder.

(Messuages in the pa- rishes of St. Martin, Lud- gate, and St. Michael,

Crooked Lane)

£40 per annum

T^ands at Highgate

£99 do.

1580

John Dudley.

(Rent tenements at Stoke

Newington) .

£2 do.

1587

Jasper Chomley

(Rent charge, manor of

Renters, Hendon) .

£2 Cs 8d do.

1G37

WiUiam Piatt

(Rent charge, house at

£10 do.

Kentish Town)

£10 do.

Money in the Funds, &.c.

£140 do.

The latter included a grnnt of £G0 a-3'ear by Edward Pauncefurt, E&q., an iidiabitant of Highgate. The income is now greatly in- creased.

In 1824: new rules were made by the governors, and the statutes remodelled as follows : —

" The schoolmaster to be a graduate in lioly orders, the course of instruction to in- clude the Latin and Greek languapcp, and the principles of the Christian religion ac- cording to the doctrine and discipline of the Church of England.

" Forty scholars to be admitted by the governors out of Highgate, Kentish Town, Holloway, Hornsey or Fiucbley.

" Each boy on admission to pay 21s. towards the librfiry.

" The qualification of boys before admis- sion to be, that they shall read and write, and understand the two first rules of arith- metic.

" The masters and scholars to regularly attend divine service."

It is understood tliat as the funds of the institution advance, the governors will fouud exhibitions for scholars at £50 each for four years, at either Oxford or Cambridge, so that at no very distant period, it may be expected to rival the best public schools. It is almost needless to say, that the boys now selected are not those of the poorer classes, but chiefly belong to the gentry and wealthy tradesmen in the nei/jhbourbood.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

57

THERE are few spots upon the summit of Higbgate Hill possessing more interest than Highgate Grove — once known as Higligatc Green, find the resort of the villa- gers for proraenading in fine weather. It was once covered with a row of splendid elm trees, a few of which are still remaining and exhibit signs of great age. To fully realize the character attached to this locality, it must be borne in mind that the Grove, or Green, before the " Gate" was erected, and tlie road cut over the hill to Einchley, ter- minated the public road northward, all be- yond being the " Bishop's Wood," a large tract of which still remains, and which bor- ders the road on the right hand side, along Hampstead Lane, from Highgate to the '' Spaniard>'" Tavern. That it used to be a resort for the London folk in the sum- mer, for purposes of recreation and dancing, we have many evidences. In an old comedy, entitled "Jack Drarae's Entertainment," (JGUl,) on the introduction of the Whitsun Morris dance, the following song is given : —

" Skip it and frisk it nimbly, nimbly ; Tickle it, tickle it lustily ! Strike up the tabour for the wenches' fa- vour ; Tickle it, tlck.le it lustily !

" Let us be seene, on Highgate Greene, To dance for the honour of Holloway; Since we are come hither, let's spare for no

leather. To dance for the honour of Holloway."

An interesting incident occurred in con- nection with Hogarth, at one of the inns which formerly stood near the Green. One Sunday, during his apprenticeship, he set out, with two or three companions, on an ex- cursion to Highgate Green. The weather being hot they went into a public house, where they had not been long before a quar- rel arose between two persons in the sanae room, when one of the disputants having struck the other on the head with a quart- pot and cut him very much, caused him to make such a hideous grin, that it presented

Hogarth witli too humouroua a subject to be overlooked. He drew out his pencil and pro- duced on the spot one of the most ludicrous figures imaginable, and what rendered the sketch more valuable was, that it exhibited an exact likeness of the man, with the por- trait of his antagonist and the figures, in connection with the principal persons, ga- thered around him.

In the vicinity of Highgate Green formerly stood Dorchester House, once the residence of tbe Marquis of Dorchester. In the year 1685, one William. Blake, a woollen-draper in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, set on foot a scheme to establish a hospital at Highgate, for tbe maintenance of fatherless boys and girls. He spent £5,000 by purchasing Dor- chester House to carry out his plan, and pub- lished a very rare book, called '' Silver Drops, or Serious Things," being a kind of exhorta- tion to ladies to encourage the undertaking. The boys were to be taught painting, gar- dening, accounts and navigation, and to wear a uniform of blue lined with yellow. The girls to be taught to read, write, sew, starch, raise paste, and dress. The allowance of the housekeeper per day was one bottle of wine, three of ale, six rolls, and two dishes of meat. Subscriptions were collected and several children admitted. It was called the " Ladies' Cliarlty School." At one time (1GG7) there were thirty-six boy scholars ; and in 1675 the books belonging to the school consisted of two English, eighteen Latin, and three Greek. The fiunder, William Blake, was, as will be imagined, rather a quaint charac- ter. He carried on his business at the sign of the " Golden Boy," at the corner of Mai- den Lane, leading into Bedford Street, Co- vent Garden. He was exceedingly pious and earnest in the Protestant cause, and the mo- tive which led him to found the school, was for the purpose of diffusing the Reformed re- ligion among the young. It did not, how- ever, last long after his death, although it had the support of several ladies of rank, i His book. " Silver Drops," had a frontispiece engraving of Dorchester House, as v;ull as his own mansion at Highgate, and It also contained a number of notes, in most of which

58

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

be lamented the w;nit of encouragement, and complained that, by some people, he was treated as a madman.

THE IIIGHOATE VOLUNTEERS OF 1801.

On the occasion of Napoleon's contemplated invasion, the inhabitants of Highgate im- mediately raised and supported during the war, a battahon of three liundred men, com- manded by a field officer with the rcgnlnted compliment of captains, subnltevns, non-com- missioned ofHcers, &c. The government provided the adjutants, the arms, and am- munition, hut the clothing and all other ex- penses were defrayed by the voluntary sub- scriptions of the inhabitants. The colours were presented by the Countess of Mansfield, and the corps reviewed in 1805 by King

George III., at Harrow Weald, and at suh- sequcnt periods by his Koyal Highness the Duke of {'ambridge, General Fox, anr] others, on Finchley Common, on all of whicli occa- sions the commanding generals expressed their thanks for the zeal displayed and their approbation of the eflScient state of discipline the corps had attained, and the perfect manner in which they performed their various duties. Their place of muster was most frequently the Grove, near Hi hgatc Church, and their place of exercise Highgate (_'onnnon, which on tine :-uii!nier evenings, nsod ti> be tln'onged by rhe fair OCX to w:':ness tlieir various cm-i- lutions. A good i)and was maintained, \\hlr]i greatly enlivened all ttie proceedings of the corps. The colours of the corps, were lately in the possession of Mr. Prickett, anctloneer of Highgate. Only two or three of the 300 A^ohinteer3 of 1801 are now alive to perso'ially compare the present with the past.

laii^ji^ltl '§,mM,

THIS splendid building, the seat of the Earl of Mansfield, Is situated within the parish, at Highgate It was purchased I of the Earl of Bute, in 1755, by the tlrst Earl 1 of I\IansHeld, Chief Justice of the King's I Bench. The wood siirrounding the mansion I is supposed, and with every pirobablllty, to I be part of the remains of the ancient forest J of Middlesex. When Lord MansHeld first

■ entered upon the possession of the estate, the : mansion was small and not of a very elegant i description. The principal aherations were : effected by the late Earl under the direction

ot Messrs. Adams and Saunders, architects. ! It is a noble structure of the Ionic or- j der, exhibiting two handsome fronts, the ; principal of which towards the north, has

■ two projecting wings aud enriched entabla* : ture. The southern front commands a fine

view of the gardens, and a terrace walk 1 ranges along the whole length. The various : apartments are of very fine proportions. i The wa'ls and celling of the rauslc-room were ! painted by Julius Ibbetson; in different

■ panels being Introduced representations of viirlrius operations of agriculture performed by children, from designs by Claude of Lor-

' raine ; and interspersed are beautiful views of I North Wales. In the library are original

paintings of Pope, Garrick. and Betterton ; likewise a full-length portrait of the first Earl by Martin and a bust of him by Nol- lekens. The celling of the lihrary Is coved and divided into panels delicately stuccoed, and ornamented with paintings by Zuechi.

'J'he grounds around the mansion are very fine and of gi*eat extent. The undulations are gentle yet sheltering, and a fine serpen- tine walk displays to the visitor the various beauties of this diversified retreat, while the vistas are judiciously formed, casually re- vealing land unconnected with the estate, but adding to its picturesque and rural beauty. There are several spacious sheets of water, and some cedars of Lebanon of consi- derable height, one of them having been planted by the late Lord Chief Justice with his own hands.

The beautiful sheets of water connected with tills estate, known as the "Seven Ponds," include several of the reservoirs which have long supplied a considerable district of the parish with water. The ponds were until lately leased by the Ilampstead Water Works Company, which has since become incorporated with the New River Company.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

BEI.LSIZE HOUSE AXD PAUK.

l*Ei.LsiZE Vakk is not situated in this p:iri-;h, but on the borders of the adjoining parish of Hampstead. It is however, a pU\ce of iiiueh local interest, and so well known that a few remarks upon it will not be out of place. Before the dissolution of the monas- teries it was in possession of the Dean of Westminster, but after that was leased by Sir Thomas Wroth, Lieutenant of the Tower for twenty years.

In IGGO tlie lease of the Bellsize estate was renewed to Daniel O'Neale, Esq., of tlie Bed- chamber of Charles II., wlio married Catherine, the eldest daughter of Thomas Lord Wootton, whose son was created a buron of the realm under the title of Lord Wootton. Tliis Lord Wootton made Bellslze his principal seat, and lived there from 1073 to 1681. In the True Protestanl Jferciirt/ pnper of October 15, 1(>81, there is an account ,<z:iven of Bellsize House b^dng one night aitacked by highwaymen and burglars: —

"London, Oct. 18. — Last night eleven or twelve highway robbers came on horseback to the house of Lord Wootton at Hampstead, and attempted to enter therein, breaking down part of the wall and the gate ; but there being four or Hve domestics within the house, the}' very com-ageously Kred several muskets and a blunderbuss upo^i the thieves, which gave an alarm to one of the lord's tenants, a farmer, who dwelt not f:ir off, who tliereupon went immediately to the village, and raised the inhabitants, who going towards the houses, which were about a mile off, it is thought the robbers hearing thereof, and withal finding the business difficult, they all made their escape. It is judged tliey had notice of my lord's absence from his house, and likewise of a great booty ■which was therein, which put them upon the desperate attempt."

After the death of Lord Wootton in 1G83, the mansion was occupied by a succession of distinguished tenants, amongst whom may be mentioned the Right Hon. Spencer Per- cival. Prime Minister of England. In the year 1720 Bellsize House was opened as a place of public entertainment, and continued so for between thirty and forty years, being on several occasions honoured by the presence of royalty, and during the season it became the daily resort of the nobility and gentry. It soon became very notorious, and a class of entertainments, similar to those exhibited at Ranelagh and A'"auxhall, were provided for the company.

The following extracts from newspapers of tlie period will perhaps give a better idea of their character than any detailed descrip- tion : — In a publication called Jl/ist's Journal of April 26, 1720, it states, " Whereas that the ancient and noble house near Hampstead, commonly called Bellsize House, is now taken and fitted up for the entertainment of gentle- men and ladies during the whole summer season, the same "w'ili be opened with an un- common solemnity of music and dancing. This undertaking will exceed all of the kind hitherto known in London, commencing every day at six in the morning, and continuing till eight at night, all persons being privileged to admittance without necessity of expense."

A hand-bill of the amusements of Bellsize House, in the possession of Dr. Combe, of Hampstead, and having a print of the old mansion prefixed, announces Bellsize to be open for the season, and states that " the piirk, wilderness, and garden, being wonder- fully improved and filled with a variety of birds, which compose a melodious and de- lightful harmony. Persons inclined to w^alk and to divert themselves may breakfast on tea or coffee as cheap as at their own chambers. Twelve stout fellows, completely armed, are always at hand, to patrol timid females or others who consider such escort necessary, between BelLize and London."

On July 15, 1721, the Prince of Wales and suite paid it a visit, and dined at Bellsize House, attended by several of the nobility. They were entertained with several games at himting, with wdiich the^'- expressed them- selves pleased, and at their departure they were very liberal to the servants.

At the date of the above visit, the house was kept by a man named James Howell, who was nicknamed and known to his fre- quenters as the "Welsh Ambassador" This Welsh Ambassador, as he was called, had races by footmen in velveteens and silk flesh- ings, and on one occasion he gave a jdatc of 10 guineas to be run for by eleven of these " John Thomas's." Under Howell's manage- ment, however, it became the scene of much debauchery and gambling, and the proprietor himself appears to have been not a very creditable character, having for some crime or otiier once been incarcerated in Newgate. [ In a poem written upon Bellsize in 1722, the I following li es in reference to Howell's pro- ceedings are commented upon: — |

" But since Howell hath obtained his liberty \ By Hajbeas, the wicked may see. Whom he by advertisements now invites To visit him amidst his false delights,

CO

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

Assuring them that thirty men shall be UpoQ the road for their security ; But whether one-half of this rabble guard, (Whilst t'others, half asleep on "watch and

ward), Don't rob the people tliey pn-tend to save, I to the opinion of the reader lea\'c."

The sentiments expressed dn not certniid}" say much for Howell's oftcr of gunrding people to town.

After a short period Cellsize House beciime an academy for dissipation niid lewdness to a degree that -would not be toleraled in the lowest tea-garden of the ]owes^ piililie- house of the present day, and accordiijgly it is stated that on June 7, 1723, "the CourC of Justices at the General Quarter Sessions, have ordered the High Constable of the Di- vision, to issue his precepts to the petty con- stables and head boroughs of the parish of Hampstead, to prevent all unlawful gaming, riots, &c., at Bellsize House and the great room at Hampstead." The same year a pamphlet was published by a person who entitledhimself a '^Serious Person oFQuality," and he commenced his work bv ijivinc: a brief

description of the doings at Bellsizc in the following verse:—-

" This house, which is a nuisance to the land, Doth near a park and handsome garden

staud, Fronting the road, betwixt a range of trees, Which is perfumed with a Hampstead

breeze ; And on each side the gate a greiuidier — However, they cannot speak, think, sec or

hear — But why the're posted there no mortal

knows. Unless it be to frighten jackdavrs and

crows, For rooks they cannot scare, who there re- sort To make of most unthoughtful bubbles

sport."

Bellsizc House continued open as late as the year 174j, as a plnce of public entertain- ment, soon after which it again fell into private hands, and now the park is mapped out with roads, and will soon be covered with suburban villas.

AND 1 T S V I C I N I T Y.

ONE third of the Regent's Park is in the parish of St. Pancras, the line of divi- sion passing through tlie Zoological Gardens and along its eastern side to Port- land Gate. It covers an area of 150 acres, and was named after the Eegent (subse- quently George IV.) It was first commenced in the year 1:S12, and laid out from designs bv ]\Ir. James Morgan, by whom also the principal terraces were erected. The south side of the park nlong the ''.uston Koad is about half a mile in length : the east-side, i'roni Portland Cre,5cent to Gloucester Gate, three-quarters of a mile. Tlie ornament;! sheet of water on the west iide of the jiarlc is situated in the valley through which r.iii the little rivulet or brook called •' Ayboui-m-," ■ which took its rise from the bottom ..f B:irruu' Hill, and whicli gave the name to the adjoin- ing parish of Marylebone. Tlie teiraces around this park are remarkable for their architectural grace and beauty, and add

greatly to the attractions of the neiglrbour- hood, especially those of Hanover, IMunster, Cornwall, Gloucester, Cumberland, Chester, Cambridge, and Ulster Terraces. There are several handsome villas in the enclosure of the park, that of Hertford House, the seat of the Jlarquis of Hertford, being among the more noticeable and imposing. A ringed enclosure in the centre contams tlie gardens of the Royal Botanic Society, founded for the purpose of study and experiment in that art, and in which the celebrated flower shows are annually lield.

The Regent's Park consists of the grounds attached to the Old ]\Ianor House of ]\Iaryle- liouo, and called Marylebone Park. As it rnay be interesting to know how the park was preserved for the use of the people, a short history of the Manor House and I'arlc will not be out of place. The Manor House stood upon the spot where Devonshire Mews is now built, and during the time the estate

THE HISTORY AND TRADmONS OF ST. PANCUAS.

61

was in possession of the crown it is said to have bueii used as one of the ro^'al palaces. It was taken down in the year 1791. By n

drawinn' of Hooker's, formerly in possession of John White, Esq., of Devonshire Place, it appears to have retained some traces of the architeetnreof the reign of Queen Elizabeth ; but tlie o;reatsr part was rebuilt at a later period. Behind the Mansion House, in the vicinity of Devonshire Mews, stood the once t'amons Marylebone Tea Gardens. In the rei_i;-n of Queen Anne they were noted for their bowling-green, and were then nmcb freipien- ted by the nobiliiy and gentry of that da}'.

"Some dukes at iMarylebone bowl time away,"

wrote Lady Wortley iJontagu in one of her poems, and for a long time they kept np their reputation as a resort for many of the aris- tocracy. The gardens were first opened in 1737, one slilUing being the price of admis- sion, for which an equivalent was received in the way of refrc^linient. The musical depart- ment was for some time under the direction of Dr. Arnold, and first-class singers were engaged to entertain the company. About the year 1740 they were opened for public breakfasts and evening concerts ; I"ireworks, after the manner of Rimelagb and Vauxhall were also displayed, and in 1772, prepared by Signor Torre, was exhibited a representa- tion of Mount Etna in a state of eruption, and which attracted much attention. Like most of the same description of places, however, after a time Marylebone Gardens gradually degenerated and grew into disrepute, the company becomingexceedingly low andlicen- tious ; indeed, so much did they become noted as a resort fur bad characters, that Gay in his '' Beggars' Opera" makes them the scene of one of Macheath's debaucheries. In 1778 the gardens were shut, and the site let out to builders. In 17G0 it is recorded that '"the ambassador from the Emperor of Russia and other Muscovites rode through the City to Marylebone Park and there hunted at thuir leisure."

The Manor House was given by King James to Edward Forest, Esq., but the park he pre- served in his own right, and it continued in the possession of the crown till the year KJtO, when King Charles by letters patent, dated at Oxford, May (J, granted it to Sir (.ieorge Strode and Squire \V'andesibrd as a security for a debt of £2,318 lUs. 'Jd., due to them fur supplying arras and ammnnition during the troublous times. After the King's death, however, and when Cromwell was in power, and the crown lands generally sold by the government, Mar^debone Park, without any

regard to the clauns of the two gentlemen above-mentioned, was sold to Sir John Spencer, of London, on behalf of Colonel Thomas Harrison's Regiment of Dragoons, on whom it was settled for their pay ; and Sir John Ipsley was appointed Ran- ger by the authority of the Protector. The purchase money was £13,215 (3s. 8d., including £130 for the deer (124 in number of several sorts), and £1,774 8s. for timber, exclusive of 2,976 trees marked out for the royal navy. On the restoration of Charles II. to the throne, Sir George Strode and Mr. Wandesford (the two gentlemen to whom the former king liad granted its possession) were re-instated in their possession of the park, which they held till their debt was discharged. The park was then leased by several indi- viduals, the Duke of Portland being the last lessee, his lease having expired in the year 1811. It then became again the property of the crown, and for some time it was debated by the Government whether they should lease it out again or make it into a park for the people. In the year 1811 Mr. White, of Devonsliire Place, suggested a plan to the surve^yor of crown lands, *' proposing that onl}'- the lower part of the site of Marylebone Park should be built upon, that the buildings should terminate northward with a grand crescent of half a mile span, in the centre of which, fronting the end of Haidey Street, should be erected the new parish church of Marylebone; and that the remainder of the ground, which was ill-adapted for building on, should be restored to its original state and converted into a park three miles in circum- ference, with walks, drives, &c."

XriK HOSriTAL OF ST. CATHERINE.

A LITTLE to the south of Gloucester Gate is a very interesting-looking ecclesiastical struc- ture called the Church and Hospital of St. Katherine. It has dwellings on either side of the structure for brothers and sisters of the Hospital, as they are called, together with apartments for the chaplain and other officers. This structure was erected in the place of the ancient ibuudation of St. Katherine, near the Towerof London, which was taken down in 1827, to make room for the spacious docks erected on its site (the St. Kathcrine's Docks). The new church in the Regent's Park is of the C.otliic order in the sty\e of the early part of the fifteenth century ; the west frontof Winchester Catlicdral being the model from whence the architecture was adopted.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIOXS OF ST. PANCRAS.

Mr. Poynder was the architect and desi.crner of the building. The beautiful stalk of the old church have been carefully transferred to the new, as well as a curiously-carved pulpit given in 1621 by Sir Julius Oresar, a master of the Hospital. It has six sides, with striking views of the hospital and its gates, as they existed hi the days of the artist. \\'hen the St. Katherinc's Hospital was removed an Act of Parliament had to be procured, and upwards of 800 liouses were pulled down to make room ibr the construction of the .-spa- cious docks.

The chaiity is one of the most am-Ii'iit in Tondon, it having been founded as early -a^ the year 1148 by Matilda of Boulogne, wife of King Stephen, together with the home and otljce of master, a valuable appointment in the gift of the Queen or the Qi^een-dowa^^er^ (if there be one). Eleanor, wife of King Edward I., was a second foundress, and slie appointed a master, three brethren chaplains, three sisters, ten poor women, and six poor clerks, wirh sustenance for all. She gave to the Hospital the manor of Carlton in \\'ilt- sbirc and the manor of rpehurrh in Kent. C^ueea Phillippa, wife oflMward III., founded a chantry in connection with the hospital, and gave to the founrlation land of the yearly value of ten. pounds. It was then called a free chapel, a college, nnd hospital for poor sisters, and several Queens of Englaml afterwards became benef.ictors. 'hi tin* l>t of December, 1527, there was a nolde <j:uild or fraternity founded in the Hospital of Sr. Katherine to the honour of St. l>arb;n-a. It was governed by amasterand three wardens. It had two royal founders, Henry VIII. and his tirst wife Queen Katherine, and amongst its brethren and sisters comprised Cardinal Wolsey, besides dukes and duchesses, earls, knights, and esquires in abundance. In Maitland's " History ot London,'' the order and mode of admission, and the rules and benefits attached to the fraternity is stated as f(d!o\vs: —

" Whosoever by the Grace of God is dis- posed to enter into the blessed fraternity of St. Barbara, founded in St. Katherine's Church, must pay to the said fraternity the sum of xs. ivfZ. sterling at his first entering, or elsr within the space of six years, that is to say athis first entering xiiJ. and every quarter ful- lowino-ivJ., until thewliole be paid in money, plate, or other honest stufl'. At the first paym?nthe or she shall receive a letter with the seal of the Warden, which Warden ^hall receive his name, and bring it to the altar of Barbara in St. Katherinc's Church, and ther.j

be registered, and daily prayed for by name. And when the last payment is made then the said brother or sister shall receive a letter with the common seal of the fraternity, whereby he shall have a suret\' of living; that is to say, if ever the said brother or sister fall into decay of worldly goods, as by sick- nesses, hurt by the war-, or meet accident upon land or sea, or by any other means fall into poverty, then if he bring the said letter, signed and sealed with the said common seal, the Master and all the company shall receive him favourably, and there he shall have every week xliirf., house-room, and bedding, with a woman to wash his clothes and dress his meat ; and so to continue year by year and week by week during his life, by the grace of Almighty Jesu.s.

" Given this l.-t day of December, 1527. Sir William Skevinuton, Knight, M;i5ter ; Wilb'am Uxley and Robert Fisher, Wardens."

The same auth^'^rity states for whom tlic priests and bri'thren should pray in reference to this guild : —

'' Of your devout charity ye shall pray for all the brethren and sisters of the i:niid of our glorious Saviour, Christ Jesus, and of the hit-ssed Virgin and Martyr, St. Barbara, foundeil in the St. Katherine's Church next to the Tower of London. And first ye shall prav for the uorid estate of our Soverei<rn Lord and uxeplleiit I'rince Kin^- Henry VIII. and Q.ueen KatherioL-, founders of the siud guild and brotherhood, and brother and sister uf the same.

" Also ye shall pniy for the good estate of Thomas Wolsey, of the title of St. Cecil of Rome, Priest, Cardinal, and Legalus or latere to our holy father the Pope.

^' Also for the good estate of the Duke of r>neklngham,and my ladyehiswife ; the Duke of Norfolk and my ladj'e his wife ; the Earl i of Slirewsbury and my ladye his wife ; and for all ladyes and brethren of the same. \

"Abo for Sir Richard Cboraley, Knight ; Sir William Compton, Knight, and for all brothers and sisters that be alive, and for the souls of all brothers and sisters that be dead. And for the Master and Wardens of the said ^■uild. And for the more special grace let 'j\'ery man sa}- a paternoster and an ave.

" And God save the King, the Master, Wardens, and all brothers and sisters of the same."

!iMany liberties were granted to this hos- pital, ,such as permission to hold a fair on Tower Hill the day after the feast of St.

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. TANGRAS.

63

James's, Szc. At the dissolution of the re- lig-ious houses the church was surrendered into the hands of Henry VIII. on the 4th of February, 1531. The charity, however, was not wholly confiscated, the hospital and church being allowed to remain, with many of its privileges, and there it continued till it was removed to its present site.

PRIMROSE HILL.

The road along the east side of Primrose Hill divides tTie parish of St. Pancras from those of Ilampstead and Maryle- hone. It ]?, however, a place so much frequented, that a few remarks conctrniri;; it will be acceptable. The name '' I'rimrose Hill" is no modern appellation, it having been known to Londoners for a long time past. Its neighbourhood was formerly noted on account of the quantity of wild primroses which grew there, as well as in a lane adjoin- ing called " Primrose Lane." The place is noted in history for the murder of Sir Kdmund Bury Godfrey, or rather, perhaps, for his body having been found there, after he had been murdered elsewhere. All the historians of the period notice this fact, as it was one of the most m3'sterious parts of the machinery of the Popish Plot, the per- petrators of the assassination having never been discovered. The place where the corpse was found is described in a letter to Mr. JMiles Prance in 1681 : —

'' As to the place, it was in a ditch on the south side of Primrose Hill, surrounded with divers closes, fenced in with high mounds and ditches; no road near, only some deep dirty lanes, made only for the conveniency of driv- ing cows, and such like cattle in and out of the grounds ; and these very lanes not coming near 500 yards of the place, and impossible for any man on horseback with a dead coi-pse before him at midnight to approach, unless gaps were made in the mounds, as the con- stable and his assistants found b}' experience when they came on horseback thither."

The hill called Barrow Hill is supposed to have been the scene of some battle.

THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS.

Moke tlian half these beautiful gardens are in the parish of St. Paucras. They are, how- ever, so well known to local residents that a vcrv short account will be all that is neces-

sary. The Zoological Society of London was founded in the year 1825, and have expended upwards of a quarter of a million of money up to this date in the support of the gardens. The source of income is derived from the sub- scriptions of the members or fellows of the society and the admission fees from visitors, the receipts from both sources now realising about £10,000 per annum. Formerly, the admission to the gardens was only to be ob- tained by a member's order, in addition to the usual entrnnce fee, but afterwards the public were admitted upon the payment of one shilling, witliout the necessity of procur- ing an order. Lately it has been further re- duced to sixpence on Mondays,such arrange- ment being a decided success. The gardens in rhoir present condition, are unquestionably the finest zoological collection in h:]urope, there being nearly 1,400 specimens trom all quarters of the globe. Among the principal objects of interest is the aquarium, the reptile house, andthe carnivora terrace. The society, in their management, keep all the animals in a state as nearly approaching to their natural habits as possible ; the birds in extensive aviaries ; the aquatic animals in large reser- voirs of water ; and the reptiles are furnished with blankets and other warm appliances to keep them from the cold Beavers and otters are accommodated with water-grots wherein to retire when they Iiave had a satiety of bathing ; monkeys and bears are supplied with poles for the gratification of their climb- ing propensities ; and the larger animals, such as the elephant and the giraffes, are allowed the fullest scope of enjoyment com- patible with their safe keeping. The grounds are laid out with great taste, and during the summer season present a brilliant display of flowers and shrubs transplanted from the gardens of the Horticultural Society.

THE COLOSSELJM^

This popular place of exhibition is within the parish. It was first projected by Mr. Horner for the purpose of exhibiting a pano- ramic view of London and its suburbs taken from the top of St. Paul's Cathedral, and was commenced in the year 1824, but not thrown open for public exhibition till 1820. The delay in perfecting the building ruined Mr. Horner, but the committee, upon whom the management devolved, j)rece('ded to complete it. Mr. Decimus Burton was the arcliitect. It presents externally a Greek Doric portico of noble dimensions and a dome 126 feet in

6-t

THE HISTOPwY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

diameter, of which 75 feet is entirely com- posed of glass. It shape is polygonal, having 16 facings, each 25 feet in circumference. The panorama coyers more than 40,000 square feet, or nearly an acre of canvass, and may, for its fidelity to the original, he almost considered a photograph of the metropohs at

the time it was taken. A painting of Paris, of equal magnitude, is now exhibiting, and the Swiss cottage, arabesque conservatories, and a stalactite cavern are among the other attractions. It is at present under the managemejit of the talented Dr. Bachboff- ner.

ihc f etcijhmi;j> (follefit

CAMDEN TOAVN.

THE aljovG institution, consistino; of an Licademy for studying tlie diseases of cattle, and an infirmary for horses. Is situated in College Street, Camden Town. It is the finest and most useful institution of the kind in Britain, and pupils from all parts of the countr)' come thither to bo instrncted. In the year 1784- a committee of gentlemen met for the purpose of establishing a college for studying the diseases of cattle, and advertise- ments in the public papers announcing the intention of sacli committee, appeared the same year. Seven years after, in 1701, the present institution was founded by Mr. Sain Bell. From an accoimtofthe college, printed by order of the governors, it states, '"' the grand object of this institution has been, and is, to form a school of veterinary science, in which the anatomical structure of quadru- peds of all kinds, horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, &c., the diseases to which they are all subject, and the remedies proper to be applied, might be investigated and regularly taught, in order that by this means, the enlightened practices of those whose whole stud}-- has been devoted to the vcterinar}'" science and all its branches, may be gradually disposed all over the king-

dom. For this purpose pupils are taken into the college, who, in addition, to the lectures and instruction of the professor, and the practice of the stables under his super- intendence, are admitted to medical and ana- tomical lectures. Of these pupils many are established in various parts of the country, practising witli great benefit. In order, how- ever, that no doubt may arise respecting the sufficient qualifioation of pupils upon leaving the college, they are strictly examined by the medical committee (which consists of the most eminent surgeons in the metropolis) from whom they receive a proper certificate if they are found to have acquired a sufficient know- ledgeinthe various branches of the veterinary science, and are competent to practice with advantage to the public."

There is a theatre for dissection, where lectures arc judiciously delivered ; a large apartment is provided with numerous anato- mical preparations, for the complete illustra- tion of subjects discussed by the lecturers. There is likewise a forge for the shoeing of horses on the most approved principles, and several paddocks are attached to the coUe-

THE HISTORY AND TILVDITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

KEXTISII TOWX.

KENTISH-TOWN, or Cuntelows, or Can- tilupe Town is the most ancient iiamlet in the parish. The neighbourhood of the Old Olntrch in the Pancras Road up to the

commencement of the present century was but very thinly populated; indeed, all but deserted. The village of Kentish Town was inhabited long beibre Somers Town or Camden Town came into existence, the first building in Camden Town scarcely dating fmther back than 1750. Divine service, moreover, nsed to be perlbrmed at Kentish Town every Sunday, while at the Old Church it was performed but once a month. The vicara""e-}iouse ■was also formerly situated at Kentish Town.

The oldcbapel at Kentisli Town is said to have been fonndcd by two brothers, Walter :ind Thomus de Cantilupe, who lived in the reigns ofHein-y III. and Edward I. Norden, writing in tlic reign of Elizabeth, mentions a chapel of ease as existing in Kentish Town, but without describing it us a structure of morlorn erection, thus leaving it to be infeiTsd tliat a place of worship existed in this part of the pari.-h before his time. Indeed, tbere is other evidence to prove that sncli was the case, hi TvIoU's '' History of Middlesex,' ! 17:^-1, tlie following remarks ai*e made con- eLa'nin"' the orlirin of Kentisli Tuwn :—

' YdU may, from Ilampstead, see in the ctween it and London, a village, vul- called Kentish Town, which we men- iiitrdv h\' reason of the corruption of the ihe trne one being Cantihipe Town, ;;;li that gi'cat i'an"iily were anciently owners. One or both of tliem built a chapel (i,.iv. Thcv were men of great account in tlie ...j.ni- of King dohn, Henry III, and Edward [ \Vaiti-r de Cantilupe was Hidiop of Wor

vale I

, ot

!4er,

t :.';!(; to ]26o ; Saint Thomas de Can- eforu, 1275 to 1-I8L'

tiUipe was Bishop oi'

He

Tbomas was canonized fcr a saint in the thirt.y-fnunli year of ICdward's reign. The inheritance at length devidvinir u]>on the sisters, the very name liecamo extinct. Ken- tish Town is now a prebend of St. Paul's."

The chapel built l)y th^.'se brothers was dedicated to St. John the h-aptist. Tlie old building was pulled down in tiie latter part of the last century, and the present church erected higher up the Kentish Tuwn ]\oad. It was a neat brick structure ol" unpretend- ing appearance, and stood upon the site of the private residence of Mr. E. IMor^'an, corn- dealer, of Old Chapel Row, whose i';nnilyhas been connected withtlie hamlet fur '20i) years. Part of the wall of the old chapel is still re- maining, and may be seen in the rear of the above gentleman's premises. Mr. Morgan in- formed the writer of this work that he had in his private residence some interesting sou- venirs of the old chapel made from the pews and communion-table which once belonged to the same, and which he highly prizes.

The jjresent church was erected iii 1 78u, and tliere have been several addition;-; and improvements made since that date, the expenses for winch were defrayed by a fund arising from the rental of the church lands of St. Pancras, aided by a brief. It is a pleas- ing structure of the pointed style of archi- tecture. The interior is neat and commo- dious. There is a fine-stained glass window over the communion-table, and others of great beauty at the sides. Among the persons in- terred in the vaults of this church may be mentioned that of Grignion, the celebrated engraver, who died in 1810, at the age of 93. For .'^omc time previous to his decease he lost his sight, and this melancholy privation was rendered more bitter by his extreme poverty. A subscription for his relief in some measure .-oftened the last steps of his approach to the m-ave.

66

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

jnstittttiait^, ^4.

ORrnAN WOEKING SCHOOL.

This institution, one of the most useful in the kingdom, is situated in the northern part of the parish at Haverstock Hill. It is a very elegant building, and commands a fine pro- spect of the country. There are various premises detached from the main build- ing in which tlie children are taught useful occupations, ;xnd the plaj'groLindi are furnished with gymnasiums for tlie pro- motion of physical health and strength.

As regards the history of this institution it was first commenced at a small house In Hoxton, in the year 1758, for the reception of twenty poor orphan and destitute boys, Twenty girls were afterwards admitted, mak- ing a total of forty children ; this number gradually increased, until three houses were full, which obhged the committee to seek larger premises, and land having been pur- chased in the Uity-road (then a sulmrb of London), the school was erected in 1775, which was occupied until 184-7.

The premises in the City-road were in- tended for thirty-five boys and thirty-five girls; but in 1840, that number had In- creased to one lumdred ; and in i84(), to one hundred and thirty-nlue. In anticipation of an increased income It was determined to erect a new building, where two hundred and forty children could be accommodated. Haverstock Hill was the spot selected. To this locality the children were removed in 1847, the one hundred and thirty-nine at that period have become two hundred and seventy-four, and will be further increased to four hundred, as the committee may be encouraged by public support. Fifty children are animally elected into the schools by the votes of governors ana subscribers, sixty will be admitted during the present year, and that number will b;? iii- creasi;d from rime to time until the house is full.

Children avu admitted between seven and eleven years of age, providi-d they are in good health, and have neither been the inmates of a prison or a workhouse. The boys remain in the school until they are fourteen years of ;ii^;p when thfy are placfd out as apprentices, if sultahiL' situations ofier, with an outfit of

the value of five pounds. Nearly all the girls remain until they arc fifteen years of age, and are trained for domestic service. When they leave the school situations are usually provided for them. Each girl has an outfit of the value of three guineas. During the seven following years after they leave the school, and to encourage them to persevere in good conduct, the old scholars are rewarded with aurns varying from five shiilings to one guinea, on producing satisfactory testimonials from their employers.

Altogether, one thousand nine hundred and forty-three poor children have been admitted into the schools; nearly all who have left, after receiving a reUgious, useful, and suitable education, have been placed in situations, in wliich they have, by Industry and good con- duct, obtained a comfortable livelihood — some have risen to infiuential stations in society, and many of them are now governors of the charity. In 1S59 the receipts were £9,778 '.)&. 3d., and the expenditure, £9,734 KJs. 7d.

ST. rAXCRAS ]'i-:;:\iALE oiiaritt scnooL,

llAMl'STEAI) ROAD.

Tins school was instituted by the parish- ioners in the year 1776, for the purp-jse of maintaining, clothing, instructing, and put- ting out to service a certain number of female children of the industrious poor of the parish. The number, originally six, was soon In- creased to sixty-three, but in 185^ it was reduced to fifty-three. The original schorjl being too small for the increased number of children, the present building was erected in 1790 on a piece of ground generously granted for that purpose by Lord Southampton on the eastern side of the Hampstead Koad, near St. .lames's Chapel. These poor girls are clothed, educated, and wholly suppported by this In- stituti-m until they are fit for domestic ser- vice, when they are carefully put out with respectable people. A child to he ohgible, must have been legally settled In the parisli for two years. According to the abstract ac-

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

67

count of the income and expenditure for the ye.ir 1858, the finances stood as follows : in- come, £9-13 Os lOd; the expenditure, £791. 7s L'd. The Board-room of the institution is a handsome apartment ; on the panels of the walls are a list of the benefactors of the school written in gold ; over the fire place is a por- trait of Thomas Russell. Esq-, one of the trustees, painted by J. P. Knight, R.A. The patrons are the Earl of Mansfield and Lord Southampton, together with the vicar of the parish. The lion, secretary is Mr. John Ker- sey, 2i, Euston Square.

THE KHrOUJIATOUV AND WORKSIAN'S IN- STITUTE, ECSrON ROAD.

Both these noble institutions have been chiefly .-St;, l;h.liL-d by J. G. liower, Esq., of Amptliill Square, a gentleman who has successfully e-xerted himself to benefit his fellow-countrymen as any man living, and deserves the gratitude of the commnuity for his eiforts. The number of inmates in the Refonnatory is constantly varying, but the average, however, is ] 10. The course of training hists about twelve months, at the end of which they are sent out as emigrants or assisted to provide for themselves in this country. There are various trades taught, such as printing, turnery, carpentering and smith's work, polishing, tailoring, shoemaking and bookbinding. The whole expenditure for the maintenance of the inmates is £19 15s Old per head, whereas it has been reckoned that the annual booty of a London thief is £300. There are a variety- of articles on .sale in the .shop attached to the Reformatory in the Euston Road, the productions of the inmates.

Tlie Workman's Institute is contiguous to the iLcformatory, though not connected with it in any way. It is well-lighted, and there is a spacious and comfortable reading-room fur- nished with periodicals, newspapers, &c., beside many other advantages.

ST. PANCllA.S ALMSHOUSES.

These Almshouses are situated at Haver- stoek Hill. They were founded in 1850 by D. Erase:, Esq., for the purpose of affording a shelter for decayed and aged parishioners. Candidiites for admission must have a small independent income before making ,'in appli- cation. 1 he nciw buildings consist of a very handsome row of attached cottages built wuli pointed roofs and red brick facings. A spa- cious and well-kept lawn is situated in the front, whicliis enclosed by a light and elegant stone wall. The situation and appearance of the whole is very pleasing. On a tablet at

the side of the porter's lodge and facing the highway, is the following inscription written in blue and gold, stating the objects of the institution : —

Supported bj' Voluntary Contributions

To the Glory of God

And for the comfort of poor old Parishioners.

Tlicse Almshouses \vere projected by Donald

Eraser, M.D.

And by the willing aid of Public benevolence.

Were Founded a.d. 1850,

And rebuilt on this site a.d. 1859.

Rev. Canon Dale, M.A., '^^icar.

Henry Baker, Architect.

''Cast me not off at the time of old age,

Forsai^e me not when mv strength faileth." I

The Almshouses are managed by a com- 1 mittee of subscribers. The secretary is Mr. Lettice, 134, Euston Road.

tonbridge chapel, euston road. ToNBriiDGE Chapel is one of the five places of "worsliip erected chieily by the instrumen- tality of the late Mr. T. Wilson of Highbury, and was first opened for divine worship on Wednesday, September 17, 1810. The Rev. Thomiis Spencer, a gifted and eloquent ■ preacher oihciated here soon after the estab- I lishmcnt of a church. During the ministry j of Dr. Liefchild, Smith, the martyr of De- merara, wiis converted to a knowledge of the truth. One day, in passing along the Eus- ton Road, he carelessly entered this place of worship while the above gentleman was preaching, and the word went so powerfully to liis heart, that he afterwards became a devoted servant to the cause of religion. He offered his services as a mission;iry, and was sent to Demerara, waere his efforts in the cause of negro emancipation resulted in a cruel persecution by the planters ; he was falsely accused by th in, ami died in a fcetid prison into wliicli he was thrown. Some time after this, the House of Coinmons rang with the eloqu nee of Lord Brougham as he told of the wrongs and cruel death of the martyr missionary of Demerara. Smith's Place Ragged School was fir-t founded by the mem- ! bers of this chapel. The building is a plain [ briek structure, with a small portico in front. The Rev. H. JMadgin is the present minister. :

national scotch church, regent-

Si.iUARE.

This building was erected in 1827 from de- signs by Mr. Tite, the celebrated architect, ibr the service of di\-inc worsliip according to the

GS

THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ST. PANCRAS.

doctrine of the National Scotcb Presbyterian Church. The Rev. E. Irvinf;, founder of the sect called the Irvingites, was the first mini- ster ; Dr. Chalmers also sometimes preached liere. The freehold site and building is stated to have cost £25.000, and will accommodate 1,000 persons. Tiio Rev. J. Hamilton, D.D., is the present minister. The church was latel}' put up for auction by orderof the mort- gagees and was bought in for the congrega- tion for £6,000, since whicb it has been re- painted and repaired. The interior is cnsb- ioned throughout, and lighted by sun-burners from the ceiling.

HIGHGATE CEMETERY.

Tins justly celebrated and beautiful ceme- tery comprises a portion of the grounds i'ov- merly belonging to the old Mansion-House at Highgate. It is neatly and tastefully laid out, and the sutterranean depositories and catacombs were constructed under the direc- tion of l\Ir. Running, the city architect. There is a neat chapel for the use of the members of the Established Church and also I for Dissenters. A porti m <">f the cemetery I was consecrated m 1830 by the Bishop ot ' Loudon.

1 The view from the terrace is mn.st magni- ■ ficent, compri'ing, on a clear day, a compre^ [ hensive panorama of the SuiTey and Kentish ! hills; towards the cast the winding Thames I as far down as Erith may be seen, and the ! wimle of the metropolis lie'^ in the valley bnlow. It is the highest ground in the north ' of London, being 4-20 feet above the level of ] the Thames, 15 feet higher than the door- I step of '* Jack Straw's Castle," and 300 feet t higher than Primrose-hill.

TTIK VK'^TitV HALT..

The Vestry Hall is situated in the King's K:iad, (''amden Town, and was erected in IS-lrT. Mr. Bond, the then surveyor of the parlsii, v.-;H the architect, and ]\Ir. Cooper, (li-^ liail'1'.-r. It is ;l plain brick building '-'ith coriiic mniililiiigs. On the ground floor :\re rlie vaiiiu^ ollirc.s and committee-rooms ibr the use of rhe otKcial staff In transacting narish Ijusine'^s. The hall is approached by a handsome stone staircase. It is an elegant ^qaare apartuient : at Its western end is a gallcMT for rat<.'[)ayers, and a raised dais at the upper end of the apartment. Over the dais are two handsome portraits of men of eminent local faoif, who have fought the '■aroehial hattlo; of the pirish, and intro-

duced wise and sound reforms in the local legislature. The portrait to the right is that of Richard Brettinghara, Esq., and the other that of William Douglas, Esq., the latter of whom has been at the head of the financial affairs of the district for many years, and was mainly instrumental in abohshing church rates in the parish.

Formerly the Vestry had no settled place of meeting, and used to deliberate at various taverns in the parish. The parish is repre- presented by 120 vestrymen chosen from the eight wards into which it is divided, and who manage the whole of the parish business. From these vestrymen, forty gentlemen are chosen to serve as guardians of the poor. At Easter two churchwardens are annually elected. A Committee of Works, also chosen from the Vestry, meet every Monda}"" at Ed- ward Street, Hampstead Road, and transact all business connected with paving and lighting.

THE "WORKHOrSE.

The present Workhouse was orecled in the year 1809, at a cost to the parish of £30,000. It has, however, shice then been largely added to, and is now more than double its original size. Tlie number of inmates at present, average from 1,200 to 1,500, — the po- pulation of a large village or town. It is managed with great credit and economy, and at the same tine the poor are well-treated. The following is the dietary table of adul*".s 60 years of age and upwards, and the various other clashes are dieted in proportion : —

Sunday — Breakfast, 7 oz bread, -^- oz butter, and 1 pint of tea. Dinner, cooked meat, G oz, potatoes, 8 oz. Supper same as breakfast.

Mondnij — Breakfast, 7 oz bread, \ oz but- ter, and 1 pint of tea. Dinner, one pint of pea soup. Supper same as breakfast.

2\tesday — Breakfast, 7 oz bread, -;,- oz butter, and 1 pint of tea. Dinner, cooked meat, G oz, potatoes, 8 oz. Supper same as breakfast.

Wedne.sda//. — Breakfast, 7 oz bread, {f oz butter, and 1 pint of tea. Dinner, one pint of pea soup. Supi>er same as breakfast.

Thursday — Breakfast, 7 oz bread, ^ oz but- ter, and one pint of tea. Dlimer, cooked meat, G oz, potatoes, 8 oz. Supper same as break- fast.

Friday — Breakfast, 7 oz bi'ead, \ oz butter, and 1 pint tea. Dinner, one pint of pea soup. Supper same as breakfast.

Saturday — Breakfast, 7 oz bread, I oz butter, and pint of tea. Dinner, suet pudding, 12 oz. Supper same as breakfast.

"^

" I have here a nosegay ol' c'jJIed flowers, aud have brouAlrt you nothing of my own hut the strint^ which ties thera."

Under the designation of "Warrington Worthies" I offer to my friends a collection of Profiles of such distinguished characters, fmore especially in tlie department of literature,) as by their birtli or prolonged residence at Waniugton, have become more or less identilied mth the history of the to\Tn. Tlie accomplishment of this end has been attended mth no slight amount of trouble and ditficulty; sufficient, indeed, to con-since me that the lapse of another twenty years would haye rendered impossible a work of which I now view the completion with feelings of equal pride and pleasure.

The few biographical notes which follow are too sliort and circumstan- tial to call for any lengthened preUminary. I wish them to be regarded as mere accessaries to the portraits, serving only as a string to Unci them together, and to connect the whole, however inadequately, «ith the history

of my native town.

JAJiIES KENDEICK.

Warrington Worthies.

"NCTON ACftO*

'~AM,;cTo~ "•*'

JOHN AIKIN.D. 0.

A.L.AIKIN, fjvl''-^ Sarhauld]

JOHN AIKIN M.D.

ARTHUR AIKIN

LUCY AIKIN.

CHARLeS F>. »KIN,

WARRINGTON WORTHIES.

JOHN AlKIN, D. D, Bom at London, Dec. 28, 1713. Au eminent dissenting dinne, who shortly after the opening, in the year IT.jT, of the TVarrington Academy for the education of young men of every religious denomination for the Christian ministry, or as laymen, was selected by the tiaistees to fill the office of classical tutor. On the death of Dr. John Taylor, in the spring of 1701 , Dr. Aikin succeeded to the chair of divinity professor, which lie occupied until his death at WaiTington, Dec. 14, 1780.

ANNA L>ET1TIA AIKIN. (Sirs. Barbauld.) Bom at luhworth, Leicestershire, June 20, 174.3. The wellinOTV'n authoress of ' Hymns in Prose'; 'Early Lessons,' Sec. Resident at Wai-riugton from 1758 to 1774, in which year she mai'ried the Eev. Eochemont Bai-hauld, of Palgrave, SutfoUi. She died at Stolie Newington, near Loudon, Mar. 9, 182-5.

JOHN AIKIN, M. D. Also born at Eibworth, Jan. l.o, 1747. The elegant poet, and author of ' A Description of tlie Country Thirty to Forty Miles round Manchester;' 'General Biography;' 'Evenings at Home;' ' Letters to a Son,' ifec. Dr.Aildn was a resident practitioner atWaiTington from 1771 to 1784, dming a part of the time lecturing on Natm-al History at the Academy. He died at Stoke Nemngton, Dec. 7, 1822.

ARTHUR AIKIN, F. L. S.; F. C. S. ETC. Born at "Warrington, May 19,1773. Author of a 'Manual of Mineralogy;' ' A Tour through North Wales and Shropshne ; ' and (in conjunction mth his brother Charles E. Aikin,) ' A Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineralogy'. Mr. Ailiin was for many years Secretary to the Society of Arts, and Lecturer on Chemistry at Guy's Hospital, which ofiice he resigned when ai^proaching his eightietli year. He now resides in Bloorasbury Square, Loudon.

LUCY AIKIN. Born at Wamngtou, in the year 17sl. The accom- lilished authoress ot ' Memoirs ' of her fatlier iJr. Aikin ; ' Memoirs of tlie Courts of Queen Elizabeth, James 1st, and Charles 1st,' &c. She also edited the works of her aunt, Mrs. Barhaitld, with a niemou' prefixed. Miss Aikin now resides at Hampstead, near London.

CHARLES ROCHEmONT AIKIN, IVI. R. C.S. Born at Warrington, Aug. 25, 17 7.5. Became a general practitioner in London. The joint author, as already stated, of a ' Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineralogy.' He married .4)me, eldest daughter of the Rev. Gilhert Wakefield, and died in Bloomshury Square, London, Mar-. 20, 1H47.

EDMUND AIKIN. {No profile knoicn.) Bom at WaiTington, Oct. 2, 1780. Author of several articles in the class of Ci^ol Architecture in Dr. Kees's Encyelopfedia, and of an Essay on Modem Architectm-e, and on the Doric Order in the Transactions of the London Architecttrral Society. Also 'Designs for Villas;' and an 'Essay on St. Paul's Catheckal.' Sir. Ailiin settled at Liverpool, and was the architect of the Wellington Assembly Kooms, Mount Pleasant. He died at the house of his father, at Stoke Neflington, Mar. 11, 1820.

THOMAS BARNES, D. D. Born at Warrington, Feb. 13, 1747. For many years an eminent dissenting minister at Cross Street Chapel, Man- chester. He was one of the founders of the Literary and Philosophical Society of that city, and on the removal of the Academy from Warrington to Manchester in 1783, was appointed principal, an office which he held until the year 1798. Dr. Barnes died at Manchester, .June 27, 1810.

THOMAS BYRTH. D. D. ; F. S. A. Born at Devonport, Sept. 11, 17f)3. A learned and eloquent diWne of the Church of England. Incumbent of St. James's, Warrington, from 1827 to 1834, when he accepted the living of Wallasey, Clieshu-e. He died at Wallasey, Oct. 28, 1849.

ANNE BLACKBURNE. Born at Orford Hall, Warrington, in the year 1740. An enthusiastic natiu-ahst ; the friend and correspondent of Linnasus, who named after her one of the American Warblers, (Sylvia Blacklmrnicc.) John Reinhnld Forster, the circumna-sigator, also named in her honour a gemis of New Holland plants, {Blackharnia.) After a long and useful life she died at her house, Fan-field, Warrington, Dec. 30, 1793.

GEORGE CROSFIELD. Born at Warrington, May 2fi, n8.">. A much esteemed member of the Society of Friends. Fiesident at Warrington

Warrington Worthies. N?2. B-T.

WILLIAM ENFIELO,LL.D. WILLIAM EYRES.

J.Ktndrirtt dirtxit.

JOHN FITCHETT.

Warrincton Worthies. N? 3. F— K.

SAMUEL FOTHtRCILL. lifo portrait krtownj

JOHN REINHOUD FORSTER.

T. K.CLAZEBROOK.

PENOLEBURY HOUGHTON.

JOHN HOLT.

JOHN HARRISON.

JOHN JACKSON.

J.Kandrick dir«3rir

until the year l.slo, wlieii lie removed to Lancaster, and in 1K19 to Liveiiiool. A clever and observing botanist, antlior of the ' Calendar of Flora for the year 180!l ; ' ' Memoirs of Samuel FotherpjiU ; ' and editor of ' \Villiam Thompson's Letters,' with a memoir prefixed. BIr. Crosfield died at Liverpool, Dee. 15, lSi7.

NICHOLAS CLAYTON, D. D. Born at Enfield Old Park, Middlesex, in the year 173:-). A highly-gifted Presbyterian divine, minister of the Octagon Chapel, Li"\'erpool. On the death of Dr. Aikin in 1780, Dr. Clajton was appointed divinity professor in the Warrington Academy, but his connection with it ceased on its removal to Manchester. He afterwards ministered at Nottingham, and the last two years of his life were spent at Livei'pool, where he died May 20, 1797.

GILES CHIPPINDALL. Born at Ulverstone, Lancashire, in the year 1750. Curate of Winwick, near Waiiington. Mr. ChippindaU was one of the earhest promoters of the Warrington Institution, a Society estaljhshed in the year 1813 for the ctiltivation of Science, Literatiu'e, and the Arts, and so long as it lasted was one of its Vice-Presidents. He died at Winwick, Oct. 10, 1823.

WILLIAM ENFIELD. L L. D- Bom at Sudbury, Suffolk, Mar. 20, 1741. The well-known compiler of 'The Speaker,' and author of the 'History of Liverpool;' many volumes of 'Sermons,' and other works on elocution. In 1770 he was elected tutor in bclks icttrvs, and rector academice at the Warrington Academy, in which and other lectureships he continued until its removal in 178o, he himself remaining for two years longer at Warrington, in charge of the Presbyterian congregation. Dr. Enfield died at Norwich, Nov. 3, 1707.

WILLIAM EYRES. Born at Warrington early in 1734. One of the

best printers of his day, not excepting the metropolitan press. As specimens of the beautiful tj^iography which issued from the Warrington Press, whilst under his management, we have Dr. Aikin's ' Translation of the life of Agricola, byTacitus, 1774 ; ' ' Howard's state of Prisons in England, 1777 ;' and on 'Lazarettos, 1780;' and Watson's 'History of the House of Warren, 1782 ; ' the last of which is designated by Gilbert Wakefield as "perhaps the most acctnate specimen of typography ever produced by any press." Mr. Eyres died at Warrington, Sept. 14, 1809.

JOHN FITCHETT. Born at Liveiiiool, Sept. 21, 1770. Author of 'King .Alfred, an Epic Poem;' 'Bewsey, a Poem;' and a volume of

' Minor roems.' Mr. Fitchett followed the professiou of a soHcitor at Warrington, and in the leisure inter\'als of a very extensive practice found opportunities of cultivating his taste for elegant literature. Before his death he liad accumulated a classic library, which as tlie work of a private indi^udual is unsurpassed in the North of England. It is particularly rich in works on English History and Poetry, more especially illustrative of the poets of the EHzabethan age. He died at Warrington, Oct. 'JO, 1838.

JOHN REINHOLD FORSTER, L L. D. A Prussian, horn at Dirschau, near Dantzic, Dec. iC!, 1729. A celelirated naturalist and i'ircnmna\igator. For several years he filled the chairs of natural histonj and modern languages in the Warrington Academy, and dm-ing this period enjoyed the friendship of 3Iiss Anne BlackhHrne of Orford, near Warrington. In her honour he named a genus of New Holland plants Blacklmrnia, discovered on Ills voyage roimd the world with Captain Cook in 177'J-71. He tiled at Halle, in December, 1708.

SAMUEL FOTHERCILI.. Born at Can- End, Wensleydale, Yorkshire, Sept. U, 171"!. A faithful and highly-gifted minister in the Society of Friends. He appears to have become a resident at W^arrington at the close of the year 173(j, and with the exception of occasions upon which his duties as a minister called for his absence, he remained here until his deatli. His Memoirs, and Selections from his Correspondence were pubhshed by George Crosfield in 1843. Mr. Fothergill died at Warrington, .lune 15, 1772.

THOMAS KIRKLAND CLAZESROOK, F. L. S. Born at Ashby de la Zouch, Leicestershire, .June 4, 17sn. Author of a ' History of Southport, Lancashire;' 'Lissa;' 'A Chronological List of Trades,' etc. ttc. Mr. Glazebrook was resident at Wai'ihigton until the year 1835. Here his social qualifications, and general usefulness in aid of the public institutions of the town have secured hiin the afi'ectionate regard of all who Imow him. He now resides at Southport.

PENDLEBURY HOUCHTON. Born at Hyde, near Stockport, Cheshire, in the year 1758. Author of a volume of 'Sermons' and 'Essays on the Natural Arguments for a Future state.' He became a student at the Warrington Academy in Sept. 1773, and in 1778 assisted J>r. Aikinva the classical professorship. Mr. Houghton subsequently became a very poimlar minister at Norwich, as the colleague of Dr. Enfield, and aftenvai'ds at Liverpool. He died at Geldestone, Suft'olk, Apr. 3, 1824.

Warrington Worthies. N«4.. L-S.

PETER 1.1TH6RLANO. EDWARD LLOYD M

JOHN MACOWAKI.

THOMAS (>ERC(VAL, M.D.

JOSEPH PRIESTLEY, LL.O. johN RV.^«i.:5.,

i/\uM «5PnnoN.

JOHN HOLT. Place and date of birth unascertained. An eminent mathematician. At the commencement of the Warrington Academy in 1757, Mr. Holt then of Walton, near Liverpool, was elected to the chairs of mathematics and natural philosophy. The former of these professorships he held until his death, which took place at Warrington in the early part of the year- 7 772.

JOHN HARRISON. Bom at Fouldby, Yorkshire, in May, 100.). An ingenious mechanic, by trade a watchmaker, for some years resident at Warrington. He was the inventor of the compensating pendulum, and in 1767 received twenty thousand pounds from the government, for a method of discovering the longitude more accurately than had been previously kno%vn. Plence he was often designated " Longitude Harrison." He died in Red Lion Square, London, in March, 1770.

JOHN JACKSON. Born at Crosedale Beck, Yorkshire, Dec. 4, 1793. A much respected member of the Society of Friends. Author of ' Puzzles and Paradoxes relating to Arithmetic, Geometry, Geography, etc. -nith their Solutions ; ' and a frequent contributor on these subjects to the 'Gentlemen's and Ladies' Diary', where his solutions of many very abstruse calculations have shewn him to be a clever mathematician. Mr. .Jackson opened a seminary at Warrington in the year- 1821, which he conducted until recently, and has retired to a hfe of quiet repose mth the affectionate regard of his many pupils and friends.

JOHN KAY. Born at " The Park," near Bury, Lancashire. About the middle of the last century he was resident as a watchmaker at Warrington, and is here believed to have suggested to Mr. (afterwards Su- Bichard) Arkwright, in 1767, the use of the fly-shuttle in the weaving of cotton fabrics. Meeting wdth much undeserved opposition in ihis country, he emigrated to Paris, and is supposed to have died there.

JAMES KENDRICK, M. D.; F. L. S. Born at War-rington, .Tan. 14, 1771. Dr. Kenchick commenced the practice of medicine at Warrington at the close of the year 1793, and throughout a life prolonged to the period of seventy-six years and upwards, was unceasing in endeavours to alleviate human suffering, and to promote the interests of every charitable and scien- tific institution in his native town. He died at Warriirgton, Nov. 30, 1847.

PETER LITHERLAND. Born at WaiTington in 17.56. Inventor of the Patent Lever Watch. Mr. Litherland cai-ried on the business of a watch-

maker at Wiiniii^tou until the ymir n'.lll, wlicii In' roinuveil to Li\ei|]uMl, where he died in the luuutli of Deeeiubei', 1«(U.

EDWARD LLOYD. A. M. Born at Glynljivichan, Montgomeiysliire, in the _year ITfiO. A mucli esteemed clergjTiian of the Chiirch of England ; a learned and accomplished classic. iMr. Lloj-d was for forty-two years perpetual curate of Sankey, near Warrington, and tor a length of time Second-Master at the Free Grammar-School of Wamngton, founded by the will of Sir Thomas Boteler, of Bewsey, in the year 1522. On surrendering the latter office, Mr. Lloyd opened a private academy at Fairfield, the late residence of Miss Anne Blackhnrne, tor the education of youths of a liigher class. He ched Dec. 23, 1x1,3.

JOHN MACCOWAN. Born in Scotland, hi the year 1725. A well- known Baptist minister ; author of ' Dialogues of De^ils ; ' ' The Shaver ; ' ' The Canker-Woi-m ; ' ifec. He was for some years resident at Warrington, carrying on the business of a baker, and likewise officiating at the ancient chapel of the Baptists at Hill-Glilf, near Warrington. Eventually he was appointed minister of Devonshire Scjuare Chapel, London, where he died Nov. 25, 17!S0.

JOSHUA KIARSDEM. ]!orn at Warrington in tlie year 1777. A Wesleyan preacher and missionary ; author of ' The Narrative of a Mission to British North America;' 'The Evangehcal Minstrel,' &c. On his return to England in 1814, from his mission abroad, he acted as a local preacher until a short time before his death, wiiich took place at Loudon, Aug. U, 1H37.

ED'WARD OWEN, A. SW. Bom in Montgomeryshire, about tlie year 1727. For forty years Rector of Warrington, and for fifty years Head-Master of the Free Grammar School there. Author of a ' Latin Grammar,' and ' Vocabulary,' ' Translations of the Satires of .Juvenal, Persius, and Statius,' and several printed ' Sermons.' Gilbert Wakefield in liis personal ' Memoirs' says " tor propriety, persj)icuity, and elegance of expression, Mr. Owen has not many equals, at a time when good writing is become so general." He died at Warrington, in April, 1807.

THOMAS PERCiVAL, M.D.; F. R. S. ; F. S. A. Bom at Wani]igton, Sept. 2'J, 1740. An eminent physician, moral essayist, and philosopher. Author of 'AFatlier's Instructions to his Cljildren ; ' 'Medical Ethics;' &c. In 1707 Dr. Percival commenced practice in Manchester, and at the

Warrington Worthies. N? 5. T-Y.

JOHN TAYLOR, D-D.

GEORGE WALKER.

JOHN WATKINS.

CILSERT WAKEFIELD, 9,A.

WILLIAM WILSON.

J. Ifer7jri'£:Ar i^irex-t't.

9

meetings for scientific enquiry wliieli took place at liis house, originated the Literary and I'liilosophical Society of tliat city, of wliicU lie continued President for twenty years. Ho died at iUaucliester, Aug. ifO, 1K()4.

JOSEPH PRIESTLEY, L L. D.; F. R. S. Corn at Fieldhead, near Leeds, Yorkshire, Mar. IN, f 73:>. An eminent natural jilulosoplier, chemist, and Presbyterian ilixine. Author of a 'History of Electricity;' ' Cliart of Histor}',' L^'c. He is also famous as the discoyerer of oxygen, carljonic oxide, nitrous oxide, and other gases not previously known, shewing also their influence in the phenomena of animal and vegetahle life. Br. Priestley came to Warrington in 1761 as tutor in classics and jjoiite literature at the Acadeni)', and remauied here six years, tearing in Sept., 17(i7. Some of Mrs. Ilarljauld's first poems were written in his house, on occasions wdiich occurred wdiUst they were both resident at Warrington. In 17114 I)r. Priestley emigrated to America, and died at Northuuibeiiand, Pennsylvania, Feb. 6, ISOl.

JOHN RYLANDS. Bom at Warrington, .Jan. SI, 1771. A strenuous and consistent advocate of liberal opinions, but equally respected by his fellow-townsmen of every political pai'ty. Always ready to lend aid to the local government and public institutions of Warringtim, he will be long remembered as one of the first projectors of its Dispensary, as the zealous supporter, and chairman of its committee for many years. He died at Warrington, Aug. 23, 1818.

JOHN SEDDON. Born Dec. 8, 1724. Author of "A Form of Prayer, and a new Collection of Psalms, for the use of I'rotestaut Dissenters in Liverpool." Mr. Seddon in 1747 became the pastor of the Presbyterian congregation in Warrington, and was the original projector o{ the Academy. He was liliewise the first president of the Warrington Library, established in 1758, which, on its union mth the Museum of the Natural History Society, (commenced Nov. 23, 1838,) was the Jirst Free Library and Tiluseum thrown open to the public in this country, under the Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 43. Mr. Seddon died at Warrington, .Tan. 22, 177ti.

JOHN TAYLOR, D. D. Bom at Lancaster, in the year 1C94. A dis- senting dirine, tlieologieal writer, and celebrated classical scholar. Author of ' A Pai-aphrase to the Epistle to the Eomans ; ' 'A Key to the Apostolic Writings ; ' ' Scripture Doctrine of Original Sin ; ' ' Scripture Doctrine of the Atonement ; ' ' A Hebrew Concordance,' i'C. At the opening of the Warrington Academy, Dr. Taylor, then of Nonrich, was selected to liE the

10

cliair of divinif}/, including Uie classics : liis connection with tiie institution w:ls, hnwever, cut short liy his ilcatli, which tooli jilace Mar. 5, 1701.

WILLIAM THOMPSON. Horn at I\Iacclestiehl, Cliesliire, Jan. 2C, i;!)i. Of very liumble origin, WiUiam Tliomiison was aiiled and en- eourae:od hy gentlemen of Warrington and its neighbourhood to piu'sue his desire for hterary and religious knowledge. By their influence he was also e\'entually estahlisheil as a village schoolmaster at Penketh, near Warring- ton. A selectii^n from his beautiful letters, and accorapan}ing memoir by George Crosfield, was published after his death. He died at renketh, Feb. ;), 1817.

CEORCE WALKER, F. R. S. Born at NewTastle-upon-Tyne, about the year 1735. Author of a 'Treatise on the Sphere;' and another on ' Conic Sections ; ' ' Pliilosophical Essays,' etc. Mr. Walker was tutor of miithematlcs in the Warrington Academy from 177'J to 1774 ; removed thence t'] Nottingham, and suljsequently to Manchester, as theological professor in the New College for dissenters. On the decease of -Dr. Perclval, Mr. Walker succeeded him as president of the Mancliester Literary and Pliilosophical Society. He died at London, Apr. '-21, 1S07.

GILBERT WAKEFIELD, B, A. Born at Nottingham, Feb. 'J'2, 175(1. An accomphshed classical scholar, critic, and commentator. Author of •A New Translation of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians,' and of the ' Gospel of St. Matthew ; ' of an edition of ' Lucretius, with Variorum Notes;' ' Silva Critica;' &(•. Mr. Wakefield came to reside at Wamngton in August, 1779, a?, classical tutor at the Academy, and remained here until its close in 1783. After an eventful hfe he died at London, Sept. 9, 1801.

JOHN WATKINS. Born at Warrington. " Honest John Watldns " was for many years engaged in the business of smelting copper from the ore at Warrington, and thereby, in connection with the industry of his father, accjuired a fortune which enabled him, besides munificent benefac- tions during his hfe-time to the Warrington Blue Coat School, and Ladies' School for Gu'ls,' to endow them at his death with pemiancnt som'ces of income. He died at Ditton, near Warrington, Apr. 25, 1821, aged 81 years.

WILLIAM WILSON. Born at Wariington, June 7, 1T99. A botanist, well known for minuteness and aecm-acy, more particularly in the micros- copic examination of the cryptogamlc flora. Jlr. Wilson is the discoverer of several species new to Britain, and his claims to distinction as a botanist

11

have been recognize J by Sir William 3. Hoolcer in naming after Lini a Fern ( Hymenophyllirm Wilsoni); by Mr. Borrer a Rose (Eosa Wilsoni) ; and a Fungus (Sepedonimn Wilsoni), hy Mr. Thomas G. Rylands. Mr. Wilson named and classified the Mosses for Dr. Joseph Hooker's 'FL.ra uf the .-Vntarctic Regions,' and is engaged, in connection with Sir W. .1. Hoo];er, in pulilishiug a work on tlie ' Britisli Mosses.'

JOHN YATES. Bom at Bolton, Lancashire, Nov. 10, 1T5.J. Autiu.r of ' A Selection of Hymns for PubUc Worship ; ' ' A Sermon o)i the ileiith of the Rev. Thomas Barnes, D. D." &c. &e. Mr. Yates in 1777 was appointed minister of Key Street Chapel, Liverpool, remo\ing tli(.aice, together with his congregation, to their new place of worsliip in I'aj-adi^e Street. He died at his residence at the Dingle, near Livei-pool, >'ov. Id, is-jc.

IT.INir.D AND SOLD r,Y JOHN HAI'DOCK AN O SuN, AT THE '• OLD W.AEraNGTON PEESS."

7

EE MARKS

HAKESPEARE,

BIRTH-PLACE,

SUGGESTED BY A VISIT TO STRATPORD-

upojsr-AA^o:?^, in the autumn of i.sgs.

C. ROACH SMITH, Hoii.M.E.S.L,

IIO\. M.NU1I.S0C.LI.IN., FOREIGN IMKMrilsR OF THE INSTITUT DES PliUVINCES PE FRANCE, EXr.

LONDON' : PRIVATELY PRINTED; AND NOT PUBLISHED.

18(18-9.

u

STEATFORD-UPON-AVON AND SHAKESPEARE.

A VISIT to the town iu whicli our great bard was born ; in which, he passed his early youth ; and in which lie died ; is projected, at least, by all of his countrymen who have been so fortunate as to receive an education to qualify them to understand and master his wonderful works. Many succeed in ]Derforming this rational pilgrimage, as the walls of his birth- place and of Anne Hathaway's cottage testify ; for they are covered with thousands upon thousands of signatures of noble as well as gentle, of eminent as well as of obscure, regardless alike of the questionable good taste of their scribbling, and of the perishable material. More durable will be the records in the books which have been kept at the chief inns now for many years. They fill rapidly; and dis- close the remarkable fact that full one-third of the signa- tures seem to be American, an auspicious sign of com- munity of feeling created by the humanising writings of the Stratford-born poet. " You cannot imagine", said an American lady to us, "how much we think of Shakespeare." From the obscurity in which his life is shrouded, the coeval remains of Stratfoi'd-on-Avon have far greater im- portance than they would have jjossessed had Shakespeare received from his contemporaries notice such as has so fre- quently been lavished on inferior men. We cannot look upon him through biographers, through correspondence, or

B

.: STEATFORD-UPOX-AVOy

through au}' of the channuls whicli, at the present day^ secure immortality to tliousamls ; but we may, iii the sti'cets of Stratford, and in the highways and Ijyc-ways of the neighboui'hood, in the fields, meadows, and villages, see ol)jects which must constantly have been befn-e his eyes, the impress of many of which is reflected most vividly through- out all his works.

Documentary evidence and tradition combine to vindicate the house in Henley Street as his birthplace ; for although John Shakespeare, his father, had other houses in and about Stratford, yefc tlie honour has never been claimed for any other ; and it is pretty certain he lived in Henley Street about the time of the Poet's birth. Here we maj^ safely trust to tradition. The Poet, in his lifetime, must have had some friends and neighbours who were proud of him ; who knew his history, and who had been his companions ; to them, no doubt, were well known all the particulars of his early life, and among them the house in which he was bora. At his death many persons were jDrobaljly living who could j)rove it ; and for a long time aftervvards could point it out from their personal knowledge. At his death there was nothing so likely to be at once embalmed as his bir'th-pLice; and nothing less likely to be allowed to be misplaced. New Place, where he died, has recently received from the pen of Mr. Halliwell a minute historical description, comprised in two hundi-ed and forty-six folio pages.* It was purchased by Shakespeare some twenty years before his death ; and to this spacious house with its gardens and grounds, he retired in what may be termed the prime of life. The house, alas ! is no more ; and no authentic engravings remain of it, if any

* An Historical Account of the Xe\^• Phice, Stratford-unoir- Avon. By .Jamrs 0. Halhwelj, E.sq,, F.lf.S. Folio, London, Adlard, l^CL

AND SHAKESPEAEL. o

wx-re ever niado : bat tlie site i.s unfj^nestioned ; and 3.1r. Halliwellj who has hecome the Guardian Genius of all that is left to us eonnected %vith the personal life of Shakespearej has eaused to be preserved what was left of the foundations of tlie house ; and to his strenuous exeitions we mainly owe the pui'ohase for the joublic of the Poet's great garden. In it stands a modern theatre whieh is yet private pjroperty ; this it is contemplated to Ijuy and pull doAvn ; but surely there is no necessity for destroying a structure wliichj properly managed, could be made useful for instructing the Sti'atford public in a fuller knowdedge of the works of their great townsman. One such theatre should be i-aised in every town in the kingdom ; but that upon ground which was once the Poet's ; and which is hallowed by the fact that he there recreated his health and spjirits in the intervals he could spjare from a wearying London life, must hold a charm and pireeminence over all others. Shakespeare was also an actor ; and his merits as an actor have Ijeen Cjuestioned appjarently without much reflection. Ilis name stands first among the actors in Ben Jonson's pjlays of ""Every man in his Humour", and " Sejanus "j and he who could lay down .such rules for truly good acting as he has done in " Hamlet", must himself, we may suppose, have been practically, as well as theoretically^ accomplished.

In his History of the New Place, Mr. Halliwell has brought together a very lai'ge amount of hitherto unpub- lished documentary evidence, illustrative, not only of ISTew Place and its vicissitudes, I'jut of the habits and manners of the pjeople of Stratford ; and the state of the town in and after the time of Shakespeare ; but the darkness whieh has surrounded the great object of his researches is almost as dense as ever ; still the historian toils on with unflao-Ping industry and unfailing hope, not despairing of yet finding in some old chest or long locked cupboard in

■1 STrtATFOED-UrON-ATON

some old manor house, corvcspondence or otlier documents which, may in a slight degree fill the present void. Among the most interestino- materials which Mr. Ilalliwell has broug'ht together are those which show the condition of Sti-atfovd in the time of Shakespeare ; and the sound in- ferences ho draws from them to account for his almost sudden death. Ward, who wrote in 1 G62, says, — " Shakspear, Drayton, and Ben Jhonson had a merry meeting, and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakspear died of a feavour there contracted." That he died of a fever is highly ijrobable; but Mr. Halliwell, after patiently weighing AVard^s state- ment and ti'aditions, concludes that in all human probability he died of typhoid fever, arising from the bad drainage of the town, and the neglected state of Chapel Lane which flanked New Place. The filthy condition of this lane for a long series of j^ears is proved by the town archives, from which Mr. Halliwell extracts numerous startling revelations ; and this view is confirmed by the cast taken after death, which shows the countenance unemaeiated, as it would have been after a short illness. Stratford has only during the present century, and, indeed, of late years, put on the garb of modei'n cleanliness in which she now appears, at the sacrifice of much that v/as picturesque and Shakespearean. Even at the time of the Jubilee it drew from Garrick, in a letter to Mr. Hunt, (the grandfather of the present Town Clerk), a strong remonstrance. He speaks of it as "the most dirty, unseemly, ill-paved, wretched-looking town in all Britain."

But tliere are yet standing houses of the time of Shakes- peare ; and, above all, the Grammar School in which he was educated ; the Chapel of the Trinity, opposite New Place ; and the Church close to the Avon, in which he was buried. All these may be considered as pure and fine relics of Shake- speare and his times, free from all doubt. Of minor objects

AND SHAKESrEAKTJ!. O

there arc many varieties : some are old enough, but they

want certificates or connecting links. Of the few wMch may

be said to have belonged to him, the most remarkable,

perhaps, is the squai-o of glass from New Place, with the

letters S. W. A., for William and Ann »Shakespeare, tied in

"a true lover's knot," and the date, 1G15, beneath. This

was first published by Mr. Fairholt in kis excellent little

guide-book.* The mnlberi-y ti'ee which grew in the garden

of New Place, and was cut down in about 1756, has been

turned into a variety of ornaments and utensils. Mr. Hunt

possesses a superb circular table, the upper part of which is

formed out of veneers made from one of the smaller

branches, blended together with good taste and skill. Some

of these objects have a history of their own, independent of

their special connection with Shakespeare. Such was the

cup presented during our visit, by Mr. Joseph Mayer, to the

Shakespearean Museum. Upon the pedestal is inscribed :

'^'•Cup made from

Shakespeare's Mulberry Tree

By Sharpe of Stratford-upon-Avon.

Formerly in possession of Mr. Munden,

and used at the meetings of

' The Rebellious Seven'

to drink to

The Immortal Memory of Shakespeare."

and on a silver band round the rim :

" And that I love the tree from whence thou sprangest, Witness the loving kiss I give the fruit."

I-Ieimj n, Part 3, Act V, Scene 7. The " rebellious seven" were, I believe, some of Garrick's dramatic corps who resented the curtailment of certain privi- leges. This museum, which has been established mainly

* The Home of Shakspevo Illustrated aud Described. By F. W. Fairholt. Cliapmau and Hull, b'^-1.7.

D STEATFOEIl-Ul'OX-AVON

tlirongli tlic exertious of ilr. Halliwell^ contains a valuaLle collection of documents and other objects whicli, altliougii tliey do but scantily relate directly to Shakespeare himself, give considerable information on the property of the family; and are yet more important as regards the history of Strat- ford in the time of the Poet. One letter onl^r remains of the thousands he must have received ; and of the hundreds he proljably laid by for I'eh'reuce, or fi'om i-espect for the writers ; and this is preserved in the museum. It is from one of the Quinej? famil}' asking for a loan of money, dated from the ''Bell," in Carter Lane, the 25th Oct., 1598, and signed " Eye. Quyney." It is endorsed, " To my loveinge good ffrende and eontrejmian Mi'. Wm. Shakespere, deliver thees j" and was, no doubt, sent by a messenger to Shake- speare's residence. Where that was does not appear, but probably, near the Wardrobe, Blackfriars, Avhere he had a house. We may owe the safety of this solitary letter to the fact of its being a sort of proof of a debt ; and thus retained by his family after his death. But what became of the rest of his correspondence? It is neither unreasonable nor un- charitable to suppose it was destroyed by some puritanical member of the family, who could not understand the great moral and religious worth of the writings of such a teacher; but saw, through a narrow-minded medium, only the player and the writer of plays, as Puritans have ever seen.

Anne Hathawaj-'s cottage divides with her husband's birth- place the homage of the visitor. To credulity, once so un- bounded, has succeeded scepticism ; often as unsound, as, happily, it is proved to have been in relation to the history of this cottage. The house has been in the possession of the Hathaways for over throe centuries ; and even now a descendant, in the female line, is tenant. It was repaired in 1697 by John Hathaway; but much remains as it ivas w^hen Shakespeare visited it to woo Anne, wdioin he married wdieii

AND SilAKESPEAlIb;. /

very young. Tlie village of Shotteryj a hamlet of Stratford, is, altogether, much the same as it must have been at that sunny time in the Poet's life when, after the exit of the school-boy, he trod the stage of the world as the lover. And the fields through which the footpath leads, the hedges, the stiles, and the general aspect of the place are, perhaps, now, much the same as they were three centuries ago. Here the fumitory thrives rantly conspicuous among

" Tho iJle weeds that grow In our sustaining corn ;"

and also the "hind'iins- knot-g-i-ass."

Those who have read Shakespeare and studied liim chiefly in the depths of Ms tnowlcdgo of human life in all its grades and stages, may yet learn much from him in the fields, in the meadows, and, indeed, in the general kingdom of nature. Here he is so much at home that wo can bat be assured his boyhood and early youth were passed much, if not wliollj", in the country; and that his acute powers of observation wei'e strongly exercised among rural scenery and country pursuits. Not a weed or flower escaped him : the labours of the husbandman, the business of the gardener, and even the scientific manipulations of the horticulturist were all familiar to him. The "fumitory" we noticed in our walks to Shottery, could but recal his ready and apt enumeration of the wild flowers plucked by Lear when he was

" Crown'd with rank fumitei', and furrow weeds, With harlocks, hemlock, nettles, cuckoo-flowers, Darnel, and all the idle weeds that grow In our sustaining corn ;"

and, as we strolled back to Stratford by another road which Shakespeare must have walked frequently, wo could but imao-ino that the Lemiuc minor, or " duckweed" which we saw covering a lai'ge portion of a pond near a farm-house, was the offspring nf thnt which dictated "the green mantle

O STRATPORD-UPON AVON

of tlie standing pool/' the luawliolesome bovorage lie makes Edgar say he drank. The poud^ apparently, is centuries older than his time : the duckweed must have covered it annually, and it was, probably, one of the objects which, thousands passing by and regarding not, was stored in his capacious memory, and used so happily in proper time and place. By the side of this old pond, a ' hedge-pig,' (one of the creatures Shakespeare introduces so effectively,) had come to grief. These are matters which could only have occurred to a country-trained writer.

The crab, or wild apple-tree, is one of the striking features in the scenery round Stratford-upon-Avon. This tree, what- ever it may have been formerly, is by no means common now in many parts of England ; and when usually met with is in hedgerows ; but here we find it also in the fields and parks, a large forest tree. On approaching Stratford the crab-trees were conspicuous, with bushels of fruit lying beneath them. The crab is constantly mentioned by Shake- speare ; as, for example, by way of simile, " She's as like this as a crab is like an apple" ; and " She vrill taste like this as a crab does to a crab "; also as an emblem of winter in the escjuisitely charming song which closes " Love's Labour's

Lost";

"When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl :"

a song replete with rural imagery and jaastoral life. In our rambles we learned that crab ajDples roasted, are yet a common Christmas dish in the neighbourhood of Stratford. The beau- tiful and extensive meadow scenery through which the Avon flows is doubtless the source of numerous allusions in our poet's writings, as in that portion of the above-mentioned song assigned to Spring :

" When daisies pied, and violets blue,

And lady-smocks all silver-white, And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue,

Do paint the meadows with delight."

AND SRATCESPEAKE. 9

Tlie tradition relating to the mulberry tree is not ■weakened by tlie abnndant evidence Shakespeare's writings afford of his knowledge of horticulture, from which it may- be concluded that ho himself was attached to p'ardenino- ; and was, most probably, practically a gardener. Relieved from the toil and exhausting effects of a London life, he conld scarcely avoid, with the favourable appliances at his command, engaging warmly in a study and amusement so intellectual, and for which it is obvious he had ever a strong- inclination. They who have supposed that Shakespeare had little knowledge of gardening, have failed to see or under- stand the proofs to the contrarjr. No one who had not studied the science of horticulture, could have written as he does in " The Winter's Tale" :

" You see, sweet maid, we raarry A gentle scion to the wildest stock ; And make conceive a bark of baser kind B}' bud of nobler race : this is an art Which does mend nature : changes it rather; but The art is nature." And, in " Richard II ":

" Oh ! what pity is it, That he had not so trimm'd and dressed his land. As we this garden ! We at time of year Do wound the bark, the skin of our fruit-trees ; Lest, being over-pi'oud with sap and blood. With too much riches it confounds itself."

* * =A= *

" All superfluous branches We lop awaj^, that bearing boughs may bve."

The whole vegetable kingdom seems also to have been searched by him with attentive eye and reflective thought ; so that although similes, metaphors, and allusions to jjlants and herbs are occurring throughout his works, they are almost, if not wholh', strikingly correct and appropriate. Why, it

10

STUATI'TjUD-UPOX-AVOX

m;iy be askoil, ilid he give " sweet marjoram" as the pass- word with Lear and Edgar, near Hover ? Tliero nnght have l)ecii no speeial reason ; and its use on this occasion is not rendered more fit and proper hy the canse ; bnt Miss Pratt, the well-lvnown writer on our native wild flowers, tells me she believes that this pass-word was suggested to Shake- speare by the sweet marjoram, which formerly grew in im- mense quantity upon the heights between Folkestone and Dover. That he had visited this locality, no one who is acquainted witli it, and has read " King Lear," can possibly doubt. And, therefore^ Miss Pratt's explanation is probaljly correct.

One of the most remarkable traditions respecting iShake- speare, is that relating to his having, in early life, been brought before Sir Thomas Lucy, for stealing deer from Charlecoto Park. This tradition was jjrctty generally ac- cepted, in all its details and consequences, for truth, until the criticising judgment of recent times rejected it, if not wholly, at least in part. But may there not be some truth in the story without at all dimming the glory of the poet ; and without fixing on Sir Thomas Lucy the shadow of reproach ? I can well believe that in some hour of youthful excitement he may have trespassed, either alone or with wild com- panions, beyond bounds, in pursuit of game ; have been ap- prehended by the keepers, and Ijrought before Sir Thomas Lucy, as the nearest magistrate. He may even have been arrested by mistake ; and have stood before the judgment- seat of Sir Thomas. Prominent throughout his works is evidence of his knowledge of all kinds of field sports, such as hunting, falconry, fishing ; and even ferreting of rabbits. It is very jjrobable that he himself was attached to these amusements before he entered seriously upon the grand ob- ject of his life ; that on some occasion he stood charged before Sir 'J^homas Lucy ; and the scurrilous verses imputed

AND SIIiKESPEARK. 1 1

to liim, aro just such as a highly sensitive youtli, as Shakespeave must have beeu, might have written Avheu deeply incensed. Had he gone to his grave like his fellow- townsmen^ such an incident would have been forgotten ; but when he rose to eminence ; and when, after his death, he became a frequent theme of conversation, incidents of early life would naturally bo seized upon ; and as generation after generation told the tales, proneness to exaggeration added something from time to time, and disguised the simple original facts.

Charlecote is an agreeable walk from Stratford : both the mansion, and the fine monuments of the Lucy family in the church, are of much interest. The house was built in 1558 ; and having joreservcd most of its original features, the visitor sees it much as Shakespeare saw it.

The Mayor of Stratford (Dr. Kingsley) having announced his intention to celebrate, in 18G9, the centenary of the visit of Garrick, a brief review of what was then done ; and also, a notice of the festi\nties in 186-1-, may not be ill-timed. Garrick, with all his abilities, and they were great, did not always show sound judgment. He was generous and warm- hearted ; and no one before him, on the stage, had evinced so keen an appreciation of the genius of Shakspeare. Still he consented to give the plays, not from the original text, but from Tate^s edition, which would have never been en- dured, one would have supposed, by any manager of taste 01' of power to undei'stand and feel the force of the plays as written by Shakespeare ; and Garrick never fully estimated propriety in costume. At the same time we can but ask how it was he could have consented to place upon the stage such tame and witless plays as he produced in abundance with those of the great dramatist ? It is obvious that both Garrick and the drama had to be judged by a public that could tolerate and be pleased with what would not be

1 2 STEATFORD-UrOX-A\'("lN

thought upon at the present day ; a pnhUc that could rehsh coarse language^ unrefined and often immoral sentiment, and gross vulgarity unrelieved by a spark of wit. He had few, if any, advisers whose high cliaracter would have com- manded attention; else his anxiety to pay triljute to the great master, might have been directed into a more whole- some channel than the course he took, to give, at so much cost, very commonplace amusements at Stratford-upon-Avon, which in no way seem to have contributed to make the works of Shakespeare better known, the only rational mode, I suggest, of doing honour to such a man ; or rather, of doing honour to ourselves. A jDrocession of the leading characters of his plays has, in the very idea, something startling. The reader, by his fireside, pictures in his mind the prominent features of the various personages in shadowy outline, rather than in fixed and formal personifications ; and this indefiniteness in no way interferes with the effect the au- thor designed ; but, on the contrary, helps it. When, how- ever, it is attempted to exhibit these creations in flesh and blood, upon the stage, with all the aid of costume and scenery, but few who have read deeply, and who have pictured in their minds the leading characters, wall be satis- fied altogether even with the best performances. Take the pei'sonages away from the stage and its appropriate scenery, and the adjuncts which help scenic illusion ; and make a procession of them in the open air, the mental conception is immediately dispelled, and replaced by something visibly inferior, and possibly ridiculous. The thousands who would flock together, anywhere, anj' day, to witness such a procession would, in no way, comprehend its object, or ^^ew much more in the characters than they would sec in any exhibition in any country fair. If the object in such shows be to help the public to appreciate Shakespeare, the object is not at- tained.

AND SHAKESl^EAEE. 13

Yet^ after all, we can but admire tlie entliusiasm of Garrick, and respect his motives. His visit to Stratford at the time created a great sensation : it was supported by many ; discountenanced and ridiculed by some of his rival actors, and by a jiortiou of the press. 'Tis a hundred years since ; and we, who are now attracted by an intimation that there is an intention to commemorate, next year, the centenary of Garrick's visit to Stratford, cannot but review with oui'iosity and interest, the details of so remarkable an event. The materials for a complete history of the Jubilee, as it was called, cannot be wanting ; and they must bo, I should suppose, voluminous. In several points of view the publication of a collection of edited and inedited accounts, and of correspondence relating to this episode in the life of Garrick would be acceptable ; and it might prove one of the best modes of celebratino- the Jubilee of 17(39.

So early as five o'clock in the morning of Wednesday, the 6th of SejDtember, some of the Drury Lane company sere- naded the people of Stratford and the visitors with an ode and a song composed by Garrick ; guns were fired ; and the magistrates and chief citizens assembled in the street. At nine a public breakfast was given in the Town Hall, in which the holders of guinea tickets were admitted on pay- ment of a shilling. Garrick, as steward, was early in attendance ; and was himself waited upon by the Mayor and Corporation " in their formalities "; and the Town Clerk, in a polite speech, presented him with a medallion of Shake- speare carved in a piece of the mulberry tree from New Place, and mounted in gold. The room soon filled ; and during the breakfast, at intervals, the company was enter- tained with music in the street, opposite the Hall. Half- past ten was the time appointed for leaving for the church, where the oratorio of " Judith" was performed by the entire Druiy Lane orche.'stra, conducted liy Dr. Arne. At the

1 4 STKATl'OKD-UPON-AVON

conclusion^ Garrick and the performers walked in procession to tlie ampliitlieatre (a temporary building), singing- in cliorus, to instrnmental accompaniment, anotlier composition by Garrick. Indeed, he seems to have written most of the songs snng and the odes recited on this occasion. He com- plained of the apathy of the poets of Oxford and Cambridge, none of whom responded to his in\ntation to assist. Here, at three o'clock, was a pnblic ordinary, enlivened at intervals by songs and catches. From the amphitheatre the assemljly retired to prepare for the ball in the assembly room, con- strncted in imitation of the Eanelagli rotunda^ but about half as large.

On Thursday, the 7th September, after a breakfast at the Town Hall, the company was assembled in the amphitheatre. Here was performed, under the direction of Dr. Arne, what was called the Dedication Ode, the recitative parts of which were delivered by Garrick, dressed in a suit of brown and gold, with the medallion suspended from his neck. While the airs and choruses were being sung, he sat with his steward's rod in his hand. At the conclusion of the ode he gave a prose eulogy on Shakespeare, and challenged the inimical to say what they could against him. Mr. King, the comedian, who was among the spectators, wrapt in a great coat, begged to be heard. This unlooked-for opposition astounded the majority of the audience ; but those who knew the actor were much amused, knowing that somcthmg humorous was forthcoming. Mr. King then came into the orchestra in a blue suit, ornamented w'ith silver frogs, and addressed the audience, the better-informed part of whom were highly amused, not only with the speech, but with the want of perception in many who misunderstood the drift of this portion of the performance. Then Garrick addressed the ladies in a poetical speech, complimenting them on their attachment to the great poet who, among his many

ANT) iSHAKESPEAKE. ]5

delineations of hnman life^ had ever supported tlio grace and dignity of the female character. It was during this part of the performance that some of the benches, from the great pressure of the audience, gave way, and Lord Carlisle narrowly escaped being killed. lu tjie evening, or rather, near midnight, was a masquerade, which was crowded to excess. The meanest dresses were, it is stated, hired at four guineas each ; and above four hundred were sent from London.

On the following morning, the rain, which fell heavily, prevented the procession or pageant of Shakspearcan charac- ters. We are told that several people considered the rain " as a judgment on the poetical idolatry of the Jubilites." Two engi'aviugs of the j^^'ocessional personages wore pub- lished in the Oxford Marjaxiiic. They are curious as shewino' the state of sta<>'e costume at that time. Gariick spent a large sum of money on this occasion ; but he reco- vered it in producing the pageant at Drury Lane, which drew full houses.* With less success it was exhibited at Covent

* The great actor would look with dismay on the general state of the modern drama, and on the taste of the public at the present daj', exemplified by the support given to what are called " sensational" plays. One of tlie latest is thus spoken of in a critique in The Times of November 9th, on which my 03-0 has fallen, while writing these remarks : " The convict morally dis- arms him by drawing out a pistol and placing it in his hands, fo)-) with all his reverence for the criminal code, Javert feels that he cannot, in honour, arrest a man who has just made him a present of his own life. In the meantime, Thenarclier has fired the house from beneath, and the room being enveloped in flame and smoke, the officer and Jean find themselves involved in a common peril. Jean saves himself by leaping from the roof into the Seine, while Javei't, as the act closes, is dangling from a beam. This scene, if wo may judge by the precedents of the day, will be the making of tlie piece."

] G STI-;A'rFORD-l'P(jX-AV(jN

Garden Theatre iu a comeclj' callod " Man and Wife", oi' "The Sliatespeare Jubilee", by Cohiian. Botli this and Garrick's "Jubilee", are, it may be said, equally tamo as dramatic conipnsitions. The " show" alone sustained them, as at the j^i'esent day scenery is the main support of the modern popular drama : in no way can it be shewn that any honour was conferred on Shakespeare by such exhibitions, or any instruction given to the thousands " wdio, for the most part, are capable of nothing but inexplicable dumb shows and noise." Garrick, however, estimated his audience better than his rival ; for we are told Ijy a publication of the time, that at Drury Lane, " the inscribed streamers are very useful in notifying to the audience the different plays in which the chai-acters appear; as, for want of a similar index at Covent Garden, half of the spectators are entirely igno- rant of the pieces to which they belong."

Garrick's rivals and enemies lost no time in disparaging the Jubilee ; and Foote, then manager of the Haymarket Theatre, seizing upon eveiy misadventure, thus presented a description in " The Devil upon two Sticks "; — " A Jubilee, as it has lately appeared, is a public invitation, urged by puffing, to go post without horses, to an obscure borough, without rejjresentatives, governed ])j a mayor, and aldermen who are no magistrates, to celebrate a great poet, wdiose own works have made him immortal ; to an ode without poetry ; music without harmony ; dinners without victuals ; and lodgings without beds ; a mascjuerade wdiere half the people appeared bare-faced ; a horse-race up to the knees in water ; fireworks extinguished as soon as they were hghted; and a gingerbread amphitheatre, which, like a house of cards, tumbled to pieces as soon as it was finished."

A writer in the Town and Gounfry Mar/azive, after com- plaining of" a scarcity of provisions, a want of conveyances, or even covering from the inclemencv of the weather, a

ANO SITAKESI'KABT;.

]■

rotunda tliut was not waterproof;" and otlier " omissions and impositions/' says : — " We were prepared for great merri- ment and wit, fiy a lony list of the geniuses and literati, who were to be present upon this occasion, and the masquerade might doubtless have afforded them sufficient opportunities of dis^^laying their humour ; but we do not find there was a single good thing said amongst tliem. Whether the weight of the atmosphere too much oppressed their spirits ; or whether the gloomy disappointment they had met with after so much fatigue, damped their genius, it is certain there was not a hon mot attempted but by Eoseius. How far he succeeded your readers shall judge by the following recital. A mask said to him, ' Indeed, my friend David, you have out-frescoed all the alfrescosities, and out-|)areed all the bal- pares that the public have yet been hummed with ; beware of the critics.' To which he replied : ' The sweet swan of Avon will with his melodious notes sooth them to good humour ; and by a poetic flight, transport them, as we have done, to such a scene of Elysium as they will wish to last for ever."

The writer gives the details of his expenses on this occa- sion. The contrast between the past and present time, with the cost for travelling a hundred years ago and now, is not the least curious part of the account.

Ticket

Post-chaise to Stratford, at 3s. per mile the last sixty miles

Expenses upon the road

Lodging

Board and other expenses

Masquerade dress

Masquerade ticket

Occasional impositions to know the liour of

the day, &c. . . .18 0

tl

. 12 0

0

. 1 11

G

. 6 6

0

. 4 12

0

. 5 .5

0

. 0 10

G

18

sti;a'I'K'ji;I)-upiin-avon

2 2

0

0 12

0

12 0

0

] 1 1-

{)

Chair hii-e

Sei-vants Post-cliaisc Ijack Expenses upon tlie rond

£-1-0 2 0 A very fine full-lengtli povfcrait of Garrick, executed Ly Gainsboroiigli for the Corporation of Stratford, hangs in the Town Hall. Ho is represeiited with one arm round a colnmn surmounted by a bust of Shakespeare ; and in the Museum is a half-length portrait of him as " Kitely " , in Ben Jon- son's " Ev'cry j[an in his Humour". The painting in the Town Hall enables us to form an excellent notion of his personal appearance ; and it may be accepted as a striking likeness. The countenance, highly pleasing, is not marked by any strong expressii.m ; but the features are just such as can bo imagined capable of giving power to a great variety of mental conceptions ; and it must have been the facial flexibility and force of expression which enabled Garrick to assume so successfully characters, many of which could never have produced such effect by actors whose features were more marked and strongly cast. While his countenance was not moulded by nature exclusively for tragedy or for comedy, it was capable of exiDressiug the passions peculiar to both by the actor's perfect conception and intense feeling. In comedy it was not a face to be laughed at before a word could be uttered : and in tragedy it had to be lighted up by the fire of the soul. Mr. Fitzgerald, in his " Life of David Garrick ", gives an intei'esting- account of the impression he made, on a spectator, in the character of Hamlet, played by him not long pre\T0us to his leaving the stage. At first it did not seem he could sustain his reputation in personify- ing tlie youthful prince ; but after awhile his years and appearance were so thoroughly lost sight of that all in-

AND SHAKESPEARE. 19

consistency vanished and was lost in the charm of voice and action. There were certain characters which his ad- miraljlo " make up " contributed to render unexpectedly successful. Such was "Abel Drugger ", in Ben Jouson's "Alchymist", which, like Mr. Phelps's " Bottom" in " A J\[idsummer's Night's Dream ", ma^- be called a creation. Sliould Dr. Kingsley's proposal to commemorate Garrick's visit to Stratford be entertained, an exhibition of portraits and of engraviirgs could form one department, together with portraits of contemporary actors, as suggested by Mr. Waller. To this project I now come, passing over all de- tails of the festival of 1864, called the Tercentenary Celebra- tion of the Birthday of Shakespeare ; referring my readers to Mr. Robert B. Hunter's elaborate, well- written, and im- partial account* of this remarkable event. Remarkable it was in several points of view ; and, although there may be differences in opinion as to the most worthy mode of cele- brating the Poet's natal day, there can be no dispute as to the earnestness and zeal shown by several of the inhabitants of Stratford and its vicinity ; and if Mr. Hunter had been able to show a completed balance-sheet, it would have been proved that some of them confirmed their sincerity by sacrifices which amounted to a pecuniary martyrdom. Should Dr. Kingsley, the Mayor, bo able to lay the foundation of a commemoration of the visit of Garrick, he will have large experiences to aid him ; he will be able to estimate properly the solid and permanent worth of what, five years ago, was considered as indispensable ; and ho will probably be induced

* Slial^espeare and Strcdford-vjion-Avon, a " Chronicle of tlie Time "; comprising the salient facts and traditions, biograplncal, topographical, and historical, connected with the poet and his birth-place, together with a full record of the Tercentenary Cele- hralii'iii. Loudon, Whittakcr and Co. Stratford-upon-Avon, A.hirus.

_n STliATl'OEIi-L'PuX-AVdiV

to ahandon as worse tliaii worthless mncli that was then sanctioned ahnost universally.

It is a costly luxury for any town or city to import from a distance, for a special occasion, companies of professional actors, even if tlieir services are given gratuitously; but it is infinitely more costly when a theatre has to be constructed, and scenery, music, and other necessaries have to be hired ; yet the spirited people of Stratford in 18G4 found money enough to p)i'ovide these expensive entertainments among others ; and, as the public did not respond adequately, they sealed their sincei'ity and earnestness hj heavy pecuniary sacrifices. It may and will be asked whether it was prudent to undertake this obviously uuremunerative kind of enter- tainment? Can it be said there was on the part of the public a full appreciation of the efforts of the people of Stratford when, after all the feasting and shows had passed away, the receipts did not balance the expenses by manj^ thousands of pounds ? The number of people who attended, if it is to be estimated by the staff of officers, it may be supposed was enormous. The vice-presidents were one hundred and seventy ; the local committee, fifty-one ; but as we have seen more vice-presidents in a society than members, no reliance on the strength of an assembly can be placed in a showy, numerous staff; and the vice-presidents at Stratford did not represent a large multitude ; they did not, indeed, represent money enough to pay the costs, to say nothing of the scholarship and the statue !

At the same time there was a committee working in Lon- don, soliciting suljscriptions for a similar object; and appeal- ing to the country. This committee, I believe, succeeded, as well as that of Stratford, in enlisting a large number of names. What the result was I do not know ; but it could not have been successful. The name of Shakespeare is not a name, at any given moment, to raise money by, or to excite

ANlJ SHAKESI'EAIJK. 21

cntliiisiasm; its influence, though great, wherever civilisation and education are well rooted, is not universal ; but it has to await time and tuition ; and in any renewal of the cele- bration of Shakespeare's bii'thday, or in commemorating- Garrick^s visit to Stratford, "which is, indeed, much the same thing, it is wise to review the past and gain wisdom from experience. It is probable that the failures of the past may only be ^^reparatives to the success of the future.

In 18G4 I told a friend on the London Committee, that I felt assured all appeals to the various towns for money would be attended with no good result ; but I suggested that a proposal to establish readings of the plays of Shake- speare in every town, would be likely to meet favour; and that from this source a very large sum of money might not only be raised; but be retained to be applied for some per- manent object that should be worthy of the occasion. I considered that theatricals must necessarily involve expenses which would entirely exhaust the money received ; and leave the promoters in the end, after much trouble, no richer than they were at the beginning. I believe this suggestion will bear consideration on the present occasion, for which it may be somewhat modified. As originally designed, there seems every reason to believe it would have succeeded well; although, no doubt, objections would have been raised, just as objections are raised to everything novel. I do not think so meanly of our Shakespearean students as to suppose there are not a few in or around every town in Great Britain, capable of making the writings of their master a source of amusement and instruction in a public hall, or in a theatre ; neither do I think they are so void of elocutionary powers as to be unable to make their acc|uirements palatable to large audiences. It need not be expected that all should be eciually capable ; but the noble object would plead for defi- ciencies, were they not covered by others' excellencies. Had

22 STRATF01;L)-U1'ON-AVON

the experimcut been madej it is probable some thousands of joounds would have been realised ; wliile the entire country would have assisted in the pleasing task of making the works of Shakespeare more generally known. To mo it seems that extending a taste and relish for his writings, should be the main basis of any public gathering to testify our apprecia- tion of the great teacher.

Garrick, m connection with Stratford-upon-Avon, cannot be dissociated from ShakesjDeare ; and lectures on the works of the latter, and readings from his pla3'S, should, I think, be the main provision for, at least, a week's enter- tainments, made accessible, by low charges, to the working- classes. It is most likely that, on such an occasion, some of our first pjrofessional actors would offer their services ; some, whose stars are not yet in the ascendant, would, doubtless, assist ; while the locality, it may he supjposed, woukl sujiply, at least, a few. Garrick did not undergo, what is absurdly thought indispensable, the tedious di-udgery of a jjrovin- cial stage-training ; neither was he helped by tlio favour of the press, or the prejudices of the critics : lie walked from a counting-house upon the stage; and the puldic at once re- ceived and sealed him as its own. The word jiatronaije should therefore not be used m any celebration connected with Garrick. A'\niere patronage is true, it is seldom osten- tatious ; but it too frequently means only the appearance of aid from rank or position, without the reality : it is one of the specious pretexts m which destined failures are often clothed.

There is a portion of ilr. Hunter's Chronicle of the Ter- centenary Celebration, which might be rejjrinted with good effect with a view to extensive distribution; and its issue on the forthcoming occasion would be most apjpropriate. It comprises the sermons preached in the church of Stratford liy Dr. Trencli, xVrchbishop of Dublin ; and b\- !.)r. W'oi'd.s-

AXD SHAKKSPKAT!!.:. 'So

wortli, Plisliop of St. Andrews, winch arc conceived in a spirit so cnliglitened and pliilosopliical, and evince such a correct and elevated appreciation of the genius and the moral and religious influence of the works of Shakespeare, that they deserve to be universally read and studied ; and particu- larly by that ascetic and prejudiced portion of society which cheats itself into a belief that in refusing to hear the teach- ings of the drama upon the stage or to read them in the closet, it is doing something religious and commend- able.

It is Shakespeare who has conferred the greatest charac- ter on the literature of our country; and the great importance of a nation's literature, Dr. Trench thus set forth: "The work of its noblest and most gifted sons ; the utterance of all which is deepest and neai-est to their hearts, it evokes and interjDrets the unuttered greatness which is latent in others, but which, except for them, would never have come to the birth. By it the mightj^ heart of a people may be animated and quickened to heroic enterprise and worthiest endeavour. With the breath of strong and purifying emo- tions, it should stir to a healthy activity the waters of a na- tion's life, which would else have stagnated and putrefied and corrupted. Having such offices, being capable of such effects as these, of what vast concern it is that it should deal with the loftiest problems which man's existence pre- sents ; solve them so far as they are capable of solution here ; point to a solution behind the veil where this only is possible ; that whatever it handles, things high or things low, tilings eternal or things temporal, spiritual or natural, it should be sound, should be healthy ; clear, so far as possible, of offence ; enlisting our sympathies on the side of the just, the pure, and the true. Such a poet, we possess in Shakespeare. For must we not, first of all, thankfully acknowledge a healthiness, a moral soundness, in

2 L ST!:ATFOi;r)-i'roN-Y\V(")N'

all, or nearly all, wliicli lie lias written ? Then, too, if he deals with enormous crimes; and lie could not do otherwise; for these, alike in fiction and in rcalitj', constitute the tragedy of life : yet the crimes which he deals with travel the com- mon road of human guilt, with no attempt on his ]'>avt to ex- tend and enlarge the domain of possible sin ; and certainly with no desire to paint it in any other colours tlian its own. And in his dialogue, if we put him beside those of his own age and time, how little, by comparison with them^ is there which we wish aw^ay from him, would fain that he had never written. There are some of his contemporaries wdiose jewels, when they offer such, must be plucked out of the veiy mire; wdio seem to revel in loathsome and disgusting images, in all which, for poor human nature's sake, we would willingly put out of sight altogether. What an immeasurable gulf in this matter divides him from them ! While of that which we must regret even in him, a pai't we have a right to ascribe to an age, I will not say of less purity, but of less re- finement, and coarser than our own ; and of that wdiich can- not be thus explained, let us at all events remark how separable almost always it is from the context, leaving, when thus separated, all which remains, perfectly wholesome and pure."

Extracts convey but a faint idea of the masterly manner in which Dr. Trench set forth the great moral and intellectual tendency of the writings of Shakespeare ; and I must re- frain from quoting more here than a portion of the conclasion of his sermon : " I will only ask you, each to imagine to him- self this England of ours without a Shakespeare ; in which he had never lived or sung. What a crown would be stricken from her brow ! How would she come down from the pre- eminence of her iDlace as nursing mother of the foremost poet whom the w^orld has seen, whom, we are almost bold to pro- phesy, it ever will sec ! Think how much poorer, intellectu-

AST) SriAKESPKAKE. ZO

all}', 3-ea, anil iiiorally, every one of us wonli.l be ; ^vhat would Lave to be withdrawn from circulation^ of wisest sayings, of profoundcst maxims of life-wisdom, wliicli liave now been absorbed into tlie very tissue of our hearts and minds ! What regions of our fancy, peopled now with marvellous shapes of strength, of grace, of beauty, of dignity, with beings which have far more reality for us than most of those whom we meet in our daily walk, would be empty and depopulated ? And, remember, that this which we speak of would not l)e our loss alone, or the loss of those who have lived already ; but the disappearance as well of all that dchght, of all thnt instruction, which, so long as the world endures, he will diffuse in circles ever larger, as the recognition of him in his unparagoncd and unapproachable greatness becomes every clay more unquestioned as he moves in ages yet to come '' through ever wider avenues of fame' ".

Dr. Wordsworth, in the afternoon, addressed an auditory, crowded as that was in the morning. After some preliminary remarks on the order and excellence of creation, he observed that no apology was needed for speaking in that sacred j'dace of one whom God had raised up three centuries ago, from among the inhabitants of the adjoining town, to be at once a mighty jTrince over the thoiights of men, through the pre-eminence of his intellectual powers ; and through the richness of his genius, a munificent benefactor for ages upon ages, not to his own country and nation only, but to the world at large. Neither was the time, he added, even of this holy day, at all improper for such a commemoration.

" Entering then", he said, " upon the subject before us with no mistrust, I shall, in the first place, be fully justified, I believe, in assuming that this celebration would not have taken place ; would not, certainly, have been promoted so generally, or conducted on so grand a scale, unless it had been commonly felt that the works of Shakespeare are plainly

E

2G STRATFriJ;n-[' I'fiN-AVnx

on the rio-iit side; the sido of '.vlrit is tnie, and honerst, find inst, and pure, and lovely, ami (jf L'ood report; in a word, on tlic side of virtue and of true reiin''on. Xor can it he said, in this case at least, that t!ie populnr voice has erred. It is in accordance with the voice of one whose testimony upon such a point will he accepted as of the highest and most unqucstionahle anthority : I allude to the reverend author of ' Tlie Christian Tear '. In the lectures which he dehvercd as Professor of Poetry in the University of Oxford, and which were published twenty years ago, while specifying the notes or characteristics by which poets of the first rank are to be discerned, the distinguishing mark Avhich he requires, first of all, is Coxsistexct. Tlie first class poet, he remarks, is fJifoii'iho^if eorisidi'i'it, cnul in linrmoity v:itji_ luinself. And wdicre does the critic look for liis examples in proof of this proposition ? lie brings forward two poets, who flourished in the same, that is onr own, country, and at the same time. First, he produces Spenser, in whom he sees ereri/wJicrc .s^x- taiiied fJic saii'in easy form and hiuli' nf true noliiUti/; and next he pjroduces Shakespeare, — and this consistency of chai'acter which, as a first and most decisive test, assigns our poet to the highest rank, in vrhat is it to be fonnd ? It is to be found in //((■ ijiiicersal rrrqrres.sion irlurJi liis -irnrlcs convey. And for this the lecturer confidently appeals to the memory of his hearers: 'Recollect', says he, 'I beseech you, how you each felt when j'ou read those plays for the first time. Do you not remember that all along, as the drarna proceeded, you were led to take the part of whatever good and worthy characters it contained ; and more especially when you reached the end and closed the Ijook, you felt that your in- most heart had received a spur wliich was calculated to urge you on to virtue ; and to virtue, not merely such as is apt, without much reality, to v.'arm and excite the feelings of the young; I)ut such as consists in the actual practice of a stricter.

AXIi SFTAKIOSI'^AUE. 27

more pni'e, nirre n})riglitj more industrious, more religions lile ? Anci as for tlie passap;es of a coarser sort, liere and there to Lo met witli in those plays, any one may perceive that they are to be attributed, in part, not to the author but to tlie age in which he lived ; and partly they were introduced as slaves in a state of intoxication were introduced into tho presence of the Spartan youths — to serve as warnings and create disgust/ Nor chj I scruple to consent to the still higher praise which the same unexceptionable judge has be- stowed in another part of his work upon tho same two poets. ' Not only', he says, ' did they measure everything by a certain innate sense of what is virtuous and becoming; not only did they teach to hate all profaneness, but they trained and exercised men's minds to virtue and religion, inasmuch as each of them is wont to refer all things whicli the C3-0 beholds to the heavenly aird the true, whether as occurring in the actions of men and upon the stage of life, or as seen in the glorious spectacle cverj'where presented in the heavens and the earth.'

" But there is another consciousness no less generally felt^ which has tended to give to this celebration its comprehen- sive character ; I mean the consciousness of our poet's nationality. Like Homer to the Greeks, he is the poet of us Enghshmen. And as we look for no better, so we desire no other. — And now^ I think, it n'rciy be said we see the first rude outline of a character which, in paying honoiu- to the man, we shall do well to contemplate; for it is not merely as a poet who wrote, in a high and genuine sense of the word, religiously ; but as a man, a Christian man, that we, as a congregation of Christians, should be content to honour Shakespeare. Let us see, then, what he was as such. Unclazzled by the world, and courting nothing which the world can give, we find him indifferent to the fate even of tlie pi'oduce of his own immortal mind, and throwing his

28 STUATEOL'D-IJ I'OX-AYON

pearls with cliild-like simplicit)-, into tlie liq) of time, as if unconscious of tlieir amazing wortli. A man of a less simple^ or less sober temper, after lie had attained to prosperity and to fame, would never have chosen, when not yet fifty years old, to settle down for the remainder of his days in rural quietude, and in the place which had known him not onl3- in ohscurit_y hut in poverty and distress.* But seeking, as he did, to shun, rath' r than to court, distinction, the fact that ' a prophet is not without honour, save in his own country and in his own house ', tended rather to recom- mend this choice to liim the more; liappy if only he might be allowed to study nature, and to cultivate his own moral being in order that he might 1:)0 'ripe' in God's good time.

"We know how he has written ! AVhat truth has he not taught ? What duty has he not enforced ? What relation of life, and of living things, I'ational or irrational, has he not illustrated ? IIow has he looked tJironi/li nature; and, above all, into the heart of man, with the intuitive know- ledge with which the skilful artisan inspects the mechanism of the watch which he himself has niade ! And knowing these things, we know enough to teach us how littlo true greatness is dependant upon external circumstances. We know enough to shame us, if anj^ of! us should complain of the difficulties and disadvantages in wliicli God has placed him. Shakespeare lived to become a teacher of the world, so long as time shall last. And, what deserves to be com- memorated more especially in this place, Shakespeare lived to receive, as a benefactor, the blessings of the poor, not forgetting them, we may lie sure, i^diile he lived, inasmuch as he remembered them when he died."

As I have before oljserved, the sermons of these tv;o

* " CorDparatively poor" would Le ln'tter ; it does not appear that lie was ever in distrCbS.

AND STTAKHSrHAUK. 21)

eminent divines deserve to be ])riiited and widely rireiil;ited : tUejr shoidd be spread abroatl, sown nideed^ ^vlle^eve^ the -English lang-uage is read. They ioian, ^•^'ith the si^eeches de]i\'ered at the Banquet, the solid and eudnring pordons of the Ftsti\-al ni I8d4. The eoneerts and tlie tlioatrical per- formanceSj excellent as they wei'e, have no such claims : they gratified for the hour ; and arc the continual and common anmsemeuts which a.re, moi'e or less, at the command of all ; and these fugitive pastimes, as Mr. Hunter's " Ciu-onicle" sho^\^s, were unremunerativeh' costly, while tlie printing of hundreds of thousands ot the sermons, public lectures on Shakespeare, and readings of his plays, would ])roduce a lasting good eifect without a severe and uujust taxati(.in of the purses of a few generous individuals.

Tlie visit to Stratford-upon-Avon wdiich gave rise to the foregoing remarks, was undertaken in compau)' with Mr. J . G. Waller, on September 26th, in order to superintend the erection of a mural brass tablet in the church, to the memory of Frederick WiUiam Fairholt, who bequeathed his Shak- spearean collections to the town of Stratford. We were joined there on the same day by Mr. Joseph Mayer, Presi- dent of the Cheshire and Lancashire Historic Society ; and by Mr. H. B. Mackei|!on, F.G.S., of Hythe, in Kent ; and we passed together five days very agreeably. Our visit cannot be mentioned without recording, at the same time, atten- tions and hospitalities received irom Mr. F. F. Flower of the Hill ; from Mr. W. 0. Hunt ; and from Dr. Kingsley, the mayo)' ; and I avail myself also of this opportunity t(j acknowledge tlie kind manner in which the vicar, the I!ev. Dr. GoUis, granted permission for the memorial to }>e set up in the church ; and for his generous refusal to take the customary fee.

It will not" 1-10 out of place to appeird to this i-ecorti cif our visit an extract from J\Ir. Faij'holt's manuscri])t meiiKjrantla

30 STKATKOnn- I 'PON-AVON.

written at Sti'atford. At all events it affords a pleasiug testimony of enthusiasm : —

''Avgvs-t 29, 1839. — Paid my first visit to Shakespeare's Ijirthplace. It was dark when the coach set mo down at Stratford ; and I felt an extra degree of excitement at each mile nearer the town. So after leaving- my luggage with the waiter^ and inquiring the way, I sallied off in the dark to visit this immortal house. 1 soon rocognised it. But, alas ! that portion once shewn as the Swan and Maidenhead has been renewed by a fronting of red brick. The interior, they say, has not been much altered ; but the exterior parts, the straight, plain front, and adjoining sash-windows of a modern residence for a labouring man, one story high, such as you frequently see in the small suburban streets near London. Let us try to forget this rascally spoliation. That portion remains untouched in which he was born. I gazed at it as well as the darkness would permit, crossed the road^ returned again, and felt most deeply sorry that it was too late for a visit then. With regret I passed on ; and again returned for auuthor final look, until the morning arrived. I then walked up the street, to stroll rountl the tov/n ; but it was in vain for me to collect my thoughts, or leave the street in which the house was situate. At the top of it I suddenly turned ; and, walking back as fast as I could, fully resolved to stay no longer. On my inquiring, fearfully, if it were not too late to see it then, I was answered : ' Oh, deai-, no ! Yv^alk in, sir, and Til fetch a light immediately.' No words ever sounded so delightfullj'."

Temple Place,

Strood by Rochester,

December 18G8.

JOSEPH ADDISON

AJJD

SIE ANDREW FOUNTAINE

EOMANCE OF A POETRAIT.

LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO.

THEW & SON, KING'S LYNN. 1858.

ROMANCE OF A PORTRAIT.

From tlie '^ AtJienaum.^^

New Bond Street is just now the scene of ti startling bit of romance. The House of Commons, it is known, has lately granted 2,000Z. a year for the purchase of a gallery of authentic portraits of historical Englishmen. Now, in the name of safety, what is an authentic portrait ? Suppose the commissioners deceived in their choice ? What if they give us the face of Gondomar for the face of Raleigh — or the wig of Kirke for the peruke of Marlborough ? Why then they mislead the public. They betray the biographer. They falsify history.

The Bond Street mystery must sorely puzzle Lord Stanhope and his brethren. What evidence is sufiicient to guarantee the authenticity of a portrait ? Let the reader put a case. Suppose a century hence a " portrait of the Duke of Welling- ton" shall be found hanging on the walls of Apsley House? Suppose it be the only portrait of the Duke existing in the house. Suppose it shall have always been called the Duke's portrait ? Suppose all the Duke's biographers and historians shall have described it as the true embodiment and expression of the Duke's peculiar genius? Suppose it shall have been en- graved again and again, until the public know it as familiarly as they know the prints of Cromwell or Napoleon, or the face of Albert the Third on the current coin ? Suppose it shall have been painted, as the chief treasure of the house, into groups of the Wellington family by eminent members of the Royal Academy, and shall have been duly criticized at the

May Exhibitions at Kensington Gore ? Suppose it shall have been selected by the ohlest friends of the house, (men \Yith memories going back close to tlie AVelliiigton time, men who shall boast of having seen the liero of Waterloo, and danced at the Court of Queen Victoria) as the model for a great national monument ? Suppose, at their instance it shall have been used by the most eminent of the successors of Flaxman and Baily as such model, and that such monument of the Duke shall have Ijeen duly, and without suspicion, erected in the most conspicuous part of Westminster Abbey ? Suppose — but that will do. Might not a portrait, so credited, be considered authentic ? Very likely — and yet the New Bond Street romance would seem to prove that this very picture, with all the bloom of proof upon it, onigld be only a poor copy of a portrait of Lord Hardinge, hung up by the great Duke out of kindly feeling for his friend !

Now to our tale. Every one has heard of the famous portrait of Addison at Holland House. Addison lived and died in that picturesque dwelling. The portrait is the chief charm of the place. Visitors gather round it to chat about Spectators and Tatters — about Swift and Steele, and Pope and Arbuthnot ; the young and handsome face beaming with be- nignant humour on the group. Who does not remember the rapture with which Macaulay hangs on that pleasant counte- nance? Who has not seen Leslie's admirable picture of the Fox family — Lord Holland and Lady Holland — and their confi- dential friend Mr. Allen, with the celebrated portrait brought in to complete the Cjuartett of hospitality, wit, genius and refinement ? Who has not heard of the subscription got up by Rogers and Mackintosh, and other wise men of the west, to place a marble copy of that genial presence among the great dead ? Who has not gazed with wonder and veneration on the memorial in the Abbey, executed by the late sculptor. Sir Richard Westmacott, from the Holland House portrait — or

read the brilliant description of it in one of Macaulay's most delightful passages ? Yet, we grieve to say, all this admira- tion and this emotion has been thrown away. The gentleman smiling in wig and claret-coloured dress, at Holland House, is not Addison. The same gentleman transferred to Leslie's picture is not Addison. The same gentleman stripped of his wig in Westmacott's marlde, is not Addison. By a frolic of the muse of history, all this vicarious honour has been heaped on a distinguished personage of the Augustan age. Sir An- drew Fountaine, of Narford Hall, in Norfolk, Vice Cham- berlain to Queen Caroline, and the successor of Sir Isaac Newton in the wardenship of the Mint. What is fame? asks Byron. What is fame ? Grose dies gloriously at his guns — and Grove lives immortal in your gazettes !

The discovery of this surprising fact was made in this way. Mr. Fountaine, of Narford, descendant and represen- tative of Sir Andrew, enters a print-shop, and sees what he is told is a portrait of Addison in Leslie's picture. Remem- bering the familiar face at home — preserved in three distinct portraits at Narford — he answers, " This is no portrait of Addison, but it is of my ancestor Sir Andrew Fountaine." This scene occurred some years ago, when Leslie's engraving was just out; but country gentlemen are careless of glory ; and Mr. Fountaine, though a collector himself, enjoyed his laugh, and told his story pleasantly to his Narford friends over their port, cracking his jests at the wise London critics, but so far as the unprivileged world was concerned he let the discovery sleep until an enthusiastic friend took it up. But, the story told, the whole is done. The proofs of his assertion are ample, and indeed seem to us irresistible. Mr. Fountaine has now brought to London the originals of his ancestor ; one, a miniature, we have before us as we wi'ite ; the other, the original of ivhich the Holland House picture is a copy, lies at Mr. Farrar's in New Bond Street, where we have seen it,

where himdreils hare seen it, and where, we have authority for saying, it may be seen by any one interested in the matter who chooses to calL

But how comes a portrait of Sir Andrew Fountaine at Holland House ? This is easily suggested, though not proved. Fountaine was the intimate friend of Swift, Pope, and Addison. With Swift, imleed, his relations were almost fraternal. Swift's original drawings for The Tale of a Tub are still at Narford — unless, indeed, they are lent to Mr. Murray for the use of his coming edition. Presentation books from Swift arc also at Narford. Fountaine — a scholar, a traveller, and a collector — was probably a visitor at Holland House. Family traditions also connect in friendship some of the Fountaines with Sir Stephen Fox. How the copy of his portrait got there — how it ever came to be considered as an Addisonian original — we are not able to say. Can anybody help us to clear up the mystery ? For ourselves, we feel no certainty that the confusion between Addison and Fountaine is the whole of the mystery. There is an engraving of Congreve — the Kit-Cat portrait — won- di'ously like this Fountaine original.

ADDISON AND FOUNTAINE.

To tJie Editor of the " Atherucimi."

Sir, — I was not so enthusiastic in the matter of Addison's portrait as you suppose. I heard the story from Mr. Fountaine two years ago, with some interesting details respecting the connection of Sir Andrew Fountaine and Swift. Having gone to Narford, at the request of a distinguished literary gentleman, to ask Mr. Fountaine to consent to the publica- tion of his valuable Swift correspondence, he mentioned the story again, and I determined to investigate it. A miniature

of Sir Andrew Fountaine was sent to me, and with this miniature the attack on the great " Wliig Tradition" of Holland House commenced. The statement in some London Papers is incorrect so far, that the fact was not dis- covered by seeing the picture in Holland House ; hut as stated in the Athenwum, hj Mr. Fountaine seeing a proof of an en- graving from Leslie's portrait of Addison.

The case is now proved beyond doubt ; but should any unbeliever wish to satisfy himself of the truth of the story, let him go to Farrar's, 106, New Bond Street, and there he will see the rather good original portrait, of which the Holland House picture is but an indifferent copy.

It is true Lord Macaulay is a very great authority on such matters ; and it is a very grave thing for an anonymous scribbler to contradict any of his assertions. In fact, I feel as the manager of Drury Lane ought to have felt, when he commenced his speech to the electors of Bridport, by saying, " Me and the Queen have had a difference." In the next edition of his Lordship's essays he must alter some remarks he makes respecting the Holland House portrait of Addison. He says, " it still hangs in Holland House ;" now it does not and never did. He goes on to say, " The features are pleasing, the complexion remarkably fair." This is quite true: Sir Andrew Fountaine ivas remarlcable for the beauty of his complexion. " But in the expression," he says, " we trace rather the gentleness of his disposition, than the force and keenness of his intellect." This is a curious loophole. Lord Macaulay can now turn round on the bewildered " wise men of the west," and say, " Why I always suspected the portrait."

But there is an episode in this case so ludicrous, and yet so ill-natured, that I wish the late Mr. Croker had lived to investigate it.

It appears that Addison's widow erected no monu- ment to his memory, which I am not surprised at, she

looking upon liim as a scribbler and a bore, a fact not un- common ■with the "wives of great literary men. Indeed, I have seen the proofs of a discovery made but a short time ago, that the widow of the immortal Shakspeare married a man called Richard James, who, it is believed, was a barber. An editor of Shakspeare has made this discovery ; Ijut I am bound in fairness to state, that another learned editor, with pious eyes and uplifted hands, protests against so degrading a story.

But to return to Addison — no monument was erected. What was to be done? The "wise men of the west" determined that this scandal should be repaired ; they met in 1809, and agreed to erect a monument. One can fancy the enthusiastic meetings, the intelligent sub-committee, all men of taste, the debates as to who was to execute so great a work ; and when rival sculptors met at dinner the carving knives were sheathed. At last Sir Richard Westmacott, the friend of Lord Holland, was selected.

After carefully perusing the Gentleman's Magazine of that period, I find that the quarrelling about this statue, amongst the critics, while being executed by Sir Richard Westmacott, was quite awful ; but when the statue was completed, the storm raged more furiously than ever as to where it was to be placed.

A gentleman, signing himself a " True Englishman," probably a disappointed sculptor, was the chief opponent to the statue being placed in Edward the Confessor's Chapel, where it was proposed to erect it. To this place the " True Englishman" objected on aristocratic grounds ; but it was decided against him, and the foundations were actually commenced, when suddenly the " True Englishman " took a new ground ; he discovered that, in laying the foundation, they had disturbed the remains of Thomas of Woodstock, son of Edward III. He called on all the antiquaries of

England to assist him in putting a stop to such profanation. He \yas answered by an " Old Westminster," who not content with prose, bombarded his opponent with such frightful poetry, that it would have annihilated any one but the " True Englishman." However, the antiquaries came to his rescue, and raised the cry of " Sacrilege." Conceited archseologists — imaginary descendants of Thomas of Woodstock — ^joined in the fray, and the tempest was at its height.

Fancy thirty prize fights for the championship of England going on in a very limited space, and one has a faint idea of the contest that raged over the unconscious bones of Thomas of Woodstock.

The cry of sacrilege was successful— the " True Eng- lishman (now writing under the title of " J. C") was victorious ; and it was agreed that Addison's statue should be erected in Poets' Corner. One would have thought that even the " True Englishman " would have been satisfied at this; not a bit of it — he and the '' Old Westminster" went at it again with increased fury.

The " True Englishman " protesting against placing it by the side of the statue of Handel, by Eoubilliac, the " Old Westminster," of course, took the other side, and the row commenced again.

A gentleman, I think, of the name of " Plato," tried to throw oil on the troubled waters, and pacify the belli- gerent critics, but both the combatants turned upon him with such astounding ferocity, that Plato quickly disap- peared from the scene, and reasoned no more.

At last the question was settled, and with a grand pro- cession (no doubt with a literary duke or marquis leading it, Rogers and Co. bringing up the rear), the statue was placed in Poets' Corner.

The " True Englishman," of course, left the scene of combat with an awful sarcasm on Sir Richard Westmacott.

10

He says, "Joseph Addison was a humble man — so was his sculptor."*

And yet, after all these controversies, squabbles, and jealousies, after all these war cries of — " Sacrilege ! " " Eones of our ancestors ! " and " Handel ! " what had the " wise men of the west " erected ? A most unsatisfactory statue, not of Addison, but of " Su- Andrew Fountaine," withsut his wig. For I have it from the highest authority, that Sir Richard Westmacott executed the monument from the " totally exploded portrait of Addison at Holland House."

If this episode which I relate is true, perhaps some ar- rangement may be entered into for the substitution of the name of Fountaine for that of Addison.

If it is not true, the case ivotdcl he still more mysterious than it is ; for if Sir R. Westmacott tooh the statue from another authentic portrait of Addison, Lord Holland and his friends being visitors at the studio to see the progress of the " immortal" tvorJc, must, or at least, ought to have discovered that their otvn authentic pjortrait was a " SHAM."

The surviving subscribers to the monument, naturally the oldest and wisest men in London, will perhaps agree to some amicable compromise. They will not be irritated by the sarcasms of the "True Englishman" who lies quietly in his grave. Peace to his ashes, — he saved those of Thomas of Woodstock.

And why should Sir Andrew Fountaine not be in West- minster Abbey ? It would be a proud thing for me, as a Norfolk man, to have discovered this fact. I believe that he is the only countyman tliere, but I know that there are three Norfolk celebrities figuring in the doubtful chamber of Madame Tussaud's.

* It afterwards appeared that the " True Englishman " was a Mr. John Carter ; if he had lived how he would have enjoyed this story.

11

Sir Ad drew Fountainc was one of the most distinguished men of his time. Born of an ancient family of the county of Norfolk, he entered into the University of Oxford at an early age, where he displayed remarkable talent. He was selected, as the most distinguished scholar of his year, to deliver the Latin oration before our great Protestant deliverer, William III., who was so pleased with him that he knighted him on the spot.

He formed part of the brilliant embassy of Lord Mac- clesfield to the Electress Sophia, in 1701.

He there was a conspicuous ornament of the most brilliant circle in Europe. As a proof of what I say, the great Leibnitz, the most universal genius the world ever produced, who was so great in theology (as is stated in that most valuable work, published a short time ago by the late lamented John Kemble, entitled State Papers and Corre- spondence,) that he was offered a Cardinal's hat and the librarianship of the Vatican, if he consented to change his religion, at page 253 of that work, thus addresses Sir Andrew Fountaine, then a young man of twenty-four, in a letter from Berlin.

" M. Minkenin thanks me for having procured for him and his son the honour of your acquaintance : it is a correspondence, at least, among persons like you and him, by which all parties are gainers, the only commerce in which that takes place. But as for me, I am he who derives the most advantage from it, and your deserts are the capital from which I derive the profit. I have no doubt that M. Morel at Arnstadt, and M. Imhof at Niirn- berg, will also be much obliged to me. One is fortunate when one has a person like yourself to produce. The Queen still thinks herself my debtor for having introduced you, although you were more than sufficiently so by Madam the Electress' s letter; and Mademoiselle de Pillnitz, aa

12

well as the other ladies, often ask me news of you ; not to speak of your wit, your good looks, or rather your beauty, remains engraved in their imagination, and makes as much noise at Court, as your learning does among our savans, who have had the advantage of your acquaintance."

Those who have seen the beautiful miniature of Sir Andrew Fountaine now in London, will agree with Leibnitz, that his beauty equalled his talents.

He became afterwards the constant correspondent of Leibnitz, who frequently consulted him. Sir Andrew Foun- taine being one of the most learned Anglo-Saxon scholars in Europe.

He published a treatise on Anglo-Saxon and Anglo- Danish Coins in Hickes' Thesaurus Septentrioiialis.

He was intimate with Pope and Addison, and above all, he was the first real friend Swift ever found during his stormy life — the first man who took him by the hand and treated him like a gentleman, and introduced him to his distinguished friends as an equal.

Sir Andrew accompanied in 1707, the accomplished Thomas Lord Pembroke (who was then Lord Lieutenant) to Ireland, where he found Swift living in comparative obscurity. Sir Andrew introduced him to Lord Pem- broke, and they all three became most intimate. They returned together to England in the following year, and Swift then resided with Sir Andrew ; and now, for the first time. Swift's talents were appreciated by the great London world. No house ougld to contain more interesting correspondence with respect to the life of Swift than that of Narford.

The original pictures of The Tale of a Tub have been at Narford for 1.50 years ; they are supposed to be by Swift's own hand, and to have been sent to Sir Andrew Fountaine to be corrected. Sir Andrew Fountaine, a friend

of the Vanhomrigh family, also introduced Swift to the un- fortunate Vanessa.

With Pope his friendship terminated in a manner that does no honour to the memory of the illustrious poet. The reason of their quarrel ^Yas that Pope, like many other wise men, thought to advance his interests by paying court to Lady Suifolk, instead of Queen Caroline. Sir Andrew was indignant at this. After which Pope attacked him in the most malignant manner, accusing him of having collected nothing but the most worthless curiosities.

" The well dissembled emerald on his hand " is still in the possession of Mr. Fountaine ; and I think Mr. Hancock, of Bond Street, would pass a very good verdict " as to the utter falsehood of the libel.

The good-natured Sir Andrew only laughed at his as- sailant, and Pope's bust is still to be seen in his library at Narford.*

Sir Andrew made many tours through Italy, where he formed a great friendship with Cosmo de Medici, with whom a correspondence is still preserved. When he arrived at any Italian town he held a kind of levee, all the artists and distinguished men hastening to meet him.

In matters of art, I am told by the highest authorities, that he was 150 years in advance of his age. Those who have had the pleasure of seeing the unrivalled collection of Majolica, and other treasiu'es collected by him, will rea- dily believe this. When I went to one of the most eminent connoisseurs in London with the miniature of Sir Andrew, he said, " That is like everything else of Sir Andrew Fountaine's I ever saw, perfect."

* I should not have mentioned this attack, only it has been already alladed to in the Illustrated London News.

14

Those who have seeu the beautiful illuminated missal from the Narforcl collection, pronounced by every one whose opinion is of any value, to be one of the finest specimens of Italian art in existence, will also agree as to the won- derful taste exhibited in securing such a gem.

There are other works in Narford which would be valuable to the historian, particularly a Prayer Book of Henry VIII., with his apparently dying words written in it by his own hand, a book that Mr. Froude would like to see.

Surely the companion of Pope, Addison, and Swift, a man who could form a collection like this, was one of the i7iost distinguished men of his time.

He was the trusted friend of Caroline of Anspach, wife of George H., and became her vice-chamberlain; indeed, so highly did Caroline appreciate his great abilities, that she requested him to superintend the education of her favourite son William.

If he had kept a journal, no one could have given a better report of the secret affairs of the Courts of George I. and II. His memoirs would most probably have been as interesting as those of Lord Hervey ; but Sir A. Fountaine was a gentleman, and did not betray those with whom "he sat at meat."

On the death of Su' I. Newton he became warden of the Mint, which situation he held till his death, in 1753.

I am aware I have not been able to write the memoir that ought to be written of Sir A. Fountaine. I believe that it will be written by some more practised hand than mine. But I think enough has been stated to justify me in proposing, that if, on investigation, the statue is really that of Sir A. Fountaine, the inscription written by a celebrated nobleman, assisted by Bishop Hurd, should be altered, and some suitable memorial to Sir A. Fountaine substituted in its place.

15

Lord Macaulay, of course, may object to this, as he went into raptures when the great Whig statue was at last comfort- ably installed. He thus described it after giving a hard hit at the unfeeling widow. " At length, in our own time, his image, skilfully graven, appeared in Poets' Corner. It repre- sents him as we conceive him, clad in his dressing gown, and freed from his wig ; stepping from his parlour at Chelsea, into his trim little garden, with the account of the Everlasting Club, or the Loves of Hilpa and Shalum, just finished for the next day's Spectator, in his hand." All these raptures for the wigless Sir Andrew !

Of course a new statue of Addison must be erected ; and I have no doubt the subscriptions in this country and America would be immense. It ought to be done, if only to preserve one of Lord Macaulay's most magnificent pas- sages.

In conclusion it may be said by some — "Why not let the matter rest ? Sir Andrew Fountaine was very handsome, and will do very well for Joseph Addison ! " But have we a right (if it is fair to deceive ourselves) — have we a right to deceive the confiding American, whose first visit would be to our National Portrait Gallery, by showing him that which is untrue ?

I have it from one of the trustees of the N. P. Gallery, that of course if Lord Holland would have parted with his picture, it would have been purchased ; and then the nation would have been put to a useless expense.

I think also, that this story ought to make great his- torians a little more careful as to their assertions. There may be manuscripts hidden in different country houses of England which would destroy half the histories that have been written.

Have we not seen William Penn, the great man who founded a province in America, equal in intellect and wealth

16

to kingdoms in Europe, — have we not seen him lately ac- cused and sentenced by Lord Macaulay for the most degrading crimes, on evidence which would not have con- victed the lowest pickpocket at the Old Bailey, nay, in spite of direct evidence to the contrary ?

And yet here, if the story of the Atheruenm is true, as true it is, the " man of infallibility," and the wisest of the wise have been gazing for years with " modest admiration" on the picture of Addison, which now is discovered to be nothing more than an indifferent copy of an original of Sir Andrew Fountaine, with the intellect squeezed out.

A NORFOLK MAN.

My own impression is strong, that Sir Stephen Fox and Sir Andrew Fountaine were friends, and exchanged portraits. I have good grounds for saying this.

I have not alluded to the Congreve question raised by the Athenrpum but certainly while there is no resemblance, as far as I can see, between the Addison statue and the Sir A. Fountaine, at Mr. Farrar's, there is the most extraordinary likeness between the picture and the medaUion of Congreve in Westminster Abbey.

I have it from the best authority that Sir E. Westmacott did take his statue from the picture at Holland House. Of course, whether it is taken from it or not has nothing to do with respect to the main question, as to the authenticity of the Holland House portrait. Sir K. ^Yestmacott unwigged the picture, and that may account for the unsatisfactory statue.

The following from AV. M. T., s very interesting : —

From the " AthencEum."

The announcement about the portrait of Addison at Holland House has aroused public attention, and I may say has given to the cynical a hearty laugh. The facts are assumed to be a contradiction to a century and a half of tra-

17

(lition, if not of historical evidence. Yet is not this another case of what -vvas so clearly proved in your own paper upon Pope last week, in which the public build up for themselves historical evidences by inference and from circumstances merely imaginary ?

The portrait was the well-known portrait of Addison, so lately the grace and ornament of Whig reunions on the walls of Holland House — the very Holland House in which Addison lived, with his wife the Countess of Warwick and Holland — the house whose rooms and grounds are filled with Addisonian traditions. It was, as you observe, the only portrait of Addison there, and had always been known as Addison's. Could the authenticity of such a portrait, in such a place, and in the possession as long as it has been known to exist of Lord Holland's family, be doubted by anybody ? The harmony and connexion between place, picture, and possessors were perfect, and all the world have believed. It does not seem to have struck any one — not even Lord Macaulay — to attempt to estimate the real value of this apparent, or assumed harmony and connexion. What are the facts? Holland House belonged to the Earls of Warwick and Holland. Addison married the widow of Edward, one of these Earls, and resided in Holland House till he died in 1719. In 1718 the only son of Lady Warwick came of age, and he died in 1721. Up to this period it is probable that the Countess resided there. But on the death of her son, the estate passed to collaterals — either to Edmund, eighth Earl of Warwick, or to Mr. William Edwardes, a Welsh gentleman, cousin to the seventh Earl, long after created Lord Kensing- ton. Thus, we have already a distinct family, — a remote collateral branch, — having, of course, very little sympathy ■ffith the Countess ; and the probabilities are, none at all ■with her mesalliance, as her second marriage was probably considered at that time. Here, at any rate, we have a

IS

clearing out of Addison, and his widow, and his daugliter, from Holland House ; and the widow and daughter probably removed to Addison's house at Bilton, where we know that the daughter lived and died in 1797. Is it to be Ijelicved that, under these circumstances, the widow would have left behind her a little Kit-Cat portrait of her husband, so light that she might have carried it away in her hand, and in her own carriage? Would she not have taken it with her to Bilton, where, on the daughter's death, were found portraits of Addison's contemporaries, which he himself had possessed 1 The improbabilities of their leaving it at Holland House to the neglect and possitjle contempt of their successors, seem to be great, even to be absurd. But we have not yet done with these improbabilities : for no sooner has the house changed hands, than it appears to have been let. In 1726, Mr. Morrice, high bailiff of Westminster, who married Atter- bury's daughter, " hired Holland House near Kensington," — as appears from the Daily Journal of the 4th of October, and, as if for ever to destroy all associations of Whigism, Pope's, " Downright Shippen," the celebrated Jacobite, oc- casionally lived there, and dated his letters thence. Mr. Leigh Hunt, in his Old Court Suburbs, says the house appears to have been let " on short leases, and to a variety of persons ; sometimes in apartments to lodgers ; " all of whom must have neglected and left the portrait behind them. The house and grounds appear to have been finally abandoned to the rats and the weeds. The author of A Tour through Cfreat Britain, published in 1748, mournfully describes " this famous old edifice " as having " long been decaying," and recommends its being pulled down. It had, by this time, evidently become too dilapidated even for its humble lodgers, and its rusty iron gates, broken shutters and wilder- ness of walks — no longer trodden by Whig or Jacobite — may be imagined by the help of Hood's poem of The Haunted

19

House. But the portrait, we are to believe, still hung in the darkness within upon the mouldering walls : and there it was found by an utter stranger, Mr. Henry Fox, who happened to take the property on a lease of lives, and finally pur- chased the house and made it habitable. Henry Fox was, in 1763, created Lord Holland — the title which, in the Rich family, had become extinct, being, I presume, suggested by the name of the property. Lord Holland died in 1773, and the house was again " unfurnished ; " and by 1796, when his son, Stephen Fox Lord Holland, returned from the Con- tinent, was once more " out of repair," and was " fitted up for his residence at considerable expense." The little marketable portrait of Addison, however, defied all these dilapidations and vicissitudes, and was then and ever after found still " hanging on the walls of Holland House." The history is one of indifference. The portrait is found there because neither the widow nor the daughter think it worth removal; because the Earl or Mr. Edwardes and Mr. Morrice, and the various holders of short leases were equally indif- ferent : and out of these indifferences grows up the romance, and all the romantic associations of the Addison portrait at Holland House.

Just so far as the substitution of Fountaine for Addison rests on the intimate connexion of Fountaine with " Swift, Pope, and Addison," all the above objections apply with equal force. If Addison's connexion with Holland House will not authenticate a portrait of Addison at Holland House, neither can it authenticate a portrait of his friend Fountaine. Further, there seems to be some doubt on the subject ; else why the mention of the connexion between Sir Stephen Fox and Sir A. Fountaine ? Sir Stephen Fox died in extreme old age, when Fountaine must have been a young man ; but young or old, a portrait of Fountaine, in possession of Sir Stephen, had nothing whatever to do with

20

Fountaine's connexion with " Swift, Pope, and Addison," and nothing to do with Holland House, except by the accident that half a century afterwards the Fox family bought Holland House.

It is strong presumptive evidence that this portrait was never considered the portrait of Addison by Addison's con- temporaries, or survivors, that it was never engraved. For twenty years after Addison's death, we have many portraits of him ; but not one from the portrait at Holland House.

By the time the Fox family got possession of Holland House, Addison had become a classic. The place itself was sanctified by his name and memory ; there were, and there are, Addison walks and Addison rooms ; and an Addison portrait only was wanting to complete the charm. Of course if Henry Fox wanted a portrait of Addison, the dealers would find one ; and with the full flowing wig, and the loose wrapper of his day, there was no great difficulty ; any decent resemblance would pass. The existing portrait, therefore, may be one of Fountaine ; may be, as you think probable, from appearance, a Congreve, — and if it be not Congreve, I cannot distinguish between the Kit-Cat Con- greve and Fountaine.

LONDON : PRINTED BY GEOKGE PHIPP3, HANELAGH STllEET, EATON SQUARE.

SHAKESP EAR IAN J.

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V. Y.

89 BOADEN's Letter to G. Steevens, Esq., containing a

Critical Examination of Papers of Shakespeare, pub- lished by W. Ireland, with Extracts from Vortigern, 1 796 — Famihar Verses from the Ghost of Willy Shakespeare to Sammy Ireland, 1 796 — Shakespeare's iVIanuscripts in the Possession of Mr. Ireland, ex- amined by Philalethes (Col. F. Webb), 1796 — Free Reflections on Miscellaneous Papers, and Legal Instruments in the Possession of Mr. Ireland, 1 796 ■ — Comparative Review of the Opinions of Mr. Boaden, by a Friend to Consistency (Matt. Wyatt) London., n. d. — Vortigern under Consideration, with Remarks on Boaden's Letter (by W. C. Oulton), 1796 — Ireland's Authentic Account of Shakesp. MSS., 1 796 — Ireland's Vindication of his Conduct respecting the supposed publication of the Shakespeare MSS., 1 796 — Investigation of Mr. Malone's Claim to the Character of Scholar or Critic, by S. Ireland, (1797) — Vortigern, an Historical Play, with an Original Preface by W. H. \\:t\A.rA, facsimile, 1832 — Britan- nia's Cat-o'-Nine Tails, or the Devil's Carols during half a century of Rapine, Desolation, and Blood, by W. H. Ireland, with MS. Note about his Tract, 1833. In I vol, 8vo, new half morocco, gilt top, [a very singidar collection). £2. 2S

90 BOADEN's Letter to George Steevens, Esq., contain-

ing a Critical Examination of the Shakespeare Papers, published by Samuel Ireland. 8vo, sezued (soiled), 2s — half calf 4s 6d 1796

12 Catalogue of Books, &c.:, illustrating the

91 BOADEN's Letter, Second Edition. Svo, half calf .

5s 6d 1796

92 SHAKESPEARE'S Manuscripts in the Possession of

iVIr. Ireland, Examined respecting the Internal and External Evidences of their Authenticity. By Phila- lethes. '$>Y0, seiucd. 5s 1796

93 COMPARATIVE Review of the Opinions of Mr.

James Boaden, in 1795, and of James Boaden, Esq., in 1796, relative to the Shakespeare MSS. By a Friend to Consistency. 8vo, seivcd (soiled), 2s — seivcd, 28 6d — half calf, 3s 6d 1796

94 VORTIGERN under Consideration, with General

Remarks on Mr. J. Boaden's Letter to Geo. Steevens, Esq., relative to the MSS., Drawings, Seals, &c., ascribed to Shakespeare, and in the possession of Sam. Ireland. '&vo, scioed. 5s 179*5

95 CHALMERS' Apology and Supplemental Apology

for the Believers in the Shakespeare Papers, which were exhibited in Norfolk Street. 2 vols, 8vo, bds., I2S — calf, I OS 6d 1797-99

96 CHALMERS (Geo.) Apology, Supplemental Apology,

and Appendix for the Believers in the Shakespeare Papers. 3 vols, 8vo, boards, 15s — calf gilt, £1. is

1797 — 1800

97 CHALMERS' Supplemental Apology for Believers

in the Shakespeare Papers. 8vo, boards, 5s — half calf, 5s 1799

98 IRELAND (W. H.) Authentic Account of the Shak-

spearian Manuscripts, &c. Svo, sczt'cd, 3s — half bud., 3s 6d — calf 4s 6d 1796

99 PLUMPTRE (Jas.) Observations on Hamlet, and

the motives which induced Shakespeare to fix upon the Story of Amleth, from the Chronicle of Saxo- Grammaticus, proving that he designed it as a censure on Mary Oueen of Scots. 8vo, seiucd. 5s

Canib., 1796

100 WALDRON's (F. G.) Virgin Oueen, a Drama, attempted as a Sequel to Shakespeare's Tempest. 8vo, new half calf . js 1797

j^rjc ami Writings of Shakespeare. 13

10 1 RICHARDSON'S Essays on some of Shakespeare's Dramatic Characters ; to which is added, an Essay on the Faults of Shakespeare. 8vo, fifth edition, bds., 3 s — calf gilt, A^^ 6^ 1797

102 Another, differently dated. Svo, bds., 4s — ■

half calf , 4s 6d — whole calf, 5s 1798

This volume combines the Essays on Macbeth, IJamlct, Jacques, Imogen, Richard TIL, Lear, Timon of Athens, and Fedstaff.

103 MASON (Rt Hon. J. M.) Comments on the Plays of Beaumont and Fletcher, with an Appendix con- taining some further Observations on Shakespeare, extended to the late editions of Malone and Steevens. Svo, bds., 3s — half calf, 3s 6d — new half calf gilt, 5s 6d 1798

104 PYE's Comments on the Commentators of Shake- speare with Observations on his Genius and Writings, 1807. Richardson's Essays on some of Shakespeare's Dramatic Characters, and Essays on the Faults of Shakespeare, 1 798. In i vol, 8vo, russia, marbled leaves. 6s

105 DU BOIS (Edw.) The Wreath, containing Remarks on Shakespeare and Comparison of Horace and Lucian. Vo'it %Yo, fi-ont., bds. 3s 6d ^l99

106 IRELAND'S (W. H.) Vortigern, an historical Tragedy; and Henry the Second, an historical Drama. Zyo, half calf , scarce. 7s 6d i799

107 ESSENCE of Malone, or the "Beauties" of that fascinating writer, extracted from his Immortal Work, entitled, " Some Account of the Life and Writings of John Dryden," 1800 — Voice of Truth to the People of England on occasion of Lord Malmesbury's Return from Lisle, 1797 — Prophecy of Queen Emma, an ancient Ballad, lately discovered, written by Johannes Turgotis, Prior of Durham, in the reign of William Rufus, 1782 — The Stranger, a Comedy, translated from Kotzebue, i 798 — Remarks on the new edition of Bellendenus, with some observations on the extra- ordinary preface, 1787 — The Battle of Eddington, or British Liberty, a Tragedy, 1796. In i vol, 8vo, calf neat. 6s

14 Catalogue of Books, &c., illustrating the

loS A BRIEF account of Stratford-upon-Avon, with a particular description and survey of the Collegiate Church, the Mausoleum of Shakespeare. i2mOj miatt, as clean as wJieii published \ rare. £i. is

1800

The first Guirle to the Toavti.

109 MALONE. Essence of Malone, or the beauties of that fascinating writer, extracted from his immortal work, the Life of John Dryden. 8vo, portraits of Malone and Hardinge inserted, bds., 5s — another, tuithout the portraits, 4s 1800

no HARDINGE's (George) Essence of Malone, or the " Beauties" of that fascinating writer in his Life of Dryden, 1800 — Another Essence of Malone, or the " Beauties" of Shakespeare's Editor. Both Parts in I vol, 8vo, half calf los 6d 1801

111 HARDINGE's (Geo.) Another Essence of Malone, or the " Beauties" oi Shakespeare's Editor. 8vo. 4s

1801

112 SECOND Part of King Henry the Fourth, altered from Shakespeare, by Dr. Valpy, as acted at Reading School. 8vo, sciued. 2S 1801

113 WALDRON (F. G.) Shakespearian Miscellany, a Collection of Scarce and. Valuable Tracts. 4to, with only three portraits, seived. 5 s 1802

114 REMARKS, Critical, Conjectural, and Explanatory, upon the Plays of Shakespeare, resulting from Colla- tion of the Early Copies with that of Johnson and Steevens, with some valuable Extracts from the MSS. of Lord Chedworth. By E. H. Seymour. 2 vols, 8vo, half riissia. 5s — half calf 6s — new half calf extra. 8s 6d 1805

115 CHEDWORTH (John, Lord) Notes upon some of the obscure Passages in Shakespeare's Plays, with Re- marks upon the Explanations and Amendments of the Commentators in the Editions of 1785, 1790, and 1793. "iyYo, pcncil-drazving portrait of Lord C. in- serted, and autograph, calf -neat, Dawson Turner'' s copy. los 6d _ 1805

j^ije ana writings of Shakespeare. 15

116 CHED WORTH (Lord) Notes upon Shakespeare's Plays. 8vOj privately printed, calf, ys 6d — half calf . 6s 6d 1805

1 1 7 CONFESSIONS of Will. Henry Ireland, containing the Particulars of his Fabrication of the Shakespeare MauAiscripts, with Anecdotes and Opinions of many distinguished Persons. Cr. Svo, facsimiles, ncio half calf, carmine edges, 7s 6d 1805

1 1 7<? • Another, liujiiting facsimile, half calf.

4s 6d

118 WHELER (R. B.) History and Antiquities of Stratford-upon Avon, comprising a Description of the Collegiate Church, the Life of Shakespeare, &c. Svo, plates, hf calf. 8s 6d

Stratford-upon- A von, (1806)

119 SHAKESPEARE'S Plays revised by J. P. Kemble. 25 vols, Svo, uniform in half calf . ^i- 5s 1806

Containing King Henry 4tli, 5th, 6th, Sth, King Jolm, Hamlet, Richard HI., Coriolanus, Othello, Lear, Tenrpest, Romeo and Juliet, Cymbeline, Julius Cfesar, Catherine and I'etruchio, Winter's Tale, Comedy of Errors, Slerry Wives of Windsor, All's Well that Ends Well, Much Ado about Nothing, Twelfth Night, Merchant of Venice, Measure for Measure.

1 20 PYE (Henry James) Comments on the Commenta- tors on Shakespear, with Observations on his Genius and Writings. Zno, half calf. 4s — bds. 3s 1807

1 2 1 DOUCE's Illustrations of Shakespeare and of Ancient Manners, with Dissertations on his Clowns and Fools, Gesta Romanorum, and the Morris Dance. 2 vols, '&YO, plates and zvoodcuts, calf gilt. 13s 6d 1807

122 A New Edition, in i vol, 8vo, half calf

gilt, marbled edges. 9s — whole calf extra, marbled edges. I OS 6d 1839

123 ACCEPTED Addresses or; Prosmium Poet- arum ; with Macbeth Travestie, in Three Acts, and Miscellanies by different Hands. Fourth edition, I 2mo, bds. 3s 18 1 3

1 24 SHAKESPEARE'S Richard III., Julius Csesar, Hen- ry VIII., and Coriolanus. Revised and adapted to the Stage, by J. P. Kemble. Post Svo. 2S 6d

1814— 15

1 6 Catalogue of Books, CifCyiUustrating the

125 GILCHRIST'S Examination-of the Charges by Ma- lone and others of Ben Jonsons Enmity towards Shakespeare. 8vo, seivcd. 3s 1808

126 SHAKESPEARE'S King John revised by Kem- ble. 1 2 mo. IS 18 14

127 SHAKESpeare's Henry IV., Part 2, revised by Kemble. 12 mo. is 1815

128 SHAKESPEARE'S Jest Book. Edited by Singer. Parti II.5 Supplement to theTales and Ouicke Answers. Post Svo, sezued, scarce. 6s 6d 18 16

129 SHAKESPEARE and his Times, including a Biogra- phy of the Poet, Criticisms on his Genius and Writ- ings, New Chronology of his Plays, Discjuisitions on his Sonnets, and History of the Manners, Customs, and Amusements, Superstitions, Poetry and elegant Literature of the Age, by Dr. N. Drake. 2 vols, \X.Oj facsimiles, boards. i6s 181 7

130 HAMLET Travestie, in 3 Acts, with Burlesque Annotations, bv John Poole. \2V[io,bds, 2S 6d

1817

131 JACKSON'S Shakespeare's Genius Justified. 2nd edition., 8vo, pp. 34. 2s 1818

132 JACKSON (Z.) A {(f^ Concise Examples of Seven Hundred Errors in Shakespeare's Plays, 1 8 1 8. Ditto, the Second edition, 181 8. Shakespeare's Genius Justified. Third edition, 18 19. In i vol, 8vo, half calf gilt, gs

133 JACKSON (Z.) Shakespeare's Genius Justified: being Restorations and Illustrations of Seven Hundred Pas- sages in Shakespeare's Plays. Svo, dds., 5s — /lalf calf, 5s — /le-cu half calf extra, 5s 6d — whole calf. 6s 6d 1 8 19

1 34 REPORT of a Meeting at Stratford-on-Avon, agree- ably to the suggestion of Mr. Charles Matthews to consider the best mode of erecting in the form of a Theatre, a National Monument to Shakespeare. Folio, 2 leaves. 5s 1820

135 SHAKESPEARE'S Coriolanus, revised by Elliston. 1 2 mo. IS Printed by J . Tabby, Theatre Royal,

Drury Lane, 1820

juije ana Writings of Shakespeare. 17

136 EXTEMPORAL Verses written at the Birth Place of Shalcespeare by Persons of Genius, with a Brief History of the Immortal Bard by Mary Hornby. Sm. 8vo, sewed. 3s Stratford, 1820

137 HAMLET and As you like it, a Specimen of a new Edition of Shakespeare, by Thos. Caldecott. Royal Svo, bds. 5s 1820

138 FARMER, on the Learning of Shakespeare. Small oval Portrait of Shakespeare on title, and Portrait of Dr. Farmer, 1821, with other Literary Tracts in the same vol. 8vo, hafeaf. 4s 6d

139 FIRST Sitting of the Committee on the Proposed Monument to Shakespeare, by Zach. Craft (C. Kelsall). i2mo, bds. 3s Cheltenham., 1823

140 EVANS (Dr. John) Progress of Human Life : Shake- speare's Seven Ages of Man, Illustrated, with his Life. Second Edition. \2m.o, bds. /\.s 6^ Chiszuiek, 1823

141 WHELER's Guide to Stratford upon Avon. i2mo, (zuants white paper title, has only the coloured zvrap- per one), is

142 MONCRIEFF (W. T.) Excursion to Stratford upon Avon, with a compendious Life of Shakespeare. Sm. ^Yo, frontispiece, bds., 3s — new half calf , 3s 6d

Leamington, 1824

143 SKOTTOWE's (Aug.) Life of Shakespeare ; enquiries into the originality of his Dramatic Plots and Charac- ters. 2 vols, 8vo, bds. 4s 6 d 1824

144 MORGANN (Maurice) Essay on the Dramatic Character of Sir John Falstaff, 1825 — Macbeth re- considered, an Essay on some of the Characters of Shakespeare, 1786 — Boaden's Letter to Geo. Steevens, containing a Critical Examination of Ireland's Papers of Shakespeare, 1 796 — Ireland's Authentic Account of Shakesperian Manuscripts, &c. In i vol, Svo, half calf. I OS 6d

145 HISTORICAL Account of the Monumental Bust of Shakespeare, in the Chancel of Stratford-upon-Avon Church. By Abr. Wivell. Svo, 2 plates, is 6d — half morocco, 3s 1827

1 8 Catalogue of Books, &c., illustrating the

146 GRAVES (A, M.) On the Genius of Shakespeare, with Critical Remarks on Romeo, Hamlet, Juliet and Ophelia. Sm. 8vo, cloth. 2S 6d 1826

147 CORRECT Detail of the Ceremonies attending the Shakespearian Gala at Stratford-upon-Avon, in April, 1 82 7, with account of Garrick's Jubilee in 1769, by J. Jarvis. 8vo, saivcd, 3s — hf. morocco, 4s

Straiford-on-A von, 1827

148 SHAKSPEARIANA : Catalogue of all the Books, Pamphlets, etc., relating to Shakespeare ; with an account of the early Quarto Editions, arid some re- markable Prices in Public Sales (by J. Wilson and W. H. Ireland). Post Svo, cloth. 3s 6d 1827

149 WIVELL's Inquiry into the History, Authenticity, and Characteristics of the Shakespeare Portrait. 8vo, ?> portraits, bds. 12s 1827

149'" iVIEMORIALS of Shakespeare ; or, Sketches of his Character and Genius by various Writers, with Notes by Dr. Nathan Drake. 8vo, boards, 4s — hf. cf. gt., 5s 1S28

I 50 SAGGIO sugli scritti e sul genio di Shakespear, opera di Mad. Montagu, traduzione dall Inglese. Svo, nezij hf. cf. gt. 3s Fircnzc, 1828

151 SELECTIONS from Shakespeare, by Benjamin Oakley, Esq. 8vo, boards. 3s 1828

152 SHAKESPEARE s Poemis. i2mo,zoith tJirce en- gravings after Corbould, bds., 3s — nczv hf cf, 4s

Land. f. Dove, (1830)

153 FIFTH of November; or, the Gunpowder Plot. An historical Play, supposed to be written by William Shakespeare. Svo. 2s 1830

154 SHAKESPEARIAN Anthology, comprising the Choicest Passages and entire Scenes. With Biograph- ical Sketch. Cr. Svo, hf. cf, 2s — bds., 4s 6d 1830

155 SHAKESPEPJAN Anthology. Post Svo, /^^/rrrt'^-. AS 1S31

156 HUNDRED (The) Merry Tales, or Shakespeare's Jest-Book, 1 2 mo, bds. 3s 6d 1S31

The title 15 a misnomer. It should be called "Tales and Quick Answers," No. 304 is the true Shakespeare's Jest-Book.

i-.-1-je ana Writings of Shakespeare, 19

157 LITERARY and Graphical Illustrations of Shakspeare and the British Drama, with Critical and Descriptive Notices of upwards of one hundred of the most cele- brated Tragedies, Comedies, Operas, and Farces. Svo, miincro2is woodcids^ cloth. 3s 6d — calf gilt. 5s _ 1831

1 58 VORTIGERN, an Historical Play, represented at Drury Lane, April 2, i 796, as a supposed newly dis- covered Drama of Shakespeare, by William Henry Ireland. Neiv edition., witJi an original Preface. ^YO, facsi7nile. is 6d (original price, 3s 6d) 1832

The Preface is both interesting and eurious, from the additional information it gives respecting tire Shakespeare Forgeries, containing also the substance of the author's Confessions.

159 HAMLET and As You Like it, a specimen of an edition of Shakespeare, by Thos. Caldecott. Roy. Svo, cloth. 6s 1832

160 COLLIER'S (J. P.) New Facts regarding the Life of Shakespeare (1835) — New Particulars regarding the Works of Shakespeare (1836). In one vol, post Svo, calf gilt. I OS 6d

161 COLLIER (J. P.) New Facts regarding the Life of Shakespeare. Small Svo, cloth, only $0 printed. 6s

1835

162 New Particulars regarding the Works of

Shakespeare. Small 8vo, cloth, only ^o printed. 6s

163 BO ADEN on the Sonnets of Shakespeare, identifying the person to whom they are addressed. Svo, scarce. 5s 1837

164 SHAKESPEARE and his Friends, or the Golden Age of Merry England. 8vo, half calf gilt, marbled edges. 5s — served. 3s 6d Paris, 1838

i64*TRADITIONARY Anecdotes of Shakespeare, col- lected in Warwickshire in 1693. %Yo, sewed, is

1838

165 SHAKESPEARE'S Autobiographical Poems, being his Sonnets clearly developed, with his Character drawn from his Works, by C. A. Brown. Post Svo, cloth. 4s 6d 183S

20 Catalogue of Books, &c., illustrating the

i65(?OBSERVATIONS on an Autograph of Shakespeare, and the Orthography of his Name. By Sir Fred- Madden. Svo, seized. IS 1838

166 WHATELY's Remarks on some of the Characters ot Shakespeare. Secoicl edition, iiiwo, bds. 2s 6d

Oxford, 1808

167 Third edition, Edited by Dr. Whately, Abp.

of Dubhn. iimo, cloth. 3s 1839

i67«PATTERSON (Robert) Natural History of the In- sects mentioned in Shakespeare's Plays. \ 2mOj nume- rous zvoodcuts, cloth. 3s 6d 1838

168 YOUTH of Shakespeare, or Love and Genius, by the author of " Shakespeare and his Friends." 3 vols, post ?>YO, half bound, circ. library copy. 3s — boards, clean copy. 6s 6d 1839

169 THE Youth of Shakespeare, by the Author of " Shakespeare and his Friends." 8vo, /if. calf marb. edges. 5 s Paris, 1839

1 70 ULRICI (Herman) Ueber Shakespeare's Dramatische Kunst, und sein Verhaltnisz zu Calderon und Goethe. Zyo, calf extra, -tnarblcd edges, 7s — seived. 3s 6d

Halle, 1839

171 SHAKESPEARE'S Seven Ages, illustrated by Mul- ready, Leslie, Constable, Wilkie, Landseer, &c. [wants plate of pavement at Sienna). 4to. 3s 6d

Land. Van Voorst, 1840

172 MACDONNEL (P.) Essay on the Tempest, with remarks on the superstitions of the Middle Ages. 8vo. sewed. 3s 6d 1840

173 SHAKESPEARE'S Library.— A Collection of the Romances, Novels, Poems, and Histories, used by Shakespeare as the foundation of his Dramas, with Notes, by J. P. Collier. 2 vols, Svo, cloth. £1. is

1840

1 74 LANDSCAPE Illustrations to Shakespeare, by G. F. Sargent. 2 1 fne plates, folio, proofs on ijidia paper. 7s 6d 1841

Life and Writings of Shakespeare. 21

175 COLLIER'S (J. P.) Reasons for a New Edition of Shakespeare, 8vo. is (1841) — second edition, is

1842

176 SHAKESPEARIANA, a Catalogue of the Early Editions of Shakespeare's Plays, and of the Commen- taries and other Publications illustrative of his Works. By J. O. Halliwell. Svo, cloth. 3s — second hand copy, cloth. 2s 1 841

' ' Indis]3ensable to everybody wlio wishes to carry on any inquiries connected \\ii\\ Slialccspeare, or who may have a fancy for Shalvcspeariau Eibliography. " — SpLVtator.

177 SHAKESPEARIAN Readings, intended as Exercises in Elocution. By B. H. Smart. Thick 1 2mo, cloth. 3s 1842

1 78 ACCOUNT of the only known Manuscript of Shake- speare's Plays, comprising some important variations and corrections in the " Merry Wives of Windsor," obtained from a Playhouse Copy of that Play recently discovered. By. J. O. Halliwell. 8vo. is 1843

1 79 THE first Sketch of Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor, edited by J. O. Halliwell. 8vo, cloth. 3s 6d Shakespeare Soc, 1842

1 80 TIMON, a Play (somewhat resembling Shakespeare's) now first printed from a MS., edited by Rev. A. Dyce. ^Yo, cloth. 2e Shakespeare Soc, 1842

181 WILLIAM Shakespeare a Biography. By Charles Knight. Thick royal 8vo, with about 100 fine wood- cuts by Harvey, Fairholt, and others, cloth, gt. edg. 9s 1843

182 RELIGIOUS and Moral Sentences culled from the Works of Shakespeare compared with Sacred Passages drawn from Holy Writ. 8vo, portraits, cloth. 5 s

1843

183 KNIGHT's Library Shakespeare. 8vo, vol 12, un- cut. 3s 1 844

A useful volume aside other editions, as it contains Shakespeare's Poems, witli Annotations, a running abstract of the doulntful Plays, Glossarial Index and a]i Index of Persons, shewing the Act and Scene in which each is mentioned throughout the whole of Shakespeare's Plays,

184 DYCE's Remarks on Mr. J. P. Collier's and Mr. C. Knight's editions of Shakespeare. 8vo, cloth, ys 6d — half calf 8s 1844

22 Catalogue of Books, &C.-, illustrating the

185 HUNTER (Joseph) New Illustrations of the Life, Studies, and Writings of Shakespeare, S7ipplementary to all the editions. 2 vols, 8vo, cloth, 7s 6d, (pub £1. is) — neiu half calf gilt, los 6d — whole calf extra, 13s 6d 1845

186 HALLIWELL's Illustrations of the Fairy Mytholo- gy of a Midsummer Night's Dream. 8vo, cloth. 5s 6d SJiakespeare Sac, 1845

187 THE Diary of Philip Henslowe (the Companion of Shakespeare) 1 591-1609, printed from a MS,, edited by J. P. Collier. 8vo, cloth. 5s

Shakespeare Soc., 1845

188 MEMOIRS of the Principal Actors in the Plays of Shakespeare, by J. P. Collier. 8vo, cloth. 5s 6d

SJiakespeare Soc, 1846

189 ESSAY on the Character of Macbeth. 8vo. 2s

1846

190 "WHO was 'Jack Wilson,' the Singer of Shake- speare's Stage ?" An attempt to prove the identity of this person with John Wilson, Doctor of Music in the University of Oxford, a.d. 1644, by E. F. Rimbault, LL.D. 8vo. IS 1846

191 SHAKSPE ARE'S Dramatic Art, and his Relation to Calderon and Goethe ; translated from the German of Dr. Hermann Ulrici. Svo, cloth. los 1846

192 ULRICI (Dr. Hermann) Shakespeare's Dramatische Kunst. Part II. only. Svo, nc-io half calf. 3s

193 A LIFE of Shakespeare, including many particulars respecting the Poet and his Family, never before pub- lished, by J. O. Halliv/ell, F.Pv.S., &c. In one handsome volume, 8vo, illustrated zuith seventy-six engravings on zoood, of objects, most of zuhich are nezv, from drazoings by FairJiolt, cloth. 15s 1848

This "work contains upwards of forty documents respecting Slial^espeare and his family, ne-^er iKfore piiblislied, Ijesides numerous others, indirectly illus- trating the Poet's biogi"aphy. All the anecdotes and traditions concerning Shakespeare are here, for the first time, collected, and much new light is thrown on his personal histor)', by papers exhibiting him as selling Malt, Stone, &c. Of the seventy-six engravings which illustrate the volume, more than fifty have never befoie been engraved.

Life and Writings of SJiakespeare. 23

1 94 CRITICISM applied to Shakespeare. By C. Badham. Post 8vo. IS 1846

195 COMPLETE History of Theatrical Entertainments, DramaSj Mas(|ues, and Triumphs at the English Court from the time of King Henry the 8th, to the present day, edited by J. C. Chapman, 4to, fine plates of Shakespeare Scenes by Finden^ cloth extra. 12s

1849

It includes an account of the Shakespeare Plays perlormed before the Queen at Windsor Castle, Christmas 1S4S-9.

196 THE Shakespeare Society's Papers, vol i. cloth. 3s — vol 4. avoy cloth. 3s 1849

197 STUDIES of Shakespeare, forming a Companion Volume to every edition ot the Text, by Charles Knight. 8vo, frontispiece of 5 portraits, cloth. 5s - 1846

198 CROKER (Crofton) Remarics on an Article inserted in the Papers of the Sliakespeare Society. Small 8vo, sezoed, is — nezu half calf 2s (1849)

199 NEW BOKE about Shakespeare and Stratford on Avon, by J. O. Hlalliwell. aXo, facsimiles and loood- C2itsy 75 copies, printed cloth. £2. 2s ^850

200 THE Remarks of M. Karl Simrock on the Plots of Shakespeare's Plays, v/ith notes and additions by J. O. Kalliwell. 'Hivo, cloth. 3s Shakespeare Soc, 1850

201 BARNETT (Morris) On the Tempest, as a Lyrical Drama. 8vo. is 1850

202 DER Mythus von William Shakespeare eine Kritik der Shaksperischen Biographic von Nicolaus Delius, 8vo. 3s Bonn, 1851

203 REFLECTIONS from Shakespeare's CHfF. 1 2mo, half calf 23 1 85 1

204 THREE Essays on Shakespeare's Tragedy of King Lear. By Pupils of the City of London School. 8vo, nciv half calf gilt. 53 1851

205 A FEW Remarks on the Emendation, " Who Smothers her v/ith Painting," in the Play of Cymbe- line, discovered by Mr. Collier, in a corrected copy of the Second edition of Shakespeare, by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S., &c. 8vo. IS 1852

24 Catalog Jic of Books, &c., illustrating' the

206 BELL'S (Dr. W.) Shakespeare's Puck and his Folks- lore. 3 vols, sm. 8vo, cloifi. 15s 1852-64

207 vol 2, cloth: 7s 6d 1 86 1

208 vol 3, cloth. 5s 1864

209 SOME Account of the Antiquities, Coins, Manu- scripts, Rare Books, Ancient Documents, and other Reliques, illustrative of the Life and Works of Shake- speare, in the possession of J. O. Halliwell, Esq. 4to, cloth, engs., 80 copies printed. £2. 5s 1852

210 THE Grimaldi Shakespeare. — Notes and Emendations on the Plays on Shakespeare, from a recently-discover- ed annotated copy, by the late Joe Grimaldi, Esq., Comedian, 'ivo, luoodcuts. is 1853

A humorous .squib on Collier's Shakespeare Emendations.

211 CURIOSITIES of Modern Shakespeare Criticism. By J. O. Halliwell. 8vo, with the first facsimile made of the Didixjich letter, sewed, is 1853

2 1 2 NOTES and Emendations to the Text of Shakespear's Plays, from early Manuscript Corrections in a Copy of the Folio, 1632, in the possession of J. Payne Collier. 8vo, cloth, 7s bd—half calf gilt, 8s 6d

1853

The First Edition, containing matter siippre'-sed in the Second.

213 OBSERVATIONS on Some of the Manuscript Emendations (in. Collier s volume) of the Text of Shakespeare, and are they Copyright ? By J. O. Halliwell. 8vo, sewed. 6d 1853

214 A FEW Notes on Shakespeare, with Occasional Re- marks on the Emendations of the Manuscript-Correc- tor in Mr. Collier's copy of the Folio, 1632. By the Rev. Alexander Dyce. 8vo, cloth. 5s 1853

"IMr. Dyce's Notes are peculiarly delightful, from the stores of illustration with which his extensive reading, not only among our Araters, but among those of other countries, especially of the Italian poets, has enabled him to enrich them. All that he has recorded is valuable. We read his little volume with pleasure, and close it with regi-et." — Literary Gazette.

215 HUNTER'S Few Words in reply to the Animad- versions of the Rev. Mr. Dyce, on Mr. Hunter's " Disquisition on the Tempest," and his " New Illustrations of the Life of Shakespeare," contained in his work, entitled, " A few Notes on Shakespeare,'' &c. Bvo, sewed, is 1853

Life and Writings of Shakespeare. 25

2i5« SHAKESPEARE Restored (Macbeth Annotated, with Introduction by Mr. Elwin). 4to, only 100 privately printed, ^i. is 1853

216 singer's Text of Shakespeare Vindicated from the Interpolations and Corruptions advocated by J. P. Colher, in his " Notes and Emendations." 8vo, clotli. 3s 6d 1S53

217 COLLIER'S Alte Handschriftliche Emendationen zum Shakspere gewurdigt von D. Nicolaus DeHus. Svo, sezved. 3s — half calf , 3s 6d Bonn, 1853

218 DIE SHAKESPEARE.— Literatur bis mitte 1854 von P. B. Sillig, ein bibliographischer versuch einge- fuhrt von H. Ulrici. Svo. 2s 6d Leipzig, 1854

219 HAZLITT's (W.) Characters of Shakspeare's Plays, edited by his Son. Fcap. Svo, 5th edition, clotJi. 2S 1854

220 THE Midsummer Night; or, Shakespeare and the Fairies, from the German of Ludwig Tieck. By Mary C. Rumsey. Svo, privately printed, eloth. 4s 6d 1854

221 SHAKESPEARE Repository. Edited by J. H. Fennell. Nos. i to 4, all pnb. loith the titles printed iji black (being red in the published copies).

5s 1853

222 SHAKESPEARE'S Versification, and its apparent irregularities explained by examples from Early and late English Writers. By Wm. S. Walker, edited by W. N. Lettsom. Fcap. Svo, if/^Z/^ 6s 1854

"The reader of Shakespeare would do well to make himself acquainted ^^'ith this excellent little book previous to entering upon the study of the poet." — Mr. Sinofr in the Preface to his Ne-uJ Edition of Shakespeare.

223 SHAKESPEARE'S Scholar, being Historical and Critical Studies of his Text, Characters, and Commen- tators, with Examination of Mr. Collier's Folio of 1632. By R. Grant White. Thick Svo, ,f/<9//^. 12s

New York, 1854

224 INDIAN Leisure. Petrarch translated. On the Character of Othello, Agamemnon, The Henriad Anthology. By Captain Robt. Macgregor. 8vo, cloth. 6s 1854

26 Catalogite of Books, &c., ilhistrating the

225 WITHERS (J. R.) Poems (contains Shakespeare's Characters in 8 pages). \2m.o, clotJi. 2s 1S54

226 A GARLAND of Shakespeariana, recently added to the Library and Museum of J. O. H. 25 copies printed. 5s 1854

227 TAYLOR (J. E.) The Moor of Venice, Cinthio's Tale and Shakespeare. Post 8vo. is 1855

228 CURSORY Notes on various Passages in the Text of Beaumont and Fletcher, as edited by the Rev, Alex- ander Dyce, and on his " Few Notes on Shakespeare." By the Rev. John Mitford. Svo, ^ert'd-c/. 2s 6d 1856

229 HAMLET, — An Attempt to ascertain whether the Queen were an Accessory before the Fact, in the Murder of her First Husband. Svo. scivecl. 2S 1856

' ' This pamijlilet wcW deserves the perusal of every student of Hamlet. " — Notes a7id Quii-'us.

230 SHAKESPEARE Story Teller; Introductory Leaves, or Outline Sketches, with choice Extracts in the Words of the Poet himself, v/ith an Analysis of the Characters. By George Stephens, Professor of the Eiipiish Lanzuao'e and Literature in the Uni- vcrsity of Copenhagen. 8vo, Nos. i to 6. 6d each

1856

231 CATALOGUE of a very valuable Collection of Shakespearian and Dramatic Literature, chiefly con- sisting of the Books used in the first five vols of Mr. Halliwell's Folio Shakespeare. Svo. is 1856

232 BACON and Shakespeare, an Inquiry touching Players, Play-houses, and Play -writers of the Reign of Q. Elizabeth, to which is appended an Abstract of a Manuscript Autobiography of Tobie Matthews, by W. H. Smith. Foolscap Svo, ctoth. 2s 6d 1857

" Lord Palmerston was tolerably well up in the chief Latin and English Classics : but he entertained one of the most extraordinary paradoxes touch- ing the greatest of them that was ever broached by a man of his intellectual calibre. He maintained tliat the plays of .Slrakcspeare ^^•ere really v\'ritten by Bacin, who passed them olT under the name of an actor, for fear of com- promising his professional prospects and philosophic gravity. Only last year, when this subject was discussed at Broadlands, Lord Palmerston suddenly left the room, and speedily returned with a small volume of dramatic criticisms (Mr. Smith's book) in which the same theory was supported by supposed analogies of thought and expression. 'There,' said he, 'read that, and you will come over to nry opinion." — J^ras:r's Mlag. A^ov. 1865.

Life and Writings of Shakespeare. 27

233 SMITH (W. H.) Was Lord Bacon the author of Shakepeare's Plays ? 8vo. is 1856

234 LEGEND of Shakespeare's Crab Tree; with Des- criptive Account shewing its relation to the Poet's Traditional History, by Charles F. Green. 4to, sub- scriber''s cop}':, 10 plates, bds. 7s 6d 185 7

235 Another copy, 4to, witk portrait of Slialie-

speare from tlie first Folio added, bds. 6s 6d

Lond. (i860)

236 SHAKESPEARE'S Complete Works, with Memoir and Essay by Barry Cornwall, also Historical and Critical Studies of Shakespeare's Text, by R. Grant White, and R. H. Horne. 3 vols, imperial 8vo, witli minicrous engravings on wood and steel, from designs by Kenny Meadows, elegant, in half green morocco, top edges gilt. £\. xbs, 1858

237 SHAKESPERIAN Drolls, from the Theatre of In- genuity, 1698, containing the Mad Wooing — The Boaster, or Bully Huff catch'd in a Trap. Square \2TCi.o, limited to 2iO copies, half morocco. i8s 1859

238 STRICTURES on Mr. Collier's New Edition of Shakespeare, published in 1858, by the Rev. Alexan- ander Dyce. Zyo, cloth. 5s (original price 7s 6d) 1859

239 SHAKESPEARE'S King Henry the Fifth, with Notes by Charles Kean. 8vo. is 1859

240 THE Shakespeare Fabrications, or the MS. Notes of the Perkins Folio shown to be of Recent Origin, with Appendix on the authorship of the Ireland Forgeries, by C. Mansfield Ingleby, LL.D. Foolscap 8vo, with a- facsimile shoiuing ths pscudo old writing and the pencilled zvords, clotli. 3s 1859

241 NEW Exegesis of Shakespeare, interpretation of his principal characters and plays on the principle of Races. Post 8vo, cloth. 4s 6d 1859

242 THE Sonnets of Shakespeare, re-arrajiged, and divivded into four parts, with an Introduction and Ex- planatory Notes. Post 8vo, cloth. 3s 6d 1859

243 MAGINN's (Dr.) Shakespeare Papers, Pictures Grave and Gay. Yo^t^NO, cloth, 3s 1859

2 8 Catalogue of Books :, &c.y ilhistrating the

244 SHAKESPEARE'S Romeo und Julia eine Kritische ausgabe des ueberlieferten doppeltextes, von Tycho Mommsen. Royal 8vo. 3s 6d Oldenberg, 1859

245 A CRITICAL Examination of the Text of Shake- speare ; together with Notes on his Plays and Poems, by the late W. Sidney Walker. Edited by W. Nanson Lettsom. 3 vols, fcap. 8vo, cloth. i8s

i860

" Very often we find ourselves differing from Mr. Walker on readings and interpretations, but we seldom differ from him without respect for his scholar- ship and care. His are not the wild guesses at truth which neither gods nor men have stomach to endure, but the suggestions of a trained intelligence and a chastened taste. Future editors and commentators will be bound to consult these volumes, and consider their suggestions." — AthcjKe^nn.

" A valuable addition to our Philological Literature, the most valuable part being the remarks on contemporaiy literature, and the mass of learning by which the exact meaning and condition of a word is sought to be established." — Litcra7y Gazette.

" Mr. Walker's Works undoubtedly form altogether the most valuable body of verbal criticism that has yet appeared fronr the pen of an individual. " — Jlir. Dycc's Preface to Vol. I. of Slial:espeare, 1864.

246 SHAKESPEARE and the Bible, shewing how much the great Dramatist was indebted to Holy Writ for his Profound Knowledge of Human Nature. By the Rev. T. R. EATon. Fcap. 8vo, cloth. 2S 6d i860

247 MALONE. — Life of Edward Malone, Editor of Shakespeare, with selections from his Manuscript Anecdotes. By Sir James Prior. 8vo, portrait, cloth. 43 6d (pub at 14s) i860

Containing many curious particulars of Malone's Shakesperian researches.

248 HALLIWELL's Hand List of the Early English Literature preserved in the Malone Collection in the Bodleian Library, selected from the printed catalogue of that Collection. Royal 8vo, printed for private circulation, cloth. 7s 6d i860

249 SHAKSPEARE DROLL.— The Merry Conceited Humour of Bottom the Weaver, composed out of the Comic Sceiies in the Midsummer Night's Dream, about 1646, also the Conceited Humours of Simple- ton the Smith. Edited by J. O. Halliwell. Square i2mo, only thirty printed, half morocco. i8s i860

250 HARDY (Thomas DufFus) Review of the present state of the Shakesperian Controversy. 8vo, scarce. 3s i860

j^tje and IVritings of Shakespeare. 29

251 SHAKESPEARE DROLLS.— The Droll of the Bouncing Knight^, or the Robbers Robbed ; to which is added the Droll of the Grave-makers. Both con- structed out of Shakespeare's Plays, about A. D. 1647, and acted at Bartholemew and other Fairs. Square i2mo, limited to tJiirty copies, Iialf morocco. 15s

i860

252 COLLIER, Coleridge and Shakespeare, a Review by the Author of " Literary Cookery." 8vo, cloth. 3s 6d i860

253 HAMILTON (N. E. S. A.) Inquiry into the Gen- uineness of the Manuscript Corrections in Mr. J. P. Collier's Annotated Shakespeare Folio, 1632 ; and of certain Shakespearian Documents published by Mr. Collier. 4to, facsimiles-, cloth. 3s 6d i860

254 Another Copy, with Autograph Letter of

the author, and other additions inserted by Dr. W. Bell. 4to, cloth. 6s i860

255 STRICTURES on Mr. Hamilton's Inquiry into the Genuineness of the MS. Corrections in J. Payne Col- lier's Annotated Shakespeare Folio, 1632. By Scru- tator. Z^o, sewed, is i860

256 CROKER's (T. Crofton) Walk from London to Fulham, (with a paper on the probability of the Gol- den Lion at Fulham having been frequented by Shake- speare in 1595 — 6). Post 8vo, with nearly 150 woodcuts by Fairholt, clotli. 3s 6d i860

257 A SKELETON Hand-list of the Early Quarto Editions of the Plays and Poems of Shakespeare. 8vo, printed on paper for insertions, limited to thirty copies, half morocco. i8s i860

258 THE FOOTSTEPS of Shakespeare, or a Ramble with the Early Dramatists ; containing new and inter- esting Information respecting Shakespeare, Lyly, Marlowe, Green and others. Post 8vo, cloth. 5s 6d

1861

259 SHAKESPEARE, his Friends and Contemporaries. By G. M. Tweddell. Second Edition. 8vo, Parts I to III (all pub). 6d each 1861 — 3

30 Catalogue of Books , &c., illustrating the

260 PROCEEDINGS of the Lit. and Phil. Society of Liverpool, No. 16. 8vo. 2s 6d 1861

Containing P. H. Rathbone's Apology for Lady Macbeth, and Dr. Baar on Hamlet and bausl.

261 SHAKESPEARE'S Sonnets, never before Imprinted. London, by G. Eld, 1606. Reproduced in facsimile by the process of Photo-zincography, from a copy of the rare original at Bridgewater House. Small 4to, half morocco. 9s 1862

262 SHAKESPEARE No Deerstealer; era Short Ac- count of Fulbroke Park, near Stratford-on-Avon. By C. Holte Bracebride. 8vo, privately printed. IS 6d 1862

263 NOTICE de la belle Collection Shakespearienne formee par M. J. Moulin. 8vo. is 6d

A mstcrdam , 1862

264 A BRIEF Hand Book of the Records belonging to to the Borough of Stratford-on-Avon ; with notes of a few of the Shakespearian Documents. Square post 8vo, cloth., (only 50 printed). 7s 6d 1862

265 SHAKESPEAPvE.— A Midsummer Night's Dream — The Merchant of Venice — The Merry Wives of Windsor — Love's Labour Lost — Richard II. — Henry the Fourth, ist and 2nd parts — Henry the Fifth — Richard III. — King Lear — Titus Andronicus — Troilus and Cressida^ — Henry the Sixth, 3 part — Romeo and Juliet — Othello — Hamlet — Much adoe about Nothing. ]Vitli notices of the known editions previoJtsly issued. /\.to, half niorcoco. £7,. los

London, Booth, 1862 — 5

These comprise the seventeen plays not printed in Shakespeare's life-time They are reprinted and repaged from Eootli's reprint of the lirst folio edition, each bound separately, and to every leaf four blank ones arc added for notes, etc.

266 INGLEBY (C. M.) Complete View of the Shake- speare Controversy. Bvo, facsimiles, cloth. 7s 6d

1861

267 PEARLS of Shakespeare ; a collection of the most brilliant Passages found in his Plays. Sm. 8vo, zvitli- iiwnerons cuts from designs by Kenny Uleadows, \2rs\0, extra clcith^ gilt edges. 2S 6d (1863)

j^tje and [Vritm^s of Shakespeare. 31

if)^ CLARKE'S (C. Cowden) Shakespeare Characters^ chiefly those subordinate. Thick 8vo, half morocco^ iinciif. 7s 1 863

269 HALLIWELUs Descriptive Calendar of the Ancient Manuscripts and Records of the Corporation of Strat- ford-upon-Avon, inchiding Notices of Shakespeare and his Family, and of several persons connected with the Poet. Thick folio, only J ^ printed, half bound, uncut. £5- S^ 1863

270 WHELER's Historical Account of the Birth-place of Shakespeare, reprinted from the edition of 1824, with a few prefatory remarks by J. O. Halliwell. 8vo, front. IS 6d 1863

271 SHAKSPERE and Jonson. Dramatic versus Wit- Combats, Auxiliary Forces — Beaumont and Fletcher, Marston, Decker, Chapman, and Webster. Post 8vo, 4s 1864

272 BRIEF Hand List of the Collections respecting the Life and Works of Shakespeare, and the History and Antiquities of Stratford-upon-Avon, formed by the late Robert Bell Wheler, and presented by his sister to that Town, to be preserved for ever in the Shakespeare Library and Museum. Sm. square 8vo. 7s 6d

Cliisioicli Press y 1863

Only loo printed, not for sale, at the expense of Mr. Halliwell.

273 REPRINTS of Scarce Pieces of ShakespeareiCriticism : No. I, " Remarks on the Tragedy of Hamlet. Loud, 1736." Fcap. %No, sezved. is 6d 1864

274 SHAKESPEARE as put forth in 1632, a Reprint (page for page and line for line) of the first foHo edition. Small 4to, (to stand on an 8vo shelf) beau- tifully printed, cloth. i8s (pub at ^i. 14s)

Booth, 1864

275 SHAKESPEARE'S Coriolanus. Edited with Notes and Preface, by F. A. Leo, with a Quarto fac-simile of the Tragedy of Coriolanus, from the folio of 1632, photolithographed by A. Bouchard, and with Extracts from North's Plutarch. 4to, elegantly printed, extra cloth. 15s 1864

32 Catalogue of Books, &c., illustrating the

276 A SHAKESPEARE Memorial (his Life, Birth- place, and Plays). Royal /\to, coloured front, and numerous fine zvoodcuts. is 6d 1864

Got up v.-\{h a S'OO'l deal of lastc, anil a marvel of cheapness.

277 SHAKESPEARE, his birthplacCj home, and grave, a Pilgrimage to Stratford- on- A von, by Rev. J. M. Jephson. 4to, photographic plates by Earnest Edzuards, cloth gilt. los 6d (pub £1. is) 1864

2 78 HALL'S (H. T.) Shaksperian Fly-leaves, Nos. i to 5, and Shaksperian Statistics. Post 8vo. 2s 1864-5

279 SHAKESPEARE'S Seven Ages, depicted by Robert Smirke, reduced by Photography ; seven Designs and two Portraits. Square i2mo, cloth, a pretty gem. 2s 1864

280 WILLIAM Shakespeare, par Victor Hugo. Thick 8vo, half calf extra, vwirblcd leaves. 6s 6d

Paris, 1864

281 POEMS (in Hlodern Greek) on the Shakespeare Centenary. Folio. 5s (1864)

282 RICORDO a Shakespeare, under the auspices of Shakespeare's Tercentenary Birth, 50 Sonnets by James Pincherle. 8vo. 3s Trieste, 1864

283 TRANSACTIONS of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. New series, vol 4, cloth. 2s 6d 1864

Contains Dr. A. Hume's Oration on the Tercentenary of Shakespeare, and Dr. Baar on the Moral Ideas of Shakespeare.

284 CLARKE'S (Mary Cowden) Girlhood of Shake- speare's Heroines in a Series of Tales. 3 vols, i2mo, cloth. 4s 6d 1864

285 SHAKESPEARE'S Comedy of "Much ado about Nothing," photo-lithographed from the matchless original of 1600 in the possession of the Earl of Ellesmere. Sm. 4to, half mor. los 6d 1864

286 KENNY'S (Thos.) Life and Genius of Shakespeare. 8vo, portrait and plate, cloth. 3s 6d (pub at 1 2s)

1864

287 SHAKSPEREIANA verzeichniss von Schriften von und uber Shakespeare, 8vo. is Wien, 1864

j^ije ana writings of Shakespeare, 33

288 HALLIWELL's Historical Account of New Place, the residence of Shakespeare at Stratford-on-Avon. Folio, viany engravings, eloili. £2. 12s 6d 1864

This Avork contains a minute history of T\cw I'lace, from the year 1497 to the present time ; an account of its locality at Stratford, exhibiting Shake- speare's social position in the Town ; a discovery of the period of his final re- tirement to Stratford ; the probable causes and character of his last illness, &e,

289 FULLOM (S. W.) History of William Shakespeare, Player and Poet, with new Facts and Traditions. 8vo, seeonel celition^ clot/i. 5s 1S64

290 THREE Notelets on Shakespeare. I. Shakespeare in Germany. II. The Folk-Lore of Shakespeare. III. Was Shakespeare ever a Soldier ? By W. J. Thorns ■ Post 8vo, elotJi. 4s 6d 1865

' ' On this subject of Shakespeare in Germany, Mr. W. J. Thorns has reprinted a paper read some years ago before the Society of Antiquaries, together with two other ' Notelets' on the Poet —'The Folk Lore of Shakespeare,' from the Athen.-eum, and 'Was Shakespeare a Soldier?' from Notes and Queries, Not Ih e least of Mr. Thom's many services to English literature is the invention of th at admirable viOxA folk-lore, which appeared for the first time in these columns on ly a few years ago, and has already become a domestic term in eveiy corner of the world. His illustration of .Shakespeare's kno^'ledge of this little \\'orld of fairy dreams and legends is a perfect bit of criticism. He answers the query as to .'^hakespeare's having seen martial service in the affirmative ; and therein we think his argument sound, his conclusion right. These ' Notelets' were very -well ^^'orthy of being collected into a book." — AtJieniciint.

291 SHAKESPEARE Treasury, or subject Quotations synonymously indexed, by William Hoe. i 2mo, cl. IS 6d 1865

292 NOTICES illustrative of the Drama and other Popu- lar Amusements, chiefly in the Sixteenth and Seven- teenth Centuries, incidentally illustrating Shakespeare and his Contemporaries, extracted from the Chamber- lain's Accounts, and other MSS. of the Borough of Leicester; with an Introduction and Notes, by William Kelly. Post %vo, plates, eloth. 9s 1865

293 SHAKESPERIANA from 1654 to 1865, an Account of the Shakespearean Literature of England, Germany, and France, with Bibliographical Introductions, by Franz Thimm. 8vo, cloth. 2s 6d 1865

294 SHAKESPEARE folio of 1623— Staunton's Repro- duction in Photo-lithography, folio, parts 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, scived. i2s (pub at ^3. 13s 6d) i86<;

295 ARROWSMITH (W. R.) Shakespeare's Editors and Commentators. Svo. is 6d 1865

34 Catalogue of Books, &c., ilbtstrating the

2cj6 SHAKESPEARE in Germany in the i6th and 17th Centuries ; an Account of English Actors in Germany arid the Netherlands, and of the Plays performed by them during the same period, by Albert Cohn. 4to, 2 plates of facsimiles, cloth. 14s (pub at _^i. 8s)

1865

"... One of the most interesting and valuable contributions to Shal^c- spearean literature which have ever reached us from Germany . . . The present success of the efforts of Mr. Cohn opens a field of information the existence of -ivhieh has been hitherto almost unsuspected ... A volume vhich i the points of interest and novelty is not surpassed by any in the very long shelf of recent Shakespearean publications. It is impossible also to speak too highly of the care and abihty displayed by Mr. Cohn in its compilation." — Atheiuvum.

397 SHAKESPEARE. The first folio edition of Shake- speare's Dramatic Works 1632, reproduced in exact facsimile by Photo-Lithography under the superintend-

ance of Howard Staunton. A noble folio volwne, cxtca cloth. I2. 15s (pub at £%. 8s) 1S65

298 SHAKESPERIAN Parallelisms, chiefly illustrative of the Tempest, and a Midsummer Night's Dream, collected from Sir PhiUip Sydney's Arcadia. By EHza M. West. Sq. 12 mo, only \o pri^ited, half morocco, gilt top. £1. 2s 1865

299 A LEVY made in July 1697, for relief of the poor at Stratford upon Avou (the earliest one yet discover- ed), now first printed from the original Manuscript, one of ten copies printed. Square i2mo, half mo- rocco, gilt top. £\. los 1865

300 ORIGINAL MEMOIRS and Historical Accounts of the Families of Shakespeare and Hart, deduced from an early period to the year 1790. By John Jordan, of Stratibrd-upon-Avon. qto, 10 copies printed, half morocco, gilt top. f2.ios 1865

:,oi HALLIWELL's Hand-Book Index to the Works of Shakespeare, including References to the Phrases, Manners, Customs, Proverbs, Songs, &c., which are used or alluded to by the great dramatist. Thick 8vo, 07il}'_ 54 copies printed, half morocco extra, gilt leaves. £4. 4s. . . 1866

,1

302 ENGLAND as seen by Foreigners in the days of Elizabeth and James I , comprising Translations of the Journals of the two Dukes of Wirtemberg in 1592 and 1610, both illustrative of Shakespeare. With copious Notes, an introduction, and Etchings. By William Bps-enchly Rye, ^Issislanl Keeper of ike Department of Printed Books, British AInsenm. Thick fcolscap 4to, clee;antly printed by JV/iitting- ham, extra eloth. 15s 1S66

All cxtvcmely entertaining and really \'aiLialjle conLribntiun tu our acquaint- ance with tlie England of Shakespeare's day. The journals here repro'lueed are full of the most minute details of the daily life of us Ijnglish more than two centuries and a half ago, and bring to our mental eye with singular \i\'i'l- ness the places and the people of that di-.tant period. — L-viJon /u't'/.Ti'.

303 JULIETTA, a Tale translated from the Italian of Count Luigirt da Porto, by F.D.3. — Notice Ciitique sur un Roman, intituled the Flail of Hellingslcy, by Sir Egercon Brydges — Verses on his book entitled Gnomica — Catalogue of Works v/ritten or edited by Sir Egerton Brydges, with those printed at the Lee Priory Press. In one vol, 8vo, boards. 14s

PRIVATELY PRINTED

304 SHAKESPEARE'S Jest-Book.— A Hundred Mery Talys, from the only perfect copy known. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by Dr. Herman Oester- ley. Fscp. 8vo, half moroeeo. 4s 6d 1866

The only peifcet copy known of llie " liuuilred Mer)- Talys'' wa-j lately discovered in the Royal Library at Gottingen. This is a verbatim reprint, supplying all the chasnis and lost tales in former editions, A\dth copious Notes by the editor, pointing out the origin of the various tales, and authors who have used them.

305 ABSTRACTS and Copies of Indentures respecting Estates in Henley Street, Stratford-and-Avon, which illustrate the topography and history of the birth-place of Shakespeare. Edited by J. O. Halliwell. One of 10 copies printed. 4to, half moroeeo, top gilt. £\ 15s 1866

306 RUSHTON (W. L.) Shakespeare, illustrated by Old Authors. Jixno, cloth. 2s 6d 1867

2^o^ CARTWRIGHT (Robert) New Readings in Shake- speare, or Proposed Emendations of the I'ext. 8vo, 2s 1867

36 Catalogue of Books, &c., illustyating the

30S NARES (Archd.) Glossary, or Collection of Words, Phrases, Customs, Proverbs, &c,, illustrating the Works of English Authors, particularly Shakespeare and his Contemporaries. A New Edition, with con- siderable additions, both of words and examples. By James O. Halliwell, F.S.A, and Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A., 2 thick vols, 8vo, cloth, ^i. is

1S59

The Glossary of Arcliileacon Naivs i-, Ijy far the best and most useful Work \\'e possess for ex]>lahhnL;' and inusiraling the obsolete language, and the customs and manners of the Sixteenth and Se\"enteenth Centuries, and it is <|uite indispensable fjr the readers of the literature of the Elizabethan period. 'I'he additional Mords and examples are distingiiishcdfrom those in the original text li}' a t ]">rLlixed to caeh. The woidv contains between five and six //'(>A'.r(?/A/ ad'btional examples, tlie result of original research, not merely sup- jdenicritar)- to Narcs, but to all other compilations of the kind.

309 KEIGHTLEY'sShakespeare Expositor, an Aid to the Perfect Understanding of Shakespeare's Plays. Thick fcap. 8vo, cloth. 7s 6d 1867

310 A MUSTER ROLL of Able Men at Stratford-on- Avon and its neighbourhood, in the iSth year of King Henry the 8th, now first printed from original MSS. Square i2mo, one often copies printed, half m-oroceo, gilt top. £2 2s 1867

3 1 1 JERVIS (Swynfen) Dictionary of the Language of Shakespeare, .[.to, pp. 378 in double columns, a handsome and cheep volume, elothi. 12s 1S68

The author died \\hile the volume was in the press, v. hen hi,, friend the Rev. Alex. Dye:, the Shakespearian scholar, completed it from the materials he had left.

312 HALLIWELL's (J. O.) Selected Notes upon Shake- speare's Tragedy of Anthony and Cleopatra. Small 4to, only 50 printed, cloth. 15s 1S68

313 Selected Notes on the Tempest. Small 4to,

on^y -^o printed, cloth. 15s 1S68

314 CATALOGUE of the Books, Manuscripts, Works of Art, Antiquities and Relies illustrative of the Life and Works of Shakespeare, and of the History of Stratford-upon-Avon, which are preserved in Shake- s}::eare's Birth-place, in Henley Street. Svo, not printed for sale, cloth. 7s 6d 1868

j^i^a ufui, yvri-ung^ Of Shcikespeave. 37

315 STEARNE's (Dr. C. W.) The Shakespearian Trea- sury of Wisdom and Knowledge. Post 8vo, cloth. 7s 6d 1869

316 A CATALOGUE of a Small Portion of the Engra- vings and Drawitigs illustrative of the Life of Shake- speare^ preserved in the collection formed by J- O. Halliwell. Small A^io, only \oo printed not for sale, cloth. £1. is 1868

317 HAMLET edited according to the first printed copies, with the various readings and critical Notes by F. H. Stratmann. 8vo. 3s 6d Krefeld, 1869

3 I 8 THE Sonnets of Shakespeare Solved^ and the Mys- tery of his Friendship, Love, and Rivalry Revealed, illustrated by numerous extracts from the Poet's Works, contemporary writers and other Authors, by Henry Brown. 8vo, pp. 248, cloth, ys 6d 1870

319 SHAKESPEARE'S Sonnets, and a Lover's Com- plaint. Reprinted in the Orthography and Punctuation of the Original Edition of 1609. Svo, cloth. 3s 6d

1870

320 SHAKESPEARE and the Emblem Writers : an Exposition of their Similarities of Thought and Ex- pression, preceded by a view of Emblem Literature to 16 16. By the Rev. H. Green. Thick royal Svo, PROFUSELY illustrated, cxtra cloth, /^i. 8s 1870

Without Dates.

321 SHAKESPEARE'S Timon of Athens, altered by Shadwell. iimo, half calf. 2S

London, Printed for the Company —

322 BEAUTIES of Shakespeare (not Dodd's) 5th edit. Sm. Svo, calf. 3s London, n. d.

323 SIXTEEN Favorite Airs selected from Rossini's cele- brated Opera of Otello, adapted for the Piano Forte by Rophino Lacy. Two Books, 4to. 6s n. d.

124 TWELVE Designs for the Costume of Shakespeare's Richard III., by C. F. Tomkins, after the drawings and with the descriptions of J. R. Planche, F.S.A. 4to, 12 plates, some in colors, half morocco. los 6d

1829

INDEX OF AUTHORS AND EDITORS.

Arrrowsmuh (W. R.) 295

Baar (Dr.) 260, 2S3

Badham (C.) 194

BarnctL (Morris) 20 [

Bell (William) 206, 407, 208

Boaden, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94,

144, 163 Braccbridgc (C. Hull) 262 Brown (Clias. Armytage) 165 Brown (Henry) 318 CaldecoU (Thomas) 137, 159 Capell, 23, 44 Cartwright (Robert) 307 Clialmers (Geo.) 88, 95, 96, 97 Chapman (J, C.) 195 Chedwordi (Lord) 114, lit;,

ii5 Clarke (C. CoM-den) 26S Clarke (Mary Cowden) 284 Cohn (Albert) 296 Collier (J. P.) 160, i6i, 162, 173, 175. 184, 187, 188, 205, 212, 217, 223, 238

Colman, 42, 65

Croker (Crofton) 198, 256

Delius (Nicolaus) 202, 217

Dodd (Dr.) 58, 59, 60

Douce, 121, 122

Drake (Dr. Nathan) 129, 149*

Dryden (John) 107, 109

Du Bois (Edwd.) 105

Dudley (.Sir Bate) 77, 7S

Dyce (Rev. A.) 180, 184214, 215, 228, 238, 311

Eaton (Rev. T. R.) 246

Edwards (Thos.) 11, 15

Elliston, 135

Elwin (Mr.) 215,?

Evans (John) 14O

Farmer (Dr. R.) 71, 73, 138

Fennell (J. II.) 221

EuUom (.S. W.) 2S9

Garrick (David) 24, 42, 66, 67, 68

Gilchrist, 125

Goethe. 170

Graves (II. M.) 146

Green (Chas. F.) 234

Grey (Zach.) 16

Griffith (Mrs.) 41

Grimaldi (Joe) 210

Grove (Joseph) 53

Hall (H. T.) 278

Ilalliwell (J. O.) 176, 178, 179, 186, 192, 193, 199, 200, 205, 209, 211, 226, 248, 249, 269, 270, 2S8,

301, 305. 30S, 3i2> 313. 316 Hamilton (X. E. S. A.) 253,

254, 255 T-Iardinge ((jeo.) no, in Hardvfr. D.) 251 llazliU (^V.) 219

Heath, 21*

Heron (Rob.) 63

Hiffernan (Paul) 31, 32

Hoe (W.) 291

Holt, 15

Home (R. H.) 236

Hornby (Mary) 136

Hugo (Victor) 2S0

Hume (Abr.) 283

Hunter (Joseph) 185, 215

Ingleby (C. M.) 240, 266

Ireland (W. H.) 89, 91, 98,

io5, n7, 118, 158 Ireland (.Sanil.) 39, 80, Si,

84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,

90, 94. 144 Jackson, 131, 132, 133 Jarvis (J.) 147 Jennens(C.) 35, 53 Jephson (J. M.) 277 Jervis (S\A'ynfen) 311 Johnson (Dr.) 15, 22, 48 Johnson and Stcevens, 36, 54.

56, 64, 74 Jordan (John) 51,300 Rean (Chas.) 239 Keightley (Thomas) 309 Kelsall (Charles) 139 Kelly (William) 292 Kerable (John) 10, 39, 119,

124, 127 Kenrick (Dr.) 19 Kenny (Thos.) 286 Knight (Chas.) 181, 183, 1S4,

197 Lacy (Ropliino) 320 Lennox (Mrs.) 17 Leo (F. A.) 275 Lettsom (W. N.) 222, 245 Macdonnel, (P.) 172 Macgregor (Robt.) 224 Madden (Sir F.) 165,! Maginn (Dr.) 243 Malmesbury (Lord) 107 Malonc, 39, 55, 56, 57, 73, 75,79,82,83,85,86,88, 89, 107, no, III, 247 Malone and Stcevens, 103 Mason (Rt. Hon. J. M) 103 Matthews (Chas.) 134 Mitford (Rev. John) 228 Mommsen (Tycho) 244 Moncrieff (W. T.) 142 Montague](Eli2blh.) 25, 26,

27, 28, 29, 30, 150 Morgann (Maurice) 48, 49,

■50, 14^ Moulm (M. J.) 263 Xares (Archdeacon) 30S Oakley (Benj.) 151 Oesterley (H.) 304 I lullon (W. C) 89 Patterson (Robt.) 16/1;.

Pinchcrle (J.) 282 I'inkcrton (John) 63 Blanche (J. R.) 324 Plumtre, 10, 99 Poole (John) 130 Porto (Luigi da) 5, 302 Prior (Sir. Jas. ) 247 Pye (H. J.) 75, 104, 120 Rathbone (P. II.) 260 Reed (Isaac) 74 Richardson, 37, 43, 45, 46, 47, 61, 62, 69, 70, loi, 102, 104 Rirabault (K. F.) 190 Rnmsey (Mary C. ) 220 Rushton (W. L.) 306 Rj-e (AV. B.) 302 Scrgent (G. F.) 174 Seymour (li. H.) 114 Shadwell (Thos.) 321 .Simrock (Karl) 200

Singer (S. W.) 128, 216

Skottowe (Aug.) 143

Smart (B. H.) 177

Smith (W. LI.) 232, 233

Staunton (Howard) 294, 297

Stearne (C. W.) 315

Steevens (G.) 89, 90, 94, 144, 230

Stratmann (F. II.) 317

Tatham (John) 2

Taylor (Edward) 40

Taylor (J. E.) 227

Theobald (Lewis) 6, 7, 34

Thimm (Franz) 293

Thorns (W. J.) 290

Ticck (L.) 220

Tweddell (G. M.) 259

Tynvhitt, 10

L^lrici (Herman) 170, 191, 192, 218

Upton (John) S

Valpy (Dr.) 112

Waldron (F. G.) 87,88,100,

113

Walker (\V. Sidney) 222, 245 Warburton, II Warner, 24 Webb (Col. F.) Sg West (Eliza M.) 298 Whatel)', 39, 166, 167 Wheler (R. B,) 118, 141,270,

272 Whincop (TIios.) 9 White (K. Grant) 223, 236 Whiter (W.alter) 75, 76 Wilkes (John) 21 ^^'ilson (J.) and W. II. bo- land, 148 Wither (J. R.) 225 Wivell (Abr.) 145, 149 Woodward ((i. JL) SS Wriglit (Thomas) 30S ^\^■■-ll^ lALnii.l So

7

/^f6^

SHAKSPBAEIAN FOEGEEIES AMD CONTEOVEESY.

LOIS 1309 to 1347 form

WiLiiAM Henry Ibeland's Own Collections,

on this subject, and were purcliased in the sale of Mr. Manson'a Stock of Boolcs, sohl by Mr. Christie, December, 1812.

1309 Shakespeabe. The Original Fobgebies to Miscella-

NEOITS PaPEBS under THE HaJSID AND SeAL OF

William Shakespeabe, by W. H. Ieeland, con- sisting of Shakespeare's Confession of Faith ; Shake- speare's Note of Hand and John Hcminge's Eeceipt ; Queen Elizabeth's Letter to W. Shakespeare ; Letter to Eichard Cowley, enclosing the "Witty Conundrum ; Letter to Lord Southampton, and Lord Southampton's Answer ; Lock of Ann Hathawat's Haib ; Letter to Ann Hathaway, with Lines addressed to her ; Two Eeceipts for playing before Lord Leicester ; Signatures to the Legal Instruments between Shakespeare, Lorvine, and Condel, the Players ; View of Ireland's House and Shakespeare's Tributary Lines to that personage ; Sig- nature to the Deed of Grift to Ireland, etc. etc. with neat transcripts in the autograph of W. H. Ireland

The above are some of the most interesting of the Shake- sperian Forgeries, which the fabricator William Henry Ireland attempted to palm off on the literary world at the close of the last century, and which caused so much controversy and excitement amongst the quid nuncs of the day. For a full account of which see " Confessions," lots 1336-S

1310 Miscellaneous Papers and Legal lustruments, under the

Head and Seal of William Shakspeare : including the Tragedy of King Lear, and a small Fragment of Ham- let, from the Original MSS. in the Possession of Samuel Ireland, loith facsimiles, hf. hound, imcut folio, 1796

1311 Another copy. iLLrsTEATED loith Portraits of Shake-

speare, TV. JET. Ireland, (an unfnished proof;) etc. ; also many additional Facsimiles, Newspaper Cuttings, etc. unbound in a portfolio folio, 1796

1312 Mr. Ireland's Original Prospectus of the above, issued

March 4, 1795. " Mr. Ireland acquaints every gentle- man who has paid his Subscription, and who has not seen the papers, that if on Viewing them he feels any doubt respecting their authenticity, he may instantly . ■ ■ have his Subscription returned, ' This exteemelt

SCARCE papeb, has the Manuscript corrections of W. H. Ireland Svo. 1795

88 FOTJRTH day's saie. [SJiaksjjcariana-

1313 -'Ah Priginal Admission Ticket " to View the Shakespeare y " 'Papers, at No. 8, Norfolk Street, Strand" .- 1795

" I do not believe that a duplicate of the above Ticket is now in existence, as they were all carefully destroyed by Mr. Samuel Ireland, on my confession to the public that I was the fabricator of the Manuscripts. W. H. I." —MS. Note.

1314 Autograph Letter. " Mr. Ireland presents his compliments

to Mr. Dent — begs to acquaint Mr. D. that a Committee is formed to meet at his house on Saty. nest, at \ past 12, on the subject of the MSS. at w*^" Mr. I. will be happy to be favor' d w'li Mr. Dent's comp'y, as Mr. I. has something material to propose relative to their authenticity. Norfolk Street, Ap. 21." 1 page 4to. 131.5 Caricature. "The Oaken Chest, or the Gold Mines of Ireland, a Farce," deincting the Ireland Family at their operations, very scarce and curious April 2, 1796

1316 A Letter to George Steevens, Esq. containing a Critical

Examination of the Papers of Sbakspeare, published by Mr. S. Ireland, with Extracts from Vortigern, by J. Boaden, iLirsTBATED with portraits and flutes, and W. H. Ireland's Manuscript Notes, and Corrections, containing some bitter remarks on Mr. Boaden, hf. hound

8vo. 1796

1317 Eamiliar Verses from the Ghost of Willy Shakspeare to

Sammy Ireland, [by J. M. Woodward, the Caricaturist, or by Orton] 8vo. 1796

1318 Shakspeare's Manuscripts in the Possession of Mr. Ireland,

examined [by Col. E. Webb] ivith MS. Notes and Cor- rections in the autograph of TV. H. Ireland, hf. hound

8vo. 1796

"As Mr. Webb was so strenuous in his belief of the Manuscripts, it would be ungenerous in the extreme were I to make these quotations as a ridicule upon that gentleman W. H. Ireland."— JIS. Note.

1319 Eree Eeflections on ' Miscellaneous Papers,' etc. with

Extracts from an unpublished MS. Play, called ' The Virgin Queen," written by, or imitative of Shakespeare, [by E. G. WaldroD, assisted by Geo. Steevens], hf. bd.

8vo. 1796

With the Autograph and MS. Note of W. H. Ireland- " The Critic Waldron reminds me of the thoughtful Burleigh, as pourtrayed by Sheridan, which part is admirably sustained by the author of this pamphlet, who may have thought deeply on the subject of my manuscripts, but who has assuredly said «oi!^JM^ . . . . W. H. Ireland."- iV//S'. Note.

." : ■■-.:::::.: ..j-":: r::.:E. 89,

1320 Vortigern, an Historical Tragedy, represented at Drury

Lane, April 2, 1796, by W. H. Ireland, with Autograph MS. Note, and corrections by the author 8vo. [1796]

" This Drama, which stood the ordeal of the public, and created so much interest, was written when my mind became a prey to the multifarious doubts and fears which my then situation gave rise to ... . W. H. I."

MS. Note.

1321 Play Bill and Hand Bill respecting the representation of

Vortigern, at Drury Lane, April 2, 1796, and a variety of Memoranda, Drawings of Shakespeare's House, Autograph letter of W. H. Ireland, etc. a curious lot

1322 Inquiry into the Authenticity of certain Miscellaneous

Papers and Legal Instruments, attributed to Shake- speare, by Edmonb Malone, Esq., Inteeleavbd THEouGHOUT, AND Illtjsteated With numerous por- traits, facsimiles, etc. The Autograph of W. H. Ire- land, and MS. Notes hy him on the margins, half calf

8vo. 1796

1323 Boaden (J.) Letter to Geo. Steevens, containing an Exami-

nation of Ireland's Papers, and Extracts from Vortigern, 1796 — Familiar Verses from the Ghost of Willy Shakspeare to Sammy Ireland, 1794 — Shakespeare's MSS. in possession of Mr. Ireland, examined [by Webb], 1796 — Free Reflections on ' Miscellaneous Papers,' etc. [by Steevens and Waldron], 1796 — A Comparative View of the Opinions of James Boaden [by Wyatt], 1796 — Vortigern under Consideration [by W. C. Oulton], 1796— Ireland (W. H.) An Authentic Account of the Shaksperian Manuscripts, etc. original edition, 1796 — Mr. Ireland's Vindication of his Con- duct, 1796 — An Investigation of Mr. Malone's Claiui to the Character of Scholar or Critic, by Sam. Ireland, 1797— Vortigern, with an Original Preface, by W. H. Ireland, facsimile, 1832 — Britannia's Cat-o'nine-Tails, or Devil's Carols, during half a century of Eapine, Desolation and Blood, by W. H. Ireland, 1833 ; in 1 vol. half bound, a scarce collection

The last pamphlet in the above collection is a presenta- tion to " — Newman, Esq. with the sincere regards of the author, W. H. I." and has the following MS. Note on the title : — " It may be necessary to remark that the ensuing pages gave such umbrage in an elevated quarter that the writer was threatened with a Govern- ment prosecution, but from some political motives, the Ministry thought fit to abandon the idea. W. H. Ireland."

90 FOURTH day's SALE. [Sliahspeciriana.

1324 Authentic Account of the Shaksperiau Manuscripts, etc. by

W. H. Ireland, etc. half calf 8vo. 1796

1325 Another copy, neatly inlaid, in folio size paper, ivith 2

autograph letters of the author inserted, half calf

folio, 1796

1326 Whiter (W.) Specimen of a Commentary on Shakspeare,

calf 8vo. 1794

1327 Mr, Ireland's Vindication of his Conduct respecting the

Publication of the supposed Shakspeare MSS. half calf " From the Author" 8vo. 1796

1328 Investigation of Mr. Malone's Claim to the Character of

Scholar or Critic, by Sam. Ireland, half calf

8vo. (1797)

1329 Apology for the Believers in the Sliakspeare Papers, by Geo.

Chalmers, illustbated with numerous portraits, and having the autograph of W. H. Ireland 8vo. 1797

1330 Henry the Second, an Historical Drama, by W. H. Ireland,

loith the autograph and MS. Notes of the author, half calf 8vo. 1799

" If any merit is to be attributed to me for the produc- tion of the MSS. the arrangement and language of Henry II. is in my opinion the most likely to produce it. W. H. I,"— ili.S'. note.

1331 Ballads in Imitation of the Antient, by W. H. Ireland,

half calf , uncut, three portraits inserted 8vo. 1801

1332 Catalogue of Books, Paintings, Miniatures, Drawiugs,

Prints, etc. including the whole of the Shikesperian Library, and the entire Collection of Shakespearian Papers of Lear, Haralet, Vortigern, etc. the property of the late Mr. Sam. Ireland, 8 days' sale, interleaved throughout, with the autograph of, and MS. Notes ly, W. H. Ireland, half calf 8vo. 1801

1333 Ballade wrotten on the Peastynge and Merrimentes of

Easter Maunday laste paste, whereinn is dysplayed the noble Prince's comynge to sayde Eevelerie att Man- syonne Howse, as allso the Dudgeon of Master Mayre and Sherrives, with other Straunge Drolleries, by Paul Persius. " Me, W. H. Ireland," MS. note ; half calf

4to. 1802

" This ludicrous little Poem was the effusion of three hours, being originally written without any view to publication, but having perused the MS. to some few friends, they expressed a desire that I would make it public. W. H. Ireland, 1802."— 3IS. note.

1334 Ireland (W. H.) Ehapsodies, half calf, with portrait by

Mackenzie 12mo. 1803

Sliakspo-iana.] foubtu day's sale. 01

1335 Shakspearean Miscellany, containing Scarce Tracts, Bio- graphical Anecdotes of Theatrical Performers, with Portraits of Ancient and Modern Actors, etc. with Notes by F. G. Waldron, plates, half calf 4to. 1804

133G Confessions of William Henry Ireland, containing the Par- ticulars of his Pabrication of the Shakspeare Manu- scripts, INTEELEATED With writing paper, and illustrated with a few portraits and facsimiles, hound in 2 vols, half calf 8vo. 1805

The motto, " The whole Truth, and nothing but the Truth," is printed on the title-page, to ivhich is added, in the author's autograph, " So help me God," signed "IT. W. Ireland."

1337 Confessions of "W. H. Ireland. Another copy, neatly

INLAID, folio size, facsimiles of Shakspeare' s autograph inserted folio, 1805

1338 Confessions of W. H. Ireland. The OitiaiNAL Manuscript,

PEOM WHICH the BoOK WAS FEINTED, IN THE Au-

thoe's Autogeapii, half hound folio

1339 Illustrations to Ireland's Confessions, consisting of Por-

traits, Views ; etc. (70)

1340 Songs and Sonnets, in the Autogeaph op W. H. Ieeland

— Anecdote of Shakspeare, in the Autograph of Jordan of Stratford-on-Avon, and other Memoranda, loith ■portrait of TV. S. Ireland, hy JSIackemie, " the only finished -proof taken of on India paper." MS. note hy W. H. I.

1341 Picturesque Beauties of Shakspeare, being a Selection of

Scenes from the Works of that Great Author, by

Eob. Smirke, Engraved by Charles and Isaac Taylor,

fine original impressions, an additional plate inserted,

half calf 4to. 1783

1342 Shakesperiana, collected by Mr. Malone. An Account of

the Incidents, from which the title and part of the story of Shakspeare's Tempest were derived, 1808 — Cuttings from Newspapers, relating to the appearance of Malone's Shakespeare and other Memoranda, manuscript and printed

1343 Skakspeaeiah Miscellanies, Manusceipt and Pbinted,

BT W. H. Ieeland, etc. ' A Letter written at Mr. Wallis's, Jan. 31, 1797;' A few Prefatory Lines to an " Account of the Manuscripts attributed to Shake- speare^^by W. H. Ireland," ' copied from the original, noiv destroyed,' with some remarks in the Autograph of W. H. Ireland, ' never used;' "My Mother's Arms drawn by Mr. S. Ireland," signed W. H. Ireland; Saxon Alphabet and Specimen of Saxon Poetry, in the

92 rouETH day's sale. [Old Plays.

Autograph of W. H. Ireland, signed; A Sketch Em- blematic of Shakespeare, drawn by Westall ; Miniature on Ivory after Teniers by Miss J. Ireland ; Portraits of Mr. Henderson and Mrs. Pope, as Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, the original drawing from which the print was engraved ; Tickets of admission to Branden- bourgh House Theatre, and Bill of the performance, Mar. 31, 1797 ; Theatrical Benefit Tickets drawn or engraved by Smirke, Sherwin, Bunbury, etc. ; Play Bills, (Mrs. Jordan, etc.) ; Autograph of Gen. J. Bur- goyne ; Cuttings from Newspapers, " Spring Dresses," Poetry by W. H. Ireland ; and others rela,ting to " Vortigern," Chatterlon, etc. mounted, arranged and hound in 1 vol. half calf 4to.

A VEET INTEEEBTING AND CUEIOUS COLLECTION".

1344! Ireland (Samuel) Bretville, or the Mysterious Son, a Play. The Oeiginal MAsrscEiPT, in the Authob's Auto- GEAPH, half calf 4to.

1345 Ireland (Samuel) The Double Intrigue, or It's ne'er too

late to mend. The Original Manusceipt, in the Aitthoe's Aijtogeaph, half calf 4to.

1346 Ireland (Samuel) Specimens of his Penmanship or Copy

Slips, signed Sam. Ireland, Dec. 8th, 1755, calf

oblong size

1347 Ireland (Samuel) Sale Catalogue of his Collection of the

Prints and Drawings of Hogarth, including many of his earliest and scarcest productions 4to. 1797

)LD PLAYS, IN QKAETO.

1348 Mears

) True and Exa'hi Catalogu^f all the PWs that eresever yet printed in^Jme EnglislxsTongue ; wMi the AuthOT^ Names against^e^h Play, coiainued'^dowH. to October/i713, with the leafW continuation Ifo Octobb 1715, very\iiirce / \ a 1713-13

nonymotts.

Amorou^^Gallant -./oy ^ve in Fashion, C^edie in heVoicJi ver^G ^\ / \ / \. 16

Adventuring for a Cr/wn, TMgi-Cotttedj

1690

onstan^Si^ymph, oK^ambli^te Shejjbeard, PastoKd, by a

" Quality^^i^ry fine^p^ /\1678

'aunted HAuse, Comedy / l732

G-enerJiL Tragedy^\writton by a Yemng Lady

ne coW, uncut, Mtamorocco / 1706

ess : xlay'd all/by^VFomen 3,703

man Cully, Comedy ^v / 1702

AN ESSAY

Ul'OS TITE

GHOST-BELIEF OF SHA.RE8PEAKE.

^fc^A

INTRODUCTION.

To disbelieve in tlio ol)jcctivo reality of Rplritual appearances in general is the rule of the present age, and is conceived to he one of the marks and conseqnences of its intellectual progression; and therefore is it, we think, to he acconnted for, that the above subject has never (at least, so far as is known) been treated of. Most of Shakespeare's admirers doubtless imagine that such an intellect as his could never have given credence to a ghost ; nor are they very curious to ask, how it was, on artistic groimrh, that the greatest poet should have produced what many think his greatest work, upon a supernatural theme — upon a theme whose basis is either nervous disease, credulity, or imposture ; for into some one of these things are all ghosts now resolved.

If, however,, the modern philosopher holds it to be part of ins appreciation of Shakespeare that he could not have believed in a ghost, it is also certain that the ghost-believing student of the poet-philosopher will claim him as a teacher, on spiritual grounds, and will at least endeavour to show cause why he does so. Holding that ghost-behef, rightly understood, is most rational and salutary, he will deem that it must have had the sanction of such a thinker as Shakespeare.

If there is any one principle which ought to be particularly adhered to above all others in any speculations regarding Shake- speare's opinions, it should surely be, never to adduce a mere opinion^ expressed by one of his characters, as liis opinion. Of those who do so, it will probably be found that, to use Horatio's expression, they do but " hotcli tlie -words up jit to their own tJioughtsy In the essay now made to shew that Shakespeare, apart from his feelings as a poet, believed, as a philosopher. In

i , A

supernatural realities, no support to the idea will Lc sought froui such means. Of course, such attempts must be held as equally illegitimate on the opposite side ; and it does, indeed, seeni wonderful that any real admirers of Shakespeare could ever make such attempts, since they may know that it is very easy so to attribute anything, even the most contrary things, to tlie author ; as witness, for example, the dialogue between Posthumus and the Jailer, in Cymbeline.

Nothing, indeed, is easier, than for an autlior merely to make his cliaracters express ojiposite ojiiiiions, with(jut, however, having any fixed opinions or clear knowledge of his own upon the matter in hand; but it is quite another thiiKj so to state the opinion as to involve his own knowledge. In attempting this, every one conversant with any given subject knows how instantaneously ignorance is detected where it exists.

We are told that law terms, sea terms, &c., &c., are used by Shakespeare in a manner that implies real knowledge of more than the mere existence of the words. So the ghost-beiicver looks at Shakespeare, not to see what opinions are expressed about ghosts, but to ascertain whether what is said by the characters, or done in the story, implies that the autlior possessed a philosophy of the subject.

Hero perhaps our sceptical friends will smile at the mere idea of a ghost-believer's philosophy. Nevertheless, they must be assured that, if we are mad, we do, at all events, claim to have " a method in our madness." For instance, a ghost-believer would say that the story of Hamlet might be a hard fact, as much as the story of Tom Jones might be one. He believes, and can therefore think that Shakespeare might have believed: 1st, That ghosts do appear objectively; 2ud, That several persons at once may see a ghost ; 3rd, That one person may, and another may not, as with Plamlet and the Queen; 4th, That the ends for which ghosts appear may be good, bad, or indifferent — may succeed or may fail, and that there is both fact and philosophy for all this. So much received, we may believe in ILnnlet.

If we are told that the men who can believe all this can believe anything, we say. No ! For example, we could not believe in such a story as that of Franlienstein and the monster whom he is represented as, in some sense, creating. We should say that such a story, as a hard fact^ was altogether contrary to the laws both of the spiritual and of the natural worlds, and we are quite certain that, so 'understood^ the writer did not believe in the like of it. Such stories, therefore, we conceive to be essen- tially/«»% «rf, whatever talents may be shown in their execution. In saying thus much, it may be well, in a passing way, to note, as a circumstance not forgotten, that there are writings in which

(unlike ILimlfit) tlie images Are prnfeufseJlii aUeqorical or fanciful^ although this essay does not pretend to toueh upon them. iSueli writings, liowcver, would have tJieir true and false, aa well as those which Ava professedly literal.

THE MEANING OF GIIOST-BELIEF.

We will now, then, proceed to state what is meant hy ghost- belief, and what are its supposed grounds. In the first place, then, the Spiritualist conceives it to be a great truth, that every human being is truly and properly a ghostj or spirit^ clad for a time in an earthly body. Whether Shakespeare thought this or not, he has very beautifully expressed the idea, in his Twelfth Night ^1 when he makes Sebastian say —

A spirit I am indeed ; '-J

But am in that dimension grossl}^ clad, Wliicli from tlie womb I did participate. — Act V., Scene 1.

Although it has been assumed previously that no opinion^ ex- pressed by one of the poe£s characters.! is to be quoted as being necessarily the poeth opinion also., yet any piece of wisdom or of thought, as distinguished from an opinion, may be called his wisdom, or his thought. Now, if it should be deemed that no wisdom is contained in a given passage, say the one just quoted, still the fact remains, that the thought of the Spiritualist has been so felicitously expressed — and that too iu a place where Shakespeare might just as easily have made Sebastian answer more like a modern pliilosophcr, by saying that he was " not a spirit., but a man of flesh and blood.'''' The character of Sebastian is one which may well justify us in concluding that, of the two possible answers to his sister's exclamation —

If spirits can assume both form and suit, You come to friglit us —

Shakespeare would assign to him the one which he himself con- sidered as the most sensible. The same thought which has been thus assigned to Sebastian is to be found likewise in Lorenzo's speech in The Merchant of Venice (Act V., Scene 1), where he discourses of the harmony of the spheres, and tells Jessica that —

fSuch harmony is in immortal souls;

V>ui vi\i\\s,t this Tmiddy vesture of decay ^ ,.'

Doth grossly close it in, we cannot hear it. '■'

In the next place — and this is a point of the highest import- ance— the Spiritualist believes that the ghost, or spirit, which is truly the man, is in a human form^ as much as the body is ; the body being in that form, simply because the ghost or soul is so. Men instinctively personify the virtues and the vices by human forms. Ask the painter to delineate Kevenge and Mercy, and he will, as a matter of course, present you with a male and a

A 2

female figure, ia wliicli Piovcnp;-e ami ]\Ierev will lie (Icpictcd, not mrrrhi ill the (expression ot' the heads, Imt /// tJie irlmli- fdninitiiui, of the liorlv, ami //; tlic (icfimi of er< ;y/ jiorf. If the artist he competent to paint what he /ee/s, and every one else /('e/.v, all will liioin his meaning'. ^J'liat every ruling yiassion affects and shapes the whole body, is eonecived by the Spiritualist to be an irresistible argument for the human form of the ghost or soul, and the fact has been expressed liv Shakespeare in his usual masterly style ; it should also be well noted, that lie has assigned the expression of the fact to the wise and observing Ulysses. Speaking of Cressida, Ulysses says —

Fie, fie upon her ! There's a Lini:^uac^o in lier eye, her cheel-:, lier lip; Nay, Jicrtont .^iirfl's; Iter irrniton spirits looh oat At tccr// juiiit oii'i riiotire of Iter ho/I^.

Again, how common is it for us to say of some one who at first sight we thought ordinary, or even ngly, but afterwards find to be morally amiable, that we have lost sight of the liodily defect, and have become conscious of a pleasing, and, in some Instances, of even a beautii'iil expression — a thing inconceivable upon any ground but tiiat of the hmnan form of the ghost or soul ; a form beautiful if the moral state lie good, ugly if the moral state bo bad — which latter fact is again wonderfully exemplified in the diahoJical expressions we sometimes perceive ill faces III if II i-< dill Jiiiiiilsniiie. In liotli instances, the beautiful and the ugly ghost or soul shines througli the external, earthly countenance, and actually, when the good or evil feeling is at work, alters the very form of that external countenance, thus furnishing the complete demonstration that good and evil feelings are ahsolutelji in forms^ and such forms, of course, as they mould the external into ; that is, into forms beautiful and angelic, or monstrous and diabolical.

These all-important facts Shakespeare has fully included in Uesdemona's words —

I saw Othello's visage in his mind.

The common expression that 'we see the mind in the covnte- nanee^ of course conveys a truth, or rather a part of tlie truth, but Desdemona's words are fuller ; for they give the fact that the mind has a visage of its own. This is to be taken as being an absolute truth, which is also the reason why it is eminently poetical. To say that anything can be really jioetical and yet not true is a mere contradiction. Moreover, Shakespeare did not so express Desdemona's feehngs by a merely accidental stroke ; we must alwavs think that what in the most of persons is simply fejf, was, by Shakespeare, also most clearly seen.

The (Idubt or Jcniiil of tliu great truth that tJic hamau soul lias the humau form, which is

A cijiulilnatloii aud ;i lorm indctid,

places the doubters in the most distressing dileuunas. They call their doubts and denials philosophy ; but Avhat kind of philosophy can tliat ])c which deals only in negations V

The arguments for the Immortality of the soid (to snv nothing of the views in general of a future state) are intinitely clouded and weakened, if its lumian form is not taken note of as being pre-eminently the foundation-truth upon which all arguments relating to the soul should rest. That f )undation-truth being itself capable (as it certainlv is) of the fullest demonstration, it follows that all truths which spring legitimately frojii that foundation-truth must have all the tirnmess of their original stock.

So much having been premised, let us now suppose any one deeply Intei'estcd in the sulyect of the soul's immortality, and anxious to have the clearest views possible upon that sublime theme, sitting himself down to the perusal of Bishop Butler's celebrated Anah(/i/, in the hope of attaining to the mental satis- faction for which he seeks, and what would be the result ? We venture to think that it juust needs be disappointment ; an opinion for which some reasons shall now be suggested.

In this well-known work, then, of Bishop Butler, there is a chapter aititled " Of a Future Life," which, of coiTrse, contains whatever the eminent divine wh(; wrote it considered as most worthy for him to utter upon the subject; yet, in conclusion, he feels himself called upon to volunteer an admission that all lie has been able to say is but little calculated to satisfy curiosity ; meaning, evidently, a curiosity directed towards the general outline of a future life — a wish, in short, to have some faint idea of what it is like.

It is, indeed, true that Bishop Butter follows up his admission by observing that, nevertheless, all the purposes of religion are as well answered as by a demonstrative pronf. Doubtless ho believed so ; but it cannot bo denied liut that such dogmatic assertions are looked at with great dissatisfaction by the sceptic- ally inclined; and the Spiritualist believes that, if the truest and deepest grounds were taken, there would be no neces-ity for any such admission as Bishop Butler has felt himself called upon to make. The fact that curiosity is a feeling of the human mind, and one that, properly directed, performs the high use of leading US on to knowledge, renders it at least very possible that views of truth which are but little able to satisfy curiosity may be ilete views, and such as we tJtrrrflirr oiir/J/f not to rest

satisfied witli, even as brlicvrrs. JSliakespcarc wrote very wisely wlieu he made I'erieles say —

Tnitli can nu\'('r ])o cnnfirinud enough, Tliuagli doubts did over slci'p.

It is, ])y tlic way, very common to hear tliat curiosity wl]ir]i se( lis to know something- more of the future h'fc tliau tlie hare fact of such a Hfe, stigmatized as heing' a vain curiosity, and many rehgious persons would even condemn it as involving a desire to he what they term,

Wise above what is written.

If it were a curiosity which could not be gratified, it miglit then justly be called vain ; but is there, or can there be, a natural curiosity which cannot be gratified? The Spiritualist doubts it; nor can ho admit curiosity in itself to be anything but excellent, and most especially so when directed to lofty subjects : consc- cpiently, he believes that every curiosity which mankind can feel, or rather cannot but feel^ may attam to a legitimate satisfaction.

Supposing, now, that In the exercise of this most rational curiosity concerning the soul and our future life, we sliould have arrived at the conviction that the soul Is In the human form, and It seems immediately to follow that such a soul, In the future life as well as In this, requires Its objectivities, or things out of Itself; and not only do we feel that we require them, but wo find our- selves upon the track of understanding how we may have them.

We find then. In the next place, that not only can we affirm a human form for the soul, but we can also affirm a heat and a light as belonging to the soul ; a heat and a light, too, so much more potent than the heat and light of nature, that It Is only by virtue of the former that we can know or perceive the latter. It Is well known to us all, that heat and light are constantly affirmed of spiritual things ; as w^ien, for example, we say that our mtelloets are enlifilitimeJ^ or tliat « licjlit has been thrown upon a subject — meaning, that reasons have been given and seen, and so forth. Also, we can affirm that the passions and feelings^ as distinguished from tjie intellect^ are felt as a heat or fire, often extending most perceptibly Into the natural body, which those passions and feelings will cause to be, as it were, on fire, even upon the coldest days — for we all know that a man may burn with love or with rage upon such days ; tluis proving that there Is another heat or fire besides that of the natural sun, and which heat or fire works from within to without, or from the spiritual to the natural sphere.

Having thus opened our understandings to the fact that the soul Is In a human form, and that It enjoys a spiritual light and heat, we are then led on, by the most rigid logic, to the admission

of a spiritual sun, from whence tliis spiritual light and heat originate. This second grand truth arrived at, our ratiorud eiiriositij has received its answer — for if there is a spiritual sun, then there are spiritual atmospheres ; and all these truths put together point out to us a spiritual world of forms wdiieh shall be ohji'<:tii:ii to the soid, or real man.

If, now, these positions can he admitted, all is then told to us that can be asked, since what we all desire, and, indeed, all that ice do desire, is to be assured of the possibility of our having, in the future life, an external form or body, and a world external to that, both of which shall harmonize with our Inmost life.

That this much-longed-for harmony is, in the present world, absolutely impossible, is but too well known, even in the case of any one endowed with the best regulated mind, and with every other advantage that this world can afford. Not only does the natural body decay, and become from day to day a less manage- able engine, but an opposition, rather than a harmony, is felt to arise from almost everything in its turn. To have our bodies and every external circumstance in harmony with the internal, is to every one the exception, although it is what we are con- stantly striving for; and, therefore, any view which makes it apprehensible that such a consummation (which would constitute a real heaven) is possible, surely is worthy of attention ; especially when all for it is positive and absolute, resting, as it does, upon those surprising manifestations of the soul — the fine arts, and the forms of expression instinctively used by men.

It is certainly singular that, notwithstanding the acknowledged power of the fine arts, they do not seem ever to have been con- sidered in their bearing upon these most recondite questions ; and it is, as we apprehend, quite the tendency of the religious classes to smile at any one who claims for the inner world an objectivity similar to that of the natural world. The idea seems to be, that the one world must be something every way so different from the other, that, in short, we can form no idea at all about the matter. This, however, is a mere negation on the part of the intellect, or, in plain English, a refusing to trouble itself at all with the question : whereas, if the feelings wT're spoken from, as they should be, it would become perfectly clear that nothincj niore nor less than the harmony of the internal and the external was the want of the soul. Now, if the hope and desire for a future life be, as amongst religious men it is confi- dently deemed they are, powerful arguments that there is such a life, this other desire for the harmonious inner and outer life as powerfully shows what that future life must be like.

Thus, then, to use Shakespeare's words^ —

The wheel has come full circle ;

nnd tlius [XYv \\v tWii'lv l)rf)Ug'l)t roiiml again t(i our starting-point, and arc ciial)lo<l, as it is hoped, to see more clearly how much lies ill tliis question of the gliost-lielief of Shakespeare. AVe can see tliat a liclicf nsuallv stigmatized as merely superstitions, even hy the Christian world, niav, nevertlielcss, ]irove to liave lieen.tlie lielicf of the highest poet ; hut then, to liave heen tlie licdief of that highest poet, it must also he a Ijelief which the highest reason, properly exerted, can sanction. Jf the tree is to he known 1jy its fruits, have we not a right to say tliat a rational gliost-l)clicf bears fruits of tlie most wholesome kind. It helps to l>ind religion and the line arts together, ancl^to solve proElems of universal intei'cst yet supposed insoluhle even hj the most cmiucut UK.n, when, as in the case of Bishop Buth-r, tliey omit to go down into the very roots of men's feelings (that is, of the Soul's feclinc's') as thev are manifested in the forms of lan^uairo

-, ■ ^ P - ^ to

and 111 the niie arts.

rtIIAKi;SI'EAKE\s IGNDKAXCE. — DJ;. ALDEUSOX.

I)r. Alderson was the author of an essay upon " yVpparitlous," in which, as usual, he refers a})paritions to a diseased state of the In-ain, and, after stating his cases, expresses himself thus —

From what I ha^'e related, it wiW be seen ^^ hy it s]ioiUd happen tliat only one at a time could ever see a ghost, and here ?"e jimy Inmevt that our celebrated poet, whose knowledge of nature is every Englishman's boast, had not knov:n Utah casea, and their caifses, as I have related ; he would not then, perliaps, have made his ghosts visible and audible on the stage. Every expression, every lock, in Macbeth and Hamlet, is perfectly natui-al and consistent with men so agitated, and quite sufficient to convince us of "what they suffer, see, and hear; but it nnist he evident that, the di^ea.rc being confined to the individual, such object nuist be seen and heard only by the inLi;^'ldu tl-

Thus far Dr. Alderson. Nevertheless, that Shakesjieare, ))otli in his JL'cU'fh and in iiis TlmiiJef, h.as shewn hims(_'lf fully conversant witli tlie discasc-tluiory, the following passages will completely evince : —

JhicJji'lh. Is this a dagger which I see befnre me,

The liamlle tewaid my hand? (_'nme, let nie clutch thee : 1 have thee not, and yt I s e thee still. Art thou not, fit d vi.-iiin. seiisibh- To feeling, as t" sight? < )r art thou hut ^Ji daij{jt'r of the iniild. (i folse rrentioi/, l-'roeiLdtiiti Jeoiii the heat-oj'jncs-'^cd bruin ^

Again, Lady Alacheth exclaims —

O pi'oper stuff! This is tin: very paintinrj of your fear.

Also, the Queen, in llnntl't —

This is tin? verv coinage nf vnur brain :

This Ij.idilrss rrrolio,,. irslosy

Is eery eunnviy ue

Scciu/^', tlicii, tli;it Sli.'ikc-ipcare dlil know of siicli a theory as I)i-. AMersoirs, a few remarks will be offered upon it. According to that tliforv, we are to think that disease is the efficient cause of apparitions. Xow, let it ]>ti observed that an eye, in the course of nature, is the org-an of seeing. Forms and colours seem to require on eye, upon which they shall be impressed, in order that they may be seen ; but here we have a set of cases in which, certain forms and colours become visible which yet are evidently not impressed upon the retina of the hodily eye, and then the conclusion is at once jumped at that tliese forms and colours are mere images in the brain, having no objective reality whatsoever. Nav, more, this brain must be a diseased hrain. It docs not avail for you to point out that in many cases tlie visions are beautiful to the eye ; and also that heautifuJ music is perceived, which seems to require an car : all must Ije referred to disease as the effeient cause. Such are the things which the ■incredulous can bring themselves to believe. Beautiful forms and Ijeautiful sounds, although in themselves essentiajhij order.^ are thus held to spring from disorder.

All this, however, is merely assertion^ and no real reason has yet been given why the apparitions and the sounds should not be impressions upon the spiritual eye and ear, and from objects in the spiritual world, which is the proper habitation of the ghost or spirit, as the material world is of the body " the gross dimension," the " muddy vesture of decay."

Dr. Alderson begs the question altogether, when he asserts that apparitions are never seen but hy one person at a tune, and that one in an abnormal state. But grant that it even were so, that would not at all necessarily touch the question of the objective reality. Why should not the disease be the occasional cause only, and not the effi/nen.t one ? In certain nervous states, the senses which deal with the external world are sometimes so highly raised that, for instance, a conversation taking place in a remote part of the house shall be heard perfectly, which could not have been heard at all had the person hearing been in a normal state. So a disease, disturbing for awdrile the harmony between the spirit and the natural body, causes the former to have its peixeptions more or less opened to the objects of its own proper world.

Again, when real objectivity is spoken of, it must never bo forgotten, that even in the material iixrrld tliere are oerij different hinds of rexdities ; and this is a pomt which the Spiritualist has never seen met, or, app)arently, even dreamt of, by the sceptics. A phantasmagoria is reed, yet not really what it seems to be ; and a portrait is ((, reed, representation of a man, although it is not a, real man. Now, allow that the spiritual world, bemg also a

10

world of causes, must, as such, have its nal rcprespniatlons of its realities, and all the difficulties attendant upon waking or other dreams will fast begin to vanish. Drive away from the mijid the groundless conception that all arc merely affections of tlie brain, and the striking phenomena of every kind of dreamings^ are seen to have necessarily a 'renh'fy in their ovm sphere, eyen if the reality bo only of that sort whicli a~pEjuitashTagr7i-ia or a picture have in theirs. In both cases, the reality, although only of the representative kind, im^JJ&s_o^)ae,v realities also : that is, realities on which, or in which, the representation can take place, and also real poioers adequate to form the representation.

In conclusion, we may rest fully assured of one thing — namely, that whatever Shakespeare has tlone respecting supernatural ap- pearances, has not been from ignorance such as L)r. Alderson has attributed to him.

SHAKESPEARE AND HIS SriRIT OF INQUIRY.

It has then been seen that it certainly arose not from ifpiornnre

upon Shakespeare's part, when he chose, in his great work, to

introduce a ghost who is visible not only to one person but to

three persons at once. Let ns rather conclude that it was from

hnoivledge that he did so : for, in the first place, how is it possible

to believe that so great an artist did not use every means for

thinking justly upon supernatural themes, vAile loriting upon them ;

and, secoridly, we shoidd remember that there is a possiljility of

his even having had experimental evidence in his own person.

Many more persons have such evidence than is commonly sup-

])Osed, and it is surely easier to think that Shakespeare's inner

life was as remarkable as his works than to think otherwise.

However, be that as it may, he most thoroughly knew what the

true spirit of inquiry should be, and he has knit up into a single

line a direction for tliat spirit. Hamlet's words —

There are more thinj^s in heaven and earth, Horatio, Tlian are dreamt of in our philosophy —

are continually quoted ; but let our most especial attention be directed to what immediately precedes tliose lines. When Horatio exclaims,

0 day and night, hut this is wondrous strange ! ' ,'■

Hamlet has had assigned to him this fine rejoinder — ' ' > '

And therefore as a stranger give it vi'clcome, \

Here is a piece of advice utterly at variance with the feelings and practice of all tliose persons whose tendency it is to write and to talk, not merely against the supernatural, but against anything else wliatsoever which to them appears strange, whether it be the circulation of the blood, the lighting by gas, or the

11

travelling by a railway. All these things and many more have been stigmatized, and all for the want of such wisdom as this single line contains ; for this is one of the cases wherein we have a right to make the distinction already alluded to, between the mere expression of an opinion belonging only to the charcuiter^ and the utterance of a piece of real practical thought or wisdom belonging also to the ioriter.

If it is asked how we would show that the true spirit of Inquiry is actually embodied in this single line, we would state our position thus. Welcoming the strange fact gives it its just chance of being admitted as a truth, if it really be such. Wel- coming it as a stranger will secure us from being ultimately imposed upon ; and the phrase is most felicitously expressive of a kind of attention or courtesy due towards the matter inquired into, while it warns us against that absolute trust which we give to a tried old friend. Upon such grounds it is that we conceive " the be-all and the end-all " of right-thinking inquiry to be contained in these words of Hamlet. The Spiritualists feel well- assured that Shakespeare, both as a philosopher and as an artist, acted upon the axiom he has assigned to the philosophic Prince, and they also lament that to do the very contrary should be the almost universal practice.

SHAKESPEAEE AND " OUE PHILOSOPHICAL PEESONS."

In AWs Well that Ends Well, Shakespeare has made the old lord, Lafeu, exactly characterize that uuphilosophlcal scepticism which sets Itself above the wise axiom allotted to Hamlet, of giving welcome, as to a stranger, to the strange ; at the same time, the speaker admtmstefs to such a scepticism the most grave and the most just rebuke.

Lafeu. They say miracles are past, and we have our philosophical persons ti> make modern and familiar, things supernatural and causeless. Hence is it that we make trifles of terrors, ensconcing ourselves into seeming knowledge, when we should suhmit ourselves to an unknown fear.

How wisely does this passage censure that spirit which, assuming to be philosophical, at;tempts to explain away the operations of the internal world into " states of the brain," " deceptions of the senses," or " impostures." This Is, Indeed, " ensconcing themselves into seeming knotoleclge" on the part of the '■'■ 2}hilotsof>hical persons,^'' who really ought to know that, as far as imposture Is concerned, every true thing is simulated, and that, indeed, this very simulation Is In itself a testimony to some underlying truth.

Coleridge has made a remark upon Shakespeare's use of the word " causeless" In Lafeu's speech, which remark shall be here transcribed.

10

world of causes, must, as such, have its real representations of its realities, anil all the difficulties attendant upon waking or other dreams will fast hcgin to vanish. Drive away from the mind the groundless conception that all arc merely affections of the brain, and the striking phenomena of every kind of dreamings are seen to have necessarily a reedity in tlieir own s'jylieve, even if the reality he only of that sort wTiicli a jihaiitiismagorra or a picture have in theirs. In both cases, the reality, altliough only of the representative kind, j/»^^i!(2g_other realities also : that is, realities on which, or in which, the representation can take place, and also real poioers adequate to form the representation.

In conclusion, we may rest fully assured of one thing — namely, that ivliatever Sfiakespeare iias done respecting supernatural ap- pearances, 1ms not been from ignorance such as Dr. Aldersou has attributed to him.

SHAKESPEARE AND HIS SPIRIT OP INQUIRY.

It has then been seen that it certainly arose not from ignorance upon Shakespeare's part, when he chose, in his great work, to introduce a ghost who is visible not only to one person but to three persons at once. Let us rather conclude that it was from knowledge that he did so : for, in the first place, how is it possible to believe that so great an artist did not use every means for tMnking justly upon supernatural themes, loliile loriting upon them ; and, secondly, we shoidd remember that there is a possibility of his even having had experimental evidence in his own person. Many more persons have such evidence than is commonly sup- ]iosed, and it is surely easier to think that Shakespeare's inner life was as remarkable as his works than to think otherwise. However, be that as it may, he most thoroughly knew what the true spirit of inquiry should be, and he has knit up into a single line a direction for that spirit. Hamlet's words —

There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are diearat of in our philosophy —

are continually quoted ; but let our most especial attention be directed to what immediately precedes those lines. When Horatio exclaims, ■''

0 day and night, but this is wondrous strange ! " , ,, ,'

Hamlet has had assigned to him this fine rejoinder — ', , ' ' , ,' '\ And tliereforc as a stranger give it welcome. V -, '■'

Here is a piece of advice utterly at variance with the feelings and practice of all those persons whose tendency it is to write and to talk, not merely against the supernatural, but against anything else whatsoever which to them appears strange, whether it be the circulation of the blood, the lighting by gas, or the

11

travelling by a railway. All tlicse things and many more have been stigmatized, and all for the want of such wisdom as this single line contains ; for this Is one of the cases wherein we have a right to make the distinction already alluded to, between the mere expression of an opinion belonging only to the cliaracter, and the utterance of a piece of real practical thought or wisdom belonging also to tJie ivriter.

If it is asked how we would show that the true spirit of inquiry is actually embodied in this single line, we would state our position thus. Welcoming the strange fact gives it its just chance of being admitted as a truth, if it really be such. Wel- coming it as a stranger will secure us from being ultimately imposed upon ; and the phrase is most felicitously expressive of a kind of attention or courtesy due towards the matter inquired into, while it warns us against that absolute trust which we give to a tried old friend. Upon such grounds it is that we conceive " the be-all and the end-all " of right-thinking inquiry to be contained in these words of Hamlet. The Spiritualists feci well- assured that Shakespeare, both as a philosopher and as an artist, acted upon the axiom he has assigned to the philosophic Prince, and they also lament that to do the very contrary should be the almost universal practice.

SHAKESPEAEE AND " ODE PHILOSOPHICAL PEESONS."

In AlVs Well that Ends Well, Shakespeare has made the old lord, Lafeu, exactly characterize that unphilosophical scepticism which sets itself above the wise axiom allotted to Hamlet, of giving welcome, as to a stranger, to the strange ; at the same time, the speaker admimsters to such a scepticism the most grave and the most just rebuke.

Lafeu. They say miracles are past, and we have our philosophical persons to maice moder7i aiul familiar, things supernatural and causeless. Plence is it that we make, trifles of terrors, ensconcing ourselves into seeming Icnowledge, when we sliould submit ourselves to an unknown fear.

How wisely does this passage censure that spirit which, assuming to be philosophical, attempts to explain away the operations of the internal world into " states of the brain," " deceptions of the senses," or " impostures." This is, indeed, " ensconcing themselves into seeming hiowledge" on the part of the "■ j>hilosoj>htcal jter.sons" who really ought to know that, as far as imposture is concerned, every true thing is simulated, and that, indeed, this very simulation is in itself a testimony to some underlying truth.

Coleridge has made a remark upon Shakespeare's use of the word " causeless" in Lafeu's speech, which remark shall be here transcribed.

12

Shakespeare, iiippirrd, as it niiu'lit seem, witli all wisJoiii, licrc uses tlie word "causeless" in its strict philosophical sense, cause being truly predicable only of phenomena, that is, things natural, and not of noumena, or things super- natural.

This is surely an excellent observation of Coleridg-e, anrl points out also to us that the expression, " we should submit to an unknown fear," contained in the next sentence, is not to be understood in the low sense of any intellectual prostration, but as corresponding; to the transcendental "causeless."

It is certainly impossihle to overrate the Importance of ad- mitting the transcendental, or that which towers above mer.e logic. For want of such an admission, we may find people arguing against the existence of a God and against the Immor- tality of the soul, because those facts cannot be proved^ as they phrase it, locjicallij. Yet these very persons, if they happened to be lovers of the arts of poetry, painting and music, would at once feel the monstrous absurdity of attempting a merely logical critique upon those arts. They would instantly see that a man who wanted to have It hgicalhi proved to him that Shakespeare, Michael Angelo and Handel were great men, was simply promuj his own Insensibility to the arts In wlilcli they excelled. So It is with the two great questions above mentioned. Whosoever allows the transcendental, the feeliiif/s^ to be opened within him, affirms aljsolutely a God and a future life, and can also then, by his reasoning faculties, satisfy the affirmation. Those who will not allow the transcendental to be opened within them, but will insist upon beginning with the merely logical, can never reacli to the highest truth, whether It be In religion or In the fine arts. It is, therefore, most Interesting to see that Shakesjieare has thus set his marli iqion this all-important ]ioInt. He has wi'itten a speech, in which. In the most close and beautiful manner, " tJiingH f>ii'i>(;rniifui-<d and caus(drss" are affirmed, and the consequences of their denial pohited out.

As the cliaracter wliich speaks must always be considered in estimating Shakespeare's meaning, it may be observed that Lafeu Is painted as a humorous, and also as a wise and good man. He is on the freest terms with the worthy King, and even the wild young lord, Bertram, is made to say —

I do know him well; and common speech gives him a worthy pass.

There Is certainly something verv exquisite In lils slv and good-humoured (as well as profound) Iiit at the " philosoplilcal persons," and he still carries on a similar strain, while exulting In the King's wonderful cure, after being, as he observes, " re- linquished of the artists, of all the learned and authentic fellows." Tt is evident how heartily Tjaf ai would have rejoiced at seme of the wonderftd cures wrouglit in our own day b\' means of

1 ''

mesmerism an J homoeopatliy to tlie iiifiiiite discoiniitiuT of ovn " learned and authentic fellows."

If Shakespeare himself had been a " jiliilosopliieal person," he never could have written Lafeu's speeches. Tn tlioa he has shown that he saw deem through tlie sceptical spirit, a thing impossihle fur a sceptic to do.

SHAKESrEARE'S IDEA OF TBUE AKT.

It will, we may presume be conceded, that whatsoever is essentially true of one of the fine arts nuxst also be true of the others; and it is proposed to test this by quoting Hamlet's advice to the Players (wherein proof is given of the autlior's views as to the artist-like in acting), and substituting for the the word playing.^ the word poetry.

Let your discretion Ije your tutor; suit the action to the word, the word to the action, with tliis special observance, that you o'erstep not the modesty of nature ; for anytliing so done is from the purpose of poetry^ whose end, hoth at the first and now, was and is to hold, as 'twere tlje njirror up to nature ; to shew virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the very age and Ijody of tlie time its form and pressure. Now, this overdone, or come tardy off, although it make the unskilful laugli, cannot but make the judicious grieve ; the censure of which one, must, in your allowance, o'erweigh a whole theatre of others.

Now assuming that these w^ere Shakespeare's own views upon 2')hii/ing^ and it docs not seem likely that in this place he would make Hamlet speak otherwise than rationally, can it be doubted that he would also have applied such views to tlte poem, to he jjlaged ; yet, if a ghost be only the product of a diseased brain, and the appearance of a ghost to three persons at once a sheer impossibility, " the modesty of nature," has been very much "o'erstept" In the poem of Hamlet, and if the end of all the art Is,

To hold, as 'twere the mirror up to nature,

what can be more " overdone," according to the sceptical philosophy ?

Nevertheless the poem of Hamlet does not seem to have made

The judicious grieve,

and even those who think an apparition only a state of the brain feel that a powerful effect has been produced, although upon every sound principle of artist-like reasoning, nothing but displeasure should have ensued In the minds of those who believe that in any given work, the mirror has not been held up to nature.

In the meanwhile, the ghost-believer thinks himself fully justified In pronouncing Hamlet to be, from every point of view, " an excellent play, well digested in the scenes, set down with as much modesty as cunning."

14

SHAKESPEARE AND IITS AD:\riREKS.

The practice of insisting upon ghost-belief as being a mere

superstition, does certainly seem to place many of Shakespeare's

most able and zealous admirers in a false position, when they are

treating of him as an artist. But let them be heard in their own

words. And, 1st, Mr. Morgann, in his excellent essay upon the

character of Sir John Falstatf, thus expresses himself in a

note : —

Ghosts differ from otlier imaginary beings in tliis — that they belong to no element; have no specific nature or character ; and are effects, however harsh the expression, supposed to be without a cause ; the reason of which is, that they are not the creation of the poet but the servile copies or transcripts of popular imagination, connected with supposed reality and religion. Should the poet assign the cause, and call them the mere painting or coinage of the hrdin, he would disappoint his own end and destroy the beings he had raised. Should he assign fictitious causes, and add a specific nature and a local habitation, it would not be endured, or the effect would be lost by the conversion of one thing into another. The approach to reality in this case defeats all the arts and managements of fiction.

Let us compare this critique upon ghosts with Shakespeare's treatment of the ghost in Hamlet. He has there given him a most specific character — that of an injured man seeking for revenge. It soimds strangely, too, to hear a professor of Chris- tianity speaking of what is understood to be the soul of a deceased man as of an eti'ect without a cause ; and then we are called upon to think that a great poet could make servile cojn'es from popular imaginations, when the truth is that all great artists make it their delight to copy nature, even to the minutest details, as well knowing that in no other way can the most lasting effects be produced. That anything weak or false, or the copy of such things, should produce great artistic effects, is sureh^ against all sound reasonings ; and we therefore conclude that when the philosophical sceptic denies a ghost he does so merely from intellect, which is very likely to be in the wrong, and not from feeling, the ultimate tost of all works of art.

Although the ghost in Hamlet has every mark of reality, yet the local habitation, hj which apparently 3Ir. Morgann means a place in the external world, was not needed for him. His place was in the spiritual world, and Hamlet and his friends saw liim with their spiritual eyes, at the same time that the platform was beheld by their natural eyes. That such was the case Shakespeare knew perfectly well, and this accounts for the fact of the Queen not being able to see the ghost, although Hamlet did. The ghost did not wish the Queen to see him, and therefore he did not present himself to her spiritual eyes. Shakespeare knew that man is an inhabitant of two worlds, and consequently that all these things involved the gravest truths. Were it not so and that they were merely the servile cojyies of false imr/fjinaiioiis,

15

tlic.y would justly offend every cultivated mind ; bnt we liave daily experience that tliey do not do so.

►Secondly, Coleridge speaks of the ghost in Hantlet as involving

A superstilion connected with the most mysterious truths of religion,

nd of

Shakespeare's consequent reverence in liis treatment of it.

i again the ghost-believer cannot hut have an nncomfortahle

ation of incomplete criticism. A superstition, that is, a weak-

j and a falsity, seems to have but little claim for reverential

atment from a great artist. Why could not Mr. Coleridge

ve said, instead of " a super stition^^'^

A truth connected with the most mysterious truths of revealed religion.

Thirdly, Lessing says —

Voltaire has regarded the appearance of a dead person as a miracle, and Shakespeare as a natural event. Which of the two thought most as a pbilosoplier is a question that we have nothing to do with. But the Englishman thought most as a poet.

Here we have the pleasing admission that Shakespeare has treated the appearance of the ghost as a part of the normal system of thmgs ; for so much is fairly implied in the phrase, " a natural event." But why does Lessing say that whether this was philosophical or not is a question with which we have nothing to do ? and why is a distinction made between philosophy and poetry which seems to imply that what was bad in the one might be good in the other? Is such a distinction good philosophy? and have we not everything to do with the question in estimating Shakespeare as an artist ? When the soothsayer, in Antony arid Cleopatra^ is asked —

Is't you, sir, that know things ? he significantly replies —

In nature's infinite book of secrecy, A little I can read.

Can it be doubted but that Shakespeare would have also said for himself what he has written for the soothsayer? Surely it cannot be doubted ; and in that " infinite book of secrecy" Shakespeare would have found all that he has written.

Fourthly, Mr. Charles Knight, speaking of the appearance of the ghost to Hamlet, observes that

The images are of this world, and are not of this world. They belong at once to p02Jular siqyerstition and the highest poetry.

Mr. Knight, soon after this, makes some remarks connected with which a few observations may be offered. He says —

How exquisite are the last lines of the Ghost ; full of the poetry of external nature and of the depth of human affection, as if the spirit that had for so short

10

.a lime Ijrrii rut olf frmii lilV to know lliu ^oerets of " tliu prison lioiiso'' still cliiii;,' to llir. c'litlily rr.nu'iiiliiaiior of tin; l)o;iiitii'iil ami tho tunilcr, tliiit rvcii ri Sjiitit Dti^Iit iiullli;;!',

" 'I'lin ,Cili>\v-wo)-m shows tiio matin to Ijo near,

And '.L,Mns to [tain his inctlV'ctnal fiio:

Adiuii, adiun, Jiamlet ! I'onnanljcr nn_'."

The point whicli tlto present writer wislics here to touch upon is as follows. The sceptic may say to the ghost-beli(!ver thus: " How upon ytiur own shewing could a spirit wlio has left the earthly body, the ' mortal coil,' be cognizant as Shakespeare has made this ghost, of the ojjjccts of the earthly world? You, the ghost-believers plainly inculcate as your philosophy that each world to be objectively known, requires the spiritual or the natural organs as the case may be.

To this objection, which is indeed a most obvious one, it is replied, that the solution is easy and that the proof of facts kindred to those in Hamlet, lies within the reach of every one who is really disposed to make the proper inquiries for them.

A philosopher, wdio was also a seer, has oliserved, and to the best of our judgment, has shown, thtit although a spirit assuredly cannot of himself see the objects of the natural world, yet he can do so, when in communication, or, as the mesmerist would say, in irqtj/ort with a man or men. The spirit, then, through their natural organs, perceives what they perceive, and tliat such kind of conmrunication between two persons is a mere fact, is known to all who liave paid any due attention to mesmerism and its results.

In eert.'iin mesmeric cases, a person thrown into the peculiar sleep, shall taste the eatable or the drinkable which is being par- taken of bv one with whom the sleeper is in rojiporf^ he shall hear the voice of that one, but not the voice of others, and so on.

In the fine effect then, which Shakespeare has here produced and which has called forth such praises from Mr, Knight, the poet still does not

O'erstep the modesty of nature.

Shakespeare knew better than ever to aim at any effect, by untrue, and therefore unartist-like means.

MACBETH. Di;. .TOIINSOX.

The following remarks by L)r. Johnson upon Jlacbcth, will serve as we imagine, to display some of the weaknesses of the usual Shakespearian criticism. They are quoted also as affording us a starting-point for the further unfolding of a different cri- ticism, while the reader will have the advantage of seeing both sides of the question placed before him in the very words of each pleader. Tlius then has written the worthy doctor :

17

In order to make a true estimate of the abilitios and merit of a writer, it is always necessary to examine the genius of his age and the opinions of his con- temporaries. A poet who shouUl now malie the whole action of his tragedy depend upon enchantment, and produce the chief events by the assistance of su- pernatural agents, would be censured as transgressing the bounds of probability, be banished from the theatre to the nursery, and condemned to write fairy tales instead of tragedies ; but a survey of the notions that prevailed at the time this play was written, will prove that Shakespeare was in no danger of such censors, since he only turned the system that was then universally admitted to his advantage, and was far from overburdening the credulity of his audience. . . . . Upon this general infatuation Shakespeare might be easily allowed to found a play, especially since he has followed with great exactness such histories as were then thought true, nor can it be doubted that the scenes of enchantment, however they may now be ridiculed, were both by himself and his audience, thought awful and affecting. — See, Dr. Johnson's " Introductory Eemarks upon Macbeth."

Now there is certainly something very strange in such remarks as the preceding, to those who cannot admit that a great work of art can possibly stand upon an untrue and merely childish foundation : to them there is a somewhat altogether unpleasing in the idea that Shakespeare should need to have excuses made for writing Macbeth, and they wish to leam whence it is that the work still stands its ground if such criticisms be well founded. There is, or there is not, a supernatural world, and no one would have affirmed such a world more strongly than Dr. Johnson ; then arises the question whether it can, in any age, be wrong for the artist to make use of that supernatural world to the best of his skill. If it is skilfully made use of, we find that such works still give delight, in spite of the sceptical philosophy, which, as it has no hold upon the heart, can never very powerfully affect us where the fine arts are in question ; or if that philosophy does affect us, it is by diminishing the pleasure which those arts are calculated to give. Shakespeare, however, was both a heart and a head-philosopher, and perfectly well knew that all real beliefs had a root, and belonged to human nature. Consequently, when constructing a poem upon such themes as witchcraft or enchant- ment, Shakespeare would examine the root of those ideas, and he would know that by so doing, and only by so doing, could he produce a work which time could not injure. The Witches in Macbeth are not incredible, except in those who deny, or, when they are criticising, forget a spiritual world. Shakespeare has treated the Witches as spirits as may be evident from the fact that they suddenly vanish, their appearance being only to the spiritual eyes of those who saw them. The same point is in- volved as that which has already been touched upon in speaking of the ghost scenes in Hamlet.

Dr. Johnson alludes to the ridicule which he conceives to be attached by a modem to the scenes of enchantment ; but ridicule is, in itself, no test of truth. We must first know who and what

18

the ridiculcr is ; for there is nothing, however good, which is not ridiculed by somebody. The incantations of those evil spirits, the Witches, and the ingredients of tlieir cauldron, are not necessarily ridiculous to those who believe in an inner spiritual world, and who also believe that every fi_irm in nature is deeply significant of, and likewise comes from, that spiritual world. Had those evil spirits, when at tlieir wicked work, using ingredients expressive of what is good and heavenly — such as precious stones, beautiful flowers, and the like — that would have been really ridiculous, and every one, whether a sceptic or not, would liavc been displeased with the inconsistency. As it is, there exists, in fact, a " dreadful harmony" in all that takes place, which harmony, however, must be more especially sought for in Shakespeare's poem ; for he is not to be held as responsible for any stage misconceptions in the matter, those very stage mis- conceptions themselves clearly having their origm in scepticism. It might make a very great difference indeed as to the whole stage treatment of the Witches, if the question were duly raised whether they should be considered merely as strange-looking old women only to be personated by the comic actors, or as evil spirits, inhabitants of the inner, hellisli world, who, with a terrible earnest, ai-e laying out their wicked snares, their " riddles and affairs of death."

THE GHOST OP BANQUO.

Tn an essay upon the play of Macheth may be found the following passage of criticism, in the sceptical school (as usual), relative to the Ghost of Banquo : —

If ... . Tve believe in the reality of the ghost as a shape or shadow existent withovt the mind of Macbeth, and not exclusively ivithin it, we shall have difficulties which may be put under two heads — Why did the ghost come? Why did he go, on Macbeth's approach, and at his bidding? . . . It is clear from the scene, that Macbeth drove it away, and also that he considered it as much an illusion as his wife would fain have had him, when she whispered about the air-drawn dagger.

The above piece of criticism Is cited on account of its mode of testing the question of objective reality. With sceptics, by the way, very curiously, a ghost, to begin with, is always expected to be thoroughly reasonable In every one of his comings and goings, although men are not uniformly so. What, however, for the present we would earnestly request of the sceptic is, to do with these apparently abnormal things as he would with any branch of natural science ; that is, inquire as to facts. He woitld then find that the instances are indeed numerous in which persons, just deceased, appear to those whom they have known, and then quiclchj disafpear.

19

These passing manifestations also occasionally take place when the person appearing is not cither dead or dying : neither does It follow necessarily that the person seeing, or, as the sceptic would say, fancying that he sees, must always be thinking of the one seen. An examination into the general facts leads to the conclusion that thought of the person appeared to, on the part of the one appearing, Is the cause, according to certain laws of the Internal world, of the manifestations, which should therefore, it Is conceived, be understood as having an objective reahty. This theory, and its facts, must be considered in judging of Shakespeare's Intentions. Of him we should always think as of the artist and the student of nature, until It can be shewn that he ever forgets himself In those characters.

While treating upon this subject, let it be observed, that it Is the scepticism as to the objective reality of Banquo's Ghost which has originated the question as to whether he should be made visible to the spectators in the theatre, since, as the sceptics observe, he Is Invisible to aU the assembled guests, and does not speak at all. But for this scepticism, it could never have been doubted that the ghost should be made visible to the theatre, although he Is Invisible to Macbeth's company, and although no words are assigned to him. This doubt existing, illustrates to us how stage-management Itself is affected by the philosophy which may prevail upon certain subjects. Upon the Spiritualist view, Banquo's Ghost, and the witches themselves, are all in the same category, all belonging to the spiritual world, and seen by the spiritual eye ; and the mere fact that the ghost does not speak, is felt to have no bearing at all upon the question of his presentation as an objective reality.

THE AIE-DEAWN DAGGER.

" Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand ? Come, let mo clutch thee : I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling, as to sight ? or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain ? I see thee yet, in form as palpable As this which now I draw. Thou marshall'st me the way that I was going, And such an instrument I was to use. Mine eyes are made the fools o' the other senses, Or else worth all the rest : I see thee still. And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, Which was not so before. There's no such thing. It is the bloody business which informs Thus to mine eyes." Macbeth, Act II., Scene 1.

The Spiritualist, when contending for the absolute objectivity of Banquo's Ghost, may possibly be asked whether he also

B 2

20

claims a lihe reality for " the air-drawn dagger." To this he ■would reply, that, to the best of his belief, a like reality was not to be affirmed of that dagger, which ho conceives to have been a representation^ in the spiritual world, of a dagger, not however being on that account less real (if by unreality wc arc to under- stand that it was, in some incomprehensible way, generated in the material brain), but only differing from what we should term a real, hondfide dagger, as a painting of a dagger differs from a real one.

That the spiritual world must have its representations as well as its realities^ is a point which has already been touched upon^ and this dagger, called by Lady Macbeth " the air-drawn dagger," we suppose to be one of those representations. Its objective reality, however, still remains untouched ; for, once grant that the spiritual world is a real world — nay, the most real world — • and it follows, that whatsoever is represented in it has its basis in reality, as much as an imitative dagger in a painting has its basis in the colours and canvas, which are also realities.

The belief that every man is attended by spirits, both good and evil, is not unconnected with this view concerning represented objects in the spiritual world. That our thoughts appear to be injections is within every one's experience, and the guardian angel or the tempting demon are constantly admitted in poetical language, or the language of the feelings, because they are felt to be truths. If, then, thoughts, both good and evil, are what they appear to be, injections — which injected thoughts we are free to receive or to reject — they must be from a source capable of thought, namely, from the inhabitants of the spiritual world. From that same source would also come those vivid representa- tions, such as that of " the air-drawn dagger," which are felt to be in harmony with oiu' present train of thoughts. That the dagger should have this hind of reality is quite consistent with Macbeth's reflections upon it. As bemg a representation to the internal sight only (for it is presumed that all would agree that it was not depicted upon the retina of the external eye), he cannot, of course, clutch it with his bodily hands, nor, indeed, even with his spiritual hands. Finding, therefore, that it is not " sensible to feeling as to sight," he calls it a " dagger of the mind, a false creation, proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain;" and to him it could appear nothing else. However well persuaded a man may become that the sun is stationary, or that his thoughts are not properly his own in their origin, yet he is ruled by strong appearances to the contrary as to his expressions. And in Macbeth's case, the brain was really " heat-oppressed," from the fire of wicked wishes which he had encouraged, and made his own by adoption.

21

The fact of the change which Macbeth perceives, as to the <lagger, is, as we conceive, quite in harmony with the doctrine here advocated, of spiritual representations. First of all, he sees simply a dagger, marshalling him upon his way, but after- wards he sees upon its blade and handle spots of blood, " which was not so before." Hypnotism, as we are informed, continually displays facts similar to this of " the air-drawn dagger," in which the mind having been artificially fixed upon some point, becomes so much open to the power of another mind, as to see represen- tations of the injected or suggested thoughts. You can cause the patient to see, as it were, a lamb, and you can change this lamb at your will into a wolf. The Spiritualist does not desire any one to think that these are real lambs and wolves : he is content to have it admitted that they are real representations of them, reflected upon the internal or spiritual eije^ and he is not aware of anything which should oblige us to believe that a7iy sight is possible without some sight-organization^ such as is the eye, and such as is not the bram, apart from the eye.

From all these considerations it wiU be perceived, that when some one, a sincere religious enthusiast for instance, relates his visions, the Spiritualist Is not obliged, any more than is the most decided Materialist, to admit that kind of absolute truth which tlie visionary may claim for those visions. For aught that the Spiritualist philosophy teaches, the most sincere visionary may be as completely under an illusion as the spectator of any conjuration or dealing with optical deceptions in this world can be. The only difference being, possibly, that it was a spiritual conjuror who had been operating before the vislonaiy.

Mr. Fletcher, in his Studies of Shahspeare^ has stated a point concerning this " air-drawn dagger" which tends to shew, as usual, how confused all criticism must be, while the critics persevere in thus obstinately ignoring the spiritual world. Mr. Fletcher in the work now alluded to, strenuously opposes the Ghost of Banquo being made visible to the theatre, because, in his opinion, the poet merely understood the ghost as an effect of Macbeth's mental workings ; and in order further to illustrate what he conceives to be the absurdity of visibly displaying the mere effect of such workings, Mr. Fletcher observes, somewhat satirically, that : —

We are not aware that any manager has ever yet bethought himself of having an actual dagger suspended from the ceiling before the eyes of Macbeth's representative, by way of malting this scene more intelligible to the audience.

In our section concerning Banquo's ghost, it was not thought necessary to enter upon any special discussion as to the pro- prieties of stage-representations, although we fiilly believe that there is a most powerful stage-reason, namely, intelHgibiliti/, for

22

making the ghost of Banquo visible to the theatre; but that reason does not apply to the dagger — because what is spoken by Macbeth makes intelligible all that he experiences with respect to that dagger. Also, when we go on to perceive that the spiritual world has, and naust have, not only its realities but its re-presentations likewise — of which last the dagger is apparently one — we have an additional argument still, to shew that the reasoning which may belong to Banquo 's ghost would not necessarily apply, in all its points, to this appearance of the dagger.

It should, however, be noted, that the Spiritualist does not venture to say that under no circumstances should the dagger be made visible to the theatre : he believes that, supposing Macbeth superintended and perfonned by persons who seriously pondered the questions of the spiritual world, and the play also witnessed by a theatre of such persons, the idea of making the dagger visible might be, at least, entertained; because all con- cerned would look at the whole affair from a grave point of view, and would not be on the search for the ridiculous — which search is, indeed, frequently, nothing else but an effect of igno- rance or thoughtlessness. Truly, of many, many things, do Hamlet's words hold good, that —

The readiness is all. SHAKESPEAEE. MACBETH. — DE. MAYO.

In a volume by Dr. Mayo, entitled Letters iqjon the Truths contained in Pojndar Superstitions^ occur certain remarks as to Macbeth, and also as to Shakespeare himself, which remarks it is here proposed to extract, with the view of still further illus- trating some of our own positions. Here follows our first and most considerable extract : —

In the tragedy of Macbeth, sensorial illusions are made to play their part with curious physiological con'ectness. The mind of Macheth is -woni by tliejioiiflict- bjitw_een ambition and duty. At last his better resolves give way, and his excited fancy projects before him the fetch of his own dagger, which marshals him the way that he shall go. The spectator is thus artistically prepared for the further working of the same iniirmity in the apparition of Banrjuo, which, unseen by his guests, is visible to the conscience-stricken murderer. Witli a scientiiio precision no less admirable the partner of his guilt, a woman, is made to have attacks of trance {to mliich viomen are more liable than men), caused by her disturbed mind : and in her trance the exact physiological character of one form of that disorder is portrayed — she enacts a dream, which is the essence of eomnambulism.

One almost doubts whether Shakespeare was aware of the philosophic truth displayed in these master-strokes of his own art. The apparition conjured up in the witch-scenes of the same play, and the Ghost in Hamlet, are moulded on the pattern of vuJgar superstition. He employs indifferently the baser metal and the truthful inspiration of his own genius; realizing Shelley's strange figure of

" A poet hidden In the light of thought,"

as they say the sun is himself dark as a planet, and his atmos^jhcrc alone is the source of light, through the gaps in which the eommon earth is seen. I am tempted — but it would be idle, and 1 rcfrain^to quote an expression or two or a passage from Sliakespeare, exemplifying his wonderful turn for approximating to truths of which he must have been ignorant — where lines of admired and unaccountable beauty have uncxpeetedly acquired lucidity and appositeness througli modern science. Wliilc, to make a quaint comparison, his great con- temporary, Bacon, employed the lamp of his imagination to illustrate the paths to the discovery of truth, Shakespeare would, with random intuition, seize on tlie undiscovered truths themselves, and use them to vivify the conceptions of his fancy.

Dr. Mayo, in the work from which the foregoing passage has been extracted, is quite prepared to admit as facts numerous phenomena which the more decided sceptic altogether refuses to hear of ; such, for example, as the divining rod, second-siglit, clear-seeing, the facts of mesmerism in general, and ghosts, which last Dr. Mayo divides into real and unreal — utterly denying however any objective reality to either class. This is a species of scepticism greatly in advance of the more common and unreasoning kind, which refuses to listen to any evidence, inas- much as it clears the ground so far as certain facts are concerned, leaving only the question to be discussed with the Spiritualist, as to the causes of the facts.

As most immediately relating to the subject of the present essay, Dr. Mayo's ideas concerning ghostly appearances, and his division of them into unreal and real^ shall now be touched upon.

In the first, or unreal class, then. Dr. Mayo places such as in his opinion are generated solely within the mind of the heholder^ and he adduces the ease of Swedenborg as a remarkable instance of that kind. Such cases Dr. Mayo does not consider to be insanities, but refers them to a state of mmd arising from intense thought upon some subject, (in Swedenborg's case, religion,) and then the thought shaping itself so vividly that the man is himself quite convinced of an objective reality, the truth bemg that all is merely subjective. (Here, by the way. Dr. Mayo assumes, without the shadow of a jnvqf, that mere vividness of thought will give the appearance of outness to the things thought of.) Other unreal ghosts are considered by Dr. Mayo to be of the kind which Baron Reichenbach has explained; i.e., those sup- posed to have been seen hovering over graves, which the Baron, by means of the observations of Mademoiselle Eeiehel, in her sensitive state, has shewn to be simply most subtle physical emanations from the graves, and visible only to persons in certain states.

That second class of ghostly appearances which Dr. Mayo characterizes as real, comprehends those in which, from the nature of the cases, he conceives that the mind of the pe7-son seen has acted upon that of the seer, and so has caused an iniagtt

24

to be perceived ; to which image, however, as before stated, Dr. Mayo still altogether denies an objective reality.

As an example of that kind of relation to which Dr. Mayo would be ready to give credence, as belonging to this second or real class, he mentions what has been recounted of —

A late General Wynyard and the late Sir John Sherbrooke, who, -when young men, were serving in Canada. One day — it was daylight — Mr. Wynyard and Sir John Sherbrooke both saw pass through the room where they sat a figure, which Mr. Wynyard recognized as a brother, then far away. One of the two walked to the door, and looked out upon the landing-place, but the stranger was not there, and a servant who was on the stairs had seen nobody pass out. In time, news arrived that Mr. Wynyard's brother had died about the time of the visit of the apparition.

Dr. Mayo then proceeds thus : —

I have had opportunity of inquiring of two near relations of this General Wynyard upon what evidence the above story rests. They told me they had each heard it from his own mouth. More recently, a gentleman, whose accuracy of recollection exceeds that of most people, has told me that he has heard the late Sir John Sherbrooke, the other party in the ghost story, tell it much in the same way at a dinner-table.

Dr. Mayo brings forward, as helping to explain relations of this sort, the account of what Zschokke, in his autobiography, terms his " inward sight," by virtue of which he had repeatedly found himself cognizant of the history (even to most minute external points) of persons whom he had never before seen or known of. Dr. Mayo thus explains his final inferences : —

I shall, says he, assume it to be proved that the mind, or

soul, of one human being can be brought, in the natural course of things, and imder physical laws hereafter to be determined, into immediate relation vrith the mind of another living person.

If this principle. Dr. Mayo proceeds, be admitted, it is adequate to explain all the puzzling phenomena of real ghosts and of true dreams. For example, the ghostly and intersomnial communication with which we have as yet dealt, have been announcements of the deaths of absent parties. Suppose our new principle brought into play ; the soul of the dying person is to be supposed to have come into direct communication with the mind of his friend, with the effect of suggesting his present condition. If the seer be dreaming, the suggestion shapes a corresponding dream ; if he be awake, it originates a sensorial illusion.

To the Spiritualist it will appear that Dr. Mayo's illustration of what he classes as unreal appearances, from the case of Swedenborg, is, indeed, when duly examined, anything but favourable to his own views. Swedenborg had just the same amount of evidence to all the five senses that he lived in two objective worlds, that men in general have that they live in one. If it be said that a man can for thirty years be thoroughly con- vinced in his own mind, as to all his senses, of an internal world, and yet he deceived, the question may well be asked — What warrant lias any man for the reality of the external world? which reality he assumes upon just the same amount of evidence, that is, the evidence of the senses, and no more. If Dr. Mayo's view

25

were fairly wrought out, which happily It cannot be, it would lead on to universal scepticism: none of us could feel sure of any existence but our own ; for it cannot be allowed to stand as an argument In reply (although often urged as one), that such cases as Swedenborg's are merely exceptional, but that all men agree as to a real external natural world. How do you know that there are these other men of lohom you speak ? Only by im- pressions upon your external senses ; and it was by Impressions upon the internal senses that Swedenborg became cognizant of persons and things of the internal spiritual world. In short, all scepticism upon these subjects resolves itself into merely ar- giilng in a circle, at some point of which the sceptic arbitrarily stops ; for, like Falstaff, the sceptic will give no reasons " upon compulsion."

Although Dr. Mayo admits a variety of recondite phenomena, the bare thought of which would frighten most sceptics fr©m their propriety altogether, yet he does so, apparently, with the more willingness, because, hj laying many of them together, he conceives them to be susceptible of an explanation which does not transcend the natural world. Dr. Mayo is not, however, a Materialist ; and, indeed, he specially reproves the singular Idea that mind should be considered as a product of the hrain. Still, when the Doctor speaks of " the mind," one has no feeling conveyed as of anything most clear and definite. In Dr. Mayo's view, " the mind" of Mr. Wynyard, when he was dying, could act upon "the minds" of his brother and his friend, and, by so acting, could produce an unage of himself, which image has yet no objective reality. Now, give to " the mind" an edge and a definedness — say, that it is pre-eminently the real entity — that it is the man himself, and that It is in a human form ; and then it may be seen that you cannot very reasonably deny the objective reality of such a presentation as that of Mr. Wynyard, and that you can only deny it by the help of this shadowy and undefined mode of speaking (and thinking) of " the mind."

Dr. Mayo unites with the general body of the sceptics in pronouncing the clothing of spiirits to be alone enough to destroy our behef in any objective reality for the wearers of the clothes.

The worst of a trvie ghost, writes Dr. Mayo, is, that to be sure of his genuineness, that is, of his veracity, we must wait the event. He is distinguished by no sensible and positive characteristics from the common herd. There is nothing in his outward appearance to raise him in your opinion above a mere fetch. But even this fact is not barren. His dress — it is in tlie ordinary mode of the time, in nothing overdone. To be dressed thus, does credit to his taste, as to be dressed at all evinces his sense of propriety ; but alas ! the same convict him of objective unreality. Whence comes that aerial coat and waistcoat, whence those visionary trousers ? alas ! they can only have issued from the wardrobe in the seer's fancy. And, like his dress, the wearer is imaginary, a mere sensorial illusion, without a shadow of externality : he is not more substantial tljan a dream.

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Very wonderful, certainly, to the SpirituaKst is the logic of scepticism — there cannot bo real coats and waistcoats in the spiritual world ! that is enough to settle the question as to the reality of the wearers, although if such arguments are to be persisted in, they may as well be applied at once to tlie bodily form {(self of the spirit. In the natural world, a man's body is as much from the elements of nature as his coat and his waist- coat are. The truth is, that to deny that the spiritual world is, to the spiritual man, objective and similar to the natural world, is tantamount to denying it altogether ; for who can really believe in that of which he has not the least conception ; and without objectivity there is no conception, either in the worlds of matter or of mind. Such denials as the foregomg are an assmning to be wiser than are the great artists who represent what is spiritual hy forms, and thereby somewhat minister to an earnest want of the mind, which want is in itself alone enough to shew, that all scepticism involves nothing less than a separation of the intellect from the feelings, to the infinite detriment of the former. Dr. Mayo conceives that all is set at rest by asldng, " whence come the aerial coats and waistcoats ?" but suppose the question tested by an inversion of itself, and that toe should ask, whence come what Dr. Mayo conceives to be the real coats and waistcoats ? It must then be repHed, that all nature and its substances are of a divine and spiritual origin, and that when a man makes up some of those substances into the forms of coats and waistcoats, those forms are also of a spiritual origin, because the man con- trives them by a spiritual act.

Dr. Mayo gravely observes, that Shakespeare has moulded the Ghost in Hamlet upon " the pattern of vuf/ar superstition" and adds also that Shakespeare " employs indifi'erently the baser ■metal and the truthful inspirations of his own genius." Now we must venture to say, that if Shakespeare had done so, it would have been particularly unpardonable in a play in which he has taken occasion to make Hamlet so severely reprehend all compliance,? with vulgar taste on the part of the players, and has so pointedly shewn, as already noticed, that the end of nj] art, is to hold the mirror up to nature. It is indoed^anytliihg but easy to understand how a great artist could possibly employ indifferently the baser metal and the true ; nor is it much easier to understand how it is, that in spite of philosophical scepticism, the base metal should still pass current. To believe such things as Dr. ]\Iayo thus attributes to Shakespeare, implies, we will not say, at least as much credulity as to believe in ghosts, but, as we cannot help thinking, infinitely more.

Again, Dr. Mayo states that " there are lines of admired and imaccomitablc beauty" in Shakesj)eare, which have been uu-

expectedly found to have acquired " lucidity and appositeness," by their fitness to scientific facts, of which facts he must have been ignorant ; and he characterizes such things as " random intuitions^'' and, perliaps, indeed, they could seem no other, when simply viewed according to a merely natural philosophy. But if the Spiritualist is right in affirming that all nidural facts are of a spiritual origin^ and therefore are the reflections and exponents of spiritual things^ it is then seen that there was no random intuition in the case, and it is also seen that whenever a spiritual perception is clearly and beautifully expressed, it must necessarily be appHcable to that which reflects it in nature ; although, as Dr. Mayo observes, that merely natural fact might be then un- known. It may also be allowed to observe, in passing, that no one would be more strongly persuaded than Shakespeare, that there was an abundance of natural facts unknown, and to be known, and the idea has been embodied by him when he makes Cordelia invoke — •

All blessed secrets — all you unpublished virtues of the earth.

Upon the whole, then, it is contended that Dr. Mayo, not- withstanding the number of remarkable facts which he admits into his philosophy, still falls very far short of what a complete view of the fine arts requires, because he wishes to explain all away into what is merely natural, although a subtle and refmed natm-al, and, as a consequence, he cannot admit of facts, or explanations of facts, which will not square with a merely refined naturalism, or natural philosophy.

THE AEMOUE OP THE GHOST.

Some years ago a lectixre upon Hamlet was delivered by a gentleman who was himself a poet, and who informed his audience that his admiration of that work had led him literally to commit it to memory. It was very curious to hear the manner in which the lecturer handled the conduct of the play ; for, contrary to the usual custom, he raised the question of the author's heliefs.

It was quite evident, that in the midst of the most profound admiration for Shakespeare, the speaker was perplexed in the extreme between his own conviction that it was impossible that 8hahe,speare could have helieved in the supernatural^ and, on the other hand, that powerful air of reality which he saw pervaded the poem of Hamlet. He closed his address by saying, that Shakespeare, like every true philosopher, must have been loithout fixed opinions upon such a subject as the supernatural, and that his state must have been one of mere doubt. It need scarcely be said, that this was understood to be also the lecturer's own position, and one coidd hardly help thinking that the more fact

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of a sceptic, who was also a man of talent and a poet, being thus perplexed ivith Hamlet was in itself alone almost enough to prove that it had been written by one who had been in a very different mental state indeed.

The point, however, for which this lecture is specially adverted to was this : " TFAere," said the speaker, " did the ghost procure his armour V

We have already seen that it Is a very favourite thing with the sceptics to raise objections founded upon the clotlnngs of spiritual beings, and it well illustrates their singular tendency towards begging every question instead of reasoning it out. They never, for instance, seem to consider that even in the natural world men do not use clothings merely for decency and defence, which are, indeed, very good reasons, and might apply equally to spirits, admitting, only for argument's sake, their existence. Clotliings are, however, used also for their beauty and power of adornment, and, above all, for their great signi- ficancy. The love of dress has, therefore, a noble origin, and, at the least, it implies the desire to appear worthily. Obvious as are such considerations, the famous Mr. Bentham must surely have overlooked them when he spoke as follows, as we learn from certain memoranda of some of his conversations : —

I have helped to cure myself of the fear of ghosts, by reasoning thus : gliosts are clothed, or are not clothed; now I never saw, or fancied that I saw, a ghost without clothes ; so, if there he ghosts of men, there must he ghosts of clothes too, and to believe this refiuires a further stretch of belief, and further evidence and authority.

That Shakespeare did not forget the significance of clothings, such passages as the foUowmg will sufEciently evince : —

I shall report. For most it caught me, tlie celestial habits, {Methinhs I so shovM term them) and the reverence Of the grave wearers. Winter's Tale, Act III, Scene 1.

In pure white robes, Like very sanctity, she did approach. Ihid., Scene 3.

There can be no kernel in this hght nut ; the soul

Of this man is his clothes. All's Well that Ends Well.

Youth no less becomes The light and careless livery that it wears, Than settled age his sables and his weeds, Importing health and graveness. Hamlet.

It has already been pointed out that no piece of clothing can be made by the hands, without being first contrived in and hy the soul, according to some end in view, a consideration altogether overlooked by the sceptics. If the internal world and its in- habitants be realities, the marvel would be the want of clothings for those inhabitants ; and if they had them not, or seemed to

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have them not, the sceptics would be the very first to see, and justly to ridicule, the mcongruity.

In the " early Hamht^^'' when the ghost enters the queen's closet, there is a stage-direction to this effect — '■^ Enter the Ghost in his night govm;'''' and the Spiritualist would be Inclined to think that this direction had a sound basis, and that its subsequent omission must have been simply an inadvertency, and the idea would, at all events, not be weakened by considering Hamlet's words upon that occasion when he exclaimed — ■

My father ! in his hahit as he lived.

Upon the well-known prmciple, then, that man clothes him- self according to time, place, and occasion, it might perhaps seem that the armour would have been as much out of character in the Queen's closet as it was in character and in every respect appropriate for the platform.

It has been related, that when Tieck had the direction of the Dresden Theatre, he caused this change of the Ghost's dress to be adopted, and that it drew forth, as might have been expected, a query fi-om the scoffers as to whether the Ghost had a wardrobe ; and although we do not know whether Tieck, any more than other celebrated critics, had philosophized affirmatively upon the supernatural in art, yet he is represented as having had the boldness, upon this occasion, to reply, " Yes, a ghost has as many changes of dress as his errand needs."

It might also have been pointed out to these scoffers, that clothing is found even m what they would admit to be nature ; that is, in the lower creations, in their hair and feathers, in which also nature makes certaia changes, according to circumstances. Of man (by virtue of his higher position) it is no paradox to say that his clothing is at once natural and artificial. It is natural '(in every sense of the word) for him to desire to be clothed, and that variously, according to an indefinite variety of circmnstances. This desme is met by his having the power to produce artificially a piece of clothing, which has first however to be fashioned in his mind, according to the laws of his mind, or, which amounts to the same thing, according to the laws of the spiritual world. It is then only necessary to affirm that in the world of mind, or the spiritual world, the extemeity of the clothing follows upon its formation within the soul, and the answer made by Tieck is fully justified, as in fact containing a great truth, belonguig both to philosophy and to art.

It may be observed likewise, as being very intimately con- nected with the present subject, that there is a feeling with all of us that certain states of the mind are apt to be induced according to the clothing of the body. People will sometimes say, that

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they feel mentally different in different clothings ; and It would not be right to think tliat this diflferent mental feeling was merely an effect of what la called associcction^ for association itself Is an effect of the inherent significancy of the forms, colours, and substances which constitute those various clothings. Shakespeare, to whom every fact would be full of meaning, has made Perdita express this common perception as to various clothings, when being, as she says, alluding to her " unusual weeds," " most goddcss-lIke prankt up," she afterwards exclaims : —

Stire, this robe of mine Doe-S cltange my disposition.

hamlet's soliloquy.

To be, or not to be ? that is the question.

Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer

The stings and arrows of outrageous fortune,

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles

And, by opposing, end them? To die, — to sleep, —

No more ; and by a sleep, to say we end

The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks

That flesh is heir to, — 'tis a conamnmation

Devoutly to be wished. To die, — to sleep ; —

To sleep ! perchance to dream ; — ay, there's the rub;

For in that sleep of death what dreams may come,

When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,

Must give us pause : there's the respect,

That makes calamity of so long life :

For who would bear the whips and scorns of time.

The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,

The pangs of dispriz'd love, the law's delay,

The insolence of office, and the spurns

That patient merit of the unworthy takes,

AVhen he himself might his quietus make

With a bare bodkin ? Who would these fardels bear.

To grunt and sweat under a weary life,

But that the dread of something after death.

The undiscover'd country, from whose bourne

No traveller returns, puzzles the will ;

And makes us rather bear those ills we have,

Than fly to others that we know not of?

Thus conscience does make cowards of us all ;

And thus the native hue of resolution

Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought;

And enterprizes of gi-eat pith and moment

With this regard their currents turn awry »

And lose the name of action.

Havmg now quoted this famous soliloquy for Hamlet, It Is wished to give brief extracts relating to it from those eminent writers Schlegel and Chateaubriand, by way of introduction and groundwork to our own suggestions. The passage from Schlegel, which Is In one of his dramatic lectures, runs thus : —

Hamlet has no firm belief, either in himself or in anything else ; from expressions of religious confidence he passes over to sceptical doubts. He believes

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in the ghost of his father when ho sees it, and as soon as it has disappeared, it appears to him almost in the liglit of a deceptif)n. ... It lias heen censured as a contradiction, that Hamlet, in the solilorjuy on self-murder, should say, * " The undiscovered country, from Tvhose bourne

No traveller returns," for was not the Ghost a returned traveller? Shakespeare, however, purposely wislied to shew, that Hamlet could not fix himself in any conviction of any kind whatsoever.

So far from Schlegel, and now follows the passage from Chateaubriand, which passage has been taken from that author's Essay ujjon English Literature : —

I continually ask myself how it was, that the philosophic Prince of Denmark could have had those douhts which he manifests concerning another life. After having conversed with the " poor ghost" of the king his father, should he not have known what to have believed ?

We have noAV seen in succession passages from Shakespeare and from two eminent writers upon him, and we certainly feel ourselves entitled to suggest that, had the Shakespearian and Spiritualist philosophy, which teaches that man is an inhabitant of two worlds, been present to the minds of the critics, they could not have been so much perplexed by this soliloquy, and particularly by the fact that Hamlet, although he had seen his father's spuit, yet made use of the expression " the bourne" (t'.e., limit) "from which no traveller returns." Judging from this perplexity of the critics, it is evidently supposed by them that Hamlet's father, nevertheless, }iad returned fi-om " the bourne" (or limit), and thus that Hamlet was making an asser- tion which his own experience had contradicted. According, however, to that philosophy which the Spiritualist believes to have been Shakespeare's, Hamlet was perfectly correct in using the phraseology, although it does not necessarily foUow but that in Mm it might have been, not so much a truth reasoned out or verified in any way, as simply a deep intuition ; in Shakespeare, of course, both. Surely, so far, there is no scepticism in Hamlet, nor madvertency in Shakespeare : because, according to his philosophy, a departed spirit appears to the spiritual eyes of the man, and not to his natural eyes ; consequently, does not, nor cannot, overpass " the bourne" (or limit), which separates the spiritual and causal world from the natural and effect world. Understood in this way, it is conceived that, so far from any contradiction or inadvertency existing upon Shakespeare's part, he has really shown, in his use of the word " bourne" (or limit), an admirable felicity in the expression of a truth. This view also seems to leave behind all necessity for Schlegel's mode of justifying Shakespeare ; a mode Avhich involves, moreover, so far-fetched a supposition as this — namely, that Hamlet could not even be certain, or at all events had forgotten, that not only

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himself but several other jyersons had witnessed an appeai'ance of an extraordinary kind.

Let us, however, now at least try what can be inferred from the whole soliloquy, by using the mode of taking for granted that Shakespeare was right, and had not fallen into the commission of any inadvertency at all, of any kind whatsoever. How great an inadvertency it would have been to have made Hamlet really talk scepticism may partly appear, when we recollect that Hamlet had already uttered such words as these —

I do not set my life [i.e. my natural life) at a pin's fee; And for my sold, what can it do to that, Being a thing immortal as itself?

And again, even when doubting whether the spirit which he has seen is really his father's spnit, Hamlet yet shews no doubts regarding the spiritual world, but altogether the reverse ; mdeed, words could not much more strongly express a faith in that world : —

The spirit that I have seen

May be the devil : and the devil hath power

To assume a pleasing shape : yea, and perhaps

Out of my weakness and my melancholy

[As he is very potent loith such spirits)

Abuses me to damn me.

Assuming then that Hamlet is no more of a sceptic in his famous soliloquy than he is elsewhere, it may be observed, that what that speech really appears to be, is this : neither more nor less than a series of general reflections upon the manner in which the fears of the future state operate upon mankind in general (with whom it is well known that the fears infinitely overweigh the doubts), and that not merely m j^reventing self-destruction in trouble, but in staying the course of energetic action for some end in this life.

Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought, AtuI enterprises of great pith and 'moment With this regard their currents turn awry, And lose the name of action.

This last point, namely, the hindrance to action, has been perhaps scarcely noticed, so much does it seem taken for granted that Hamlet is merely thinking doubtfully of a future state, and also of termmating his own natural life. Upon the view here offered, we must rather think of the soliloquy as one of those trains of serious thought eminently characteristic of Hamlet, and thus we are led on to the next important pomt, which is this : that all the phraseology of the speecli is true to that philosophy which teaches that man is an inhabitant of two worlds.

First then we have " the thousand natural shocks that^es/t is

heir to," &c. Next comes "to die — to sleep" — the synonymous use of which words is not uncommon with the sincerest behevers, and we all know what they mean in using them ; that is, they mean the death, or sleep, of the natural body. It is surely the greatest mistake to dwell upon these words, " To die, — to sleep," as if they were applied by Hamlet to the spirit of man, the real man, instead of being spoken only of the natural body. This is, indeed, most clearly implied, when Hamlet afterwards says, following upon the very words "To die, — to sleep," — ■

To sleep! perchance to dream; ay, there's the rub; l^or in that sleep of death lohat dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, — &c. &c.

Still, however, these words, " dream" and " dreams" are made stumbling-blocks of, although " sleep," having been affirmed of the natural body, the idea of " dreams" (even when applied to the awful realities of the future state) seems to spring naturally from the metaphorical use of the word " sleep." For the natural man occasionally to speak of the realities of the spiritual world as dreams, is not inconsistent with the firmest faith in those realities ; in short, it is at times natural for him to do so.

Finally, that which has been thought so peculiarly perj)lexing as coming from Hamlet, concerning the " imdiscovered country, from whose bourne no traveller returns," needs not Schlegel's attempt at explanation, but is seen to be simply the expression of a truth ; for, as already shewn, the ghost had not returned from " the bourne" (or limit) of the spiritual world, but had been seen by the spiritual eyes of his son ; while to the Queen, seeing only with the natural eyes, (with which, as she says, " all that is, I see,") the ghost is invisible.

To the Spiritualist, then, who finds his own philosophy reflected in several expressions of the happiest kind, occurring in this famous solilocpiy, it is truly wonderful that it should ever have been tortured into scepticism. The whole mystery is apparently solvable, if we simply admit that Hamlet never doubted man to be both spiritual and natural, and that those phrases in the soliloquy which are of termination or death, apply only to the latter.

Here then, still upon the vexed question of what is implied in this remarkable soliloquy, the Spiritualist contends that there are no inadvertencies or contradictions at all in the case ; that Hamlet is yet consistent with himself, and Shakespeare yet perfectly in the right.

THE GHOST IN HAMLET. — DE. JOHNSON.

The following remarks by Dr. Johnson, concerning the plot of Hamlet^ seem to be curiously infelicitous^ especially as coming

n

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troiii a celebrated Moralist. However, it is interesting to note the views of sucli a man as Dr. Johnson, and it is wished to give those views a respectful attention. The doctor observes that,

The poet is accused of having shewn little regard to poetical justice, and may be charged with equal neglect of poetical probability. The apparition left the regions of the dead to little purpose; the revenge which he demands is not obtained but by the death of him that was i-equired to take it, and the gratifi- cation which would arise I'mm the destruction of an usurper and a murderer, is abated by the untimely death of Ophelia, the young, the beautiful, the harmless, and the pious.

Of the Ghost in Hamlet we thus find Dr. Johnson remarking, that he "left the regions of the dead to little purpose," and this was evidently a critical objection in Dr. Johnson's mind.

Now, as it seems to be impossible but that it would occur to Shakespeare that such an objection might be offered, we then have, it is submitted, an additional presumption as to what his views of the case must have been.

If Shakespeare believed, or, to speak more properly, knew, that every spirit is a man, and every man a spirit, his conduct of the story seems to be altogether artist-like. The ghost is actuated by a just desire (in a ^jc/yajz sense), for revenge of his great injury. It docs not appear that he either knew, or sought to know, what other consequences might flow from what he was doing. We may be sure, that during his earthly life he would have done likewise, for the mere fact that a man has quitted the external, natural body, does not alter his inner nature. Had Shakespeare simply written for what is called effect^ it would have appeared to him, as it did to Dr. Johnson, and possibly to many others, inconsistent that the supernatural appearance should so t;ir fail, as to cause, not only the death of several innocent persons, but also that of Hamlet himself.

The whole, indeed of Dr. Johnson's ci'itique is singular, to those who think that Shakespeare's beliefs are involved in the complete question of Hamlet as a work of art ; nor is it, moreover, very easy to see how any tragedy at all could be written so as to escape some such remarks, if they were reafly applicable to Hamlet. It is quite true to nature, that things which we speak or act, with only a limited end of our own in view, produce the most unlooked-for effects, and Shakespeare would not think himself obliged, upon his views of truth and art, to suffer any particular person to rule events, merely because that person had left the world of nature. It is also to be observed that the Ghost, fi'om his own account, is very far from being a good spirit, and his state is one of suffering. Upon our views, the author of Hamlet must have believed in a future state, which state would be coloured by the life led in

nature ; and, to the most of men, in that doctrine of a future state, is confessedly to be found the only solution of numerous enigmas^ ofiohichwe are all sensible^ quite as darh^ and a/pparently as inconsistent^ as anything in the story of Hamlet.

Although Shakespeare has not, as Dr. Johnson observes, executed what is called ^'' jwetical justice" as respects the fate in flu's world, of the different persons of the piece, yet he has been careful throughout to indicate or involve a higher justice. The whole texture of the poem of Hamlet assumes a spiritual world, with its various states, and therefore when the ghost speaks of the sufferings consequent upon his sins, when Laertes expects that his sister will be "a ministering angel;" when Hamlet invokes " the heavenly guards" to " save and hover over" him ; and when Horatio, at the last, calls upon the " flights of angels," to sing Hamlet to his rest, this texture of the poem requires that all these things should be understood as tenths, and not as merely being poetic licences. In short, Shakespeare may be seen not to have forgotten himself at all, in any respect, if we will only do what Dr. Johnson omitted to do; namely, consider the whole poem; the spiritual part.^ as well as the natural.

Dr. Johnson himself has been not unfrequently smiled at, for his tendency to believe in the supernatural ; but is it not true, that, although strongly feeling the importance of the subject, he did not sufficiently see, what he thus strongly felt.^ since he appears to have had some idea of a kind of legal evidence being wanted for the fact of spiritual appearances. Thus, " talking of ghosts," as Boswell informs us, he said —

It is wonderful that five thousand year,s have now elapsed since the creation of the world, and still it is undecided whether or not there has ever been an instance of the spirit of any person appearing after death. All argument is against it, but all belief is for it.

And again, when a ghost-story of John Wesley's was spoken of, Dr. Jolmson said, —

"I am sorry that I did not take more pains to inquire into the evidence for it." Upon this, Miss Seward, with an incredulous smile, said, "What! sir, about a ghost ?" "Yes, Madam;" replied he, "this is a question, whether in theology or philosophy, one of the most important that can come before the human mind."

Such was the style In which Dr. Johnson treated the subject, and it is to be regretted that so able and religious a man should thus have thought as to the argumentative force upon his own side. Had he perceived that all argument was for., and not against, spiritual appearances, we should have had a very different, and far more valuable critique upon Hamlet from his hand. The doctor seems to have considered that the strongest evidence for a spiritual appearance should be of that legal kind

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wliicli is possible concerning anything in nature ; yet his know- ledge of mankind might have taught him, that, to those tvho begin with mere unhelief, such evidence is impossible. They do not profess to doubt that people have seen ghosts ; that is, fancied that they saw them; it is the objective reality of which they doubt, and of which it is absolutely impossible to convince any one who thiiiks from the natural eye alone^ when the object in question is of the spiritual eye. Accordingly, although the Spiritualist feels every proper interest in what he conceives to be any well- authenticated spiritual appearances, he would not lay the greatest stress upon them, in seeking to convince the sceptic, who is to be more legitimately reached, if at all, in another way. Had Dr. Johnson taken up the absolutely affirmative view and had requested of the sceptics, who profess to settle everything by reason, to reason concerning HainleJi he would have been im- pregnable. He could have shewn them that this work, taking a supernatural appearance for granted, was admired by all sorts of people, and that, both in simple perusal, or in stage repre- sentation. He could have called upon the sceptics to explain how this had happened, if the -whole foundation of Hamlet loas false^ and as it would have been impossible for them, upon their views, to offer any somid reason for this universal admiration of Hamlet, they must have been forced to the acknowledgment that reason itself w&s against them. We might then have had a real critique upon Hamlet, for Dr. Johnson, as we have just seen, deeply felt the Ini})ortance, both in theology and philosophy, of the question Involved in such a critique. As it was, he allowed to the sceptics, that "all argument" was against ghost-belief, and thus quite incapacitated himself from writing anything valuable upon Hamlet, a work which most assuredly could no more have existed, and have been received as It is, if spiritualities were not realities, than a shadow could exist without some real object from which It might be projected.

Let us then learn to give criticism a more complete basis than it has hitherto possessed, by no longer omitting to consider the sujyernatural ; and as an Indispensable step In that direction, let us cease to think of that supernatural, as being either the susjyension or the cotitradiction of material external laws, but as the manifestation of spiritual Internal laws. We should not then find ourselves exclaiming " Why should the Divine permit his laws to be susjxnded, or contradicted, for this or that lusuificlent end?" And then, on the strength of our own assumptions, refusing to examine Into facts, and often putting forth a very narrow and unjust critique upon the works of the greatest artists ; men whom we ought, even for our own sakes, to be slow indeed In pronouncing to be wrong.

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THE C4H0ST IN HAMLET. — AN ILLUSION.

The following passage from a work by Mr. Charles Oilier, strikingly shows how even able writers can forget what is in the author whom they admire and write about : — -

" It faded at the crowing of the cock," saj's Marcellus to Horatio, speaking of the grand phantom of Hamlet's father, the most awful apparition evoked by the imagination of man — a royal shade, more potent as the monarcli of spirits, than when, in the body, it wielded the sceptre of tlien mighty Denmark. Bat with all its attributes of power, "the majesty of buried Denmark," could only *'reinsit the gUmjh'^es of the ^iioon," making ^^ night hideous" As dawn came on, the ^' dlusion faded.''

The above is the opening paragraph of a volume written to shew the fallacy of ghosts, dreams, and the like, and by one who is most clearly an ardent admirer of Shakespeare, but whose want of faith in the supernatural has here led him, unconsciously, to quote from Hamlet, with a most strange one-sidedness. Who, not having read Hamlet, but would imagine that Mr. Oilier actually had Shakespeare upon Ms side of the question, or could conceive that every means had been adopted by Shakespeare, in order to give all the marks of reality to " the grand phantom," as JMr. Oilier styles the ghost.

Shakespeare has made the ghost visible and audible to three persons at once, and, as to Hamlet communicating facts before unknown to him; yet Mr. Oilier appears only to have remem- bered those things which seemed to harmonize with his own views ; namely, the night-appearances of the ghost, and his fading at the approach of the morning.

Mr. Oilier owns, as we perceive, to being deeply impressed by the ghost, and it cannot but be regretted, that instead of endeavouring to explain away the supernatural, he had not rather sought the still more difficult task of explaining away Shake- speare's artistic right to use supernatural themes, and the right of his readers to be delighted with that use. This, would at least have been new, and would have given an infinitely greater scope for argument and ingenuity than can possibly be shewn by any attempts to annihilate supernaturalism, those attempts being founded upon views merely physical ; spiritual views and art- considerations being altogether set aside.

ANTIGONUS. — HOTSPUE.

In a volume entitled Philosophy of Shakespeare, in which passages from the poet are ranged under certain headings, with occasional remarks, the author, Mr. Rankin, thus expresses himself —

Shakespeare's superiority to tlie superstitious times in which he lived, is absolutely amazing; especially when we consider that such a mind as Sir M.

38

Hale's succumbed to them. Read the speech of Antigouus on ghosts, the

reasoning of Hotspur on omens and then admire a genius that

was centuries in advance of his age.

Now it is svtfficieutly curious, that Mr. Rankin has altogether forgotten that Antigonus, who intimates that he is a sceptic, is shewn in the jylay to he finite urrong^ at least for once. The dream which had so much wrought upon him, as to make him say (after having pronounced " dreams to be toys"), that he will, nevertheless, be " superstitiously squared by this," is fulfilled, and the just inference might be, that the scepticism belongs to Antigonus alone, and the belief to Sliakespeare. Those who have really gone into the subject, know what powerful evidence there is for the fact of prophetic dreams, and are satisfied that Shakespeare knew it also. Those who think that Shakespeare would introduce a prophetic dream, without having studied the subject of prophetic dreams, are requested to consider that a painter who loves his art, and seeks for lasting reputation, does not allow himself to introduce anything into his picture, even the meanest weed, without studying it.

The case with respect to Hotspur equally illustrates the forgetfulness of Mr. Rankin as to the real point in question. In the fine scene between Hotspur and Glencfower, there is a great deal of smart, cutting scepticism evinced by the former. He is, however, checked by Mortimer, who assures him that Glendower is —

A worthy gentleman, exceedingly well read, and profited in strange » concealments.

And how does Shakespeare carry on the scene? Why, by making Glendower give an auricular proof of his open com- munication with the inner world. When Mortimer says that he will sit and hear his wife sing, Glendower replies : —

Do so ; And those musicians that shall play to you. Hang in the air a thousand leagues from hence ; Yet straight they shall be here : sit, and attend.

He then speaks some Welsh words, and then the music plays. But does this produce any effect upon Hotspur's unbelief? None in the least ; and Shakespeare here has given the absolute proof of his observation upon a certain species of scepticism, which, instead of being at all moved to gravity or examination by some noteworthy fact, is only disposed to turn it into ridicitle. Thus Hotspur, when he hears the iiiusic, only says, —

Now I perceive the devil understands Welsh ; And 'tis no marvel, he's so humorous. By 'r lady, he's a good musician.

Shakespeare has also kept close to nature in not giving any

39

remark upon Gleiiilower's power to the other persons present, to whom, supposing- that power to have been famihar, it had ceased, in some sense, to be marvellous. Had Shakespeare, however, been a sceptic, and yet so regardless of his own ideas of truth, as to have introduced the spiritual music for the sake of some- thing called effect^ there could not have been this quietness of treatment ; light jesting on the part of Hotspur, and absolute silence with the rest.

It may be added, that even Mr. Charles Knight also, has evidently overlooked what Shakespeare has made Glendower cZo, and the unavoidable inference from his doings. Mr. Kiiight contrasts " the solemn credulity''' of Glendower with the " sar- castic unbelief'' of Hotspur ; but we have now seen, that, on Shakespeare's showing, it should have been " solemn certainty^ and not " solemn credulity^'' which is to be affirmed of Glendower; for in this scene, he not only believes that he can, and says that he will, do a certain thing ; that is, summon musicians of the inner world, but he actually does do it.

It is, certainly, one of the most striking proofs of the effect which preconceived opinions have upon criticism, that such points as the above, in a writer like Shakespeare, shoidd have remained totally unnoticed, nay, unseen. Every one will admit, that in order to be a critic upon Shakespeare, human natiire must be studied by the critic, otherwise he cannot appreciate the author's treatment of it. It remains to be admitted, that the manifestations of the inner world mvist also be studied by the critics for the same reason.

TEOILUS. — THESEUS.

In addition to the cases of Antigonus and Hotspur, those of Troilus and Theseus may be adduced as fresh instances of the manner in which Shakespeare shews the sceptic to be in error, by placing him in opposition to the facts of the story. Thus Troilus treats his brother Helenus, and his sister Cassandra, very cavalierly, after the approved fashion of the doubters. He says to Helenus : —

You are for dreams and slumbers, brother priest.

And when Hector, upon the entrance of Cassandra, raving and prophesying, asks, —

Now, youthful Troilus, do not tliese high strains Of divination in our sister, work Some touches of remorse.

The reply shews Troilus as only seeing that " Cassandra's mad," " her raptures brainsick," &c., yet " the high strains of divina- tion " really were within her.

iO

Finally, in the Ah'dsumme)- Nigltt\<i Dream, Theseus makes a celebrated speech, every line of which is sceptical, yet the conduct of the play falsifies the Duke's reasonings, or, as they should rather be called, his assertions. Hippolyta having observed to him, —

'Tis strange, my Theseus, that these lovers speak of. He thus replies, paying no attention, be it observed, to the fact that Hippolyta is speaking from the testimony of four persons ; a very artful stroke on the part of Shakespeare at the sceptics.

Theseus. More strange than true. I never may believe These antique fables, nor these fairy toys. Lovers and madmen have such seething brains, Such shaping fantasies, that apprehend More than cool reason ever comprehends. The lunatic^ tlie lover, and the poet Are of imagination all compact ; One sees more devils than vast hell can hold — That is the madman ; the lover, all as frantic. Sees Helen's beauty in a bi'ow of Egypt ; The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven; And, as imagination bodies forth The forms of things unhnoivn, the j^oeV s pen Turns them to shapes, and (jives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. Such tricks hath strong imagination That if it would but apprehend some joy, It comprehends some bringer of that joy; Or in tlie night, imagining some fear, How easy is a bush supposed a bear.

To this speech Hippolyta very justly answers, that —

All the story of the night told over.

And all their minds transfigured thus together

More witnesseth than fancy's images,

And grows to something of great constancy

But, howsoever, strange, and admirable.

Here again, Shakespeare shows his nice observation of the sceptical mind. Every one who has conversed on any subject, with persons predetermined, on that subject, not to believe, must have observed how common it is fur the latter, when fairly brought to a stand-still, to lapse into a dead silence, instead of saying, as the lover of truth would do, " What you have alleged is very reasonable, and I will now examine." They can say no more, nor may you. Accordingly, to the incontrovertible speech of Hippolyta, Theseus makes no reply.

It is a truly noteworthy and significant fact, that to the sceptical Theseus should have been allotted by Shakespeare the sceptical idea concerning the poet; namely, as being the embodier of the unreal, and not as being the copyist of what is true. It is exactly in character, that the doubting Theseus should thus speak of the poetic art, and thence we may he sure that the poet

41

who wrote the lines for hiiiij thought precisely the very reverse. Owing, however, to the general doubt concerning the supei'- natiiral, and the consequent assumption of Shakespeare's disbehof, this point seems never to have been considered, and it may be safely affirmed that nine hundred and ninety-nine readers out of every thousand, would gravely quote the lines upon the poet, «.v containing Shakespeare' s own iclecij although, only five lines pre- viously, Theseus has placed the poet in the same category with the hmatic. From the purely dramatic character of his works, Shakespeare can never spieak in his own person, but he can always act; that is, so frame his story as that scepticism shall be shewn to be entirely at fault.

CONCLUSION.

In conclusion, the following axioms arc submitted to the consideration of those who arc interested in criticism respecting Shakespeare.

1,9^. That all good art is absolutely ^ri«e, or it could not be good.

2nd. That to the true artist, whatever he cannot feel to l>o absolutely true in its foundations, is altogether intolerable.

3rfZ. That all the difficulty in intellectually admitting these things, lies in the non-admission of an internal, causal world as absolutely real. It is said, in intellectually admitting, because the influence of the arts proves that men's feelings always have admitted, and do still admit, this reality.

Ath. That neither pure Immaterialism (nor Idealism), on the one hand, or pure Materialism, on the other, can be considered but as hcdf -philosophies .1 consequently, that neither of them, singly, could have been the philosophy of such a man as Shakespeai'e.

hth. The great artist is pre-eminently the man of fact and common sense. He sees more facts than other men do, and also the common-senseness of those facts.

^th. All good Art takes both the spiritual and natural worlds for granted, and works with both, according to the laws of both, and with such efl^ect, that the best artists are by common consent, placed above all other men ; and justly so. To be what they are, whether as poets, painters, or musicians, they must not only have the most powerful sense of the objective realities of both worlds, but they are also gifted with the faculty of realising their perceptions., so as to convey them to other men.

1th. That these axioms admitted, an additional evidence Is gained for the highest truths of all — those of Religion, which are thus shewn to be at one with all that tends to raise and refine mankind.

CATALOGUE

AN EXCEEDINGLY CHOICE AND VARIED COLLECTION

OF

3Soofe0 mXi Wioob €ngrabinss^

BY, OR RELATING TO

THOMAS c^ JOHN BEWICK,

AND THEIR PUPILS,

COLLECTED BY

MR. EDWIN PEARSON.

Many of the Volumes are in Elegant Bindings by Messrs. Bedford, Lewis, Zaehnsdorf, Hayday, and others.

ALSO

a jptto iWtSKllamous iaaw, CTurtous anU Mstful 33oofes.

WHICH WILL BE SOLD BY AUCTION,

BY MESSRS.

SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE,

Auctioneers of Literary Property ls$ Works illustrative of the Fine Arts, AT THEIR HOUSE, No. 13, WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND, W.C.

On WEDNESDAY, loth of JUNE, 1868, and following Day,

AT ONE o'clock PRECISELY.

Mav he VipvvpH Twn Davs nrpuinns. and Cala

OPIIPS 19(1

(UJNDITIONS OF SALE.

I. The highest bidder to be the buyer; and if any dispute arise bet%yeen

bidders, the lot so disputed shall be immediately put up affain, provided the seller cannot decide the said dispute.

II. No person to advance less than 6rf. ; above ten shillings, Is.; above

five pounds, 2s. 6rf. ; and so on.

III. The purchasers to give in their names and places of abode, and to pay down 10s. in the pound, if required, in part payment of the purchase- money ; in default of which the lot or lots purchased to be immediately put up again and re-sold.

IV. The lots to be taken away at the buyer's expense, immediately after the sale; in default of which Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge will not hold themselves responsible if lost, stolen, damaged, or otherwise destroyed, but they will be left at the sole risk of the purchaser. If, at the expiration of One Week after the conclusion of the sale, the books or other property are not cleared or paid for, they will then be catalogued for immediate re-sale, and the expense, the same as if re-sold, will be added to the amount at which the books were bought. Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge will have the option of re-selling the Lots uncleared, either by public or private sale, without any notice being given to the defaulter.

V. The books aie presumed to be perfect, unless otherwise expressed; but if,

upon collating, any should prove defective, the purchaser will be at liberty to take or reject them, provided they are returned within One Week after the conclusion of the sale, when the purchase-money will be returned.

VI. The sale of any book or books is not to be set aside on account of any stained or short leaves of text or plates, want of list of plates, or on account of the publication of any subsequent volume, supplement, appendix, or plates. All the manuscripts, autographs, all periodicals, transactions, magazines and reviews, all books in lots, and all tracts in lots or volumes, will be sold with all faults, imperfections, and errors of description. The sale of any lot of prints or drawings is not to be set aside on account of any error in the enumeration of the numbers stated, or ei-rors of description.

VII. No Imperfect Books will be taken back, unless a note accompanies each book, stating its imperfections, with the number of lot and date of the sale at which the same was purchased.

VIII. To prevent inaccuracy in the delivery, and inconvenience in the settle- ment of the purchases, no lot can on any account be removed during the time of sale.

IX. Upon failure of complying with the above Conditions, the money required and deposited in part of payment shall be forfeited; and if any loss is sustained in the re-selling of such lots as are not cleared or paid for, all charges on such re-sale shall be made good by the defaulters at this Sale.

Gentlemen whocannot attendthe Sale may havetheir Commissions faithfulli/ executed by their humble Servants,

SOTHEBY, AVILKINSON & HODGE,

Wellington Street, Strand.

INTRODUCTORY NOTICE.

[HE Books, Prints, and other rarities offered to the notice of Connoisseurs in this Catalogue as ilkistrated by or relating to the world- renowned engravers on wood, Thomas and John Bewick, are deserving of special attention. Such an opportunity of securing scarce and choice copies of the productions of those celebrated Artists is not likely soon, if ever, again to occur. To the contents of this Sale, many parts of Great Britain, and even Germany and America, have yielded contributions. Many exquisite specimens are from the Libraries or Portfolios of Miss Bewick, John Bell, Esq., Thomas Bell, Esq., J. T. Brockett, Esq., Emerson Charnley, Esq., Wm. Garret, Esq., J. Sykes, E.sq., J. Fenwick, Esq., G. Daniel, Esq., Rev. Samuel Prince, M.A., J. G. Bell, Esq., and from numerous private and local collections. Among the books and engravings gathered from so many quarters, will be found nearly all the principal and much prized works of the noted Newcastle-on-Tyne Artists, as enumerated in the " Descriptive Catalogue of Bewick's Works," published by John Gray Bell in 185 i ; and in "The Bnvick Collector^ by the Rev. Thomas Hugo, M.A., in 1866; besides several unique specimens.

INTRODUCTORY NOTICE.

It may be stated that, in searching out from all accessible sources, choice specimens of the Works of the Bewicks, Mr. Edwin Pearson {late of 64, St. Martin's Lajie, IV. C), has had largely in view a long and warmly- cherished object — the compilation of a Memoir of Thomas and John Bewick, with copious biographical notices of their Pupils, profusely illustrated from wood blocks by the Artists themselves. Opportunities for gathering the requisite materials for such a work are rapidly passing away, and can never return. From per- sonal friends of the Artists yet living, from pupils, from original letters and other authentic documents, Mr. E. Pearson has industriously collected a body of reliable and interesting information, which in connection with facts already published, and with appropriate illustrations, would, it is believed, form a very desirable and im- portant addition to our Bewick literature. Considerable progress has been made in the literary department of the work, and it is proposed to print an impression on large fine paper, with India proofs, limited to Orie Hundred, at £1. IS. per- copy. The ordinary sized copies would be proportionately lower in price. Noblemen and gentle- men disposed to encourage its publication, are invited to intimate their pleasure to become Subscribers through Mr. David White, Bookseller, 22, Coventry Street, London, W.

" The name ot Thoiius Bewick is a 'household vvoid,' and his works are to be found in every region where the language of Eng- land is spoken, or her literature cultivated. There are few works which have been so universally diffused as those of Bewick. They are read, studied, admired, and appreciated by intellects of every grade, and by persons of all ages — by the young, by the middle- aged, and by the old. Those who worship nature, and those who worship art, agree in the admiration of the volumes of Bewick." — Britiih i^arterl'j Review.

" His woodcuts universally show the hand of a master. There is in them a boldness of design, a correctness of outline, an exact- ness of attitude, and a discrimination of general character, to which nothing in modern times has ever aspired, and which the most eminent old artists have not surpassed." — Annual Revievj.

The distinguished ornithologist Audubon writes of Bewick —

" He was purely a son of Nature, to whom alone we owe all that characterised him as an artist and as a man. Warm in his affections, of deep feeling, and possessed of vigorous imagination, with correct and penetrating observation, he needed little extraneous aid to make him what he became, the first engraver on wood that England has produced. Look at his tail-pieces, Reader, and say if you ever saw so much life represented before. As you turn each successive leaf from beginning to end of his admirable book, scenes calculated to excite your admiration everywhere present themselves. Assuredly you will agree with me in thinking that in his peculiar path none has equalled him."

Thomas Bewick born August, 1753, died November, 1828. John Bewick born 1760, died 1795.

CATALOGUE

OF THE

EXCKRDINGLY CHOICE AND VARIED COLLECTION

OF

BOOKS AND WOOD ENGRAVINGS

BY OR KELATING TO

THOMAS AND JOHN BEWICK,

COLLECTED BY

MR. EDWIN PEARSON.

FIRST DAY'S SALE.

(SIZES MIXED.)

LOT

1 A Description of Three Hundred Animals, LARGE PAPER,

Crosby, 1812^Fislier's Spring Day, Third edition, 1808 — Bewick's Album, Vignettes, Animals, &c., neatly mounted, half morocco, t. e. g. 8vo. (3)

2 A Description of Three Hundred Animals, Birds, Fishes, &c.,

cuts by Bewick and Pupils tree marbled culf neat, t. e. g. by Zaehnsclorf

&V0. Crosby, 1812

3 Adventures of Captain Gulliver, Newbery — Fairy Tales — Two

Sisters — King and Fairy Ring — England's Monarchs, quaint cuts of Heads^Tom Telescope, 1812 — Fortu- natus, droll cuts — Way to be Happy, Glasgow, 1819

V. y. (6)

4 Adams' (T.) Battle of Trafalgar, and other Poems, 1811 —

North Minstrel, Songs, 1811 — T. Donaldson's Poems, 1809 — J. Beattie's Poems, 1814, 2 copies — Fergu- son's Poems, 2 vol. 1814 — Garlands, Newcastle Eider, Hermit of Warkworth, &c.

Stirling, Alnwick, Neivcastle, cj-c. i'. y. (8)

5 Adams' (T.) Poems, uncut, 1811 — Beattie's Minstrel, Bewick's

vignettes and Clennell's cuts, Alnwick, 1814, 3 copies, half morocco, t. e. g. — Northumbrian Minstrel, 1811

Almvick, ij. y. (5) B

G Adams. Another set, same as preceding, except Adams' Poems, 1811 haJfm<irocco,t.e.g. Alnwick , v . y . (5)

7 ^Esop's Fables, by Eobert Dodsley, London, J. Dodsley, 1786

— A new edition, London, 1798, "cuts, T. Gilbert del. et sculp. 1777" — A new edition, Gainshorough, J. and II. Mozleifs First edition, n. d., all different sets of cuts (3)

8 jEsop. By E. Dodsley, Gainsborough editions, Osborne and

John Mozley, mottled calf gilt, by Zaehnsdorf— Another edition, J. and IL Mozley, Gainsborough — Another edition, London, 1824 (3)

9 il^jsop. Life, by Richardson, 240 copper pilates, n. d. —

Original Fables, by a Lady, 54 cuts, 1810 — iEsop's Fables, by John Jackson, Lowndes, 177-5 — Fables de La Fontaine, Tarascon, 1833, outs— iEsop, Geneva, 1628, impft. (5)

10 iEsop. By Samuel Croxall, Third edition, impft., 1731 — ■

Fourth edition, 1737 — Seventh edition, 1760, index m;;/?.— Fourteenth edition, 1788 v. d. (4)

*#* Croxall's editions were favourites of Thomas Bewick's, and from them he gained many ideas.

11 ^sop. By S. Croxall, Fourteenth edition, 1788 — Fifteenth

edition, n. d. — Twenty-first edition, 1821 — Twenty- second edition, 1825 — Twenty-fourth edition, 1836

V. y. (5)

12 iEsop. Gainsborough editions of iEsop, by S. Croxall, 1804,

\dgnette on title by Bewick — Another edition, 1814 — Twenty-fourth edition, London, 1836 — iEsop's Fables, Dublin, 1824 — Choix de Fables D'Esope, 21 gravures, curious, n. d. v. d. (5)

13 iEsop's Fables, with woodcuts by Thomas Bewick and

E. Dyas, tree calf gilt by Zaehnsdorf

12mo. Wilson and Spence, York, 1810

14 iEsop. Another copy

tree marbled calf by Zaehnsdorf ih. York, \ii\()

15 iEsop. Another edition, cuts by Bewick, &c.

tree marbled calf by Zaehnsdorf ib. York, 1813

16 Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, Warkworth Hermitage,

&c. — Beattie's Minstrel, cuts by Bewick and Clenuell, 3 copies Alnicick, 1814

17 Alnwick (History of), fine frontispiece, &o., by Bewick, 1813

— James Beattie's Minstrel, witli Life, &c., 3 copies, cuts by Bewick and Clenuell, 1814 Alnwick, v. d.

3

18 Alnwick Picture Book (3 parts in 1 vol.), half calf , jielUiw

edges, 1808 — Moral Tales, Contrast, Lessons in Prose.

Alnwick, (J-c, V. ij. (2)

19 Alnwick (The) Poets, all with vignettes by Bewick, and

cuts by IJewick and Clennell — Adams' Poems, 1811 — Burns' (E.) Poems, impft. 2 vol. 1808— Beattie's Minstrel, 1814— Donaldson's (T.) Poems, 1809— Ferguson's (R.) Poems, 2 vol. — Northumberland Minstrel, 1811, 8 vol. half morocco, boards, ^-c.

William Davison, Alnwick, Northumberland, v. y.

20 Almanack. Comptoir Almanach, apt Sohrikkel Jaar,

MDCOXXXII door Jan A van Dane, early woodcuts illustrating the state of the art prior to Bewick and emblematic of the months of the year curiously ornamental covers small ito. 1732

*^* Sold in G. Daniel's sale, July 1864, for £1. 18s.

21 Ancient Ballads and Songs, Manchester, 1796 — Kay's Pre-

ceptor, 1801— Poetry for Youth, York, 1824— Triumph of Goodnature, Glasgow, 1818 ; and two others Manchester, Neivcastle, Glasgow, v. d.

22 Anecdotes of Birds, Savage, 1809 — Angus's New Preceptor,

1801— Reading Easy, 1839— (Economist, 1798— and cheap Repository Tracts (odd parts)

Neivcastle, (f-c. v. d.

23 Anecdotes — Packet of Pictures — Young Lady's Preceptor — ■

Fables — Park's Travels, 1825— Animal Sagacity — Child's Instructor — Mrs. Fenwick's " Lecons," 1820 Newcastle, Dublin, <J-c. v. y. (6)

24 Astrography, or the Heavens Displayed, by J. Greig, 1810

— Edwin and Henry, 1818, cuts by Brans ton — Nurse Lovechilds Reading Easy York, 1803

25 Beattie's (James) Poems. Minstrel, Progress of Genius, &c.

vignettes by Bewick and cuts by Clennell, 3 copies, half morocco, uncut, Almvick, 1814 — North Minstrel, 1811 — Tyneside Songster, Alnwick, n. d.

Almvick, v. y. (4)

26 Beattie's (J.) Minstrel, Progress of Genius and other Poems,

1797 — Another edition, Alnwick, 1808— Another edition, Almvick, 1810 — and another edition, Alnwick, 1814 — Angus's Preceptor, Neivcastle, 1801

Alnwick and Newcastle, v. d. (6)

27 Bell's (John Gray) Descriptive Catalogue of Works, illus-

trated by John and Thomas Bewick, with additional cuts of the small " Chillingham Wild Bull," and

" Huntsman and Old Hound," on while satin ; The Chillingham Wild Bull, 1789, injured state of the block ; Large Lion and Tiger, on India paper ; Proofs of Vignettes ; Cuts from Children's Toy Books ; Tracts and other rare examples ; neatly mounted, half green morocco, uncut, t. e. g. irnpl. 8vo. J. G.Bell, 1851

'28 Bell's (J. G.) Catalogue of Works illustrated by T. and J. Bewick, interleaved with cartridge paper, on which are neatlylaid down numerous extra examples from Bewick's earlier and rarest works, viz.: Gay's Fables, 1779; Select Fables, 1784 ; Youth's Entertaining Instructor ; Proofs and Selected ImjDressions of the Quadrujjeds, Birds, Vignettes, Blossoms of Morality, Looking-glass, Kings of England, Select Fables 1820, Book Plates, Durham Ox, Cook's Voyages, (copper plates) &c. half morocco, t. e.g. imperial %vo. John Gray Bell, 1851

29 Bell (J. G.) A Collection of Cuts from Bewick's various

works ; collected by J, G. Bell, and designed to further illustrate one of his catalogues, neatly mounted on loose sheets ; and an Album of Droll Woodcuts.

30 Bell's (John Gray) Descriptive Catalogue of Works illus-

trated by Thomas and John Bewick, lABGE PAPER, Subscription Gopi/, No. fj, formerly John Fenwick's Gopy folio. 1851

31 Bell's (Thomas) Catalogue of his Library of 15,000 Volumes

of Scarce and Curious Books, &c., rich in Bewick Works, Cuts by him, Newcastle Reprints, Local Works, &c. LARGE V AVER, portrait, only 50 copies printed at a cost of £1 each Jolio. Neivcastle, 1860

32 Bell. Another Copiy ; Portrait, Cuts by Bewick, &c., also

containing the Catalogue (at end) of Curious Prints, only 20 copies p>rinted, uncut folio. Neivcastle, 1860

33 Bell's (Thomas) Sale of Bewick and Local Books, 1860,

with a Collection of Cuts from Bewick's Works, 8ro. formed by J. G. Bell, mounted on 4to. cartridge paper

Neivcastle.

34 Bewick Collector (The) A Descriptive Catalogue of the

Works of Thomas and John Bewick, including Cuts by Bewick, etc., by the Rev. Thomas Hugo, M.A., uncut 8vo. Loi^ell Reeve, 1866

35 Bewick Collector. Another Copy. 1866

36 Bewick Collector. Another Copy, LARGE PAPER, impil. Svo.

with portrait, only 100 copies printed this size.

37 Bewick Collector. Another Copy, LARGE PAPER 1S66

BEWICK'S (THOMAS) EARLY WORKS,

Published liy Thomas Saint of Newcastle, the First Printer and Publisher of Books containing the earliest efforts of Thomas

and John Bewick. .'^8 Hutton on Mensuration, said to be the first work illustrated by Thomas Bewick, rough calf, rare 4?o. T. Saint, NewcaMe, 1770

*^* One of the diagrams in this work is a i-eprescntation of the celebrated steeple of St. Nicholas' Church. 39 Hutton. Another copy, calf neat 'ito. ib. ib. 1770

40 Bewick's (T.) New Lottery Book of Birds and

Beasts, for Children to learn their Letters by, as soon as they can speak ; 48 charming little cuts by Bewick, printed on thick paper, original gilt paper binding, very clean, exceedingly rare o2mo.

Newcastle: Printed by T. Saint, for W. Charnley, 1771

" Attention of Collectors is particularly directed to this interesting little gem — the earliest known wort of Bewick, after Hutton 's Mensuration, and not in Bell's Catalogue. In 1864 I succeeded in purchasing twelve copies in the shop of a worthy Newcastle bookseller, and discovering their great interest as early Bemck productions, I .sold several copies to eminent Bewick Collec- tors. I find that in several cases they have been sold at £3. 3s. per copy. When the above and following copy are sold, ' the little curiosity ' will be unattainable for ' love or money.' " — E. P.

41 Bewick. Another copy, m its quaint gilt Dutch paper binding,

very choice and clean state T. Saint, Newcastle, 1771

[See Tommy Trip, p. f!.]

0

42 Bewick's Tommy Trip. Wood engTavings from a Pretty Edi.ik of Pictures for Little Masters and Misses, or Tommy Trip's History of Beasts and Birds, Dog Jowler, Giant Woglog, &c,, in the original tree- marhled calf hirtding, gilt and tooled

sm. 8vo. T. Saint, Newcastle, 1779

The publishers in the North of England, in several cases where the wood engravings of a book have been much admired, have printed proofs from the blocks in this way, paying more atten- tion to each cut than could be bestowed on it when surrounded with ty[3e. Angus, Hodgson, Mitchell, Davison, and others have each produced volumes of wood engravings from their stores, which are now very rare ; in many cases it is impossible to procure a copy as issued by these publishers The rarity of the " Wood Engravings " to Tommy Trip may be estimated, as T. Saint was one of the earliest Newcastle publishers, and the first puijlisher of books having illustrations in them engraved by Bewick. These exceedingly interesting Bemck rarities were acquired under similar circumstances to " The Lottery Book," 1771 (see preceding lots), and all in one place ; five copies out of only nine have been sold at £7. 10s. each. These tliree copies in all probability are all that can occur for sale.

43 Tommy Trip. Another Copy. tree-marhled calf gilt Svo.

T. Saint, Ne%vcastle, 1779

44 Tommy Trip. Another Copy

tree-marhled calf gilt Svo. T. Saint, Neivcastle, 1779

The following Edition is a faithful Repeint, the Cuts being feinted feom the oeiginal Blocks.

[See Tommy Trip. p. 86.]

7

45 BEWICK'S TOMMY TRIP. A pretty Book of Pictures

for little Masters and Misses ; or Tommy Trip's His- tory of Beasts and Birds, with a familiar description of eacli in prose and verse. To which is prefixed — The History of Little Tom Trip Himself, of his dog Jowler, and of Woglog, the Great Giant. Written by Oliver Goldsmith for John Newbery, " The Philan- thropic Bookseller of St. Paul's Churchyard." 15th edition. Embellished with charming engravings on wood from the original blocks, engraved by Thomas Bewick, for T. Saint, of Newcastle, in 1779 ; with the history, adventures, and seclusion of the said blocks for nearly lOO years, set forth in a preface by the Publisher.

This and the following copies are all bound in P. Bedfoed's " best " style, straight grained red morocco elegant, double bands, gilt hades, &c., with double silk head hands, gilt tops, otherwise uncut (Kalthaber style) only 250 copies printed, fcp. Alto. Edwin Pearson, J. Davy Sr Sons, Land. 1867

" For this elegant Keprint of an exceedingly rare and interesting little tome, right precious and dear to the heart of the genuine Bewick Collector, we are indebted in the first place to tJhe litjerality of our talented townsman, Robert White, Esq. The worthy living depositary of so much of the traditionary lore of the ' North Oountrie,' iMr, White, who is in possession of the only knowm copy of the original work, kindly pilaced the same in the hands of Mr. Edwin Pearson, who has evinced much good taste in the ' getting up ' of this very limited etlition of 'Tommy Trip.'" — IVen-castle Cuurant, Oct. 2.5, 1867.

" Mr. Eilwin Pearson, the faithful and tasteful collector of Bemck's admirable works, has reprinted a small number of copies of the book, with separate impressions of the engravings, taken on India paper, from the orifjinal Hocks. There are seventy-seven of Bewick's designs in this volume, which will be highly prized by connoisseurs in art, and by lovers of literary antiquities, as well for Bewick's as for Goldsmith's sake." — Illustrated London News, Dec. 28, 1867.

" The book itself is capitally got up." — AthentBum, Jan. 2.5, 1868.

" This book really is an artistic treasirre in its way, and ought to be thus appreciated by the public." — Morning Star, Jan. 13, 1868.

46 Bewick's Tommy Trij). Another Copy, precisely similar in

every particular, hound by F. Bedford, (Kalthoeber ' best' .style) Edwin Pearson, J. Davy cj- Sons, Lond. 1867

47 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

ib.

48 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

ib.

49 Tommy Trip,

Another Copy

ib.

ib.

.^lO Tomujy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

ib.

51 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

ib.

Tommy Trip. Auntlier Copy K. Pearson, Lotnlon, 1S(J7.

53 Tommy Trip.

Anotlier Copy

ib.

ib.

54 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

ib.

55 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

ih.

5G Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

ib.

57 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

ib.

58 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

ih.

59 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

lb.

ih.

60 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

ih.

61 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

ih.

02 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

ib.

63 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

lb.

64 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

ib.

65 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

ih.

06 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

lb.

ib.

67 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ib.

lb.

68 Tommy Trip.

Another Copy

ih.

ih.

69 Bewick's (T.

) TOiOIT Trip, one ni

^ onlii two copies ;

7ti

•printed on fine vjriting VELLUM, half Roxburgh, g. t. e. otherwise vncut, hy F. BEDFORD, portraits, •photo- graphs, SfC. fcap. ito. Ed'trin Pearson, London, 1867

'.^* Tlii.s volume may almost be described as TJIsriQUE, as onh/ tiro copies were printtd on VELLUM; the other copy is in the choice Collection of the gentleman -who originated the idea, and in all probability his copy will never occur for sale ; the co.st of production alone — vellum, extra care in printing, binding, &c. — was estimated at nearly Twelve Guineas.

"As specimens of tie early manner of the artist — for an artist Bewick may really be considered — the cuts in this " Tommy Trip " have considerable value. Aflmirers of Bewick will doubtless prize this volume, only 250 copies of which are printed." — The Booliseller, April 1st, 1868.

Bewk'k'.s (T.) Tommy Trip. A set of the seventy-seven wood engravings, without letter-press, printed on thin writing VELLUM, also a few extra impressions on SATIN, and photographs from the original edition, ( R. White, Esq.'s copy) portraits, &c., A VERY INTERESTING AND UNIQUE VOLUME, hound in irhite vellum and tastefully tooled, g. e. hy Zaehrtsdorf

royal Svo.

71 Bewick. The Natural History of Fourfooted Beasts, by

ToJiMY Trip, droll cuts, certainly not by Bewick half morocco, t. e.g. uncut 24:mo. Glasgov), 1802

*+• Rare and interesting to contrast with the genuine cuts of the foregoing " Tommy Trips."

72 Bewick, Another Copy, precisely similar Glasgow, 1802

73 Select Fables. T. Saint, 1784. In three parts

Part I. Fables extracted from Dodsley's ;

Part II, Fables with Reflections in Prose and Verse ;

Part III, Fables in Verse,

to which are prefixed the Life of .iEsop and an Essay on Fable, " A New Edition Improved," for this edition a new set of cuts were engraved by Thomas and John Bewick. These cuts were then deemed superior to any of Bewick's previous productions, calf neat, gilt, g. e. tall copy

12rno. Thomas Saint, Newcastle, 1784 *^* This rare and beautifully illustrated book has been sold by auction for £7. 10s.

74 Select Fables. Another copy, _/?ne impressions of the cuts

original sheep binding 12mo. T. Saint, Newcastle, 1784

75 Select Fables. Another copiy, ivanting the title and life of

^sop, half calf 12mo. T. Saint, Newcastle, 1784

76 The Medley, /rore^. hy Isaac Taylor, Thirty-one Essays for the

Benefit of Newcastle Lying-in Hospital, St'o. ./. White and T. Saint, 1766— The School Master's Guide, Second edition, by Charles Hutton, J. White and T. Saint, 1766 T. Saint, Newcastle, 1766

*„* T. Bewick was a great admirer of Isaac Taylor's designs. .See " Memoir," 1862,

C

10

77 BEWICK'S (T. anj) .1.) EARLIEST AND BAREST WOOD ENGRAVINGS. TWELVE HUNDRED WOOD ENGRAVINGS by Thomas and John Bewick, engraved for Thomas Saint of Newcastle, and Wilson and Spencc of York, previous to the years 1784 and 1810, including all the beautiful Cuts used in New Lottery Book of Beasts and Birds, 1771, Child's Horn Book, 1770, Moral Instructions, 1772, Select Fables, 1776, Youth's Instructive and Enter- taining Story Teller, 1778, A Pretty Book of Pictures, or Tommy Trip's History of Beasts and Birds, 1779, Gay's Fables, 1779, Select Fables, 1784, with the borders to each ctit (a most beautiful series of cuts), Philip Quarll, Robinson Crusoe, Little Jack, Cock Robin, Red Riding Hood, Cries of London and York, Robin Hood's Garland, Poetical Fabulator, Holy Bible in miniature. Full-length Kings and Queens of Eng- land, with heraldic shields. Fairing or Golden Toy, the Picture Book, Goody Two Shoes, Death of Abel, Watts' Divine and Moral Songs, Happy Family, Tommy Tagg's Poems, Patty Primrose, several editions of iEsop's Fables, Dodsley in Miniature, The Happy Family, Lessons of Truth, Morning Amusements or Tales of Quadrupeds, Afternoon Amusements or Tales of Birds, Christmas Tales, York Toy, Peter Painter's Pretty Picture Book, and a whole host of Juvenile Toy Books now almost extinct ; " and though many of these publications were of an extremely trivial nature, the Wood Engravings with which they were embellished caused them at this early period (1770 to 1810) to have an extensive sale," they have delighted thousands of " Little Masters and Misses" in years gone by, and are nearly vnhioiva to the " Bewick Collector " of the present day, but will be instantly

i I

recognized ami ailiiiired on examinatiou as the eaily handy-work and designs of tliese great Masters 1200 beautiful Cuts, the earliest designs and handy-work (unaided by pupils) of these great artists. " Set No. 1" of only seven sets printed {see vellum guarantee on title), portrait and cuts, neatly mounted in handsome folio volume, EXCESSIVELY RAEE

78 BEWICK'S (THOMAS) WOEKS, imperial large and

THICK PAPER, viz. : BeWICK'S BRITISH BiRDS, in the original marbled calf, beautifully gilt and tooled, bound by Lubbock, (Bewick's binder) of Newcastle. Vol. 1, Land Birds, gilt eagles on the bach. Vol. 2, Water Birds, gilt swans on the back, beautiful impressions of the charmiug Wood Engravings, Second edition, Newcastle, 1805, with the Supplements to Land and Water Birds, uncut, Newcastle, 1821, excessively rare in this size and state, (a similar copy of the supple- ments alone sold for £5 5s.)— Bewick's British Quadrupeds, Fifth edition, Newcastle, 1807 ; this edition has one figure and one tail-piece extra to the previous editions, veij choice copy in calf elegant, and gilt, by W. Nutt — Bewick's iEsop's Fables, FIRST edition, Newcastle, 1818, original binding, calf neat by Lubbock, subscription copy with Bewick's celebrated Thumb Mark, Seaweed, Receipt ; choice COPY with portrait of Thomas Bewick — SELECT Fables, Nuvcastle, 1820, first edition of Charnley's edition, original binding calf neat, containing J. T. Brockett's Memoir and descriptive Catalogue of the Bewicks' and their Works. Five portraits, &c., with a Supplemental Vol. containing originals and facsimiles of the true and fictitious copies of " Chillingham Wild Bull," with and without the border, Newcastle, 1789 — Remarkable Kyloe Ox, Newcastle, 1790 — Waiting for Death — Bewick's Lithograph " The Cadger's Trot" Lion, Tiger, Elephant, Zebra, Old Exchange at New- castle, Portraits, &c. &c. exceedingly rare and choice Collection in 7 vol.

Neivcastle-upon-Tyne, 1789 to 1821

*,* This set is imperial largest paper. A set of 5 vol. royal paper, Bewick's Birds, Quadrupeds, ^sop, and Select Fables (W. Pickering's Copy), from Rev. Saml. Prince's Library, Bonsall, Derbyshire, were sold at Sotheby's for £50, Dec. 11th, 1865, and have since been re-sold (1866) for above £60.

12

yy BEWICK'S (THOMAS) WORKS, large and thick PAPER, viz. : Bewick's British Land and Water Birds, 2 vol. Newcastle, 1805, Second edition, IMPE- RIAL iivo. morocco tooled, g. e. ; with the Supplements to Land and Water Birds, Newcastle, 1821, hoards, uncut, royal fivo — BEWICK'S BRITISH QUADRUPEDS, Newcastle, 1807, Fifth edition, imperial Hvo. morocco, tooled and gilt uniform ivith the Ulrds ; the original binding by Luhboch of iVeiwcas^Ze— BEWICK'S iEsoP's Fables, First edition, Newcastle, 1818, with sub- scriber's thumb-mark receipt, IMPERIAL 8uo. green morocco, elegantly tooled, uncut, t. e. g. by Zaehnsdorf, a few leaves neatly inlaid — SELECT FABLES, with Memoir and Catalogue of Bewick's Works, Portraits, &c. Newcastle, 1820, royal 8vo. green morocco, elegantly tooled, t. e. g. uncut, by Zaehnsdorf; insei'ted are Bewick's large engravings of the Wild Bull, Lion, Tiger, Elephant and Zebra, and the remarkable Kyloe Ox, (copperplate signed T. Bewick) 6 vol.,

Newcastle-on-Tyne, v.y. *,* Choice Selection of Bewick's Principal Works. 80 Bewick's (T.) Works. The Figures only, viz. : The Figures of Bewick's Quadrupeds, Newcastle, 1824 — British Land Birds, 182.5 — British Water Birds, 182.5, including the Cuts to the Supplements — Vignettes, by Thomas Bewick, 1827. 4 vol. bound in .3 half green morocco, g. e. ito. U. Walker, Neiocastle, 1824-7 Containing T. Bewick's beautiful Wood Engravings specially printed under his own superintendence, on thin office paper, brilliant impressions of the exquisite Cuts. In consequence of several of the Cuts being injured from printing without the support of Letter- press, &c., Bewick determined that no more should be printed without type. Copies in Ato are very rare. See Clayton Atkinson's Memoir of T. Bewiclc.

*#* Very choice and complete set. " Copies are rarely to be met with." — J. G. Bell's Catalogue, page 24. " The 3 vol. sold for £18. 18s. Od. at Trotter Brockett's Sale." see Bohn's Guinea Catalogue, 1841, p. 13.

<^^.\'0j^A'/:

81 Bewick's Quadrupeds, First edition

tall copy, uncvt, green morooco, elegantly tooled, t. e. g. by Zaelmsclorf S. Hodgson, Newcastle, 1790

*:^* Brockett's copy sold for £5. 2s. 6d. at Sotheby's, June 1843.

82 Bewick (T.) A General History of Quadrupeds, First

edition calf neat by Lubbock, Jine tall copy, choice impressions of the cuts 8vo. Newcastle, 1790

83 Bewick. Another copy. First edition

half morocco Svo. ih. 1790

84 Bewick. Another copy. First edition, impft.

Svo. ib. 1790

85 Bewick's (T.) British Quadrupeds, First edition, royal

LARGE PAPER, straight grained red morocco elegant, double bands, ornamented in Kaltlioeber style, double silk head bands, edges uncut and gilt before sewing, so as not to reduce the size, by F. Bedforel, charming im- pressions of the wood engravings,

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1790

*#* Very rare in this size and state. A similar copy was recently sold for £20.

86 Bewick's Quadrupeds, Second edition

thick paper, fine impressions and very choice clean copy, original calf neat 8do. Neivcastle, 1791

87 Bewick. Another Copy, Second edition

veri^ broad, copy, fine impressions, half calf neat

ivo. ' ib. 1791

88 Bewick. Another Copy, The Second edition

tall copy, fine impressions Hvo. ib. 1791

14

89 Bewick. Another Copy, HeconJ edition

title iiwurded, half calf 8v(i. Nnvcastle, 1791

90 Bewick's Quadrupeds. The Third edition

half calf neat S. Hodgson, Newcastle, 1792

91 Bewicli's British Quadrupeds, Fourth edition

half calf, binding broken,

Impericd 8co. S. Hodgson, Newcastle, 1800

92 Bewick. Another Copy, Fourth edition

calf, injured leaves Newcastle, 1800

9.8 Bewick. Another Copy, Fifth edition

calf neat 8vo. Newcastle, 1807

94 Bewick's British Quadrupeds, Fifth edition

green grained morocco, exquisitely tooled,, g. e. by Hayday, Imperial 8i'o. Newcastle, 1807

95 Bewick's Quadrupeds, Fifth edition

large paper, tall, but poor copy in rough calf

I'inpjerial Svo. Newcastle, 1807

96 Bewick's Quadrupeds, Sixth edition

calf neat Svo. Newcastle, IHW

97 Bewick's Quadrupeds, Eighth edition

calf gilt Svo. Newcastle, 1824

98 Bewick's Quadrupeds, Eighth edition

Svo. E. Wcdker, Newcastle, 1824

Nh

[Facsimile of Bewick's ■'Woodcock," used in tlic " Pcnnv Macrazinc." July. 18-tl.]

15

'J'J Bewick (T.) British Land and Water Birds, 2 vol. LARGE PAPEB, uncut, vol. 2 impft.

royal 8vo. Newcastle, 1797-1805

100 Bewick's British Birds, First edition. Vol. 1 only. Land

Birds, ca//Beo< Svo. Sol. Hodgson, Newcastle, IT^l

101 Bewick. British Birds, First edition. Vol. 2, Water Birds,

impft., many of the Birds are beautifully coloured by Richard Wingate Newcastle, 1804

102 Bewick. Another Copy

impft. and binding broken ib. 1804

103 Bewick's Land Birds, Vol. 1, First edition

half calf neat 8vo. ib. 1797

104 Bewick. Another Copy, Vol. 1, uncut 8vo. ib. 1804

105 Bewick. Another Copy, soiled. Vol. 1 8vo. ib. 1804

lOfi Bewick's Figures of British Land Birds

calf neat, by Charles Lewis royal 8vo. ib. 1800

*^* This identical copy sold for £6. 10s. Od. at Sotheby's, Rev. S. Prince's Sale, December 11th, 18G5. Of this edition 500 were printed at 12s., but did not at that time meet with a ready sale, in consequence of which many of them were destroyed. Only the Land Birds were printed. MS. Note. — It contains the tailpiece at the end in the first state.

107 Bewick. Another Copy, very tall 8vo.

*^* This copy contains the tailpiece in its second state, after Bewick's friends had advised him to engrave two bars of ■wood across the objectionable portion. Rev. Samuel Prince's copy sold for £6. 10s. Sotheby's, Dec. 1865.

108 Bewick. Figures of British Land Birds, Vol. 1, all pub-

lished (?) to which is added a few Foreign Birds with the vignettes fine copy in green morocco, g. e. by Zaehnsdorf

S. Hodgson, Newcastle, 1800

"'ig* The tailpiece on last page is supplied by an original drawing on VELLUM, said to be by Bewick (?) J. T. Brockett's Copy sold for £3. 5s. Sotheby's, Dec. 1823.

109 Bewick's British Land Birds and British Water Birds,

engraved on wood by Thomas Bewick, the figures printed separately, one on a page, on thin office paper, fine grey impressions of the cuts half morocco, uncut, the two vols, in one

4fo. E. Walker, Newcastle, 1825

*^* Only 100 copies printed. " What adds to the value of 4to. copies of Bewick's works, is the fact that no more

16

are likely to be printed in that manner. Accidents to The Crow and The Nightingale having to be rectified by Bewick, he determined that no more should be printed without the letter-press as a support and protection." — C Atkinson's Sketch of T. Beimch.

110 Bewick. ANOTHER COPY, QUARTO, very fine impressions

of the wood engravings half morocco, uncut, the tivo vols, in one

4to. E. Walker, Newcastle, 182.0

*»* Only 100 copies printed, very rare. See J. G. Bell's Catalogue, 1851, page 33.

111 Bewick's British Birds, 2 vol. imperfect

half calf 8yo. Newcastle, 1809

112 Bewick's (T.) British Birds, 2 vol.

uncut, half green morocco, t. e. g.

Hvo. Neiv castle, printed for R. E. Bewick, 1847

*ii* Contains about 25 additional tailpieces not in the previous editions.

113 Bewick. Another Copy, 2 vol.

half green morocco, t. e. g. Svo. Newcastle, 1847

114 Bewick. Another Cojjy, 2 vol. <aZ/ copy, ?i7!CM< 8110. z J. 1847

115 Bewick's (T.) British Land and Water Birds, 2 vol.

half morocco, t. e. g. uncut Svo. ih. 1847

116 Supplement to Bewick's British Birds, w«CT(< Svo. 26.1821

117 BEWICK'S (T.) BIRDS, INDIA PROOFS. 230 choice

impressions of Bewick's Woodcuts of Land and Water Birds ; these were formerly presented by Thomas Bewick to a young lady in the North of England, who had pasted them on both sides of the leaves of a Scrap Book ; they have since been carefully cleaned, split, mended, repaired, neatly laid down on stout cjuarto tinted paper, a line ruled round each and then carefully cold pressed, by F. Bedford VERY CHOICE AND EXCEEDINGLY SCARCE Newcastle, n. d.

*j^* Proof impressions on India Pajjer are now excessively rare. This collection is arranged for two volumes 4to., Land, Water, &c. ; there are a few duplicates showing variations in the same cut, &c,

118 Bewick's (T.) iEsop's Fables, with Designs on wood by

Thomas Bewick LARGE PAPER, green morocco, elegantly tooled, t. e. g.

uncut (a feu: leaves neatly inlaid), by Zaehnsdorf

IMPERIAL Si'o. Newcastle, 1818 '** With the thumb mark. Subscriber's Receipt.

17

119 Bewick (T.) /Esop's Fables, witli Designs on wood by T. Bewick, Second edition, impft. half morocco, t. e. g. uncut Neivcastle, 1823

Select Fables, half calf neat, with Catalogue of

Newcastle, 1820

120 Bewick.

Works and Memoir of Bewick

121 Bewick. Select Fables Select Fables, uncut, tall copy Select Fahles, fine impressions

8vo.

122 Bewick.

123 Bewick.

uncut

124 Bewick.

ib. 1820 ib. 1820

ib. 1820

Select Fables

Charnley's best

i,vo.

ib.

1820

edition 8w.

on ib.

soft 1820

half calf imperfect

125 Bewick. Select Fables,

paper

126 Bewick. Select Faeles, largest paper, 7ireesi^oss«J/e

condition, India proofs of the Cuts, only 12 copies printed, original hoards, uncut, tallest copy, with Memoir, portraits, and descriptive catalogue of Bewick's works IMPERIAL Sivo. Newcastli-on-Tyne, 1820

*,* One of these 12 copies sold for £18. 7s. 6d. at Ee7. Samuel Prince's Sale, Sotheby's, December 11th, 1865.

127 Bewick (Thomas) Memoir of, by himself

half red morocco, g. e. 8vo.

128 Bewick (T.) Memoir

tree marbled calf neat, by Zaehnsdorf Svo. ib. 1862

129 Bewick. Another Copy, uncut Svo. ib. 1862

D

Svo. Newcastle, 1862

18

130 Bewick (T.) Memoir. Another Copy

uncut and vnhound 8vo. Newcastle, 1862

*^* Interleaved with extra cuts and MS. Notes, by a lady.

131 Bewick, Memoir of Thomas, written by himself to his

daughter Jane, during the long winter evenings pre- ceding his death, November 8th, 1828, illustrated with numerous woodcuts of Fishes, and vignettes by the Author, a view of Cherryburn, by J. Bewick, &c. This copy is interleaved and illustrated with numerous rare wood and copper-plate engravings, by Thomas, John, and Robert Elliot Bewick, numerous MS. Notes, etc., by a lady,* who at considerable time and taste embel- lished this exquisite copy with Ijeautiful specimens of rare Cuts, Proofs, &c., given her by the late T. Bewick UNIQUE, thick volume, choice collection of rare Cuts, MSS., SfC, green morocco, gilt and tooled

8vo. Neivcastle, 1862

*#* Exceedingly interesting, and beautifully illustrated with gems from Bewick's graver, woodcuts of Fishes, Cuts of British Birds, by Robert EUiot Bewick (T. Bewick's son) vignettes, Robin Hood Cuts, etc.

* Miss Bewick, mth Autograph, MS. JSTotes, &c.

- ^^-'^^y/'/^^''^

[The al30ve used by kind permission of Eev. Thomas Hugo.]

132 Bewick. Vignettes, by Thomas Bewick, about 100 printed

one on a page uncut and vnhound 8vo. E. Walker, Newcastle, 1827

133 Bewick. Vignettes by Thomas Bewick, fine impressions of

the beautiful Cuts on thin office paper, containing the Vignettes to the Quadrupeds as well as the Birds, J. Fenwick's copy

thick Svo. E. Walker, Neivcastle, 1827

*,(,* One cut on a page. A copy sold for £b. in Rev. S. Prince's sale, Sotheby's, Dec. 1865.

19

134 Bewick. Vignettes by Thomas Bewick : about 150 vignettes

on thin Office paper, loose proof sheets, Newcastle- upon-Tyne, Printed hy Edivard Walker, Pilgrim Street excessively rare ito. Newcastle, 1827

135 Bewick. Vignettes by Thomas Bewick, two cuts on a page

trncvt, thin office pafer 4,to. Edivard Walker, ib. 1827

*** " Very few printed and copies are rarely to be met with." — J. G. Bell's Catalogue, 1851, p. 24.

136 Bewick. Vignettes by Thomas Bewick, two Cuts on a

page, on Bewick's favorite Office paper uncut ito. E. Walker, Neiucastle, 1827

*ff,* Rare in this size and state.

137 Bewick. Vignettes by Thomas Bewick. Selected Im-

pressions from the later editions, containing many not in the First editions of Bewick's Birds, portrait, neatly mounted in handsome ito. vol. tree marhled calf, neatly tooled, g. e. hy Zaehnsdorf

138 Bewick's Vignettes. A choice 4to. Album, so lettered,

exquisitely hound by Zaehnsdorf in tree marbled calf, tooled, and gilt, g. e., containing selected Vignettes from Bewick's various works, many on India paper, Portraits, Facsimile Letter of T. Bewick, Cherryburn (his birthplace,) Memoir of T. Bewick, Phrenological Description of Bewick's Jiend, privately printed. Sub- scriber's thumb mark (T. B.'s), Receipt to .(Esop's Fables, Lion, Tiger, Elephant, Zebra, Old Exchange, and C. Nesbit's Portrait of T. Bewick, small Kyloe Ox, Chilling-ham Bull, &c., several on WHITE SATIN; T. Bewick's rare Lithograph of " The Cadger's Trot," " Sketched by T. B. at Edinburgh, 21st Aug. 1823," only 25 copies jmnted ; and numerous other rare and interesting specimens of the Bewicks' skill.

Netvcastle, n. d.

139 BEWICK (T.) Excessively Rare Specimen Volume

OP Woodcuts, lately belonging to Wm. Davison, of Alnwick. " This probably unique 4to. volume consists of Impressions of 1100 Woodcuts, used by Davison to illustrate books, advertisements, &c. Many of these very scarce cuts are by Bewick, and are marked by Davison, who used this volume for reference in his business. A most invaluable collection for a Bewick Collector," purchased at Muras's Sale, Newcastle, 28th Sept. 1864, containing good impressions from the whole of his stock of woodblocks, for a portion of which, viz. those engraved by Bewick (or in his office),

20

D.avison paid him £500. (see " Bewick Collector," p. 112, where a long notice of another copy of this rare volume occurs). Under each cut engraved by Bewick is printed the word " Bewiok," thus enabling Connoisseurs to identify the genuine cuts used in Burns' Poems, Alnivick, 1808; Buffon, 4 vol. 1814 ; and the various Abridgments of Buifon's Natural History, 1809, &c. ; Fergusons', Adams', Donaldsons', and other Poems, and numerous smaller works (Juvenile, &c.) issued by William Davison, at his " Apollo Press," Alnwick, Northumberland ; the whole of which in their various states and dates are to be found in this Collection. Almvich, n. d.

140 Bewickiana. A curious Quarto Volume of Collections

relative to Bewick and his Works, comprising various Notices, Cuttings, Portraits, set of Edwin Pearson's Plustrated Bewick Catalogues, on LARas PAPER, 18G3 to 1867 ; Specimens of many cuts by the Bewick's and their Pupils, &c. ito.

141 Bewick's (T.) Large Lion and Nicholson's (?) Tiger, on

ivhite satin, in rosewood frames, formerly belonging to Wm. Garrett

142 Bewick's (Eev. William) Poems, Second edition, with the

Appendix calf neat $>vo. Tyne Bridge, Newcastle, 114:2

143 Bewick's Scrap Book, containing selected impressions from

First editions of Bewick's Works of Birds, Quadrupeds, Vignettes, Fable Cuts, Emblems of Mortality, Kyloe Ox, 1790, Large Lion, Tiger, Zebra, &c.. Trades- men's Bill Heads, Book Plates, Eeligious Emblems, Life, Portrait, and numerous rare specimens of these Artists' skill, collected and neatly laid down by a gentleman resident at Newcastle green morocco, bands of gold, g. e. folio

144 Bewick's Large Lion, Tiger, Elephant, Zebra, Old Ex-

change, and Portrait of T. Bewiok by C. Nesbit, on ivhite satin in mounts

145 BEWICK'S ALBUM. A magnificent large Quarto

Album so lettered, bound in red morocco, tooled in the " Grolier style," with Mordants patent lock and Tcey, brass ornamental bosses, tastefully tooled inside covers, and containing a UNIQUE COLLECTION, printed on WHITE VELLUM, of T. and J. Bewick's choice and rare Wood Engravings, containing amongst numerous others. Arms of the Priory of Knares-

21

borough, the Woodcock, six various Portraits of T. Bewick, a curious Tailpiece (similar to one used in the British Quadrupeds), engraved on copper by T. Bewick, Prospectus to Tommy Trip, only seven printed on vellum ; Lion, Tiger, Pidcock's Lion, Old Ex- change at Newcastle, Kyloc Ox, Chillingham Wild Bull, Yorkshire Nightingale, an original Drawing, Tail- piece by T. Bewick UNIQUE ! 100 in number

146 Billington (W.) on Planting, Cuts by T. Bewick

half morocco, t. e. g. 8vo. Newcastle, 1825

%* Bewick's name appears in the list of Subscribers.

147 Bigland's (J.) Letters on Natural History, 1806— J.

Macloc's Natural History, 400 Cuts by J. Thompson, 1813 — Joseph Guy's British Eeader, fine Cuts of Birds, Animals, &c., Baldivin ^- Cradoclc, 1831 — Somerville's Chase, 1804— Wild Flowers, E. Bloomfield (India proofs of the Cuts), 1806 (4)

US Blossoms of Morality, First edition, by the Editor of Looking Glass for the Mind, engraved copper-plate title with vignette and frontispiece original binding 12mo. E. Neivhery, 1789

*^* Highly interesting, as showing that this edition was not embellished with Bewick's Cuts.

149 Blossoms of Morality, Second edition, being the First

edition with Bewick's Cuts fine copy, calf neat, original biading E. Neiohery, 1796

150 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy

original binding, leather neatly tooled ib. 1796

151 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy

tree marbled calf gilt by Zaehnsdorf ib. 1796

152 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Third edition

original binding 12mo. ib. 1801

153 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Fourth edition

tree marbled calf by Zaehnsdorf J. Harris, 1806

154 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Fifth edition

mottled calf by Zaehnsdorf J. Harris, ISIQ

155 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Sixth edition,

Harris, 1814; and the Second edition, being the first with Bewick's Cuts {wants last leaf)

Newhery, 1796 (2)

156 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Fourth edition,

1806; Fifth edition, 1810; and Sixth edition, 1814 (3)

157 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Fourth, Fifth, and

Sixth editions l2mo. 1800-14 (3)

158 Blossoms of ilorality. Another Copy, Seventh edition,

18mo. ; after the Sixth edition the size was reduced to 18mo. Harris, 1821

159 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Eiglith edition,

morocco neat J. Harris, 1828

160 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Seventh and Eighth

editions, half calf 1821-8 (2)

IGl Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, same editions, similar copies 1821-8 (2)

162 Blossoms of Morality. Another Copy, Eighth edition, 1828, half calf ; also Fragments for Youth, Burdehin, York ; Little Teacher, 1818, pretty Alphabet Cuts ; Dawson's Poetry for Youth, Yorlc, 1824; Sunday School Magazine, York, 1824. (5)

1C3 Bloomfield's (Robert) Poems,

LARGE PAPER, very rare. First edition, Vernor and Hood, Bensley, 1800 — Piural Tales, Ballads, and Songs, fine Portrait, 1802, in 1 vol. marbled calf gilt ito. T. Bensley, 1800-2

164 Bloomtield. Farmer's Boy, First edition

uncut fivo. Vernor ^- Hood, 1800

165 Bloomfield. Second edition 8?'o. ih. 1800

166 Bloomfield. Another copy Svo. ih. 1800

167 Bloomfield. Third edition Sfo. ih. 1800

*^* With this copy is bound up Poems by T. Townshend, Esq., of Grays' Inn, 1796, plates by Stothard; and Poems by Anne Bannerman, Edin. 1800

168 Bloomfield. The Fourth edition, 8vo. Vernor cj- Hood, 1801 ;

with this is bound up Eural Tales, 1802, calf neat

169 Bloomfield. Rural Tales, calf neat 8vo. Bensley, 1802

170 Bloomfield. Farmer's Boy, Second edition, 1800 — Third

edition, 1800 — Fourth edition, 1801 (bound with Rural Tales, 1802)— Fifth edition, 1801 (bound with Eural Tales, 1802)— Seventh edition, 1803, (bound with Rural Tales, Second edition, 1802)— Eighth edition, 1805— Tenth edition, 1808— Twelfth edition, 1811 — Fourteenth edition, 1820; portraits, interesting variations and arrangement of Cuts, &c. (12 vol. in 9)

23

171 Bloomfield. Farmer's Boy, Third edition, 1800— Fourth

edition, 1801 — Fifth edition, 1801 — Seventh edition, 1803 (bound with Eural Tales, Tliird edition, 1803) — Eighth edition, 1805— Fourteenth edition, 1820 (bound with Eural Tales, Ninth edition, 1820)

(8 vol. in 6.)

172 Bloomfield's (R.) Poems, Eural Tales, First edition, 1802

— Sixth edition, 1809— Eighth edition, 1815- Ninth edition, 1820

173 Bloomfield's (E.) Wild Flowers, uncut, 1806, proofs of cuts

on white India paper — -Another Copy, 1809, cuts on thick yellow paper, uncut — Another Copy, 1816, imcut —Another Copy, 1819 (4 vol.)

174 Bloomfield's (E.) Wild Flowers, 1806 and 1809— Eural

Tales, 1802, bound with Farmer's Boy, Seventh edition, 1803 (4 vol. in 3)

175 Bloomfield. Remains of Bloomfield (Robert), "published

for the exclusive benefit of the family of Mr. Bloom- field," with music, 2 vol. in 1, Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, 1824— May Day with the Muses, 1822, uncut— Banks of the Wye, uncut, Second edition, 1813 — Wild Flowers, 1806 (5 vol. in 4)

176 Bohn's (James) Catalogue, with Cuts by Bewick, thick 8vo.

1840 — British Galleries by Westmacott, Vignettes, 8vo. 1824 — Fry's Specimen Book of Types and Stereos from Cuts, &c., half morocco 8vo. 1827

177 Buffon's System of Natural History, 4 vol. not uniformly

hound, ivith an extra Vol. 3 impft. and Vol. 4 bound up with Vol. 1, Alnwick, 1814, with The Abridge- ment in Seven Parts, Alnwick, 1809 (11)

178 Buffon's System of Natural History, in four vol., cuts and

numerous tailpieces, &c. by Bewick calf neat \2mo. W. Davison, Alnioick, 1814

179 Buffon. Another set of four vol. uncut, rare in this state

W. Davison, 1814

180 Buffon. An Abridgment of the above. Seven Parts, Quad-

rupeds, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, Butterflies, &c., in one vol., half calf neat, and a set in the original wrappers

Alnwick, n. d. (8 vol.)

181 Buffon. Another Copy, half blue morocco, t. e. g., and a

set in the illustrated wrappers Alnwick, n. d. (8 vol.)

182 Buffon. Another Copy, halfccdf yellow edges, and a set in

wrappers 8 vol. W- Davison, Almvick, n. d.

24

183 Biiffon. A Natural History of British Quadrupeds, Birds,

Fishes, Insects, embellished with 247 Engravings on wood by Thomas Bewick of Newcastle, 1809, half morocco, g. e. ; and a set of the Natural History in wrappers Alninck, 1809

184 Buffon. Another Copy and set

W. Davison, Alnwick, 1809 (8 vol.)

185 Buffon. Another Copy and two sets

Apollo Press, Almvick, 1809 (15 vol.)

186 Buffon. Another Gopj, half green morocco, t.e. g. tall copy,

and two sets Almvick, 1809 (15 vol.)

187 Bunyan (John) The Heavenly Footman, J. Hollis, Shoe-

maker Row — Pilgrim's Progress, Clennell's cuts, V2mo. 1811 — Divine Emblems for the use of Boys and Girls, 1770 — Pilgrim's Progress, Wilson and S'pence, York, 1799 — Another edition, Glasgow, 1814— Another edition, impft. York, Glasgow, ^c.v.y. (6 vol.)

188 Burns' (Robert) Poems

half calf , t. e. g. Alnwick, 1808 (2 vol.)

189 Burns' Poetical Works, Vol. 1, hoards, uncut; Vol. 2, calf

gilt, pretty vignettes Davison, Alnwick, 1808

190 Burns (R.) Another Copy

LARGE PAPER, unciit Alnwick, 1811 (2 vol.)

191 Burns (R.) Another Copy

half green morocco Alnwick, 1808

"%* Bought at Sotheby's for 25s.

192 Bust of Thomas Bewick, by E. H. Baily, Esq., R.A.

rare and exceedingly characteristic. Only a few of these busts (about 12) were prepared by the eminent sculptor who is now no more, and of these several were broken in their transit to Newcastle from London. The one in white marble, in the " Lit. & Phil." See. Mus., Newcastle, cost 100 gs. See a description of it in Atkinson's Sketch of Bewick. Baily executed the statue of Nelson in Trafalgar Square, and many other National Monuments.

*,* Emerson Charnley was a Subscriber to the marble bust, and I have reason to believe this was specially finished for him by Baily. An interesting account and descrip- tion of this bust is given in the following lot. — E.P.

193 Bust. Atkinson's (Clayton) Memoir of Thomas Bewick,

with the Portrait from Baily's Bust very scarce, in piortfolio ito. New castle, 131

25

194 Bewick. A Figure of Thomas Bewick, seated, published

by J. Brucciani, Bell's Court, Newcastle, Sept. 1st, 1831.

195 Chap Books and Toy Books, early Cuts by Bewick : — Toby

Tickle, Gammer Gurton, Tommy Thumb, Nurse Daud- lem, Life of Jesus Christ, Gulliver, Holiday Entertain- ment, Cottage Tales, Fun upon Fun, Picture Alphabet, &c., in one thick vol.

half roxhurgh 24:mo. Lumsden, Glasgow, 1814-5

*^* A precisely similar copy sold for £2. at Sotheby's, Jan.

26th, 1866.

196 Chap Books, York, thick vol. containing Cries of York,

— Cries of London — Mother Hubbard, 2 parts — World turned upside down — Fables — Silver Penny — Golden Present — Foundling— Eed Biding Hood, Tom Thumb's folio — Puss in Boots, and many others half calf, uncut, fine states 24?/io. York, n.d.

197 Chap Books and Garlands — Jack and the Giants, 2 parts,

Angus, Newcastle — Valentine and Orson — Marquis of Salus and Prince Grissel — Emperor Manalay and the Chaste Empress — Thomas Hackathrift (2nd part) — King and Cobler (2 parts) and many others uncut 3 vol. Angus and Marshall, Newcastle, n.d.

198 Chap Books and Toy Books, Mrs. Winlove, Edin., 1819 :

Pretty Hymns for Pretty Children, Pretty Golden Toy, Old Puzzlewit, Sir Gregory Guess, Lovechild's Legacy, Jack Sprat, Mother Goose, Waggon Load of Gold, Wild Boar of the Wood, and many others, in 3 vol. half roxhurgh 2^mo. Evans. Lumsden, 1800-14

199 Chap Books and Toy Books : — Waggon Load of Gold,

House that Jack built, Watts' Divine Songs, King Pippin, Simple Simon, Pretty Picture Alphabet, Old Dame Trot, Jackey Dandy's Delight, Tragical Death, Apple Pie, Tales for Children, Golden Pippin, Jenny Wren, Goody two Shoes, Mother Bunch, Fisherman, Sisters, Fairy Tales, British Primer, King and Fairy Ring, and many others calf neat, g. e. half roxhurgh (5)

24wo. Evans, Glasgow, Dublin, v. y.

200 Chap Books and Toy Books : — Mother Goose, Goody Two

Shoes and her Brother Tommy Two Shoes, Hull, n.d., Beauty and the Beast, Curiosities, Wonders of London, Eobinson Crusoe, Little Jack, Little Dick, Haughs of Crundmell, and many others, 2 vol. half calf neat, uncut, t. e. g.

\%mo. Glasgow and Newcastle, v. d. E

26

"201 Chap and Toy Books : — King Pippin's Delight, Anthony Askabout, Sir Gregory Guess, Robin Eeadywit, Proverbs of Little Solomon, Garland of Nursery Songs, Picture Alphabet, and numerous others. Garlands, &c. 3 vol. half vellum and calf, uncut

18mo. and 24:mo. Batclielor, Marshall, v. y.

202 Chap Books. A Unique Collection of above 100 early

Bewick Chap Books, including — Visits of Tommy Lovebook, Cries of York, Tom Thumb's Exhibition, Little Giants, Merry Cobler, Tom and Harry, Fun, Fables, Gulliver, Whittington, Riddles, &o. Puss in Boots, Red Riding Hood, Graciosa and Peroinet, Tommy Titmouse, &c. &c. &c. all in choice condition. Harris, Netvhury, York, Glasgow, v. y.

203 Charms of Literature. Twenty engravings on wood, by

Bewick, 2 vol. choice copy, uncut

12mo. J. Mitchell, Newcastle, 1817

204 Chillingham Wild Bull, engraved by Thos. Bewick,

Cut 9-j inches by 7-|-, original impression, in its rare state ivith the original border, handsomely mounted and framed. The Cut of the Wild Bull in Richardson's Table Book, Vol. 6, page 15, has been printed without letter-press on India paper, Vellum, &c. and exhibited as the genuine engraving, but a moment's comparison will dispel the delusion. A similar framed copy sold for £8. 8s. at Puttick and Simpson's, Friday, Dec. 7th, 1866. See Bewick Collector, p. 430.

Newcastle, 1789

*#* A very choice lot, see Bell, p. 18.

205 Choice Emblems, First edition

tree calf tooled, g. e.hy Zaehnsdorf, 18mo. G. Riley, 1772

206 Choice Emblems, First edition MS. title, 1772— Riley's

Emblems, Fourth edition, E. Ncwbery, 1781 — Choice Emblems, Fifth edition, _B. Newhery, 1784 (3)

207 Choice Emblems, Fifth edition, E. Newhery, 1784 — Riley's

Emblems, Third edition, E. Newhery, 1779 — Choice Emblems, Seventh edition, E. Newhery, 1793 (3)

208 Choice Emblems, Sixth edition

green morocco, g. e. E. Newhery, 1788

209 Choice Emblems, Seventh edition, E. Newhery, J. Chapman,

— Ninth edition, E. Newhery, J. Cundee, 1799 (2)

27

210 Charnley's (Emerson) Catalogues, in 1 vol.

half morocco, t. e. g. 8w. Newcastle, 1816 to 1824

%♦ Contains several of T. Bewick's choice Cuts: The Turkey, Domestic Cock, &c., rich in particulars of his Works, Newcastle Reprints, &c.

211 Cobwebs to catch Plies, Baldioin and Cradock, 1837 — Mrs.

Barbauld's Hymns, Clennell's Cuts, 1820 — Angus's Preceptor, half calf — Bob Short's Four Seasons of the Year, 1787 — Jeux de L'Enfance, coloured Cuts; and one other London, Newcastle, v.d. (6 vol.)

212 Comic Sketches, York, 1803— Banquet of Thalia— Hand-

maid to the Arts, 2 vol. — Butler (W.) Biographical Exercises, 1807, Notices of John Bewick, Neivbery, — Triumph of Truth, 2 vol.. Vignettes by R. Beilby, 1775 York, London, v. y. (7 vol})

213 Companion to the Altar, Four editions, showing the varia-

tions in J. Bewick's woodcut front, signed ; one copy, with fine border on title by J. Bewick n. d. (4)

214 Conduct of Man to Inferior Animals, vignette signed T.

Bewick, Manchester, 11^1 — Hutchinson's (J.) Sockburn Short Horns, Stockton, 1822— Mrs. Pilkington's His- torical Beauties, title toj'n, 1798 — Family at Smiledale, Glasgow, 1819 v.y. (5 vol.)

215 Cousett's (Matthew) A Tour through Sweden, Swedish

Lapland, Finland and Denmark, with large Copper- Plate Engravings by Thomas Bewick, of The Mid- night Sun, with portraits of Sir H. G. Liddel, Bart, and his Companions in Lapland (in the foreground). Portraits of Sighre and Anied (from life), two women from Lapland, The Reindeer, Lapland Birds, Kader, Snoripa and Orre, View of Upsal, with Sir H. G. Liddel's Carriage (in foreground) ; the only woodcut in the vol. is the Lapland Sledge, a reduced copy of which appears in the British Quadrupeds CHOICE COPY OF THIS EAEE BEWICK VOLUME

half calf gilt ito. Stockton, 1789

*^* The Copper-plate of the Reindeer is one of the most beautiful that Bewick ever engraved : the animal was drawn from life, and the whole of the background was designed on the plate by Thos. Bewick, and is a curious and beautiful specimen (if the expression may be allowed) of wood engraving on copper. An interesting notice of Consett's Tour will be found in Fox's " Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum," 1827, pp. 289, 292.

28

216 Consett. Another Copy, uncut 4zto. London, 1789

217 Consett. Another Copy, uncut ito. Stockton, 1789

%* This book is extremely rare. I could not find one copy in Stockton-on-Tees when there in January 1866. — E. P.

218 Consett. Another Copy, the Heber Copy

calf neat 4:to. Stockton, 1789

*j,* I purchased this identical copy for £1. Is. at Sotheby's in 1867. Copies of the book have lately been sold for £2. 10s. to £S 3s. — E. P. Emerson Charnley, in his Newcastle Catalogue for 1816, prices it 14s. with the following note : — "This work may now be considered as a curiosity, being one of the very few publications which contain any of Mr. Bewick's engravings on copper." In 1823, E. Charnley prices it £1. Is. ; and in 1845, Wm. Garret prices the engravings alone at 19s. 6d.

219 Consett. Another Copy, uncut ito. London, 1789

220 Consett. Another Copy

half gi'een morocco neat ito. Stockton, 1789

221 Consett. The Second Edition, containing only the large

woodcut of Lapland Sledge as a frontispiece, by T. Bewick small 8vo. Stockton, 1815

222 Cook's Voyages round the World, 4 vol. in 2, curious,

as containing numerous Copper-plate Engravings

signed " Beilby and Bewick," very rare and curious

calf neat thick 8vo. Neivcastle, 1790

223 Cowper's (Wm.) Poems, 2 vol., head and tailpieces by

Bewick's Pupils, Nesbit, Clennell and Branston uncut - 8vo. 1808

•^* Some of the cuts are said to be by Bewick (?)

224 Cynthio and Leonora, by George Marshall, impressions of

the Cuts on India paper by T. Bewick and Pupils

Preston and Heaton, Newcastle, 1812

*jj* T. Bewick's name appears in the List of Subscribers.

225 Davison, Alnwick. India proofs of the Cuts of British

Birds engraved for Davison by T. Bewick, neatly mounted in small 4to. vol., half morocco, gauffered g. e.

*^* Only seven sets were taken off on India paper, and of these one was lately sold for seven guineas. — Bewick Collector, p. 291.

29

226 Davison, Alnwick. Wood Engravings of Land and Water Birds, by Thomas Bewick, never before published (^separate from the letter-press), half calf neat, t. e. g. 4:to. J. J. Lynch, Mosley Street, Newcastle, n. d.

Only 60 copies printed, with Portrait of T. Bewick without letter-press.

Another Copy, with Portrait ib.

Another Copy ib.

Another Copy ib.

Wood Engravings of Land and Water Birds, by

. Bewick, the same book as above with a different

still inclusive of the 60 copies, without letter-

4to. /. J. Lynch, Newcastle, 1860

Two Copies

Two Copies

Two Copies

Three Copies, unbound and uncut

Three Copies ib.

Three Copies ib.

Three Copies ib.

Four Copies ib.

239 Dodd's (W.) Beauties of History, Second edition, but the

first edition in which Bewick's Cuts were used, Vernor and Hood, 1796 — Hargrove's Knaresbrough, York, 1798 (2)

240 Dodd. Another Copy, ^.iV^ewJerz/, 1796 — Scenes of Youth,

1803— Hermit of Warkworth, &c. North Shields, 1790 North Shields, London, v. y.

241 Dodd. Another Copy, calf neat, clean and tall copy

Vernor Sf Hood, Newbery, ^c. 1796

242 Dodd. Another edition. Third edition illustrated by a

different series of Cuts to the preceding edition, and containing several Cuts not in the following edition, see " Waiting for Death," p. 119

Vernor ^ Hood, 1800

243 Dodd's (W.) Beauties of History, Fourth edition, 1803—

Sixth edition, 1810— Seventh edition, 1818 (3)

Vernor Sf Hood, Newbery, Longman, Sfc. v. d.

244 Donaldson's (Thomas) Poems, chiefly in the Scottish dialect,

12mo. boards, uncut, Alnwick, 1809 — Ferguson's Poems, 2 vol. Alnwick, 1814 (3)

227

Davison.

228

Davison.

229

Davison.

230

Davison.

Thos.

title.

press

231

Davison.

232

Davison.

233

Davison.

234

Davison.

235

Davison.

23G

Davison.

237

Davison.

238

Davison.

30

245 Donaldson. Another set, precisely like the preceding

W. Davison, Alnwich, 1809-14

246 Drawing (original) on Vellnm, by T. Bewick (?) in mount;

Ten Fable Cuts, on White Satin, in two mounts ; and Painting of Lion, in gilt frame (4)

247 Ducks and Green Peas, 1827— Garlands, 1800— North

Minstrel, 3 parts, 1811 — Donaldson's (the Glanton Weaver) Poems, 1809 — Robert Ferguson's Poems, 2 vol. 1814— Thomas Adams' Poems, 1811

Stirling, Netocastk, Alnvnch, ^c. v. y.

248 Durham. Cooke's Topographical Description of the County

of Durham, with Bewick's large cuts of the Durham Ox and Mr. Mason's Cow, Winch Bridge, &c. half roxburgh n. d.

249 Economy of Human Life, half roxburgh. Little Britain, n. d.

— Bower's History of Ireland, cuts, Edin. 1819 — Pieces on Love and Marriage, Afanchester, 1797

250 Effusions of Love from Chatelar to Mary, Queen of Scot-

land, by Ireland, rare (see Loivndes) half roxburgh 12vio. G. Chappie, 1805

251 Emblems of Mortality, exceedingly tall copy, uncut

London, T. Hodgson, 1789

*„* A similar copy was privately sold lately for £5. 5s. The blocks were destroyed by fire. — E. P.

252 Emblems of Mortality, representing, in upwards of 50 cuts,

Death seizing all ranks of People

T. Hodgson, Clerkenwell, 1789

*»* Very rare, as the blocks were destroyed by fire soon after its publication. T. Tompson's copy sold for £1. 18s. Sotheby's, Jan. 26, 1866.

253 Emblems. Another Copy, formerly Thomas Bell's copy,

with his book-plate by Bewick half calf neat T. Hodgson, Clerlcenwell, 1789

*„* J. T. Brockett's copy sold for £1. 14s. Sotheby's, Deo. 1828.

254 Emblems. Another Copy, uncut ib. ib. *^* The outs are by T. and J. Bewick. The tallest copy I

have seen. — E. P.

255 Emblems. Dance of Death, a different series of 52 cuts*

by Mr. Bewick, W. C. Wright, 1825— The Dances of Death, Etchings by Denchar, 4to. 1803 — Death's Doings, B. Dagley, Second edition, 8vo. 1827, tvants the plates (S)

31

256 Epistles in Verse, by George Marshall, full page cuts on

India paper, one at p. 96 signed T. Bewick, others by his Pupils 4to. Newcastle, 1812

*iif* Has T. Bewick's name as a Subscriber.

257 Fabliaux, or Tales, by M. Le Grand, G. L. Way, &c.,

beautiful wood engravings by John Bewick (among his last efforts), S vol. uncut 8vo. J. Rodirell, 1815

258 Fabliaux, or Tales. Another Copy, 3 vol.

half calf neat ib. 1815

259 Fabliaux, or Tales. Another Copy, Vol. 1 only, First ed.

LARGE PAPER, uncut royal 8uo. W. Buhner, 1796

260 Fabulous Histories, or the History of the Robins, by

Mrs. Trimmer, Tenth edition, 1815, 2 vol. in 1, (12mo. and 18mo.) THICK PAPER, T.Bensleijfor TVJiittingham, calf neat — Twelfth edition, 1818, 12mo. LARGE PAPER, u?icut, N. Hailes — -Thirteenth edition, 18mo. uiiciit, 19,<il — Another Copy of this ei'ition (13th), 12mo. LARGE PAPER, half roxhirgh, " with woodcuts by Bewick" ; the others have not got this printed in the title, and the date is diiFerent to the other 13th edition, (18mo.) being N. Hailes, 1821 v. y. (4)

261 Falconer's Shipwreck, 8vo. calf tooled, 1808 — Blustrations

of Walter Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel, 8vo. 1810, mottled calf, tooled 1808-10

*#* Both containing exquisite vignettes signed L. Clennell.

262 Falconer's Shipwreck. Another Copy

LARGE AND THICK PAPER, calf neat

royal 8vo. Oa.dell and Davis, 1808

263 Ferguson's (Robert) Poetical Works, 2 vol,

uncut 12mo. W. Davison, Almvich, 1814

264 Ferguson. Another Copy in this desirable state, 2 vol.

uncut 12mo. ib. 1814

265 Fisher's (A.) New English Tutor (Third edition), Neiocastle,

Slack, 1774, and the Twentieth edition, Sol. Hodgson, Newcastle, 1810 — Turner's Arts and Sciences, Austin's cuts, Eighteenth (1821) and Nineteenth (1825) editions — New Preceptor for Young Ladies and Gentlemen, Newcastle, 1801 v. y. (5)

266 Fisher's Garlands (the original editions), published annually,

&c. from 1821 to 1845, each with a choice Angling Vignette by Thomas Bewick, 27 (nearly a complete set, wanting two ?) in the finest possible condition, uncut and unbound; with Mitchell's Pleasures of Angling, 1824, rare ib. v. d. (28)

82

2G7 Fisher's Call (The) and Tliirty-four of the Fisher's Garlands, some duplicates, each with a choice Vignette by T. Bewick Neivcastle, 1824-42

268 Fisher's Garlands, a few Bewick cuts

half roxburgh, t. e. g. a well printed and choice volume

8vo. G. Rutland, Newcastle, 1864

269 Fisher.

Another Copy

ih.

ib.

270 Fisher.

Another Copy

ib.

ib.

271 Fisher.

Another Copy

ib.

ib.

272 Fisher.

Another Copy

ib.

ib.

273 Fisher.

Another Copy

ih.

ib.

274 Fisher.

Another Copy

ib.

ib.

275 Fisher.

Another Copy

ib.

ih.

276 Fisher.

Another Copy

ih.

ih.

277 Fisher.

Another Copy

ib.

ib.

278 Fisher's Spring Day, Third edition, Edin. 1808— J. Stagg's

Minstrel of the North, or Cambrian Legends, uncut, Manchester, 1816 — Thelwall's Poems, Edwin of Nor- thumbria, &c. uncut, Hereford, 1802 8w. (3)

279 Florist's Companion (The) by John Hudson, ore thick

paper and interleaved, verji scarce, " as feio copies were printed, Neivcastle, n. d. — Wilson's Stanzas, J. Sykes, ib. 1825 (2)

280 Florist's Companion (The) {corners of 4 leaves torn)

some of the cuts coloured, Neivcastle, n. d. — Collier's Wedding, half calf , uncut, ih. 1829 (2)

281 Flowers of British Poetry, uncut, J. Mitchell, Neivcastle,

1809 — Kay's Preceptor, 1801 — Newcastle Garlands, Marshall, " Flesh Market," ih. 1800 (3)

282 Flowers of British Poetry, half roxburgh ; aud Chap Books,

Garlands, &c.halfmo7'occo, t.e.g. Stirling, Neivcastle, ib. V. y. (2 )

283 Foundling (The) by T. Adams, Cupar, 1821— Adam's

Poems, halj roxburgh, Alnwick, 1811 — Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, droll cuts, 1731

284 Fox's Newcastle Museum. Synopsis of the Newcastle

Museum, late THE ALLAN, formerly The Tunstall or Wtcliffe Museum, to which are prefixed Memoirs of Mr. Tunstall, the Founder, and of Mr. Allan, the late Proprietor of the Collection ; with occasional remarks on the Species by those Gentlemen and the Editor, by George Townshend Fox, Esq., F.L.S. beautifully printed on ribbed paper, fine plates, ivood- cuts, ^c, half calf gilt Newcasth-on-Tyne, 1827

*»* This valuable local work contains numerous Letters

33

bet^reen Be^vick and his Friends — constant mention is made of his name throughout the work in connection with the Birds, &c. in the Museum. Several of the beautiful Wood Engravings are by him, also two large Engravings by his son, K. E. Bewick, whose productions are very rare. This Work also contains a complete list of the various editions of Bewick's British Birds, Con- sett's Tour, the Chillingham Wild Bull, and other valuable information connected with Bewick, Newcastle, Natural History, Antiquities, &c. No Bewick Collector should be without this valuable and interesting work, •which forms an appropriate companion to Bewick's Birds. A copy is priced £1. 8s. and another £3. 3s. in Beets' Catalogues, in 1867-8. I purchased the remaining copies, all I could find in the North ; they are very rare when in a perfect condition like the present copies.

285 Fox. Another Copy, hoards, uncut Newcastle, 1827

ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib.

286

Fox.

Another Copy

ib.

287

Fox.

Another Copy

ib.

288

Fox.

Another Copy

ih.

289

Fox.

Another Copy

ih.

290

Fox.

Another Copy

ih.

291

Fox.

Another Copy

lb.

292

Fox.

Another Copy

ih.

293

Fox.

Another Copy

ih.

[T. Bewick's celebrated cut of the " Huntsman and Old Hound," en- graved in 177.5 ; an original impression occurs in each of the following :]

294 Gay's (J.) Fables, with Cuts by T. Bewick of Newcastle, choice copy, morocco elegantly tooled, g. e.

\2mo. Wilson and Spence, York, 1806 F

34

295 Gay's Fublc'^. Another Copy

halJ'rdlfqUt, g. ''■ l-lmo. Wilson and Speiicc, 7o77,', ISOC 29(i Gay's Fables. Anotliei' Copy, thick paper

calf neat. ih- ''''• 1806

•297 Gay's FiiMes. Anutlier edition

ml/' neat Wilson and Son, ib. 1810

-298 Gay's Failles. Aiiotliei- ei.lition, ra// jzfa? iV^lSll

299 Gay's Fables. Another Copy, ia// it. 1811

300 Gay's Fables. Aiiothe)' Cipy

I-ARGK PAPER, ?("C»^ 'b- 1811

301 Gay's Fables. Cuts by John Bewick, with the borders

I'lino. K. Netvhcry, 1792

302 Gay's Fables. Another Copy ; and an earlier edition, no title

303 Gay's Fables. Another Copy, without the borders from

this date inclnsive, 1801, and a copy of the York edition, ]irinted by Wihon S{ Son, with the " Tjondon" imprint, 1811, several (aits coloured (2)

;i03^Gav's Fables. 'I'iie Set of GO Cuts by J. liev/kk on WHITK SATIN in 4 mounts

301 Gav's b'ables .Another Copy, John Bewick's cuts without tlie h.irders. 1 806 — Another edition, 1810— Another edition, 1823 — Another edition, Gainsborough, 1784 — Another edition, Dublin., 1784 — Another edition, 1757 and four other editions, oia: or two imperfect

18/rto. Yea-h, Gfiinshro\ Dublin, S{c. v. d. (lOj

305 Gay's (John) Fables, One Hundred EtnbeUishments by Bewick and Fu|iils, Almrick, 1842 — Sketches from Nature, Keate. uncut, l''ifth edition, 1802— Evans' Juvende 'J'oiirist, LsO'.)

35

306 Gay's Fables, Kent's designs, Second edition, mottled calf

neat, (J. e. by Zaehnsdorf, iivo. J. Tonson, 1728

306*Gay. Another Copy, Third edition 1729

*,* Much admired by Bewick.

307 Garrett (William). MSS. Volume, Newspaper Extracts,

&c.. Eminent Men of Newcastle and Northumberland; interesting to the Bewick Collector.

308 Gessner's (Solomon) Works — Death of Abel, Daphnis, &c.

Notes, Life, Plates and pretty Vignettes, 2 vol. calf neat 12?«o. J. Cundee, Albion Press, 1805

309 Goldsmith and Parnell's Poems

calf neat, g. e. 8vo. W. Buhner, 1804

*,* Formerly T. Bell's copy, with his book-plate by Bewick.

310 Goldsmith and Parnell's Poems

russia neat ito. Shakespeare Printing Office, 1795

311 Goldsmith and Parnell's Poems

calf neat, elegantly tooled ito. W. Bulmer, 1795

312 Goldsmith and Parnell's Poems, exceedingly brilliant im-

pressions of the gems of wood engraving by Bewick LARGE PAPER, half morocco, t. e. g. uncut

4fo. W. Bulmer, 1795

313 Goldsmith's (Oliver) Vicar of Wakeiield, 2 vol. in 1, em-

bellished with woodcuts by T. Bewick, signed, calf neat, very rare l2mo. Hereford, 1798

314 Goldsmith's Poetical Works, Vignettes by T. Bewick,

excessively rare edition \2mo. Hereford, 1794

315 Goldsmith. Another edition

half morocco, t. e. g. ib. 1799

316 Goldsmith's Poetical Works, Hereford, 1794, tvants two

leaves — Traveller and Deserted Village, Blair's Grave, Essay on Man, &o., Gainsborough, 1803 — Effusions of Love from Chatelar to Mary Queen of Scotland, (Ireland), 'uncut, 1805 (3)

317 Goldsmith's Poetical Works, same cuts as the Hereford

edition exceedingly fine copy, uncut Glocester, 1809

318 Goldsmith's Poetical Works, Life by Aikin, plates, calf

neat, 1805 — Vicar of Wakefield, Whittingham's edition, cuts, 1815— Natural History, 200 cuts, 1820 — Poetical Works, Vignettes by Craig, Austin, kc, 1804 (4)

3(3

319 Grave (The). A Poem, K. Blair, frontispiece by Bewick, Alnivick, 1811 — Beattie's Minstrel, tailpieces by Bewick and cuts by Clennell, 8 copies, half morocco, t. e.g. 1814 ; and the New Preceptor, Angus, Newcastle, 1801 Newcastle and Alnivick, v. y. (5 vol.)

820 Grove Hill. A Descriptive Poem, exc[uisite cuts by

Anderson, Bewick's pupil uncut 4to. T. Bensley, 1799

821 Harrison's Amusing Pictures for Children, in four parts,

First edition, about 800 cuts, some signed J. Bewick, 4 vol., original stiff wrappers Ato. Devizes, 1829

*^* The only copy I have seen. — B. P.

822 Hermit of Warkworth, by Dr. Tliomas Percy, 8vo. Alnwick,

1841 — Another edition, 12mo. uncut, Alnivick, n. d. — Another edition, Carlisle, 1782 — Another edition, 18mo. Lougfihorough, 1812 (4)

323 Hermit of Warkworth, half ccdf, t. e. g. Alnwick, n. d. —

Alnwick Picture Book of Beasts, Birds, &o., half calf — History of Alnwick, Alnwick, 1813

324 Hieroglyphic Bible (A Curious), Thirteenth edition, R.

Bassam for T. Hodgson, 1796, clean copy, uncut, of extreme rarity in this state ; the book is referred to at p. 566, Jackson on Wood Engraving, 1839, the cuts by Thomas Bewick — Another edition, Kendrew, York, about 1800, outs by J. Bewick or a Pupil, gi-een morocco by Zaehnsdorf Lond. and York, 1796-1800

825 History of All Nations, Sol. Hodgson, Newcastle, 1800 —

The Hive, ib. 1806 1800-6

826 History of England, Thirty-two full length cuts, T. Carnan,

1779 (John Bell's copy)— Another edition, 1794— Another edition, 1807, mottled calf gilt, g. e. by Zaehnsdorf v. d. (3)

327 History of England, Goldsmith's Abridgment, Tenth edition,

1800 — Eleventh edition, 1803 ; in these editions the cuts were printed from the ivood blocks, in the following they were printed from stereotypes 4 cojnes, v. d.

328 History of England, Goldsmith's Abridgment, 1812 —

Another Copy, 1813 ; these editions have the large oval cuts H. Mozley, Gainsborough, v. d.

329 History and Famous Exploits of Eobin Hood, Banbury, n. d.

— Robin Hood's Garland, 27 droll cuts, Nottingham, 1792- Another edition, ib. 1794 (3)

830 History of Wood Engraving, by Chatto, from the Blus- trated London News, Jan. 1 to June 30, 1844 half green morocco thin folio. 1844

37

SECOND DAY'S SALE.

331 Hive (The) of Ancient and Modern Literature, Third

edition, calf neat Sol. Hodgson, Newcastle, 1806

332 Hive. Another Copy, unctit ib. ib. 1806

333 Hive. Another Copy, formerly T. Bell's

uncut, tall copy ib. ib. 1806

834 Hive (The). Another Copy, Third edition

ib. ib. 1806

335 Hive. Another Copy, Fourth edition, cuts by Bewick and

Clennell tall copy, half roxburgh ib. ib. 1812

336 Hive. Another Copy, Fourth edition ib. 1812

837 Holloway's (Wm.) Scenes of Youth, 1803— Another Copy, uncut — New Bath Guide, 1804 ; and two others

Newcastle, London, v. y. (5 vol.)

388 Howard (John), Life of, large Vignette on Title, 8vo.

Newcastle, 1790 — Album of Vignettes, Birds, &c. half morocco, t. e. g. (2)

389 Holy Bible (Ostervald) numerous copper plate engra-

vings, signed Beilby and Bewick, the centres by Beilby, and the beautiful and varied borders by Bewick very curious and scarce

folio. J. Tompson, Newcastle, 1806-9

340 Hudibras, by Samuel Butler, large paper, Hogarth's plates, and vignettes by Bewick and pupils, 2 vol.

royal ivo. Vernor ^ Hood, 1799

38

341 Illustrations of Sliakespeare, 230 vignettes by Thompson,

.Svo., 183t» — Flours, a Poem, 4to. calf gilt Neivcastle, 1821

342 Insects, Fishes, Butterflies, &c. E. Neivhery, 1793—

Metamorphosis Naturalis, Pars Secunda, J. Goedart's coloured plates, j\Iediohiirgi

Neivhery, Almvich, cj-c. v. d. (9)

348 Isle of Man, Feltham's (John) Tour, Svo. Bath, 1798 — Isle of Man, port. Neivcastle, 1809 — Stark's Picture of Edinburgh, 1806— Lincoln Cathedral, 1793 — Songs, Grantham, 1802 v. d. (4)

344 .Jack Horner, Youths' Historical Companion, Cries of

London, Mrs. Lovebook's Animals, Bible in Miniature, Fishes, Insects, Birds, British Primer, Watts' Songs, Dialogues, Marshall, 1787, &c. &c. Twenty-nine curious Chap Books in original wrappers, Sfc.

Derby, Stochton-on-Tees, ^-c. v. d.

345 Jackson (John) Treatise on Wood Engraving

half morocco, t.e.g. uncut imp. Svo. Knight, 1839

*^* Rich in information respecting Bewick and Pupils, cuts, &c.

346 Junius's Letters, woodcuts by Bewick, 2 vol.

mottled calf, neatly tooled Si-o. Vernor S[ Hood, 1797

347 Junius. Another Copy, 2 vol. calf neat Svo. ih. 1797

348 Keate's Sketches from Nature, Journey to Margate, Bewick

and Austin, tall copy, half calf , uncut , 1802 — Alnwick Picture Book of Birds, Beasts, &c. half calf neat, n. d.

349 King Lear and his Three Daughters (Chap Book) cuts,

1794 — Little George, 1819 — Montelion, droll cuts — Tom Telescope, 1812 — Master Trueworth, with Fables and Tales — Mrs. Barbanld's Hymns, ^rae edition, 1820

Glasgow, Sfc. v.y. (6)

350 Kings and Queens of England, a collection of various sets,

engraved by the Bewicks' and their pupils, neatly mounted in royal 8vo. volume, lettered " Woodcuts " hcdf morocco Neivcastle, n. d.

351 Knaresbrough (History of) with Harrogate, by E. Har-

grove, Third edition, Torh, 1782 — Another Copy, uncut, York, 1782— Fifth edition, York, 1798— Another Copy, Sixth edition, Knaresbrough, 1809, uncut — A Week at Harrogate, ib. 1813 v.y. (6) *«* With beautiful cut of Arms, Earl of Cornwall.

362 Kyloe Ox (The Remarkable) Copper-plate Engraving by T. Bewick fine impression in gilt frame Neivcastle, 1790

39

353 Kyloe Ox. Another impression on WHITE SATIN, very rare, in carved wood frame Newcastle, 1790

364 Lawson's (A.) Modern Farrier, 8to. Newcastle, 1830 — Complete Grazier, iSecoiid edition, 1807 — Ilhistrated London Drawing Book, 1853, Bewick's Birthplace, p. 145— Mackenzie's Phrenology, Edin. 1820— Bray- ley's Graphic Illustrator, 4to. 1834 (5)

355 Lay of an Lish Harp, by Miss Owenson (Lady Morgan),

Vignette by Bewick half morocco, t. e. g. Svo. R. Phillips, 1807

356 Legend of St. Cuthbert (The), with the Anticpiities of the

Church of Durham — Act of R. Hegge the Author, &c. by J. B. Taylor, F.S.A., cuts by Bewick and Nicholson, rai-e, half roxhurgh ito. Sunderland, 1816

357 Legends (Metrical) of Northumberland, by James Service,

uncut, Alnwich, 1834- — Robin Hood's Garland, Not- tingham, 1792 — Marshall's Newcastle Garlands, Death and the Lady, &c. Newcastle, about 1800, half vellum

12mo. (3)

358 Literaiy (The) Miscellany, or Selections and Extracts,

numerous Vignettes by Bewick and Pupils, 18 volumes, nearhj a complete set

G. Nicholson, Ploiighnill, Manchester, 1797-1804

359 London Cries, York Cries, &c. Several Series engraved by

Bewick and Pupils, neatly mounted in album ; with a choice copy of Modern London, with numerous coloured plates and explanations of London Cries uncut ito. 1804

360 Looking Glass for the Mind, Fiist edition, an elegant

collection of the most delightful little Stories and

interesting Tales, fine copper-plate frontispiece,

" Minerva presenting the ' Looking Glass' to Children "

original binding 12nio. E. Newbery, 1787

*#* Interesting as showing that the First edition was not illustrated by Bewick.

361 Looking Glass, Second edition (?) 1792, being the First

edition with Bewick's cuts ; this copy, w^ith exceed- ingly fine and earliest impressions of the cuts, unfor- tunately wants title and front., thicker paper than the succeeding editions, excepting the Third edition, 1794

ih. 1792

362 Looking Glass, Third edition (?) 1794

tall and exceedimgly fine copy in its original binding

J. Crou'cler, E. Neicbery, 1794

40

3(53 Looking Glass, Fourth edition, (?) 1796, calf tooled, g.e. by W. Nutt J. Crou'der, E. Neivhery, 1796

364 Looking Glass, Seventh edition, 1798, half calf neat, J. Croit'der for E. Neivherji — Tenth edition, 1806, for J. Harris, successor to E. Netcheri/ 1798-180G (2)

865 Looking Glass, Tenth edition, tall copy, J. Harris, 1806

— Eleventh edition, original lindinij, ib. 1809 (2)

866 Looking Glass, Twelfth edition, tcdl copy, J. Harris, 1812

— Fourteenth edition, ib. 1817 — Fifteenth edition, half calf, ib. 1821 (S)

867 Looking-glass for the Mind, Fifteenth edition, Harris, 1821

— Seventeenth edition, /. Harris, 1827 — Nineteenth edition, J Tegg, 1834, a different set of cuts hy John Thompson to this edition, C. Whittingham, Chisivick Press, 1834 — Twentieth edition, cuts by George Bax- ter, Longman, 1840 v. d. (4)

368 Lnckombe's (P.) History and Art of Printing, First edition,

1770, calf neat — Another edition, 1771 — Stower's Printers' Grammar, Crosby, 1808, all with woodcuts

8vo. (3)

369 Mackenzie's History of Newcastle- on- Tyue and Gateshead,

cuts by and biographical notices of the Bewicks' and their pupils, 2 vol. 4to. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1827

370 Manby's (G. W.) Essay on the Preservation of Shipwrecked

Persons, Vignettes by Craig and J. Bcrryman, royal 8vo. — An Address to the Society of Arts (unpublished) 8vo. half morocco, Bensley, 1816 — Eeport of Eoyal Humane Society, calf neat, 1821 (all with cuts) (3)

371 Marshall's (G.) Cynthio and Leonora, uncut, fine impressions

on India paper of Bewick's cut of the Cape of Good Hope, &o, 4-to. Newcastle, 1812

[See Lot .S72, next page.]

41

■^72 Marslinll (John), of Aldermary Chureli Yard, Bow Lane, Collection of Wood-cuts mostly engraved by Joliu Bewick, and used in Life and Perambulations of a Mouse — Memoirs of a Peg Top — Life of a Fly — Jemima Placid — Adventures of a Pincushion — Mrs. Norton's Happy Family — Story Book, &c. Philip Quarll, Goody Goose-cap, and numerous others, in their quaint gilt paper bindings, issued from Marshall's Toy Book Manufactory, about 1797 to 1801 EXCESSIVELY RARE COLEECTION, riwstli/ on Tea Paper, memntee] in. Quarto Album.

373 Marshall's Poems, impressions of the Cape of Good Hope

(signed T. Bewick) and the other engravings by pupils, on India paper, half ccdf, Neivc. 1812 — Poems by Felicia Dorothea Browne (Mrs. Hemans) exquisite vignettes by H. Hole, Bc'.vick's pupil, 1S08 — Richmond Hill, a Poem, W. Bidmer, 1807 unrjit ito. N'eirc, Liverjiool, v. d. (3)

374 Martinian, curious 8vo. vol. of droll engravings, MSS.

Tracts, &c. by, aud relating to William Martin, cuts by Bewick (?) unique collection Neiocastle, 1821, v.y.

375 Meluoth's ( Sidney) Beauties of British Poetry, First edition,

1801 — Second edition, 1803 — Moral Tales and Poetic Essays, by Mrs. Crowther, 1802 — British Poetical Miscellany, First edition, n. cl. ; and the Third edition, ??.(/. (about IbUO) All published at Hiuldersfield (5)

876 Minerva, by P. PuUen, Exeter, 1777 — Kay's Preceptor, vignettes, 1801 — Castle of Tynmouth, 2 vol., Newc. ] 8"30— Anecdotes of Birds, 1809

Exeter, Newcastle, ^-c. v. d. (5)

377 Mitchell (J.) St. Nicholas' Church Yard— Charms of

Literature, 2 vol. 1800, vol. 1 loants title — Flowers of British Poetry, A^«rc.l809 — Hargrove' sKnaresbrougb, For/t, 1798 York, Nciccastle, v.y. (4)

378 Mitchell (J.) Mercury Press, woodcuts by Thomas Bewick

and his brother John, containing the cuts to Chai'ms of Literature, Eelph's Poems, Sunderland Bridge, Tynmouth Priory, Birds, and numerous cuts used in various works issued from Mitchell's press, uncut, excessively rare 8vo. Neiocastle, about 1800

379 Mother Bunch's Fairy Tales, Two Sisters, Christmas Tales,

by Mr. Solomon Sobersides, Ring of Amurath, Frank Eldridge, Parsimus, droll cuts. Old Zigzag and his ilorn Glasgow, ^-c. v. y. (4)

G

42

380 Mynslml's (G.) Essays and Cliaracters of a Prison, wood-

cut of Gaoler by Bewick {see Preface) uncut, fine copy 8vo. Ballantyne, Edin. 1821

381 Natural History of Quadrupeds, adorned with 64 engravings

on wood evidently by Bewick or a pupil uncut Svo. J. Kettle, 1804

382 Naturalists' Miscellany, or Coloured Figures of Birds,

Animals, &c. drawn and described immediately from Nature, 10 vol. 8to. 1790

*4(,* Excellent companion vols, to Bewick's works.

383 Negro Sale at Demerara, cut by Bewick of Slave, lialf

roxburgh — Preceptor, Neivc. — The Nurse (Roscoe), Liverpool, 1800 — Flowers, British Poetry, Neivc. 1809 — Knaresborough and Harrogate, To?'Jc, 1798

York, Newcastle, ^-c. v. d. (4)

384 Negroes (Insurrection of the) in St. Domingo, 1792 — Loyal

Northumbrian Social Society, Newc. 1822 — Bible Association Dialogues, 18mo. large woodcut by Bewick or a pupil, 1816 Newcastle, Sfc. v. d. (3)

38.'3 New Bath Guide, 1804— Another edition, 1807, proofs of cuts on India paper, vncut — Scenes of Youth, Holloway, »/?;«/<, 1803— Parental Education, 1803 v.y. (4)

386 Newcastle Garlands : a Choice Collection, tall and uncut,

half calf, t. e. g. J. Marshall, Neivcastle, n. cl.

387 Newcastle (The) Magazine, cuts by, and Notices, &c. of

Bewick and pupils half calf neat 8vo. W. A. Mitchell, Newcastle, 1822-2.5

388 Newcastle upon-Tyne (Picture of) Bewick vignette, Aken-

head, Neivcastle, 1807 — Another edition, 1812 — Richardson's Newcastle, Bewick's cut, pp. 166, 1888 — C. Bruce's, 1863— T. Sopwith's, 1838— T. Oliver, 1831 — Pictures, &o. of Newcastle-Directory, 1838

Neivcastle, v. y. (7)

389 New Preceptor (The), or Young Lady's and Gentleman's

Instructor, by R. Kay, emblematical cuts and Bewick's beautiful cut of the Newcastle Arms on the title, used in Whitehead's Newcastle-Directory, 1778, Angus, Newc. 1801, half roxburgh — Fisher's English Tutor, Thirteenth edition, 8. Hodgson, Newc. 1810

390 New Preceptor. Another copy, half calf neat — Bums' (R.)

Poems, Edin. 180,5 — Histoiy of America, Neicbery, 1789

48

391 Newcastle Reprints. Act of Great Floods, Tyne and Wear,

1771-1815, Jo/ire 56^, 1816— Dialogue between North and South Tyne River, 4to. large paper, 1850 — Chicken's Collier's Wedding, 1829— Robert Earl of Salisbury, 1818 — Mitchell's Pleasures of Angling, 1821— The Wind, by Robert White, 1853— Elegy on Charlotte Princess of Wales, by Wm. Garrett, 1817

Newcastle, v. y. (7) *^* All with the vignettes by Thomas Bewick.

392 Newcastle Reprints. Letters between James Ellis, Esq.

and Walter Scott, Esq., 1850— Mrs. Cockle's Elegy on the Death of George III., 1820 — Reply to Lord Byron's Pare-thee-well, only 20 copies printed, 1817 — Lines addressed to Lady Byron, 1817, only 20 copies printed — Mrs. Cockle's Elegy on the Memory of Princess Charlotte of Wales, 1817 — Stanzas on New Line of Road, Sykes, 1825 — Cowper's Rose Bushes, only 100 copies printed, 1829 — Lines on Death of Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood, by Rev. Darnell, 1842— The Collier's Wedding, by E. Chicken, 1829

ib.v.d. (9)

393 Newcastle Reprints. An Essay on Antique and Counterfeit

Coins, by John Trotter Brockett, 94 pp. uncut, 1819 — Marriage of the Coquet and the Alwine, tvith India proof of title, 1817 ib. v. y. (2)

394 Newcastle Reprints. Memoir of Rev. John Farrar, 1844,

with profile in black by T. Bewick — Pleasures of Angling, 1824 — Obituary of Charles Newby Wawn, Esq., 1840 — Imperii Caput et Rerum, Novis Castris, 1831— Wm. Garrett's Elegy on Charlotte Princess of Wales, 1817 — Mi-s. Cockle's Elegy on same, 1817 — Letters between James Ellis and Walter Scott, 1850 — Cowper's Rose Bushes, 100 copies printed, 1829 — Collier's Wedding, 1829 ib. v. d. (9)

395 Newcastle Reprints. Siege of Newcastle, 1820 — Intended

New Line of Road, 1825 — Foundation Stone, by Right Hon. S. Lushington, 1850— Mrs. Cockle's Elegy on Charlotte Princess of Wales, 1817 — Plea- sures of Angling, Waltonian Club, 1824 — Obituary of C. Newby Wawn, 1840 — Reply to Lord Byron's Fare- thee-well, 07ily 20 copies printed, 1817 — Collier's Wedding, 1829 — The Tynemouth Nun, with notes, by Robert White, 1829 ib. v. d. (9)

396 Newcastle Reprints. Marriage of the Coquet and the

Alwine, India proof of title, 1817 — Lines on the Death of Lord Colhngwood, 1842 — Intended New

44

fjine uf IiDaJ from Potticar Lane to Leybuni Hole, 1825 — Elegy, by Win. Garrett, 1817— Foinidatiuii Stone, 1850 -Collier's Wedding, 1829. See " Bewick Collector," p. 137 Newcastle, v. <1. (6)

•'3y7 Newcastle Reprints. Mitchell's Pleasures of Angling, 1824 — Lord Collingwood, 1842 — Elegy on Charlotte Princess of Wales, 1817 — Lines to a Boy pursuing a Butterfly, by a Lady, 182G— Elegy on George III. (Mrs. Cockle), 1820 — Lines addressed to Lady Byron, only 20 copies printed, 1817— Obituary of C. N. Wawn, 1840— Letters, Ellis and Walter Scott, 1850— Death of Lord Collingwood, 1842 — Foundation Stone, 1850— Collier's Wedding, 1829 — Pulcherrinia Roma, 1831 — lieview of Sidney Gibson's History of the Monastry of Tyneniouth, 1846 ib. V. >j. (13)

398 Newcastle Reprints. Lines to a Boy pursuing a Butterfly,

1826 — Northumbrian Social Society, by W. G. Thomp- son, 1822 — Elegy on George III., 1820 — Foundation Stone, 1850— Poetical Address, Burns' Club, 1824— Elegy, 1817, by W. Garrett — Reply to Lord Byron's Fare thee well, 20 copies 'printed — Imperii Caput et Rerum Novis Castris, 1831 — Rejoicings and Illumina- tions at Newcastle and Gateshead, numerous cuts by T. Bewick, 48 pp. J. SyJces, 1821 ih. v. y. (9)

399 Newcastle Reprints. Taking of Newcastle, 1825 — Croquet

and Alwine (Adamson), 1817 — Origin of Printing, J. Topham and Ealph Willett, 1820 — Life and Death of Robert Earl of Salisbury, 1818 — Chorographia, or a Survey of Newcastle-upon-Tyne i^i. v. y. (5)

*^* Four of the above want the extra vignette titles.

400 Newcastle Reprints. Chorographia, or a Survey of New-

castle-upon-Tyne, reprinted from edition of 1649 — Taking of Newcastle, reprinted from edition of 1644, only 200 copies, 1825 ; these two want the extra vignette titles — Stanzas on Line of Road, 1825 — Foundation Stone, 1850— Mrs. Cockle's Elegy on George III. 1817— Leonore, 1846 ih. v. d. (7)

401 New Robinson Crusoe, 2 vol. in 1, cutssigned J. Bewick,

StocJcdale, 1788 — Robinson Crusoe, 2 vol. plates, 1790 — La Vie et les Avantures De Robinson Crusoe, Paris, An. YIII. V. y. (5)

402 New Robinson Crusoe, complete in 1 vol., 32 large cuts,

mostly signed .J. Bewick, 12nio. original binding, J. Stockdale, 1789 — Adventures of Rolainson Crusoe, Dnblin, 1814

45

-WS New Museum of Natural History, with engravings on wood

by Bewick

half morocco, t. e. g. Oliver (J- Boyd, Ediii. 1810

404- New Museum (Tiie) of Natural History, with engravings

on wood by Bewick, half calf neat Edin. 1810

4U5 New Museum. Another choice copy

green morocco tooled Oliver ^ Boyd, 1810

406 New Museum. Another copy

very tall, half roxhurgh Edin. 1810

406*Newcastle Edition, History of England and Scotland, abridged from Hume, Smollett, Robertson, and others, Vols. 1, 2 and 3, (Vol. 4 wanting); the first three vols, contain the complete set of large oval woodcuts of Kings and Queens by Thomas Bewick

8vo. M. Angus, Newcastle, 1801

407 Newspaper Extracts. Bewick's Cuts and Notices, Almvick,

1842 — Beattie's Progress of Genius, Bewick's Tail- pieces and Clennell's Cuts, 3 copies, half morocco, Alnwick, 1814 v. y.

408 Newspaper Cuttings, illustrated by and relating to T. and

J. Bewick, selected from early Newcastle, York, Durham, Edinburgh and other "North Countrie " Newspapers of the period, UNIQtlE COLLECTION in 8vo. vol. lettered " Woodcuts" half morocco Newcastle, Durham, ^-c. 1790-1801

*^* Rare, and difficult to procure.

409 Northumberland. Pleasant Description of Bewell Village,

by Q. Z. tree marbled calf, g. e. by Zaehnsdorf

12mo. Newcastle, 1726

*^* Brockett's copy sold for £1. 13s. Id. Sotheby's, Dec. 1823.

410 Northumberland Minstrel, 3 parts in 1 vol., portrait of

R. Burns by Bewick, half morocco, t. e. g. Alnwick, 1811— Day, a Pastoral, 33 vignettes — Yomigster's Diary, 32 vignettes, Alnwick, about 1809 (3)

411 Northumberland Minstrel. Another set ib. 1809-11 (3)

412 Odd Fellows; Curious Collection, — Odd Collection of

Odd Songs, sung by Odd Fellows, Newc. 1825, engravings by Bewick and pupils — Odd Fellowship, lb., 1827— Thomas Bell, made to 29 Mar. 1805, MSS., &o., with T. Bell's bookplate by Bewick half vellum, uncut 12mo. Neivcastle, 1805-27

[The above used by kind puriaission of Rev. Thomas Hugii.]

413 Oeconomist (The) or Englishman's Magazine, 2 vol.

M. Angus, Newcastle, 1798-99

414 Oeconomist. Another copy, 2 vol.

half calf neat ih. ib. 1798-99

*^* Each number has an impression of the above cut — " Liberty" by T. Bewick.

415 Old Spelling Books : Fenning's Universal, by M,alham,

1795 — Another edition, Wilson ^- Spence, Fori-, 1794 — Dyche's English Tongue, 1806, portrait — Markham's, Bewick's cuts, Neiuc. — Dilworth — Fenning, 1823 — Fenning, 25th edition, Salisbury, 1778 ; and others a very curious collection York, Newc, Salisbury, ^c. v. y.

416 Oxford Sausage. The rare First edition

12mo.

Oxford, 11. d.

Another copy, a New Edition with

ib. nil

a New Ediliou with

uncut

417 Oxford Sausage.

portrait

418 Oxford Sausage. Another copy,

portrait, O.c. 1777; and Gray's Poems, Dublin, 1768 *^* At p. 187 occurs the cut used in the " Oxford Sausage" ; a very curious echtion.

419 Oxford Sausage. Another copy, a new edition, Oxford, 1804

420 Oxford Sausage (The) vrith portrait

Svo. London, .J. Black, York Street, 1814

421 Oxford Sausage, with portrait

half rwssia fivo. Loudon, Longman, 1815

*,.* This is the only genuine edition with T, Bewick's cuts.

47

422 riiilip Quarll, Tenth edition, large front, by John Bewick, 1797 — Neil's edition of the English Hermit or Philip Quarll, cuts by Bavick inserted — Female Alcade, Mr. Hanley and his Sister — Song Birds, pretty cuts — Lord Nelson, Fairbm-n's edition, and other curious Tracts in 1 vol. v. d. (2 vol.)

428 Philip Quarll (The Hermit), curious edition, wants front. 12mo. half calf , g. e. 1786 — Another copy, woodcut front, by J. Bewick, 1 81110, Gainsborough, 1814

[tint to Pity's Gift, said to be by .Jolin Bewick.]

424 Pity's Gift. A Collection of Tales, by a Lady, First edition, E. Newbery, 1798— Third edition, " 1801 — Another copy, impft. — The Paternal Present, Sequel to Pity's Gift, Harris, 1802 Newhery, v. y. (4)

42.5 Poems by Felicia Dorothea Browne (Mrs. Hemans), fine woodcuts by Henry Hole, Bewick's pupil uncut 4:to. Liverjjool, 1808

426 Poems chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, by T. Donaldson,

1809— Songs of the Tyne— Beattie's Minstrel, tall copy — Hermit of Warkworth Alnwich, v. d. (4)

427 Poetical Selections, cuts, Birm. 1812 — Times Telescope,

1814 — Sportsman's Calendar, 1818, both with cuts by Luke Clennell— Book of Trades, 1818 (4)

428 Pleasing Instructor, 1801 — Thompson's Seasons, 1808 —

Essay on Man, 1803 — Blair's Grave, 1803 — Gold- smith's (0.) Traveller, 1803— Deserted Village, 1803

Gainsborough, v. y. (6)

429 Pollard's Peerage, Vol. 1, all published, fine woodcuts by

John Bewick, and plates by Stothard, &c. halfnwr. ito. R. Pollard, Engraver, Spa Fields, \793 *^* A rare Bewick volume.

48

430 Politos. Description and Natural History of S. Polito's

Collection of Liriug Beasts and Birds vncvt Oliver Sf Co. Edin. 1803

**.* Excessively rare. " Priced by Mr. Pickering £1. 5,'?. and considered imique." — Beivich Collector, p. 78.

431 Portraits of Thomas Bewick; seven various, including one

beautifully engraved on OOPPEH, by Meyer, aftei- Ramsay, Artist's India proof, only 25 printed before letters ; another on white vbllith, only seven printed, large margins, with letters,* published by Edwin Pearson. See Bewick Collector, p. 532. v. d. (7)

* Thi.s beautiful and correct portrait has been pronounced by the " Family," Thomas Carlyle, and " Personal Friends," oi: "Thomas Bewick," to be a MOST escbllent likeness, and a COMPLETE SUCCESS.

432 Portraits. Another copy. Artist's proof, one of the 25

before letters, in rnaple frame and glazed.

433 Portraits. Thomas Bewick, full length, by F. Bacon, after

J. Ramsay, ^n« original impression, framed and glazed

R. Turner, Newcastle

434 Press (The) a Poem, published as a specimen of Typography

by John M'Creery, 2 vol. in I, Bewick, see Preface

LiverporA, 1803

435 Reading made completely easy, curious edition, very rare,

early Bewick's (?) B. Shaw, 4785 — Another, Newc. 1839— Another, I^orZ;, 1803— Another, X»arto«.,1814— Another, Louth, ^ Boston, 1805 — Fox's Introduction, pretty cuts, 1799— Little Teacher, 1818

Louth, Torh, Boston, ^c. v. d. (7)

436 Recreations in Natural History, beautiful engravings by

Bewick, Clennell, &c. red morocco, r/. e. 8vo. Sherwood, 1815

437 Religious Emblems. A series of Engravings on Wood by

Bewick's pupils, uncut 4fo. AcJcerman, 1810

438 Relph's (Rev. J.) Poems, embellished with picturesque

engravings on wood by Mr. T. Bewick half morocco, t.e.g. J. Mitchell, Carlisle, 1798

439 Richardson's Table Book, 5 vol. Historical and 3 vol.

Legendary ; containing a vast amount of information relating to Bewick, his pupils, &c., illustrated with cuts by them. At page 15, vol, 1, (Legendary) is the cut of the Chillingham Bull, attributed to Bewick, a glance at the genuine impressions will show the difference ; an impression on India parser is inserted in vol. 1 half calf neat Hvo. Neivcastle, 1841-6 (8)

49

440 Riley's Historical Pocket Library, consisting of Mythology,

Ancient History, Grecian and Eoman History, England and Geography, red leather sq. mmo. Bath, 1792-S (0)

441 Riley. Another set lb. 1792-3 (C)

442 Riley. Beauties of the Creation : 1, Quadrupeds ; 2, Birds ;

3, Fishes ; 4 Insects ; 5, Trees ; 5 vol. wants vol. 3 Fishes, the Second edition, several of the cuts are signed J. Bewick sq. 18mo. Riley, 1793

443 Riley. Beauties of the Creation: 1, Quadrupeds; 2,

Birds, impft. ; and Historical Pocket Library, Vol. 2 ; Universal History, Vol. 3 ; Greece, Vol. 6 ; Geography, 5 odd vol. ; many of the cuts signed J. Bewick.

Bath, 1790-3 The woodcuts afterwards passed into the hands of Baldwin, Craclock and Joy, who used them in the following Natural History Volumes.

443*Riley. Birds, Quadrupeds, Insects, Fishes, and Reptiles, 4: \o\. some of the cuts colored \8mo. 1819

444 Ripon (History of), Eipon, 1806, uncut — Donaldson's

Poems, 1809 — Collier's Wedding, half calf , t. e. fj, 1829, 3 vol. Itipon, Newcastle, v. cl.

445 Robert Elliot Bewick. The Golden Chain, by Mrs. Sher-

wood, fom- large cuts signed R. E. Bewick sculp. half roxhuTfjh, 18mo. Thomas Melrose, Berwick, 1830 — Fox's Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum, 8vo. uncut, two engravings of Birds by R. E. Bewick, &c. Newcastle, 1827 *^* Woodcuts by T. Bewick's only son are very rare.

446 Robin Hood's Garland, 12mo. G. Burlage, Nottingham,

1792— Another edition, ih. 1794 (2)

447 Roscoe's (W.) Nurse, large paper, half green morocco, t. e. g.

small Ato. Liverpool, 1804

448 Rowe's (Rev. H.) Fables, 1810— The Complete Geazier,

uncut, 1808; and Robinson Crusoe, 1815; all with cuts 8w. V. y. (3)

449 Sams (J.) of Darlington, Catalogue, only 250 copies printed,

the three parts complete, excessively rare, numerous vignettes by T. Bewick, uncii,t 8t'o. Darlington, 1822

450 Sams' Catalogue, part 3 only, Darlington, 1826 — Robin's

(James) (both with cuts by Bewick) Luckombe's History of Printing, 1771 Swo. (3)

451 Savage (W.) on Decorative Printing, exquisite engravings

on wood by Bewick and pupils (see preface) uncut Ato. 1822

H

50

452 Scott's (W. H. alias John Lawrence) British Field Sports,

vignettes by Bewick, caZ/ «f'a< Svo, 1818

453 Scott's British Field Sports (sample copy)

i'liipl. Svo. Sherwood, 1818

453*Scott's British Field Sports. Twenty-nine COPPER PLATES, including several designed by Luke Clen- NELL, Bewick's favourite pupil. ib. 1818

454 Scrap Book, vignettes, &c. by Thomas Bewick

half morocco 4:to. Newcastle, n. d.

455 Scrap Book. Woodcuts by T. aad J. Bemck, from various

Children's Books, half morocco n. d.

456 Scripture Illustrations, by Thomas Bewick and pnpils, proofs

in portfolio, exceedingly rare in this state

Vernor tj- Hood, 1807

457 Scripture Illustrations. Another set, Thief.: Paper, with a

copy of Sellon's (Rev.) Abridgment of the Bible, in which these cuts were used red leather sq. \?,mo. Vernor ^ Hood, 1807

458 Scripture Illustrations. Another set. Thick paper, with

Album of Vignettes, Birds, &c.

Vernor f Hood, cj-e. 1807 (2)

459 Services (J.) Metrical Legends of Northumberland, Alnwick,

1834 ; and 3 vol. Beattie's Poems, cuts by Clennell and Bewick Alnwick, v. y.

460 Sketch of Universal History, thirty-six cuts. Kings of

England, by John Bewick (?) half morocco, t. e. g. J. Stockdale, 1789— Kay's Preceptor, Newc. 1801— Scenes of Youth, 1803

461 Smiledale Family, 1818— Tommy Playlove, 1819— Sinbad

the Sailor, 1819 — Triumph of Goodnature, 1818 — Valentine's Gift — Jacky Lovebook — Finetta, Glasgow, 1818, \2mo. original wrappers, with volume of Toy Books, Pun, Gulliver, Tom Thumb, Merry Andrew, Fairing, &c. half roxhurg 24mo. J. Lumsden, Glasgow, 1814-19 (7)

462 Smiledale Family. Another set, with Goody Two Shoes,

instead of Sinbad, Toy Books, early outs by Bewick half calf, t. e. g. Glasgow, <J-c. 1818

463 Songs of the Tyne, n. d. — Beattie's Minstrel, vignettes by

Bewick and cuts by Luke Clennell, 3 copies, half morocco Alniuick, 1814

464 Sorrows of Zamba, Neiucastle, 1823 — 8vo. Vol. of Tracts

on Slavery, published at Newcastle and Durham 1836, containing all the variations of T. Bewick's cut of the Slave, " Am I not a man and a brother "

51

465 Somervile's Chase, LARGE papek, half morocco, t. e. g. uncut

ito. W. Bidmer, 1796 \* A copy sold for £2. Sotheby's, Jan. 26, 1866.

466 Somervile's (W.) Chase, a Poem, exquisite engravings by

the Bewicks, uncut IMPERIAL 8vo. ib. 1802

467 Somervile. Another Copy, equally fine

uncut IMPERIAL 8vo. lb. 1802

468 Somervile. Another Copy, half morocco neat

IMPERIAL 8vo. Shakespeare Printing Office, 1802

469 Somervile's (W.) Hobbinol, Field Sports, and the Bowling

Green, cuts by Nesbit and Thurston, Bewick's pupils, (see preface) half calf neat Ato. W. Bulmer, 1813

470 Somervile's (W.) Hobbinol, Field Sports, &c. fine im-

pressions of the cuts by Nesbit and Thurston on India paper 4to. ih. 1813

471 Somervile. Another Copy, half calf ivanting the cuts, fine

front, by Clennell, W. Bulmer, 1813 ; and MARSHALL'S Epistles, India proofs of the cuts by Bewick and pupils, half calf neat ito. Neivcastle, 1812

471* Specimens of early Wood Engraving, only 100 copies

printed, including many early efforts of the Bewicks'

uncut 4:to. W. Dodd, Newcastle, 1862

472 Specimens of early Wood Engraving. Another copy

ib. 1862

473 Sportsman's Cabinet, vignettes by Bewick, 2 vol.

half russia ito. J. Cundee, 1803-4

474 Sportsman's Cabinet, beautiful engravings of Dogs and

Horses by Scott, and vignettes by T. Bewick, Vol. 1, 1803, cloth, Vol. 2 uncut, 1804 ito. (2)

475 Sportsman's Cabinet. Another copy, large paper

uncut ■ito. J. Cundee, 1803-4

476 Sportsman's Repository, in 1 vol., vignettes by Bewick, a

Eeprint of the above Work ito. H. G. Bohn, 1845

477 Sportsman's Cabinet. The Set of Forty Engravings of

Dogs and Horses, specially printed on India pjapjer, folio

478 Sportsman's Cabinet. The same ito.

479 Sportsman's Cabinet. Another set ito.

480 Sportsman's Friend (Reay's) with two beautiful engravings

on wood and one on copper, by Thomas Bewick, Newc . 1801, with Newcastle Illuminations, cuts by Bewick half morocco, t. e.g. Newcastle, 1821

#^* " Very few copies were printed and still fewer published.' —Bewick Collector, p. 71, 275, &c.

5'2

4,S1 Sportsman's Frieml. Another copy, by H. (J. Reay, His- torical, Sacred, and Profane halfnioroccoj t. e. fj. bound with Splinters, Newcastle, 1827

482 Sportsman's Friend. Another copy, original wrappers

ib. 1801

483 Stevens' (G. A.) Lectm-e on Heads, cuts by ISTesbit and

Thurston, 1799 — Another copy, 1802 — Another copy, 1821, uncut — Faust's Catechism of Health, woodcut front. 8vo. C. Dilly, 1794

484 Stevens's Lecture on Heads, cuts by Bewick's pupils, Nesbit

and Thurston, half calf, t. e.<j. T. Bensleij, 1799

485 St. Nicholas's Church. Catalogue of the Library, 1820—

Unique Collection of Tracts and Bill-hoads (some cuts by Bewick) relating to Gateshead Fell Church, and 2 others relating to Newcastle and Bewick

8i'o. Newcastle, v. d.

486 Sykes's (John) Local Records, Subscription copy on drawing

paper (only 20 copies printed) formerly J. Fenwick's Copy with J. Sykes's Eeceipt and Latimer's Local Records, a continuation of Svkes' Local Records, cloth

8vo. ib. 18.57 (2)

487 Sykes's Crow-Cum Redivium, original and unpublished

MSS., by Jolm Sykes, with Sir C. Sharpe's remarks on the Crows building their nest upon the Vane of the Exchange at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 178.3, see Bewick's cuts, letters, notes, &c., J. Fenwick, Sir C. Sharpe, &c., original drawings, cuts, &c. by Bewick, unique, half morocco ito. ib. 1836

488 Tales for Youth, by the Author of Choice Emblems, cuts

by John Bewick, E. Neivbery, 1794 — Blossoms of Harmony, Limerick, 1808 ; and 5 others, cuts by Bewick Newcastle, Limerick, (J-c. v. y.

489 Tales for Youth, in Thirty Poems, with the cuts by John

Bewick, E. Newbery, 1794 — Scenes of Yonth, 1803, red morocco, neat — Fisher's (A.) New English Tutor, Sol. Hodgson, Newc. 1810 — Hudibras, cuts, 1800; and one other Newcastle, ^-c. v. y. (5)

490 Timpcrley's (C. H.) Enclyclopa^dia of Literary and Typo-

graphical Anecdote, numerous MSS. Notes, Portraits, Notices of the Bewicks, their Pupils, Printers, &c. half vellum IMPEEIAL 8ro. Bohn, 1842

491 Tim Tunbelly, 8vo. bds. Vol. 1 (all published), Newcastle,

1823 -J. Wilson's Synopsis of Britisli Plants, ih. 1744 — Catalogue of R. Tomlinson's Library in St, Nicholas Church, 8vo. Bewick cut, ib. 1829 (3)

53

492 Thomas Gent (Life of) of York, portrait, Thorpe, 8to,

1832 — Life of James Laekington, portrait by Scott, 8vo. impft. — Life of Robert Spence, Yorlc, 1827 (3)

493 Thompson's Seasons, Bewick's cuts from Thm-ston's designs

Svo. T. Bensley, London, 1805

494 Thompson. Another Copy, same cuts

calf neat 12mo. Wallis, Land. 1805

495 Thompson. Another Copy

calf neat l2mo. ib. ib. 1805

496 Thompson. Another Copy, with the same cuts

calf neat 12mo. Sallantjine, Edin. 1809

497 Thompson. Another Copy, Edinburgh, 1809 ; and another

edition, Harris, Loud. 1813, with different cuts to the preceding editions (2)

498 Thompson's Seasons, large and thick paper, engravings on

wood by Bewick, calf neat, royal 8vo. T. Bensley, 1805

499 Thompson's Seasons, engravings by Luke Clennell and

Stothard, calf neat 1795

500 Thornton's Virgil, the Ilhistrations only, woodcuts and

copper plates by Bewick, Cruikshank, Blake and others, printed by T. Bensley, very rare (see preface)

12mo. Newbery, 1814

501 Threnodia Northumbrica, 4to. 1761 — Arabic Bible, 4to.

caf neat, S. Hodgson, Neivcastle, 1811 — Marshall's Poems, ib. 1812 v. y. (?j)

502 Tommy Playlove and Jacky Lovebook, 1819 — Discreet

Princess, 1818, half calf — Youngster's Diary, 33 vignettes — Children's Books, 6 in 1 vol. — Paths of Peace, Recreations, Moral Tales, &c.

Glasgow, Alniciclc, v. y. (4 vols.)

503 Toy Books (Children's), with early cuts by Bewick and

pupils — Good Child's Fairing — Divine Songs, Glasgoiv, 1814 — Amusing Repository — Merry Andrew — Picture Alphabet, pretty oval cuts, one showing the Exchange Spire with Crow's Nest at Newcastle, and St. Nicholas' Church Steepjle — Toby Tickle's Nursery Songs — Giant Grumbolumbo — Lilliput — Life of Christ — Lovechild's Song Book — Faii-y Tales — Solomon Sobersides — Christmas Tales, and many others, in 2 vol. half roxhurgh square 18mo. ^ 24:mo. Glasgoio, 1814:, ^c.

504 Toy Books. Red Riding Hood, York — Tommy and Harry

— Whittington and his Cat — Silver Penny — House that Jack Built — No News and Strange News — Cock Robin — Catand Fi.sh — Wake Wilful — Tommy Thumb's

54

Hong Book, Glasgow, 1815 — Peter Puzzlecap — Good Child's Fairing, Fun— Cottage Tales — Pretty Alpha- bet, oval cuts — Nurse Dandlem's Eepository for the Chickabiddy Generation, and others, in 2 vol. half calf neat, vncut, t. e. g.

24,1110. York, Glasgow, ^c. 1800-15

505 Hieroglyphick Bible (A Curious), cuts by J. Bewick or a

pupil, Kendreiv, York, n. d. — Another edition, Derby, II. d. — Hermit of Warkworth, Alnivick, n. d. — Ducks and Green Peas, ib. 1827 — Proverbs of Solomon, wood- cut front. 1803 (3)

506 Tracts (Cheap Eepository) Marshall's and Evans' Hackney

Coachman — Two Shoemakers, 4 parts — Hampshire Tragedy, and other rare Tracts, cuts by John Bewick, Lee, &c. the genuine old series

Aldermary Church Yard, ^c. (2)

507 Tracts (Cheap Eepository), &c. New Series, Life of Thomas

Paine, large woodcut portrait by J. Bewick (?) and others, curious Bath, 1800-9 (3)

508 Translations of the Natural History Society of Northum-

berland and Durham, Seal of the Society, by T.

Bewick, formerly J. Femvick^s copy

half russia Mo. Newcastle, 1831-8 (2)

*^* Vol. 1 contains Atkinson's Memoir of Thomas Bewick,

with the rare piortrait from Bailey's Bust of T. Bewick.

509 Triumph of Goodnature — Master Harry Fairborn and

Master Trueworth, large cuts, 1818 — Watts' Songs, Knaresbro', 1819, cuts by Green, &c. — Smiledale Family, 1819— Valentine's Gift, Old Zigzag, 1818— Finetta, Discreet Princess, 1818 — Tommy Playlove and Jacky Lovebook, 1819 — Sinbad the Sailor, 1819 a complete set, all uniformly bound half calf neeit

Glasgow, Knaresborough, 1818-19 (7)

510 Trusler (J.) Proverbs exemplified. The Set of Fifty Cuts

by John Bewick, on ivhite vellum, neatly mounted on drab cartridge paper, 4ito. probably nniepie

511 Trusler's (Dr. John) Proverbs exemplified, 50 cuts by John

Bewick, 1790 — Progress of Man and Society, Bath, n. d. wants title — Comemus's Orbis Pictus, 1777 (3)

512 Trusler. Proverbs exemplified, 1790 — Progress of Man

and Society, Bath, n. d. — Comenius's Visible World, 1777 (3)

613 Trusler. Proverbs exemplified, 1790, partially coloured — Progress of Man and Society, Bath. n. cl., ivanting leaves, tree calf gilt, by Zaehnsdorf (2)

514 Tnisler. Proverbs exemplified, 1790 — Progress of Man

and Society, tall copy, vncvt — London Vocabulary (J. Greenwood) 1759

515 Truster. Proverbs exemplified, very tall and choice copy

of this rare book, half calf , t. e. g. May, 1, 1790

516 Trusler. Progress of Man and Society, tall copy, uncut —

Greemvood's London Vocabulary, 1785 — Lynn's Genius, 1804 (3)

617 Trusler. Progress of Man and Society, Bath, n. cL, impft. uncut — Naturalist's Library, Vol. X. Parrots, con- taining Memoir and Portrait of Thomas Bewick, Eclin. 1855 (2)

518 Trusler. Progress of Man and Society, Bath, n. d. — Lon-

don Vocabnlary, 1797— Jacky Lovebook, 1819 (3)

519 Trusler. Progress of Man and Society, largest paper,

uncut, Bath, n. d. ; and Comnenius's Orbis Pictus, 1777, from vrbich work the idea was taken to publish the " Progress of Man," &c. (2)

520 Trusler. The Progress of Man and Society, Second edition,

Bath, n. d. (sold at Puttick's for £1. 3s.) choice copy in the original binding ; and a copy of the Orbis Pictus of Comnenius, 1777, 150 cuts, calf neat (2)

521 Trusler's (Dr. John) Honours of the Table, Fifth edition

tall copy, hcdf calf, uncut, t. e. g. Gye, Bath, n. d.

522 Valentine's Gift (The) or Old Zigzag and his Horn, used

to understand the language of Birds, Beasts, Fishes, and Insects, Glasgow, 1818 — Sinbad the Sailor, ib. 1819, half calf neat

523 Walk through Wales, by Rev. R. Warner, vignettes, 2 vol.

8vo. half calf neat, Bath, 1798-9— West's (Mrs.) Poems and Plays, 2 vol. 12mo. calf neat, 1799 (4)

524 Watts' Divine and Moral Songs, J. Harrison, Devizes, 1829

— Another edition, Knaresbrough, 1819 — Another, Glas. 1814— Another, Spa Fields, 1834, with 38 oval cuts by Thomas Bewick on India paper, used in Wilson and Spence's edition, Torh, 1812, and 38 cuts to another edition, 1800, neatly mounted on cartridge paper.

525 West's (Mrs.) Poems, 2 vol. 1799— Adams's Poems,

Alnioick, 1811 — Keate's Sketches from Nature, 1802 — Times Telescope, 1814, Olennell's cuts — Brooks' Ang- ling, 1801 — Parental Education, Kendal, 1803

Vernor ^ Hood, v. d.

.'i2r; Wliitclioad (Wni.) An Exiilaiuitiou of the Incorporated Companies of Newcastle, Ani/iis, Neivrastle, 177C, witli extra cuts, Autograpli Letter of W. Whiteliead, &e. — J. Clark's Newcastle Remembrancer, 1817 — White- head's Historian's Pocket Companion, 1777 — White- head's Newcastle Directory, 1790 — Kay's Preceptor, 1801, containing the vignette used in an early edition of Newcastle Directory Svo. Neivcastli', v. d. (5)

r)27 Wilkinson's (G.) Cortex Salicis Latifolite, with a coloured copper plate engraving signed " Bewick Sculp." fine c(ipy,unciit, very rare E. Walker, Newcastle, 1803

528 Wilkinson. Another Copy ih. 1803

529 Wilkinson on Diseases of the Horse, fine copper plate

engraving of " Horse labouring under Tetanus," signed T. Bewick and Son, very rare ito. ih, 1818

530 Will of a certain Northci-n Vicar, 2 copies, one containing

the names in full written on the margins 4to. ih. 1765

531 Woodcuts. A Collection of Early Bewick Cuts, selected

from various Children's Books, Broadsides, Lottery Sheets, &c. published about 1800 half morocco 'ito. ri.d.

532 Woodcuts. Historien der Martelaren, injured copy, but

illustrative of early wood engraving, hound in vellum folio. By Tor-is Waters, Bceck-drucker, Anno 1616

533 Wood Engravings on VELLUM, J. and T. Bewick : Lion,

Tiger, Elepihant, and Zebra, " Pidcock's Lion" and Book-plate of " S. Stevenson, Letter-founder, London," rare cut by John Bewick, in 1 vol. 4to. calf neat

534 Wood Engraving (The Art of) with specimens by Thomas

Bewick ; the article on Wood Engraving from " Chambers's Miscellany " neatly inlaid, and illustrated with choice examples on India paper, &c.. Examples from the " Newcastle Piepiints," MSS. Notes, &c., collected by a Newcastle Amateur Woodcutter

Newcastle, n. d.

535 Works of Aristotle, the Famous Philosopher, 8vo. 1791 ;

and two other early editions, all with woodcuts

v.y. (3)

536 Works of Bewick. An Album so lettered, from the late

J. G. Bell, containing munerous examples from Bewick's various works, t. e. g. royal Svo.

bol Young's (Edward) Works, 3 vol. Dodsley, 1798 — Book of Trades, 1821 — Belisarius, Marmontel, 1794 — Somer- vile's Chase, 1804 — Miss Bowen's Original Poems, Chepstow, 1808

5;^8 Youth's Divine Pastime, by R. Burton, DuhUn, 1798— Part 2, Lookinr/ Glass, London Bridge, lldO, Dutch paper binding — History of the Bible, Newbert/, 1772 — Whim-syams, 1828 — Economy of Human Life, cuts by Austin and Hole, 1808 Dublin, Newcastle, v. y. (6)

539 Zimmerman on Solitude, 8vo. calf neat, 1797 — Hudibras,

by S. Butler, 8vo. 1800— Hudibras, 12mo. 1800

Vfrnor and Hood , v. y. (6)

540 Zimmerman on Solitude, 2 vol. 870. calf neat, 1799-1800

—Another copy, 2 vol. 12mo. 1799-1800— Another copy, 2 vol. 12mo. 1800-2 ib. v. ?/. (6)

MISCELLANEOUS, RARE, CURIOUS, AND USEFUL BOOKS.

541 Ancient Peerage's, by Wallace, -E(//». 1785 — Introduction to

Heraldry, jj/a«e5, 1823 (2)

542 Angling. Angler's Vade Mecum, ICSl — Art of Angling,

cuts, 1740— R. Brook's AngUng, cuts, 17GG— Walton and Cotton's Complete Angler, Pickering, 1827 (4)

543 Alchemy. Basil Valentine's Last Will, &o., 1G71, halj

'niorocco — Meditations of M. Antonius Casaubon, 1692 (2)

544 A Rich Cabinet, by J. W. Duck Lane, 1C77, cuts —

Wilkins' Mathematical Magick, 1680, c„^<;,_Mathe- maticall Recreations, 1633, cuts — Another edition, by William Oughtred, 1653 —Another edition, Van Effen, 1674 ' (5)

545 Art of Lrgeniously Tormenting, front, by (iillray, Second

edition, 8vo. 1757 — Unfortunate Englishman, Leith, 1817— Sin of Adultery, 1821 -Jokeby, 1813— Me- moir of Jno. King, Reprint of 1677 (5)

546 Astrology. D. Christophori Pezelii Prascepta Genethliaca

sive De Prognosticandis. Hominvm Nativitatibus, cuts, vellum ito. Francoforti, 1607

547 Astrology. The Court of Curiosity, Dreams, Visions, &c.

1681— Eland's Tutor to Astrology, 1704— Heydon's Astrology, 1786 — The Astrologer Anatomized, or the Vanity of the Star Gazing Art, 1661 (4)

548 AThousand Notable Things, 1815— AMilhon of Facts, 1832

— Five Hundred Narratives and Anecdotes, n. d. (3)

549 Bacon's (F.) Sylva Sylvarum, folio, 1631 — Sermons, Queen

Elizabeth, 1635 (2)

550 Bagster's New Testament, 1834 — Stebbing's, /;;r(C«.?, 1833;

and 5 others, morocco extra, (|'c. (7)

1

58

551 Bards of the Tyne, Newcastle, n.d. — Earl of Salisbury,

1612, Reprint, ib. 1818 — Beattie's Minstrel, cats by Bewick and Glennell, Alnwick, n. d. — Donovan's Pic- ture of Edinburgh, 40 vignettes on wood, many by Bewick, 1806 (4j

552 Barker's List of Plays, to 1803 — Remarks on Tragedy,

Shakespeare, &o. 1774 — The Wonder, by Mrs. Cen- tlivre, 1777, &c. (3)

553 Barrington's (George) Voyage to New South Wales, 2 vol.

coloured plates, calf neat 8vo. 1802-3

554 Beaumont & Fletcher. CUPID'S REVENGE, 1635— SCOEN-

FUL Ladie, 1635 ito. (2)

555 Beckmann's Concise History of Inventions, Discoveries,

&c. 2 vol. 1823— Family Economist, 1848 to 1852 inclusive (7)

556 Behn (Mrs. A.) A Discovery of New Worlds, 1688— C.

Quillet's Callipoedia, impft. 1720 — Little's Poems, 1833— Belzebub's Guide to Hell, York, 1801

557 Behn's (Mrs. A.) Histories, Novels, &c. 1700, Bookplate

and Autograph Letter of E. Cooke, of Norfolk, 1701 — History of the World, of the Moon, and Sun, 1687 — Little's Poems, 1810 ; and two others (5)

558 Behn (Mi's. A.) Plays, Vol. 4, !/«;)/(!.— Adventures of

Mother Ross Defoe, 1740— The Post Boy Robb'd of his Mail, 1706— Tom Jones, by H. Fielding, 3 vol. Paisley, \Tlb (6)

559 Beener's (Juliana). The Boke of Seynt Albons,

1486, Transcript neatly written, title and borders of grotesque designs coloured as far as C 5 unique, half morocco ito.

560 Bibliotheoa Marsdeniana, 1827 — Duchess of Rutland's Tour

through Belgium, &c. privately printed, jjlates, 4to. 1822

561 Black Dwarf, by T. J. Wooler, 1817-18, coloured engravings

by Cruikshank ? ito.

562 Boccaccio's Decumeron, plates, morocco gilt, g. e. Daly, n.d.

— Contes et Nouvelles de Bocace, curious plates, 2 vol. ; Vol. 1 a Cologne, 1712 ; Vol. 2 a Amsterdam, 1699 (3)

563 Book of Common Prayer, Baskerville

marbled calf extra royal 8vo. Camb. 1761

564 Book of Common Prayer, 1682, interleaved with numerous

notes, alterations, ij-c. neatly written, very curious, with the whole Book of Psalms, 1682 ito.

565 Bradley's (Richard) Works of Nature, coloured plates

ito. 1721

566 Brewster's Natural Magic, 1832 — Volney's Ruins, 1823 —

Commonplace Book, 1824 — Beauties of Pitt, n. d. ; and eight others, neat calf and morocco bindings (12)

59

567 Buiiyaii's (John) Heavenly Footman, the Tenth edition,

printed in the year 1756, half vellum, c. e. — Bunyan's Law and Grace, Eighth edition, London, 1805, half vellum (2)

568 Caledoniad (The), 2 vol. 1775 — Thompson's Seasons,

WestalVs plates, 1819 — Another edition, 1769 — The Refuge, plate by Stothard, 1815 (4)

569 Calves Head Club. Charles 1st, &o. 1706— The Jockey

Club, by Chas. Pigott, Esq. see MS. Note, 1792 (2)

570 Camden's History of Britain, 1610, calf neat, impft ; also

Vol. 2, another edition (2)

671 Cards. Academic Universelle des Jeux, 3 vol. plates

d Lyon, 1805

572 Catalogues. Pickering's Catalogue, 1834 — Dr. Woodward's

Library, 1728 — J. Bohn's Catalogue, 1843 — Rivington and Cochran, 1824 — Dulau and Co.'s Foreign Cata- logue, 1845— Offer's (G.) Library, 1865, half calf neat (6)

573 Chap Books. History of the Holy Jesus, by Wm. Smith,

cuts, London Bridge, 1713 — Week's Preparation, Look- ing Glass, n. d. — Whole Duty, Sacrament, London Sridge, 1717 — Russell's Seven SeimonB,Looking Glass, 1724, old calf (4)

574 Chap Books. Pure Love, cuts. Looking Glass, n. d. —

Winter Evening Amusements, Dublin, 1815 — French Lady, London Bridge, 1757 — Roman Stories, cuts, Glasgow, 1772 — Three Ingenious Spanish Novels, London Bridge, 1712 (5)

575 Chap Books. The Unhappy Princesses, Anne Bullen and

Jane Gray, cuts, 1710 — Secret History of Queen Elizabeth and Earl of Essex, Cologne, n. d. — History of Charles II. and James II. by R. B 1693 — History of the Twelve Csesars, Glasgow, 1750 — Seven Wise Masters and Mistresses of Rome, Dub. 1814 — French Convert, n. d. old calf (6)

576 Charles I. Saunderson's (Wm.) Compleat History, Life, and

Raigne of Charles I. portrait, 1658 — Reliquia Saoras Carolina}, Hague, n. d. — Vindication, 1693 — Eikon Basilike, large folding plate, 1 727 ; and two others, all relating to Charles I. (6)

577 Chatterton. Love and Madness, 1786 — Passions exem-

plified in Familiar Fables, plates by J. Miller, n. d. — Elegy on Martin Drayson, Sevenoaks, 1774 — The Convict's Address, Dr.Dodd, Newcastle, \111 — Ports de France, plates, morocco, 1812 Svo. (4)

578 Clark's (J.) Architectural History of Gloucester, n. d. —

Magazine of Science, 1841-4 (3)

60

579 Cocker's Arithmetic, ivoodnuts, portrait, Loohing Glass on

Lornlon Bridge, 1741 — Another edition, Edin. 1765 —Cocker's (E.) Young Clerks' Tutor, 1693 (3)

580 Copies in Verso, for the use of Writing Schools, and

Hymns for Charity Schools, with MS. Notes by the Author Pridcaux Errington calf uncut ito. Neivcastle-npon-Tjne, 1723

581 Coronations of George III. and Queen Charlotte, 1820

— Claims Coronations Eichard II. &c. 1820 (2)

582 Cruikshank (Geo.) Burford Cottage and its Kobin Red

Breast, 1835— Windsor Castle, Colbuni, 1844 8w. (2)

583 Cruikshank (Geo.) Cassell's Family Paper (old series) 1854

to 1857 inclusive, /oft'o, hcdf ccdf neat (4)

*^* Vol. 1, 1854, contains several engravings signed G. C.

584 Cruikshank. Doings in London, 1850 — Artificial Florist,

1S4S ' (2)

585 Cruikshank (G.) Mayhew's Good Genius, Boijve, n. d. —

Poll 'B)Qo\^,Westminsier, 1818, coloured front, by Cruik- shank— Hicroglyphical Bible, CT(<s ; and 2 others (5)

586 De la Chan. Dissertation sur les Attributs de Venus, 4to.

plates, a Paris, 1776 — Artis Obstctricandi Henri a Deventer, pliitcs, Lug. Bat. 1701 — ISoria's Poenia Heroico, KJ.'il (3)

587 Deventer's (Jbstolrieantibas, curious pikdes, 1701 — Para-

doxes, 1G50— Bates (J.) Mysteries of Nature and Art, 1654 Ato. (3)

588 Dibdin's (T. F.) Introductions to Knowledge of rare editions,

Greek and Roman Classics Gloucester, 1802

589 Dodona's Grove, foUo, 1640, vxitli MS. iVoies— Herbert's

(T.) Travels 'in Asia, Africa, &c. 1626 (2)

590 Dodsley's Fugitive Pieces, 2 vol. 1771 — Beauties of Moore,

2 vol. 1803— Mason's Poems, Torh, 1774— Sancho's Letters, 2 vol. plates hi] Bartolozzi, 1782 ; and 4 others

591 Dove's Classics : Centaur — Goldsmith's Essays — Falconer's

Shipwreck — Dodd — Rowe — Economy, &c. calfnt. (10)

592 Drawing Book, 150 designs — Bernay's Household Chem-

istry, 1854 — Cassell's Botany, 1860 — South's House- hold Surgery, 1853, and two others, America, &c. (6)

593 Di-yden's Satyrs of Juvenal, 1754 — Juvenal's Satyrs, by Sir

Robert Stapylton, Knt. 1673— Dryden's Juvenal, 1713 — Hudibras (Butler's) 1710— Another edition, 1720

594 Emblems. Emblemata, Cumaliqvot Nominis Antiqui

Operis, Joannis Sambuci, numerous ivoodciits, wants last leaf{?) ccdf neat Antv. 1564

595 Emblems of Love in Four Languages, dedicated to the

Ladys by Philip Ayres, Esq., 44 copper plate en- gravings of emblems Hen. Over/on, White Horse, mithout Nen-gate, Lund. n.d.

61

596 English Connoisseur, 2 vol. 1766— Vie de Trenck, 3 vol.,

plates, a Berlin, 1788 — Life of Gustavus Ysls&, plates, 2 vol. 1767— Adventures of an Author, 2 vol. 1767— Peerage, 2 vol. plates, red morocco, 1827 ; and two others (IS)

597 Epitaphs, 2 vol. 1806 — Godwin's Essay on Sepulchres,

1809— Gregory's Monuments, 1712 (3)

598 Erasmi CoUoquia Familiaria, Eothomagi, 1778 — Novelli

Morali Di Gaetano Polidori, Land. 1804 — Ai Ton Anakreontos Odai, Edin. 1754 — D' Andre ae Alciati Irreconsvlti Glariss, Parisiis, 1536 — Di Senofonte, Efesio Degli Amorii M. Salviui, Load. 1723, rare, unmentioned hy Lovmdes (5)

599 Facetiai. The Ears of Lord Chesterfield and Parson Good-

man, curious, Birm. 1786, half calf, t. e. g. — La Pemrne comme ou n'en connoit point on Primaute de la Pemme sur L' Homme, a Londres, 1786 — L'Ane d'or D'Apule'e, Vol. 1, a Paris, 1776 (3)

600 Facetiso. The Fudge Family, by Tom Brown the younger,

1818 — Memou's of P. PI. by J. Cleland, rare, see Lowndes, no title to Vol. II. half morocco, t. e. g. uncut, 1784— Every Night Book, by Author of " The Cigar," 1827 (3)

601 Feltham's (Owen) Resolves, Divine and Moral, folio, 1696

—Bacon's (F.) Sylva Sylvarum, 1628 ' (2)

602 Fireworks. Jones's Artificial Fireworks, plates, 1766 —

Another edition, 1776 (2)

603 Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1845— Portrait

Gallery, 1859 — A Manifold Writer, complete, ivith ivory pen (3)

604 Fowler's (J.) Plistory of Poland, /o?w, 1656 — Rosetta Stone,

1811 — Westminster Abbey, plates by Stothard, 1813

605 Freemasonry. Robinson's Proofs of a Conspiracy, 1798 —

Jay's Mexican War, Boston, U.S., 1849 — J. Ker's Memoirs, N. Britain, 1726 (3)

606 Freemasonry. The Masonic Minstrel, front. 1828 — Har-

rington's Masonic Desideratum, 1851 — Art of Knowing One-self, Oxf. 1695 ; and two others, curious (5)

607 Gems oi Wit, Bogue, 1844— Dryden's Virgil,1825— Bruce's

Travels — Wedding Gift, Dove's Classics, &c. half morocco, calf, <J-c. (10)

608 Greenwich Hospital, morocco, 1731 — Fireworks at General

Peace, 1749— Treaties of Peace, 1713-1739-1743, &c.

ito. (2)

609 Gunpowder Treason, 1605 — Divine Message, 1773— War-

die's True Amazons, or Monarchy of Bees, port. 1716 ; and 5 others, curious (8)

6-2

610 Hayley's (Wm.) Triumphs of Temper, Stothard's plates,

Chichester,\807 — Royal Psalter, 1776; and 5 others (7)

611 Heraldry. Heylin's Help to English History, cwis, 1674 —

—Art of Heraldry, 2}lates, 1685 (2)

612 Historie De Miss Jenny, 2 vol., plates, a Paris, 1764 —

Histoire D'Hypolite, Comte De Dnglas, plates, a La Haye, 1726 — P. Giustinelli Itinerario, Malta, llbl, curious, see MS. Note (4)

613 Hocus Poous (The Old) cuts, Looldng-glass on London

Bridge, n.d. — Book of Knowledge, exits, black letter, n. d. — Husbandman's Instructor, cuts — School of Recreation, Angling, Cock-Fighting, Racing, Fire- works, &c. 1711 C4)

614 Holy Bible, 8vo. Oxf. 1839— Common Prayer, Svo. Oxf.

1840 — Common Prayer, 1840 — Church Service, all in morocco (4)

615 Holy Bible (Genevan) 4to. Load, hy the Deputies of Chris-

topher Barker, 1599 — Psalms, with Music, ivoodcuts, &c. 1599

616 Holy Bible, 2 vol. 1767 — Novum Testamentum, plates,

Amstel. 1735 — New Testament, Edin. 1735 ; and two others, choice old bindings (6)

617 Hone's (Wm.) Table Book, 2 vol. 1827-8— Lucas on Happi-

ness, 2 vol. 1818— Smollett's Travels, 2 vol. 1766— Rapin's Works, 2 vol. 1706 (8)

618 Human Body (Anatomy of the) J. Keill, 1718— R. Grubb's

Treatise on Venereal Disease; others in the vol. 1784 — Read's Manual of Anatomy, 1642 — Physical Dic- tionary, 1708 : and 2 others, curious (6)

619 Humourist (The) 2 vol. 1724-5, cirrious vol. of Pamphlets,

Trials, &c. — Solomon's Guide to Health, Liverpool, n.d. —Every Night Book, 1827 (5)

620 Humphrey Hedgehog's General Post Bag, 1815 — Age of

FrivoHty, by Timothy Touoh'em, 1806— Fudge Family, 1818 — Life, High and Low, colored pjlates, 1819 ; and two others (6)

621 Jews. Address to the Jews by John Xeres, 1710 — Historie

of the Jewes, hlack letter, Ilichard Jvgge, ivants title — Two Journeys to Jerusalem, collected by R. B. and beautified with Pictures, 1704 (3)

622 Joe Miller's Jests, woodcut front, n. d. calf neat — Joe

Miller's Jests, Reprint of the First edition, 1739, half morocco, uncut Svo. (2)

623 Johnson's Typographia, 2 vol, 1824; and 3 others (5)

624 Joke upon Joke, plates, 1800 — Miseries of Human Life,

1806— Comforts of Human Life, 1807— Life of Cor- poral Bates, curious, 1756 — Road to the Stage, 1827 (5)

(.>25 Laconics, or Best Words of Best Authors, 3 vol. 1831 — Panorama of Youth, red morocco, 1807, 2 vol. (5)

626 Lady Hamilton (Memoirs of) 1815 — Rival Princes, by

Mary Ann Clark, 2 Yo\. portrait, 1810 — Rival Dukes, 1810 — Evremond's Life, 1714 — Memoirs of Corsica, Neivspaper cuttings inserted, 1768, curious (6)

627 Lazarillo Cousales (Adventures of) plates, uncut, 1777 —

Taste of the Town, or Guide to Public Diversions, 1731 — Solomon's Guide to Health, Liverpool, n. d. — Atula, 1802 — Sterne's Sentimental Journey, a Paris, 1836 (5)

628 Lettres D' Amour Chevalier De C. curious plates, L'Ona-

nisme,par M. Tissot, half morocco, a Lausanne, 1764 (2)

629 Lingra Per Eras Rot, with autograph of M. Covcrdale,

1552, luritten on vellum fly leaf, Basilece, 1525, curious stamped leather binding — OfScium, Ant. 1718, cui'ious clasps; and 4 others, «M70t(s (6)

630 Liviana. Chronologia In Titi Livi Historiam, Francofurti,

1588 — Novelle Di Grazzini, Londra, 1756, supposed to have been printed at Paris, see MS. Note, russia gilt — N. Tulpi, Observationes Medicse, Lug. Bat. 1739 (3)

631 London. Camera Regis, by J. Brydall, 1676 — Pietas

Londinensis, by J. Patterson, 1714 — R. Burton's London and Westminster, cuts, heraldry, ^-c. 1730 (3)

632 London. Knight's Cyclopaedia of London, 1851 — The

Public Edifices of the British Metropolis, 4to. 1820

633 London. Londres et ses Environs, curious folding pilates,

Covent Garden, cj-c, 2 vol. Paris, 1788 — Handel's Sacred Oratorios, 2 vol. plates, 1799 — Dyer's (G.) Poems, 2 vol. 1802 — Calvary, a Poem, by R. Cumber- land, 2 vol. 1810; and 2 others (10)

634 Lovell's (R.) Compleat Herball, Oxf 1659— Sir John Hill's

Herbal, colored plates, Bungay, 1812 (2)

635 Man. T. Nurse on Man, 1697— Great Soul of Man, by

T. Beverley, 1676 ; and two others (4)

636 Manley (Mrs.) Secret Memoirs, 1709, with key — Chyrur-

geons Store House, 1674 — England, Wales, and Scot- land, J. Spread, 1627 — Sermons, Friend to the Sick, 1673— Act of the Morea, 1687 — Drunken Bamaby, impft. 1776— Don Quixote, Vol. 1, 1719 (7)

637 Manuscript. Les Dignes Fruits dans un Pechenr, a Paris,

1743, others in the vol. frontispiece a Mermaid, ^c. curious, thick 8vo. — Segur's Memoires, ou Souvenirs et Anecdotes, 2 vol. Par. 1826 (3)

638 Meiers (G. F.) Merry Philosopher, or Thoughts on Jesting,

1764 — Amusements, Serious and Comical, Keen Jests, &c., English and French— The Hague, 1719 (2)

C39 Merrie Conceited Jests of George Peele ito. 1 809

640 Merrie Conceited Jests of George Peele. Aiiotlier Copy

LARGE PAPER, iiririit 4fo. 1809

641 Meriton's (G.) Immorality and iJebaucliery Exposed —

Capt. R. Boyle's Adventures, 1848 — Venus Unmasked, impft. 1750 — Paris Lions and London Tigers, by H. "Wilson, colored plates, \H2h — ILarriett Wilson, Vols. T. and IL impft. 1825 (5)

642 Meteors. Fiery Ayric, &c. by W. F. 1654— Case of a

Nobleman, Ijy G. Harvey, 1078 ; and three curious on Shorthand Writing, Yorl, 1775, &c. (5)

64." Milton. Johannis Miltoni Angli Artis Logicoj Plenior Insti- tntio, ad Petri Jxnira, fine portrait of Miltoaby TV. Dolle, 167!, Londini, 1672— Whole Duty of Man, 1669— Silver Drops, or Serious Things, Ladies Charity School- house Roll of Highgate, plates, curious, ri. d., " irritten by William Blake, HouseTteeper to the Ladies Charity School" (3)

644 Missale Romanum, thicJc 8vo. cuts, &c. printed in red and

black, Par. 1604— Biblia Sacra, LvgrL 1614— Holy Bible, engraving of Old Lonilon Bridge on title, Camh. 1648 — Le Nov. Testament, a Tjyini, 1561 — Les Epis- tres Sainct Pari, ii Lpjem, 1561, vellnm — OfScivm B Marifc Virg. cuts. Ante. lOOS — Daily Exercise of a Christian, black htter, impft. vellum; and another (7)

645 More's (Sir J.) England's Literest, Fishing, Bees, etc. half

calf neat, 1703— Jonathan Wild, 1798 — Poems Sacred to Love and Beauty, Exeter, 1808— The Nun, 1811— Corjjoral Bates, broken-hearted Soldier, 1756

646 Music. About 200 pieces Popular Music

647 Music. A similar lot

648 MiLsic, Vocal, /(</// ca//— National Gallery, 1839, ito. (2)

649 Netherland Historian, curious plates, Amst. 1675 — Le

Guide D'Anisterdam, plcdes, 1753 — Lassel's Voyage of Italy, 1670 — Chinsole Itinerario D'ltalia, InVicenza, 1782 (4)

650 Newcastle (Duke of). Wm. Cavendishe, New Method and

Extraordinary Invention to Dress Horses, /o/i'o, 1667

651 Ogilby's (John) Works of Publius Virgilius Maro, toithi. the

autograph of " ./. L^oclce" on fly leaf, 1649 — Virgil Travestie, &c. by Charles Cotton, Esq. 1771 — Ovid's Epistles, 1683— Bysshe's CE.^ Art of English Poetry, 1707-8 ■ ■ ' (4)

652 Oliver Cromwell, Life and Death, by J. Heath, portrait,

16 — Historical Account of William III. pjortrait, 1690— History of Charles XII. cut, 1760 (3)

65

(i53 Painted Glass (Ballantine on) — Hayter on Colours, 1830 — Marriage Service used at St. George's Chapel, March 10, 18C3 ; and one other (4)

054 Pen and Pencil (Excellency of the) plates, 1688— A. Lovell's Universe in Epitome, 1679 — The Great Sacrifice, by J. Dymock, (Roman Catholic) 1687 (3)

655 Peter Porcupine's (Cohbett) Bono to Gnaw, 1797 — Comic

Annual, 1831— Porget-Me-Not, 1847; and 5 others (8)

656 Phillip's (Governor) Voyage to Botany Bay, ;j?aie5, 1790,

curious hinding ivitli inlaid vellum paintings — Gower's Seamanship, 1796 — Letters to Lord Mansfield, 1773; and 2 others (5)

657 Platinae De Vitis Pontificum, 4to. ivoodcut portraits, Col.

Agripp. 1626

658 Poems. Corsair, Fugitive Fancies, Olive Branch, Token

of Sympathy, and 14 others morocco extra, cloth, ^c. 24mo. (18)

659 Portrait and Print-Seller's Chronicle, by Satiricus, Sculptor,

181 4 — Introduction to Kn owledge of Eminent Painters , 1778 — Coin Collector's Companion, 1795, book-plates by T. Bewick (3)

660 Precious Stones. Traite Des Pierres Preoieuses, par Pouget

Fils, coloured plates, ito. a Paris, 1762

661 Pye on Hunting, Stothard, 1788— Receipts, 1847 — Natu-

ral Philosophy, 1853 — Uncle Tom, n.d. — Buchan's Domestic Medicine, 1792

662 Queen Elizabeth (Life and History of ) Mary Queen of

Scots, &c. plates, ito. 1730 — J. Robson's Early English Metrical Romances, Cam. Soc. 1842

663 Quizzical Gazette Extraordinary and Wonderful Advertiser,

" Second edition, the First being postponed till next year,^^ 1819 to 1824 inclusive, each number published annually impl. 8vo.

664 Receipts. Five Thousand Receipts, Sir R. Phillips, 1832

— Footman's Directory, 1825 — Juvenile Keepsake, T. Roscoe, 1830 ; and two others (5)

665 Remains concerning Brittaine, 1629 — Charron's (P.) Three

Books of Wisdome, 1599 (?) — The Thornton Romances, J. 0. Halliivell, Camden Society, 19,0: (3)

666 Rochester. History and Antiquities of Rochester, plates

and interesting autograph letters by Thorpe the Anti- quarian, (J-c. inserted, Rochester, 1772 — Cowper, Illus- trated by J. Storer, Bucks, 1804, half calf neat, t. e. g. — Description of Bromley, in Kent, by T. Wilson, plates, 1797 " (3)

K

66

667 Secret Memoirs of Kobert Dudley Earl of Leicester, Queen

Elizabeth, &c. 1706— Selden's Table Talk, Chiswick, 1818 — Young Horsewoman's Art of Riding, by E. Stanley, 1827

668 Secrets by Pliioravant, Duck Lane, 165"2 — A Eich Store

House, by G. W. 1650 — Hymen's Triumph, by S. Daniel, 1623 (3)

669 Shakespeare. Mrs. Montagu's Essay, 1785— Hero's Child,

1853 — Virgil's ^neis, 1714, a curious Mamiscript ; and two others (6)

670 Simpkin's Letters. Trial of Warren Hastings, 1789 — New

Bath Guide, Third edition, 8to. 1766— Montagu's Essay on Shakespeare, 1772 — Coombe's Phrenology, 1825 — Bnchan's Medicine, 1790; and two others (6)

671 Sleigh's (Jno.) History of the Ancient Parish of Leek,

Staffordshire, Leek, 1862 — Topographical Dictionary of Yorkshire, by T. Langdale, Northallerton, 1809 (2)

672 Songs. Busy Bee, 3 vol. portrait of Capt. Morris, ^c. —

Musical Miscellany, Perth, 1786 — Souvenir des Menestrel, plates, 1815

673 Songs. The Bull-Finch, ?i. d. — The Charmer, Coventry,

1744— Norris's Miscellanies, 1723 — Muses Farewell, 1689

674 Southey's (R.) Waterloo, russia gilt — Rett's (H.) Juvenile

Poems, Oxf. 1793, morocco — Attempts in Verse, by .John Jones — Essay by R. Southey, 1831 — H. Kirke White's Remains, portrait, 1825 (4)

675 Steam Engine Diagrams, mounted on linen — Mechanics and

Mechanism, 1854; and 2 others (5)

676 Stothard's Plates. Pleasures of Memory, S. Rogers, 1796

—The Victim, 1819 — -Pleasures of Imagination, Aken- side, 1794; and 3 others (6)

677 Strutt's (Joseph) Sports and Pastimes of the People of

England, by William Hone, cuts, 1834 — Another edition, 1838 (2)

678 Topography. Hampshire, Isle of Wight, 1794— Bristol

Guide, 1799— Worcester Guide, 1799— Richmond and its vicinity, by J. Evans, Richmond, 1824 — Windsor Castle, Eton, 1775 — Cook's Yorkshire, viith extra plates, MS. Notes, cuttings, ^c. Oxford, three vol. curious, n. d. — Edinburgh, j^jZaies, 1800 — Watering Places of England, extra plates, 1803; and 2 others (11)

679 Topography. Rouse's (J.) Sussex, 1825 — Thompson's

History of Boston, Lincolnshire, wants title, Boston, 1820— Hastings' Guide, 1797— Dibdin's Cheltenham, Cheltenham, 1803 — J. Johnson on Tropical Climates, 1821 %vo. (4)

67

fiyo Tracts. Malvern, Worcester, 1796 — Cheltenham, cuts, Bath, n. d.— Elizabeth Squirrell, 1853— Cobbett's (Wm.) Tour in Scotland, 1833— Eoyal Cabinet Atlas, 100 coloured plates, pub. 21s. — Charities of London, 18-14 (5)

681 Trial of Men's Wits, by John Huarie, 1604— The Matri-

monial Preceptor, n. d. ( 2)

682 Trial of Queen Caroline, TJolhj, 2 vol. 1820 — Inquiry into

Conduct, 1807— Handmaid to the Arts, 2 vol. 1796— Another edition, 1764 — Remains of H. Kirke White, 2 vol. 1813 (9)

683 Unclaimed Dividends, Banlv of England, 1823— G. Bubb

Dodington's Diary, Salishimj, 1784 — Anti-Slavery Convention, 1841 %vo. (3)

684 Vita Di Benvenuto Cellini, dedicated to R. Boyle, calf gilt,

arms, cyphers, ^c. on side, g. e., see 3IS. Notes

folio. In Colonia, n. d. 1730 ?

6S5 Watch and Clock Work. The Artificial Clock Maker, by

W. D. M.A. 1700 — Horologioal Disquisitions, or True

Nature of Time, by J. Smith, CM. 1708 ' (2)

686 Water. Curiosities of Common Water, by J. Smith, 1723

— Tar Water, by Rev. G.Berkeley, 1744 — J. Johnstone, on The Walton Water, [Vorcester, 1787 — Ampthill Baths, 1788 — Russel, on Sea Water, plates, 1760 — Sir John Floyer, Kt. M.D., on the Baths of England, 1697 (4)

687 Watts (Isaac) Memoirs of Rev. I. Watts, D.D. by Thomas

Gibbons, portrait by C. Watson, 1780 — Watts' Psalms and Hymns, portrait, 1777 — Les Pseaumes de David, with music, Amst. 1756 (3)

FINIS.

J. Davy & SoDR, Printers, 137 Long Acre.

Eeprinteil from the Quarterly Beview and 'Days at the Factories,' by permission.

A DESCKIPTION

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS'

^rintiug-®ffitc,

DUKE STKEET, STAMFOKD STREET,

wrrn a :ME.iiOTii of

THE LATE WILLIAM CLOWES,

rOCNDEK OIT THF. I'.STABI.lSHmEXT.

iDuiikii.:

WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS', PRINTERS,

DUKE STIlEJiT, STAJIFOUD STREICT, AN'D 14, OlIARING CKOSS.

[For Friuate Circuhdioit onlg,']

"-€-sm

wmtm^:^immM.

MESSRS. CLOWES AKD SONS' PRINTING-OFFICE,

DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET.

THE PRINTER'S DEYIL.

BY

SIR FRANCIS B. HEAD, Bart.

REPRINTED FROM THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, So. CXXIX. DECEMBER, 1839. BY PEKMISSION OF MR. MITRKAY.

THE PPtlXTEE'S DEVIL.

By sir FEAXCIS B. HEAD, Baut.

'AND noo, ma freends,' — some fifty years ago, said an old Hifrliland preaclaer, suddenly lowering a ^-oice wliicli for nearly an lionr liad been givino; feiwid utterance to a series of supplications ioi the welfare, tem2:)oral as well as spiritual, of Ills flock — ' And noo, ma freends' — tlie good man re- peated, as, wiping his bedeAved brow, he looked down upon a congregation who with outstretched chins sat listening in respectfid astonishment to this new proof that their pastor's subject, unlike his body, was still unexhausted ; ' And noo, ma freends,' — he once more exclauned, with a look of parental benevolence it would he utterly impossible to describe — 'Let vs praigh for the piiir Dell! Tlieres naelody praiglis for tlie [ndr Deill'

To our literary congTegation we beg leave to repeat very nearly the same two exclamations ; for, deeply as we all stand indebted to the British press, it may truly be said ' There's naebody thinks of its puir deils,' nor of the many kindred spirits, ' black, wHte, and grey,' who, above groiuid as well as below, inhabit the great printing-hotises of the land we Kve in. We shall, therefore, at once proceed to one of these estabhshments, and by our soA-ereign power summon its motley inmates Ijefore us, that they may rapidly glide before our readers in review.

In a raw December monring, just before the gas-lights are extinguished, and just before sitnrise, the streets of London form a twilight picture which it is interesting to contemplate,

JIEStillS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

inasmuch as tlicrc exists perhaps no moment in the twenty- ibnr hours in which they present a more guihiess aspect; for at this hour hixury lias retired to such rest as l^elongs to it — vice has not yet risen. Altliougli the rows ol' houses arc still in shade, and although their stacks of chimneys appear fantastically delineated upon the grey sky, yet the picture, chiaro-oscnro, is not altogether without its lights. Tlie wet streets, in whatever direction they radiate, shine almost as brightly as the gilt printing over the barred shops. At the corners of the streets, the gin-palaces, as they are passed, appear splendidly illuminated with gas, showing an elevated row of lettered and numbered yellow casks, which in daylight stand on their ends unnoticed. The fashionable streets are all completely deserted, save by a solitary police- man, who, distinguished by his warm great-coat and shining- belt, is seen standing at a crossing drinking the cup of hot Salop or coffee he has just purchased of an old barrow-woman, who, with her smoking kettle, is quietly seated at his side, while the cab and hackney-coach horses, with their heads droopuiCT, appear as motionless as the brass charger at Charlng-Cross.

An Irish labourer with an empty hod over Ms shoulder, a man carrying a saw, a tradesman with his white apron tucked up for walking, a few men, 'far and wide between,' in fustian jackets, with their hands in their pockets to keep them warm, are the only perceptible atoms of an enormous mass of a million and a half of people — all the rest being as completely buried from view as if they were lying in their graves.

But as our vehicle proceeds, every minute imparts life to the scene, until, by the time Blackfriars-bridge is crossed, the light of day illumines the figures of hundreds of work- men, who, uncomrected with each other, are, in "warious directions, steadily proceeding to their tasks.

ARRANGEMENT OF COMPOSITORS ROOMS.

Among them, from tlieir dress, gait, and general appear- ance, it is not difEcult here and there to distinguish that several are pruiters ; and as we have now reached the gate of one of the principal buildings to which they arc marching, we must alight from our 'cab,' that we may l)y a slight sketch delineate its interior for our readers.

The printmg establishment of Messrs. Clowes, on the Surrey side of the Thames, (for they have a branch office at Charmg-Cross,) is situated between Blackfriars and Waterloo bridges. Their buildings extend in length from Princes-street to Duke-street, and in breadth about half the distance. The entrance is by rather a steep declivity into a little low court, on arriving at which, the counting-houses are close on the left; the great steam-presses, the type- foundry and stereotype-foundry, and paper-warehouse, on the right ; and the apartments for compositors, readers, &c., in front.

In the last-mentioned building there are five compositors' halls, the largest of which (on two levels, the upper being termed by the workmen ' the quarter-deck ') is two hundred feet in length. The door is nearly in the centre, and, on entering this apartment at daybreak, the stranger sees at a coup d'ceil before him, on his right and left, sixty com- positors' frames, which, though much larger, are about the height of the music-stands in an orchestra. At this early hour they are all deserted, their daily tenants not having arrived. Not a sound is to be heard save the slow tiekina: of a gaudy-faced wooden clock, the property of the work- men, which faithfully tells when they are entitled to refresh- ment, and which finally annormces to them the joyfiil in- telligence that the hour of tlieir emancipation has arrived. On the long wall opposite to the range of windows hang the printed regulations of a subscription fimd, to which every man contributes 2d., and every 1ioy Id. per week, explain-

lireSSRS, CLOWES AND SONS' I'RINTIXG-OFFICE.

iiig liow miicli cacli is eiititlcil to receive in the sad liour of sickness, with tlie consohng intelhgence that bl. is allowed to Lnry liini il" he Ijc a man, and 21. lOs. if merely a boy. Along the whole length of the building, about a f jot abo^■c the floor, there is a cast-iron pipe heated by steam, extend- ing throngh the establislimcnt upwards of threc-qnarters of a mile, the genial cliect of which modestly speaks for itself:

On the right hand, tonehing each fl'amc, stands a small low table, about two feet square. A hasty traveller would probably pronounce that all these frames were alike, yet a few minutes' attentive olxscrvation not only dispels the error, Ijut jjy numerous decipherable hieroglypliics explains to a certain extent the general occuj)ation of the owners, as well as the particidar character of each.

For instance, the height of the frames at once declares tjiat the compositors perform their work standingf, while the pair of easy slippers which are underneath each stand suggest that the occupation must l)e severely felt l^y the feet. The working jacket or the apron, which lies exactly as it was cast aside the evening l:ief;ire, slioAvs that fi'ceclom in the arms is a requisite to the craft. The g'ood woi'kman is known hj the regularity with which his <xipu hangs neatly folded in the little wooden recess at his side — the slovenly compositor is detected by having left his MS. on his type, liable to be blown from the case — while the apprentice, like the 'carpenter known Ijy Iris chips,' is discovered by the quantity of type which lies scattered on the floor oir wdilcli he stood.

The relative stature of the workmen can also Ije not in- accurately determined l^y the different heights of their frames. The roomy stools which some have purchased (and which are their private property, for be it known that the establish- ment neither furnishes nor approves of such luxuries) are

I'UAEACTERISTICS OF WORKJIEX.

not without tlicir silent moral ; those with a large circum- ference, lis well as those of a much smaller size, denoting the diameter of a certain recumbent body, while the stuffed stool tells its own tale. The pictures, the songs, the tracts, the caricatures, wdiich each man, according to liis fimcy, has pasted against the small compartment of whitewashed wall wliiili bounds his tmy dominions, indicate the colrjur of his leading propensity. Une man is evidently the pos- sessor of a serious mind, another is a follower of the fine arts. A picture of the Duke of AVellington denotes that another is an admirer of stern moral probity and high military honour ; while a rosy -faced Plebe, in a very low evening gown, laughingly confesses for its owner that which we need not trouble ourselves to expomid. In the midst of these studies the attention of the solitary stranger is aroused by the appearance of two or three little boys, dressed in fustian jackets and paper caps, who in the grey of the morning enter the hall with a broom and water. These are young aspiring dei.'ils, who, until they have regularly received their conunissions, are employed in clean- ing the halls previous to the arrival of the compositors. Besides ventilating the room l^y opening the windows in the roof, beginning at one extremity, they sweep under each frame, watering the floor as they proceed, until they at last collect at the opposite end of the hall a heap of literary rubbish ; but even this is worthy of attention, for, on being sifted through an iron sie^-e, it is invariably found to contain a quantity of type of all sizes, which more or less has been scattered right and left by the different com- positors. To attempt to restore these to the respective famiUes from which they have enrigrated would be a work of considerable trouble; they are therefore thrown into a dark receptacle or grave, where they patiently remain until they are remelted, recast into type, and thus once again

MESSES. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

appear in the case of the coni]30Sitor. By this curious tran.smigration Roman letters sometimes reappear on earth in the cliaractcr of italics — the lazy z finds itself converted into the ubiquitous e, the full stop becomes perhaps a comma, while the hunchbacked mark of interrogation stands triumphantly erect — a note of admiration to the world !

By the time the halls are swept some oi' the compositors drop in. The steadiest generally make their appearance first ; and on reaching their frames their first operation is leisurely to take off and fold up their coats, tuck up their shirt-sleeves, put on their browii hoUand aprons, exchange their heavy walking shoes for the light brown easy slippers, and then unfolding their copy they at once proceed to work.

By eight o'clock the whole body have arrived. Many in their costume resemble common labourers, others are Isettcr clad, several are very well dressed, but all bear in their coun- tenances the appearance of men of considerable intelligence and education. They have scarcely assumed their respective stations, when blue mugs, contaiiring each a pint or half-a- pint of tea or cofi'ee, and attended either Ijy a smoking hot roll stuffed with yellow flutter, or liy a couple of slices of bread and butter, enter the hall. The little girls, who with well combed hair and clean shining faces bring these refresh- ments, carry them to those who have not brealvfasted at home. Before the empty mugs have vanished, a l^oy enters the hall at a fl^st walk with a large bundle under his arm — of morning newspapers : this intellectual luxury the com- positors, by a frieirdly subscription, allow themselves to enjoy. From their connexion with the different presses, they manage to obtain the very earliest copies, and thus the news of the day is known to them — the leading articles of the different papers are criticised, applauded, or condemned — an hour or two before the great statesmen of the country have recei^■ed the observations, the castigation, or the intelli-

CHARACTERISTICS OF TOE WORKMEN.

gence they contain. One would think that compositor.s would be as sick of reading as a grocer's boy is of treacle ; but that this is not the case is proved by the fact, that they not only willingly pay for these newspapers, Ijut often indemnify one of their own community for gl"\'ing up his time in order to sit in the middle of the hall on a high stool and read the news aloud to them while they are labouring at their work : they will, moreover, even pay him to read to them any new book which they consider to contain inte- resting information ! It of course requires very great com- mand of the mind to be able to give attention to what is read from one book, while men are intently employed m the creation of another. The apprentices and inferior work- jnen cannot attempt to do this, but the greater number, astonishing as it may sound, can listen without injury to their avocation. Very shortly after eight o'clock the whole body are at their work, at which, it may be o):>scr"\'ed, they patiently continue, with only an hour's interval, until eiglit o'clock at night.

It is impossible to contemplate a team of sixty literary labourers steadily working together in one room, without immediately acknowledging the important service they are rendering to the civilized world, and the respect which, therefore, is due to them from society. The minutias of their art it might be deemed tedious to detail ; yet with so many operators in view it is not difficult, even for an inex- perienced visitor, to distmguish the different degrees of per- fection at which they have individually arrived.

Among compositors, as in all other professions, the race is not always gained by him who is apparently the swiftest. Steadiness, coolness, and attention are more valuable qualifi- cations than eagerness and haste ; and, accordingly, those compositors who at first sight appear to be doing the most, are often, after all, less serviceable to themselves, and, conse-

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING OFFICE.

qncntly, to tlicir employers, llian those wlio, with less dis- play, I'dIIow the old adage of ' slow and sure.'

(^>n the attitude of a compositor his work princijially depends. The operatiom being performed by the eyes, fingers, and arms, wdiich, with consideralile velocity, are moved in almost e\'ery direction, the rest of the body should be kept as tranquil as possll;>le. Jdowever zealous, therefore, a workman may be, if his shoulders and hips arc seen to be moved by every little letter he lifts, iiitigue, exhaustion, and errors are the result; whereas, if the arms alone appear in motion, the work is more easily, and consequently more successliilly executed. The principle of Hamlet's advice to the players may be offered to compositors : — •

' Speak the speech, I Jirajr you, as T proiinunccil it to jtiu. Do not saw the air too much with your hand, tlius, hut use all gently. He not too tame neither, hut let j'our own discretion he your tutor : suit the (iclluii to the ir<ii'd, the word to the artion.'

Before a compositor can proceed with liis cojv/, his first business must evidently lie to fill his ' cases,' which centain about KtO pounds weight of type, of nine sorts, viz., 1. capitals ; 2. small ctipitals ; 3. Eoman letters (frir italics separate cases are used); 4. figures ; 5. points and references; G. spaces • 7. cm ;ind en quadrats, or the larger spaces ; 8. double, treble, and rpiadruplc quadrats ; !t. accents. There are two ' cases ; ' the upper of which is divided into 08 equal compartments ; the lower into 53 divisions, adapted in size to the number of letters thev arc to contain.

In the English language the letter c uihabits the largest box; a, c, d. Ii, i, m, ru o, r, s, t, v live in the next-sized apartments ; /;, /, (/, k, I, p, v, w, y dwell in wliat may be termed the bed-rooms, while /, </, x, z, ce and ce, double letters, &c., are more humljly lodged in the cupljoards, garrets, and cellars. ^Vnd the reason of this arrancremcnt is, that the letter e being visited by the compositor sixty times as often

DISTKIBUTIOX — COMrOSITIO.Nf.

as z (for his hand spends an hour in the former box f;>r every niimite in tlie latter), it is evidently advisable that the letters oftenest required should be the nearest. Latin and French books dcA'oiir more of c, i, I, m, p, q, s, u, and v than English ones, and for these languages the ' cases ' must therelijre be arranged accordingly.

The usual way of filling cases with letters is ]:>y distril^uting the type pages of books which have been printed off. Al- though the ideas or words of one author wovdd not, especially in his own opinion, at all suit those of his brother writer — (ibr instance, suppose the type pages of ' The Diary of the Times of George \Y .' were distriliuted to set up ' The Bishop of Exeter's Charge to his CUergy ') — yet the letters which compose them are found in practice to bear to each other exactly the same proportion. The most profligate pages are, therefore, quite as acceptable to the compositor who is about to print a sermon, as a volume on cookery, or even on divinity ; and thus, in death, books, like their authors, are all democratically equal.

The distributing of the letters from the type pages into the square dens to which they respectively belong is performed with astonishing celerity. If the type were jumbled, or, as it is technically termed, 'in pie,' the time requisite for recog- nising the tiny countenance of each letter would be enormous ; but the compositor, being enabled to grasp and read one or two sentences at a time, without again looking at the letters, drops them one by one, here, there, and everywhere, accord- mg to their destmation. It is calculated that a good com- positor can distribute 4000 letters per hour, which is about five times as many as he can compose ; just as in common life all men can spend money at least twenty times as readily as they can earn it.

As soon as the workman has filled his cases, his next Sisyphus labour is by composition to exhaust them. Glancing

11

11ESSR3. CLOWES AND SOXS riUNTIXG-OFFICE.

occasionally at his copy bclbre liim, lie consecutively picks up, with a zigzag movement, and with ahnost the velocity of lightning, the letters he requires. In arranging these types in the ' stick,' or little frame, which he holds in liis left hand, he must of course place them with their heads or letter-ends uppermost : besides which they must, like soldiers, be made all to march the same way ; for otherwise one letter in the page would be 'eyes right,' one 'eyes left,' another ' eyes fi'ont,' while another would be looking to the rear. This insubordi- nation would produce, not only confusion, Ijut positive errors, ibr 'p would pass for cl, n for «, q for b, &c. To avoid this, the types are all purposely cast with a ' nick ' on one of their sides, by which simple arrangement they are easily recognised, and made to fall into their p)kaces the right way ; and compositors as regularly p>lace the nicks of their type all outermost, as ladies and gentlemen scientifically seat them- selves at dinner, with their nicks (we mean tlieir mouths) all facing the dishes. In short, a guest sitting with his back to his plate is not. in the opinion of a compositor, a greater breach of decorum than for a letter to face the wrong way. The composing-stick contains the same sort of relative pro- portion to a page as a paragraph. It holds a certain measure of type, and as soon as it is filled, the paragraph, or fragment of paragraph, it contains, is transplanted into the page to which it belongs. This process is repeated until the pages composing a sheet, being completed, are firmly fixed by wooden c[uoins or wedges into an iron frame called a ' chase,' which then assumes the name of a ' form ; ' and after having thus been pjroperly prepared for the proof-press, a single copy is ' pulled ofi',' and the business of correction then begins.

As the compositor receives nothing for curing his own mistakes, they form the self-correcting punishment of his offence. The operation is the most disagreeable, and, by pressure on the chest incurred in leaning over the form, it is

CORRECTING — AUTHOR's CORRECTIONS.

also the most vmliealtliy part of liis occupation. ' A sharp bodkin and patience ' are said by the craft to be the only two instruments wliich are required for correction : by the former a single letter can be abstracted and exchanged; Ijy the latter, if a word has been improperly omitted or repeated, the type In the neighbourhood of the error can be expanded or contracted (teclmically termed 'driven out,' or 'got in') until the adjustment be effected. But the compositor's own errors are scarcely put to rights before a much greater difficulty arrives, namely, the antJtor's corrections, for which the compositoi's are very properly paid 6d. an hour.

It can easily be believed that it is as difficult for a compositor to produce a correct copy of Ills MS., as it is for a tailor to make clothes to fit the person he has measured ; but the simile must stop here, for what would be the exclamations of Mr. Stultze, or Madame Maradan Carson, if they were to be informed that the gentleman or the lady whom they had but a few days ago measured, had, while their clothes were a-making, completely altered in shape, form, and dimensions ? That, for mstance, the gentleman had lost his calves — had 'an increasing belly, and a decreasing leg ' — that, from being a dwarf, he had swelled into a giant — or that his arms had become shorter — and that liis frame had shrivelled into half its bulk : that, again, Miladi's waist had suddenly expanded — that her ' bustle ' had materially increased, wlrile her lovely daughter, who but a week ago was measured as a mop-stick, had all at once what is usually termed ' come out.'

Now, ridiculous as all these changes may sound, they are — to say nothing of the heart-ache caused by 'bad copy,' in which, besides being almost illegible, the author himself evidently does not know what he means to say — no more than those with which compositors are constantly afflicted. Few men can dare to print their sentiments as they write them. Not only must the frame-work of their composition

13

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

lie altered, Init ;i scries of minute postlurmoris additions and srrljlraetiiins arc ordered, wliich it is alnir)st impussiljlc to eilieet ; indet'd, it not unfreipiently happens that it woidd be a sliorter operation i'or the compositor to set up tire tA'pcs afresh, than to distuii) his work picceirrcal, by the quantity of codicils and alterations which a vain, vacillating, crotcliety writer has reipiired.

A glance at the dilfcrent attitudes of the sixty conrpositors workuig lielore us is sufficient to explain even t("i a stranger wdicther they are composing, distriljutmg, correcting, or liu- jyjsiiiif ; which latter occupation is the fixing corrected pages into the iron Ifamcs, or ' forms,' in which they eventually go to press. Lut our reader has probably remained long enough in tlie long half and we wdl therelbre introduce him to the ^X'l■y small cells of the readers.

In a printing establishment ' the reader ' is almost the only indiA'idual whose occupation is sedentary ; indeed, the galley-slave can scarcely be more closely bound to his oar than is a reader to his stool. On entering his cell, his very attitude is a striking and most graphic picture of earnest attention. It is evident, from his outline, that the whole power of his mind is concentrated in a ibcus upon the page liefbi'e liim ; and as in midnight the lamps of the mail, which illuminate a small portion of the road, seem to increase the pitchy darkness which in every other direction prevails, so does the undivided attention of a reatler to his subjc_'ct evidently al)stract his thoughts from all other considerations. An urchin stands by reading to thi; reader from the copij — furnishing him, in fact, with an additional pair of eyes ; and the shortest way to attract his immediate notice is to stop his boy: lor no sooner does the stream of the child's voice cease to flow than the machinery of the man's mind ceases to \\-ork ; — something has evidently gone wrong! — he accord- incfv at once raises his v>'eary head, and a slight sicrh.

14

READERS.

with one passage of tlie liand across his brow, is generally sufficient to enable hun to receive the intruder with mildness and attention.

Although the general interests of literature as well as the character of the art of printing depend on the grammatical accuracy and typographical con'cctness of ' the reader,' yet from the cold-hearted public he recel\'es punishment, but no reward. The slightest oversight is declared to be an error ; while, on the other hand, if by his unremitted application no faidt can be detected, he has nothing to expect from man- kind but to escape and live uncensured. Poor Goldsmith lurked a reader in Samuel Eicliardson's office ibr many a hungry day in the early period of his life !

In a large printing establishment, the realinterest of which is to increase the healthy appetite of the public l>y supplying it with wholesome food of the best possible description, it is found to be absolutely necessary that 'the readers ' should be competent to correct, not only the press, but the author. It is requisite not only that they should possess a microscopic eye, capable of detecting the minutest errors, but be also enlightened judges of the purity of their own language. The general style of the author cannot, of course, be interfered with ; but tiresome repetitions, incorrect assertions, intoxicated hyperbole, fxidts in grammar, and, above all, in punctuation, it is the reader's especial duty to point out. It is, therefore, evidently necessary that he be complete master of his own tongue. It is also almost necessary that he should have been brought up a compositor, in order that he may be acquainted with the mechanical department of that business ; and we need hardly observe that, from the intelligent body of men whose presence we have just left, it is not impossible to select individuals competent to fulfil the important office of readers.

But even to these persons, however carefully selected, it is

BIES.SRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

not clcemecl sai'e solely to intrust tlic supcrviskm of a work : out of tlicm one is generally selected, upon whom tlie higher duty devolves of scrutinising their lahours, and of finally writing upon their revises the irrevocable monosyllable ' Press.'

We have already observed tluit while ' the reader ' is seated in his cell, there stands beside him a small, intelligent boy, who is, in fact, the reader ; that is to say, he reads aloud from the copy, while the man pores upon and corrects the corresponding print. This child, ioi such he is in com- parison with the age of the master he serves, cannot be expected to take any more interest in the heterogeneous mass of literature which he emits, than the little marble Cupids in Italy can be supposed to relish the water whicli is made eA^erlastingiy to stream from their mouths. The subject these boys are spouting is generally altogether bej'ond their comprehension ; and even if it were not so, the p)auses that ensue while ' the reader' is involved in reflection and correc- tion would be quite sufficient to break its thread : but it often happens that they read that which is altogether incompre- hensible to them. Accordingly, in one cell the boy is Ibund reading aloud to his patron a work in the French language, which he has never learned, — and wliich therefore he is thus most ludicrously pronouncing exactly as if it were English : — ■

' Less ducks knee sont pass,' &-r. ,[(. <fr. ;'. e. Lcs dues ne sunt pas, (('■('.

To ' the reader's ' literary ears this must be almost as painful as to common nerves the setting of a saw : yet he patiently listens, and laboriously proceeds with his task. On enteiino- another cell, the boy, who, perhaps, himself has never kno^vlr sickness, is found monotonously reading, with a shrill voice, from a document entitled ' Tabular Abstract of the Causes of Death,' the most melancholy catalogue in the ibllowino- page.

READERS.

^ Of tlie Nervous S System.

Of tlie

Respiratory (

Organs.

Of the

Organs of

Circulation.

Intestinal Canal.

Pancre

Live

VO \ Spleen .

DISEASES.

Total.

Cephalitis

Hydrocephalus

Apoplexy

Paralysis

Convulsions ............

Tetanus

Chorea

Epilepsy

Insanity

Delirium Tremens.. Disease

Total

Laryngitis

Qiiinsey

Bronchitis

Pleurisy

Pneumonia

Hydrot.hora.x

Asthma

Consumption

Decline

Disease

Total

Pericarditis

Aneurism

Disease

Total

Teething

Gastro-Enteritis

Peritonitis

Tabes Meeenterica..

Ascites

Ulceration

Heriiia

Colic

Constipation

Worms

Disease

Disease

Hepatitis

Jaundice

Disease.....

Disease.....

Total

11

45

13

1

1 1

16

163

1

3 2

2 35

4

12

105

56

5

225

2 1

12

15

12 13

12 1

5

48

9 35 10

7 C3

134

3 1

35 1

7

105

69

15

20

20

80

23

8

143

302

1

3 5

70

5

19

210

125

7

448

1

16

19

27 33

55

4 19

1 1

13

103

17

MEWi<i;^. CLUWES AND SONS I'RIXTISG OFFICE.

cliiclly in, to liiui, unintelligible Lutin, of the clismiil roads by which oi_n- lellow-countiynien have just departed irom life.

^Vs ,si.)on as the last ' reader' has affixed his imprimatur on tlie,la)jours of the compositor, and the latter has made the corrections, the forms containing the type are securely fixed, and they arc then carried to the press-room, to which, v.'ith them, wo will now proceed.

Descending from ' the readers' ' cells to the ground floor, the visitor, on approaching the northern wing of IMessrs. Clowcs's establishment, hears a deep, rumbling sound, the meaning of which he is at a loss to understand until, the doors before him being opened, he is suddenly introduced to twenty-five enormous steam-presses, whicli, in three com- partments, are all working at the same time. The siuudtaneous revolutliin of so much complicated machinery, crowded to- gether in a comparatively small compass, coupled with a moment's reilection upon the important purpose for whicli it is in motion, is astounding to the mind; and as broad leather straps are rapidly revolving in all directions, the stranger pauses for a moment to consider whether or not he may get entangled in the process, and against his inclination, as authors generally say in their prefaces, go ' to press.'

Wc will not weary ovr reader hy attempting a minute delineation of the wonderful picture before him, or e^'en introduce to his notice the intelligent engineer, who, in a building apart from the machinery, is m solitude regulating the clean, well-kept, noiseless steam-engine whicli gi\-es it motion ; we ^vill merely describe the literary process.

The lower part of each of the twenty-five steam-presses Vv'e have mentioned consists of a bed or table, near the two ends of which lie prostrate the two sets of ' forms ' containing the types we ha\e just seen adjusted, and from which impressions are to be taken.

I'>v the piiwer of machinery these types, at every throb of

IS

STEAM PRESSES.

tlie engine, arc made liorizontally to advance and retire. At every such movement they arc met half way by seven advancing black rollers, which diagonally pass over them, and thus, by a most beautiful process, impart t(5 them ink sufficient only for a single impression. As quickly as the tjrpcs recede, the seven rollers revolve backwards till they come in contact with another large roller of kindred com- plexion, termed ' the doctor,' which supplies them witli ink, which he, ' the doctor,' himself receives from a dense mass of the same material, which by the constant rcvi;>lution of Esculapius assumes also the appearance of a roller.

When iron first began to be substituted in our navy f ir purposes for which it had hitherto been deemed to be totally inapplical:)le, it is said that an honest sailr)r, grai-ely turning his quid, observed to his comrade, 'Why Jack, our imrser tells me that the Admiralty are going to jjrovide us with east-iron parsons ! ' ' The doctor ' of a steam printing- press is already comjDosed of this useful material, but the other seven rollers are of an infinitely softer suljstance. They are formed of a mixture of treacle and glue ; and in colour, softness, and consistency they are said, by those wlio have studied such suljjects, exactly to resemble the arm of a young negro girl.

Above the table, the forms, and the rollers we have de- scriljed, are, besides other wheels, two very large revolving cylinders, covered with flannel ; the whole apparatus being surmounted by a boy, who lias on a lofty table l_w his side a pile of quires of white paper.

Every time the lower bed has moved, this boy places on the upper cylinder a sheet of paper, which is ingeniously confined to its station by being slipped mider two strings of tape. It is, however, no sooner affixed there, tlian l^y a turn of the engine, revolving with the cylinder, it is flatly deposited on the first of the ' forms,' which, by the process

19

MESSKS. CLOWES AXD SONS' PRINTTXCc OFFICE.

wc liavc dcscriljed, ]ias been ready Inked to receh-e it : it is there instantaneously pressed, is tlicn cauglit up by tlic other ej'linder, and, after rapidly revolving with it, is again left with its white side imposed upon the second ' form,' where it is again subjected to pressure, from which it IS no sooner released than it is hurried within the grasp of another bny, at the bottom part of the machinery, who, illumined by a gas light, extricates it from the cylinder, and piles it on a heap by his side.

I!y virtue of this beautiful process, a sheet of paper, by two revciluticms of the engine, with the assistance of only two boys, is imprinted on both sides, with not only, say sixteen pages of letter-press, jjut with the Mirious woodcuts wdiich they contain. Excepting an hour's intermission, the engines, like the boys, are at regular work from eight A.M. till eight P.M., besides night-work when it is required. Each steam-press is capable of printing 1000 sheets an hour.

The apartments to the left of the machinery wo have described contain no less than twenty-three common or hand-presses, of various constructions ; besides which, in each of the compositors' rooms, there is what is termed a proof-press. Each of these twenty-three presses is attended by two pressmen, one of whom inks the form, liy means of a roller, Avhilst the other lays on and takes off the paper very nearly as fast as he can change it, and by a strong gymn;istic exertion, afiording a striking feature of variety of attitude, imparts to it a pressure of from a ton to a ton and a half, the pressure depending upon the size and lightness of the form ; this operation being performed by the two men, turn and turn about.

By his steam and hand presses Mr. Clowes is enabled at this moment to be printing simultaneously ' Brown's folio Bible,' ' Yyse's Spelling Book,' ' First Picport of St. Martin's Subscription Library,' ' Rehgious Tracts,' 'Penny Cyclo-

20

TROGRESS OF PRINTING.

pffidia,' 'Penny Magazine,' 'The Harmonist' (in musical type), ' Tlie Imperial Calendar,' ' Booksellers' Catalogues,' ' Eegistration Eeports,' 'The Christian Spectator,' 'Pictorial Shakspere,' 'Henry's folio Bible,' 'Butler's Lives of the Saints,' ' Eegistration of Births and Deaths,' ' Boothroyd's Bible,' 'Life and Adventures of Michael Armstrong,' 'Palestine, or tire Holy Land,' ' The Way to be Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise' (300,000 copies, of which 20,000 are delivered per day), 'The Quarterly Eeview,' &c.

Notwitlistanding the noise and novelty of this scene, it is impossible either to contemplate for a moment the machinery in motion which we have described, or to calculate its pro- duce, without being deeply impressed with the inestimable value to the human race of the art of printing — an art wliich, in spite of the opposition it first met witli, in spite of ' the envious clouds which seemed bent to dim its glory and check its bright course,' has triumphantly risen above the miasmatical ignorance and superstition which woidd willingly have smothered it.

In the fifteenth century (the era of the invention of the art) the brief-men, or writers who lived by their manuscripts, seeing that their occupation was about to l^e superseded, boldly attriliuted the invention to tire devil, and, building on this foundation, men were warned from using diabolical books ' written by victims devoted to hell.' The monks in particular were its inveterate opposers ; and the Vicar of Croydon, as if he had foreseen the Eeibrmation which it sul3sequently effected, truly enougli exclaimed, in a sermon preached by him at St. Paul's Cross, ' We must root out jn-inting, or iJrinting will root us out ! ' Nevertheless, the men of the old school were compelled to adopt the novelty thus hateful: in fact, many of the present names of our type have been derived from their having been first employed in the printing of Eomish prayers ; for instance, ' Pica,' from

21

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS' PRINTIK(.;-OFFrCE.

the scrA'icc of the IWass, termed Pica c>r Pic, from the r^'lariiig contrast between the black and white on its page — ' Primer,' from Primarius, the book of Prayers to tlic Virgin — ' Brevier,' from Breviary, — ' Canon,' from the Canons of the Church — ' St. Augustin,' from that Father's writings having been first printed in that sized type, &c. &c.

How reluctantly, however, the old prejudice was parted with, even by the classes most interested in the advancement of the new device, may be inferred from Shakspere's tran- script of the chronicle in which Jack Cade, the radical spouter of his day, is made to exclaim against Lord Say, ' TIiou liast most traitorously corrupted the youth of tire realm in erecting a grammar school ; and whereas, before, our forefathers had no other books but the score and tally, thou hast cAxvicA printing to he used; and, contrary to the king, his crown and dignity, thou hast built a paper-mill ! '

But we must pause in our quotations, for the wooden clocks in the compositors' halls have just struck ' OXE,' the signal throughout the whole establishment (which we may observe contains 340 workmen) that the welcome hour lor rest and refreshment has arrived. The extended arm of the distributor falls as by paralysis to liis side — the compositor as suddenly lays down his stick — the corrector his bodkin — the impositor abandons his quoins, reglet, gutters, scaleboard, chases, shoot- ing-sticks, side-sticks, and his other 'furniture' — the wearied ' reader ' slowly rises from his stool, his Ijoy, like a young- kid, having already bounded from his side. The wheels of the steam-presses abruptly cease to revolve — ' the doctor ' even becomes motionless — the boys descend from the literary pinnacles on which they had been stationed — the hand- presses repose — and, almost Ix'fore the paper-men, type- founders, and other workmen can manage to lay down tlieir work, in both Duke-street and Stamford-street printers' boys of -^-arious coloius are seen either scudding away in all direc-

22

THE DINNEK llOUlt.

tions, or assembled, in knots to pluy at leap-frog, or at what- ever other game may happen to be what is technically called ' in.' A iat, ruddy-faced boy wearing a paper-cap is seen vaidting over the back of a young tight-made devil, while ' a legion of foul fiends ' appear gambolling in groups, or jumping over each other's shoulders.*

While this scene is passing in the middle of the street, steady workmen who are going to their dinners arc seen issuing in a stream out of the great gate, while at the same moment, by a sort of back current, there is entering the yard a troop of little girls with provisions for those who prefer to dine at their posts. Most of these children are bearers of one or more sixpenny portions of smoking hot meat with penny portions of potatoes or cabbage, in addition to wliich some of the little girls, with their longing eyes especially fixed on the dish, are carrying great twopenny lumps of apple-pudding, or heavy pieces of a cylindrical composition commonly called ' roUy-poUy pudding,' which very closely resemble slices of ' the doctor.' Besides these eatables, a man is seen gliding hastily down the declivity of the yard, carrying in each hand a vertical tray glistening with bright pewter pint pots.

* Whenever a printer'a devil, in the morning, at noon, or at niglit, is about to be let loose upon an autbor, ' the proofs ' he is ordered to convey are secured in a leathern bag, strapped rumid his waist. Soure time ago, however, a young, thoughtless imp, from Messrs. Cllowes's establishment, chose to carry upon his liead a heavy packet addressed by his employer to ' Lieut. Stratford, E.N., Somerset House.' ' You young rascal ! ' exclaimed a tall thief, who, after having read the inscription, cmmingly ran up to him, ' Lieut. Stratford has been waiting for the last two hours for this parcel ! Give it to me ! ' The devil, conscience-stricken and crest-fallen at the recollection that he had twice stopped on his road to play at marbles, delivered up his packet to the coiimyancer ; who, on opening it in his den, must have been gi'icvously disappointed to find that it contained nothing but some proofs of ' The Nautical Almanac for 1840.'

JIESSIIS. CLOWES AND SOSS PRINTING OFFICE.

A reuiarkablc silence now pervades the establishment. The halls of the ccimpositors appear to be empty ; for while enjoying their humble meal, sick of standing, they invariably scat themselves under their frames, and thus, like rats in their holes, they can scarcely be discovered. The carc- Wfirn reader, in solitude, is also at his meal ; but whatever it may consist of, it would be hard to say which he enjoys most— ibod ibr the body or rest for the mind. The great steam-engine which wc)rks the twenty-five printing-presses is also at its dinner, which consists of a liberal allowance of good neat's-Ibot ciil and tallow.

As this scene of rest and enjoyment is to last for a whole hour, we perhaps cannot l^etter employ a small portion of the interim than by a few reflections on the history of j^rinting.

The lahour attendant upon propagating manuscript copies of volmnes has been thus very feelingly described by William Caxton : —

' Tlius end I tliis book ; and for as moclio as in wiityng of tlie same my penue is worn, myn lianJe weary, and mj-n ej-ne dimmed witli overmoclie lookjTig on tlie wliit ^japer, and that ago creejietli on me dayly ' . . . .

Accordingly fifty years were sometimes employed in pro- ducing a single ^-olumc. At the sale of Sir W. Burrell's books, May 17SJG, there was displayed a MS. Bible on \'ellum, beautifully written with a pen, and illuminated, which had taken upwards of half a century to perform ; the writer, Guido de Jars, began it in his tbrtieth year (the period of life at which Sir Walter Scott began Waverley), and yet did not finish it till he was upwards of ninety.

The expense attendant upon the ancient operation will be sufficiently explained by the following extract of a translated epistle from Antonio Bononia Becatello to Alphonzo, King oi' Naples : —

24

REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY OF PRINTING.

' You lately wrote to me from Florence that the works of Titus Li- vius are there to he sold ui very handsome hooks, and tliat the price of each hook is 120 crowns of gold : therefore I entreat your majesty that you cause to he bought for us Livy, whom we used to call the king of books, and cause it to he sent hither to us. I shall in the mean time procure the money which I am to give for the price of the book. C>ne thing I want to know of your prudence, whether I or Poggins have done best : he, who, that he might buy a country-house near Florence, sold Livy, which he had writ in a very fair hand ; or I, who, to purchase Livy, have exposed a piece of land to sale ? Your goodness and modesty have encouraged me to ask these things with familiarity of you. Farewell, and triumph.'

Gacfuin, in writina; from France to one of his friends who sent to him from Rome to procure a Concordance, says, —

' I have not to this day found a Concordance, except one that is greatly esteemed, which Pasohasius the bookseller has told me is to be sold, and it maybe had for a liimdred cro'^^ais of gold,' (about 83/.)

On the last leaf of a folio manuscript of the Itoman de la Rose (the property of the late Mr. Ames) there is written, —

' C'est lyuir costa an palas de Paiys quarantc coronnes dor, sans rnentyr.'

About the time of Henry II. the works of authors were, it has been said, read over for three days successively before one of the Universities, or before other judges appointed for the service, and, if they met with aj^probation, copies of them were then permitted to be taken by monks, scribes, illuminators, and readers, brought up or trained to that purpose for their maintenance. But the labours of these monks, scribes, illuminators, &c., after all, were only for the benefit of a very few individuals, while the great bidk of the community lived in a state of ignorance closely resembling that which has ever characterized and which still characterizes savage tribes.

The heaven-born eloquence of many of these people has

25

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS I'UINTING-OFFICE.

Ix'cn aeknowlcdgcd l:>y almost every traA'eller who has enjoyed the ripportuiiity of hstemng to it with a translator.

Kothmg, it is said, can be more striking than tire frame- work of tlien- speech, wliich, commencing witli an appeal to ' the Great Spirit ' that governs tlie universe, gradually descends to the very foundation of the sulyect they are dis- cussmLf. NothiniT more beautiful than the imagery with which they clothe their ideas, or more unposmg tlian the intellectual coolness with which they express tliem. Fj'om sunrise till sunset they can address tlieir patient audittirs ; and such is the confidence these smipde pieople pfissess in their innate powers of speech, that a celeljratcd orator was, on a kite occasion, heard to declare, ' That liad he conceived the young men of his tribe would liavc so erred m tlieir decision, he would have attended their council lire, and would liM'Q spoken to them for a fortnight 1'

liiit what has become of all the orations wliich these denizens of the lijrcst liave pronounced ? "What moral effect ha^'c they produced Ijcyond a momentary excitement of admiratKjn, participated only hj a small party of listeners, and which, had e"\'en millions attended, could only, alter all, have extended to the radius of the speaker's voice ?

From our first discovery of their country to the present day, their eloi|uence has passed away like the loud moaning noise wliich the wind makes in passing through the vast wilderness they inliabit, and which, however it may affect the tra^'eller wlio chances to hear it, dies away in the universe unrecorded.

Unable to read or write, the uncivilized orator of tlie present day has hardly any materials to build with Ijut his fAvii native talent; he has received notliing from his fbre- fiitliers — he can bequeath or promulgate little or nothing to posterity — whatever, therelbre, may lie his elof|uciice, and whatever may lie liis intelligence, he is almost solely guided

UEFLEUTIONS ON THE HISTORY OF PRIXTING.

hj what resembles brute instinct rather than human reason, ^vhlell, by tlie art of writing, transmits experience to pos- terity.

Before the invention of printing ahnost tlie whole herd of mankind were in a state of moral degradation, nearly equal to that which we have thus described ; lur, although various manuscripts existed, yet the expense and trouble of ol:)tammg them was, as we have endea^'oured to show, so great, that few could possess them in any quantities, except sovereign princes, or persons of very great wealth. The intellectual power of mankind was consequently completely undisciplined — -there was no such thing as a combination of moral power — the experience of one age was not woven into the fabric of another — in short, the intelligence of a nation was a rope of sand. Now, how wonderful is the contrast between this picture of the dark age which preceded the invention of prmting and the bn.?y establishment which only for a few moments we have just left !

The distmction between the chrysalis and the butterfly but feebly illustrates the alteration which has taken place, since by the art of printing science has been enabled to wing its rapid and unerring course to the remotest regions of the globe. Every man's information is now received and de- posited in a common hive, containing a cell or receptacle for everything that can be deemed worth preserving. The same facility attends the distribution of information which characterizes its collection. The power of a man's voice is no longer the measured range to which he can project his ideas ; for even the very opinion we have just uttered, the very sentence we are now writing — faulty as they may both be — printed by steam, and trairsported by steam, will be no sooner published thair they will be wafted to every region of the habitable globe, — to India, to America, to China, to every country in Europe, to every colony we

27 K 2

MESSRS. CLOWES AA'D SONS PRIXTISG-OEFICE.

possess, to our friends, and to our Iocs, wlicre^'cr tlicy may be. In short, the hour has at last arri^'ed at which tlic humblest indi^'idual in our community is enabled to say to those, whoever they may be, who are seen to wield authority wickedly, —

' Si \'nus m'ojiprimez, si vos grandeurs dedaignent Ih:s pleurs des innoceiis que vou.s faites couler, Moil yengcur est au ciel : appreuez a trembler !

As railroads have produced traffic, so has printing pro- duced learned men ; and ' to this art,' says Dr. Knox, ' we owe the Retbrmation.' The cause of religion has Ix'cn most gloriously promoted by it; for it has placed the Bible in everybody's hands. Yet, notwithstanding the enormous mass of iniormation it has imparted, it is, however, a most remarkable fact, that prmting is one of those busybodies who can tell every man's history but his own.

Although four centuries have not elapsed since the inven- tion of the noble art, yet the origin of this transcendent light, veiled in darkness, is still a subject of dispute ! Iso certain record has been handed down fixing the precise time when — the person by whom — and the place whence this art deri^'cd its jjirth. The latent reason of this mystery is not very creditable to mankind ; for printing having been as much the counterfeit as the suljstitute of writing, fixmi sheer avarice it was kept so completely a secret, that we are told an artist, upon offering for sale a number of Bibles, which so miraculously resembled each other in every particular that they were deemed to surpass human skill, was accused of witclrcraft, and tried in the year 1460.

Gutenberg, we all kirow, is said to have l^een the father of printing; Schoeflcr the father of letter-founding ; Faust, or Fust, the generous patron of the art ; and by Hansard tliese three are ternred ' the graird typograpliical triumvirate.'

On the other hand, Hadrianus Jiurius, who wrote the

THE TYrE-FOUNDKY.

history of Holland in Latin, published in 1578, claims the great art for Harlaem, assigning to Laurentius Coster the palm of being the original in^xntor. Neither our limits nor our inclinatiiju allow us to take any part in the threadi^are discussion of the subject. On the front of the house in- habited by Gutenljerg, at Mentz, there is the following in- scription : —

' JOIIANKI GUTTEMBEKOEN.SI,

Moguntino Qui Primus (Jmuimn Litcras ^Eve Imprimendas luveuit, Hao Arto De Orbe Toto Bene Mereuti.'

Besides this, a fine statue by Thorwaldscn, erected in the city, was opened amidst a burst of enthusiasm. ' For three days,' says a late writer, 'the population of Mayence was kept in a state of high excitement. The echo of the excite- ment went through Germany, and Gutenberg ! Gutenberg ! ! was toasted in many a bumper of Rhenish wine, amidst this cordial and enthusiastic people.' But wliile Gut! Guten ! Gutenberg ! are thus resounding through Germany, the web-footed inhabitants of the city of Harlaem, nothing daunted, still paddle through their streets, with their burgo- masters at their head, holding annual fcsti-\-als, and making j)ublic speeches, in commemoration of the grand discovery of the art by their ' beloved Coster,' to whom various monu- ments have been erected.

But two o'clock has arrived, and we therefore most readily abandon the history of printing, to return with Mr. Clowes's people to his interesting establishment.

On entering the door of a new department, a number of workmen, in paper caps, and with their shirt sleeves tucked up, may be seen at a long table, immediately under the windows, as well as at another table in the middle of the room, intently occupied at some sort of miniite, niggling

29

MUSSKS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

operation ; but what wliolly engrosses the first attention of the stranger is the extraordinary convulsive attitudes of ten men, who, at equal distances from each other, are standing with tlicir right shoulders close to the dead wall opposite to the ^vindows.

These men appear as if they were all possessed witli St. A^itus's Dance, or as if they were periijrming some Driiidical i:ir Dcrvisliical religious ceremony. Instead, however, of lieing the servants of idolatrons superstition, they are in tiict its most destructive enemies : iiji, grotesque as may he their attitudes, they are Ijusily liibricating grains of intellectual gimpowder to explode it — we moan they are type-casting.

This important operation is performed as fullows : — In the centre of a three-inch cuIjc of liard wood, which is split into two halves like tlic shell of a walnut, there is inserted the copper matrix or form of the letter to )je cast. The two halves of the cube when put together are so matliematically adjusted that their separation can scarcely he detected, and accordingly down the line of junction there is pierced, from the outer face of this wood to the copper matrix, a small hole, into which the liquid metal is to be cast, and from which it can easily be extricated by the opening or bisection of the cube. Besides this piece of wood, the type-caster is provided with a little furnace, and a small cauldron of liquid metal, projecting about a foot from the wall, on his right. The wall is protected by sheet-iron, wdiich is seen shining and glittering in all directions with the metal that in a liquid state has been tossed upon it to a great height.

On the floor, close at the feet of each ' caster,' there is a small heap of coals, while a string or two of onions hanging here and there against the wall sufficiently denote that those who, instead of leavmg the Iniilding at one o'clock, dure within it, are not totally unacquainted with the culinary art.

The ladles arc of various denominations, according to the

THE TITE-FOUNDKY.

size of the type to be cast. There are some that contain as much as a quarter of a pound of metal, but for common- sized type the instrument does not hold more than would one-half of the shell of a small hazel-nut.

With the mould in the left hand, the founder with his right dips his little instrument into the liquid metal — in- stantly pours it into the hole of the cube, and then, in order to force it down to the matrix, he jerks up the mould higher than his head ; as suddenly he lowers it, by a quick move- ment opens the cube, shakes out the type, closes the box, re-fills it, re-jerks it into the air, re-opens it — and, by a repe- tition of these rapid manaiuvres, each workman can create from 400 to ,500 types an hour.

By the convulsive jerks which we ha^-e descrilDed the liquid is unavoidably tossed about in various directions ; yet strange to say, the type-founder, following the general lashion of the establishment, perforins this scalding operation with naked arms, although in many places they may be observed to ha^-e been more or less burned.

As soon as there is a sufficient heap of type cast, it is placed before an intelligent little boy, (whose pale, wan lace sufSciently explahis the effect that has been produced upon it by the antimony in the metal,) to be broken off to a uniform length ; for, in order to assist in forcing the metal down to the matrix, it was necessary to increase the weight of the type by doubling its length. At this operation a quick boy can break off from 20U0 to 301)0 ty]Des an hour, although, be it observed, by handling new type a workman has been known to lose his tlimnb and forefinger from the effect of the antimony.

By a third process the types are rubbed on a ilat stone, which takes ofi" all rouglmess or '6«r'from their sides, as well as adjusts their 'beards' and their 'shanks.' A good rubber can finish about 2000 an hour.

;ii

MESSRS. CLOWES AXD SONS PKINTIXG-OFFICE.

By a fourth process, the types are, by men or hojs, fixed into a sort of composing-stick about a yard long, where they arc made to he in a row with tlieir ' nicks ' all uppermost : 3000 or 4000 per hour can be thus arranged.

In a fifth process, the bottom extremities of these types, wliich had been left rougli by the second process, are, by the stroke of a plane, made smooth, and the letter-ends being then turned uppermost, the whole line is carefully examined by a microscope ; the faulty types, technically termed ' fat- faced,' ' lean-faced,' and ' bottle-bottomed,' are extracted ; and the rest are then extricated from tlie ittick, and left in a heap.

The last operation is that of ' telling them down and papering them up,' to be ready for distribution when re- fjuired.

By the system we have just described, Mr. Clowes pos- sesses the poAver of supplying his compositors with a stream of new type, flowing upon them at the rate of 50,000 per day!

Type-founding has always been considered to l)c a trade of itself, and there is not in London, or we believe in tlie world, any other great printing establishment in which it is comprehended ; but the advantages derived from tliis con- nexion are very great, as types form the life-blood of a print- ing-house, and, therefore, whatever fircilitates tlieir circula- tion adds to its health and promotes science.

Small, insignificant, and undeciphcral)lc as types appear to inexperienced eyes, yet, wlien we reflect upon the astonislr- ing effects they produce, they forcibly remind us of that Ijeautiful parable of the grain of mustard-seed, ' ivlucli indeed is the least of all seeds, but when it is grown it is the greatest among herbs, and becometh a tree, so that the birds of the air come and lodge in the branches thereof.' But, easting- theory aside, we will endeavour ti:) ilemonstrate tlie advan-

ADVANTAGES OF ABUXDANCE OF TYPE.

tagcs which not only the estabUslimcnt Ijefbre us, but the whole literary world, bona fide derives from a cheap, ready, and never-faihng supply of type.

By possessing an ample store of this primum molile of his art, a printer is enabled, without waiting for the distribution or breaking up of the type of the various publications he is prmting, to supply liis compositors with the means of ' setting up ' whatever requires immediate attention — literary productions, therefore, of every description are thus relieved from unnecessary quarantine, the promulgation of knowledge is hastened, the distance which separates the writer from the reader is reduced to its minimum.

But besides' the facility wliich the possession of abundance of type gives both to the publisher and to the public, the printer's range, or in other words the radius, to the extent of wliich he is enabled to serve the world, is materially in- creased ; for with an ample supply he can manage to keep type in ' forms ' until Hs proofs from a distance can be returned corrected. In a very large printuig establishment like that before us, this radius is very nearly the earth's diameter ; for Messrs. Clowes are not only enabled, by the quantity of type tliey possess, to send proofs to the East and West Indies, but they are at this moment engaged ui print- ing a work regadarly published in England every month, the proof-sheets of wliich arc sent by our steamers to be corrected by the author in America !

Again, in the case of books that are likely to run into subsequent editions, a pruiter who has plenty of type to spare can afford to keep the forms standing until the work has been tested; and then, if other editions are required, they can, on the whole, be printed infinitely cheaper than if the expense of composition were in each separate edition to be repeated — the publisher, tlie printer, and the public, all, therefore, are gainers by this arrangement.

33

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

Ill Ijy'-ways as well us in luLili-ways, literary labourers ol' the liiiiuljlest description arc assisted by a printing estaljlisli- nient possessing abundance of type. For instance, in its JLn-enilc days, the '(Quarterly EcA'icw ' (which, by the 'way, is iKiw tliirty years old) was no sooner published than it was necessary that the first article of the following numl:)er shoidd go to press, in order that the printer might be enaljled, article liy article, to complete the whole in three months. Of the inconvenience to the editor attendant upon this 'nevcr-cnding- still-begiiniing system, wc deem it proper to say nothing : cair readers, liowevcr, will at once sec tlie scorbutic iuconTcniencc which they themselYCS must lia^'c suilered Ij)^ having lieen sup- plied l)y us with provisions, a considerable portion of whicli had unavoidably Ijeen salted down lor nearly three months. Now, under the present system, the contents ol' the whole numljer lie open to fresh air, correction, and conviction — arc ready to admit new information — to receive fresh facts — to so late a moment, that our eight or ten articles may )je sent to the printer on a Monday with directions to be ready for publication on the Saturday.

Ihit notwithstanding all the examples we have given of the present uicreased expenditure of type, our readers will probalily be surprised when they are informed of the actual quant Ity which is rccjirired.

The numl^er of sheets now standing in type in Messrs. Clowes's establishment, each v\reighing on an average about 100 his., is above 1000. The weight of type not in firms amounts to about 100 tons ! — the weight of the stereotype plates in their possession to about 2000 tons : the cost to the proprietors (without including the original composition of the types from which they were cast) about 200,000/. The number of woodcuts is about 5O,(J00, of which stereotype- casts are taken and sent to Germany, France, frc.

Flaving mentioned the amount of stereotype-plates in tlie

THE STEREOTYPE-I'OUNDliY.

estiibKslimcnt, it is proper that we should now visit tlie foundry in wliich they arc cast. Tlio principal piece of furniture in this small chamber is au oven, in appearance sucli as is com- monly used by ilunilies ibr baking bread In front of it there stands a S(jrt of dresser ; and close to the wall on the right, and adjoining the entrance door, a small table. Tlie ' forms ' or pages of types, after they have been used by the printer, and before the stereotype impression can be taken from them, require to be cleaned, in order to remove from them the particles of ink with which they have Ijccn clogged in the process of printing. As soon as this operation is effected, the types are carefully oiled, to prevent the cement sticking to them, and when they have been thus prepared, they are placed at the bottom of a small wooden frame, where they lie in appearance like a schoolboy's slate. In about a quarter of an hour the plaster of Paris, wliich is first dabbed on with a cloth and then poured upon them, becomes hard, and the mixture, wliich somewhat rcsemljles a common Yorkshire pudding, is then put into the oven, where it is baked ftir an hour and a half It is then put into a small iron coffin -with holes in each corner, and buried in a cauldron of liquid metal, heated by a small llirnace close to the oven — the little vessel containing the type gradually sinks from view, until the silvery glistening wave rolling over it entirely conceals it from the eye. It remains at the bottom of this cauldron about ten minutes, when being raised Ijy the arm of a little crane, it comes up completely encrusted with the metal, and is put for ten minutes to cool over a cistern of water close to the cauldron. The mass is then laid on the wooden dresser, where the founder unmercifully belabours it with a wooden mallet, which breaks the Ijrittle metal ffoni the coffin, and the plaster of Paris cast being also shattered into pieces, the stereotype impression wliich, during this rude operation, has remained imharincd, is introduced for the first moment of its

35 F 2

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

existence into the light of clay. The Ijirth of this plate is to the literary world an event of no small importance, inasmuch as 100,000 copies of the best impressions can be taken from it, and with care it can propagate a million ! The plates, after being rudely cut, are placed on a very ingenious description of Procrustesian bed, on which they are by a machine not only all cut to the same length and breadth, but ^vith equal unpartiality planed to exactly the same thickness.

The plates are next examined in another chamber by men termed ' pickers,' who, with a sharp graver, and at the rate of about sixteen pages in six hours, cut out or off any improper excrescences ; and if a word or sentence is found to be liudty, it is cut out of the plate, and replaced by real type, which are soldered into the gaps. Lastly, by a circular saw the plates arc very expeditiously cut into pages, wlrich are packed up in paper to go to press.

We have already stated that in Messrs. Clowes's establish- ment the stereotype plates amount in weight to 2000 tons. They are contained in two strong rooms or cellars which appear to the stranger to be almost a mass of metal. The smallest of these receptacles is occupied entirely with the Religious Tract Society's plates, many of which are fairly entitled to the rest they are enjoyuig, having already given hundreds of thousands of impressions to the world. It is vexy pleasing to find in the heart of a busy, bustling estab- lishment, such as we are reviewing, a chamber exclusi^'cly set apart for the propagation of religious knowledge ; and it is a lact creditable to the coimtry in general, as well as to the art of printing in particiJar, that, including all the publi- cations printed by Messrs. Clowes, one fourth are sell-devoted to religion. The larger store, wliich is 100 feet in length, is a dark omnium gatlierum, containing the stereotype plates of pulilications of all descriptions. But even in this epitome of the hterature of the age, our readers will be gratified to learn

36

THE PAPER-WAREHOUSE.

that the sacred vohimes of the Established Church maintain, by their own intrinsic value, a rank and an importance, their possession of which has been the basis of the character and unexampled prosperity of the British empire. Among the plates in this store there arc to be seen reposing those of thirteen varieties of Bibles and Testaments, of ninnerous books of hymns and psahns, of fifteen dilFerent dictionaries, and of a number of other books of acknowledged sterling value. We have no desire, however, to conceal that the above are strangely intermixed with publications of a different description. For instance, next to ' Doddridge's Works ' lie the plates of ' Bon Juan : ' close to ' Hervey's Meditations ' lie ' The Lives of Highwaymen, ' ' Henderson's Cookery,' ' The Trial of Queen Caroline,' and ' Macgowan's Dialogue of Devils.' In the immediate vicinity of the ' Pilgrim's Progress ' repose ' The Newgate Calendar ' (6 vols.), and ' Eeligious Courtship ; ' and lastly, in this republic of letters, close to 'Sturm's Eeflections,' ' Eeady Eeckoner,' ' Goldsmith's England,' and ' Hutton's Loga- ritluns,' are to be found ' A whole Family in Heaven,' ' Heaven taken by Storm,' ' Baxter's Shove to ***** **»** Cliristians,' &c. &c. &c.

On the whole, however, the ponderous contents of tlie chamber are of great literary value; and it is with feelings of pride and satisfaction that the stranger beholds before him, in a single cellar, a capital, principally devoted to religious in- struction, amoimting to no less than 200,0 OOZ. !

In suddenly coming from the inky chambers of a printing- office into the paper-warehouse, the scene is, almost without metaphor, ' as different as black from white.' Its transition is like that which the traveller experiences in suddenly reaching the snowy region which caps lofty mountains of dark granite.

It must be evident to the reader that the cjuantity of

37

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PKINTING-OFFICE.

paper used l3y Messrs. Clowes in a single year must he ennrnious.

Tins paper, before it is dcspatclied Irom the printer to the liinder, undergoes two opposite processes, namely, wetting and drying, l^otlr of wliicli may be "\'ery shortly descrilx'd. Tlic wetting-room, wliicli forms a sort of cellar to the paper- warehouse, is a small chamber, containing three troughs, supplied with water, like tli(jse in a common laundry, by a leaden pipe and cijck. Leaning over one of these troughs, there stands, from m(jrning till night, with naked arms, red fingers, and in wooden shoes, a man, whose sole occupatiiai, for the whole of his life, is to wet paper for the press. The general allowance he gives to each quire is two dips, which is all that he knows of the literature of the age ; and certainly, when it is considered that, with a strapipmg lad to assist him, he can dip 200 reams a day, it is c^'ident that it must require a considerable number of very ready writers to kec/p pace with him. After being thus wetted, the paper is put iir a pile under a screw-press, where it remains subjected to a pressure of l^OO tons for twelve hours. It should then wait abiait two days before it is used for priirting ; yet, if tlie weather be not too hot, it will, fijr nearly a fiirtnight, remain sufficiently damp ti3 iml^iljc the ink fixmr the type.

We liai'e already stated that, as first as the sheets printed on both sides are aljstracted jjythe boys who sit at thebottrans of the twenty-fiA'e steam-presses, they are piled in a heap by their sides. As soon as these piles reach a certain heiglit, they are carried off, in wet bundles of aljout one thousand sheets, to the two drying rooms, which are heated Ijy steam to a temperature of about 00'-' of Fahreidieit. These bundles are there subdivided into ' lifts,' or cpiires, containing ff(jm fourteen to sixteen sheets ; seven of these lifts, one after another, are rapidly placed upcai the transverse end of a long-liandled ' peel,' hj ^vhicll they are raised nearly to the

THE PArEK-WAREIIOUSE.

ceiling, to bo deposited across small woode]i bars ready fixed to receive tliem, in which situation it is necessary they should remain at least twch'c hours, in order that not only the paper, but the ink, should be dried. In looking upwards, therefore, the whole ceiling of the room appears as if an im- mense shower of snow had just suddenly been arrested in its descent from heaven. In the two rooms aljout four hundred reams can lie dried in twcnty-lbur hours.

When the operation of drying is completed, the ' lifts ' are rapidly pushed by the ' peel ' one above another (like cards which have overlapped) into a pack, and in these masses tlicy are then lowered, and again placed in piles, each of which contains the same 'signature,' or, in other words, is formed of duplicates of the same sheet. A work, therefore, contain- ing twenty-four sheets— marked or signed A, B, C, and so on, to Z — stands in twenty-four piles, all touching each other, and of which the height of course depends upon the niunl^er of copies composing the edition. A gang of sharp little boys of about twelve years of age, with naked arms, termed gatlierers, following each other as closely as soldiers in file, march past these heaps, from every one of which they each abstract, in regular order for publication, a single sheet, which they deliver as the complete work to a ' collator,' whose duty it is rapidly to glance OA'cr the printed signature letters of each sheet, in order to satisfy himself that they fol- low each other in regidar succession ; and as soon as the sig- nature letters have either, by one or by repeated gatherings, been all collected, they are, after being pressed, placed in piles about eleven feet high, composed of complete copies of the publication, which, having thus undergone the last process of the prmting establishment, is ready for the hands of the binder.

The group of gathering-boys, whose ' march of intellect ' we have just described, usually perform per day a thousand journeys, each of which is, on an average, about fourteen

39

MESSES. CLOWES AND SONS TRINTINO-OFFICE.

yards. The quantity of paper in the two drying-rooms amounts to about 3000 reams, each weighing al^out 25 lbs. Tlie supply of white paper in store, kept in piles about 20 leet high, averages about 7000 reams; the amount of paper printed every week and delivered f(3r publication amounts to about 1500 reams (of 500 sheets), each of which averages in size 389 J square inches. The supply, therefore, of wlutc paper kept on hand would, if laid do^vn in a path of 22i inches broad, extend 1230 miles ; the quantity pruitcd on both sides per week would form a path of the same l:)readth of 263 miles in length. In the course of a year Messrs. Clowes consume, therefore, white paper enough to make petticoats of the usual dimensions (ten demys per petticoat) for three hundred and fifty thousand ladies !

The ink used in the same space of tune amounts to about 12,000 lbs.

The cost of the paper may be about 100,000/. ; that of the ink exceeding 1500/.

In one of the compartments of Messrs. Clowes's establish- ment, a lew men are employed in fixing metal-type into the wooden blocks of a most valuable and simple machme for unprcssmg coloured maps, for which the inventor has lately taken out a patent.

The tedious process of drawing maps by hand has long- been superseded by copper engravings ; but besides the great expense attendant upon these impressions, there has also Ijeen added that of colouring, which it has hitherto l^een deemed impossible to perform but by the brush. The cost of maps, therefore, has not only operated to a considerable degree as a prohibition of their use among the poor, but, in general lite- rature, it has very materially checked many geographical elucidations, which, though higUy desirable, would have been too expensive to be inserted.

Cy his beautiful invention, the ]icw artist has not only

40

ILLUMINATED MAPS.

imparted to woodcut blocks the advantages of impressing, by little metallic circles, and by actual type, the positions as well as the '^'arious names of cities, towns, rivers, &c., which it would be difficult as well as expensive to delineate in wood, but he has also, as we will endeavour to explain, succeeded in giving, by machinery, tliat bloom, or, in other words, those colours to his maps, which had hitherto been laboriously painted on by human hands.

On entering the small room of the house in which the inventor has placed his machine, the attention of the stranger is at once violently excited by seeing several printer's rollers, which, though hitherto deemed to be as black and as un- changeable as an Ethiopian's skin, appear before him bright yellow, bright red, and beautiful blue ! ' Tempera mutantur,' tlrey exultingly seem to say, ' 7ios et mutamu.r in illis ! ' In the middle of the chamber stands the maclrine, consisting of a sort of open box, which, instead of having, as is usual, one lid only, has one fixed to every side, by which means the box can evidently be shut or covered by turning down either the lid on the north, on the south, on the east, or on the west.

The process of impressing with tliis engine is thus eflfect- ed : — A large sheet of pure white drawing paper is, by the chief superintendent, placed at the bottom of the box, where it lies, the emblem of innocence, perfectly unconscious of the impending fate that awaits it. Before, however, it lias had any time for reflection, the north lid, upon which is embedded a metal plate, coloured blue, suddenly revolves over upon the paper, when, by the turn of a press underneath the whole apparatus, a severe pressure is instantaneously inflicted. The north lid is no sooner raised than the south one, upon which is embedded a metal plate coloured yellou', performs the same operation ; which is immediately repeated by the eastern lid, the plates of which are coloiired red ; and, lastly.

41

MKSSUti. CLOWES ANIJ SO>fS PUINTTNii-OFFICE.

)iy the western lid, whose plates contain n(jthing but black lines, marks of cities, and names.

By these four operations, which are consecutively per- ibrmed, quite as rapidly as we have detailed them, the sheet of white paper is seen successfiilly and happily transformed into a most lovely and prolific picture, in SEVEN cohjurs, of oceans, empires, kingdoms, piincipalities, cities, flowmg rivers, mountains (the tops of Avhicli are left whitej, lakes, &c., each not only pronouncing its own name, but declaring the lines L'l' latitude and longitude ruider which it exists. The picture, or, as it terms itself, ' The I"'atent lUuimnated Map,' proclaims to the world its own title : it gratefully avows the name of its ingenious parent to be Cliaiies KnigJit.

A few details are yet wanting to fill up the rapid sketch or outline we have just given of the mode of imprinting these maps. On the northern block, which imparts tlie lirst impression, the oceans and lakes arc cut in wavy lines, by which means, when the whole block is coloured blue, the wavy parts are impressed quite light ; while principalities, kingdoms, &c., are deeply designated, and thus Ijy one process two blues are imprinted.

When the southern block, which is coloured tjellow, descends, besides marking out the principalities, &c., which are to be permanently designated by that colour, a portion of it re-covers countries which by the first process had been marked blue, but which, by the admixture of the ijdlow, are beautifully coloured green. By this second process, therefore, two colours are again imprinted. A^Hien the eastern lid, which IS coloured red, turning upon its axis, impinges upon the paper, besides stamping the districts which are to Ije designated by its own colour, it intrudes upon a portion of the blue impression, which it instantly turns into purple, and upon a portion of the yellow impression, which it instantly

42

ILLUMINATED BIAI'S.

changes into brown ; and tlms, by this single operation, three colours are imprinted.

But the tlireo lids conjointly have performed another very necessary operation — namely, they have moistened the paper sufficiently to enable it to recei\'e the typographical lines of longitude and latitude, the courses of rivers, the little round marks denoting cities, and the letterpress, all of which, by the last pressure, are imparted, in common black printer's ink, to a map, distinguishing, under the beautiliil process we have described, the various regions of the globe, by light blue, dark blue, yellow, green, red,ljr(.jwn, and purple.*

By Mr. Knight's patent machine maps may be thus furnished to our infant schools at the astonishingly low rate of 4 i d. each .

Before the wooden clocks in the compositors' halls strike EIGHT — at which hour the whole establisluxient of literary labourers quietly return to their homes, excepting those who, lor extra work, extra pay, and to earn extra comforts for their families, are willing to continue their toilsome occupation throughout the whole night, resuming their rcgadar work in the morning as cheerhilly as if they had been at rest — we deem it our duty to observe that there are many other printing establishments in London wliich would strikingly exemplify the enormous physical power of the

* We ought to observe that an analogous invention lias already lieen brought to gTeat ]ierfection, by Mr. Hulmandcll, in the department of lithogTajihy. By using consecutively six, ten, or a dozen stones, each charged with its separate colour, the effect of a fine water colour drawing is reproduced in most wonderful lightness and brilliancy, while (the colour used being all oil-colour) a depth is given to the shadows which the cleverest master of the water-colour school cannot reach in his owai original performance. A set of views of French scenery and archi- tectiuT, done in this way, may now be seen in the shops : they are, in fact, beautiful pictures ; and you get, we believe, twenty-six of them for eight guineos.

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS' PRINTING-OFFICE.

British press — especially that of the ' Times ' Newspaper, which, on the 28th of November, 1814, electrified its readers by unexpectedly informing them that the paper they held in their hands had been printed by steam; and it IS impossible for the muid to contemplate also, lor a single moment, the moral force of the British Press, without re- flecting, and without acknowledging that, under Providence, it is the only engine that can now sa\-e the glorious in- stitutions of the British Empire from the impending ruin that ine^'itably awaits them, imless the merchants, the yeo- manry, and the British people, aroused l^y the loud warning of the said press, shall constitutionally disarm the hand of the destroyers : we wiU, however, resolutely arrest ourselves in tlie utterance of these very natural reflections, because we ha\'c determined not to pour a single bitter drop into a literary cup vvfhich we have purposely concocted only for Cliristmas use.

To ' the Governor ' of the building through which wo have perambulated we cordially oftbr, in return for the courtesy with which he has displayed it, ' the compliments of the season ;' and with equal gratitude let us acknowledge the important service rendered to the social family of man- kind ]jy the patient labour of each overseer, compositor, readei', pressman, and type-founder in his nol^le establish- ment. Let us give them the praise which is due to their art, and, to conclude, ' Let us give to the Devil nis DUE !'

44

A DAY AT A PliOTmG-OFFlCE.

EEPRINTED FROM "DAYS AT THE EACTOBIES."

BY PERAIISSION OF MR. KNIGHT.

45

A DAY AT A PRmXING-OFFICE.

The writer, in the preparation of this Paper, has availed himself of information orio-inally published under the title of ' The C'ommereial History of a Penny Magazine,' — a series of papers published in 1833, and written by tlie antlior of ' The Results of Machinery.'

Among all the mamtfactttres wliicli — for the mental and mechanical skill required in their prosecution, the remark- able steps by which they have attained their present rank, and the influence wliicli they exert on society generally — claim our attention and admiration, none perhaps is more striking than tlie manufacture of a book. The ^vi-itten thoughts of those whose thoughts were worthy of being kno-wri used to be transcribed, copy after copy, by the hands of monks and laborious students ; and these copies were prized according to the labour bestowed upon them, irrespective, in many cases, of the literary merits of tlie production. But the introduction of printing clianged the nature of tMs valuation. Tlie larger the number of ivritten copies required, the liigher would be the price of each, because the demand for transcribers' labour would be in- creased ; but the larger the number of lyrinted copies de- manded, the cheaper could each one be furnished, because machmery and the classification of labour could be In'ought more effectually mto operation. The process of printing, wlien compared with that of writing, is unquestionably a cheap one, provided a sufficient munber of copies of any particular book be printed, so as to distribute the original outlay over a large circle. If, for example, it were recpiired, even at the present time, to print three or four copies only of any

47

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

production, the cost of printing would be greater than that of transcribing. It is only when hundreds or thousands of copies are required that the paramount importance of the printing press becomes fidly developed ; and when the sale amounts to tens of thousands, the effect upon the j^^'ice of each copy becomes very remarkable.

These matters belong properly to the history of printing ; but it may be worth while to allude to them here, as a means of accounting for the growth of the vast printing establishments in operation at the present day. Wliethcr we say that cheap literature has given a spu.r to printing, or that printing has given a spur to cheap literature, or, which is perhaps the more correct of the three, that each has received advancement from the other, it is clear that the printmg establishments of the present day excel, both in extent and completeness, those of any former period. To one of these establishments, then, viz., that of Messrs. Clowes, we will pay a visit, and endeavour to understand the rationale of the daily operations.

This printing-oiSce occupies a large area of ground west- ward of Duke Street, Stamford Street. A chimney rears its head from the buildings below, and indicates the locality ; but the vicinity of other cliimneys — belonging to a soap factory in one place, a saw-mill in another, and so forth — ■ might render this a treacherous beacon, so we will discard it, and find our way to the entrance of the factory. Within side the gates, masses of buildings present themselves on all sides. Unlike many factories where an open area or court occupies the central portion between the buildings, this establishment has distinct masses of buildings lyuig in various directions and separated by narrow passages, instead of an open court. The truth seems to be that, in propor- tion as the business has increased, every inch of room has been appropriated. We may, however, pick out the topo-

48

THE TYl'E FOUNDRY.

grapliy of the place in soinetlung like the following manner. In the centre of the whole lactory is a low building, con- taining the greater iinmbcr cif the large printing machines belonging to the establishment, together with an engine- room and other factory appurtenances. Looking from this centre towards the north, south, east, and west, loftier build- ings meet the eye, presenting, as it would appeal", no particular symmetry of arrangement, but adapted to the wants and conveniences of the time. Composing-rooms, readers'-rooms, type-making shops, stereotyping shops, paper-warehouses, hand-printing shops, machine-printing shops, wood-block store-rooms, stereotype-plate store-rooms, — these comprise the dense assemblage wdiich the eye glances on around. These we will ^•isit in the order of processes, premising that this is one of the -^-ery few printing establish- ments (the only one, indeed, as far as we are aware) in which type-making or casting is carried on.

In one tiny room, small indeed compared with the im- portance of the process carried on therein, the first germ of a type is produced. Every one knows that the printed letters of a book are produced by small inked types, each of which has a letter in relievo on one end. But how this type is produced may have been with many a question. Is it cut with sharp tools, or is it cast in a mould ? When we even go one step further back, and state that it is cast in a mould, it may yet bo asked, how is the mould produced? Nay, we may, after admitting that the mould is produced by punching, have yet to ask, how is the punch produced ? This is the work of the artist who has his sanctum in the room wliich we are visiting. Every letter is modelled in relief, on the end of a small bar of steel, by ^-ery sharp steel tools, resemloling in temper, and partly in form, those used by the engraver. With the punch thus made, an im- pression is struck into a little piece of copper about an inch

49

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

lone; ; so that the hollow thus produced in the copper becomes a kind of mould from which casts may be afterwards made. The letter wliich is cut in the end of the punch differs in size according to the size of the printing required. Each size has its own particular name, and odd names they arc. There are about fourteen sizes used in printing books ; and the names of these, together with the number of lures in a foot, are thus given : —

Double Pica e

qual

to41i

Bourgeois equal to 102 J

Paragon

Ui

Brevier 112i

Groat Primer

51i

Minion 128

Englisli

64

Nonpareil 143

Pica

71*

Pearl 178

Small Pica

83

Diamond 205

Long Primer

89

For instance, the type with which the present book is printed is 'small pica,' of which there are 83 lines to the foot. These differences may be more clearly exhibited to the eye by giving a few specimens.

per

1000.

Names of the

various sized

Types.

Great Primer

English

Pica

Small Pica .... Long Primer

Bourgeois

Brevier

Minion

Nonpareil ...,

Ruby

Pearl

Diamond ,

Specimens of the various sized Types.

6d. \

6JA

7c7. 7ifi. 8rf. lOd.

The art of printing inve

The art of printing invented The art of printing invented in G The art of printing invented in Germa The art of printing invented in Germany The art of printing invented in Germany in 14 The art of printing invented in Germany in 144 The art of printing invented in Germany in 1440 The art of printing invented in Germany in 1440 by John The art of printing invented in Germany in 1440 by John Gut The art of printing invented in Germany in 1440 by John Guttc-nberg. The art of printiag iavootod in German; in U40 by John Galtcnberg.

Wlien the punch has formed the matrix, or hole in the little slip of copper, we follow the latter into the 'type-

50

THE TVi'E FUUNDKV.

roiiudry,' a double apartment, containing about thirty men and boys making and trhumlng types. In the two halves of the shop, separated by a partition and doorway, we sec about sixteen or eighteen small furnaces, each about a yard in height, and having at the top a pan or cruciljle capable of containing a lew pounds of melted metal. Near eacli of these fiirnaces a man is at work ; but a stranger cannot form the remotest idea at (irst what these men are about. The left arm, eight or ten times in a minute, is suddenly jerked upwards ; the right hand is, with the same rapidity, passed to and li'o ; and a small nrachine seems to be undergoing some kind of adjustment after c^'ery upward jerking of the left arm. This operation, when once understood, can scarcely fail of being deemed one of the most remarkable instances of nranipulative dexterity. In the eighth jJort of a mimite each man ladles a very small quantity of melted metal out of the crucible or pan, pours it into a mould held ill the left hand, jerks the mould upwards to drive the metal into the minute interstices of the mould, opens the mould, extracts the solidified but still heated type, and prepares the mould for a second casting. That all this can be done in seven or eight seconds is a fact so astonishing that even ocular demonstration scarcely removes incredulity ; and yet the heap of made-type gradually accumulates on the bench of the workman, at the rate of four or {\\q hundred an hour !

When we examine this process more closely, we find that the mould or instrument held in the left hand of the work- man is a very mgenious little contrivance, formed as in Fig. 2.

The mould is composed of two parts. The external surfiice is of wood, the internal of steel. At the top, as will be seen by the cut, is a shelving orifice, into whicli the metal is poured. The space witliin is as true as if it

53

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS rRINTING-OFFICE.

liad been hollowed out of a single piece of steel ; but never- theless it is formed by tlie intimate union of the two parts of the mould, each part forming two of the four sides of the letter. It is not a matter of difficult adjustment to bring these sides together ; it is the operation only of an mstant.

At the bottom of the mould, immediately under the orifice, is tlie matrix. This is held in its place by a metal spring, represented at the lower part of the cut; and every letter that is cast can only be loosened from the matrix by removing tlie pressure of the spring. In Fig. 1 there is a repre- sentation of three furnaces. At the first, which is unoccu- pied, may be seen the little table at which the founder works, and the pot out of winch he dips the heated jnetal with a very small ladle ; at the second furnace the work- man is shown at the moment after he has poured the metal at the tliird the other workman is represented in the act of separating the two parts of the moidd, and picking out the letter from the lower half, with the hook shown at the top edge of the other half It cer- tainly has an appearance not a little remarkable to see twenty men throwing their arms about in apparently a con- vulsive manner; and the surprise is not by any means lessened when we know the real nature of the operation. In other parts of these two shops are men and boys who

into the mould ;

54

THE TYPE FOUNnRY.

take the types as fast as tlicy are east, and bring them mto a finished state. Seated at a table is a Ijoy who collects in a heap before him the types made by many casters, each type having a piece of superfluous metal attached to its end as it comes out of the mould. It is this boy's business to break off the superfluous metal; and this he does with such rapidity that the mode in which he operates can scarcely be foUowed by the eye. The average number is two thousand in an hour ; but some boys have been known to break off five thousand types in this space of tuue. This rapidity is the more remarkajjle as the boy must seize the type, not upon the flat surface, but upon its edges, to avoid breaking or bending it.

The boys whom we have just left are designated ' breaking- ofF boys,' and the types pass from them to other boys called ' rubbers,' seated at benches near the range of .windows. Each rubber has before him on his bench a circular piece of gritstone, on which he rubs the sides of every type singly, to remove slight asperities left by the casting; the fingers of Iris right hand are armed with a piece of tarred leather, with wliich he holds the type during its rubbing against the stone. Two thou.sand types are thus rubbed on both sides in an hour.

We have not yet done with this closely occupied apart- ment. There is yet the ' dresser ' to notice, whose office it is to examine every type, and to bring them all to an equal height. This workman receives from a boy a number of types, all set up in lines in a long shallow frame with the face of the type uppermost. The workman then secures the types into a compact mass, with the bottom ends upper- most, and runs a plane along them to bring them all to a level surface. He also examines the face or device on every type with a magnifying glass, and throws aside all those which are defective. The width and depth of each type

55

JMKSSK'S. (JLdWl'ls AND SONS I'la.N'il XG-OI'FKJK.

m;iy in all cases be pi'etty well determined by looking at the size C)f' tlie individual letters in a printed book, the type lieing large or suieJI in proportion to the size of tjie letters ; Init the length of all types is the same, being rather less than an inch. It is easy to see how essential it is that every letter-type should be perfectly square and true, when it is considered that if they were not of luiilijrnr height the ini- })ression coidd not be even ; and that if there were the least deviation ffum a regular form, it would be quite impossible that when many thousand single letters are coml^ined to form the page of a book, they could hold well tcigether.

Leaving the type-lbundry, we see, in one oi the store- rooms of the establishment, a case or nest of shelves, neither loJ'ty nor large ; and yet it contains eighty thousand pounds weight of type. This is called the ' foiuit-case ' — fount being a technical term for all the types jjelonging to one size and character. The Ibiurt-case is divided into compartments, each for the reception of a particular letter ; and in this case the type is deposited after it leaves the foundry, and jjefore it is consigned to the compositor.

We next visit one of the six compositors' rooms iDelonging to the establishment, the principal of which is known as the ' long-room.' This remarkable looking room does not ill deserve its name, for it is more than two hundred and fifty feet in length ; and yet it is so narrow that a stranger cannot help fearing that, as he passes along, he must incommode the industrious and intelligent men who are workino- near his elbow. Along the whole of the south side of the room, from end to end, are arranged small Ijcnehes or ' frames,' at each of which a compositor is at work ; and the compositors thus stand, one before another, to the number of about sixty, with their left hands towards the wall. The opposite side of the room presents here and there ' proof-presses,' for testing the accuracy of the compositijrs' work ; and there are also a

THE COMI'OSITUU;

few small recesses or rooms oceujjied by ' readers,' Avliose office we shall presently describe. If Ave watch any one of the compositors, we shall find that he has the author's manuscript Ijcfore him, and is building up, letter by letter, the means of scudincr forth the author's thoughts to tlie world.

The arrangemcut of the compositor's ' frame ' or work- bench is exceedingly curious, and deserves to be studied somewhat closely. Our description will be aided by Fig. 3.

i^5

It

Each frame at which a compositor works is constructed to hold two pair of cases. Each pair of cases contains all the letters of the alphabet, whether small letters or capitals, as well as points, figures, &c., &c. r)ne of these pair of cases is occupied by the Roman letters, the other liy the Italic.

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

The upper case is divided into ninety-eight partitions, all of equal size ; and these partitions contain two sets of capital letters, one denominated ' full capitals,' the other ' small capitals ; ' one set of figures ; the accented vowels ; and tlic marks of reference for notes. The lower case is divided into partitions of four different sizes ; some at the top and ends being a little smaller than the divisions of the upper case ; others nearer the centre being erpial to two of the small divisions ; others equal to lour ; and one erpial to six. In all there are fifty-three divisions in the lower case. The inequality in the size of the cells of tlie lower case is to provide tor the great differences as to the quantity required of each letter. According to the language in which it is used, one letter is much more frequently wanted than another ; and the proportions required of each have Ijeen pretty accurately settled l)y long experience. As some of our readers may be curious to know these propor- tions as they apply to the English language, we subjoin the type-founder's scale for the small characters of a fount of letter of a particular size and weight.

a

8500

li G400

0 8000

v 1200

b

1600

i 8000

p 1700

w 2000

c

3000

j 400

q 500

X 400

d

4400

k 800

r G200

y 2000

c

12000

1 4000

s 8000

z 200

f

2500

m 3000

t 9000

S

1700

n 8000

u 3400

The meaning of these numbers is easily understood. If, in an average English book, there be 8500 ffl's in a given space, there will be found somewhere about 1600 b's, 3000 c's, and so forth in the same space of the book. Latin and French works devour more of c, i, I, m, 'p, q, s, v, and v, than English. The proportion in which a particular letter is required renders it necessary that the cells of the lower

58

CO^MPOSITORS ' OASES. — Ou.MFUSITKjN.

ease should bo arranged, not as tlie letters iijllow eaeli other, alphabetically, but that those in most li'equent use shoulel be nearest the hand of the compositor. The point to which he brings the letters, after picking them up out ol' their cells, is not far removed from the centre of the lower case; so that in a range of about six inches on every side he can oljtain the e, d, e, i, s, m, n, h, o, y,p, u, t, a, and ?■, the letters in most frequent use. The spaces, winch he wants for the di'S'ision of the words, lie close at his hand at the bottom of the central division of the lower case. It must be quite obvious that the man who contrived this arrangement sa\ed a vast deal of time to the compositor.

Such being the mode of arranging the contents of the '■ frame,' the compositor proceeds as Ibllows : — Standing before the pair of cases which contam the Roman letter, he holds in his left hand what is called a comjMsinff-sticJc. This is a little iron or brass frame, one side of which is moveable, so that it may be adjusted to the required width of the page or column which the workman has to set up. It is made perfectly true and square ; for without such accuracy the lines would be of unequal length. It is adapted to contain not more than about twelve lines of such type as is employed in this present book. This little instru- ment is represented in Fig. 4.

Fij5. i. — Compoaing-atick.

The copy from which the compositor works rests upon the least used part of the upper case. The practised com- positor takes in a line or two at a glance, always provided the author writes an intelligible hand, — wliich virtue is by

59

MKSSUS. CI.OWEti ANM SuXS I'lilNTIXfl-OFl'ICK.

no means universal. One Ijy one, then, the compositor puts the letters of each word and sentence into his stick, securmg each letter with the thumb of his left hand, which is there- fore continually travelling on tfom the beginning to the end of a line. His right hand goes mechanically to the box which he recjuires; but his eye is ready to accompany its movements. In each letter there is a nick, or nicks, which indicates the bottom edge of the letter ; and the nick must be placed outwards in his composing-stick. Further, the letter must also be placed with the face upwards, so that two right positioirs must be combined m the arrangement of the types. If the compositor were to p)ick up the letter at rairdora, he would most probably have to tiu'ir it in his hand ; and as it is important to save every unnecessary movement, his eye directs him to some one of the heap which lies in the right position, Ijoth as regards the face ):)eing upwards and the nick being outwards. This nick is one of those pretty contrivances for saving labour which experience has intro- duced into every art, and which are as valuable for diminish- ing the ciist of production as the more elaborate in-^-entions of machiner}'. When he arrives at the end of his line, the compositor has a task to pcrfr^rm, in wliich the carefulness of the wijrkman is greatly cxhi])ited. The first letter and the last must be at the extremities of the line : there can be no spaces left in some instances, and no crowding in others, as we see m the Ijcst manuscript. Each metal type is of a constant thickness, as far as regards that particular letter, though all the letters are not of the same thickness. The adjustments, therefbre, to complete the line with a word, or, at any rate, with a syllalJe, must be made by "\-arying the thickness of the spaces Ijetween each word. A good com- positor is distinguished by unifbrraity of spacing : lie will not allow the words to 1)0 ^'cry close together in some instances, or witli a large gap between them in otliors. His

c'OJi ['osmoN.

duty is to equalize the spacing as miicli as he possihly can; and this is in some cases very troublesome. When the workman has filled his Htiek, as it is called, — that is, has set lip as many lines as his stick will conveniently h(jld, — he lilts them out into what is termed a galley, by grasping them with the fingers of each hand, and thus taking them up as if they were a solid piece of metal. Tlic facility with which some compositors can lift about what is called a liandj'ul of moveable type without deranging a single letter is very remarkable. This sort of skill can only be attained by practice ; and thus one of the severest mortifications which a learner lias to endure is to toil for an hour or two in pick- ing up several thousand letters, and then see the fabric destroyed by his own clumsiness, leading him to mourn over his heap of broken type, — technically called fie, — as a child mourns over his fallen house of cards.

Letter by letter, and word by word, is the composing-stick fiUed ; and by the same progression the galley is filled by the contents of successive sticks. In the instance of news- papers and most other periodical works, a proof is taken l^elbre the types arc made up into pages. In books, however, when the compositor has set up as many lines as fill a page, he binds them tightl}' round with cord, and places thc^m under his frame. The number of lines required to fill a. page depends of course on the size of the page, whether it be octavo, duodecimo, ca' au}' other. If we take the present volume as an illustration, we find 34 lines in a page ; and the compositor binds this number of lines of type together. In every case when the requisite pages lor a sheet are complete, the compositors arrange the pages in proper order upon a bench called the imposing stone ; surround each page with pieces of wood called /({ryzi'^^io'e, so as to leave an equal m.'irgin toe^'cry page ; and, finally, wedge the whole tightly together in a stout iron frame, called a cluise. If the work is properly

SIESSRS. CLOWES ANIJ SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

executed, the pages thus wedged up, constituting one side ol' 11 slieet, termed a form, are perfectly tight and compact ; and tlie form may be carried about with as mucli ease as if it were composed of solid plates, instead of being formed of 40,000, or 50,000, or even 100,000 mo^-eable pieces. Fig. 5 shows the various pieces of appai'atus here alluded to.

, a cbxsi: ; C, a foj-iji of quarto , D. a ^

Whether the lines which a coinpositor sets up are made into pages, and imposed as a sheet, or whether a proof is taken (jf them in an earlier stage, the business of the reader commences immediately after that of the compositor. No one unacquainted with the details of a printing-office can conceive tlie trreat differences between the correctness of one com- positor and of another. The difTerences in the talent, the acquired knowledge, and even the moral habits of difierent men, are the causes of these remarkable variations.

^Vhen the ordinary reader of a newspaper or of a Ixjok meets with an occasional Uunder either of a letter or a word, he is apt to cry out upon the carelessness with which

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THE PRINTER S READER.

the ncn\'spaper or book is printed. It is in the very nature of the process of producing words and sentences by the putting- together ol' moYeablo types that a great many bUmders shoidd lie made hj the compositor in the first stage, which nothing liut the strictest vigilance can detect and get rid of. The ordinary process of correction is for the printer's reader to look upon the proof, while ancither person, generally a boy, reads the copy aloud. As he proceeds, the reader marks all the errors which present themselves upon a first perusal. These errors are of various kinds, such as the omission of a stop, a letter, or a word, the substitution of one letter for another, the transposition of letters, crookedness in a line of letters, and so forth. The reader has a quick and efheient system of symbols by which the compositor's eye is at once attracted to the locality and the precise nature C)f the error. Perhaps we cannot do better than present, as in the annexed folding-leaf, two printed paragraphs, which we will suppose to have been submitted to the ' reader ' for revision. Almost every possible variety of typographical error is here introduced, and in the margm are the marks and directions by which the ' reader ' draws the attention of the compositor to the errors. The meaning of the various symbols is explained beneath.

When the ' reader ' has made these corrections in the margin, the ' proof is sent back to the compositor ; and here a busmess of great labour and difficulty ensues. The omitted words and letters have to be uitroduced, and the incorrect words and letters have to be replaced by the correct. The ultroduction of two or three words will sometimes derange the order of a dozen lines ; and the omission of a sentence will involve the re-arrangement of many pages. In this tedious process new blunders are oftentimes created, and these again can only be remedied l)y after-vigilance. The first corrections lieing perfected, the reader has what is called

63

MESSRS. CLOWES AMD SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

a n'l'L^c. lie comparfs this with liis hrst prool', and ascer- tains tliat all liis corrections liavc been properly made. In tins stage fif tlic business the proof generally goes to the author ; and it is I'arely that the most practised antlior does not feel it necessary to make consideral^le alterations. The complicated process of correction is again to be gone over. The printer's reader and the author ha^•e again revises; and what they again ccirrcct, is again attended to. The priKjf lieing now toleraloly perfect, the labfuir nf another reader is in most large estalihshments called m. It is liis business to rrnd for pn'ss — that is, to search for the minutest errors witlr a spirit f)f the most industrious criticism. The author has often to lie consulted upon the cpieries of this captious personage, who ought to be as acute in discovering a blunder, as a convey- ancer in finding out a flaw in a title-deed. I'mt in spite oi all this activity blunders do creeji in ; and the greatest mor- tification that an autlior can experience is the lot of almost every author, — namely, to take up his book, after the copies have gone out to the world, and find some alisurdly obvious mistake, which glares upon him when he first opens the book, and ■which, in spite of his eon^^-iction that it was never there before, has most likely escaped his own eye, and that of every other hunter of errors that the best printing-office can produce.

Our visit to the compositors' and readers' rooms has been rather lengthy ; but the work therein transacted forms the life-blood of the whole, and must be luiderstood pretty clearly before we can appreciate the steps by which the author is dependent on the actual ' printer.'

The composing-rooms in this large estabhshment are situ- ated in different parts of the premises, and are provided with all the necessary accommodations for two hundred com- positors.

We have watched the putting together cif a bodv oftA'pe,

•] 111-; sj i:i:i-,0'i W'K iiii;\i)i;v.

fa- iitlicT ,'^ulxst:irice .'■Ijoiild uttacli to tin; buttoui (J' the types, sii us tu prevent tlieiii beliii/ completely le\'el upon tlie siiiliiee. "J'lie p;i,t/e is now pluf-ed upon the- lo\\ei- part of ti iiiiiidiUiiij-fnum:, repiesented in Fig, 7, iji wliicli we liuve ulso (li:j)iete-(l ii woofl-cut oi- Ijloek included ;is part of the ];a'j;e ; I'oi' wood-cuts can he stereotyped as well as types. 'I'lie up[jer pajt ol' the frame is somewhat larger than the page, and tlie margin of mould thus formed determines the thickness of the plate. The types having been previously rubbed over witli an oily composition, gypsum fplaster of Paris; is pou)-c:d evenly over tlie whole surlaee. Almost every one knows tliat this substance, although moulded irr a liijuid state, sets ^'ery quickly, and sooir becomes pjerfectly solid. There is a good deal ol' nice-ty required Ifom the workman, not only in forming the mould, but in ri;moving it from the type. If any paj-t of the plaster adheres to tlic lace of the type, the moidd is of course imperfect, arrd the operation must be gone over again. To prevent this, cf inside rable care is requii-ed in the preparation of the gypsuni, and much neatness of liand in separating the nrould Irom the page. Having been removed arrd found perfect, it i'<;quires sijrne dressing with a knife oir its edges, and several notches arc cut in the mai'gin to allow the metal to enter the mould. It IS jiow lit lor bakmg. This pi'ocess also requires a good deal of accurate kirowledge. The oven in which the moulds are placed upon their edges must be kept at a very regular temperature; for if it be too hot, the moulds warp. The process of casting begins ^vhen the moulds have been baked sufficiently long to be perfectly dry and hard. We next direct our notice to the castiriy-hox, represented m fig. 8. At the bottom of this box is a moveable plate of cast- iron, called tifloathiff-plate; and upon tliis plate, the face of which is perlljctly accurate, the nn^iuld is placed with its liice downwards. T Ipon the back of the mould rests the cover of the

MESSRS. CLOWES ANIJ SOXS PHlNTlXfi-OFFICE.

Undcrstfinding these few details, we now visit tlio stereotype foundry, a square room lighted jjy several sky- lights. Around the room are furnaces and ovens, a tank with a crane or tackle suspended above it, and various benches and apparatus occupied by men working either in plaster or in metal. We have said that a cast of the type is first taken in plaster of Paris, and that another cast is taken from this in metal ; and the I'outine of proceedings is brielly as follows : — The first operation is that of taking a moidd from each page of mo"\'eablc types. The pages are nr)t

1^1

Fil;.? — luovLldiDg-fiaDie.

arranged as they would be combined in a sheet, and wedged up together in one iron frame or chase, l)ut eacli page is put in a separate chase. It is essential that the face of the types should be perfectly clean and dry, and that no particle of dirt

DEPAlt'IMEN'J- OF THE ' I'fCKEIiS.

i'(;]iiu\i; i)](; ijiijiiM frijin tlic ci.istJnf:-ljox. I'lio plusjtor liioulil, lljo jjliite moul<](j(l, and t]jc flouting-plute, arc till sulidly fixed together; and the metal, hy its .'Specific ij'ravity, lias fijreed itseii' und(;)' thi; latti;r, vvhicli it lias con^jo'juently drlv(i]i ti;.r]itly lip against the ledges of llic mould. The mould has in the same way Ijeen driven tightly up against the lid of the castjng-hox; and the rifjtches in the ledges of tlie mould hav(;, at the sam<; time, admitted tlie metal into the minutest mi]jr(;ssion from the liiee of the types. The caster now breaks off the superfluous metal and the ledges of the mould with a wooden mallet. The mould is of cour.se destroyed; and if another plate is r(;f]uired, anotlier irn^uld must be taken fiom the types. After tlie superfluous metal and plasti;r ai-(; removed, tlie stereotype plate comes out bright and well formed.

From the stereotype foundry we proceed to two busily occupied sljops, where the plates, produced in the manner just dcscrilied, are fimshed off and prepared ftrthe pressman. SomelJiiHS lctli;i's of refererice, explanatory of a wood-cut, are required; and these, if not inserted in the original bloclc )ts(;lf, are introduced in the plat(/. If any alterations, alter all the corrections which tlie ' reader ' has made, are still re'juii'ed, a poi'tion rd' this plate is cut away, and types intro- duced into the cavjty. Various adjustments of a similar kind ai'C made, in whie-li cutting, filing, melting, and solder- ing arc tlie processes adopted. If the vacuities of such lett(;rs as the a and the e have become filled up with little globules of inctal, they have to be cleaned or jiicked out; and if any impiiritjes fill up the Iiik.'s of a wood-cut, these lik(;wise must be removed. The liumljlc designation of a ' picker ' scarcely does justice to the intelligent workman who undertakes this kind of hibour ; f)r taste and judgment, as well as accui-acy of hand and eye, are called for in the due exercise; of this Vfication.

MESSRS CLOWES AND SOXS PRINTING-OFFICE.

casting-ljox, the inside face of whose lid is also perfectly true. The cover is held tightly down in the moidd by the metal screw and arm seen in tlio cut.

The moulding-frame being thus placed in the casting-box, tlie latter is immersed in an open copper or vessel, of which tliere are fijur in the ibundry, each liolding ten or ele'S'en hundredweights of melted metal (antimony and lead). It will be seen that there are holes in the corners of the cover of tlie casting-box, through which the liqiud metal finds its way into the hollow within. At the instant when the box is plunged into the metal, a buljljling noise is heard, which is occasioned by the expulsion of tlie air contained withhi the Ijox. After having remained immersed for about ten minutes, it is steadily lifted out by the crane, and swung to a cooling- trougli, in which the imder side of the box is exposed to water. Being completely cooled, the caster proceeds to

68

i'i;ixcin,i': (i\ •mi-: I'Ui.Ni ixim'KKKh.

li'i] Willi ji'iwcr li(,iM t.liri'i' luf'jd hnilc)--, m :i)i inlji.iiiiri'i ;i|);irliMi-iil. I'owci fill mill cxpcflil loiis ;i-' nrc iJiO pfi-form- ;i.nci'-' i,r il)(.'-(; Mj'iiiii-workcil pi iiitiii;/-iiiiifliiiii;-, tlii'y form by ri'i iiiciiir-: iIk: only pnntiii'j iijijinriif ii- in tin: jihif-; fi,r tlii-ic iiif HI tins liii'ji,- ci-MiiMi-lDncnl I wo dozen pi ml iii;j'- jin-s-o.-, llic 'li:-:l.iiicl ion Ijctwo'-n wlncli uikI JjIiiiI in'_oniiioliiiic- Kein'.r, ,'i,nion'_r ollior,-, lli;it tli<; loniK;]' ;iro woikcil liy li;in(| ii/i'l llio, ];iiiiT hy Hi'iini-powi'i: 'I'lic roon,,s conUunin'j tlif presses :i,)i- (lisl met Crom tliose wliieli eonUnn tlio maehmc-s, iiml a, visilor eaimol liiil lo remark llie dillei'i/nee lielween Llie kiml <i| lakoiii )ei|iiiic(| m one j-oom ami tliat re','|iiireil 111 Hie olliei. 'J'lie iiikinu ol' till; ly]>es ami tin; workinL' of a |)ress aie ojieial ions: reipmiiie not onl)' ei-|enl y of ino\ ciiieril, liiil eoiisiileraklo' miisiailar ellort ; wlareas m llii' prmliije'- maeliine steairi iloes all llie liard work, — m liiel it ed'eets ev-eiyiliiii'j exeept layili'j' on I lie sli<;els of wliile jiaper, and reaiiovin,'_< tlie same slie'(;ts wlien prmle-d. 'I'lie firmtine- rooms, like mosi otlaa' parts of tlie liietory, are so closely oeeiipic:d, that some litlle eare is re'(|uired m throadini; one's \va,y t.lirorif,fli a,nd kelAVi'en tin; machines, presses, and benches ; a,iid il'a, visitor should jji ni'j; away with liirn, on liis [garments, a, lew speeimeiis ofprintme- mk, lie must not be siirpris(;d.

It IS not ea.sy to understand the action ol' tlie lare;e print,- niL'-maelimes, unless we fil'St eomjirehend that ol' tlie more simple p|-|iiliiie; presses. The pnjsses (;mployeil by llie eai'ly pimlia'S boll' a tolerably close I'esiaiiblancc to a modern napkin-press; the 'lorm.'oi' collecled paee ol' types, heme' first inked, and then pla.C(;d betwecai tb(; two boards ok a sei'ew-press.

It IS (;vident tlja,t tins modi; of obtainiiiL' an mi]>ression must bavi; bi;en very laborious and V(;)y slow. As the scr(;w must have coiric down uprm tin; typi;s with a dead pull, —that IS, as the table upon which the typi;s were jilaceil was Solid and unyielding, — yreatcave must have been reipiired

71

IMESSRS. CLOWES AND HUNS riUXTIXC.-OKFICE.

In tlic smaller df the two sliops now under notice tlie hdclcK 1 if the plates are lirst grouml or cnt away to produce an uniloriii thickness of metal by the aid i;ii' a Ijeautiful lathe; and tlie surliice is then smoothed by a peculiar kind of plane.

We are now aptjjroaching that point where the types aitd the plates prepared by this remarkable series of processes are to l^e brought to bear upon the sheets of lair paper which are al'terwards to form a Ijook. AVe will therefore visit the paper warehouses. These ptortions of the establishment are loaded with piles ol' paper to an enormous extent ; so large, indeed, as to amou.nt sometimes to live or six thousaird reams ! liight and left, fj'ont the floor to the ceiling, are these heaps deposited, ready to be removed when wanted for pi'uitlng.

j\s a conA'cnience to hand dowir paper, a large trap door opens a counnunicatiijn between the pLiper warehouses and a ' wetting-room,' to which we wdl follow the pjaper in its march towards the printing-room. In the ' wetting-room ' are tanks iir cisterns, into which cold water is tdways flowing. A man or a lioy opens a ream of paper, and dips each Cjuire a lew times in water, regidating the degree (jf saturation to the circumstances of the ease. From three to scAxm 'dips' arc reipnrcd lor each qttire. Tlie quires are piled up one on another as fast as they are wetted ; and the whole bundle is then removed on a board to airother spot, where it is left to Soak, either with or without pressure.

Now we arrive at the time Avlieii the Ijustling, the closely filled, the all-important ' macliine-rooms ' are to Ije visited. Here we see around us i^ixii and twenty complicated printing- machines, working with untiring constancy from morning till night, gi^'ing forth at every few seconds printed sheets of paper. Adjacent to them, but in a separate building, are the two steam-engines, which sup-iply moti\'e pfjwer to all these machines ; while the steam-eneiiies are, in their turn.

STANHOPE PRESSES.

being too hard. Blacw's presses gradually drove out the more ancient press; but even as recently as tlie year 1770, Luckombe, in his ' History of Printing,' then published, says, " There are two sorts of presses in use, the old and the new fishioned ; the old sort till of late years were the only presses used in England." We give a representation of Blacw's "new-fashioned" press, with which at the beginning of the present century all the jDrinting ol' Europe was performed.

This press has been in some measure superseded by a very superior one, invented by Earl Stanhope, and very properly named after Mm : the new invention enabled the printer to produce superior specimens of printing to those which could be printed at the old presses ; but the rate of working (about two htmdred and fifty impressions on one side of a sheet per hour) remained nearly the same in both. The following cut represents the Stanhope press, the action of which may be thus briefly described : —

The body of the press is formed by a massive frame of

Fi^. in.-^The Staahope Press.

73

MESSKS. CLOWES AND SONS PUINTrNG-OFFICE.

to j.irc^-cnt the pressure being so hard as to injure the liicc of tlie letters. Tliese defucts were at last remedied Ijy an ingc- nidus Dutcli mechanic, Williem Jansen Blaew, who carried on tlic business of a mathematical-instnniient maker at Amsterdam ; in which business he had received instruction and encouragement from the great Danish astronomer, Tyclin Braho. The unprovements in Blaew's presses do not require

Fii5.9. — Bla^Tv's, or the CoDamon rriutiuf^-pr'ssf

to be particularly described. It may be sufficient to mention that the head of the press in which the screw worked, as well as the bed upon which the table containing the form of types rested, were yielding ; and that the screw consisted of three or four worms, according to the size of the cyluider. In this way the pressure was rapidly commruricated from the screw to the types ; and the spring above and below gave a sharpness to the impression, while it prevented it

THE PEINTING-MACHINES.

conceived. Even at tlie present clay, in humbler establisli- ments, tlie ' inking-balls ' are employed. These ' balls ' are shaped somewhat like the colour -bladders used by artists, but are nearly as large as the printer's head. Holding one in each hand, he thumps them one against the other, against an ink-bed, and against the ' form ' of type, with a sad waste of muscular strength. The printer used to make these inking-balls of sheep's pelt; and besides the time thus wasted, an enormous quantity of ink was also unprofitably expended. Such was the state of the press department of printing, not only in England, but throughout the world, till the year 1814. As several approaches had been made before the time of Faust to the principle of printing books from move- able types, so the prmciple of producing impressions from a cylinder, and of inking the types by a roller, which are the great principles of the printing-machine, had been discovered in this country as early as the year 1790. In that year Mr. William Nicholson took out a patent for certain improve- ments in printing, the specification of wliich clearly shows that to him belongs the first suggestion of printing from cylinders. But this inventor, like many other ingenious men, was led astray by a part of Iris project which was highly difficult, if not impracticable, to the neglect of that portion of his plan which, since his time, has been brought into the most perfect operation. Nicholson's patent was never acted irpon. The first maker of a printing-machine was Mr. Koenig, a native of Saxony; and the first sheet of paper printed by cylinders and by steam was the ' Times ' newspaper of the 28th November, 1814. The machiire thus for the first time brought into action was that of Mr. K(»nig. Since that time various improvements have been introduced; and the machines now employed at tlris establishment, as well as many others, are those origiaally patented by Messrs. A])ple- gath and Cowper, in Avhich the double processes of inking

75 l2

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRmTING-OFFICE.

iron, firmly fixed to a wooden cross or foundation. The flat bed or table seen in tlie cut is that on which the ' form ' of types is placed ; and is, with the ' form,' capable of being brought under the screw of the press. A kind of hinged cover is seen attached to the end of the table nearest to the eye ; and this consists of two ' tympans ' or stretched pieces of parchment, having layers of flannel between them, so as to form a soft, yielding surface. Hinged to the upper end of this tympan-frame is another skeleton frame, called a ' frisket.' Tliis being the arrangement of parts, the mode of proceeding is simply thus : — ^The sheet of white paper to be printed is laid flat on the tympan, and the frisket is folded down upon it; the ' form ' of type is inked, and the tympan, with the paper and frisket attached, is folded over and brought down in contact with it, the frisket being so regu- lated as to allow the paper to come in contact with the inked type. The whole is then brought under the press, and the screw worked by hand ; the pressure is relaxed ; the ' form ' drawn out ; the tympan lifted up ; the frisket opened ; and the sheet of paper, printed on one side, re- moved.— All this takes a long time to describe ; but the united processes do not occupy so much as one fourth of a minute.

The Columbia press, the Albion press, and other modem varieties have introduced sundry improvements ; but they all act on the same general prurciples as the Stanhope, except that the force of the Columbia is applied by a lever, the Stanhope by a screw.

While watching the proceedings of the pressmen at such an establishment as this, we see that they apply ink to the surface of the type by means of an elastic kind of roller, formed of glue and treacle, the surface of which is coated with a slight layer of prbiting ink. But if we had visited a printing-office some years ago, we should probably have witnessed a mode of inking, as uncouth, perhaps, as can be

74

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS PRINTING-OFFICE.

and printing are eifected by a beautiful system of machinery. To explain tliis action in writing is no easy matter ; but in the annexed folding-cut we have given a representation of the whole machine, unencumbered by letters of reference ; while adjacent to it is a diagram, representing a vertical section of the whole arrangement, which the letters of refe- rence may enable us thus to describe : —

A sheet of paper taken from the table A, is laid on the ' feeder ' B, which consists of girths of linen, tightly stretched by being passed round two cylinders. By the motion of this feeder the sheet is placed between the two systems of tapes which lie on the cylinder G : these tapes, of which one set is represented by the dotted line, and the other by the thin Une, lie two and two over each other on the cyliaders and small rollers a, b, c, cl, e, f, g, li, i. The sheet of paper grasped between them is kept clean at the places in which it is in contact with them, and by the motion of the various parts is conducted under the first printing-cylinder H, and receives an impression from the types at C : thence, by means of the cyHnders I, K, to the second printing-cylinder L, where it receives an impression on the other side from the types at D. Thus prmted on both sides, it is taken out at e by an attendant. The cylinders I and K are simply for the purpose of conveying the sheet steadily and smoothly from one printuig-cylinder to the other. The sheet will be seen to be reversed in its progress from one set of types to the other, descending the left side of the first, and the right side of the second printmg-cylinder. An inking-apparatus is pljiced at each end of the table M, N, wliich carries the types C, D, and which traverses backwards and forwards under the prmting-cylinders L, H, and inkmg-roUers. The ink, received from a reservoir h, by the two rollers I and m, is transferred from them to the surface of the table ; and the surface of the table inks the rollers n, o; and these, in their

76

ROLLERS — MAKLXa KEADV.

turn, ink the types as they pass backwards and forwards lor each impression.

Thus lar for the action of the machine, the comprehension of wliich will enable a visitor to understand what goes on in the pruiting-room. Let us suppose the sheets of any stereo- typed work about to be printed. One man, and sometimes two men, are engaged in what is teclmically called ma};lng ready ; and tliis with stereotype plates is a tetlious and deli- cate operation. The plates are secured upon wooden blocks, by which they are raised to the height of moveable types ; but then, with every care in casting, and in the subsequent turmng operation, these plates, unlike moveable types, do not present a perfectly plane surface. There are hollow parts which must be brought up by careful adjustment ; and this is ellected by placing pieces of thin paper, 'underlays,' under any point of the stereotype plate where the impression is faint, as well, if the nature of the plate requires it, upon the cylinder, ' overlays.' This process often occupies many lioiu's, particularly where there are casts from wood-cuts. Let us suppose it completed. Upon the sohd steel table at each end of the macliine lie the eight pages which print one side of the sheet. At the top of the machine, where the laying- on boy stands, is a heap of paper, which has been ^^reviously wetted iir the room noticed in a former page : this wetting is necessary to prevent the ink, wliich is a composition of oil and lamp black, from smearing tlie surface of the paper. The signal being given by the director of the work, the ' laying-on ' boy, who is moimted on a stool, turns a small handle, and the moving power of the strap comiected with the engine is immediately communicated. Some ten or twenty spoiled sheets are first passed over the types to remove any dii't or moisture. If the director is satisfied, the boy begins to lay on the wlrite paper. lie places the sheet upon a flat table before him, with its edge ready to be seized by

77

ROLLEKS — MAKL\G READY.

turn, ink the types as they pass backwards and forwards ibr each impression.

Tluis lar for the action of the macliine, the comprehension oi' wliich will enable a visitor to understand "what c'oes on in tlie printing-room. Let iis suppose the sheets ol' any stereo- typed work about to be printed. One man, and sometimes two men, are engaged in wliat is teclrnically called making ready ; and this with stereotype plates is a tedious and deli- cate operation. The plates are secured upon wooden blocks, by which they are raised to the height of moveable types ; but then, with every care in casting, and iu the subseipient turning operation, these plates, unlike moveable types, do not present a perfectly plane surface. There arc hollow parts which must be brought up by careful adjustment ; and this is etlected by placing pieces of thin paper, ' underlays, ' under any point of the stereotype plate where the impression is faint, as well, if the nature of the plate requires it, upon the cylinder, ' overlays.' This process often occupies many hours, particularly where there are casts from wood-cuts. Let us suppose it completed. Upon the soHd steel table at each end of the macliine lie the eight pages which pruit one side of the sheet. At the top of the machine, where the laying- on boy stands, is a heap of paper, which has been previously wetted in the room noticed in a ibrmer page : this wetting is necessary to prevent the ink, wliich is a composition of oil and lamp black, from smearing the surface of the paper. The signal being given by the director of the work, the ' laying-on ' boy, who is moiuited on a stool, turns a suiall handle, and the moving power of the strap comieeted with the engine is unmediately communicated. Some ten or twenty spoiled sheets arc first passed over the types to remove any dirt or moisture. If the director is satisfied, the boy begins to lay on the white paper. He places the sheet upon a flat table beiore him, with its edge ready to be seized by

77

THE DRYING-EOOMS.

It is calculated not a little to astonisli a visitor, to know that eight hundred sheets can be thus printed in an hour, even of works which require much care ; while, by a modification of the machine, four thousand newspapers can be printed in the same space of time.

The printing-rooms, like the composing-rooms, have de- tained us a considerable time ; but these are, in truth, the most important parts of the establish- ment. We Avill follow the printed sheets to another department, as a means of visiting another portion of the premises. When the printing of a number of sheets is completed, the paper requires drying before anything else is done with it ; and this drying is effected in steam-heated rooms, pro- vided with hundreds of cross-bars and poles ranged in parallel lines. A boy, called the ' hanger-up,' is provided with an instrument called a peel (Fig. 12), and consisting of a broad flat piece of wood fixed to the end of a long handle. The edge of this peel is laid on a heap of damp printed sheets, and several of them, from two or three to eight or ten in number, are lapped over it. It is then moved sideways a few inches, and another portion is lapped over, till th-e peel is full ; after which the whole are transferred to one of the drying poles. The rooms in wliich these sheets thus hang till dry are plentifully supplied with steam-pipes, by which any desired temperature may be maintained.

79

ME^SKS. CLOWES AND SONS PKINTING-OFFICE.

the apparatus for conveying it upon the drum. At the first movement of the great wheel, the inking apparatus at each end has been set in motion. A steel cylinder attached to the reservoir of ink has begun slowly to move, — the ' doctor ' (a teclmical name for a roller wliich was perhaps originally called a ' conductor ') has risen to touch that cylinder for an instant, and thus receive a supply of ink, — the hiking- table has p)assed under the ' doctor ' and carried off that supply, — and the distributing rollers have spread it equally over the surface of the table. This surface having passed under the inking-roUers, communicates the supply to them ; and they m turn impart it to the ' form ' which is to be printed. All these beautiful operations are accomplished in the sixteenth part of a mmiite, by the travelling backward and forward of the carriage or table upon wliich the ' form ' rests. Each roller revolves upon an axis winch is fixed. At the moment when the ' form ' at the back of the machine is passing under the inking-roUer, the sheet, which the boy has carefully laid upon the table before him, is caught in the web-roller and conveyed to the endless bands or tapes which pass it over the first impression cylinder. It is here seized tightly by the bands, which fall between the pages and on the outer margin. The moment after the sheet is seized upon the first cylhider, the ' form ' passes under that cylinder, and the paper being brought in contact with it receives an impression on one side. To give the impression on the other side, the sheet is to be turned over ; and this is effected by the two drums in the centre of the macliine. The endless tapes never lose their grasp of the sheet, although they allow it to be reversed. While the impression has been given by the first cylinder, the second ' form ' of types at the other end of the table has been inked. The drums have con"\'eyed the sheet during this inking upon the second cylinder ; it is brought in contact with the types ; and the operation is complete.

TFIK IIYDRAUT.TO I'KESSF.S.

two boys can, in a few minutes, and by tlie agency of a single pailful of water, exert a pressure of from ten to forty tons ! For the better kinds of books before gathering, glazed or polished millboards are inserted between the sheets of paper previous to pressing, to give a higher degree of smoothness and gloss.

We may now consider the printed sheets to have been despatched to the binder or the publisher. But there is a question which may naturally occiu' to the mind of a reader,

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS' miMTING-OFFICE.

From tlic cirying-rnom the printed sheets are carried to another room, where, at an oblong bench beneath a range of windows, another boy, called a ' gatherer,' is employed. Tills boy is walking to and fro all day long, ' gathering ' sheets of paper into certain heaps, an operation for tlic due imdcrstanding of which a little explanation is necessary. A book when printed consists of a certain nmnber of slieets, and each sheet comes from the press or machine in one large heap. After the sheets are dried and before the work is delivered to the binder, it is necessary to take a single sheet from each heap to form a perfect book ; and to eflcct this is the work of the 'gatherer.' The heaps of sheets are ranged in order on a bench, in front of which the ' gatherer ' walks, taking a sheet from each heap in succession, and holding the collected sheets in his left hand till he reaches the last heap, when the gathering is completed. The edges of the sheets of this gathering he makes quite even, and lays them down flat at the end of the bench. In the same room with the 'gatherer' is the 'eoUater,' who tests the accuracy of his proceedings. This collater sits before a gathered heap, and with a sharp bodkin lifts each sheet separately, to ascertain that they follow in regular succession, that none have been omitted, and that two of the same sheet have not been taken in mistake.

The collated sheets are, in most cases, folded into thicker heaps, called ' quires,' and subjected to the action of a very powerfid hydraulic press. Fig. 13, which acts thus : — A pailful of water is put into a reservoir, a, and is thence pumped, by the agency of the pumps, b, tlxrough the pipe c, to an air-tight reservoir d. A piston e, thereby forced upwards, compresses the mass of paper / between the upper and lower beds of the press. By opening a cock g, the water can be let out of the air-tight reservoir, and the pressure removed. So astonishing is the force of this machine that

STEKEOTVrE ANlJ WOODCUT WAREHOUSES.

cstiinatctl ^-aluc is not mncli less than ludf a million atcrlinij I and even the plates, valued as old metal, are estimated at seventy thousand pounds. The weight of metal is, perhaps, almost as astonishing as the value ; lor it is roekoned at two thousand Five hundred tons ; that is, between five and six millions of pounds avoirdupois ! As an example of the mode in wliicli this enormous aecumulation is brought about, let us instanee the ' Penny Magazine.' Eleven volumes of this work have contained about five thousand six hundred pages, every one of which has had a stereotype plate cast for it alone ; and there are now stored in the warehouse at Messrs. Clowcs's all these five thousand six hundred plates, which, at 7 poimds weight each, amount to 39,200 pounds. The stereotype plates for the ' Penny Cyclopa3dia ' amount to more than double of this in number and weight.

All these plates, belonging to numerous works which com- mand a large sale, are ranged on shelves in presses or cases, the presses being built parallel, with avenues or passages between them, lighted liy a few candles for the convenience of the warehouse-keeper. It is certainly a noiseless, an unoljtrusive apartment, but it is one which makes a visitor marvel at the results which skill, enterprise, and capital have Ijeen able to obtain in the art of printing.

Another warehouse contains the woodcuts, the blocks on which wood-engravings have been executed. Whether impressions be taken from the blocks themselves, or from stereotype plates cast from the blocks, the blocks are care- fully preserved, classified, and labelled in a convenient manner. Another instance of stationary capital is here afforded. Eighty thousand blocks arc dejJosited in the wood- cut warehouse, the average value of which is estimated at three pomids each — making an aggregate sum of nearly a quarter of a million sterling !

Einally, we come to that one of the three cases where, for

M 2

MESSIIS. or, OWES AND SONH l'i:iNTIX(i-f)r' FltlE.

viz., what becomes of the types, the wood-blocks, and the stereotype plates, when the whole of the Ijook is printed? Tlic reply to this question will carry ns into two or three departnrents of the establishment not yet visited. We stated in a former page, that there are three nrodes of arranging for a reprint of any given work : to keep the metal types stand- ing in ' forms ' or collected pages ; t( > prepare stereotype pjlates or copies, which can be used instead of the original type; or to re-compose the type just as in the first instance. We also stated that it depeirds a great deal on the nature and success of a work as to which of these methods is adopted.

Let us begin with the first. Such a ^ast capital is lying dead if the type for a book be kept in ' form ' or imdisturljed, that it is rarely done. One of tlie exceptions relates to certain parliamentary papers for wJrich tliw-e may Ix' a sudden demand, and which are kept in 'form.' Another exception is where the printer agrees with the publisher tliat he will keep the type of a new Isook in ' fiirm ' fijr a certain period, during which the publisher may be enabled to make a guess as to the probable sale of his book, and the cheapest way of supplying it. As such an arrangement as this is advantageous to the publisher, and entails a heavy stagnation of capital on the part of the printer, a stipulated price is paid lijr it. Some of the warerooms of this establishment are luaded with many tons of type kept in this imdisturljed state.

In the next place as to the stereotype plates. Wlieii an edition of a work has been printed, the plates arc all wrapped separately in paper (each page of the book having a distinct plate), and then stored away m a warehouse, properly marked and laljelled. The stereotype warehouse affsrds a most striking example of the value which metal ac(|uires when mental and mechanical ingenuity has been bestowed upnn it. In this one apartment are collected stereotype plates, wJio.se

""'""^11101!^

THE LATE WILLIAM CLOWES,

THE FOUNDER OE THE ESTABLISHMENT-

(PROM 'THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA.')

Mr. William Clowes was bom at Chichester, Januaiy 1, 1779, and died January 26, 1847. The father of Mr. Clowes was educated at Oxford, and kept a large school at Chichester ; but he died when the subject of this notice was an infant, leaving his widow to support two children with straitened means. Slie was enabled, by keeping a small school, to give her son a business education ; and he was apprenticed to Mr. Seagrave, a prmter at Chichester. He came to London in 1802, and worked as a compositor with Mr. Teape, of Tower Hill. In 1803 he coimnenced business on his own account in Villicrs Street, Strand, on a capital of 350?. He purchased one press ; engaged one assistant ; and after working as a compositor through the day, would often, ibr two or three consecutive nights, toil at press, to have his small stock of type free for the next day's demand. It was this energy of character that raised Mr. Clowes to liis sub- sequent eminence. Fortmie favoured his exertions. He married, when he was of tlie age of twenty-lour, a cousin of Mr. Winchester, a stationer, who had much Government

85

MESBKS. CLOWES AND KUNS PKINTIN'G-OFFICE.

O

each successive edition of u IkhiIv (if more than one be required), the type has to be set up anew. This is the most usual system ; and the wages ol' courpositors are regulated Ijy this method. Under this arrangement, directly all the copies f a work have been printed, the ' form ' of types is washed in an alkaline solution, loosened, and the types ' distributed ' again into their p)laces. The compositor takes up a small heap at a time, and, holding it in an ingenious manner in his left hand, drops the letters with his right, <"inc l^y one, into the several cells of his ' case.' The accuracy and celerity with which this is effected are not the least astonishing among the operations of a printing-ofHce ; lor a clever compositor can distribute fifty thousand letters per day into their respective cells. The mind and the lingers curiously assist one another in this operation ; lor tlie Ibrracr has to follow the order of the letters in tlie words, and to select the cell into which each shall be drojjped, while the latter have to separate one letter from anotlier, taking care tlrat only one letter is dropped at a tinre.

Wc have thus l:irielly descril^ed the interesting processes usually submitted to a visitor's inspection in this grreat establishment, and will conclude with the remark that among; the numerous hives of industiy which we ha^'e examined, not one has left upon our mind ;i more gratifying or more durable impression.

84

JIEJIOm OF THE ].ATE WILLIAAI CLOWES.

With iindoA'iating regiiliirity lor ibuitceii years from his printing-office. Mr. Ck>wcs was not u common man. His powers of arrangement were most acute ; he was at once bokl and prudent. He was one of thrise lew men who would not recognise the word ' impossiljle ' as (.me to be lightly employed. He who in 1S03 had a lew hundredweight of type to be worked Irom day to day like a banker's gold, woidd not hesitate, in the height of his prosperous career, to have tons of type locked up ibr months in some ponderous blue-book. To print an Official Keport of a himdred folio pages in a day or night, or of a thousand pages in a. week, was no inicommon occurrence. Mr. Clowes's name will not be associated with the honours of the great classical printers ; his was another ambition. He lived in an age wdren knowledge was to become the inheritance of the many ; and he furnished the means of carrying out this literary re^T)lution in a nicjre efficient manner than any of his pr(_>icssii mal competitors. His name will be permanently associated with the intellectual de^■clopment of our time.

87

MEMOIR OF THE LATE WILLIAM CLOWEy.

Ijiisiucss ; and hj liim he was recommended for important ollicial work. His punctual industry and oUiging and kindly dispositioir brought friends around him, and irr a few years the humble beginner with one press had a considerable printing-office in Northumberland Court. This office was burnt down; but a larger rose in its place. In 1823 he commenced steam-printing. He had two or three machines in a dark cellar; and, the process l^eing novel, his office had many visitors of literary reputation. Mr. Clowes was always a signal example of the honest ardour of manufac- turing enterprise, to lead the way rmder new circumstances. He saw that newspapers were printed by steam ; and he esti- mated the possibility that books might be demanded in suffi- ciently large numbers to make the new invention of more universal application than was at first considered probable. An action brought by the Duke of Korthumberland, whose palace was close to Mr. Clowes's printing-office, to abate tlie steam-press as a nuisance, was successfidly defended ; but the printer removed his noise and his dirt, under the award of arbitrators ; and the decision was a fortunate one for him. In 1826 he became the occupier of the spacious and well-known premises in Duke Street, Stamford Street. In the course of years the humble establishment of the young Sussex com- positor grew into 25 steam-presses and 28 hand-presses, giving employ to 600 persons, in the largest, most complete, and well-organised printing manufactory that had ever existed in the world. The creation of a literature that should at once reconcile the apparently dissimilar equalities of goodness and cheapness, through a demand for books before unprecedented, gave a considerable impulse to the energies of Mr. Clowes. ' The Penny Magazine ' and ' The Penny Cyclopasdia ' issued

86

LONDON :

MILMAM < I.OWES AN[) SONS, PRINTF.LIS, DUKE STUni'.T, ^TAIMT'OUI) STRKF.T,

AND 14, rriAiiiNG rnoss.

Reprinted from the Quarterly Review and 'Days at the Factories; by permission.

A DESCRIPTION

MESSRS. CLOWES AND SONS'

DUKE STREET, STAMFOKD STREET.

Wl'BH A MEMOIR OF

THE LATE WILLIAM CLOWES,

i'UONDEK OF THE ESTABLISH JIKNT.

iCnukn:

WILLIAM CLOWES AJ^D SONS, PRINTERS,

DUKE STKliJiT, STAMFOED STREET, AND 14, CHAP.ING CROSS.