S7e has €.. Dogs Their ( fuveeg a oe heath it Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31924104226158 3 1924 104 226 158 DOGS: THEIR MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT IN DISHAS H. A STUDY OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CANINE MEDICINE. SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. By ASHMONT. | cdoseph F, fers. \f PUBLISHED BY J. LORING THAYER, BoOsTon: 1886. CA BERWICK & SMITH, PRINTERS, BOSTON. WO idly, ©. “etna, WSS Roe pu. Shilo. PREFACE. The rapid advancement in science has wrought many changes in the principles and practice of medicine; added new remedies to the résources of the physician; exploded many ‘old theories, and dissi- pated countless fancies and prejudices. Well worn paths have been left, new fields traversed, and discoveries made, which aid not only in the cure, but in the prevention of disease. Important lessons have been taught, and the limits of knowledge extended, by trials of endurance which have developed unsuspected latent powers, both in man and animals. Further progress will yet be made, of which speculation is fruitless. To place before the reader a faithful exposition of medicine, as it exists at the present time, is the purpose of the author. No finished treatise is attempted, replete with scientific technicalities, calculated to confuse and mystify, but in simple, comprehensive language and expression, on these pages are described the promi- nent appearances in disease, and the manner of applying remedies, sustained largely by the results of personal observation. This book is submitted with the ardent hope it may be found a source of instruction, and aid in the care of man’s true and faithful friend, the Dog. r ASHMONT. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. PAGE Introduction.—The Care of Puppies after Weaning.— Feeding.— Exercise,.— Washing.—Kennel Arrangements.—Grooming.— Vermin. ea - i CHAPTER II. ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT IN CASES OF POISONING. General Remarks.—Rules in using Medicine.—Arsenic,—Strychnine and Nux Vomica.—Carbolic Acid.—Phosphorus.—Mercury.—Lead Salts.— Gen- eral Antidote. . geo. Se . aoe 8 ec » « 15 . CHAPTER III. THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE. Pathology.—Definition of Health.—Diagnosis.—Reasoning by way of Exclu- sion.—Prognosis.—Prognostics. -Causation.—Administering Medicine. . 19 CHAPTER IV. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS. Introduction.—Definition of terms Acute, Subacute, and Chronic.—Self-limited Duration of Certain Diseases.—The Expectant Plan of Treatment.— Rules for Estimating the Doses of Medicine.—Examination of a Dog.— Indications of the Pulse.—Importance of Hygienic Measures of Treat- ment. . . 2 fi . * . oo. ‘i ar oe + 23 DISEASES AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. Acute Pleurisy.—Chronic Pleurisy.—Pneumonia.—Bronchitis.—Consumption. —Asthma.—Acute Laryngitis.—Chronic Laryngitis.—Acute Catarrh.— Nasal Polypus.—Ozena.—Influenza. . . «© «© «© «© «© « 2 CHAPTER V. AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. Eruption of the Teeth.—Treatment of the Teeth.—Softening of the Gums.— Cancrum Oris.—Salivation. —Blain.—Inflammation of the Tongue.— Pharyngitis, Bi “Oa Pe Gane wes ae ee AD IV. CONTENTS. CHAPTER VL DISEASES AFFECTING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. elas Indigestion.—Acute ‘Gastritis, Chronic Gastritis.-Vomiting.— Colic.— Diar- rheea.—Dysentery.—Constipation.—Enteritis.— Intestinal Obstruction.— Peritonitis.—Piles.—Fistula in Ano.—Prolapsus Ani. a ee ee CHAPTER VII. DISEASES AFFECTING THE SOLID ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. Acute Hepatitis.—Chronic Hepatitis.—Fatty Liver.— Jaundice. —Torpor of the Liver.—Passage of Gall Stones.—Cancer of the Liver.—Affections of the Spleen.—Diseases of the Pancreas.—Sugar in the Liver.—Digestion of Starch, 2. 6 we eee 8B CHAPTER VIIL. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. Nephritis.—Acute Cystitis.—Chronic Cystitis. Cystic Caleuli.—Renal Calculi. —Retention of Urine.—Hematuria. . ip 8 ae . _ 7 CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, Balanitis.—Paraphymosis.—Inflammation of the Scrotum.—Morbid Growths. —Prolapse of the Vagina.—Polypi of the Vagina —Acute Metritis.— Affections of the Vulva. Sm ee a ae | a ROB: CHAPTER X. DISEASES OF THE EYE. Ophthalmia,— Iritis.— Cataract.—Amaurosis.—Protrusion of the Eyeball.— Lachrymal Apparatus.—A ffections of the Haw.—A ffections of the Eyelids. 111 CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE EAR. Canker.—Otitis, Media or Interna.—Polypus.—Deafness,— Affections of the Flap of the Ear. %- ie te a . S (a oe. se . . 119 CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. Eczema.—Sarcoptic Mange,—Follicular Mange.—Prurigo.—Pruritus.—Favus, —Ringworm.—Erythema.—Erysipelas. 2 3 a . 127 CONTENTS. Y CHAPTER XII. INTESTINAL PARASITES, oa : ‘ PAG: General Remarks.—Giant Strongle-—Wrinkled Thread-worm.—Cruel Thread- worm.—Ascaris Marginata.—Tenia. . 5 io Los . ew » 143 37 CHAPTER XIv. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Hydrophobia.—Convulsions.—Vertigo.—A poplexy.—Concussion of the Brain,— Hydrocephalus.—Compression of the Brain.—Acute Meningitis.—Chronic Meningitis,—Chorea.—Neuralgia.—Paralysis._Tetanus. . «oo « ABE CHAPTER XV. GENERAL DISEASES. Distemper.—-Diphtheria._—-Rheumatism.—Lumbago.—Eruptive Fevers.— Dropsy.—Anzmia,—Plethora.— Obesity.— Rickets.— Scrofula.— Maras- mus. . . a eC er ae ne ee ee » » 18l CHAPTER XVI. SURGIOAL AFFECTIONS. Wounds.—Umbilical Hernia.—Sprains.—Burns and Scalds,—Fractures and Dislocations. . Seem te Ce a oh Sy te » . 199 DOGS: : THEIR MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT IN DISEASE. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. As the object of this work is to treat of the dog in a state of disease, the author has deemed it expedient to confine himself to those essential con- siderations in keeping with his purpose, reserving for a future effort the subject of Breeding and attendant interests. The introduction of general management which might seem extraneous, is yet pursuant of this design, on the assumption that a knowledge of the prevention of disease, is intimately associated with the study of pathology, and holds a place scarcely inferior to that of a familiarity with the princi- ples and practice of medicine. Many diseases are preventable by removing or obviating their causes; reforms in ventilation, cleanliness and diet, there is reason to believe, accomplish much, and are among the most important modes by which diseases may be prevented. The care of puppies from the period of weaning, is treated of in a gen- eral way. Inthe management of dogs after maturity is reached, minor details are dwelt upon, it being assumed that, to some at least, their con- sideration may prove of value. The number of drugs capable of producing death, under certain condi- tions, is almost limitless, as medicines, possessing sufficient activity to be of much value, are always poisons in inordinate or excessive quantities. 2 INTRODUCTION. In the chapter devoted to the subject, the action of dangerousagents, more generally encountered, is discussed. In the consideration of the different diseases, causes, symptoms, treatment and prognosis are each of recognized importance, and diagnosis if necessary to discriminate from one of several diseases with which it has more or less symptomatic phenomena in common. To dwell on pathological anatomy, or the appearances in a morbid or dis- eased state, must necessarily confuse the reader and reference excepting in rare instances is avoided. In the arrangement of diseases convenience is studied. Under general diseases are considered all unclassified. It is implied that operative surgery is beyond the capacity of many, and as an exhaustive treatise on the subject would prove of but little value, only the simpler operations, and treatment in cases of emergency are con- sidered. THE CARE OF PUPPIES AFTER WEANING. One of the greatest essentials in the rearing of puppies, especially the ease in large breeds, is sufficient exercise. Under no consideration, chain them, but allow almost absolute freedom of movement. If kept ina pen, have it large and so constructed that they can lie down or stand on all fours and look between the boards; for standing on their hind legs to look over, would invite weak backs and cow-hocks. The sleeping quarters should be kept scrupulously clean, frequently whitewashed, and free from draughts. In the warmer weather, pine shavings or sawdust is the best bedding; in the winter, clean straw, changed frequently. In feeding puppies, their discharges should be watched, and the diet varied as the need manifests itself. Milk is one of the most important articles of food in the earlier weeks after weaning. It may be frequently given, some caution being used, however. It should be old or skimmed, never fed fresh from the cow. Three or four times a week, sour milk ma} be given, as it is an enemy to worms. It will be well to add limewater to sweet milk when used, in the proportion of nearly one-sixth part. Sometimes when feeding milk freely to very young puppies, diarrhea manifests itself.’ A change must at once be made to beef tea and broths, into which may be broken crackers or bread. Too great importance cannot be given to the early administration of meat, which must be fresh and lean. Unsound food should never be used in any form. Meat may be given raw or cooked, small quantities of the former at first, and when the age of three or four months is reached, let it be scraped or finely cut, and given after other food has been eaten. Meat may be cooked alone or with vegetables, onions in small quantities being especially healthy and palatable, then removed, and in the liquor, oatmeal, indian meal, or wheat middlings, be well boiled and thoroughly cooked. Then the meat can be chopped up and added with the crushed vegetables. Rice and pearl-barley may be given occasionally. Liver, from its laxative action, must be given guardedly, if at all. Large bones may frequently be supplied, but beware of small bones that may possibly sliver, as many a valuable dog has been killed by them. Remem- 4 CARE OF PUPPIES. ber always the great secrets in feeding are —- wholesome food and a variety in diet. Where only a few dogs are kept, the “scraps” from the table, from their varied nature, cannot be improved upon. Mix potatoes and other vegetables with alittle gravy and small pieces of meat. Until six months old, feed three times a day, then twice daily until maturity is reached. Remain with the pup while eating, and as soon as he turns from his food remove itat once. Never urge a dog to eat, if he shows from his manner a loss of appetite. Prepare something else and tempt him with it and ifhe still declines, wait until his next regular time of feeding and try again. As arule, give as little medicine as possible to puppies. Probably the more common affection observed among them is indigestion in some form or other. As castor oil or syrup of buckthorn can do no harm, if an odor to the breath, a hot nose, sluggish manner, or disinclination to eat is noted, give either, and watch the discharges. If very offensive, or undigested matter appears in them, the cause is apparent. Stop all food for a time, and when next given, select only the simplest and most easily digested, milk and lime-water preferred. Vegetables have a tendency to purify the blood and keep the bowels in good condition. When these cannot be given, other means should be employed in the form of a mild physic. It is a good plan to give a dose of sulphur, either alone or with powdered magnesia, if a laxative is needed, mixed with the food once or twice a week in summer, and less often in colder weather. Ordinary dose, one-half a teaspoonful of each. Diarrhea is usually the result of indigestion. Often nature’s effort to - throw off the disease, in many cases regulating the diet, will suffice; giving porridge made of boiled milk, and flour baked until slightly brown. If the attack is severe, first imitate nature by giving a dose of castor oil, it being desirable that the contents of the intestines be effettually removed, in order to prevent their continued passage over the inflamed surface, and to secure, as far as may be, that important end in the treatment of all inflam- mations, viz., quietude of the inflamed parts. Paregoric, as the simplest form of opiate, may then be given in one or two teaspoonful doses. Worms are a common enemy to pups, and the giving of sour milk will do much to prevent their formation. Their presence may be suspected when bloating beyond the fulness that the food taken would be likely to produce. For worms in puppies three months old, give one or two grains of santonine in butter after having fasted twelve hours; follow this dose three hours later with one of castor oil. Fleas are a constant source of annoyance. Washing young puppies is never admissible. Combing with a fine comb dipped in kerosene oil, or rubbing flea powder into the hair, are the means to be employed. WDE Se. B. Seen, VBLS Doe pY.. Sho. DOGS IN HEALTH. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. FPREDING. Pages have been written on the origin and ancient history of the dog, theories advanced, speculations urged, and yet we still remain in complete ignorance on the subject. Some contend, in the anatomical structure of certain parts that he resmbles the wolf. There are however, differences to reconcile, before this supposition can be accepted. Others have traced to the fox, and still others to the jackal, each party being satisfied in his own mind of the correctness of his theory, and yet the same differences remain. A knowledge of the primitive state and habits of the animal might aid much on this subject, but that being denied us,” we are forced to turn to the anatomical mechanism and natural promptings for guidance. It is admitted that the dog belongs to the family of carnivora, or flesh eaters, and a study of his digestive organs verifies this assumption. The instinctive desire of animals for certain substances is a sure indication that they are in reality required for the nutritive process, while the indif- ference or repugnance manifested for others, injurious and valueless, is an equal evidence of their unfitness as articles of food. Starch is very abundant in corn, wheat, rye, oats and rice, and in almost all vegetable substances used as food, and during the progress of digestion is converted into sugar. That these articles alone are an unfit diet, is proven by the experiments of Magendie, who found that dogs fed exclu- sively on starch or sugar perished after a short time with symptoms of 6 GENERAL MANAGEMENT. profound disturbance of the nutritive functions. On the other hand, ex- periments have been made by Claude Bernard and others, proving that carnivorous animals can be kept for an indefinite time, exclusively on a diet of flesh, and yet the body be maintained in a perfectly healthy condition. Dogs have nonatural cravings for vegetables. Tobe fed chiefly on them, or on puddings, bread and starchy food continuously, invites debilitated constitutions and attendant diseases. The writer is firm in his convic- tion, that eczema is propagated by this abuse more often than by any other. Meat, unquestionably, should be the principle article of diet for dogs. An acceptance of this theory is by no means an indorsement of that ex- treme doctrine advanced by some—that starchy foods are detestable to the canine race. On the contrary, saccharine substances in small quantities are essential, and conducive to the health of the animals (see page 96). The question arises whether meat should be fed cooked orraw. Both have advantages. Certain constituents are lost in the process of cooking. The muscular fibres are almost always more or less hardened by boiling or roasting, but at the same time, the fibrous tissue by which they are held together is gelatinized and softened, so that the muscular fibres are more easily separated from each other, and more readily attacked by the digestive fluids. The organic substances contained in meat, which are insipid in the raw state, acquire, by the action of heat and cooking, a peculiar and agreeable flavor. This flavor excites the appetite and stim- ulates the flow of the digestive fluids, and renders in this way the process of digestion more easy and expeditious. In cooking meat, itis desirable that it be rendered palatable, and the flavor varied from time to time. This may be done by the addition of vegetables, which should be well crushed after boiling. The different kinds of meal, thoroughly cooked in strong broths, consti- tute a diet nutritious and inviting. Puddings so made must not alone be depended upon, but meat should be generously added to them or given after they are eaten. Sheep’s heads and the feet of animals may be boiledto a jelly. They are highly nutritious, and dogs are very fond of them. Beef flour is a valuable substitute for flesh, is excellent for puppies and matured dogs alike; it can be added to boiling water, a strong broth made, and then thickened with a little bread, crackers or meal. Pork scraps, in pressed cakes, keep for an indefinite time, and may be fed once or twice a week; they should be soaked for some hours until soft, and then boiled. Milk, sweet or sour, can be given freely, and is valuable for a change. Dog biscuits, so called, have within a few years become very popular in FEEDING. 7 large kennels; when honestly prepared, they are an excellent diet. The tanner of feeding them should be frequently changed ;at times given dry, at others soaked in milk or broths, or crushed with vegetables. Bones, the dog’s tooth brush, are an essential. By their use the muscles of the jaws are kept strong, and the pleasure they give the animalsis very evident; their value may be lessened however, by too frequent feeding, as many a broken well worn tooth testifies. While the use of vegetables adds flavor to the food and excites the appetite of the animal, it has still another important action as a gentle laxative. Liver has the same property, and the conditions of the bowels should direct its use. Among the medicinal agents often administered with the food, sulphur may be properly referred to while on the subject of feeding. It is laxative and resolvent, and is supposed to be rendered soluble by the soda of the pile. Itis thrown out of the system by the bowels and through the skin, and for that reason has an influence on cutaneous diseases. Its occasional use can do no harm, and unless a perfect condition of the animal contra- indicates, it may be given once or twice a week in summer, and once or twice a month in colder weather. The dose for a fifty pound dog is one teaspoonful, and may be mingled with the food or given in milk. Many authors have dwelt upon the dirt-eating propensity of dogs, and concluded therefrom, that the proper method of feeding is to throw the food on to the ground. The writer is of the opinion that if such a propen- sity exists, it is wiser to leave the dogs to nature’s promptings and let them eat dirt when they choose, rather than insist upon its being eaten at every meal. He therefore prefers to feed his animals from clean dishes, and the cleaner the better. The greatest importance is attached to the quality of the food given. It. should be of the very best, and no tainted meat, mouldy bread, or food changed in its integrity, should ever be used in any form. Many people consider decomposing meat better for a dog, and attempt to fortify their arguments, by illustrating with the fact, that the animal will occasionally bury a bone or part of his food, to be dug up and eaten later. The fact is true, but the inference an ancient absurdity. A dog never buries meat when he is hungry, but after a hearty meal will often do so, proving our supposition that it is his natural food, an evidence of his great craving, which he will eat in any form, no matter how badly decayed. Give him sufficient fresh meat and he will never seek carrion. Chloride of Sodium or common salt, some authors state, “is poison to ¥ dog.” In this the writer cannot agree, but on the contrary deems it essen- tial to perfect health. Itis found throughout the tissues and fluids of the ' 8 GENERAL MANAGEMENT. body, exerts an important influence on the solution of various other ingre- dients with which it is associated, and the blood globules are maintained by it in a state of integrity. Since common salt is so universally present in all parts of the body, it isan important ingredient of food. It occurs in all animal and vegetable food as well, though in smaller amount in the latter, and actsin a favorable manner asa condiment, by exciting digestion, and assisting in this way the solution of the food. In connection with the subject of feeding, reference to the appetite is pertinent. Remember dogs will eat when hungry. For them to refuse a meal occasionally, means nothing. Evidence is not wanting where they have passed days and even weeks in confinement without food, and yet recovered without injury from their long fast. If food is placed before the animal and he turns from it, something else should be prepared to tempt him. If he still declines, it should be removed and another attempt be made at his next regular time of feeding. Ifa dog is in good health, simply dainty, this method repeated again and again, if needed, will prove effectual, and he will finally eat whatever may be offered him. Regularity in the hour of feeding should be observed. The number of times to feed is a disputed question, with the weight of authority on the side of once a day, at night, and all they can then eat. Owners must decide for themselves, influenced by what has been their custom, the condition of their animals, and the amount of work required of them. Where only one dog is kept, no doubt in many instances it is over fed, especially if allowed the freedom of the kitchen While the fact is apparent, that once a day is alla dog actually needs to be fed, the question arises: would it not be wiser to give him a little less at night, and a mere trifle in the morning? It would seem thereby that the dangers of indigestion would be lessened. It might be said that even of greater importance than good wholesome food, is a constant supply of good fresh water. The system suffers more rapidly when entirely deprived of fluids than when the solid food only is withdrawn. Magendie found in his experiments on dogs subjected to fasting, that if the animals were supplied with water alone, they lived six, eight, and even ten days longer than if they were deprived the same time of both solid and liquid food. To recapitulate: the essentialsin feeding are meat, fresh and wholesome, ‘varied from the raw by cooking, and the addition of other articles of food, to add to the flavor and tempt the appetite, together with a constant supply of fresh, pure, and clean water. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 9 EXERCISE. Exercise develops the muscles of the body, increases their functional activity, hastens the digestion of food, and renders its assimilation easier. It improves nutrition by elevating the temperature, opens the pores of the skin, stimulating its functions, and through the lungs, by the stronger movements excited, it favors the exhalation of impurities and excesses. Too much importance cannot be attached to this subject. Keeping a dog confined with insufficient exercise is cruelty itself, which no excuse can justify. Never chain a dog should be the rule, but unfortunately if cannot always be observed. Certain methods may, however, be resorted to, and a confined animal have greater freedom and still*be restrained. A post can be set up as far from the kennel as the limits of the owner’s premises will allow, a wire fastened to it and passed through a ring, the other end attached to the kennel and drawn taut. The dog can then be chained to the ring, which will slide freely the entire length of the wire, permitting greater latitude and the animal still be held in check. This means may be employed in cities, and where it is impossible to allow them to run at large. When dogs are kept in yards, the plan adopted by the writer can be re- sorted to. Fences or hurdles can be built entirely across the inclosures. These must be placed low at first, simply high enough to force the animal to make an easy jump, then in three or four weeks raised a few inches, another interval allowed to pass, and raised again. The results from the employment of this means are admirable, especially in the case of dogs inclined to be weak in the loins, and needing development behind. In conditioning dogs, especially for exhibitions, no better exercise can be recommended than slow walking; the distance being from two to four miles daily. By this means they will eat more, digest it better, and accu- mulate flesh more rapidly. While exercise is imperative, extremes must be avoided and caution used. If a dog is habituated to following a team, there is less danger ot over exertion; if not so accustomed, care must be observed lest the sys- tem be disordered by too great effort. In winter,if a hard run is taken and he returns in a heated condition, he must not be shut into a cold ken- nel, but be allowed to cool gradually in a warm room. Violent exercise must never be allowed after a hearty meal. It is a wise plan to accustom dogs to climatic changes, yet they must be protected during the hotter days of summer, from the sun’s intense heat, or the exposure will cause debility and often convulsions. 10 GENERAL MANAGEMENT. WASHING. Washing is admissible in summer, and undoubtedly has its benefits in colder weather when all influences are favorable, and proper precautions observed; unfortunately, neglect results too seriously, and it .cannot be insisted upon, that bathing is an absolute necessity for dogs. Some breeds take to the water naturally and find pleasure in it, but the reluctance of others, and the disposition shown by them to conceal them- selves when the preparation to wash commences, is an indication that the process will prove a hardship. Where it is possible, it is better to allow them access to a tub or cistern of water, and leave them to follow their natural promptings. Very dirty coats, vermin, andcutaneous diseases sometimes make wash- ing imperative. If these needs are not evident, itis wiser to do little or none of it, for care in the kennel arrangements and thorough grooming will obviate the necessity. Washing in cold weather is extremely hazardous, and the animal is almost certain to take cold unless the greatest care is observed after the operation. He must be confined to the house until thoroughly dry, then judiciously exercised before returned to his kennel. In warm weather the dangers are much less, yet care should be observed. The method of washing naturally suggests itself, and need not be dwelt upon. The purpose for which the animal is washed will direct the nature of the soaps to be used. If mere cleanliness of the coat is the object, champooing is the better means to employ. Eggs broken and rubbed into the hair, then sponged off, leave it clean, soft, and glossy. The sea-foam champoo of barbers is also excellent as a stimulant and for cleanliness. Fleas demand the use of soaps which destroy them. Cutaneous diseases call for carbolic, sulphur, and the varieties of soaps mentioned elsewhere under skin diseases. If used properly there is little or no danger of absorption from the strong carbolic preparations; the operation must be rapidly performed, and by a thorough rinsing every trace of the soaps removed. After washing, the animal should be thoroughly sponged, rubbed dry, and then properly cared for. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. il KENNEL ARRANGEMENTS. In kennelling, the primary essentials are, good ventilation, perfect clean- liness, dryness, and freedom from draughts. Less sickness undoubtedly occurs when dogs are inured to climatic changes. Those animals accustomed to out-door kennels, are usually far healthier than those that are allowed the freedom of the house. Again when a disease like distemper attacks them, it runs a shorter and much less severe course; their natures, more elastic, seem to throw off the in- firmities quicker. In winter dogs suffer as much, ifnot more, from artificial heat than they do from exposure tointense cold. Many are allowed in houses and around the stoves during the day, and are kennelled out at night, or shut into a cold stable, thus experiencing the greatest extreme in temperature; u fruitful source of disease. To kennel out and constantly keep in the open air, the coarser long- haired breeds, seem the wiser. Their houses should be carefully con- structed, raised several inches from the ground, and the space beneath carefully boarded. These should, in winter, face the rising sun, and be provided with a glass front. The door may be hung on hinges, so that it can be opened by the dog from within or without, or it may be dispensed with, in which case a projection should be built around the door-way on the outside, to prevent rain from entering. A room within a room in winter is the better. The inner or sleeping quarters can be easily constructed by partitioning off a part, leaving an opening as a passage for the animal, then laying a supplementary raised floor on which the bedding can be placed. This inner kennel can be ren- dered warm, snug, and free from all possible draughts, by covering the floor and sides with tarred paper. Where dogs are housed at night in stables, barns, or large rooms, these same sleeping boxes should always be used in the colder weather. The floors of the kennel should be covered with sawdust as it is the cheapest and cleanest. For bedding, straw in winter, and fine shavings in summer are preferred. Cleanliness is of paramount importance. In this connection, the meth- ods employed by the writer may be of interest. Every week in warm and cold weather alike, in his kennels, the sawdust and bedding are removed, the doors and windows closed, and the building purified by introducing a kerosene stove, and burning sulphur thereon. The walls, even the floors if necessary, are then thoroughly washed with lime, and if the weather is ‘G damp or very cold, the stoveis again introduced and the white-wash dried. After all dampness is removed, the floors are covered with a disinfectant, 12 KENNEL ARRANGEMENTS. lime and carbolic acid more often used, tarred paper then laid down, on it sawdust, and then the bedding. It is important where several dogs are kept, that they be provided with separate kennels, at least no more than two be allowed to remain together, as infectious diseases are sometimes transmitted, in their earliest stages, and may become general before de- tection. This danger is especially great where the care of the animals is intrusted to servants. GROOMING. In the stable, one often hears the old adage, “a good grooming is better for a horse than a feeding.” The same holds true in the kennel. The ancient Averrhes gave the sum of the directions by Galen and other authorities, in his reference to friction applied to the human body. Strong friction, he said, braces and hardens the body; weak, rarefies and softens; moderate, in an intermediate degree. Besides, he added, hard friction diminishes obesity; moderate, on the other hand, tends to remove emaci- ation. Not only is the health of a dog improved by grooming, but his changed appearance well repays the owner for the effort. Again in the operation, conimencing cutaneous diseases and vermin are detected, suggesting the prompt application of remedies and much trouble and annoyance thereby averted. In the use of a comb, care should be observed lest the skin be irritated and mange propagated. A clean, fairly stiff hair brush, a bathing hair-glove, or a pad of woollen yarns, and a chamois skin are all the essentials. Their use can be followed by hand rubbing, an admirable method of adding a fine finish and produc- ing a gloss. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 13 VERMIN. Fleas, more especially in warm weather, are the bane of a dog’s existence, and only the most constant care and watchfulness can insure protection from this unmitigated nuisance. There are literally two species of this parasite; the common-flea (pulex irritans.) and the sand-flea (pulex penetrans.) The former bites, producing papules or wheals; the latter bores into the skin, causing inflammation. The sand-fleas, as the name implies, are common in sandy districts, and are very difficult to combat. Even when entirely removed, they are quite certain to return. Kennels infected, if situated in the sand, should be moved to a foundation of black earth. If that is impossible, earth should be drawn and the floors and ground surrounding be covered with it, then insect powder be blown freely into every crack and crevice, and rubbed well into the dogs; this will drive them away for a time, but the method must be repeated or they will return. The common-flea needs much the same continued effort to suppress him. Grooming, combing, and washing will do much, but generally other means must be employed. Whale oil is an effectual remedy but its use is an abomination; itmust be thoroughly rubbed into the hair of the animal, from tip to tip, and allowed to remain on, some hours at least, during which time he must be kept in @ warm room, as there is great danger of taking cold; then eggs may be used as a champoo and washed off, or soap and water alone, followed by a persistent combing, and after all a hard run be given. Quassia chips boiled to a strong infusion, or. in the form of tincture, when sponged on freely, will be found efficacious. Carbolic acid and soaps incorporated with the same are excellent, but must be used cautiously, or poison from absorption may result; a mixture of carbolic acid, two drachms of the crystals to a pint of water, is sufficiently strong. The phenol sodique is preferable to carbolic acid, as there is little danger of poisonous ab- sorption, and may be used diluted with the same quantity of water. The sulphuret of lime used with such success in Belgium for the itch, acts quite well as a cure of vermin; a weak solution of it can be made by boil- ing together the flowers of sulphur two pounds, unslaked lime one pound, water two gallons; slack the lime first then add the sulphur slowly, stir- ring well, and finally boil down to one gallon. Let the mixture cool and precipitate, then pour off the clear fluid and apply it freely to the hair of the dog, allowing it to dry on. Balsam peru is an agent which has been, in times passed, much valued in parasitic troubles. Its efficacy, is unquestioned, but it is rather too expen- sive for general use. 14 VERMIN. Kerosene and crude petroleum are used advantageously in many kennels, the method employed being, to dip a comb into the oils and pass it per- sistently through the hair, being careful that little or none reaches the skin, which is likely to become irritated thereby. Insect powder is an excellent remedy, and can be economically used, by laying the dog on a paper while being rubbed. Lice and wood-ticks demand much the same treatment that fleas do, the preference being given to petroleum oil. A strong infusion of the seeds of the stavesacre is a sure remedy, but they are not easy to procure. Many authors advise the use of mercury in some form, the white precipitate the more common. It should not be employed until all the simpler remedies have failed, and then be used with great caution, the dog being securely muzzled. Where vermin have become troublesome, the kennels should be thor- oughly cleaned, bedding destroyed, and sulphur burned, after which, all parts should be faithfully: whitewashed. The continued scratching of animals causes eczema which must be treated, after the vermin is removed, with external applications of cod- liver oil, sulphur and lard, or phenol sodique, and possibly the employment of the usual mange remedies will be demanded. CHAPTER II. ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT IN CASES OF POISONING. It would seem, that in the treatment of dogs in disease, some people draw from a fund of accumulated and transmitted ignorance, and display the least possible common sense and judgment. Remedies of the great- est efficacy and virtue, become exceedingly dangerous in the hands of the careless and incompetent, and many dogs are sacrificed by man’s stu- pidity, as well as destroyed by that fiend incarnate, the dog poisoner. No where will that old saying better apply than in connection with the use of medicine, ‘ a little knowledge makes men foolish.” An article lately appeared in a prominent sportsman’s paper, under the heading, “Treatment of Poisoned Dogs,” which well illustrates this. It said, ‘“ The lives of many valuable dogs can be saved by the prompt use of a very simple remedy. As soon as you know a dog has been poisoned, inject about an ounce of hydrate of chloral into his back with a hypoder- mic syringe, the quantity to be governed by the size of the dog and severity of his symptoms. As long as there is life in him do not despair. I have known dogs to have been saved by this treatment when in the death throes.” Nothing could be either more absurd, or more dangerous than this advice. One ounce of chloral hydrate is four hundred and eighty grains; the dose of this agent is from jive to twenty grains. The rule when medicine is admin- istered subcutaneously is one half the quantity given by the mouth. In cases of strychnine poisoning, the need is more urgent, and the usual doses can be safely increased; twenty grains however would be quite enough tointroduce hypodermically, as it acts quickly, and the need of a larger dose would be readily apparent. The adviser says ‘‘ the quantity to be governed by the size of the dog.” It is presumed it would matter little, were anything near four hundred and eighty grains’ administered. Again to “ inject into the back,” an abscess would surely result, leaving an unsightly scar. While chloral hydrate is indicated in cases of poisoning 16 IN CASES OF POISONING. by strychnine and other drugs producing convulsions, its use would surely prove fatal in poisoning by narcotics. Not alone in the care of animals, is shown this same stupid reasoning. The writer recalls a case he once treated, that of a woman who had effect- ually used creasote on a pledget of cotton pressed into an aching tooth. Shortly after on being attacked with earache, reasoning that the remedy, if a success in one instance, must surely be good in another, had a quantity dropped into her ear; the result can be imagined. The writer had a valuable horse overcome by the heat. His driver much alarmed, was ready to do anything and everything advised. A bystander recommended an ounce of the tincture of aconite root, which was at ounce secured and administered. At least eight hundred drops were given of the drug, whereas ten to fificen drops would have been reasonably large. Man’s stupidity will never allow the limit of illustrations of this character to be reached. While on the subject of poisons, certain rules in the use of medicines are appropriate. $ Never undertake to prepare complicated prescriptions, but depend upon a competent and reliable druggist. . Protect your labels. If one is lost, sacrifice the contents of the bottle rather than be in doubt. Use great care in dropping medicine. When uncertain about the accu- racy of the dose, throw it away and drop again. Remember that medicine can be repeated if necessary, but cannot be recalled after once given. Give too small rather than too large doses. All drugs require a certain time to act in, and must not be repeated until a@ proper interval has been allowed. There is no protection from the poisoning fiend. Apothecaries are by law forbidden to sell poisons. They can easily be obtained however with- out legal responsibility. Pills of strychnine, nux vomica, arsenic, etc., each containing the proper dose can be bought without suspicion, implying they are for personal use, several of them pressed into meat, thrown into the vicinity of the hated dog, and the hellish purpose be accomplished. One author has stated, “as a general rule for distinguishing between the evidence of poisoning and the symptoms of disease, the suddenness of the attack must weigh largely, and by tracing where the dog has been, and what he has or is likely to have picked up, a pretty accurate conclu- sion can be arrived at.” ; This is about all that can be said on this subject. At the same time, it is essential to remember that there are many exceptions to this rule. Some agents are more readily absorbed than others. Poisons taken into the stomach when empty, necessarily act much more speedily than when IN CASES OF POISONING. 17 full, thus if that organ is loaded the appearance of the symptoms may be delayed some hours. Sleep may retard the action of some agents. It must be also remembered that there are many diseases which commence suddenly, and rapidly run to a fatal termination. Internal hemorrhages, severe inflammations of the stomach or intestines, often set in suddenly and might be taken for poisoning. The process of diagnosis by elimination, described elsewhere, will aid much in cases of suspected poisoning. It would be advisable where valuable dogs are owned, that a few reme- dies be prepared, and kept in anticipation of possible poisoning. Sulphate of zinc for an emetic, lawdanum or paregoric for pain, chloral hydrate for convulsions (mixture of one drachm of the drug to an ounce of water). These, with a glass syringe holding from one to two tablespoonfuls, are of great use in emergences where delay is fatal. In cases of poisoning, the methods of treatment indicated are:— Get rid of the Poison —Stop its action — Remedy the mischief it has done. A consideration of the more common poisons and their antidotes, is all that space permits. Aside from drugs, other means are sometimes em- ployed by the destroyers. Powdered glass is often used, and a sponge com- pressed while wet, then tightly rolled with twine, dried, and introduced into a piece of meat, is another method, producing certain death by intes- tinal obstruction. When glass is known to have been taken into the stomach, never give cathartics, but exclude drinks and give solid food with the hope of enveloping the particles, and thereby protecting against internal laceration. oatrsenic:—Symptoms; constant hawking, caused by burning pain in the throat; great thirst, tongue and mucous membrane of the mouth becomes red and swollen; abdomen enlarged, hard, tense, and painful to the touch; severe griping pains; vomiting and purging of brown or bloody matter. Symptoms grow rapidly worse, skin at first hot, but later cold and clammy, prostration, paralysis, convulsions, and death. Treatment ;—If vomiting is not free, give an emetic, then quickly pour into the animal what may be within reach, either milk, flour and water, magnesia and oil, or oil and lime water, and send at once for the only true antidote, the hydrated peroxide of iron, for which, if the druggist has not all prepared, he can make a substitute on the instant, by adding to diluted tincture of iron enough bicarbonate of soda, or aqua ammonia, to saturate it; give freely of this. Sirychnine and Nux Yomica.—Symptoms; at-first restlessness, then pain, as evinced by the dog’s sharp eries, followed by twitchings of the muscles, jerkings of the head, snapping of the jaws, and foaming at the mouth; then convulsions, which may intermit for a short time, during the 18 IN CASES OF POISONING interval the animal uttering sharp, shrill, ear piercing cries, to be stifled by a recurring spasm. Treatment;— If possible, give an emetic. This can, however, rarely be done after the convulsive stage has set in. Then the dependence must be on chloral hydrate, from twenty to thirty grains, administered by the rec- tum. Of w mixture of this agent, (one drachm to an ounce of water), a tablespoonful contains thirty grains of the chloral. After giving the injec- tion, pressure should be made against the anus, to prevent its being evacuated. If in twenty minutes the convulsions have not ceased, repeat the injection, dose being the same. When the convulsions are finally con- trolled, allow the animal to sleep as long and quietly as possible, and when he arouses up and shows a disposition to move about, give, every three or four hours, one teaspoonful of aromatic spirit of ammonia well diluted, and continue at intervals until perfectly conscious. Carbotie Acid: —Symptoms; Great depression, trembling, shivering, and loss of motion, indicative of approaching paralysis, diarrhaa, the dis- charges attimes bloody. Treatment; — Hot mustard bath, friction, and stimulants of brandy and ammonia. Phosphorus: —Symptoms; Burning pain in the throat and stomach, vomiting, purging, great inflammation and tenderness of the abdomen, convulsions. Treatment ;— Give promptly an emetic, followed with either magnesia, chalk, or whiting in water. Avoid oils, as they dissolve the phosphorus. Mercury: —Symptoms; Acts much like arsenic, but quicker and more violent, corrosion of mouth, burning of throat, distress in stomach and bowels, excessive thirst, vomiting and purging of bloody mucus, skin cold and clammy, convulsions. Treatment; —If vomiting does not occur, induce it with an emetic; give freely white of eggs with milk, or flour and water, or flour and soft soap thinned with water. The protosulphuret of iron is an antidote, but is use- less ten minutes after the poison has entered the stomach. Mercury, it must be remembered, occurs in many forms, the more common being corrosive sublimate, red precipitate, white precipitate, bar, vermillion, and cyanide of mercury. Lead Satis: Symptoms; Depend on the mode of poisoning. In large doses, the usual symptoms are irritation, distress, and vomiting, colic, constipation, cramps, and paralysis. Treatment ;— Give epsom salts with milk and eggs freely. GENERAL ANTIDOTE—In cases of poisoning, when the nature of the poison is unknown;—calcined magnesia, powdered charcoal, sesqui oxide of tron, equal parts of each in a sufficient quantity of water. CHAPTER III. THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE. ve + PATHOLOGY. If the term health expressed a well defined state, an absolute standard might be fixed. To define disease is equally as difficult. It is an absence, or deficiency of health, simply a transfer of the difficulty of definition. If all the tissues and organs of the body are normal, if all the fluids are in no respect abnormal, if all the functions of the organical structure are completely and harmoniously performed, health undoubtedly exists. But this perfection of health is visionary and never actually exists. An exam- ination of the healthiest would disclose some deviation, some change, and these deviations from the normal are not inconsistent with the evidences of health. Functions of different parts may be disordered to a certain extent, without sufficient disturbance to constitute disease. No practical embarrassment can result from this difficulty, to draw the line with precision. Each owner will fix an individual standard for his animal. Variations from it will constitute disease. In a general way, ina healthy dog, we note as follows :— Eyes bright, the white usually clear, the fine red lines seen at times having no significance, the lining of the lids a pink rose tinge. Nose, cold, moist and slippery, except when the animalsleeps, then often hot and dry. Coat soft, smooth, and in long haired dogs, glossy. Skin soft, easily moulded, and of a gentle heat. Tongue moist, pink in color, free from coating. Pulse, full and strong, ranging from eighty to one hundred, varying in different breeds and natures. The larger animals have a lower rate than the smaller, the nervous a higher than the less easily excited. Bowels; excretions vary with the food given, in consistency and color. They should be neither hard nor thin, free from undigested matter, and not markedly offensive in odor. Kidneys; urine, pale yellowish, abundant, freely and easily expelled. 20 THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE. DIAGNOSIS. The term diagnosis, signifies the art of discriminating diseases, to de- termine their character and situation. It is sufficiently obvious, that a distinctive knowledge of diseases is of great practical importance in ref- erence to their management. Treatment cannot be judiciously applied until a diagnosis has been reached. It may be based on the presence of characteristic signs peculiar to certain affections alone. Thus the crepitant sound denotes the existence of pneumonia. But there are very few signs which are inseparable from a disease, being found in that and no other. It must be remembered, that all the symptoms typical of a disease will be but rarely present. In some, possibly many instances, the disorder is readily apparent, and the exact location of it detected. Cough, and rapid breathing would point at once to the chest as the seat of the trouble. In other cases much diffi- culty will be experienced. Some symptoms may be absent, and others unduly prominent. Patient watching, with a careful analysis and study of each individual case will, however, usually dissipate all doubts. The previous history is essential in reaching a diagnosis. The duration of the symptoms materially assist in determining whether we have an acute or chronic disease to contend with. If the animal were recently to all appearances in good health, and the attack more or less sudden in its invasion, the disease is probably the former, whereas, if the dog has fora long time shown certain signs of ailing, the disease is probably chronic in character. A highly effective method of reaching the diagnosis of a disease is called, “reasoning by way of exclusion.” In a case of doubt, the problem is generally to decide between a certain number of diseases. The existing disease is one of two, three, or more, which may be suspected. Nowif it be difficult to decide which one of these is the disease present from positive proof, it may be practicable to decide that there is insufficient evidence of the existence of one or more, and therefore they are excluded. By this process of elimination, the number of diseases is diminished, and may be reduced even to one disease. To illustrate the application of this mcthod.— Our dog does not respond to the usual call. We seek his kennel for the cause, find him unable to leave it, and observe the following symptoms. His breathing israpid and labored; his manner exceedingly dull; he opens his eyes only to close them at once; hangs his head, it falls as though he slept, to be lifted as he seems to waken, or disturbed from time to time by a dry hacking cough, with an attempt to vomit, occasionally raising a little colored sputa. Nose and body are very hot. He lays down only to assume at once a sitting position, with forelegs braced and separated. DIAGNOSIS — PROGNOSIS. 21 The disease may possibly be in the throat, but is evidently in the chest. The previous history tells us that the symptoms are acute, therefore we can at once eliminate all chronic affections, and there are left laryngitis, bronchitis, asthma, pleurisy, and pneumonia. An examination of the throat dispels the doubt respecting laryngitis. No knowledge of a previous attack, the absence of wheezing respiration, and husky, barking cough, and asthma is reasonably excluded. In bronchitis, so early in the disease, we should not expect such marked constitutional symptoms; while some fever would probably be observed, it would scarcely run so high; again, while the breathing is often acceler- ated, it lacks in the early stages at least, that labored character. Pain in bronchitis is evident when the patient coughs, and is less apparent in the interval. His discomfort would tend to make him restless, and on lying down he would assume no unusual position. These facts considered, ren- der bronchitis improbable. Uneasiness of the animalis one of the marked symptoms of pleurisy. That indication is absent in the patient before us. The breathing too is different, while in pleurisy itis labored, it is also unmistakably painful, and inspiration is shortened from that cause. A dog affected with that disease, would seem to avoid taking more air into his lungs than absolutely possible. There would be a restraint in the working of the muscles of the chest, that plainly told of pain. This too would be shown in the cough, dry and shortened, with little or nothing raised. While fever is present in pleurisy, it seldom in theearly stage, runs as high as observed in this case. If these differences in symptoms noted are insufficient, an examination of the chest by the ear will remove what doubts remain. Pleurisy then excluded we come at last, by this method, to the disease of the animal before us— pneumonia. PROGNOSIS. The art of foretelling results in diseases is called prognosis. To deter- mine the probable end in many cases, is often important with reference to treatment. The writer has deemed it wise to consider the signs on which prognosis is based, incidentally in connection with individual diseases. Some few obvious appearances which render the prognosis unfavorable, may here be mentioned :— Continued loss of flesh when connected with chronic affections is serious. Very feeble, rapid pulse, more especially in acute diseases, indicates a very grave condition. Among the fatal signs are a fixedness of the eyes, denoting paralysis; involuntary discharges, indicating great insensibitity. A jerking inspiration if not dependent upon diseases of the lungs, betokens death. 22 THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE. CAUSATION. A knowledge of the causes of disease is highly important as a means of prevention. When causes are traced to their origin, their influences can often be obviated. Itnot unfrequently happens that ignorance of etiology largely prejudices recovery, when a knowledge of the morbid influences, still operative, might be removed. The term trawmatic is used to distinguish certain causes. Anything which occasions an injury or wound of a part, from which disease results, is a traumatic cause. Certain diseases, the origins of which we are unable to appreciate, are termed spontancous. Predisposing or exciting causes are influences that induce a tendency or liability to certain affections. They alone may be sufficient to give rise to disease, or they may only suffice to so influence the system, the condi- tions will be favorable for the occurrence of it. ADMINISTERING MEDICINE. It is presumed that the owner, or at least one familiar-with the dog to be treated, will administer the medicine. If kindness and patience is exhib- ited, little or no trouble will be experienced. An important object is to concentrate drugs a3 much as possible. If given in the form of small pills, they can be pressed into raw beef and thrown to the animal, after first tempting him with a few pieces. When medicine is to be given in a bolus or very large pill, this method should be employed. Grasp the muzzle of the dog firmly with the left hand, the thumb and fore-finger on either side, pressing in the upper lips covering the teeth, thus preventing his biting. His mouth being opened, and head elevated, carry the bolus back into the throat as far as possible and close his jaws. If he does not swallow immediately, closing his nos- trils, and stopping his breathing will be effectual. If the dog is very large or unruly, and liquid medicine of unpleasant taste is 10 be administered, an assistant will be needed. Liquids can best be given from a bottle, the assistant preventing the jaws closing and breaking it. A spoon is unfit, as much will be spilled in its use. Making a funnel of the cheek and pouring the medicine in slowly, isan admirable method, and can be employed if the dog is unconscious and cannot swallow; care must be observed, allowing but little at a time to trickle down the throat. Some medicines can be disguised in milk or strong broths. Ordinarily, drugs should be given upon an empty stomach, excepting tonics, which should enter with the food, and be incorporated: with it. CHAPTER IV. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEVTICS. +o + INTRODUCTION. Before entering upon the consideration of individual diseases, it may be well to understand certain points of distinction, interesting and of prac- tical importance. Differences us regards severity and duration, constitute a basis of the division of diseases into varieties. The same disease may be either acute, subacute, or chronic. A disease is acute when it has a certain degree of in- tensity, and runsa rapid course. The subacute variety has less intensity ; a disease of moderate activity. The chronic variety exists when a disease is subacute, and itisof long continuance. The division into varieties based on the difference just named, is especially applicable to inflammatory affections. A point of distinction of practical importance relates to duration. Some diseases continue for a definite period, never exceeding certain limits in this regard. Those which tend intrinsically to end after a certain time, are distinguished as self limited. In the list of individual diseases, are some recognized as such for the sake of convenience, but which in reality, are only effects or symptoms of disease, as for example, jaundice and dropsy, which are merely symptoms occurring in connection with different affections. It will be observed that the term expectant is often used. the treatment of a disease by expectation, consists in watching carefully its progress, 24 INTRODUCTION. and meeting, with appropriate measures, unfavorable events as they arise, or withholding active treatment until the need is manifest. It will be noted that in prescribing drugs, simplicity has been observed. Not the leastimportantis the selection of concentrated remedies, divesting them of nauseousness, thereby rendering their administration less difficult. The writer in prescribing medicines, has deemed it wise and more con- venient to choose some standard, and leave the reader to divide or add to" the doses as the size of the dog may warrant. He has therefore selected one of about fifty pounds in weight. Where a toy dog is to be treated, the dose should be lessened one half, and for a mastiff or St. Bernard, or one approaching in size, the dose should be doubled. For instance, if the dose one teaspoonful is recommended, that would be proper for a setter or pointer, in fact any dog of fifty pounds weight; one half a teaspoonful would be the dose for a terrier or pug, and two teaspoonfuls for the larger breeds. Sufficiently correct for ordinary purposes—a teaspoon measures one liquid drachm —a dessertspoon two drachms—a tablespoon four drachms, or one half an ounce. An examination of a dog when ill cannot be hurriedly made. By patient watching some clue asto the location of the disease, may be acquired. His general appearance, the expression of his eyes, his breathing, his manner of moving about, should be noted. He should be forced to walk, and his back be particularly observed, if natural or arched. His way of lying down, and the position assumed may signify much. By watching the head, the point of suffering may often be determined. The ears, mouth, tongue, and throat should be carefully examined. To note the pulse and temperature is of especial importance. The former, normally runs from eighty to one hundred. The indications from it may be read thus :— When irregularly intermittent— nervous affections; contin- uously intermittent — possibly organic discase of theheart; rapid and bound- ing; fever, or inflammations; soft and easily compressible — debility and depression; thin and thready — exhaustion and death. The examination of the abdomen should be carefully made. Observing if the same is soft and flaccid, or hard and tense. Tenderness beneath the hand, will be revealed on gentle pressure, by the animal shrinking, or turning with piteous expression. As regards nursing, pure air, sunlight, cleanliness and warmth, nour- ishing and sustaining diet, are the essentials. In sickness and in health alike, man’s true friend and honest comrade the dog, deserves all the care his owner can bestow upon him. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. me +> QCUTE PLEVRISY. Each lung is invested, upon its external surface, by an exceedingly del- icate membrane, the pleura, which incloses the organ as far as its root, and is then returned upon the inner surface of the chest. The inner sur- face of the pleura is smooth, polished, and moistened by a fluid which favors the easy play of the surfaces, as the lungs alternately expand and collapse in movements of respiration. - In inflammation of this membrane or pleurisy, this lubricating fluid dis- appears, and the surfaces become roughened, hot, swollen, and painful as they come in contact and rub together with every inspiration. This con- dition rarely exists longer than twenty-four hours, and oftener a much shorter time; then follows an effusion into the affected side, the space being in some instances only partially filled, and in others the amount of fluid is of sufficient quantity to fill the cavity of the pleura, compressing the lung into a small, solid mass. In certain cases of acute pleurisy which pursue a favorable course, absorption of the liquid commences a few days after the accumulation has reached the maximum. Should the quantity remain stationary, or the diminution take place very slowly, after the elapse of two or three weeks, the disease becomes chronic. Pleurisy is an unilateral disease, that is, it affects the pleura of one side only. While it may be associated with pneumonia (pleuro pneumonia), it does not tend to the development of that disease. Causation. —Acute pleurisy may be produced by contusions, especially if accompanied with fracture of the ribs, and penetrating wounds. It is remarkable, however, that severe injuries of the chest often occur without giving rise to this disease. Cold resulting from exposure, is the more fre. quent source of pleurisy. It may, however, be spontaneous, that is pro- ceed from an unknown internal cause. Sympioms.—The attack is usually sudden. Ina certain proportion of cases, however, some pain or soreness exists one, two, or three days before the development of acute inflammation. It is sometimes ushered in with a chill, as shown by shivering. Pain in the affected side attends the onset. 26 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. in a majority of cases, and is usually intense. It is sharp and cutting in character and is felt especially in the act of inhaling. Jt increases during inspiration, often becoming so severe that the act is shortened and arrested before completed. This is due to the pain, caused by the rubbing together of the inflamed sides of the pleura as the lung expands. The respiration is consequently quickened, and the animal instinctively multiplies the acts to compensate for the want of a full inspiration. Cough is usually present. The pain in coughing leads instinctively to efforts to repress it, and its character is termed suppressed. Fever is coincident with the development of the inflammation, varying in intensity in different cases. The usual indications associated with fever are present; restlessness, thirst, pulse rapid, full, and bounding, nose hot and dry, tongue slightly coated, eyes watery, and wearing a pleading anxious look, the whites red- dened and the lining of the lids deeper in color. After a considerable amount of effusion has taken place, the symptoms are materially modified. The pain is notably lessened, the acts of coughing are less distressing, and the efforts at suppression not so apparent. The fever diminishes, and the other evidences of constitutional disturbance, in a manner disappear. The respirations continue, more or less hurried, their frequency now depending on the compression of the lung by fluid. If a considerable amount of liquid is rapidly effused, the respirations are quickened; the animal suffers from a painful sense of the want of breath, and may be obliged to maintain a sitting posture, with fore legs spread widely apart. If the quantity is not large and the effusion has not taken place rapidly, less suffering will be noted while quiet, but exertion will cause panting and a sense of suffocation. | With a small quantity of effusion, the animal prefers, when lying down, to lie on the affected side, as in that position he is able to expand more fully the opposite lung. With a large quantity of fluid present, the breath- ing becomes more labored and abdominal as shown by the heaving action of the muscles of the flank. The limbs become dropsical, suffocation is threatened, and death may result from that cause. Diagnosis. —In the earlier stages some difficulty will be experienced in discriminating between the disease under consideration, and pneumonia. An examination of the chest by inspection, will show restrained move- ments, caused by the pain. Examination by the ear will determine the respiratory sound more or less weakened on the affected side, due to the fact that pain leads instinctively to a diminished use of the lung involved, while the action of the other lung is increased. No great importance can be attache@ to this sign alone, asin some attacks of pneumonia, severe pain may exist, and the same appearance be present. CANKER. The term canker is certainly a convenient one, as the older authors found it quite sufficient to designate a variety of affections of the ear, dis- tinct in character, occurring in different locations, and arising from a variety of causes. Some recent writers have attempted a different classi- fication, but their selections are equally objectionable, and it seems expedient to still recognize the term canker sanctioned by common acceptation. The disease is really an inflammation of the lining membrane of the auditory canal or passage, which extends from the large cavity of the ex- ternal ear inward to the drum membrane. Causation. — Among the many causes which may be assigned as induc- ing canker are cold, digestive disorders, improper food, over feeding with insufficient exercise, the accumulation of the natural secretion in the ear, and possibly, blows. It may accompany skin diseases, or it may be a sequel of any exhaust- ing illness. During a long run and when overheated, dogs will frequently plunge in stagnant pools, and dirt and mud will lodge in the outer ear and give rise to the affection. Eruptions sometimes appear on dogs suffering from a prolonged and severe attack of distemper. The passages to the ears are often invaded by these pustules, and canker results. Sympioms.— Unless the ears of dogs are frequently and carefully exam- ined, the affection is likely to have existed for some days before attention is attracted. The symptoms observed in an animal suffering from canker are his restlessness, frequent scratching of his ear, and violent shaking of his head. On examination the skin in the outermost part of the ear pas- sage is found red, hot, and some swollen. The irritation may be confined to the parts forming the external cavity, a condition designated by some as * external canker.” 120 CANKER. The tendency of the disease is to invade the innermost portions of the tube, becoming then the so called “internal canker.” The disease may have its origin either without or deep within the pas- sage. In the latter little or no redness or swelling will be visible, but an offensive odor and a discharge is characteristic evidence. The inflammation if uncontrolled results in an ulceration, recovery from which is often tedious and delayed. Ireaimen?. —It is difficult for the writer to appreciate why the older authors gave to canker that importance with which they invested it in their works on canine diseases. No less amazing is the treatment they employed, which possibly is a solution of the enigma, for remedies such as many advised, could only have aggravated the disease and retarded recovery. The first law to be religiously complied with is perfect cleanliness; very many cases in their early stages will yield to that treatment alone, This fact must be remembered in the selection of medicines to be applied within the ear, no more delicate organ exists in the body, and none are more easily injured by wanton applications. An eminent aurist once thus advised a patient, who was addicted to using a small ear spoon to clear the passage. ‘Never put anything into your ear but your elbow,” advice which if followed, would materially lessen suffering and save many their hearing unimpaired. To insure cleanliness the outer ear should be frequently sponged with soap of an unirritating nature, and warm water. If the passage has been invaded by the inflammation, water must be gently injected, sufficient in quantity to remove all discharge and everything foreign within. It mat- ters little the syringe used, provided it be large and easily managed; those small glass affairs arean abomination. The ear should be syringed several times daily and after the operation the following used.— R Acid. Carbolici 38s Glycerinee 3383 Aquee Zijss Ft. Mist. Sig. Drop a little in the ear. Neither this nor any other application should be used cold, but it should be of the same temperature as the body. In syringing the water should be warm; a good method to estimate properly how hot it can be comfortably borne by the animal, is for the operator to inject some against his own cheek, which is far more sensitive than his hand. If frequent syringing does not relieve the pain and itching, it will be well to use the following — DISEASES OF THE EAR. 121 R Bromo-Chlorali Tr. Opii aa Zi Aque Zvi Ft. Mist. Sig. Drop in the ear. This preparation can be alternated with the first one advised, using one, then two or three hours later the other. When there is much discharge the powdered boracic acid dropped in the ear is productive of good results. if canker is confined to the outer cavity and flap of the ear, accessible to direct application, stronger remedies can be safely used. If the parts are simply red and inflamed, cleanliness and applications of the following will suffice.— R Acid Carbolici Zi Glycerinz St ow se Ft. Mist. Sig. Paint the affected bart several times daily after sponging. If an ulceration exists, it will be well to cauterize with the stick nitrate of silver or concentrated carbolic acid, after which the paint can be applied. While recognizing the fact that in a majority of cases of canker there is some associate general affection which demands treatment, the need to follow the stereotyped rule of first giving a cathartic is not appreciated by the writer, unless the conditions are favorable and there is good and sufficient reason for it. If the animal is overfed and plethoric, or if some fever attends, then certainly a purgative is demanded; butif on the other hand he is debilita- ted by a long illness, or some rapidly exhausting disease, it were much better withheld. In debility, iron, quinine, or cod liver oil with a generous and nutritious diet is indicated. Whatever disease may be associated, its treatment isnot influenced by the presence of canker, but constitutional remedies are to be administered as the need is manifested. 122 DISEASES OF THE EAR. OriTis, MEDIA OR INTERNA. It is to be understood that the membrana tympani, or drum membrane of the ear, is the division between the so-called external and middle ear. In treating of the affection which we were obliged to call canker, owing to the difficulty and inconvenience of displacing it, inflammations of the external ear were alone considered. There remains affections of the tym- panum and internal ear to be described. Otitis is strictly the proper name to apply to inflammations of the ear in general; to this may be added terms to distinctly designate the particular locality and structure affected. In a general way the ear may be divided thus: external, middle or inter- nal. Still other subdivisions might be made, but they are needless in this work and would simply tend to confuse the reader. The middle ear is the space internal to the drum membrane, and the internal ear is beyond that and comprises the deeper structures. Properly inflammations of the ear should be denominated thus: otitis externa, media or interna, As the first has already been considered as canker, there now remains to be described otitis, media or interna. In this disease the cavity of the ear becomes inflamed, involving the drum and generally the external ear, and invading the cells and inner structures. The inflammation may be con- fined to the mucous membrane alone, or with it the membrane covering the bone and even the bone itself may become affected. Causation. —The usual causes are exposure to cold, sudden chills such as may result from plunging into the water and remaining too long, vio- lent injuries and blows in the region of the ear, and foreign bodies in the external passage. Powerful chemical liquids which have been poured into the ear, accidentally or for the purpose of treatment, may so irritate the drum that deep seated inflammation will result. The disease may have its origin in the middle ear or it may follow the profuse purulent discharge of a severe attack of canker, which finally ulcerates through the drum and gains entrance to the cavity within. Certain constitutional conditions and disturbances furnish predispos- ing causes for this affection. When the blood is impoverished and the system debilitated by long tedious illnesses, otitis is more prone to occur. Sympioms.—The disease almost always commences suddenly, attack- ing one ear, but never both at the same time. Pain which marks the inva- sion of the infammation is intense and rapidly increasing in severity, eventually becoming so torturing as to cause the animal to shake his head violently, rub his ear along the ground, and utter incessant, sharp, shrill, ear piercing cries. He seems distracted and cannot be tranquillized. These violent local symptoms are attended with disturbances of the OTITIS, MEDIA OR INTERNA. 123 general system, fever, hard and rapid pulse, great thirst, and entire loss of appetite. In some cases the animal seems delirious, so maddening is the pain which tortures him. Great tenderness exists on the affected side, and an examination will be made with difficulty. The passage to the ear willbe found more or less reddened, swollen, dry, hot, and sensitive. These painful symptoms may last five or six days; before the expiration of this time, death may in rare instances take place from convulsions, or possibly an extension of the disease to the brain. If the animal lives, matter forms within the middle ear, and at last the membrana tympani ulcerates, or ruptures and pus streaked with blood is discharged by the external ear. This discharge is odorless at first but in three or four days becomes highly offensive. After an opening is made the more violent symptoms subside. In some cases the discharge persists for a time and then disappears; the hole made in the membrane closes, and a cure is affected with but little loss of hearing. More commonly the small bones of the ear are discharged with pieces of other bones which have necrosed or been destroyed, and a cure takes place with almost a complete loss of hearing. In other cases the brain may become affected by the extension of the disease and death result. In rare instances instead of the matter discharging through the exterial ear, it may so affect the deeper cells and structure that a swelling back of the ear appears; an abscess forms which eventually opens and thus allows the pus to escape. During the progress of otitis the general system suffers severely, debil- ity becomes marked, emaciation is progressive, the animal is slowly wearing out. Treaimen?. — The intense severity of the pain demands the use of opi- ates, and fifteen drops of laudanuin should be given every two or three hours as needed. Hot applications if they can be made to the side of the head, may aid slightly in relieving the suffering. During the inflamma- tory stage, the bowels should be kept open by two or three teaspoonfuls of epsom salts given as needed. It is to be remembered the disease occurs more often in debilitated animals, and the effort to nourish and sustain should be early commenced. If nourishment is not taken voluntarily, the sufferer should be forced to swallow concentrated beef tea, broths, milk, and raw eggs. Two grains of quinine may wisely be given three times a day. After the discharge appears, absolute cleanliness should be enforced. The ear should be gently syringed every two or three hours, and if much odor exists, the drops recommended in canker should be used after each injection. As the odor 124 DISEASES OF THE EAR. disappears, and if the discharge remains profuse, after syringing the ear with warm water, an astringent injection of alum and water, one half a drachm of the former to an ounce of the latter may be used. If pieces of bone appear in the discharge, sulphate of copper five grains -to an ounce of water may be injected instead of the alum. After a time as a substitute for the medicated injections, boracic acid may be freely dusted into the ear after a thorough syringing with warm water. As the appetite returns the most nourishing diet should be allowed, consisting largely of raw beef. Cod liver oil in dessertspoonful doses should be given three times daily, and instead of quinine, the citrate of jron and ammonia may be given in four grain doses with the oil. By improving the tone of the blood, nourishing the body, and sustaining the strength of the animal, a cure of the local affection may be accom- plished. POLYPUS. The term polypus includes two forms of diseased growths. The first is extremely rare; it is nearly colorless, fleshy in appearance, and attached by a stalk to the middle of the external ear. Its surface is smooth; it is devoid of sensibility, and often unattended by any discharge. This form of polypus is the result of inflammatory changes which usually subside before the growth appears. The second form is not uncommon; it is the immediate consequence of inflammation and is invariably attended by a discharge. By some it is called the bleeding polypus or hematoid; it varies in size and may be- come sufficiently large to appear at the outer opening of the ear. Its surface is rough and glistening, and deep red in color. It is almost gelati- nous in substance, is exceedingly sensitive, and bleeds easily. This form of growth has usually a deeper origin near the drum of the ear, and is more commonly a consequence of otitis, media or interna. Symptoms .— Constitutional symptoms are present in certain cases of polypus; in others none appear. If they are large growths and attended with pain, the animal by his manner indicates the seat of the disease as in canker. The local symptoms are profuse, offensive discharges, tinged with blood. If a dog has experienced an attack of otitis, media or interna, and four or five weeks later, notwithstanding treatment,a discharge persists, puru- lent, bloody, and of very offensive odor, it is strongly indicative of the existence of a polypus of the second form. An examination with a spec- DISEASES OF THE EAR. 126 ulum renders a diagnosis easy, even when the polypus is forming and very small. Treaitmen?. — Efforts should be made to improve the general health, and relieve the local condition which first induced the formation of the poly- pus. Perfect cleanliness by injections, the use of powdered alum, or boracie acid dropped into the ear, may cause the growth to waste and be- come detached. If this treatment is unsuccessful a skilled aurist should be consulted. DEAFNESS. Impairment or loss of hearing power is more commonly the result of organic changes. Very rarely deafness depends upon certain constitu- tional disturbances, there being an entire absence of all symptoms indicative of inflammation. ‘ Certain drugs such as quinine, taken in very large doses, and persisted in for a long time, have been known to induce deafness. In young dogs this is generally transitory, but in older the impairment may be permanent. The more common cause is otitis, media or interna, or some organic change in the auditory nerve, possibly induced by blows on the head, or sympathetic with disease of the brain. In very rare instances a catarrhal inflammation of the middle ear may be excited and subside without the occurrence of purulent changes, leay- ing a chronic irritation which eventually. causes a thickening of the drum membrane, and impaired hearing power in the affected ear. Accumulations in the external passage may cause deafness, at first me- chanically, and ultimately by pressure inducing disease, and permanent injury of the parts acted upon. Some puppies are imperfect at whelp, the sense of hearing being entirely absent. Treatment. —Excepting in cases where the deafness is due to accumu- lations in the external ear, the results of treatment will prove negative. If congenital, positively nothing can be done. If the drum membrane has been perforated, a judicious treatment of otitis will favor a closing of the opening, and the hearing power will in a measure be restored. The deafness of old dogs admits of little or no improvement. Catarrhal inflammation of the middle ear generally results in a chronic disease very difficult to cure, and for which there is no treatment which will promise much. When organic nerve deafness exists, the condition is due to paral- ysis and should be treated as such. Where the cause is obscure or due to evident constitutional disturbances, efforts should be made to tone up the system, thereby improving the general health.. Where deafness is sus- pected the ears should be well syringed and then carefully examined. 126 DISEASES OF THE EAR. AFFECTIONS OF THE FLAP OF THE EAR. Abscesses occasionally form in the flap of the ear. They may occur without any apparent cause but are more commonly the result of blows or tugging at the ear. The constant shaking of the head induced by canker may be sufficient to give rise to abscesses. Their contents are usually watery in character and they have the pecu- liar baggy appearance of large blisters. An opening should pe made in the lowest part of the abscesses; this must be large and free, and kept open until the sack has entirely closed. This treatment and perfect cleanliness will ordinarily be quite sufficient. If matter forms and a running sore results, the oxide of zinc ointment will readily heal it. At times an eczema of the flap occurs independently of a general mani- festation of the disease. This condition if not induced by constant scratch- ing is almost always aggravated by it. The treatment of this affection is identical with that of mange. A dry, scaly condition of the external passage of the ear involving the inner portion of the flap may exist, and often follows acute inflammations of that organ. The affection annoys the animal exceedingly, induces constant scratching. In the treatment the following will be found effica- cious.— R Zinci Sulphocarb. gr. vi Aquee Bi Ft. Mist. Sig. Drop in the ear three or four times daily. At night it will be well to freely apply this ointment to the external parts affected.— , R Ungt.Hydrarg. 3i Ungt. Simp. 3S iij Ft. Ungt. Sig. External use. Constitutional derangements should be sought for, and if found, are to be treated as the need is manifest. Othzematoma or blood tumor of the ear is a form of disease said to affect dogs, an account of its occurrence in which,has been given by Mr. 8. Ogier Ward. Wilde states that he observed the trouble in a valuable pointer. The cat is rather more liable to the affection. One case has been de- scribed where the entire auricle was swollen out, the affected organ forming along pointed tumor. The effusion was gradually absorbed, thick- ened, and shrivelled. In this instance the presence of a cutaneous trouble at the upper and back part of the auricle was noted. NS et Nu Seow, \OLS DMG BEERY ALL DISEASES OF THE SKIM. ECZEMA. Eczema isa disease of the skin which first appears either as minute blisters, pimples, or small elevations covering pus; these three forms may more conveniently be designated the vesicular, papular, or pustular. The first is the more G€ommon form, and the vesicles are minute, transparent, and glistening; slightly elevated, and pressed together in irregular patches with little or no redness between. The fluid in the vesicles soon becomes gummy and cloudy; it may be absorbed but is more commonly discharged; adheres to the surface, dries rapidly, and forms crusts benéath which is the beginning of the disease. The skin becomes reddened, moist, and swollen. Successive crops of vesicles form, the discharge from which is a constant source of inflamma- tion, and the disease spreads showing different stages in different parts. The progress of the pustules is identical with that of the vesicles. When the disease appears in the form of papules, they either change into vesicles and run the course described, or they dry into scales and crusts. Eczema rubrum, eczema squamosum, and other terms are used to desig- nate certain forms of the disease belonging to the subsequent stages. In the first the skin is reddened and inflamed in patches covered with shining vesicles; in the latter the eruption is dry and scaly. Pityriasis rubra is a form of eczema rarely met with. It is characterized by a skin reddened in large patches, and covered with branny crusts or scales, which ifremoved the skin will be found dry and reddened, but not bleeding. This disease usually attacks the whole surface of the body, and is distinguished by its obstinacy and tendency to recur. Eczema simplex is the term used to designate the mildest form of the disease yielding more readily to treatment. Numberless subdivisions have been made by authors who have chosen terms to designate different varie- ties of eczema having more or less perfectly marked stages, but they 128 ECZEMA. merely represent the different forms of the diseaso in various situations and subjected to dissimilar influences. Eczema may be acute or chronic; the latter form is far more frequent and may attack every portion of the body, while the former may be con- fined to certain locations. Al) forms of the disease are accompanied with intolerable itching. Causation. —Eczemas are in part primary diseases and in part sympto- matic. The primary result from immediate irritation of the skin, as caused by acrid medicated applications in ointments, etc., by extremes of temperature, and by mechanical injuries affecting the skin directly. Cro- ton oil, strong mercurial ointments, alkaline soaps, iodine, etc., when applicd are frequent causes of eczema. Mechanical causes are illustrated by the irritation of the skin produced by the nails in scratching; eczema accompanying parasitic diseases is generated in this way. Prolonged, very hot baths are sufficient in some cases to induce the disease under consideration. The symptomatic causes are not so apparent; we know that attacks of eczema occur in consequence of certain internal diseases, but their anal- ogy has never been positively determined. Among the symptomatic causes are indigestion, injudicious feeding, want of exercise, and impov- erished blood. Eczema frequently appears as a sequel to long exhaustive illnesses, and is very often associated with liver derangements. In highly nervous tem- peraments there seems to exist a predisposition to eczema, and ‘in- breeding ” has been condemned asa possible cause. That the disease is hereditary as asserted by some has never been clearly proven. That want of cleanliness might possibly induce the affection can be readily appreci- ated. An excess of animal food is another cause assigned, but further proof is necessary before this can be accepted asindisputable. The feeding of starchy food in excess induces disturbances of the nutritive functions, and eczema frequently results. Worms by intestinal irritation and other influences on the system might give rise to the affection. Puppies during the period of dentition some- times suffer eczematous attacks. Many other causes have been assigned, and many cases occur, the origin of which it is impossible to explain. Eczema is not contagious, but in certain stages when the secretion is profuse, the disease can be communicated by actual contact of a sufficient duration. Tobe more explicit a healthy dog might be allowed to play with one affected with eczema, and be many times in momentary contact without acquiring the disease; but were they allowed to occupy the same sleeping-box, and the healthy skin of one remain sufficiently long in con- tact with the diseased skin of the other, from which there exuded a, profuse DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 129 secretion, through this secretion the disease could be transmitted and the previously healthy animal become eczematous. Prognosis. —Eczema is a curable disease. An animal once attacked is liable to be again affected. In long haired dogs the disease will prove more rebellious and difficult to cure. In pityriasis rubra, certain degenerative changes occur in the skin, rendering a cure of that form of the disease exceedingly difficult. Treaimen?. —While the internal treatment of eczema is positively essen- tialin very many cases, ‘it must not be employed indiscriminately, but only after a diagnosis of the disease associated is determined beyond a reasonable doubt. The connection with diseases of the internal organs may not be clear at first, but careful study will ultimately develop w clue sufficient to direct internal medication; until then it were wiser to depend entirely upon external remedies. When eczema first appears especially in puppies, considerable fever is associated anda laxative is indicated. It were better to increase the activ- ity of the bowels by divided doses rather than administer purges. Epsom salts or calcined magnesia are to be preferred; the dose of the former, two teaspoonfals, of the latter, one teaspoonful, once or twice daily until the fever subsides, after which they are to be given cautiously if at all, as intestinal derangement and debility will result from their prolonged use. In rare instances cases will be met with in which a feverish condition exists for a long time, the animab being full blooded and of inflammable tendency. In such cases a restricted diet and the use of laxatives is indi- cated; to obviate depression iron should be combined asin the following — R Magnesiz Sulphatis 5i Ferri Sulphatis Zi Acid. Sulph. Aromatici 383 Aques 3viss Ft. Mist. Sig. One teaspoonful three times daily. When dogs are reduced nutrition must be improved, and the most gener- ous diet be allowed into which meat largely enters, and it may be given cooked or raw. If the loss of weight is very marked, cod liver oil in table- spoonful doses should be added to each feeding. In cases of debility an iron tonic is indicated, and if the skin eruption has existed for sometime, Fowler’s solution of arsenic may be combined as follows — R Ferriet Ammon. Cit. 3i Sol. Fowleri 3 ij Ft. Mist. Sig. Four drops three times daily with the food. Very many cases will be met with where this prepafation of iron and 180 ECZEMA. arsenic, also cod liver oil, should be given at the same time. Frequently loss of appetite is a prominent symptom which demands especial treat- ment first, and before other internal remedies can be employed. In such cases quinine in two grain doses four times a day should be given, and the animal urged to eat raw beef, milk, beef teas, etc., and if partaken of sparingly he should be tempted with food every few hours. When gastric derangements exist, they should be treated as advised in indigestion. One cause of eczema which the writer does not recall having seen men- tioned, and which he desires to dwell upon, is to be found in torpor of the liver and other hepatic derangements. Cases have been observed by him which have proved obstinate, and remedy after remedy has been used without success until treatment was especially directed to the liver, and then improvement immediately followed. When a sluggish action of this organ is suspected, it would be well to discontinue other internal remedies and give the following — RK Mass. Hydrarg. gr.iv Pulv. Ipecac. eri Ext. Taraxaci 338 Ft. Pil. No. xij. Sig. Dose one three times daily. After these pills are taken, the treatment previously employed can again be instituted. The importance of regularly enforced and sufficient exer- cise in plethoric, overfed animals, cannot be too strongly insisted upon. In fact every abuse must be corrected, and every influence tending to improve the general health of the animal should be encouraged. While the internal treatment is important, the local is no less so, and in very many cases of even greater importance. In no known disease which the canine race is heir to, has a larger number of remedies and methods been advised than for the treatment of eczema, and much harm las been done by the injudicious and indiscriminate use of irritating applications in the acute form, while much time has been lost by using the wrong appli- cation, and neglecting to employ a proper and valuable remedy. To carefully study each case is imperative; not alone to know its causes and complications, but the stage of the eruption is of great importance, for be it remembered, remedies which are valuable in the chronic stage are not only pernicious in the acute form but do much to intensify the dis- ease, and invite its extension over the entire body, when had judicious treatment been instituted at first, and far simpler remedies and methods been properly applied, the eruption would have remained a mere localized patch, have been of but little consequence, and immediately recovered from. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 131 In all cases when acute eczema makes its appearance, the first step in local treatment is to remove the hair, not only over the eruption, but for a sufficient distance from it to insure the disease is seen in its entirety. With the scissors remove the greater portion and shave closely. The parts are then to be carefully washed, remembering to use cold water, car- bolic soap, a soft sponge, and to be exceedingly gentle, as an approach to hard rubbing will add to the inflammation. In using medicinal applications it must be remembered the skin is in a very irritable state, andthe treatment should necessarily be soothing. The balsam of peru is a remedy which has for years been much used in the treatment of skin diseases; in many cases it has proved efficacious, in others less active; when unsuccessful itis presumed other essentials in treatment were neglected. The writer has sufficient confidence in the rem- edy to recommend its use. After the hair has been shaved off, the parts carefully bathed and allowed to dry, the balsam should be warmed and freely applied. Gen- erally nothing more need be done until the following day, when it will be well to again use the balsam or freely apply the oxide of zinc ointment, this being especially indicated if the skin is very irritable, and the animal is inclined to scratch. Until recovery takes place, or itis evident other local remedies must be resorted to before a cure can be accomplished, the balsam should be used continuously or alternated with the zinc ointment. In rare instances notwithstanding these applications, the itching will still be intolerable, and the animal continueto gnaw or scratch. If necessary camphor and morphine can be added to the zine ointment as follows. — R Morph. Sulph. gr.ij Pulvy.Camphore 4s8 Ungt. ZinciOxidi 3i Ft. Ungt. Sig. Apply not too freely. While ointments are almost invariably serviceable, occasionally the secretion from the eruption will be excessive, and powders will be needed to check it. The powdered oxide of zinc or the subnitrate of bismuth are advised in such cases. The writer appreciates that this advice to cut and shave the hair will not always be followed, or at least it will be done with reluctance and after other means have been sought and employed. In such cases the palsam of peru should be heated and poured on to the eruption, and rub- bed in well with the finger two or three times daily, or the following can be applied — 132 ECZEMA. R Bals. Peru Spts. Rectificati aa 3iij Zinci Oxidi Bi Glycerine 3x Ft. Mist. Sig. Shake well. External use. If a doubt exists as to the eruption being simple eczema, and there is a possibility that the irritation is induced by a parasite, instead of the oxide of zine, it would be well to add an ouncé of sulphur to the mixture. The animal should be watched and wherever he is seen to scratch, even if no eruption is apparent the solution should be freely applied. In the treatment of chronic eczema one must expect to occasionally encounter cases obstinate and difficult to cure; more often they will yield readily to judicious treatment. It must be remembered that a cure of eczemacan seldom be effected with one means alone, but changes to others must be made as the stages and conditions vary. We can never tell with certainty how a remedy will actin every case. The skins of some dogs are more easily affected than others, and certain applications which in some allay irritation, will in others intensify it. Notwithstanding the obstacles encountered and disappointments met, the fact that eczema is a curable disease, should encourage us to persevere. _In commencing the local treatment of chronic eczema itis to be inferred that in the progress of the disease the hair has already fallen out; if not it should be removed to admit the easy application of remedies. The crusts should be detached by the free use of oily substances; it matters but little which is selected, either fresh lard, linseed oil, cod liver oil, or vase- line. Whatever is used should be very generously applied, and in recent , cases these simple remedies are often sufficient to effect a cure. If necessary to employ other means, it would be well to gently and thoroughly wash the animal, using a strong solution of borax, or shampoo with raw eggs. After washing and drying, the zinc ointment should be freely used, and the result patiently watched. If this proves ineffectual more active remedies must be chosen. Tar has proved itself very effica- cious in chronic eczema and may be used variously combined. The oil of tar and glycerin, one part to three, acts well in some cases. The thick- estform of tar is generally the better, and should be combined with other agents as follows.— R Picis Liquid. Sulphur. Flor. aa i Sapo. Viridis Adepis aa ij Ft. Ungt. Sig. External use. * DISEASES OF THE SKIN. ; 188 . This ointment can be applied freely, and in cases where the hairs have not been removed, it will not stick and mat them together. A prolonged use of this preparation sometimes inflames the skin and necessitates its discontinuance for a time; in such cases it will be well to wash the animal thoroughly, and return to the oxide of zinc ointment or the use of fresh lard or vaseline. In cases proving obstinate under this treatment, it would be well to try the mixture of calomel and lime-water for which the name “black wash” is given. As a general rule tarry preparations are more appropriate when the affected parts feel stiff and rigid, and there is a ten- dency to the formation of fissures. . Preparations of lead are often found serviceable in the treatment of eczema; diachylon is the more common form used, and can be made into an ointment with linseed oil equal parts. Its long continued use is not advised, poisoning by absorption being possible. The number of proprietary medicines for skin disease is countless; that all are positive cures is assured by extensive advertisements. The writer has no disposition to discuss their value; many have virtues and others are comparatively worthless; none are infallible cures. Many of these preparations are made of the oilof tar, glycerin, and powdered sulphur; to others are added prepared chalk; still others are formed of the balsam peru and alcohol, generally in parts one to five; occasionally is found one, the basis of which is naptha. All of these agents are active, and efficient in many cases; in as many others their use, independent of constitutional treatment, can accomplish but little. Reviewing briefly the entire subject, we have in eczema a disease which can be cured. The fact that it has existed for a long time renders the prognosis more favorable, as in many cases the disease alone is to be com- batted; not the morbid process which induced it. In the earlier stages the soothing treatment is alone admissible. By it the intensity of the disease is lessened, even if recovery does not result. While the eruption is localized and confined, external causes very likely induce it; on the other hand, when the eczema is more or less general, the cause is internal, and there treatment must imperatively be addressed. In all cases the object is to correct abuses, build up the system, improve the general strength, and render the condition of the animal as near per- fect as possible. 34 DISEASES OF THE SKIN. SaARCOPTIC MANGE. The sarcoptic mange is an artificial eczema occasioned in the dog by two exciting causes; one the irritation of an insect infesting the skin (Sarcoptes Canis); the other the scratching of the animal in consequence of its presence. This insect, the Acarus, an animal parasite, is maintained by the nour- ishment it draws from the skin. The male acarus is much the smaller, remains in short burrows or vesicles, while the female tunnels the skin in long canals. The course of the latteris to seek a furrow on the surface, then to attach itself, and by means of its jaws penetrate the outer skin or cuticle, until it reachesthe deeper and softer layers where it finds its nour- ishment. It continues to burrow, laying one egg after another and blocking up the passage with them. A young acarus is developed from the egg in about two weeks, and the number of eggs one insect lays is near fifty. This production goes on continuously until the female dies, which is generally in three or four months. The young acari as soon as developed scamper over the surface, bore quickly beneath, and occasion the most intolerable itching. Around the furrows form first small pimples, which change to vesicles and pustules; from them, bloody matter exudes, which dries and produces thick, dark crusts. The itching caused by the insécts on the surface of the superficial layers of the skin incites scratching; the furrows are then opened and the acari set free. The original eruption is destroyed, but eczema displaces it, accompanied by the itching and irritation which invariably attends it; then the disease increases in extent and intensity as it progresses. Diagnosis. —By a careful study of the eruption a diagnosis ought easily to be reached, and less difficulty will be experienced in the earlier than in the later stages. The condition of the animal and manner of attack will weigh somewhat, as eczema more commonly occurs in debilitated sub- jects. If other dogsin the same kennel are similarly affected, it would suggest contagion. Vesicles in sarcoptic mange predominate over any other form of erup- tion at first; they occur alone ‘and are not grouped together as in eczema; again they are pointed, not flat or rounded like those of the last named disease. After eczema has been produced by scratching, the difficulty of diagnosis is increased, but only slightly so, for new vesicles will constantly appear on previously unaffected skin. Treaiment.—While the exciting cause of sarcoptic mange is acari, uncleanliness certainly exerts u predisposing influence, and this fact SARCOPTIC MANGE. 136 should impress itself when treatment is undertaken. When satisfied a dog has the disease under consideration, he should at once be removed from his kennel, his bedding burned, and hot lime impregnated with car- bolic acid be plentifully used in every part, crack, and crevice of the building. This precautionary treatment should be renewed at intervals of every few days until the animal has recovered. Remedies without number have been recommended for the cure of sar- coptic mange; those are the best which not only destroy the insects and their eggs and cause the secondary eruptions to disappear, but as well cure the eczema which the scratching of the animal has induced. Sulphur in some form is the sovereign remedy, united with other agents as the con- ditions indicate. In commencing treatment it is well to thorough}y wash the entire body in strong soap suds, rinsing carefully in luke warm water. The following ointment should then be used freely, covering both the affected and unaf- fected parts. — R Potass. Carbonatis Zi Sulphur Flor. 3 iij Glycerine Zvi Ft. Mist. Sig. External. , This preparation will immediately destroy the acari. The balsam peru is another active agent in this disease, and may be used with the sulphur as follows. — BR Sulphur Flor. Bals. Peru aa 333 Adepis ij Ft. Ungt Sig. External. This ointment should be applied three times a day for a week and then washed off. Liquid storax and lard one part to two, is a favorite mixture with some. Naphthol is a very active agent and 1s commonly combined as follows.— R Naphtholis 383 Sapo. Viridis 3 ij Adepis 3 viij Ft. Unet. Sig. External. The entire body of the dog should be freely rubbed with this ointment once daily for two or three days, and then thoroughly washed. In some breeds of dogs the skin is easily irritated; for them, and for house pets on which the use of ointments would be especially unpleasant to their owners, a solution may be made as follows:—flowers of sulphur 136 | DISEASES OF THE SKIN two pounds; unslacked lime one pound; water two gallons; boil down to five quarts and filter, or allow it to stand until precipitated, and then pour off for use the clear fluid. This should be applied freely to the entire body and gently rubbed into the parts more affected. Probably much less time than a week will be occupied in destroying the acari; if eczema remains, appropriate treatment should be instituted as advised elsewhere for that disease. It should be remembered that while sarcoptic mange is purely a local affection, in nowise dependent upon constitutional disturbances; yet the annoyance caused by the itching, the loss of sleep, the effect upon the nervous system, etc., willif persistent, very probably cause derangements, which will in turn result in debility and an impairment of the general health. FOLLICULAR MANGE. In this form of mange the hair follicles are first the seat of the disease; the skin and subcutaneous tissues are afterwards involved by the inflam- mation. The affection is contagious but far less so than sarcoptic mange and its occurrence is more infrequent among dogs. Causation. —While the disease is often communicated by immediate contact, certain conditions favor this form of parasite. Lack of cleanli- ness, damp kennels, improper food, and general neglect are baneful influences which predispose to the disorder. The spontaneous origin is however yet to be decided. Sympioms.—The hair follicles first become inflamed, and the ellis in proximity is infiltrated, hot, red, and tumefied; afew pimples or papules are then to be detected. The hairs from the affected follicles soon fall out, an exudation into the sacs occurs which becomes purulent, and pustules result. The pustules which are flat and run together, soon discharge their contents and scabs are formed. These harden, crack open, and bleed slightly. The eruption extends rapidly and soon the disease can be traced in its varying stages. Theanimal becomesexceedingly repulsive, not only inappearance, but emits a very offensive odor. Pain rather than itching is characteristic of the eruption. The disease may attack any portion of the body, but it usually appears first on the head. The appetite is rarely lessened. As the disease progresses, loss of weight, debility, and impoverishment of the general system results. Diagnosis. —When the eruption first appears a diagnosis is byno means easy, still the hot, tumefied condition of the skin, and absence of itching FOLLICULAR MANGE. 137 ought to reasonably exclude eczema and sarcoptic mange, the diseases with which follicular mange is liable to be confounded. The rapid prog- ress of the affection, the peculiar appearance of the pustules, the crusts, and the offensive odor are diagnostic points strongly indicative. The microscope if used will remove all doubts. Prognosis. —Follicular mange is a curable disease, but the treatment must be persevered in foralong time even after recovery appears com- plete, to destroy all trace of the parasitic elements, which might possibly remain on the skin and hairs and again become active. In avery severe case probably from six to eight months must elapse before a cure can be accomplished. The hair will eventually be nearly if not entirely renewed. Lreaimen?. — Follicular mange being solely a local affection, only rem- edies which act locally are needed unless symptoms of general disturbance demand constitutional treatment. As advised in sarcoptic mange the kennel must be completely renovated. After thoroughly bathing the animal, using freely carbolic soap, the hair should be clipped and then shaved closely, exposing unaffected skin a safe distance from the eruption. If the disease can be detected before crusts are formed, painting with the balsam peru three or four times a day would possibly be sufficient. Such good fortune in making an early diagnosis few will experience, and other treatment will be more often found essential. When the crusts have formed it will be necessary to remove them, to favor the action of the remedies applied. The animal should be rubbed with linseed oil or common lard, a large quantity being used in the opera- tion. The crusts will loosen in from twelve to twenty four hours. The animal should again be washed,using the domestic soft soap,and rinsing well finally. If a house pet is under treatment and ointments are objected to, either of the following washes may be used and applied freely: sulphurous acid one part to six of water; carbolic acid two drachms, to water one pint; balsam peru one part, alcohol six parts; the lime and sulphur solu- tion advised in sarcoptic mange is often efficacious. Carbolic acid and Canada balsam is a preparation, which if judiciously used is most admirable; the acid enters the pustules striking at the very -root of the disease; the parasite is destroyed, and the balsam lessens the irritation. If the patches of eruption are but few,the remedy may be applied in equal parts by penciling each pustule with a camel’s hair brush, every two or three days or even every day. When the eruption is exten- sive, a few patches can be touched each day until all have been acted upon. While this treatment is being pursued, an ointment of creasote, a remedy highly endorsed by many, can be used combined with other 188 DISEASES OF THE SKIN. agents as follows.— R Creasoti Zi Ungt. Hydrarg. Nit. 3ij Sulphuris Bi Adepis 3vi Ft. Ungt. Sig. Apply quite freely to the diseased parts. The proportion of carbolic acid to the Canada balsam might be lessened, say one to eight, and used more freely, but its efficacy would be impaired, and the stronger solution ought to be safely used without danger of absorp- tion, as it needs merely a trace applied to the centre of each pustule. PRURIGO. Prurigo is a disease of the skin, manifesting itself by slightly reddish, very itchy papules of about the size of a pin head. This eruption may appear differing little or none in color from the surrounding skin, and be seen with difficulty; but to the touch it is obvious, as the finger passes over the region affected, the papules as minute elevations cause the sur- face to feel rough and uneven. The intense itching induces scratching; the papules are laid bare, and are succeeded by blood-red crusts of about the same size. Thecause of prurigo can only be conjectured. Various specula- tions have been advanced; thus, certain kinds of food, worms, kidney dis- orders, debility, poverty of blood are said to exert predisposing influences. The disease is chronic, and at times exceedingly obstinate. Its duration and curability are uncertain. In young animals the affection often yields very readily, butin old dogs with worn out systems, it is almost incurable. In the treatment it is important to correct any disorders, and apply con- stitutional remedies as indicated. Local applications are of benefit in many cases. When the disease attacks puppies, frequent washing, using the sapo viridis, and afterwards an ointment of sulphur and lard, is often sufficient. If the itching is uncontrollable the following may be freely applied. — R Tr. Opii ra Creasoti gttxv Adepis 3 lij Ft. Ungt, Sig. External. In some cases the oil of tar and glycerin, one part to four, will be useful, or the tar and sulphur ointment recommended in eczema.