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WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY
MEDICAL C£NT£R LI9RARY

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C/ U L P E P E R's
E N G I I S H PHYSICIAN;

AND COMPLETE

E R B A L.

'O WHICH ARE NOW FIRST ADDED

Upwardsj if One Hundred additional HERBS,

WITH A DISPLAY OF THEIR

mediciMl and occult properties,

PHYSICALLY APPLIED TO

The CUI]fE of all DISORDERS incident to M A N K I N D.

TO WHICH ARE ANNEXED,

RULES for G^pcunding MEDICINE according to the TRUE SYSTEM of NATURE:

FORMING A COMPLETE

FAf^IILY dispensatory.

And Natural SYSTEM of PHYSIC.

nEAUTIFIED AND ENRICHED WITH

ENGRAVl/fGS of upwards of Four Hundred and fifty different PLANTS,
And a SET of ANATOMICAL FIGURES.

ILLUSTRATED with NOTES and OBSERVATIONS,
CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY.

By E. SJBLY, M. D. Fellow of the Harmonic Philofophical Society at PARIS j and
Aithor of the Complete ILLUSTRATION of ASTROLOGY.

Arrv THE MAN, V.IIO, STUDYING NATURE'S LAWS,
HROUCH KNOWN EFFECTS CAN TRACE THE SECRET CAUSE.

DRVDFN.

L 0 N D 0 X:

PRINTED FbR THE AUTHOR, AND SOLD AT THE BRITISH DIRECTORY OFFICE, AVE-
MARIA-IAnE; AND BYCHAMPANTEANDWIMTROW, JEWRY-sf REl.T, ALDG.\Ti.

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To THOMAS DUNCKERLY, Efq.

I
I

provin/cial grand master

OF THE ANCIEl^T AND HONOURABLE FRATERNITY OF FREE
AND ACCEPtED MASONS OF DORSET, ESSEX, GLOUCES-
TER, SOMERSET, BRISTOL, SOUTHAMPTON, AND
j THE ISLE OF WIGHT.

SIR,

XJRESUMING on the well-known goodncfs of your
•^ Heart, and that liberality of Sentiment, which ren-
ders your Adlions, like your Defcent, NOBLE, permit
me to folicit your protection to a Work, which, though
of the firft Importance in the Caufe of Humanity, will
acquire new Vigour under your Aufpices, and dawn forth
with accumulated Luftre under the Shield of your Arm;
which, like that of the good Samaritan, is ever reached
out to adminifter Comfort and Relief to your afHided
Fellow-Creatures.

It has been a long-eftabliflicd Maxim among civilized
Societies, to fubmit to their Prefident, whatever is thought
conducive to the general Good. You are the illuftrious
Head of many refpectable Lodges of free and accepted
Mafons, whofe Care it has been to cheriOi a Contempla-
tion of the deep myfteries of Nature, from Time imme-
morial.

\v DEDICATION.

morial. And, though the Body of this invaluable Work
is not of my Produ6lion, yet, fliould the Notes and
Illuftrations, and the other Improvements row made to it,
be thought Vv^orthy of your x4pprobation,or of the Notice
of my mafonic Brethren, I truft they will find in them
an ample ftore of Precepts, whereby the bleflings of
Health might be univcrfally difpenfed, and the happinefs
of Mankind more permanently fecured; to promote which
is the leading Feature of mafonic Principles.

Should this important Objecfl be obtained, and me-
dical Knowledgebe diffufcd through the Empirein its pure
and priiiine State, difrobed of its ambiguous Drefs, and
made the Friend of every Family— my Heart will re-
joice, and my utmolf Defires be accomplifiied.

VVifhing you internal and external Happinefs in the
terrene Lodge here, and eternal Joy and Glory in the
divine SanEium SanEiorimi above, permit me publicly to
alTure you how unfeignedly I am,

SIR,

Your moft humble
and devoted Servant,

Aff. r, Upper TitcJjfieU-Streety Cavendijh-fquare^ London^ "FT ^ T R T V"

In tBe Tear of Majoiiry ^^^i. X-.. O 1 JJ J^ I ,

The preface.

I ^ISEASE is undoubtedly the moft fatal enemy of mankind. To

^^"^ prevent its approaches, or to overcome its attacks, is perhaps the
mofl: important concern of our lives j and an inquifition that appears
only attainable by the moft natural and fimple means. For this purpofe
Mr. Nicholas Culpeper's English Physician feems peculiarly well
adapted ; fince it reforts, for everymode of Cure, to that infallible
fource prepared by God and Nature, in the vegetable fyftem ; whence
flow fpontaneoufly the genuine Virtues of Medicine, diffufed univerfally
over the face of the whole earth, where nothing grows in vain !

Indeed, had this ingenious and moft invaluable Work no other recom-
mendation than having paffed through fo many editions, yet would it
fufhcientlyjuftify myofFering it once more to the notice and confideration
of an enlightened public. But, when we refle61 on the difcoveries fince
made in the botanical world — the great acquifiiions derived to the Work
by the addition of upwards of one hundred newly-difcovered aromatic
andbalfamic herbs.— independent of the phyfical fkill and philofophical
perception difplayed by its Author, we (hall find innumerable inftances
of its utility, and perceive in it a fund of information and medical ac-
quirements, which promlfe the moft extenfivc benefits to fociety, by
forming a Domejlic Phyjician in every Family*

It might perhaps have been replete with the happieft confequences to
cur bejoved King under his late infirmity, and would unqueftionably
have tended more quickly to difpel the painful apprehenfions of his af-
flidcd people, had this great Mafterof human nature been contemporay
with us. No man, I believe, hniihQ profejionnlly envious, will prefuineto
queftion his medical abilities, or prefcribc limits to his phyfical know-
No. 1. a kd^.

v! PREFACE.

ledge, which ccllpfed the pra^ice of every phyflcian of his day, and put,
to filence the whole tribe of empirics and quacks. I cannot give a
higher proof of his profeflional difcernment, nor any thing more appli-
cable to the anxious feelings of my reader, than by Shewing how ex-
adly he has pointed out the diforder with which his Majefty was late-
ly affliQed, and the fimples which are applicable to its feveral ftages,
fo exadl and critical, that, if he had been living, and appointed one of
the confulting phyficians, he could not have marked the outline of it
with more precifion.

He diflinguifhes difeafes which produce prenzy into three different
elaffes j the fecond he terms pen'p&reneiio. He defcribes it thus : '• It is
preceded hy a very fharp fever, which will rage for a few days violently:
when it fubfides, the delirium takes place with fits of the fever at irre-
gular intervals j the patient will be remarkably voracious j all his paflions
will be very ftrong j his lucid intervals (hort ; his fleep feemingly of a
longduration, but, in fa6l, this fleep is nothing but dofing j when he
awakes he will feem fully occupied with fome favourite fubjeft, fuch
as finging, hunting, dancing, &c. His recolledion will fometimes
ferve him fo as to know particular perfons, but that will not laft long."

After having defcribed the effect of the diforder, he next enters mi-
nutely into an inveftigation of the feat of it. And here with his ufual
feveritya gainft his brethren, the phyficians, he fays, " They, poor ig-
norant men, think this is adiforder in the head, whereas, in fadt, itarifes
from an injury which is received in the diaphragm, or midriff. The ufe
ef this membrane is (befides fuflaining the upperparts of the abdomen)
to convey cooling moiflure to the brain, in order to cool the hot hu-
mours which fly to it from the feveral parts of the inteflines, and par-
ticularly the liver. Now, if the diaphragm be ftraincd, bruifed, or

otherwife

PREFACE. vii

otherwlfe hurt, it confequently fails in performing its fundion, and the
brain will fuffer a delirium, more or lefs, in proportion as the diforder
in the diaphragm is better or worfe."

He then ftales the manner in which this malady may arife. •' It may
happen by overlifting, by fighting, by violent riding, by want of a
proper quantity of nourifhrnent, whereby the membrane lofes its tone
and vigour, and fails in its duty. Hence the firft fymptom of ap-
proaching death, which appears in people who are flarved, is a deli-
rium, which is occafioned by a heat in the brain, for want of proper
moifture from the midriff."

He next points out the remedy, which he confefles is very difficult;
inafmuch as the midriff, being a membrane only, will not yield to the
fame remedies that the mufcular part of the body will. Having a view
towards ** keeping the fever under, the internals fhould be ftrengthened
by nourifhing aliment. The cheft and abdomen rubbed with aromatic
and corroborating oils — thehabitprevented from being too lax — and the
bowels if tending to lafiitude, fhould be bound up, and kept in due tone."

He then gives a variety of oils and fimples, which are extremely ufeful
in this diforder ; and concludes with advifmg conftant attention to the
patient ; to indulge his defires as often as it may be done with fdftty,
but not to diflurb his intcflines with too much phyfic, and thereby
weaken and injure, inflead of relieving, the patient.

In a fimilar way does this learned author proceed in the treatment of
all the infirmities incident to mankind, carefully pointing out, by ana-
tomical rules, thcjeat of the diforder, and then applying fuch fimple
medicines and regimen as Nature herfclf diretls, without expofing the
patient to the danger of violent experiments, or torturing his inteftines

2 with

vni PREFACE.

with Irritating drugs, which, inftead of efFeding a cure, often augment

the difeafe, and not unfrequently occafion p^ema^u^e death.

Some authors have laboured to prove, that the difference of opinion
betwixt Culpeper and his brother phyficians originated entirely from
his own furly and vindi6live difpofuion. But whoever has taken the
pains to invefligate the controverfy, will find this affertion mofl: remote
from the truth. He found the praSlice oi phyfic direfted more by terms
of art than by principles of nature j and governed more by avarice than
by a genuine defire of reftoring health and ftrength to the defponding
patient. He condemned this pradice, by expofing the wickednefs of
fome and the ignorance of others ; and, though he had the whole me-
dical corps to encounter, yet fuch was the force of his reafoning, and
the fuperiority of his abilities, that they fubmitted to the fentence he
had paffed upon them without the formality of a defence.

But, after a while, the allied fons of Efculapius, having difcovered
Mr. Culpeper's pradtice was guided by aftrological precepts, rallied
again, and renewed the combat with accumulated fury. Every infult-
ing refledlion, calculated to impeach his underftanding, was levelled
at him ; and the occult properties of the celeftial fyftem was ridiculed
and denied. Our author, however, was not to be driven from his
purpofe. He immediately publiflied a trad in defence of the aftral
fcience, which he maintained againft the united oppofition of both the
Colleges ; and, by introducing it into his pradice, he performed cures
which aftonifhed his competitors, and rendered his name immortal.

Experience, therefore, ought to convince us, however oppofed by
abftradl reafoning, that there is indifputably an innate and occult virtue
infufed into all fublunary things, animal, vegetable, and mineral, by
theadion of theheavcnly bodiesupon theambientandelementary matter,
which, by the motions and mutations of the luminaries being conftantly

varied

PREFACE. ix

varied, produce that aftonifhing variety in Nature, which is infiniteiji^
beyond our knowledge and comprehenfion. Hence arife the fympathies
and antipathies (o aftonifljingly confpicuous in all the produdicns of
the earth, whether animateor inanimate. In men or brutes, in vegetables
or minerals, and in every fpecles of matter definable to our fenfes.
Here alfo we difcover the elfential properties 2^x\^firjl ground of all medi-
cine, and are furnifhed with the bert: reafons why it is impofllble to
prefcribe remedies at all times applicable to the llupendous varieties af-
fliding the body of man, without the aid of fydereal learning.

There is no doubt but the remote as well as the propinquate caufes of
things ought ferioufly to be inveftigated both by philofophers and phy-
ficians ; or elfe the mufic of fcience will often fail of its harmony, and
produce difcord and difguft. The planetary influx, and the force of the
ambient, is as nectfTary to be confulted as the ftrudlure of the body, and
the laws of pulfation ; otherwife ourpradice will be imperfert, and our
fuccefs determined by chance. For this reafon the learned Scnertus, in
bis Elements of Phyfic, highly commends thofe modern phyficians, who
unite aftrologlcal with medical knowledge : *• For," — continues this
ingenious author, — " theftiirs act upon Inferior bodies, not only by heat
and light, but by occult influence ; — nor can it be doubted but that all
plants are under the government of fome particularpknet, and perform
their operations by virtue of the fympaihy coexifl:ent in their nature."

By the right knowledge of times and feafons, of caufes andciteC^e, th«
moft important cures have unqueftionably been performed. " No man,
fays Galen, can reafonably deny, but that the natural ground of medicine
and difcafe depends much uponaftral influxand elementary Impreflion >
and hence it is, that by the nativity or decurnbiture of the patient, we are
enabled to difcern both the cauieand conclufion of the difcafe j and, by

No. I. b confidcring

X PREFACE.

confidering the quality of the principal afpedls in airy, watery, earthy,
or fiery, figns or conftellations, all doubts and difficulties are removed;
a plain and obvious mode of treatment prefents itfelf to our view; aad
furnifhes a ftriking proof of the wife ceconomy of the Supreme Being,
in governing this inferior world by the influence and energy of the fu-
perior bodies, whofe very minutice, as well as more magnificent pheno-
mena, are invariably obedient to a regular and unerring law."

But, although the aftrologic fcience be thus ufeful in guiding our
medical enquiries, and neceflary in forwarding the cure of remote and
latent difeafes ; yet were the enemies of Culpeper, like many of the
prefent day, exultlngly forward to condemn that which they do not
underfiand, and by attempting to baffie the fecret operations of nature,
and the ftrong influences of the planetary fyftem — of the Pleiades, Arc-
turust and Orion, they expofe the weaknefs of their own imaginations,
which they infultingly oppofe to the glorious hoji of heaven,

Perfedlly indifferent, myfelf, as to the cavils of diffatisfied critics or
to the cenfure of interefted men, I fhall revive that fimple pradice of
Culpeper, which fpread, through the Britifh realms, the happy art of
refloring to prifl;ine vigour — the decaying life and health of mankind.
For this purpofe, I have incorporated into the prefent edition of his
Physician and Herbal, every ufeful part of all his other works j
and have added a fele61ion of eafy rules, for attaining an intimate ac-
quaintance with all the Britifh herbs and plants; for difcovering the
real planetary influx ; and for gathering them at thofe particular fea-
fbns when they imbibe a double portion of efficacy and virtue.

In gathering herbs for medicinal ufes, the planetary hour Is certainly
ef importance, however modern refinement might have exploded the

ideav

PREFACE. xi

idea. In nature, the fimplefl: remedies are found to produce the mod
falutary effedts ; and in earlier times, when the art of medicine was lefs
obfcured, and pradifed more from motives of benevolence, the world
was lefs afflidled with difeafe, and the period of human life lefs contrafl-
ed. The laboratory of nature, were it but confulted, furniflieth am-
ple remedies for every curable diforder incident to mankind; for, not-
withftanding the parade of compound medicines, the art of healing
confifts not fo much In the preparation, as in the due application, of
the remedy. Hence it happens that old women, without education
or abilities, by the help of a fimple herb gathered in the planetary
hour, in which hour it imbibes its greateft ftrength and efculent virtue,
will fometimes perform very extraordinary cures, in cafes were the re-
gular-bred phyfician is abfolutely at a lofs hovy to treat them.

I would not here be underftood to cad any unworthy refledions \ipon
thofe exalted charaders, who have made phyfic, and the alleviation of
human infirmity, the principal ftudy of their lives. The many inva-
luable difcoveries lately added to the Pharmacopoeia, both from the ve-
getable and mineral worlds, are Arong arguments of the neceffity of
regular pradliceandof profefiional education in forming the Phyfician,
But, were the bulk of thefe gentlemen to confult a little more the
planetary influence, and the effefls of Saturn and the Moon in eacb
crifis and critical day, and regulate their prefcription^ accordingly, I
am perfuaded more immediate relief would in mail cafes be afforded to
the lick and languifhing patient. Surgery, too, which, like aguardi-
an angel, fteps forward to alleviate the perilous accidents of the unfor-
tunate, would gain much improvement by the like confiderations. It:
is not the humane and liberal profeflbrs of phyfic or furgery, whcfs
■praiSice deferves cenfure, but that mercenary tribe of pretenders to phy-

2 lis

xu PREFACE.

fit who now pervade the kingdom, and, like a fwarm of locufts from
the eaft, prey upon the vitals of mankind. Thefe monllers in the fliape
of men, with hearts callous to every fentiment of compaffion, have
ox\\y fees in view. Governed by this fordid principle, they fport with
life, unmoved amidft the bitter anguifh and piercing groans of the tor-
tured patient, whom, when too far gone for human aid to reftore, they
abandon to defpair and death.

To prevent as much as poffible the growth of fo enormous a traffic,
it requires that the practice of phyiic, inllead of being clothed in a
myftic garb, (hould be put upon a level with the plainefl underftand-
ing, and the choice and quality of our medicines be rendered as obvious
and familiar as our food. Inllind in the brute fpecies, furnifhes this
difcrimination in the mofl ample and furprifing manner ; and in the
primitive ages of the world, when men were rich in years, and blejfed
•with length of days, it was the cuilom to confult individually their owa
complaint, and their own cure. To reflore this primitive praftice, was
the godlike aim of the immortal Culpeper, when he compiled this in-
valuable Work ; for, fince it was the intention of our beneficent Cre-
ator to provide a natural remedy for all our infirmities, fo it would be
derogatory to its attributes, to fuppofe the knowledge of them limited
to a few, or confined to a fmall clafs of his creatures. On the contrary,
this knowledge lies open to the wayfaring man — it grows in every field,
and meets us in all our paths; and was mercifully given to alleviate
the pangs of difeafe — to irradicate the peftilential feeds of infecflion —
to invigorate the conllitulion, and to flrengthen Nature — eventually
reducing the perils to which we are expofcd, and making rofy Health
the Companion of our lives !

INT R O,

INTRODUCTION.

^O much has the fafliion of the times encreafed the ufe of foreign
'^-^ drugs and noftrums, that it has become a fubjedl of difputaiionin
thefchools, Whether medicine be mod: beneficial gx injurious to man-
kind. Many there are, who condemn the Faculty and the Profes-
sion, as the greateft enemies of fociety ; and who would fooner part
with life and fortune than place themfelves in the power of cither. Yet
the one, when confulted with caution, is the beft protcdor of our
lives J and the other, when guided by integrity, is the fecurefl guardian
of our liberties. It is not the ufe but the abufe of them which draw&
down a curfe upon pofterity ; whilft a feafonable and prudent refort io
either is congenial to the blefiings of health and freedom, ,

The laws of phyfic are agreeable to the laws of nature. Phyfic imi-
tates Nature. Its defign is, to preferve the body in health — to defend
it from infirmity — to fhrengthen and invigorate the weak, and to raife;
thedejed;ed. In a word, the falutary effeifl of natural medicine keeps
the body in a progreffivc ftate of health and comfort, until the approach:
of death— that certain and inevitable confequence of our exigence,
which no art or invention, nor the greatell power of princes, can pre-
vent or refiH:. Let it then be our wifdom, after attending to our eter-
nal concerns, to be careful in fecuring the moft valuable of our tempo-
ral ones, natBcly that of HEALTH; for (lie is tlie mofl excellent
companion, the richell trcafure, and the beft of earthly polliffions ^
•without which, nothing here can be efleemed a blclimg.

Hence it becomes evidentthat the ftudyof Phyficoughctoform apart

of the education of every private gentleman, and fliculd. become theamufe-

. No. I. c roent

xivr INTRODUCTION.

ment of every individual whofe occupation in life affords an opportunity
of invefligating this valuable branch of literature. No fclence prefents
to our contemplationa more extenfive field of important knowledge, or
affords moreampleentertainment to aninquifitlveorphllanthropic mind.
Anatomy, Botany, Chemiflry, and the Materia Medica, are branches
of Natural Hiftory, fraught with fuch amufement and utility, that he
who neglefts them can have no claim to tafle or learning. The vege-
table world, with its occult virtues and power, Is of all others the
fublimefl fubjeft for the exertion of genius, and affords the highefl
gratification to a benevolent mind : fince there are no infirmities inci-
dent to our fallen nature that it does not enable us to alleviateorremove.

It is a melancholy refie6iion, daily confirmed by obfervation and ex-
perience, that one half of the human fpecies, labouring under bodily
infirmity, perifh by Improper treatment, or miflaken notions of their
difeafe. What greater inducement then can be offered to mankind,
to acquire a competent knowledge of the fclence of phyfic, than the
prefervation of their own lives, or that of their offspring ? Not that it
is neceflary for every man to become a phyfician ; for fuch an attempt
would be abfurd and ridiculous. All I plead for is, that men of fcnfe,
of probity and difcernment, fhould be fo far acquainted with the the-
ory of phyfic, as to guard their families againfl the deflrutflive influence
of ignorant or avaricious retailers of medicine. For, in the prefent
flate of things, it is much eafier to cheat a man out of his life than of
a fhilling ; at the fame time that it is almof} impoffible either to detedt
or punifli the iniquitous offender.

The benefits refulting from medicine as a tradeareprinclpally derived
from thofe unfortunately fanciful and imaginarily difordered patients,
whofe fortunes are ample, and whofe eflablifhmentscomprife an annual

provifioa

INTRODUCTION. xv

provlfion for the phyfician and apothecary. Others again, whofe
difcernment is lefs defecftive, but whofe circumftances are fufiicient, are
equally made the dupes of ** the fecrets of trade." Difeafe is prolonged,
and nervous complaints brought on, by an exceffive or improper ufe of
drugs, given for the purpofe of increafing fees, or multiplying the
items of an apothecary's bill. Yet thefe infatuated patients {hut their
eyes againfl: the light of reafon, and fwallow every thing that is admi-
niftered to them, without daring to allc the neceffity of the prefcrip-
tion, or quality of the dofe. Implicit faith, which in every thing elfe
is the objed of ridicule, is here held facred, though at the expence
of our conilitutlons. Many of the faculty are no doubt worthy of all
the confidence that cati be repofed in them ; but, as this can never be
the charadler of every individualin any profeflion whatever, it would cer-
tainly befor the fafety and honour of mankind, to have fome check upon
the condudof thofeto whom weentru^l fo valuable a treafure as Health.

Perfons who move in a middling fphere of life too often become
obje8s of fimilar impofition. The nature of their avocations, and the
attentions requifite for bufinefs, beget infirmities, which, though eafily
removed by change of air and fimple regimen, are frequently encreaf-
ed by irritating drugs, until the conftitution receives a fhock too vio-
lent for medicine to reftore. The lower orders of fociety, however,
and particularly the poor, are not expof^d to this danger. Their mis-
fortunes arife from an unfeeling inattention and negledl on the part of
thofe who are called to their afliftance ; but by whom they are frequent-
ly left either wholly dertitute of advice and of medicines, or are ob-
liged to put up with fuch as it would be much more prudent to avoid.
How extenfively advantageous then would medical knowledge prove
to men in almoft every occupation of life ? fince it would not only
teach them to know and to avoid the dangers peculiar to their refpe61ive

2 ftations.

xvi -INTRODUCTION.

ftations, but would enable them to difcern the real enjoyments of life,
and be conducive to the true happinefs of mankind ?

I know there are many humane and well-difpofed perfons of fenfe
and difcernment whopoiTefs the difpofition and the ability of fupplying
this dei'cOc in medical attention to the poor, did not the dread of doing
ill fupprefs their inclination to do good. Such perfons areahb deter-
red from the moft noble and praife-worthyadions, by the foolifh alarms
founded in their ears by a fet of men who raife their own importance
by magnifying the difficulties of performing cures, who find fault
with what is truly commendable, and fneer at every attempt to relieve
the afflided which is not fandioned by their precife rules. But thefe
gentlemen mufl excufe me for affirming, that the pradice of fuch cha-
ritable perfons, a little affifted by medical reading, and direded by the
fimple didates of nature, is frequently more fuccefsful than the pradice
of profeffional men, who arefo intent upon do/ingthe patient, that thing*
of greater import are negleded and forgotten.

To ailift the well-meant endeavours of the humane and benevolent^,
in relieving diftrefs, and eradicating difeafe, is an attempt which I truft
will meet the countenance and fupport of every fober friend to foci-
ety. I am well aware, that he, who /lands forward to promote the
public welfare at the expence of a particular profeffion, mufl excite en-^
mity, and draw upon him the clamour of interefted individuals. But
thefolid comforts refulting from a fenfe of doing good, and the reflec-
tion of becoming inftrumental in preferving the health of thoufands»
furpafs the fleeting praifes of the giddy multitude, or the fmiles of
fclf-exalted and ambitious men.

CU LPE PE R'&

CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

AND COMPLETE

HERBAL

Of the natural Appropriation of HERBS in the Cure of all

DISEASES.

THE temperature, virtues, and ufe, of Plants, as ferving to heal or fuftain
the body in health; as alfo their dangerous qualities, and the remedies
awainft them ; are well worthy our enquiry. This fpeculation is divided
into two parts, i. Therapeutic or curatory. 2. Threptic or alimentary. In both
which, vegetables may be confidered according to their fubftance and confiftence, or
clfe according to their accidents.

I. According to their fubftance or confidence, they are, i . Thin or grofs. 1. Lax
or conftricfV. 3. Clammy or brittle. 4. Heavy or light. Tenuity of parts is in
thofe thincTs which are aerious In elTence and fubftance ; which, being fubtile, do eafily
communicate their virtue unto any liquor, and are of eafy diftributlon in the body,
eafily acftuated, and not long abiding ; and is in matter not much compact, but
eaftly divided by natural heat, having little of earth, and that mixed with much hu-
midity, or elaborated by fiery heat, as in things very acid, fharp, and friable, for the
nioft part.. Craflitude of parts is In thofc things which are terrene; which, being more
grofs, do not quickly communicate their virtues unto Hquids, and therefore the vir- .
tucs thereof arc exerted in the ilomach, and feidom or ever pafs unto the liver; and

No. 1. B fuch

2 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

fuch have much matter, as in mixtures very terrene, or exquifite mixtures of the
aqueous humidity and terrene, without much prevalency of heat, fo for the moft
part are auftere, acerb, fweet,. bitter, fait, and few infipid. Rarity is in dry bodies j
hardnefs in the dry and terrene. Clamminefs in moift bodies : brittlenefs in dry.
Heavinefs in thick bodies : and lightnefs in the rarefied. Tenuity loofeneth and pe-
netrateth ; craflitude obflruftsi foftnefs lenifies and conglutinates ; and hardnefs re-
fifteth and drieth up.

II. According to their accidents, they may be taken notice of, as medicamentous
and ahmentary. i. As medicamentous, and fo according to their immediate and
more remote accidents. 2. According to their more immediate, /'. e. the qualities,
and way of finding them out.

The Pototetology, or qualities, firft, fecoiid, third, and fourth. The firfl; are,
Calidity, or heat, which caufeth motion, and difpofeth the parts by a right con-
junftionand fituation thereof. It heateth, fubtilizeth, digefteth, openeth, mutura-
teth, and rarefieth, and caufeth agility: if exceffive, it doth not afcend, inflame, attrad,
or difturb, as thapfia, &c. a. Frigidity, or coldnefs, doth cool, conjoin, infpiflate,
and hinder digeftion, by theobtrufion of calidity, and by fhuttingthepaflageshinder-
eth diftribution : alfo, if exceffive, it fo filleth that it expels the juice, coagulates,
and congeals, as poifon, &c. 3. Humidity, or moifture, is of eafy feparation, lenify-
ing and lubrifying: if exceffive, it burdeneth the fpirits and loadeth the fame: and,
if aqueous, it caufeth naufeoufnefs, and fufFocates the excitation of heat, caufeth fla-
tulencies, oppilations, flownefs of adion, and debility of motion, in all the parts :
otherwife it lenifies, lubrifies, loofeneth, maketh the blood and fpirits more grofs, and
obtunds the acrimony of humours, as mallows, &c. 4. Siccity, or drinefs, doth
colligate and bind, and caufes a fironger difpofition of the body: if exceffive, it con-
flringeth the paflages and hindereth the excretion, prefles forth the juices out of the
body, and caufeth tabefadtion : if in the lafl: degree, it confiimeth moifture, caufeth
interception, fuffocation, and death, as crefles, &c. Here the degrees are four.
The I ft fcarce fenfibly altereth the body. The 2d manifeftly, yet without trouble
or hurt. The 3d vehemently, but without corruption. The 4th moft violently, and
with great hurt unto the body. In each of which degrees there are three manfions
afting remifsly, intenfely, or in a mean; or in the beginning, middle, or end, thereof.

The chemifts, inftead of thefe four qualities or elements, fubftitute, i. their Sal,
frem which is all fapour or tafte, which is as it v/ere the afties of a body; for fait is a

dry

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. j

dry body, defending mixed bodies from putrefaftion, of excellent faculty to difiblve,
coagulate, clcanfe, and evacuate; from which arifcth all folidity of body, denomi-
nations, taftes, and many other virtues analogous to the earth, as being firm, fixed,
and the fubjecft of the generation of all bodies, and is therefore called by chemifts,
Salyjal commune, acerbum ^amare, corpus, materia, pattens, fixum, ars,jcujus muter tale,
2. Sulphur, whence all odour or fmell arifeth, and is like the flame; or fulphur is
that fweet balfam, oily and vifcid, which preferves the natural heat of the parts; the
inftrument of all vegetation, accretion, and tranfmutation, and the original of all
fmells, both pleafant and unpleafant: therefore it is compared to the fire, eafily re-
ceiving the flames, as all oily and refinous bodies do : alfo it lenifieth and congluti-
nates or conjoineth contrary extremes, as Sal and Mercury, that being fixed and this
volatile, it participating of both extremes, fo it tempereth the drinefs of Salt and
moifturc of Mercury as being vifcous; the denfity of Salt and penetration of Mer-
cury by its remifs fluidity, and the bitternefs of Salt and acidity of Mercury by its
fweetnefs; therefore it is called, Sal Petre, duke, anima forma, agens, inflammabile, na-
turajudicium, ^fpirituale, by the chemifts. 3. Mercurius, whence is all colour, and
is reprefented by fmoke or fume; or Mercury is that acid liquor, permeable, penetra-
ble, ethereous, and moft: pure, from which arifeth all nourifhment, {<ini^i, motion,
ftrength, colour, and retardation of preproperant old age; fo it is compared to the
element of air and water: to the firft, as being turned into vapours by the vicinity
of heat; and to this, as being hardly contained by its own term, but eafily in fome
others : or it is that eflential body, that by its aereal, moft fubtle, vivific, and fpi-
rituous, fubftance, is the pabulum of life, and the proximate inftrument of the effence
or form, and is called by chemifts, Sal ammoniacum, acidum,fpiritu5, idea, informans
out movens, vaporofum, intelligentia, intelktlus, gloriofum! Alfo Mercury containeth a
fulphureous and faline fubftance; Sulphur a fait and mercurial; and Salt an oleagi-
nous and material; and the phlegm and caput mortuum are not principles, but
their integuments, and without all Hippocratic virtue ; the firft being only moift,
the other dry and emplaftic. Alfo, if Mercurial acid and fliarp vapours abound,
there arifcth the epilepfy, apoplexy, palfy, and all kinds of catarrhs and defluxions,
and epidemic and contagious difeafes if venomous. Sulphur, if abounding, caufeth
inflammations and fevers, and the narcotica foporiferous difeafes. Salt exuperant
caufeth corrofions, ulcers, heat of urine if difiblved, and tumours if coagulated.
Thereto belongs Tartar, caufing the ftone, gout, &c.

The fecond qualities are, i. The malaiftic or mollifying, to which the ecquetic
or fuppurating hath affinity ; for both have an equal and fymmetric hear, and a
correfpondent ficcity, yet differing in mode. The fuppurating doth produce heat

moft

4 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

nofl like unto that of the body, without any confumptlon or addition of humidity.
The emollient afcends heat a little beyond the proportion of nature, and contrafts a
little humidity, wherefore that rather operates by quantity than by the quality of
heat, but the emollient rather by quality. Therefore that which is exadlly fuppura-
tory is emplaftic ; yet fometimes emoUition is the confequence of humidity, if joinad
with moderate calidity or heat, and is ufeful in fchirrhufles and tumours; and, though
emollition may be by humeftation and evacuation, yet it is properly by healing,
loofening, and callignation ; emollients being moderately dry and hot, 20 or 30
in fchirrhufles, and proportionably in other tumours. Hereto belongs the calaftic or
loofening; yet this is lefs hot and more moiftening than the emollient, and of a
thin fubftance. 1. Sclerynticor hardening, which properly is that which doth exfic-
cate without any excefs of heut or cold ; for cold alfo may make obdurate, as alfo
too much heat, yet after another manner than only by exficcation, for, though that
which is dry is hard, yet all that is hard is not dry. But ficcity doth dry and indurate
two ways; /'. e. by altering and making more dry the effence of the parts, which is
moft properly ; or by confuming the humours in the pores ; yet fometimes obduration
may alfo be caufed by repletion or fulnefs ; and, fome fay, by cold and drinefs.
3. Araiotic and rarefying, or diaphoretic and refolving, which are moderate-
ly hot, with tenuitv of parts, and very little reficcant or drying, for exceflive
heat doth not rarefy but burn, and by .aduftion doth condenfate and dry. But mo-
derate heat openeth the pafiages, and deeply penetrateth by the tenuity of its fub-
flance, and eafeth pain ; alfo it openeth the pores and attenuates the fubftance. The
proper diaphoretics are hot, dry, and of thin parts, attenuant, mollifying, and dif-
cufling wind ; and the rareficient moderately hot, like our own hear, moifteninf^
and of thin parts. 4. Pycnotic or condenfating, contrary to the rarefacient, con-
tradVing the pores, and incraflating what is rarefied and humid, and making it more
folid, which is in thofe things which refrigerate, yet are not terrene, or aerious, but
aqueous, and are not at all or but little aftringent; for thefe do weakly contraft
and bind, /. e. by reafon of their foftnefs. 5. Anaftomotiaor aperient, opening
the mouths of the veflels, and is in thofe things that are of grofs parts, hot be-
yond the nrft degree, fharp, and biting. 6. Stegnotic or binding, contra>5ting,
occluding, and conftringing; fhiitting the mouths of the veffels, and reftraining
fenfible excretion ; and is, in thofe things which are frigid, of grofs parts, and without
acrimony, as many terrene bodies are : for thofe things, which ought ftrongly to
conftipate and bind, muft alfo have a more flrong and renitent faculty ; yet fome
binders are hot and dry, and of thick fubftance; and others glutinous. 7. Helc-
tic, epifpaftic or crawing, attrading the humours from the centre, and is in thofe
things which are hot and of thin parts : for that which is hot attradeth, and that

more

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. _y

more ftrongly which hath a conjund tenuity of parts; but thofe moderately attrad:
which are hot and dry in the fecond degree, if in the third, more effetftually ; a'nd
chiefly thofe that are fo in the fourth: for the attrafJion is according to the decree
of heat, and is either more natural, or by putrefadion. Yet fome things attrad
fpecifically, and not by a manifeft quality : as things that are carthartic or purg-
ing, and alexitery, or refifting poifon. 8. Apocrouftic or repercutient, repelling
<he humours flowing from the center, as in thofe things which are frigid and of
grofs parts. For that which is cold repelleth, and, if it hath a craffitude of parts
alfo, it is more violent, as that which is acerbe or auftere; yet thofe things alfo
repel which are aflringents, efpecially thofe which are helped by the tenuity of
their parts : for the thinnefs of the fubftance doth much conduce to aftridion j
therefore other things that are aftridive, by reafon of the craHltude of their fub-
ftance, cannot eafily penetrate the more remote parts, precluding the paflages. Here-
to may the defenfive and the intercipient be reduced, being cold, aftringent, and rc-
pulfive. 9. Ryytic, abflergent or cleanfing, removing glutinous and clammy hu-
mours in the fuperficies, or adhering to the pores of the flcin, or ulcers, and is in thofe
things which have power to exficcate with tenuity of fubftance,neither is it of any great
moment whether they are hot or cold, by reafon that neither quality hinders action,
except exceffive. Yet fome count them hot chiefly, and dry, with a certain thick.-
nefs of parts to vellicate the humours. 10. Eccathartic, ecphra^lic, and expur-
gatory, or removing obftruftionsi not only opening the pores of the fkin, but the
inferior du£fus of the bowels; as in thofe things that are nitrous and bitter, although
they have fome fmall aftridion, and by reafon of fubfliance do not difi^er from thofe
that are abfterfive, but in degree; for thofe things that cleanfe the pores and inward
paflage, have a great tenuity of parts, and are moderately hot ; as thofe things
which are nitrous and bitter : but thofe things which, being outwardly applied to
the fkin, do cleanfe the fkin and ulcers from their excrements, are deflitute of the
aflridive faculty : but being taken inwardly, although having a certain aftridion,
yet neverthclefs they may purge and cleanfe the greater pafTages, and withal flrengthen
the fame. Alfo feme things lenify or purge by lubrifying, as fat things ; by wafh-
ing and abfterfion, as whey and beets; by comprefTion, as quinces; by extinaula-
tion, as things hot, fharp, fait, and of thin parts; and others eleftively and properly.
And emetics caufe vomit by relaxation and llimulation, the mouth of the flomach
being weak; if the lower part, ufe dejeftorics. 11. Leptyntic or attenuating and
making thin, as in all thofe things that are expurgatory, hot, and of thin parts : ex-
tenuating grofs and tough humours; and are for the moft part hot and drv, 2d or
3d, as things fharp and aromatical ; yet fome are cold, as lemons, &c. but of thin
parts. Hereto belong the temetic, or inciding againfl vifcid humours, which are
No. 2. C more

CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

more ftrong. And diflblvers of grumous matter, and coagulated; as alfo extenu-
nuants of fat, hot and dry, 3d, and of thin parts: and the chataftic or laxants, mo-
derately hot, moift, and thin, 12. Fmplaftic, vifcid, or clammy, contrary to the ab-
fterfive; for, being applied, it doth tenacioufly inhere in the pores of the fkin, fill
and obftruft the fame, as in thofe things that are fat and glutinous; as alfo tenene,
wanting acrimony and afperity, or roughnefs. Hereto may bs referred the epice-
raftic or levigating, helping afperity, by being emplaftic or moderately moift. And
the emplaftics are temperate, without evident heat, cold, or acrimony : fome alfo
have a thick terrene eflence or confiftence, drying without biting ; and others aque-
ous, or aereal, fo are tenacious. 13. Emphracftic or obftrufting, pachyntic, or
thickening, which arc the fame : for, as thofc things which are detergent and purg-
ing do free the pores and pafiages from obftruftion, fo thefe obftruft and fill the
fame, and make the humours of the body tough and thick ; and are cola, or tem-
perate without any acrimony, and of a thick terrene fubftance. 14. Anodyne, pa-
regoric or eafing pain, as in thofe things which have thin parts, and are moderately
hot, not much exceeding the temperate, i. e. being hot in the firfl: degree, and rare-
tacient ; fo evacuating, digefting, rarefying, extenuating, conco<fting, and equalizing
whatfoever humour, either fharp, tough, or grofs, is inhering in the fmaller pores,
or grieved parts : and all vaporous crafs, grofs or cold fpirits, not finding way of
evacuation ; and are moiftening, aqueous or aereal, of thin fubltance, and not aftrin-
gent, 15. Narcotic, or ftupifying the parts by its coldnefs, and not properly mi-
tigating the pain, nor taking away the caufes of the grief; yet ftupor is fomevvhat
lefs than infenfibility, or the privation of fenfe : the fame alfo is hypnotic, or fomni-
fic, and caufeth fleep being taken, i. e. its fubjefl, which doth vehemently refrige-
rate, i. e. in the 4th degree; fo that it doth not only ftupify the fenfe, but, being
liberally taken, caufeth death, as opium, and that not only by its exuperant quality,
but alfo by a certain propriety of lubllance and its concurring eflence, its narcotic
vehemency being but little reprefl!ed by the mixture of hot correiflers, though it
hath fome bitter parts. 16. Amyftic, metafyncritic, or rubefacient, caufing red-
nefs, contrary to the former, caufing pain, as in thofe things which heat and dif-
folve unity ; of this kind alfo are efcharotics, caufing crufts, which are hotter,
cauflic or burning ; not only hot and dry in the fourth degree, but alfo of a grois
confiflence ; therefore, being fixed in any part, they excruciate and torment the
fame by their ftiffnefs : like unto thefe, are thofe things that are feptic or corrofive,
which are vehemently hot and dry, but of thin parts and confiftence; which there-
fore with a little pain and biting, or elfe without any fenfe of pain, eliquate the
part, and are called alfo putrefadives : hereto alfo belong the Pfilothra, extirpating
the hair ; and Veftcatories, very hot, and of thin parts.

The

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 7

The third qualities arife from the mixture of the firft and fecond, and are, i. The
Ecpuctic or fuppurating, turning into matter contufed flefh, and humours remain-
ing in fwellings, as in thofe things which are moderately hot, and next unto emol-
lients, yet differing in this, that they have alfo an emplaflic faculty, obftrudling
the pores, increafing the fubftance of heat, and not intending the quality ; and are
alio called peptics or maturatives. 2. Sarcotic or generating flerti, as in thofe
things which produce flelTi in hollow ulcers, and fill the cavities, and are hot in the
firft degree, a little deterfive, and that without biting and aftridion. • Alfo mode-
rately drying, viz. under the fecond degree. And fuch as impinguate, or make fat,
are heating, nouriHiing, impulfive, attraftive, retentive, or fpccific; as the feed of
Jiemp, kernel of the Indian nut, and powder of charcoal. 3. Colletic or congluti-
nating, as in thofe things which dry in the fecond degree, r.nd are in a mean as to
thofe which generate flefh, and cicatrize j they are not abfterfive, butaftringent, and
prohibit the flux of humours to the lips of wounds, ulcers, and fiftulas ; they are
alfo called fymphytics, traumatics, and enaima; and are temperate, and of a
thick fubftance, ftronger or weaker according to the perfon or part. 4. Epulotic
or cicatrizing^ as in thofe which greatly dry and bind without biting, drinking
the humidity of the flefli, and contrading the fame, and covering with a thin callus
like unto the (Icinj therefore do more dry than incarnatives or glutinatives, for they
bind, contrad, conftipate, and indurate; and are of thick fubftance, and cold : there
is alfo a fharp and biting epulotic that confumes dead flefti, called cathairetic;
and a third dr)ing without aftriiftion. 5. Porotic or generating callus, by which
broken bones are fcrruminated and knit, and is neither bone nor fltfh, but betwixt
both, being a hard, dry, white, body ; to the generation of which are required a
convenient diet, and medicines applied which are emplaftic and moderately hot,
drying, thickening, hardening, and binding. 6. Diuretic or provoking urine, as
I. In thofe things that are moift and liquid, and of a thin confiftence, and eafy pe-
netration, encreafing the quantity of urine; fo operite by accident. 2. In thofe
things which purge and attenuate and open the pafTages, fome of which are cold,
and of thin parts; fometimes expelling what fticks in the paflages ; which operate
after a middle way^ fometimes by accident, tempering exuperant heat which feiz-
eth on the veins, and rcfolveth the ferous humidity, that the humours may be more
eafily attraded by the reins, and defcend by the bladder. 3. In thofe things which
purge the paflages, and open the fame, extenuate grofs humours and the blood,
and feparate what is extenuated from the more grofs parts : which the reins then
eafily attraft and fend away by the urinary pafl'ages ; which kinds of diuretics are
very hot and dry, to wit, in the third degree, fliarp, and of a very thin fubftance,

coadive

8 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

coa(5tive and feparating. 7. Lithontriptic or breaking the ftone, diflblving and ex-
pelling the gravel, as in thofe things which are diureptic, hot, dry, and of thin
parts; fharp, but more remifsly, and fomewhat bitter. Alfo fome do it by in-
cifion and deterfion, without much heat; fome by afperity ; and others by oc-
cult property. 8. Emmenonagogic or drawing out the terms, as in thofe things
which are hot and of thin parts, that they may conco6k and digeft crude humors,
extenuate and inciJe the grofs and rough, and remove obftruftlons by cleanfing
the palTages : fuch as are all proper diuretics : which alfo promote the ex-
purgation of the menfes ; and, if they are alfo ftinking or bitter, they are more
effeftual: ftinking things depreffing the womb, and the bitter being purging.
There are alfo accidental hyfterics ; as thofe which are analeptic, or ftrength-
ening after extenuation ; or which refrigerate and humeft the body dried by too
much heat : to thefe alfo have affinity, thofe things which expel the fecundine
and dead-birth; efpecially thofe which are more ftrong, i. e. hot and of thin parts?
ftinking and bitter with acrimony, efpecially if taken in a great quantity and
often. The proper are hot 2° or 3°, and dry 1° or 2°, of meani ^'^rofs fub-
ftance, and bitter with acrimony : the contrary are the aftringent. 9. Bechic,
or helping the cough, as in thofe things which caufe or flop the fame : for
thofe things which conduft to the expetfloration of grofs humours, do alfo
caufe coughing ; but, on the contrary, thofe things which incraflate thin hu-
mours, ftop and eafe it : but thofe things are hot and of thin parts, and extenu-
ating, which expectorate tough humours; yet there are alfo others which in fome
meafure purge the breaft, not much hot, nor very dry, but a little moiftening,
or at leaft lenifying what is exafperated; yet diuretics of the middle kind alfo
are agreeable to the breaft and lungs ; which, if they are cold, incraffute thin
humours and ftop coughing, and efpecially thofe that are narcotic, or ftupifying.
10. Galaftogenetic or generating milk, as partly in meats, partly in medicines ;

as for meat, it is fuch as is euchymic and polytrophic, or of good juice and of
much nouriftiment, and a little hotter and drier if the blood be cold and pi-
tuitous ; but more moift and lefs hot, if troubled with choler. Medicaments
caufing milk, are of thin parts and hot, and of affinity to thofe things which pro-
perly provoke urine, yet moft gentle: but thofe things which are more ftrong
and provoke the courfes, hinder the generation thereof by too much eliquation
of the humours. Alfo things too cold, thickening, digefting, or drying, hinder
the fame, 11. Sperm.atogenetic, or generating fperm, as in thofe things which
are hot, and not very dry, but flatulent, as alfo aliment of good juice, and what-

cever increafeth the quantity of blood, Alfo it is ftimulated by things that are
fharp, and hindered by things very cold and difcutient. 12. Hydrotic or pro-

3 voking

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 9

yoking fweat, as in things of thin parts, and hotj yet fome are ailringent and
cold, working occultly. Alfo the cofmetic, for the flcin, is extenuating, laxa-
tive, emollient, cleanfing, and difcufling ; for the teeth, cleanfing and binding ;
for the hair, healing, drying, and binding ; for fcurf, cleanfing and difcufling.
Note, as for the pharmic or fternutatory quality, it is in thofe things that are
acrimonious, caufing an irruption of the expulfive faculty ; as errhiiies, that are
hot, nitrous, exterfive, and Iharpj as white pepper, hellebore, ginger, pellitory
of Spain, caftor, cloves, fneefe-worr, and euphorbium finely powdered. Alfo the
apophlcgmatic is in things hot and acrimonious ; yet fometimes do it occultly,
as in maftic, raifins, hyflbp, organy, marjoram, pellitory of Spain, ginger, white
and black pepper, and muftard-feed. The fcholerobrotic is in things bitter and
fharp, &c. as wormwood, coraline, &c.

The fourth qualities are fuch as follow the fubftance or property of the
eflence, and are found out only by experience ; and are therefore called occult,
latent, and fpecific ; as in poifons, theriac and alexipharmic remedies, ro-
borating the expulfive faculty, and being contrary, emplaftic, aftringent, eme-
tic, cathartic, and fudorific, with phlebotomy if need; amulets and cathar-
tics, things antipathetic and fympathetic, as alfo appropriate to any part, or
adverfe unto the fame ; the greateft fign of which, according to fome of the mod
learned authors, is fignature. The poiotichnology, or way of finding out thefc
qualities, is by manifeft reafon. i. By ofmellogy, or odour or fmell, which is
either fweet, familiar unto the fpirits of the brain, and a fign of heat, or ftinking
and offenfive, cold and moift ; the firft is in hot bodies, of thin parts, among which
there is difl^erence according to the degrees thereof; but thofe things which are
without odour, are of a grofs eflence and humid, as thofe things which are fait
and auftere; alfo fuch things as are of a mordicant and bitter fmdl are hot,
but thofe that fmell like vinegar and acerb are cold, for in fome things the (enfe
of odours is like that of fapors, yet not of fo fafe conjecflure, by reafon of the
inequality of fubftance; for moft bodies are of an unlike confiftence, of each of
which parts odour fheweth not the temper, but where there are tenuous efflu-
viums or vapours, whereof the fweet ftrengthen the heart, the rank excite the
animal fpirits, the {linking help the fuffocation of the matrix. 2. By chromatology,
or colour, which is either, i. Lucid, exciting the animal fpirits, and drawing them
outwards, as the white. 2. Or tenebrofe, calling them inwards, and caufing flcep,
as the black. 3. Yellow, helping the jaundice. 4. Green, ufeful for the eyes:
the white and pale fhcw moiftnefs of temper and imbecility. The yellow proceed-
No. 2. D eth

10 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

eth from heat. The red aad croceous, &c. fhew exceflive ficcity ai;d caiidity or
heat. The green and porraceous are figns of mq?h inoiftiire. Alfo to the
white may the candid be reduced ; to the yellow, the luteous, wax-coloured, cro-
ceous, golden, honey- coloured, citron, fox-coloured, and vittelliue ; to the red,
the light red, flaming, and fanguine, colour ; to the purple, the violet, flefli-colour,
and bruuous; to the green, the praflive, herbaceous, enginous, and porraceous j
to the fky- colour, the horn-white, grey, grifled, black, and blue, alh-colour, pale,
andmurryj to the black, the dark. 3. By geuthmology, or fiipors, or taftes,
which, according to fome, are, i. more perceptible or manifeft ; as the fmiples,
which are, i. hot, firft more hot, and fo firft of more thin parts, as the Iharp, fe-
condly, of more thin parts, as the bitter, nitrous, and fiilt ; fecondly, lefs hot, as
the fweet, and is diverfe according to the diverfity of tenuity and humidity. 2.
Cold, firft of grofs terrene parts. Firft, more grofs, as the acerbe : fecondly, lefs
gKofs, as the auftere and aftringent-. Secondly, of fubtile aqueous parts, and doubt-
ful, as the acid. Thirdly, the mixed, as the vinous, comjxjunded of the acid an4
fweet. 2. Lefs perceptible, and almoft infipid. i. Aqueous, firft more fubtile*
as the acquinfipid ; fecondly, more grofs. Firft, glutinous, as the humilentj fe-
condly, fat, as the oleous. 2. Terrene: i. fucculent, as the odoreousj 2. more
dry, as the ligniterreous. The fapors or taftes are,

I. Active. i. Bitter, wormwood- like, gallifti, faline, or aloetic, which is
contrary to the nature of living creatures, the tafte whereof doth vellicate the
tongue. It confifteth of terrene combuft parts, of which fome are more fubtile :
others, more grofs and terrene, exficcated by exuperant heat, or coagulated by
cold, as appears in opium and aloes. It is not nutritive, it openeth the mouths
of the veins, caufeth hemorrhages and thirft, makes the blood fluxible : it at-
tenuateth, incideth, biteth, exafperateth, cleanfetii, melteth, attrafteth, yet more
moderately drieth and heateth J it confumeth and refifteth putrefaiftion, drinking
up fupervacaneous humours, and refifting fweetnefs : it is hot and dry in the fe-
cond degree, terra ufta. 2. Sharp, aromatical, biting, feptic or arfenical, hot
dry, and burning, pricking the tongue, and biting the mouthj it confifteth of thin,
dry, and hot, parts, as pepper, onions, &c. If it be not vehement, and hot under
the third degree ; taken inwardly it doth penetrate, open, and attenuate thick hu-
mours : applied outwardly, it rarefieth the /kin, and draweth forth humours : if
it be hot above the third degree, it troubletli the head with thin vapours : if it
be of a more grofs efience, it is cauftic, and caufeth blifters and fcabs : and if it
be of an adverfe fubllance, it is feptic and deadly : alfo it is of quick operation,

^ aiid

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. ii

and ftrong ; it attraifleth from remote parts, it feparates, corrodes, incideth, heat-
eth, burneth, and inflameth ; it refolveth, difcufleth, excoriateth, exulcerateth, and
ftropgly inciteth to expurgation j if of more thin parts, it is diuretical ; if of
thicker, cauflic : it is more intenfe in drier bodies, and more remifs where
there is an aqueous humidity. It is hot and dry, ex aqua ^ terra attenuata. 3.
Acid, or ammoniacal. It penetrateth the tongue with its tenuity, yet without any
manifeft heat. It confifteth of tenuous, cold, and dry, parts, as vinegar, the juice
of lemons, &c. It penetrateth and incideth no lefs than the /harp fapor, there-
fore it incidcfh, attenuateth, biteth, detergeth, referates obftrudions, repeileth,
and drieth: and, by reafon of its penetrating coldnefs, it repels all fluxions; and
by its ficcity flops all eruptions of blood. Alfo it helpeth naufeoufnefs, corrodes
and condenfates without heat: it exafperates and refifts putrefadion. It is of
doubtful qualities, fiery and aqueous, hot and cold, and of all contraries. It is
cold and dry in the fecond degree, aqua ignita cum halitu terreo. 4. Nitrous, which
is in a mean between fait and bitter; yet weaker than this and more intenfe than
the other : it is biting and corroding, as nitre. It openeth the belly, and purgcth
the reins, ierra fpiritibus compulfa. 5. Salt, or ferous. It corrodeth the tongue
by exficc.ition, yet heateth not much ; it confifteth in a mean matter with heat
and drinefs, and is generated of that which is terrene and dry, attenuate and
preaffate by heat with an aqueous humidity, fo not altogether terrene, as fait :
therefore it contrafteth the pores, incideth, detergeth, digefteth, and drinketh up
humidity, by its drinefs, without any manifeft fenfe of heat, and fo refifts putre-
faftion. It openeth, biteth, exafperateth, abftergeth, cleanfeth, troubleth, pro-
voketh to expuliion, purgeth, fubverteth, the ftomach, caufeth thirft, drieth, de-ob-
ftrudteth, aggregateth, condenfeth, roborateth, and contra(5teth. It is hot and dry
in the fecond degree, and corrofive. 6. Sweet, fat, honey-like, or faccharine. It
dtlateth the tongue, and is pleafant, having no exuperant quality, and being in a
mediocrity, as fugar and honey ; therefore it levigates what is exafperated, leni-
fies, maturates, concofls, is anodyne, and only nouriftieth; alfo it digefts, rarefies,
diftributes, looieth, filleth the liver, ftoppeth the fpleen, .ind is hot .-.nd moift in
the firft degree, arid of terraqueous parts. 7. Acerb, aftrittory, pontic, or alu-
minous. It contra(5leth the tongue, and doth unequally exafperate the fame by
exficcation ; it is near to the auftere, but more troublefome to the tongue, aftrit^
gent, cold, and dry. The matter thereof is terrene and dry, without any manifeft
moifture, in which coldnefs rs exadtly pretJ -^minant v/ith ficcity, as fervices :
therefore as cold it repeileth fluxions, as aftringent it ftoppeth the force of hu-
mours; as dry, it doth coardate, condenfe, and cicatrize woundsj as terrene, it in-

craflTate."!

14 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

crafTates humours, and condenfates the fuperficies ; it fhuts, corrugates, and indu-
durates, fo the auftere. It refifts poilon, and is cold and dry in the fecond de-
gree. 8. Auftere, ftyptic, aftringent, or vitriolate. It moderately bindeth the
tongue and mouth, coarftates the fame with a certain afperity, and doth in fome
meafure refrigerate and dry. It confifts in a mean matter, participating of that which
is terrene and watery, in which frigidity is predominant, as medlars and wild pears,
&c. It manifeflly refrigerateth, extinguifheth, bindeth, and contrafteth, moderate-
ly ftops fluxions, and repelleth. It is fubacerb, lefs cold and dry, and exafperating,
ilcpplng, roborating, and indurating, terra Jpiritu commota, as vitriol. The aftrin-
gent is weaker, as quinces. Mat. Med. ficc. crafT.

II. Mean. i. Oleus; it is fat, unftuous, and temperate; generated of that
which is moift, aerious, and moderately hot, by elaxation of the watery part,
whereby it becomes more aerial, as oil. It is flow and weak in operation, flop-
ping the guftic or tafting organs. It doth humecft, lenify, and foften, loofen,
obftrucT:, and caufe flatulencies and naufeoufnefs, having a certain obfcure and
remifs fweetnefs, and mean fubftance. 2. Humilent: the matter thereof is grofs,
tough, aqueous, in which the earth, being well mixed, caufeth corpulency; and
it is humid, little afi^efting the tafte, more grofs and crude than the fweet. It is
emplaftic, flopping the paflages, conglutinates what is disjoined, lenifies what
is exafperated, and doth incraflate, as mucilages, &c. Mat. crafl". frig, obfcure.
3. Acquinfipid. It is fcarce perceived by the tongue, hardly participating of any
terrene ficcity, and confifting in a crude juice; it is rather a privation than a fa-
por : its matter is fomewhat grofs, yet not altogether terrene, dry, or aftrino-ent,
but moiftened with a certain humidity, which alfo is not exquifitely mixed by
the adivity of heat, as water. It is emplaftic, ftopping and obftruding, lenify-
ing what is exafperated, and conglutinating that which is disjoined : and, althouoh
it hath fome affinity to fweet, yet it differeth in this, that it confifteth in a matter a
little more grofs and crude : it refrigerateth, and doth more moiften, i. e. from the
the fecond to the third degree.

_III. Passive, i. Lignitcrreous, which is more grofs, altogether terrene, and
inadive; yet it hath fome heat, fpirit, and humidity, but exceeding little, as
the caput mortuutn, and dry bodies without juice. Mat. crafl". terra abjquefpritu de-
frejfa frorjus terrea, 1. Adoreous, moft agreeing to our nature, it recedes from
fweetnefs in this, becaufe its matter, being inaftive, is hardly perceived, and it is
more grofs ; yet well tempered to a terrene equally-mixed ficcity, which eafily be-
comes

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 15

comes pafltve, and is apt for diilribution and folidity, as bread, corn. Materia
equalis receplibilis. 4. By Aphelogy, or the tadile quality or touch : fo crafTi-
tude is a fign of the abundance of terreftrial parts, or humid and congealed : te-
nuity of the fiery and aerious : denfity of exficcation or congelation i rari'y of
drinefs ; hardnefs of ficcity and earthinefs, except caufed by the repletion of
humours: foftncfs of humidity ; gravity is the companion of denfity : levity of
rarity J clamminefs of humidity j aridity or friability of ficcity; fmoothnefs of an
aerious or aqueous humidity; afperity of ficcity. 5. By allotofilogv., or difpofi-
tion, or mutability : fo, that which the fooneft receiveth heat is counted hot ;
and that moft cold which is foonefl: congealed. 6. By pepeirology, or age; fo, for
the moft part, thofe things that are young, more humid; the old, more dry ; alfo,
whilft they are growing and immature, they have an aufterity and acerbity ; fo,
cold. 7. By phyteuteriology, or the place of growth ; fo, plants, growing by lakes
are for the moft part of a cold and moift temperature ; the marftiy, cold and
fomewhat dry : the fluviatile, dry and very hot : the marine, cold and dry ; thofe
of a fat foil, are hot and moift, or temperate therein; thofe of an hungry ground,
hot and dry : thofe of a mean earth, tepid and fuitable to man's nature ; thofe of
a fandy ground, hot and dry, and of thin parts; thofe of a doubtful growth, are
of a mixt temperature ; the amphibious, if growing in fpringy places, cold and
dry ; if in litoral and marine, hot and dry; the mountain plants are dry, hot, and
of fubtile parts; the field, moderately hot and dry; they that grow in hollow
places, are cold and moift; the hilly, temperate ; thofe that grow wild, are colder
and drier than the domeftic; if of the fame fpecies, the domeftic are milder and
more weak. 8. By protergafiology, or the operations of the firft four qualities, as
above- faid. 9. By experience, which in certitude exceeds all the reft, and muft
be made with a fimple body, without any external quality, and that in a tempe-
rate fubjedt; in all which, that muft be dlftinguiftied which is done per Je from
that which is^^r accidens. Thus of the way of finding out the manifeft qualities,
i. e. of the firft; after which the fecond are known, as arifing from the firft ; but
cfpecially by fapor or tafte.

Now follow the occult qualities; which are difcovered, I. By phytognomy or
fignature, i. e. phytoptical or external, either in form, colour, or property ; as
reprefenting the parts of man's body, the humours, or difeafes ; and fo the appro-
priations are as follow. For the head in general : walnuts, piony, poppy, fquills,
larch-tree, its agaric, and turpentine, Indian nut, and flowers of the lily of the
valley. For the brain: wood betony, fage, rofemary, lavender, marjoram, prim-
No. 2. K rofes.

14 CULPEPER^s ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

rofes, cowflips, bear's ears, lily of the valley, and mifletoe. For reftoring hair:
quinces, mofs, and inaiden-hair. For the eyes : fenne], vervain, rofes, celan-
dine, rue, eye-bright, clary, and hawkv.eed, herb Paris, grains, and anemony.
For the ears : aflarabecca, ground- ivy, ivy, poplar- tree, night-fliade, fow-fennel,
and fow-thiftle. For the nofe : wake-robin, flower de luce, horfe-tail, fhepherd's
purfe, willow, biftoit, tormentil, cinquefoil, and fow- bread. For the mouth in
general : medlar, mulberries, mints, purflain, and golden rod. For the fcurvy :
fcurvy grafs, fmall houfeleek, aloes, fumitory, and creiTes. For the teeth: pine,
pomegranate, maflic, mafter-wort, coral, coral- wort, reft- harrow, henbane, and
wiidtanfey. For the drinefs of the mouth : flea-wort. For the difeafes of the
throat, roughnefs, quinfey, king's evil, &c. throat- wort, date tree, winter-green,
horfe-tongue, fig-wort, arch-angel, fox-glove, orpine, pellitory of the wall, wheat,
barley, garlic, liquorice, fig-tree, hyfibp, ragwort, plantane, columbines, cudweed,
and Jew's ears. For fhortnefs of breath, coughs, expecflorations, hoarfenefs, &c.
elecampane, almond-tree, vines, reeds, fugar-cane, jujubes, febeftens, fcabious,
coleworts, nettles, and turnips. For contrafling women's breafts : lady's man-
tle and fanders. For breeding milk : anifefeed, nigella, mallow's dill, rampions^
periwinkle, and lettuce. For fwollen breafts : fennel giant, gourds, bafil, beans,
lentils, and lilies. For fore nipples : dock-crefles. For the lungs, ftoppings, con-
fumptions thereof, &c. horehound, lung-wort, tobacco, fun-dew, hedge-muftard,
colt's-foot, wood-bine, mullein, cowflips of Jerufalem, fanicle, polypody, whortle-
berries, and fweet Cicely. For the heart, qualms, faintnefs, &c. angelica, faf-
fron, borage, violets, ftrawberries, wood-forrel, balm, marigolds, fwallow-wort,
goat's rue, viper's grafs, pomecitrons, gentian, fcordium, burnet, avens, cloves,
clove-gillyflower?, lignum aloes, cinnamon, and viper's buglofs. For flitches, and
pains in the fides : carduus benediflus, our lady's thiftle, camomile, fweet tre-
foil, melilot, oats, valerian, ftitch-wort, flax, and linfeed. For purging the fto-
mich : wormwood, myrobolans, groundfel, radifli, blick elder, oiJy nutben,
fena, daflx)dils, white hellebore, and purging caflla. For breaking wind : carra-
ways, cummin, camel's hay, ginger galanga, cardamoms, f)epper, nutmeg, corian-
der, and orange. For cooling and ftrengthening the ftomach : apples, pears,
peaches, apricots, plumbs, cherries, goofeberries, and currants or rihes. For the
liver : rhubarb, turmeric, agrimony, liverwort, fuccory, alecoft, and maudlin,
docks, forrel, beets, fmallage, cleavers, and chickweed. For thedropfy : elder, fol-
danella, briony, mechoacan, and jalap, broom, afti, ague-tree or faflafras, palma
Chrifti or great fpurge, glaflwort, fpurge laurel, toad-flax, and'baftard marjoram or
organy. For the fpleen : dodder, black hellebore, tamarinds, fpleen-wort or

railtwaile,^

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 15

mlltvvafte, hart's tongue, fern, capers, tamarifk, germander, calamint, poley moun-
tain, and lupines. For the reins, bladder, ftone, and flranguary, &c. afpamgus,
parfley, marfhmallows, goat's thorn, fpikenard, fwcct-fmulling fl.ig, cyprusor Eng-
lifh galingale, hops, knotgrafs, parfley pert, faxifrage, dropworr, gromel, onions,
winter cherries, dog's grafs, butcher's broom, chervil, brooklime, hawthorn, le-
mons, Cyprus- tree, kidney-wort, kidney-beans, oak, buck's-horn plantane, fam-
phire, fraxinella, and alheal. For the cholic: bay-tree, holly, juniper, olive-tree,
coloquintid;!, and bindweed. F"or the worms : centaury, lovuge, tanfey, laven-
der cotton, carrots and parfnips, fpignel, bifhop's weed, Englifl^ worm feed, leeks,
and horfc-radifh. For loofenefs, the bloody flux, &c. iliiimach, myrtle, ciftus,
blackthorn, bramble, teafel, rice, flixweed, pilewort, and water betony. For pro-
voking luft : artichokes, fea-holly, potatoes, fkirrets, peafe, rocket, muilard, cot-
ton, fiftic-nut, chefnut, chocolate, fityrions, and dragons. For abating luft :.
agnus or the chafte tree, hemp, water-lily, hemlock, camphire, and tutfan. For
provoking the terms: mugwort, pennyroyal, fouthernwood, favory, thyme, alexan-
der, and anemony. For flopping the terms and the whites : comfrey, moufear,
yarrow, mede fweet, adder's tongue, lunaria, trefoil, money-wort, dame), flower
gentle, bhtes, dragon-tree, beech tree, and hafel- nut tree. For the mother : mo-
ther-wort, ftvertew, calamint, burdock, butter- bur, orach, afla fcetida, and cow
parinip. For expediting childbirth : birthv.ort, mercury, madder, ditany, dittan-
der, peppcrwort, holm-oak, and its chermes. For expelling the dead child and
after-birth: ground pine, favin, and birch-tree. For ruptures or burftnefs: rupture-
wort, thoroughwax, Solomon's feal, balfam apple, dove's foot, or crane's bill, and
elm. For the French pox : guaiacum, china, and farfiparilla. For the fwelling
in the groin: ftarwort, and herb Paris. For green wounds and old ulcers: St.
John's wort, arfefmart, bugle, felf-heal, faracen's confound, loofe- ftrife, dalfy, and.
fpeedwell. For drawing out fplinters : pimpernel. For felons : woody night-
fhade. For furbatcd feet: lady's bedftraw. For excrefcenccs: agaric, galls, and
other excrefcenccs of trees. For the jaundice : celandine, faiTron, and centaury.
For pimples, tetters, and ringworms: the bark of the birch-tree, and tree lungwort.
For fpots: garlic,, wake-robin, friar's cowl, arfefmart, and fpotted lungwort.
For the polypus : the root of the fmaller celandine, and of polypoJy. For the fcab:
polypody and favin. For yellow ciioler: as aliment, fafFron, beets, figs; as medi-
cine, aloes, fenna, worm v/ood- flowers, fpurgc, coloquintida, and rhubarb, &c.
For pradine cho'eri. thofe things which have a green and herb-like colour, as blites
and oriich. For pale choler : briony, having pale flowers. For melancholy : black
blite, bor.age, buglofs, &c. For phlegm : gourds and lettuce. For mixed hu-
iziours : things of mLxed colour.

II. AP.ro-

i6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

II. Aflrological or internal, of which the appropriations are, to the planets,
I. To the Sun, which is a benevolent planet, moderately hot and dry, a friend to
Jupiter and Venus, and an enemy to the reft ; and as it were the hesrt of the mi-
crocofm, and therefore it produceth the vital fpirits thereof, by which the whole
univerfe is cherifhed; and it is the fountain of peculiar influences, by which it
particularly helpeth things familiar, and hindereth what is contrary to irfelf. It
governeth the heart and arteries, the fight cold and moift, and eyes ; the finews
and the brain with the Moon, and alfo with Mercury. Of ficknefles, fwoonings,
cramps, the ophthalmy, watering eyes, and the cardiac with Jupiter : pimples,
heart-burning, tremblings, faintings, tympanies, difeafes of the mouth, convulfions,
all difeafco of the heart, ftinking breath, catarrhs, and putrid fevers ; it governs
the vital faculty, and the tafte which is hot and moift ; a!fo the attradive virtue
with Mars, it being hot and dry, and the digeftive hot and mciil : under which
are, angelica, afh-tree, balm, one blade, burnet, butter- burr, camomile, celan-
dine, centaury, eye-bright, St. John's wort, Jovage, marigolds, mifletoe, piony,
St. Peter's wort, pimpernel, rofa folis, rofemary, rue, faffron, tormentil, turnfol,
viper's buglofs, and walnut-tree : as alfo all fpices, forrel, wood-forrel, mallow,
borage, marjoram, dittany, gentian, ivy, elecampane, lavender, bay-tree, olive-
tree, mints, date-tree, oranges, pomecitrons, thyme, vine-tree, wood of aloes, ze-
doary, maftic, frankincenfe, and myrrh. 2. To the Moon, which is a planet in a
mean, between eood and bad; moderately cold and moift, a friend to Jupiter,
Saturn, Venus, and Mercur)', and an enemy to the other two j and is correfpon-
dent to the brain, and therefore fympathetic with the nervous parts and animal
fpirits j or it is the generatory of humidity, by which the whole univerfe is moift-
ened ; and is the fountain of peculiar influences, by which primarily and peculiarly
it doth affecfl things familiar to itfelf, and fecondarily things agreeing to Saturn,
Jupiter, Venus, and Mercury, as being benevolent unto the fame, or (as fome)
it is as it were the liver of the micocrofm. Under it are alfo the ftomach, bo\vels,
and bladder, as fome fay with Saturn. Of ficknefles, the cholic, phlegmatic
impofthumes, all kinds of oppilations, and the epilepfy with Mars and Mercury,
the palfy with Saturn, and the menftrual ficknefs with Venus ; alfo apoplexies,
palfies, belly-ach, difeafes of the tefticles, bladder, and genitals ; flopping and
overflowing of the terms in women, dropfy, fluxes, all cold and rheumatic dif-
eafes, the gout, fciatica, worms in the belly, hurts in the eyes, furfeits, rotten
coughs, convulfions, king's evil, fmall pox and meafles, crude humours, lethar-
gies, and all phlegmatic difeafes : alfo the expulfive faculty, which is cold and
moift. Under which are adder's tongue, cabbages, coleworts, columbines,
3 water

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 17

■»pater-crcnes, diick's-mcat, yellow waterflags, flower-de-luce, fluellin, ivy, lettucj,
water-lilies, loofeftrife with and without fpikc heads, moon-wort, moull'-car, or-
pine, poppies, purflain, privet, rattlc-grafs, white rofes, white faxifragc, burnetfaxi-
frage, wall-flowers, or winter gilly-flowers, and willow-tree ; as alfo chafte-tree,
winter cherries, garlic, reeds, bvooklime, onions, camomile, frogftools, hyfCop,
maftic --tree, mandrake, nutmegs, walnuts, line - tree, water - plantain, turnips-,
houfeleek, and common Iccks. 3. To Saturn, which is a malignant planet, diur-
nal, mafculine, and very cold; a friend to Mars, and an enemy to the reft, and
anfwereth to the fpleen of the microcofm : yet fome afcribe it to the head, as alfo
Jupiter and Mars. Some fay alfo, that Saturn ruleth the right ear, alfo the bones,
fundament, and the retentive faculties, cold and dry, in the whole body; and the
bladder with the Moon. Of fickncHes ; the leprofv, cankers, quartan ague,
palfy, confumption, black jaundice, iliac pafllon, dropfy, catarrh, gout in the faet,
and fcrophiilus; as alfo apoplexi^-s, tooth-ach, all melancholic difeafcs, cold nn.l
dry, trembling, vain fears, fancies, gout, dog-like appetite, hemorrhoids, broken
bdnes, diflocations, deafnefs, pains in the bones, ruptures, (if he be in Leo or Scor-
pio, or in an evil afpcd to Venus,) the chin-cough, pain in the bladder, all long dif-
eafes, melancholic madnefs, fear or grief; he governs the memory alfo, which is
cold and dry ; and the hearing alfo. Under it are, barley, red beets, beech-tree, bi-
foil or tway-blade, bird's-foot, biitort or fnake-weed, blue-bottles, buckfaorn-
plantain, Wild campions, pilevvort, cleavers or goofegrafs, clown's woundwort,
comfrey, cudweed or cotton v.eed, fciatica crefles, croffwort, darnel, dodd?r, cpi-
thymum, elm-tree, ofmond royal, fleawort, flixweed, fumitory, ftinking gladden,
goutwort, winter green, hawkweed, hemlock, hemp, henbane, horfetail, knapweed,
knotgrafs, medlar-tree, mofs, mullein,- nightfhade, poly-pody, poplar-tree, quince-
tree, rupture-wort, ruflies, Solomon's feal, Saracen's confound, fervice-tree, cete-
rach or fpleenwort, tamarifk, melancholy thiftle, blackthorn, thoroughwax', tutfan
or park (leaves and wood); as alfo aconite, chafte-tree, parfley, ftinking-tree, af-
phcdil, ftarwort, orach, fliepherd's purfe, capers, cummin, cyprefs, fern, black
hellebore, great dock, mandrake, mulberry-tree, opium, herb truelove, pine-tree,
favin, fage, fenna, and fengreen. 4. To Jupiter, which is a benevolent planet,
moderately hot and moift, a friend to all the reft except Mars; anfwering to the
■ liver, and cherifhing the faculties thereof by its influence. Some affirm alfo, that
he rules the lungs, ribs, fides, veins, blcod, and digeftive faculty j the natural vir-
tue of man, as alfo the griftles and fperm with Venus i the arteries and the pulfe.
Of ficknefs ; the peripneumony, apoplexy, pleurify, cramp, the cardiac with the
No. 3. G Sun,

^,8 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Suiij quinfey, numbnefs of the finews, and (linking of the mouth ; all infirmities of
the liver and veins, apytumes about the breaft and ribs, all difeafes proceeding from
putrefaftion of blood and wind, fevers, and other difeafes; he governeth the blood,
hot and moift j fo the judgment. Under which are agrimony, alexander, afpara-
gus, avens, bay- tree, white beets, water-betony, wood-betony, bilberries, borage,
buglofs, chervil, fweet cicely, cinquefoil, alecoft or coftmary, dandelion, docks,
blood wort, dog's or quick grafs, endive, hart's tongue, hyfibp, fengreea or houfe-
ieek, liverwort, lungwort, fweet maudlin, oak-tree, red rofes, fauce-aione or jack
by the hedge, fcurvy-grafs, fuccory, and our lady's thiftle ; as nlfo almonds, wal-
nuts, barberries, calamint, cherries, cornel-tree, hound's tongue, beans, beech -tree,
ftrawberries, afli-tree, fumitory, liquorice, barley, white lily, flax, darnel, mace,
apple-tree, mints, mulberries, myrobolans, nuts, bafil, olive-tree, organy, raifins,
pine-tree, peach-tree, roots of pLony, poplar-tree, purflain, plumb-tree, felf-heal,
pear-tree, rhubarb, currants, madder, fervice-tree, fpike, confound, wheat, violets,
vine-tree, raartic, ftorax, fugar, and all other fweet things. 5. To Mars, which
is a planet exceeding hot and dry, a friend to Venus, and an enemy to all the reft ;
cherilTiing the bladder and gall of the microcofm. Some fay, he rules the left ear,
apprehenfion, and caufeth valour; as alfo the veins, genitals, tefticles, and the reins
with Venus. Officknefles; the peftilence, hot fevers, yellow jaundice, fhingles,
carbuncles, fiftulas, choleric fluxes, fevers tertian and quotidian, all wounds, efpe-
cially in the face ; and the epilepfy with the Moon and Mercury : alfo megrims,
burning, fcalding, ringworms, blifters, frenzy-fury, hairbrains, fudden diftempers
of the heart, the bloody flux, fiftulas, difeafes in the genitals, ftone in the reins and
bladder, fears, pock-holes, hurts by iron and fire, the calenture, St. Anthony's fire,,
and all difeafes of choler and paffion ; he governs fmelling alfo, which is hot and
dry ; fo the attradive virtue. To which belong, arfefmart, aflarabecca, barberry-
bufh, fweet bafil, bramble-bufh, briony, brooklime, butcher's broom, broom,
broom-rape, crowfoot, wake-robin, crane's bill, cotton-thiftle, toad-flax, furze-
bufli, garlic, hawthorn, hops, madder, mafterwort, muftard, hedge-muftard, nettles,,
onions, pepper-wort or dittander, carduus benediiftus, radifli, horfe-radifh, rhubarb,,
rhaphontic, baftard rhubarb, thiftle, ftar-thiftle, tobacco, woolly thiRle, treacle-
mullard, mithrldate-mufl:ard, dyer's weed, and wormwood ; as alfo birthwort,
camelion thiflle, cornel-tree, danewort, efula,. euphorbium, fpearwort, hellebore,
fpurge- laurel, medlars, monk's hood, plantane, leeks, plumb-tree, oak-tree, tor-
mentil, nettle, fcammony, and .all poifonous things. 6. To Venus, which is a be~
nevolent planet, nofturnal, feminine, moderately cold, a little more intenfely moift-,.
i friend to the Sun, Mars, Mercury, and the Moon 5 an enemy to Saturn, and

having

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. rp

having an influence upon the genitals and urinary parts j as alfo upon the throat,
women's hreafts, and milk, therein ; the loins, the liver, and fptrm with Juniter,
and the reins with Mars. Of fickneflcs ; all difeafes of the matrix, gonorrhea, flux
of urine, priapifm, weaknefs of the ftomach and liver, Fiench pox, flux of the
bowels, and the menftrual ficknefs with the Moon : and all difcrifes of the genitals,,
reins, and navel ; and all difeafes by immoderate luft, weaknefs in the aft of "-ene-
ration, all forts of ruptures, all difeafes of the urine, and iliac paflion ; and go-
verns the procreative virtue, and the feeling with Mercury, which is. of all quali-
ties. Under which are, alehoof or ground ivy, black alder-tree, apple-tree, /linking
orach, archangel or dead nettles, beans, lady's bedilraw, birch-tree, bifliop's-weed,,
blights, bugle, burdock, cherry tree, winter-cherries, chickweed, chich-peafe, clary,,
cock's-head, colts-foot, ccwflips.daifies, devil's-bit, elder, dwarf elder, eringo, fea-
therfew, fig-wort, filapendula, fox-gloves, golden- rod, gromewel, groundfel, herb-
robert, herb truelove, kidney-wort, lady's mantle, mallows, marfhmallows, mercu-
ry, mints, motherwort, mugwort, nep, parfnip, peach-tree, pear-tree, pennyroyal,
periwinkle, plantanc, plumb-tree, primrofes, ragwort, rocket, winter- rocket, da-
mafk-rofes, wood fage, fanicle, fclf-heal, foapwort, forrel, wood-forrel, fow-thifl:les,
fpignel, ftrawberries, garden tanfy, wild tanfey or filverweed, teafels, vervain, vine-
tiee, violtts, wheat and yarrow ; as alfo afphodil, maiden-hair, coriander, fow-
bread, figs, ground-ivy, flower-dc-Iuce, all kinds of lilies, melilot, pomegranates^
dafi-bdil, ftone-parfley, fweet^peafe, rofes, fanders, fatyrion, wild thyme, thyme,,
vervain, violet, laudanum, mufl<, amber, and all kinds of perfumes, 7. To Mer-
cury, which is a mutable planet, good with the good, and bad with the bad ; hot
with the hot, and cold with the cold j dry with the dry, and moift with the hu-
mid i a friend to Saturn, Jupiter, Venus, and the Moon, and an enemy to Mars
and the Sun, reprefenting the lungs,, which it doth fympathetically ftrerigthen by
its influences ; yet fbmc appropriate it to the middle of the belly; fome fav alfo.
that he rules the brain, efpcciaily the imagination, hot and dry, tongue, hands,,
fcet, and irrational parts, and that alone he makcthapprehenfive, defirous of know-
ledge, and very fickle ; as alfo that he governeth the fpirits, jnemory, and brain,,
with the Sun and Moon. Of ficknefres; madnefs, lofs of the common fcnfes, dot-
ing, lifping, and flammering, coughs, hoarfenefs, and the epilcpfy with the Moon
and Mars; almoft all difeafes of the brain, as vertigoes, &c. all difeafes of the
lungs, as afthmas, phthyfies, &c. all imperfedions of the tongue and memory,,
gout, ftoppings of the head, dumbnefs, epidemical difeafes, and hurts of the inteU
left. Under it are, calamints or mountain-mint, carrots, carraways, dill, elecam-
pane, fern, fennel, hog's fenn&l, germander, haael-nut-tree, hoarhound, hound's-

2. tonaue.

lo CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

tonaiie, lavender, liquorice, wall-rue, maiden-hair, golden maiden-hair, fweet-mir-
joram, melilot, money-wort, mulberry-tree, oats, parfley, cow parfnip, peliitory of
the wall, chamepity or giound-pine, reftharrow or cammock, famphire, fummer
and winter favory, fcabious, fmallagc, fouthernwood, meadow trefoil, garden va-
lerian, and honey fuckles or woodbine ; as alfo marfhmallows, anifefeed, colum-
bine, daify, camomile, cubebs, beans, fumitory, walnut-tree, juniper-tree, mercu-
ry, navew, cinquefoil, ftone-parfley, butterbur, burnet, peony, lungwort, elder,
fpeeJvvell, wild thyme, and colt's-foot. All which are faid to cure difeafes by
fympathy, fo each planet cures its own : or antipathy, fo the contrary. And are
under the planets primarily and dire6tly, or immediately, or fecondarily, by the re-
fpedive amity of the reft. Note, That the folar plants have a good fhape, yellow
flower, good fmell and tafte, and in open meridional places. The lunar are thick-
leaved, juicy, wateriih, fweet-tafted, foon grow up, in waterifii places. The Sa-
turnine, ill-lhaped, ill fmell, binding tafte, lean, in filthy, woody, foHtary, dark,
places. The jovial, of good tafte and fmell, red or fky- coloured, oily fubftance,
plain-leaved, in fat places. The martial, rough and prickly, reddifh, of burning
tafte, in dry places. The venereal, white-flowered, of clammy juice, of fweet
tafte, pleafanc fmell, fmooth-leaved, not laciniate. The mercurial, verticolor,
flowered, codded, arenary.

II. To the figns, as followeth, amongft which there are four degrees, after the
manner of the four firft qualities; fo they are appropriate, i. To Aries, which is
a mafculine fiery fign, or hot and dry, fympathetical to the head. Some fay it is
eaftern, mafculine, choleric, governeth the face, eyes, ears, &c. and whatever is
above the firft vertebra of the neck. Of ficknefles; the apoplexies, mania, fpots
and wounds in the face, abortifements, and other impetuous difeafes ; ringworms
and morphews ; alfo the fmall- pox and meafles, polypus, and all difeafes in' the
head. Thus in the firft degree, red mug-wort, beton)', fuccory, larkfpur, dane-
wort, mints, peach-kernels, butter-bur, wild thyme, colt's-foot, and fluellin ; and
are to be gathered in the end of dog-days, after the full of the Moon. In the
fecond degree, fperage, St. John's-wort, milfoil, plantane, and peony ; and are to be
gathered the Sun and Moon being in Cancer. In the third degree, agaric, gar-
den fpurge, mezerion-tree, wild-gourds, fpurge, colt's-foot, gentian, privet, nut-
meg, palma Chrifti, elder, and farfaparilla ; and are to be gathered betwixt
St. James's and St. Lawrence's day. In the fourth degree, fouthernwood, caia-
mint, capers, cinnamon, white hellebore, marjoram, hoarhound, wild creftes, rofe-
mary, turbith, and fpike ; and are to be gathered partly in April, partly in Sep-
tember,

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. ai

tember. 2. To Taurus, which is a terrcftrial feminine fign, cold and dry, fympathe-
tic to the neck and throat. It is fouth, feminine and melancholic, governing the
voice, fevcn vertebrae of the neck, and the channel-bone. Of ficknefies; quinfies,
fcrophulas, catarrhs, and hoarfcnefs, and all difeafes incident to the throat. Thus
in the firfl: degree, betony, niiitwafte, ground ivy, the root of white lilies, mints,
daflbdil, polypody, rofes, rofcmary;, valerian, and violets ; and mollify the tumours
of the jaws and fplcen. In the fecond degree, maiden-hair, winter cherries, colunj-
bines, ivv, Solomon's feal, oak-tree ; and mifietoe of the oak, and help wounds.
In the third degree, buglofs, our lady's thiftle, hound's tongue, agimony, the
lefTer dock, organy, flone-parflcy, oak-tree, cinquefoil, fanicle, figwort, tormentil,
periwinkle, and filver weed j and are traumatic. In the fourth degree, moufe-car,
great burdock, wild betony, great celandine, afh-trce, mallow?, lung-wort, fca-
bious, and ground ivy ; and have antipathy with the fublunaries which are under
Libra and Scorpio, but fympathetic with thofe that are under Cancer and Sagit-
tarius. 3. To Gemini, which is a mafculine fign, airy, but hot and moift, pof-
fefling the Iboulders ; it is weft, mafculine, fanguine, governing the arms and
hands, wiih the parts belonging thereto. Of ficknefTes j phlegmons, fellons, and
ethers of blood there : and all fuch difeafes as are incident to the hands, arms, and
Ilioulders, really or by accident. Thus, in the firft degree, anlfefeed, marflimal-
lows, buglofs, borage, fennel, hyiTop, ftone-parfiey, fclf-heal, and wall -rue. In
the fecond degree, great burdock, buglofs, fern, white-lime-tree, turnips, &c. lit
the third degree, chickweed,- wake robin, mace, and dead nettle. In the fourth
degree, forrel, germander, camomile, celandine, mugwort, and rhubarb; and
they have an antipathy with the fublunaries of Capricorn, and fympathy with
thofe of Libra and Aquaries. 4. To Cancer, which is a feminine fign, watery,
cold, and moift, fympathetic to the bread and lungs, as slfo to the ribs and fpleen,
and cureth the difeafes thereof. It is north, feminine and phlegmatic, governing
the liver alfo. Of fickneffes ; the alopecia, watery eyes, rheums, fcabs, and the
leprofy ; as alfo all imperfc(5lions of the breaft, ftomach, and liver, and incident:
thereto. Thus, in the firft degree, chickweed, cabbage, thiftie, the flowers and
fruits of beans, lady's bedftraw, turnips, rampions, fage, and figwort. In the fe-
cond degree, ftrawberry-trcc, cones of the fir-tree and pine, comfre\-, nightfiiade,
turpentine, and mifietoe. In the third, brooklirae, foxgloves, cudweed, rurties,
cre/Tcs, feed of ftoue-parfley, purflain, willow faxifrage, and ftone-crop. In the
fourth degree, water-lily, piony, houfeleek, and coral ; and are antipathetic ta
the fublunaries of Sagittarius, and fympathetic to thofe of Taurus and Libra,
5. To Leo, which is a mafculine fign, fiery, or hot and dry, governing the heart
, No. 3. II , inds

2i CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

and ftomach. It is of the eaft, mafculine, choleric, ruling the back, fides, and mid-
riff", with Virgo, and the twelve vcrtebraf of the breaft, pertcard and appetite. Of
ficknefles ; the cardiac paflion, the trembling of the heart, and fwooning ; all dif-
ecifes thereof, and back, and all difcafes of choler and aduftion. Thus, in the firft
degree, bafii, fiffron, cyprefs-tree, carnations, hyffop, lavender, water plantane, fun-
dew, fea bindweed, and thyme. In the fecond degree, wild angeiica, tway-bl?.de,
centaury, galingale, gentian, and devil's bit. In the third degree, ftinking May-
weed, carrots, mints, garden crefTes, penny-royal, crowfoot, and nettles. In the
fourth degree, birch-tree, box, broom, and bay-tree; the firft arc to be gathered the
Sun being in Pifces, and the Moon in Cancer, The fecond fort in the beginning of
May before fun-rifing, or in the end of Auguft ; or the Sun being in Taurus, and
the Moon in Gemini. The third, the Sun being in Leo, and the Moon in Virgo ;
and the laft quadrature, or for refrigeration, the Sun being in Taurus, and the
Moon in Gemini. The fourth, the Sun being in Pifces, and the Moon in Aqua-
ries, or both. 6. To Virgo, which is a feminine f gn, earthy, cold, dry, and fym-
pathetic to the liver, inteftines, and belly. It is fouth, feminine, melancholic ; go-
verning the midriff with Leo, the navel, fpleen, omentum, and all that belongeth
to them. Of fickneffes ; the cholic and iiiac palnon, oppilations of the fpleen,
and black jaundice i alfo all difeafes incident to the bowels, meferaic veins, omen-
tum, diaphragm, and fpleen. Thus, in the firft degree, forrel, wood-forrel, bur-
dock, fuccory, plantane, pear-tree, and wild fage. In the fecond degree, v,^hite
beets, medlars, Solomon's feal, and briar-bufh. In the third, birthwort, bugle,
fleabane, felf-heal, and oak-tree. In the fourth, carduus benedicftus, fmall cen-
taury, black alder-tree, adder's tongue, floe-tree with all its parts, fruit and flow-
ers, tormentil, and biftort. 7. To Libra, which is a mafculine fign, airy, hot, and
mojft, fvmpathetic to the reins and bladder. It is weft, mafculine, fanguine : go-
verning the navel and buttock with Scorpio. Of ficknefles ; all filthy fcabs and
fpots in the face, lofs of fight, cankers, hemorrhoids, the leprofy, alopecia, and
cholic; all difeafes of the reins, wind, and blood corrupted. Thus, in the firft
degree, all forts of daifies, bugle, feverfew, covvflips, goat's beard, and water parf-
nip. In the fecond degree, marflimallows, camomile, mifletoe, martagon, mal-
lows, line-tree, vervain, and filver-weed. In the third degree, cilve's fnout, mug-
wort, nut-tree, and wall-rue. In the fourth degree, chickweed, great celandine,
black mints, fcabious, figwort, and houfeleek. 8. To Scorpio, which is a femi-
nine fign, watery, cold, and moift, and fympathetic to the genitals. It is north,
feminine, and phlegmatic, governing the fundament and bladder with Libra. Of
ficknefl"es j the former and French pox, and all difeafes that infesfl the privities of

both

A N D C O M P L E T E II E R B A L. cj

hfith fcxes, and bladder. Thus, in the firft degree, crofTwort, hawthorn, and fcr-
vice-tree ; as alfo all fimpks of the firft degree of Cancer gathered in Oiftobcr. In
the fecond degree, adi-tree, all forts of apples, and plumb-tree. In the third, bar-
berry-tree, box, feverfew, and foapwort j hereto belong ail herbs of the fecond de-
gree of Cancer. In the fourth, great red beets, mercury, daffodil, and ribes. 9. To
Sagittarius, which is a mafculinc fign, hot and dry, fympathetic to the loins, &;c.
It is eaft, mafculine, choleric, governing the thighs and hips. Of ficknelTes ; hot
fevers, blear eyes, and falls, and all difeafes in the thighs and hips. Thus, in the
firft degree, comfrey, onion, radifh, figwort, flowers of line-tree, fefmuim, and ver-
vain. In the fecond dcgrej-, garlic, wild angelica, henbane, lovage, and. leaves
of willow-tree. In the third degree, red beet, aflarabecca, celandine, faffron, fern,
ground-ivy, madder, devil's bit, and turmeric. In the fourth degree, gum-thillle,
crcfll's, and white vine. 10. To Capricorn, which is a feminine fign, terrefirial
or earthy, cold and dry, fympathetic to the knees and nerves. It is fouth, femi-
nine, melancholic, governing the hams, and what belongeth to them. Of ficknefies ;
achs in the knees, deafncfs, lofs of fight and fpeech, itch and fcabs, and foulnefs
of the flcin ; all difeafes in the knees and hams, and all difeafes of melancholy, and
fchirrhufies. Thus, in the firft degree, marigold, black cherries, elecampane, mul-
berry-tree, bramble-bufti, and worts. In the fecond degree, blackberries, mullein,
and g?.rdcn endive. In tlie third degree, acorus, wake-robin, fliepherd's purfe,
comfrey, gourds, galingale, garden mallows, and all kinds of fow- thirties. In the
fourth deo-ree, hellebore, hcr.bane, mandrake, monk's hood, herb truelove, fivin,
nichtftiade, and ftavcs-acre. 1 1. To Aquaries, which is a mafculine fign, aerious,
hot, and moift, fympathetic to the legs. It is v/eft, mafculine, fanguine, governing
v/hat belongs to the nerves. Of ficknefles ; quartan fevers, the black jaundice,
fweHin"s of the legs, and varices ; alfo all difeafes incident to the legs and ancles,
all melancholy coagulated in the b'ood. Thus, in the firft degree, angelica, wi'd
carrot, fig-tree, flowers of the afh-tree, ground ivy, walnut-tree, melilot, fanicic,
Solomon's feal, and periwinkle. In the fecond degree, larkfpur, cummin, dodrler
of thyme, crane's bill, clotbur, rofe-root, wall-rue, wild fage, and white nettle. In
the third degree, agrimony, moufe-ear, clary, mercury, faxifrage, and dragon. In the
fourth degree, the leaves of aflarabecca, motherwort, hemlock, and medlars. 1 2. To
rifccs, which is a feminine fign, aqueous, cold and moift, and fympathetic to the
feet. It is north, feminine, phlegmatic, governing all that belongs to the feet. Of
fickncfi'es ; gouts, fcabs, the leprofy and paify, lamenefs, kibes, difeafes incident to
the feet; all difeafes of fait phlegm, mixed with humours; the fmall pox, meafles,
and all cold and moift difeafes. Thus, in the firft degree, long birthwort, cab-

bjge,

C4 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

bage, gourds, elecampane, myrobolans, navew, water-Uh', purflain, and turnips. In
the fccond degree, artichokes, calves fnout, blue-bottle, and golden flower gentle.
In the third degree, nigella, garden and wild poppy, and fow-thiftls. In the fourth
degree, hemlock, henbane, monk's hood, horned poppy, and white nightfhride.

Here let it be remembered, that in all thefe the fympathy and antipathy of the
figns and planets are to be obferved; both efiential, by houfe and exaltation, tem-
perature, or quality, or conditions ; or elfe accidental, by configurations j of which
jbme are obnoxious and hateful, as a quartile and oppofition; as alio the conjunc-
tion of bad planets: others are healthful, as a fcxtile and trine, iand the conjundion
of good planets. Next confider what difeafcs every planet caufcth diftindly of
himfelf, and what under the figns of the zodiac ; what parts the planets gene-
rally rule, and what of the figns they are under, and houfes of the heaven in a ce-
leRial fcheme; and what part each planet particularly rules, according to his tranfit
through his fign. Then may the nature and kind of the difeafe be found out by
the figure of the decumbiture. i. By the houfes of heaven; of which, the fixth,
feventh, and twelfth, fignify difeafes. 2. By the nature of the figns ; as, fiery,
earthy, airy, and watery. 3. By the planets, and their afpecfts. The part may ba
found out by confidering the government of the fign; and mafculine planets fig-
nify the right fide, and the feminine the left, and afflid vv'here ruling. As for the
length of the difeafe, it may be found out by the nature of the planet?, as followeth:
Saturn caufeth long ficknefies; the Sun and Jupiter, fliort ; Mars, fhorter,, but
acute; Venus, mean; Mercury, inconfl:ant, as afpedled ; the Moon giv«s fuch as
often return. Whether it fhall end by life or death, well or ill, may be conjedured
from afpeds. The fun giveth vital heat to the creation, the Moon giveth radical
moifture, Saturn fixeth and putrifieth this, Jupiter turneth it into nourishment.
Mars calcines it, Venus makes it fruitful, and Mercury makes it rational. As for
elements, the fire preferves the earth, that it be not drowned or deftroyed by a con-
tinual flux of water upon it; the air preferves the fire, that it be not extinguifhed ;
the water preferves the earth, that it be not burned; and the earth is the decodion
of all. The air and fire, are thin and adive; water and earth, thick and paffive,,
with a proportionable difference : or, a5 others fay, air hath motion, thinnefs, and
darknefs; fire hath the two firfl, and brightnefs ; water hath motion, darknefs, and
thicknefs ; the earth hath the two laft, and quietnefs. Alfo the Sun is chief in chro-
nical difeafes; and the Moon in the acute with the afcendant. The occult quali-
ties are found out by peiralcgy, or experience,, which is mor? fure and fafe..

II. Next

AND C O M P L E T E H K R B A L. 25

II. Next follow thofe things which are more remote, that concern plints and
other medicinals, as commonly to be compounded therewith. As, i. The topo-
logy, or place of gathering them; thus, i. Herbs are to be gathered in mountains,
hills, and plain places j in thofe that are higheft efpecially, and expofed to the. fun,
and winds ; except fome few, as germander and ground pine, which are more odo-
riferous and frequent on hills: but thofe that grow only in plain places are ta be
gathered in more dry places, and more remote from lakes ajid rivers, except they
delight in more moifture, as water-caltrops, water-lilies, &c, 2. Flowers are to be
gathered in thofe places in which there are the beft plants, j. So fruits. 4. And
feeds. 5. So roots alfo. 6. Woods are to be taken from trees where they are well
grown. 7. Barks, where their plants are beft. 8, Juices arc to be taken from the
btft herbs, chiefly the well grown and greater, as being lefs excrementitious, and
that before they grow woody and rotten. 9. Liquors and gums, &c. are to be
taken from mature fialks, which are the bell in their kind, as the reft. 2. The
chronology or time. Thus, i. Herbs are to be gathered in the time of their fiou-
riftiing, and beginning to go to feed ; which is for the moft part in July, if they
are to be kept, and that at noon in a clear day; being fome confiderable time or
certain days before freed from ftiowers, and not too dewy, or fcorched by too
much heat of the fun, which is chiefly in the fpring or beginning of fummer. But
thofe which grow green all the year in gardens may be gathered at any time ; and
thofe that have neither ftalk, flower, nor ked, as maiden-hair, fpleenwort, &c. are
to be gathered in the vigour of their leaves, i. e. when they are moft green and
gieateft; yet fome, becaufe while they flower or bear feed they are woody and dry,
are to be gathered before that time, as fucco: y, beet, &c. 2. Flowers, in the vi-
gour of their maturity, when opened (except the rofe) at noon in fair weather, af-
ter the fun hath taken ofFthedew, and before they wither or fall off, wh"ch for the
moft part is in fpring. 3. Fruits, when they are ripe, and before they wither,
4. Seeds, out of fruits thorough ripe, when they begin to be dry, and before they
fall off; and out of plants when dry and no longer green, as in the fummer,
i. e. June or July. 5. The juice of plants is to be prefied out whilft they are green,
and their leaves yet tender, and efpecially out of the well-grown and greater. 6. The
barks of fruits are to be taken when the fruits are full ripe, and thofe of roots when
the herbs have loft their leaves, but thofe of trees when they are in their vigour.
7. Woods, when the trees are full grown. 8. Liquors and gums, &c. are taken
by opening the ftalk in the vigour thereof, and gums when congealed and mature.
9. Roots, when the fruit is fallen off, and the leaves alfo begin, which for the moft
part is in autumn, and arc to be dug up in fair weather i which is neceflary al-

No. 3. I waya

i6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

ways to be obferved : as alfo (according to feme) the decreafing of the moon, the
day of decreafing, and the morning, that time being balfamical: as alfo the for-
titude of the planet familiar to the thing to be gathered, and the figii of the zo-
diac. 3. The dropology, or manner of gathering them ; as fome affirm, fome
plants having diverfe faculties, according to the diverfe manner of gathering them,
as upwards or downwards ; fo hellebore, the leaves drawing the humours upwards
or downwards accordingly : fo the root of elder alfo, and the buds, which, being
gathered upwards, caufe vomiting, and purge if downwards : alfo fome obferve the
fcite of the regent planets, as whether they are oriental or occidental, &c. 4. The
parafceuologyj or manner of preparing them for afiervation. Thus, i. Flowers,
are kept for the moft part feparated from t!ie flalks and leaves. 2. Herbs or leaves,
if they are greater, and have more thick ftalks, they are kept apart from them ;
but, if more flender, they are kept together, and fometimes with the flowers.
3. Fruits, as apples, &c. are to be placed with their ftalks downwards, and lafl:
longer if laid on a heap of barley. 4. Roots, fome are kept whole, as thofe of
birthwort, gentian, hermodadlils, fatyrion, &c. others are difletfled, as thofe of
briony, elecampane, flower-de-luce, &c. alfo fome have the woody matter taken
away, as thofe of fennel, flione-parfley, &c. 5. The phylacology, or v/ay and"
place of keeping them ; which in general ought to be pure^ convenient, high, drv,
open, of a north or fouth fituation, where they may not be burnt by the fun, or
jnoiftened by the walls, &c. more particularly : as, i. Flowers, are to be dried in
the fliade, and then they (efpecially thofe of good odour) are to be kept in telle
cafltets. 2. Herbs, are to be dried in the fhade, except thofe that have thicker
ftalks, and moifter leaves, and fo fubjetS: to putrefadion, which mufl: therefore be
dried by the more intenfe heat of the fun, or fome other way ; and, when thev are
•well dried, they are to be kept in linen bags, or, which is better, in wooden caf-
kets, that they may be defended from duft. 3. Seeds, are to be kept in a dry
place, and in a wooden or glazed vefl'el, being wrapped up in papers, that they may
lafl: the longer, and without impurity. 4. Fruits, in boxes, panniers, or fcuttles^
5. Gums and dry rofins, in a dry place, and in wooden veflels, but the more liquid
m pitchers. 6. Barks, in wooden coffers, and a dry place. 7. Roots, in a dry air,
and the fmaller and more thin (whofe virtues may be eafily difTipated by the heat of
fire or the fun) are to be dried in the fhade and wind, as thofe of parfley, fennel, &c.
but the more grofs by the fun or wind, as thofe of briony, gentian, mandrake, and
rhubarb. 6. The monology, or duration of them. Where note, the time of keep-
ing them mufl: not exceed that of their duration, which is diverfe, according to the
greater or fmaller folidity of the fubflance, by which they are more or lefs fubjeft to

difli.

A N D C O M P L E T E H E R B A L.. 27

dirtipation. In particular ; i. Vegetables j as, i . Flowers may be kept fo long as
they retain tlieir colour, fmell, and tafte, which for the moft part is half a year ;
therefore they are to be changed every year. Note alfo, they are bcft when frefheft.
2. Herbs may be kept longer, yet it is better to change them yearly. 3. Seeds, by
how much they are more hot, fllarp, and aromatical, by fo much alfo are they more
durable, therefore may be kept two or three years ; but thofe that are fmaller and
colder muft be changed every year, and muft be kept carefully, left they grow
mouldy. 4. Fruits muft be changed every year; but the exotic, that have a harder
bark or fiiell, &c. may be kept two or three years. 5. Gums and rofins are more
durable. 6. Barks laft a year or more. 7. Roots, if they are little, (lender, and thin,
are changed every year; as thofe of affxrabecca, fperage, &c. but the greater, and
having a grofs fubftance, laft two or three years ; as thofe of birthvvort, briony,
gentian, rhubarb, and hellebore, &c.

Thus far we have confidered the faculties of medicinals ; now follow thofe of
aliments, which are fuch vegetables, &c. as nourifh and increafe the bodily fub-
ftance, by reftoring that which is deperdite, the body beirgin a perpetual decay, and
therefore v;anting refeflion by meat and drink; and this, if it do not greatly affeft
the body by any other quality, is properly and fimply called aliment, and is in
fome meafure like unto the fubftance of the body into which it is to be converted j
but, if it change the body by any exuperant quality, it is not fimply aliment, but
medicamentous: fuch are thofe things, which with fweetnefs have adjoined an acid,
acerb, bitter, or fharp, quality; and from hence arifeth the difference of aliments ;
which, I. In refpedl of fubftance, are hard and foft; heavy, vifcid, or light; firm or
infirm; eafily or hardly concoi5ted or corrupted. 2. In refpe(5l of quality, they are
hot, cold, moift, or dry ; fweet or bitter ; four, fait, fharp, acid, acerb, or auftere ;
of good or bad juice; fimple or medicamentous ; wholefome or unwholefomej beft
or worft; of which fome are, i. Euchymic, or of good juice, fweet in tafte, agree-
able to the palate, and not of any unpleafant fmell ; as alfo fit things, and fome of
which are infipid, as bread of the beft wheat, &c. 3. Cacochymic, or of evil juice,
which, befides fweetnefs, have fome other quality mixed therewith, as (Imrpncfs,
bitternefs, faltnefs, acerbity, and too much acidity; alfo all fetid things, of an un-
pleafmt fmell, and corrupted ; as the cleraceous, (efpecially the wild,) except let-
tuce and fuccory, cucumbers, corrupt corn, things growing in cenofe and dirty
places, as alfo thick, auftere, and acid ; beer made of bad grain, &c. and fome of
thefe ingender, i. A cold, pituitous, and crude, juice, as the hafty fruits and cold
herbs. 2, But others, a hot and bilious, as all things that have acrimony, fo gar-

lic>

a8 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

lie, onions, leeks, wake-robin, crefTes, muftard, &c. 3. And fome melancholic,
as pulfes, efpecially lentils, and cabbage. 3. Of grofs nouri/hment, as thofe things
which have a ftrong and hard fubftancc, as bread baked under aflies, and whatfo-
ever is made of meal without leaven; chefnuts, acornr, frogftools, thick, fvveet,
and black, wine and alej alfo whatfoever is vifcid and glutinous, and are to be
fliunned by all that live at eafe, and ufe no excrcife before meat ; but thofe are
the beft for diet that are in a mean between incraffating and attenuating. 4. Of thin
juice, as things which are not tough or vifcid, and have not a ftrong fubftance, but
thin and friable, efpecially if joined with acrimony j as garlic, onions, leeks, hyflbp,
organy, fivory, bread of wheat well fermented and twice baked, bitter almonds,
peaches, and thin white wines ; thefe alfo open the paffages, clean away what is
vifcous, incide and extenuate what is grofs ; but are to be fhunned by thofe who
are of a choleric temperature ; the long ufe of them caufing bilious and ferous ex-
crements, yet are agreeable to thofe whofe body and veins are full of a crude, pitui-
tous and melancholic, juice. Here note, an attenuating diet differeth from a (lender
one, the lafl prefixing a mode in the quantity, and the other being fo called by
reafon of the tenuity of the alimentary juice. Eupeptic or of eafy concodlion, as
things which have not a folid firm fubftance, but are either rare or eafily refoluble,
concodled, or corrupted, as moft fruits and things oleraceous j but thefe, as they
are quickly and eafily concofted, fo alfo are they eafily altered and corrupted: for,
if taken into a flomach whcfe heat is ftiarp, biting, and febriculous, or into which
fome bilious humour doth flow, they are not turned into aliment, but fome evil
humour j but thofe things that are not eafily concofced are alfo nsither altered nor
corrupted. 6. Difpeptic, or of hard concoftion, as all things of a folid fubftance
and thick juice ; as unleavened bread, cabbage, dates, chefnuts, unripe fervices
acorns, and acid wines. Thefe, if taken into a hot ftomach, are fconer conceded
than if into a mean -, and, in a weak and cold one, they are either concocT:ed not at
all, or very flowly.

An experiment of all thefe may be made by decoction in water. For the liquor,
if fweet, ftieweth the thing to be of good juice^ if thick, of grofs juice ; if thin, of
little ; if well boiled, of much nouriftiment ; if flowly boiled, not eafily altered in
the flomach, and fo the contrary. Alfo fome are, i. Flatulent, of cold uncon-
codled humidity ; as all fruits early ripe, efpecially if eaten raw, ciches, and lu-
pines ; alfo whatfoever is fweet with aufterity, which, by reafon they cannot be
^afily diftributed and remain long in the flomach, caufe flatulency, as muft
new beer, &c. 2. Without wind, of eafy elixation, as things well bo.led, leavened

^ bread

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. z<j

!)fcad made of good wheat and well baked, and old wine. 3. Eafily dcfcending,
acid, fait, infipid, or excrementitious j as things full of humidity, participating of
a certain acrimony or faltnefs without acerbity ; or are infipid, as mallows, orach^
mercury, marigolds, &c. and things full of execrements, as brown bread, and what-
foever is full of bran, and broths. 4. Slowly, as things dry and binding, havini'
little humidity; as dry meats, fine bread, things having a little aftridtion ; as pears,
fervices, black wines, or red, but fooner the auftere.. Thus of the definition of phy-
tology and its parts, i. Therapeutic, or curatory. 2. Threptic, or alimentary ; in
l^oth which vegetables are confidercd; i. According to their fubftance, as of thick
or thin fubflance or confiftence, loofe or clofe, glutinous or crumbling, heavy or
light. 2. According to their accidents; and i. as medicamentary, i. accordinn- to
their more immediate accidents, i. The qualities j as the firll, heat, coldncfs, moif-
ture, and drinefs, with their degree, fenfible, manifeft, vehement, or moft violent.
The fecond, mollifying, hardening, rarefying, condenfing, opening, binding, draw-
ing, repelling, cleanfing, purging, attenuating, clamming, obflrudling, eafing pain,.
fvupefying, reddening, putrefying, and burning. The third, fuppurating, incarning,
conglutinating, cicatrizing, generating callus, provoking urine, breaking the fione,.
provoking the terms, expedorating, and generating milk and fpcrm, cauling fv.eat,.
fueezing, beauty, killing worms, and phlegmatizing. The fourth occult, refilling
poifon, fpccific, and purging. 2. The way of finding out thefe qualities: i. The.
manifeft, i. by reafon, as by the fmell, colour; as white, black, green,, and yel-
low; &c. Taftes ; as bitter, fharp, acid, nitrous, fait, fweet, acerb, auftere, ole-
■ cus, aquinfipid or waterilh, earthy, woodifh, and corn-like. Touch; as thick,
thin, clofe, hollow, hard, foft, heavy, light, clammy, dry, rough, fmooth;- muta-
bility, age, places, and operation of the four firft qualities. 2. By experience, con--
fidering, quid iu quo, quomodo. 1. The cccult, i. By fignature. i.. .External, in co-
lour, form, property. 2. Internal, a& appropriated, i. To the planets, as to the Sun,
Moon, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Mercury. 2. To the iigns, as to Aries,.
Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn,
Aquaries, and Pifces. 0. By experience, according to the more remote accidents,
as the place'of gathering them, the time and manner, the v/ay of preparing them
for keeoinf, and place thereof; their duration,, difcrimination, place in receipts,
with their compofitions and way of making them; their dofcs, as ingredients and
compounded; their ufe, and fcafon and manner of ufing them, &c. 11. As alimen-
tary, and fo as of good or bad juice, of thick or. thin juice, of eafy or hard cojiccc-
tioii,, windy,. or vi'ithout wind, eafily or flowly dcfcending, &c.

No. 3.. K» Now.

5© CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Now follow the differences of vegetables, and, in general, I. External, i. Of
Trees, which are, i. rhodoflory, or rofe-flowered, as the rofe, holy rofe, and ciftus
ledon, &c. i. Pomiferous, or apple-bearing; as the apple- tree, quince-tree, citron-
tree, orange-tree, pomegranate-tree, pear-tree, fig-tree, fycamore-tree, mulberry-tree,
^rawberry-tree, m-edlar-tree, fervice-tree, peach tree, apricot-tree, plumb-tree, my-
lobolans-tree, febeften-tree, jujube-tree, cornel-tree, nettle-tree, cherry-tree, pock-
v/ood-tree, and eben-tree. 3. Nuciferous, or nut-bearing; as the almond- tree, wal-
nut-tree, filbert-tree, nut-tree, chefnut-tree, phiftic-tree, oily-acorn-tree, ftorax-tree,
and exotic-nut-tree. 4. Dadlyliferous, as the palm-tree, bearing dates. 5. Glandi-
ferous, or maft- bearing; as the beech-tree, oak-tree, cork- oak-tree, Arabian bind-
weed and oak-tree, mifletoe, gall-tree, and uva-quercina. 6. Bacciferous, or berry-
bearing; as thefaunders-tree, maftic-tree, frankincenfe-tree, turpentine-tree, balfam-
trce, fhumach-tree, fcarlet-oak-tree, a{h-tree, holly-tree, line-tree, wayfaring-tree,
ofrrys, cotton-tree, maple-tree, plain-tree, ague-tree, great fpurge-tree, barberry-
tree, goofeberry-tree, elder-tree, laurel, bay- tree, mezereon-tree, mountain widdow-
vvail, rockrofe, myrtle-tree, butcher's broom, cloudberry -tree, box-tree, olive-tree,
chafle-tree, privet, mock privet, buckthorn, boxthorn, bramble, caper- tree, favin,
cedar-tree, cyprefs-tree, juniper-tree, yew-tree, dragon-tree, fperage. 7. Aromati-
ferous, or fpice-bearing, as the nutmeg and mace tree, pudding-pipe-tree, cinnamon-
tree, Indian leaf, clove-tree, pepper-tree, cubeb-tree, cloveberry-tree, cardamom-tree,
and aloe-tree. 8. Coniferous, or cone-bearing, likepine-apples; as the coniferous
cedar, pine-tree, larch- tree, pitch- tree, and fir-tree. 9. Juliferous, or wool-bearing,
as the willow- tree, alder-tree, elm-tree, and poplar- tree. 10. Siliquate; or codded;
as the flirub trefoil, bean trefoil, Egyptian thorn, rofewood-tree, broom, furze,
baflard fenna, fenna, fpindle-tree, and rofebay. 1 1. Scopary, as the tamariflc-tree,
and heath, &c. 11. Succiferous, or juice-yielding; as the ammoniac-tree, metopion,
acacia, manna-tree or afh, gamandra-tree or Indian great fpurge-tree. 13. Gummi-
ferous, or gum-bearing; as the gum-arabic-tree, or Egyptian thorn, forcocol-tree,
ivy-tree, caucomum-tree, lacca-tree, dragon-tree, camphire-tree, juniper-tree, cherry-
tree, plumb-tree, goat's thorn yielding tragacantha, elm-tree, &c. 14. Refiniferous,
or rofin-yielding; as the turpentine-tree, larch-tree, maftic-tree, frankincenfe-tree,
myrrh-tree, ftorax-tree, liquid amber-tree or ocofoti, bdellium-tree, benjamin- tree,
tacamahaca- tree, gum- elemi- tree, colophony-tree, or fir-tree, and pitch- tree.

1. Of Herbs, which differ in refpeft of, I. Roots, and fo they are, i. Bulbous,
or round rooted; as the bulbous flower-de-luce, wallflowers, faffron, meadow-faffron,
onions, leeks, fquills, garlic, moly, dog-fl:ones, and fatyrion, &c. 2. Not bulbous.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL, ^i.

as moft other plants. If. The leaves, and fo they are, i. Longicautifoiious, or long
ftaik. leaved; as grafs, rufhes, nard, gallngal, horfctail, reed, paper-reed, ftinking-
gladdcn, flower-de-luce, aromatical reed, ginger, zedoary, ar.d coftus, &c. 2. Craf-
{ifolious, or thick-leaved; as houfeleek, Venus's navelwort, aloes, rofe-root, orpin,
purflain, famphire, and gLiflvvort. 3. Hirtifolious, or rough-leaved ; as borage,
gromcl, hound's tongue, and mullein. 4. Nervifolious, or nerve-leaved; as gen-
tian, plantane, fleawort, biftort, pondweed, water-lilies, wake-robin, and helle-
bore, &c. 5. Rotundifoiious, or round-leaved; as birthwort, colt's foot, butter-
bur, bur, and afarum. 6. Mollifolious, or foft-leaved: as marfhmallows, mercury,
and rhubarb, &c. 7. Trifolious, and pentaphils, Ike. 8. Capillary, or hair-like ;
as hart's tongue, moonfern, fpleenwort, moonwort, maiden-hnir, fundew, fern, and
polypody, &c. 9. Spinofe, or prickly ; as thirties, teafcls, fea-holly, gum thiftic,
and goat's thorn, &c. III. Theflov/ers, and fb they arc, i. Vcrticillate and galeate,
or turned and helmet-like ; as mints, calaraint, organy, penny- royal, h\ flop, thyme,
Arabian fticadove, lavender, fpike, ground- pine, oak of Jcrufaleni, fage, nettle?,
betony, eyebriglit, figwort, felf-heal, hedge hyfTop, and dittany, &c. a. St;.-llare, or
ftar-like; as madder, lady's bedflraw, croflvvorf, and rue. 3. Calcariflorous, or
fpur-flowered ; as columbine, larkfpur, toad-fbx, &c. 4. Umbelliferous, cr bofledj
as cummin, fennel, dill, pellitory of Spain, fennel giant, fcorching fennel, turbith,
fovv-fennel, bee's-neft, chervil, parfley, angelica, mafterwort, lafarwort, alheal, car-
raway, coriander, anifefeed, burnet, cicely, hemlock, and dropwort. 5. Corim-
boide, ring or hook like ; as elecampane, pellitory of Spain, raugwort, fneefewort,
and wormwood. 6. Capitate, or headed; as fcabious, knapweed, blue-bottle, vi-
per's grafs, marigold, devil's bit, and thidles, &c. IV. The fruits, and fo they
are; i. Pomiferous, or apple-bearing; as mandrakes, cucumbers, melons, poni-
pions, citruls, gourds, and wild cucumbers, &c. 2. Capfuliferous, or coffer-bear-
ing; as garden crei?es, (hepherd's pouch, fcurvy-grafs, and horfe-radifh, &c. 3. Vaf-
•culiferous, or veflel-bearing; as centaury the lefs, moufe-ear, flax, St. John's-wort,
pimpernel, moneywort, rupturewort, and I'oppy, &c. Siliquatc, or codded ; as the
leguminofc, and oleraceous, honeyfuckle, bird's foot, milkwort, cock's hciid, goat's
rue, liquorice, fumitory, celandine, columbine, and nigella. V. The place, ard
fo they are, garden, wild, field, mountain, meadow, or aquatic ; as mofs, duck's
meat, tree-lungwort, fea.nettlc, wrack, arfcfmart, pimpernel, &c. VI. The mnnner
of growing, and fo they are, convolvulous, or climbing ; as the pomiferous and
leguminous, fcaminony, fea-bindwceJ, larfaparilla, china, briony, mechoacan, hops,
vine, lily of the vale, ivy, Indian-crefTes, birthwort, fow-bread, parnailus -grafs, .^nd
ihxifr^g?, 8:c. VII. Succiferous, or julce-yiejdingj as the lafliferous, viz. fpurge

32 CUtPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

and chamefycc, &c. Galbaniferous and fagapeniferous; fennel giant, apopanar
plant, or Hercules's alheal, black poppy yielding opium, aloes, fcammony, wild
cucumber yielding elaterium, euphorbium or gum-thiflle, liquorice, fugar-reed.
VIII. As gummiferous, or gum-bearing; as- lalarwort bearing afafetida.

II. Internal, in refped of their ufe and virtues, or as alimentary, and medicinal.
Of their ufe, cr as dietetical; and (o they are, i. Frumentary, ferving as bread'
corn ; wheat, rye, fpelt corn, barley, oats, rice, Turkey corn, millet, panic, burnt
corn, and phalaris. 2. Leguminary, ferving as pulfe ; as beans, peafe, lentils;
ciches, cichllng, vetches, bitter vetcher,, lupines, kidney beans, v/inged wild peafe,
and fenugreek. 3. Oleraceous, ferving as pot-herbs, fall.ids. Sec. and are, i. Roots,
as onions, garHc, leeks, radifh, wild radifli, turnips, navew, parfnips, carrots, red
beets. 2. Leaves, as of lettuce, fuccorv, cabbages, fpinage, orach, beets, afparagus,,
creiTes, mufl-ard-feed, blites, hops, and ftone-parfley. 3. Fruits, as artichokes,,
gourds, cucumbers, melons, ftravvberries, capers; and thofe of trees, as apples,
quinces, oranges, lemons, pears, medlars, figs, peaches, apricots, plumbs, cherries,
mulberries, grapes, olives, almonds, chefnuts, walnuts, filberts, and fungi. 4. Con-
dimentary,' ferving as fauce ; as pepper, ginger, cloves, cinnamon, cardamums,
nutmeg, mace, faffron, elder, capers, crefles, onions, garlic, &c. Sugar, oil, and
vinegar, &:c. The qualities of which, fee in my Ifagoge Zoologice-mineralogicai
they being there mentioned for fauces. 2. Of their virtues, or as pharmaceutical>.
ill refpefl: of their feveral parts and qualities, firft, fecondj third, and fourth.

I. Roots; are, i. Temperate, as bear's breech, eringo, garden parfnips, falopi
mallows, mechoacan, afparagus, cinquefoil, lady's thiftle, and tormentil. 2. Hot,
and fo, in the firft degree, as bafilj, burdocks, borage, buglofs, av^ns, aromatical
reed, china, dog's grafs, liquorice, knee-holly, mallows,, marflimallows, pilewort,
piony, poppy, fparling,. pariley, wild parfnips, felf heal, fatyrion, flcirrets, fcorzo-
nera, valerian great and fraall, and white lilies. In the fecond, as afphodil male,
carline thiftle, cyprefs long and round, butterbur, devil's bit, hog's femiel,, loveage,
fennel, mercury, reeds, fwallow-wort, fpignel, farfaparilla, fquills, waterflag, and
zcdoary. In the third, as angelica, avon, aflarabecca, elecampane, birthwort long
and round, briony white and black, celandine, doronicum, filapendula, gingery,
rtinking gladden, galingal greater and lefs, hellebore white and black, mafter-
wort, orris English and Florentine, reftharrow, fowbread, fnakeroot, Virginian tur^
bith, turmeric, and white dittany. In the fourth, as garlic, leeks, onions, and pel -
litory of Spain. 3. Cold, and fo, in the firft degree, as beets white and red, conv-

frejt

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 33

frey great, madder, plantane, roferoot, and forrel, In the fecond, as alkanet,
daifies, endive, hyacinth, hound's tongue, and fuccory. In the third, as biftort,
and mandrakes. In the fourth, as henbane. 4. Dry, and fo, in the firft degree,
as aromatical reed, bear's breech, burdock, red beets, endive, eringo, hyacinth,
knee-holy, madder, pilewort, and felf-heal. In the fecond, as alkanet, male af-
phodil, avens, bafil, butterbur, cyprefs long and round, devil's bit, fennel, hound's-
tongue, lady's thiftle, lovage, marflimallows, mercury, reeds, parfley, plantane,
fmallage, forrel, fwallow-wort, fpatling poppy, fuccory, fpignel, thirties, valerian,
waterflag, and zedoary. In the third, as angelica, aron, afarabecca, elecampane,
birthwort long and round, biftort, white and black briony, carline thiftle, china,
cinquefoil, white dittany, doronicum, filapendula, greater and lefs galingal, ftinking
gladden, ginger, white and black hellebore, hog's fennel, 'diiafler wort, orris Eng-
lifti and Florentine, peony male and female, reftharrow, fowbread, celandine, far-
faparilla, and virginian fnakeroot. In the fourth, as coftus, garlic, onions, leeks,
and pellitory of Spain. 5. Moift, fuch are bafil, white beets, borrage, buglofs,
dog's grafs, daifies, liquorice, mallows, parfnips, fpatling poppy, fat)Tion, fcorzo-
nera, fkirrets, valerian, 2. As for the fecond quahties, they are, i. mollifying,
as mallows, white lilies, and marfhmallows. 2. Opening, as afirabecca, brufcus,
carline thiftle, endive, filapendula, fennel -garlic, gentian, leeks, onions, parfley,
raphontic, fuccory, afparagus, fmallage, turmeric. 3. Binding, as alkanet, bif-
tort, bear's-breech, cyprefs, cinquefoil, tormentil, tootliwort, and waterflag. 4.
Cleanfing, as aron, afphodil, birthwort, grafs, afparagus, and celandine. 4. Ex-
tenuating, as capers, and orris Englifti and Florentine. 6. Anodyne, as eringo,
orris, reftharrow, and waterflag. 7. Helping burnings, as afphodil, hyacinths,
white lilies. 8. Burning, as garlic, onions, and pellitory of Spain. 9. Difcufiing,
as afphodil, birthwort, briony, and capers. 10. Expelling wind, as coftus, galin-
gal, fennel, hog's fennel, parfley, fmallage, fpikenard Indian and Celtic, waterflag,
and zedoary. 3. As for the third qualities, they are, i. Suppurating, as briony,
marflimallows, and white lilies. 2.'' Glutinating, as birthwort, comfrey, daifies,
gentian, and Solomon's feal. 3. Spermatogenetic, as eringo, galingal, fatyrion, and
waterflag. 4. Emmenonagogic, as afarabecca, aron, afphodil, birthwort, centaury
the lefs, long and round cyprefs, coftus, capers, calamus aromaticus, carrots, white
dittany, dittany of Crete, eringo, fennel, garlic, grafs, knee-holy, peony, valerian,
waterflag, parfley, fmallage. 5. Stopping the terms, as biftort, comfrey, tormentil.
6. Hydrotic, as carline thiftle, china, and farfaparilla. 4. As for the fourth qua-
lities, they are, 1. Alexipharmic, as angelica, long birthwort, biftort, buglofs,
coftus, cyprefs, carline thiftle, doronicum, elecampane, garlic, gentian, fwallow-
wort, fmallage, tormentil, viper's buglofs, and zedoary. 2. Cathaitics, as i. Pur-
No. 4. L gers

^4 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

gers of choler, as afarabecca, fern, rhubarb, rhaphontic. 2. Of melancholy, as
white and black hellebore, and polypody. 3. Of phlegm and water, as afphodil
male, white and black briony, wild cucumbers, elder, hermoda(5tils, jallop, mech-
oacan, fquills, fowbread, fpurge great and fmall, and turbith. 3. Appropriate,
and fo, I. They heat; i. The head, as doronicum, fennel, jallop, mechoacan,
peony male and female, and Celtic and Indian fpikenard. 2. The neck and throat,
as devil's bit, and pilewort. 3. Breafl: and lungs, as birthwort long and round,
calamus aromaticus, cinquefoil, elecampane, liquorice, orris Engliili and Florentine,
and fquills. 4. The heart, as angelica, borrage, buglofs, butterbur, bafil, carline
thiftle, doronicum, fcorzonera, tormentil, valerian white and red, and zedoary,
5. The ftomach, as avens, fennel, galingal greater or lefs, ginger, radifli, and fpike-
nard Celtic and Indian, and elecampane. 6. The bowels, as ginger, valerian great
and fmall, and zedoary. 7. The liver, as carline thiftle, china, dog's-grafs, fennel,
gentian, knee-holly p -..•fley, rhubarb, rhaphontic, celandine, fmallage, cinquefoil,
afparagus, and turmeric, y. The fpleen, as afli, birthwort round, carline thiftle,
capers, fern male and female, fennel, gentian, parfley, afpargus, and waterflag.
9. The reins and bladder, as bafil, burdock, carline thiftle, china, cyprefs long and
round, dropwort, knee-holly, marfhmallows, parfley, fmallage, fperage, fpatling
poppy, fpikenard Celtic and Indian, faxifrage white, and valerian. 10. The womb,
as birthwort long and round, galingal greater and fmaller, hog's fennel, and peony
male and female. 11. The fundament, as pilewort. 12. The joints, as bear's
bceech, coftus, ginger, hermodadils, jallop, and mechoacan. 2. They cool, i. the
head, as rofe-root. 2. The ftomach, as biftort, endive, fuccory, and fow-thiftles.
3. The liver, as endive, madder, and fuccory.

II. Barks, are i. hot, and fo in the firft degree ; as citrons, lemons, oranges,
pockwood, and tamariflc. In the fecond, as capers, cimiamon common and winter,
caftia lignea, and frankincenfe. In the third, as mace. 2. Cold, and fo in the firft
degree, as oak and pomegranates. In the third, as mandrakes. 2. As for the fourth
qualities, they are, i. cathartic j as, 1. purgers of choler, as barberries. 2. Of
phlegm, and water, as elder, dwarf-elder, laurel, and Ipurge. 2. Appropriate j
and fo, 1. They heat, i. the head, as winter-cinnamon. 2. The heart, as cinna-
mon, caflla lignea, cinnamon, citrons, lemons, mace, and walnuts. 3. The fto-
mach, as caffia lignea, cinnamon, citrons, lemons, oranges, and faflafras. 4. The
lungs, as caflia lignea, cinnamon, and walnuts. 5. The liver, as barberries, bays,
and winter-cinnamon. 6. The fpleen, as alh, bays, and capers. 7. The reins
and bladder, as bays and faflafras. 8. The womb, as caflia lignea and cinnamon.
2. They cool the ftomach, as pomegranate peels.

III. Woods,

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 35

III. Woods, are i. Hot, as aloes, box, ebony, guaiacum, nephriticum, rho-
dium, rofemary, faiTafras, tamerifk. 2. Cold, as cyprefs, fanders, white, red, and
yellow, and willow. As for the fourth qualities, they are appropriate, i . To the
head, as rofemary. 2. To the heart and ftomach, as of aloes. 3. The bowelsand
bladder, as rhodium. 4. The liver, fpleen, reins, and bladder, as nephriticum. 5.
The breaft, ftomach, and bladder, as faffafras, 6. To the fpleen, as tamarifk. 7.
The heart and fpirits, as fanders.

IV. Leaves, are i. Temperate, as bugle, cinquefoil, betony, flixweed, goat's rue,
hart's tongue, fluellin, maiden hair, cammoca black, and golden, Paul's betony, tre-
foil, wall-rue, and wood-rofe. 2. Hot, and fo in the firft degree ; as agrimony, avens,
borrage, buglofs, bafil, cleavers, cetrach, chervil, camomile, cowflips, diftaff thiftle,
eyebright, marfhmallows, melilot, lady's thiftle, and felf-heal. In the fecondj
as alehoof, alexanders, archangel, betony, bay, broom, bawm, coftmary, cuckoo
flowers, carduus benedidtus, centaury lefs, chamaepytys, dill, double-tongue, de-
vil's bit, hoarhound, Indian leaf, lady's mantle, maudlin, mugwort, marigold,
marjoram, mercury, oak of Jerufalem, pimpernel male and female, parfley, poley-
mountain, perwinkle, rofemary, fmallage, fcurvy grafs, fage, fanicle, fcabious, fenna,
foldanella, tanfy, tobacco, vervain, and wormwood common and Roman. In the
third i as angelica, arfefmart biting, brooklime, briony white and black, bank-crefles,
calamint, claiy, dwarf-elder, dodder of thyme, featherfew, fleabane, germander, glafs-
woit, herb maftic, lavender, lovage, mints, mother of thyme, nettles, organy, pile-
wort, pennyroyal, rue, fouthernwood male and female, celandine, fneefewort, favin,
favory fummer and winter, fpike, thyme, and water- crefles. In the fourth; as crow-
foot, dittander, garden- crefles, leeks, rofafolis, fciatica- crefles, ftone-crop, fpurge.
3. Cold, and fo in the firft degree; as arach, arfefmart mild, burdock, burnet, colt's
foot, hawkweed, mallows, pellitory of the wall, forrel, wood-forrel, fhepherd's purfe,
violets, yarrow. In the fecond; as buckftiorn, chickweed, daifies, dandelion, duck's
meat, endive, knotgrafs, lettuce, plantane, purflain, fumitory, fuccory, ftrawberry,
wild tanfy, willow. In the third ; as nightfhade and fengreen. In the fourth ; as
hemlock, henbane, mandrakes, poppies. 4. Dry, and fo in the firft degree; as agri-
mony, arfefmart mild, burdock, cleavers, chervil, camomile, cowflips, colt's foot,
double tongue, eyebright, flixweed, hawkweed, marftimallows, melilot, perwinkle,
fliepherd's purfe, felf-heal, and fenna. In the fecond, as betony, alehoof, alexanders,
archangel, betony, bugle, buckftiorn, broom, birch, bay, burnet, coftmary, cuckoo-
flowers, carduus bcnedidus, centaury the lefs, cichory, dill, diftafi^- thiftle, dandelion,
devil's bit, endive, featherfew, fumitory, Indian leaf, lady's mantle, maudlin, mug-
wort.

3*5 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

wort, marjoram, mercury, pimpernel, plantanes, parfley, rofcmary, forre!, fmallage,
filvcrvveed, ftrawberry, fage, fanicle, fcablous, foldanella, fcurvy-grafs, tobacco,
vervain, wormwood common and Roman, wood-forrel; and willow. In the third;
as angelica, arfefmart hot, brooklime, briony white and black, bank-crefTes, calamint,
chamepitys, cinquefoil, clary, dwarf elder, epithymum, fleabanc, germander, glafs-
wort, hoarhound, herb maftic, lierb of grace, lavender, lovage, mints, mother of
time, organy, pilewort, penny- royal, poley mountain, fouthernwood male and fe-
male, celandine, fneefewort, favin, favory fummer and winter, filk tanfy,- thyme, and
trefoil. In the fourth; as crowfoot, garden-crefles, garlic, leeks, onions, rofa foils,
fpurge, and wild rue. 5. Moift, and fo in the firft degree; as borrage, buglofs,
bafil, mallows, marigolds, and pellitory of the wall. In the fourth, as arach, chick-
weed, daifies, duck's meat, lettuce, purflain, fowthiftles, violets, and water lilies.
2. As forthefecond qualities, they are, i. mollifying; as arach, bay, beets, cyprefs,
fleawort, mallows, marfhmallows, pellitory of the waU, and violets. 2. Hardening,
as duck's meat, houfe-leek, herbs cold, nightfhade, purflain. 3. Opening, as endive,
garlic, mallows, marfhmallows, onions, pellitory of the wall, fuccory, and worm-
wood. 4. Binding, as amom.um, agnus caflus, cyprefs, cinquefoil, comfrey, bawm,
fleawort, horfetail, ivy, knotgrafs, bay, melilot, myrtles, oak, plantane, purflain,
fhepherd's purfe, forrel, fengreen, and willow. 5. Drawing, as birthwort, dittany,
garlic, leeks, onions, pimpernel, and all hot leaves. 6. Cleanfing, as arach, beets,
cetrach, chamepitys, dodder, hoarhound, liverwort, pimpernel, pellitory of the
wall, fouthernwood, afparagus, willow, and wormwood. 7. Extenuating, as ca-
momile, hyflbp, juniper, mugwort, mother of thyme, pennyroyal, ftechas, and time.
8. Anodyne, as arach, calamint, chamepitys, camomile, dill, henbane, hops, hog's
fennel, marjoram, mother of thyme, parfley, rofemary, rue, and wormwood. 9. Dif-
cufling, as arach, beets, camomile, chickweed, dill, maiden hair, marflimallows,
mints, melilot, marjoram, pellitory of the wall, rue, fouthernwood male and female,
and fl:echas ; alfo bawm, docks, cleavers, cinquefoil, mallows, fcordium, water-
crefles. 10. Expelling wind, as camomile, dill, epithymum, fennel, garlic, juniper,
marjoram, organy, favory winter and fummer, fmallage, and wormwood. 3. As for
the third qualities, they are, i. Suppurating, as mallows, marflimallows, and white
lilies. 2. Glutinating, as agrimony, bugle, centaury, chamepitys, cinquefoil, com-
frey, germander, horfetail, knot-grafs, mallows, marflimallows, maudlin, pimpernel,
rupturewort, fl;rawberries, felf-heal, tobacco, tormentil, wood chervil, and wound-
wort. 3.,Spermatogenic, as clary, rocket, and herbs hot, moifl:, and windy. 4. Em-
menonagogic, as bifliop's weed, betony, broom, bafil, cabbages, centaury, camo-
mile, calamintSj dodder, dittany, fennel> garlic, germander, hoarhound, hartwort,

St.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 37

St. John's wort, maiden-hair, marjoram, mugwort, nettles, organy, pimpernel, po-
ley-mountain, parfley, rue, rofemary, fouthernwood, fage, fmallage, favin, fcordium,
thyme, mother of thyme, wormwood, and water- ere fies. 5. Stopping the terms; as
comfrey, houfeleek, knotgrafs, myrtles, plantane, Ihepherd's purfe, ftrawberries,
and water-lilies. 4. As for the fourth qualities, they are, i. Alexipharmic, as ali-
fanders, betony, carduus benedicflus, calamint, carline-thiftle, agrimony, fennel,
garlic, germander, hoarhound, juniper, maiden-hair, organy, pennyroyal, poley-
mountain, plantane, rue, fouthernwood, fmallage, fcordium, and wormwood. 2. Ca-
thartic, as I. Purgers of choler, as centaury, groundfel, hops, mallows, peaches,
fenna, and wormwood. 2. Of melancholy, as dodder, epithymum, fumitory, oxeye,
andfenna. 3. Of phlegm and water, as danewort, briony, white and black elder,
hedge hy/Top, laurel, mercury, mezereon, fpurge, fenna, and fneefewort. 3. Appro-
priate, and fo, I . They heat, i . The head, as betony, coftmary, carduus benediiftus,
cowflips, eyebright, featherfew, goat's rue, herb maitic, lavender, laurel, lovage,
maudlin, , melilot, mother of thyme, pennyroyal, rofemary, celandine, fcurvy-grafs,
fneefewort, fenna, fpike, thyme, vervain. 2. The throat, as archangel white and red,
and devil's bit. 3. The breaft, as betony, bay, bawm, calamint, camomile, diftafF-
thiftle, fennel, germander, hyflbp, hoarhound, Indian leaf, maiden-hair, melilot,
nettle, oak of Jerufilem, organy, perwinkle, rue, fcabious, and thyme. 4. The
heart, as angelica, elecannxme, borrage, buglofs, bay, bawm, bafil, carduus bene-
didlus, goat's rue, rue, rofemary, fouthernwood male and female, fenna, and wood-
roof. 5. The ftomach, as avens, bay, bawm, broom, fennel, Indian leaf, mints,
mother of thyme, parfley, fage, fchenanth, fmallage, thyme, and wormwood common
and Roman. 6, The liver, as agrimony, alecoft, afh, bay, aflarabecca, the fn^alle^
centaury, chamepitys, fennel, germander, fox-gloves, hops, hoarhound, hyflbp, lady's
thirties, maudlin, mother of thyme, pimpernel male and female, parfley, poley-
mountain, fmallage, celandine, famphire, fage, fcordium, femaa, foldanella, fpike-
nard, toad-flax, and water-crefles. 7. The bowels; as alehoof, alexanders, and ca-
momile. 8. The fplecn ; as agrimony, afl\-tree, bay, centaury the lefs, cetrach,
chamepitys, epithymum, fox-gloves, germander, hops, hoarhound, hart's tongue,
maiden hair, mother of thyme, parfley, poley-mountain, fmallage, famphire, fage,
fcordium, fenna, toad-flax, tamariflc, water-crefles, and wormwood, 9. The reins
and bladder; as agrimony, betony, brooklime, bay, broom, chervil, cofl:mary, ca-
momile, clary, germander, hops, maudlin, marflimallows, melilot, mother of
thymfe, nettles, organy, pimpernel male and female, pennyroyal, rupturewort, rocket,
famphire, fchenanth, faxifrage, fcordium, fpikenard, toad-flax, vervain, and water-
No. 4. M , crefles.

■38 CULLPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

crefTes. 10, The womb', as angelica, archangel, bafiJ, calamint, coftmary, dittany
of Crete, devil's bit, featherfew, fieabane, maudlin, mugwort. May-weed, melilot,
mints, nettles, organy, pennyroyal, periwinkle, fchenanth, fage, favin, fcordium,
tanfey, thyme, and vervain. 11. The joints ; as agrimony, arfefmart hot, camomile,
coftmary, cowflips, garden-crefles, St. John's wort, melilot, rofemary, rue, fciatica-
crefles, fage, ftechas, and water-crefles. 2. They cool, i. The head; as fumitory,
houfe-leek, lettuce, plantane, ftrawberry, teafels, violets, water-lily, willow, and
wood-forrel. 2. The throat; as bramble, orpine, privet, and ftrawberries. 3. The
breaft; as bramble, colt's foot, moneywort, orpine, plantane, poppy, mulberry,
forrel, ftrawberry, violet, and wood-forrel. 4. The heart; as biirnet, viper's buglofs,
lettuce, forrel, ftrawberry, violet, water-lily, and wood-forrel. 5. The ftomach, as
dandelion, endive, hawkweed, lettuce, orpine, purflain, forrel, fuccory, ftrawberry,
fow-thiftles, and violet. 6. The liver, as dandelion, endive, fumitory, lettuce, liver-
wort, nightftiade, purflain, forrel, ftrawberry, fuccory, water-lily, and wood-forrel.

7. The bowels ; as buckthorn, burnet, fumitory, mallows, orpine, and plantane.

8. The fpleen; as endive, fumitory, lettuce, and fuccory. 9. The reins and blad-
der; as houfeleek, knot-grafs, lettuce, mallows, moneywort, plantane, purflain,
water-lily, and yarrow. 10. The womb; as arach, burdock, endive, lilies, myr-
tles, moneywort, purflain, fengreen, fuccory, fowthlftles, water-lily, and wild
tanfy. 11. Thejointsj as henbane, houfe-leek, lettuce, nightfliade, vine, and wil-
low-leaves.

V. Flowers, are i. Hot, and fo in thefirft degree: as betony, borrage, buglofs.
Camomile, melilot, oxeye, and ftecha ; in the fecond, as amomus, bawm, clove-
gilliflowers, hops, jeflamin, lavender, rocket, fafiron, fpikenard, fchenanth, and
rofemary. In the third, as agnus caftus, epithymum, honey-fuckles, wall-flowers,
or winter-gilHflowers. 2. Cold, and fo, in thefirft degree; as mallows, red, white,
and da.ma.fk, rofes, and violets. In the fecond, as anemony, endive, fuccory, and
water-lilies white and yellow. In the third, as balauftines. In the fourth, as hen-
bane and poppies. 3, Moift, and fo in the firft degree; as borrage, buglofs, en-
dive, mallows, and fuccory. In the fecond, as violets and water-lilies. 4. Dry,
and fo in the firft degree; as camomile, melilot, oxeye, fafFron, and rofes. In the
fecond, asnemony, clove -gilliflowers, hops, lavender, peony, rocket, rofemary,
and fpikenard. In the third, as balauftines, chamepitys, epithymum, germander,
and woodbine. 2. As for the fecond qualities, they are, i. Mollifying, as mallows,
fafFron, and white lilies. [2. Binding, as agnus caftus, balauftines, bawm, clove-gilli-

flowers.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 3%

flowers, melilot, endive, faffron, fuccory, and red rofes. 3. Clcanfing, as beans,
damafk rofcs, and elders. 4. Extenuating, as camomile, flower de luce, melilot,
and ftechas. 5. Anodyne, as camomile, centaury, dill, melilot, and rofemary,
6. Helping burnings, as mallows, marfhmallows, and white lilies. 7. Difcuffing, as
camomile, dill, mallows, marfnmallows, melilot, and ftechas, &c. 8. Expelling
wind, as camomile, dill, fchenanth, and fpikenard. As for the third qualities, they
are, 1. Suppurating, as fafFron, and white lilies. 2. Glutinating, as centaury and
balauftines. 3. Emmenonagogic, as betony, camomile, centaury, bawm, rofemary,
peony, fage, fchenanth, and wall-flov/ers. 4. Stopping the terms, as balauftins and
water-lilies. As for the fourth qualities, they are, i. Alexipharmic, as betony
and centaury. 2. Cathartic, as i. Piirgers of choler, as damafk rofes, peaches,
and violets. 2. Of phlegm, as broom and elder. 3. Appropriate, and fo, i. They
heat, I . The head, as betony, camomile, cowflips, lavender, melilot, peony, rofe-
mar\', fage, felf-heal, and ftechas. 2. The breaft, as betony, bawm, fcabious, and
fchenanth. 3. The heart, as bawm, borrage, buglofs, rofemary, fafFron, and fpike-
nard. 5. The liver, as camomile, centaury, betony, elder, fchenanth, and fpike-
nard. 6. The fpleen, as betony, and wall-flowers. 7. The reins and bladder, as
betony, marfhmallows, melilot, fchenanth, and fpikenard. 8. The womb, as be-
tony, flower de luce, fage, and fchenanth. 9. The joints, as camomile, cowflips,
melilot, and rofemary. 2. They cool, i. the head, as poppies, rofes, violets,
and water-lilies. 2. The breaft and heart, as rofes, violets, and water-lilies. 3. The
ftomach, as rofes and violets. 4. The liver and fpleen, as endive, and fuccory.
3. They moiften the heart, as borrage, buglofs, and violets. 4. They dry it, as
bawm, betony, and rofemary flowers.

VI. Fruits, are, i. temperate, as currants, dates, figs, pine-nuts, railins, and fe-
beftens. 2. Hot, and fo in the flrft degree j as fweet almonds, cyprefs-nuts, hafel-
nuts, jujubes, and green walnuts. In the fecond, as ben-nuts, capers, fiftic-nuts,
hafeJ-nuts dry, nutmegs, and dry walnuts. Li the third, as anacardium, bitter
almonds, carpobalfamum, cloves, cubebs, and juniper berries. In the fourth, as
pepper, Guinea pepper and the reft. 3. Cold, and fo in the firft degree j as citrons,
pears, prunes, and quinces. In the fecond, as apples, cucumbers, galls, gourds,
lemons, melons, oranges, pompions, pomegranates, peaches, and prunes. In the
third, as mandrakes. In the fourth, as ftramonium. 4. Moift, and fo in the firft
degree; as citrons, lemons, oranges inner rind. In the fecond, as gourds, me-
lons, peaches, and prunes. 5. Dry, and fo in the firft degree; as juniper berries.

In

J|6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

In the fecond, as bay berries, ben-nuts, capers, fiftic-nuts, nutmegs, pears, pine-nuts,
and quinces. In the third, as cloves, and galls. In the fourth, as all peppers.
2. As for the fecond qualitiesj they are, i. Binding, as barberries, chefnuts, cherries,
cornels, fervices, acorns and their cups, galls, medlars, myrtle berries, nutmegs,
olives, pears, peaches, and pomegranates. 2. Extenuating, as fweet and bitter
almonds, bay berries, and juniper berries. 3. Anodyne, as bay berries, figs, ivy
berries, juniper berries, currants, all peppers, raifins, and walnuts. 4. Difcuflives,
as capers, and all peppers. 5. Expelling wind, as bay berries, juniper berries, nut-
megs, and all peppers. 3. As for the third qualities, they are, i. Glutinating, as
acorns, acorn-cups, currants, dates, and raifins. 2. Spermatogenetic, as fweet
almonds, figs, pine-nuts, and raifins of the fun. 3. Emmenonagogic, as capers,
and ivy berries. 4. Stopping the terms, as barberries. 5. Diuretic, as winter
cherries. 4. As for the fourth qualities, they are, i. Alexipharmic, as bay berries,
citrons, juniper berries, pepper, pomecitrons, and walnuts. 2, Cathartic j as i. Pur-
gers of choler, as cafTia fiftula, citrine myrobolans, prunes, raifins, and tamarinds.
2. Of melancholy, as Indian myrobolans. 3. Of phlegm, as colocynthis, wild cu-
cumbers, and myrobolans. 3. Appropriate; and fo, i. They heat, i. The head,
as atiacardia, cubebs, and nutmegs. The breaft, as almonds bitter, cubebs,
dates, figs, hafel rmts, jubebs, raifiiis of the fun, and pine-nuts. 3. The heart, as
juniper befries, nutmegs, and walnuts. 4. The ftomach, as almonds fweet, ben,
cloves, juniper berries, nutmegs, olives, and pine-nuts. 5. The fpleen, as capers.
6. The reins and bladder, as almonds bitter, cubebs, juniper berries, raifins of the
fun, and pine nuts. 7. The womb, as juniper berries, bay berries, nutmegs,
and walnuts. 2. They cool, i. The breaft, as oranges, lemons, prunes, and fe-
beftens. 2. The heart, as citrons, lemons, oranges, pears, pomegranates, and
quinces. 3. The fl:omach, as apples, citrons, cucumbers, cherries, cornels, cur-
rants, fervices, goofeberries, gourds, lemons, medlars, muflc -melons, oranges, pears,
pompions, and quinces. 4. The liver, as barberries, and coolers of the ftomach.
5. The reins and womb, as ftra wherries, and the fame.

VII. Seeds, are i. Hot, and fo in the firft degree; as coriander, fenugreek, gro-
mel, linfeed, lupines, and rice. In the fecond, as bafil, dill, nettles, orobus, rocket,
and fmallage. In the third, as amomus, annifeed, bifiiop's weed, carraway, car-
damoms, carrots, cummin, fennel, hartwort, navew, nigella, and ftaves acre. In
the fourth, as muftard-feed, and water-crefles. 2. Cold ; and fo in the firft degree,
as barley. In the fecond, as citruls, cucumbers, endive, gourds, lettuce, melons,

3 night-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 41

nightflude, pompions, purflain, forrel, and fiiccory. In the third, as hemlock,
henbane, and poppies white and black. 3. Moift, and fo in the firft degree; as
mallows. 4. Dry, and fo in the firft degree; as barley, beans, fennel, fenugreek,
and wheat. Inthefecond; as lentils, nightfhade, orobus, poppies, and rice. In
the thirdj as annifeed, carraway, coriander, curnmin, bifhop's weed, dill, gromel,
nigella, parfley, and fmallage. 2. As for the fecond qualities, they are, i. Molli-
fying; as fenugreek, linfeed, mallows, and nigeila. 2. Hardening; as purflain -
feed. 3. Binding ; as barberries, purflain, rofe -feeds, and fliepherd's purfe. 4. Cleanf-
ing; as barley, beans, lupines, nettles, and orobus. 5. Anodyne; as amomus, car-
rots, cardamoms, cumminy dill, fenugreek, gromel, linfeed, orobus, panic, and
parfley. 6. Difcuffing; as carrots, dill, fenugreek, nigella, and linfeed; alfo bar-
ley, coriander, darnel, lupines, mallows, and marfl\ni allows, helping fwellings.
7. Expelling wind; as annifeed, carraway, carrots, cummin, dill, fennel, hartwort,
nigella, parfley, fmallage, and wormwood. As for the third qualities, they are

1. Suppurating; as darnel, fenugreek, French barley, and linfeed. 2. Glutinating;
as darnel, lupines, and orobus. 3. Spermatogenetic; as afli -tree keys, beans, cicers,
and rocket. 4. Emmenonagogic ; as amomus, annis, bifliop's weed, carrots, ci-
cers, fennel, hartwort, parfley, lovage, fperage, and fmallage. 5. Stopping the
terms; as burdock, cummin, and rofe-feeds. 6. Lithontriptic; as gromel, mallows,
and marfhmallows. 4. As for the fourth qualities, they are, i . Alexipharmic ; as
annis, bifliop's weed, cardamoms, citrons, fennel, lemons, oranges, and fmallage.

2. Appropriate; andfo i. They heat, i. the head; as fennel, marjoram, and peony.
2. The breaft; as nettles. 3. The heart; as bafil, rue, and muftard-feed. 4. The
ftomach; as amomus, annis, bifhop's weed, cardamoms, cubebs, cummin, grains
of paradife, and fmallage. 5. The liver; as amomus, annis, bifliop's weed, car-
raway, carrots, cummin, fennel, fmallage, and fperage. 6. The fpleen ; as annis,
carraway, and water- creffes. 7. The reins and bladder: as cicers, gromel, nettles,
rocket, and faxifrage. 8. The womb; as peony and rue. 9. The joints; as muf-
tard-feed, rue, and water crefles. 2. They cool, i. The head; as lettuce, white
poppies, and purflain. 2. The breafl:; as white poppies and violets. 3. The
heart ; as citrons, lemons, oranges, and forrel-feed : alfo the four greater and fmaller
cold feeds, viz. of citruls, cucumbers, gourds, and melons; endive, lettuce, purflain,
and fuccory, cool the liver, fpleen, reins, bladder, womb, and joints; and the white
and black poppy feed.

No. 4. N VUI. Gums,

4a CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

VIII. Gums, are, i. Temperate; as elemi, lacca, and tragacanth. 2. Hot, and (o
in the firft degree; as bdellium and ivy-gum. In thefecondj as frankincenfe,
galbanum, maftic, myrrh, olybanum, pitch, rofin, and ftyrax. In the third; as
ammoniacum. In the fourth; as euphorbium. 3. Cold, as gum arabic. 2. As for
the fecond qualities, they are, i . MoDifying ; as ammoniacum, bdellium, colophonia,
galbanum, apopanax, turpentine, rofin, pitch, and ftyrax. 2. Binding, as gum
arabic, fandarac or Jupiter gum, and tragacanth. 3. As for the third qualities, they
are, i. Emmenonagogic, as ftyrax. 2. Lithrontriptic, as cherry-gum. 4. As for the
fourth qualities, they are cathartic, as apopanax, purging phlegm.

IX. Juices, are, i. Temperate; as liquorice and white ftarch. 2. Hot, and fo
in the firft degree; as fugar. In the fecond, as labdanum. in the third, as afta-
fcEiida and benjamin. 3. Cold, and fo in the fecond degree; as acacia and fang uis
draconis. In the third; as hypocyftis. In the fourth; as opium. As for the
fourth qualities, they are cathartic ; as aloes, manna, and fcammony, purging
choler.

X. Waters, are, i. Hot; and fo, i. Concofting phlegm, i. In the head; as
betony, calamint, camomile, eyebright, fennel, marjoram, primrofes, rofemary,
and fage. 2. In the breaft and lungs; as bawm, betony, 'carduus benedidus, flower
deluce, hoarhound, hyflbp, maiden-hair, fcabious, and felf-heal. 3. In the heart;
as bawm and rofemary. 4. In the ftomach; as chervil, fennel, mai-igolds, mints,
mother of thyme, thyme, and wormwood. 5. In the liver; as agrimony, centaury,
Coftmary, marjoram, maudlin, organy, fennel, and wormwood. Inthefpleen; as
calamint, water-crefles, and wormwood. In the reins and bladder; as burnet, ele-
campane, nettles, pellitory of the wall, rocket, and faxifrage. In the womb, as
calamint, lovage, mother of thyme, mugwort, pennyroyal, and favin. 2. Con-
cofting melancholy; i. In the head, as fumitory and hops. 2. In the breaft, as bawm,
and carduus benedicflus. In the heart, as bawm, borrage, buglofs, and rofemary.
4. In the liver, as cichory, endive, and hops. 5. In the fpleen, as dodder, hart's
tongue, tamarilk, and thyme. 2. Cold; and fo i. Cooling the blood ; as endive,
fumitory, lettuce, purflain, forrel, fuccory, violets, and water-lilies. 2. Cooling
choler; i. In the head; as black cherries, lettuce, nightftiade, plantain, poppies,
and water-lilies. 2. In the breaft and lungs; as colt's-foot, popples, and violets.

3. In the heart; as rofes, forrel, quinces, violets, walnuts green, and water-lilies.

4. In the ftomach ; as houfe-leek, lettuce, nightftiade, purflain, quinces, rofes,
fengreenj and violets. 5. In the liver i as endive, nightftiade, purflain, fuccory,

and

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 43

and water-lilies. 6. In the reins and bladder; as black cherries, endive, houfe-leek,
plantane, ftrawberries, fuccory, water-lilies, and winter-cherries. 7. In the womb;
as endive, lettuce, purflain, rofes, fuccory, and water-lilies. Thus of the vegeta-
ble fimples; now follow their compofitions, which are,

I. Wines, which are, i. Hot; heating i. The head, as betony, fennel, eye-
bright, rofemary, fage, and ftechas. 2. The heart, as borrage and buglofs. 3.
The breafl, as elecampane, hyflbp, andraifins. 4. The ftomach, as black cherries,
forrel, and wormwood. 5. The liver, as germander. 6. Thefplcen, as tamarifk.
7. The reins and bladder, as fage and winter-cherries. 2. Binding, as myrtles,
rofes, and quinces. 3. Provoking fweat, as pockwood. 4. Purging; i. Phlegm,
as fquills. 2. Choler yellow, as fcammony. 3 . Melancholy, as black hellebore.
4. Water, as danewort, thymelae, andchamelje.

II. Decoctions, which are t. Raficient, as barley, cicers, and ptifan. 2. Tem-
perate, as the common, and of flowers and fruits. 3. Heating the breaft, as the
pe(5loral. 4. Aromatic, as the two for wounded men. 5. Sudorific, as guaiacum.
6. Purgers, of i. The blood, as maiden-hair and fumitory. 2. Choler yellow, as
of fruits. 3. Of phlegm, as ilechas and thyme. 4. Melancholy, as of epithy-
mum, and fenna of Gereon. 5. Mixed humours, as fumitory and myrobolans.

III. SvRUPS, which are, I. Altering, and fo concodling, i. Choler; i. In the
head, as };oppies and water-lilies. 2. In the breaft, as jujubes, pomegranates, and
violets. 3. In the ftomach, as agrefta, acerofe, myrtles, oxyfaccharate, quinces, and
rofes. 4. In the heart, as acerofs, citrons, lemons, and oranges. 5. In the liver,
as endive and fuccory. 2. Phlegm; i. In the head, as betony, ftechas, and an-
nardine honey. 2. In the breaft, as hyflbp, hoarhound calamint, liquorice, maiden-
hair, and fcabious. 3. Intheheart, as thebyzantine. 4. In the ftomach, as mints,
oxymel of fquills, and common honey of rofes and wormwood. 5. In the liver,
as eupatorium, and two and five roots. 6. In the matrix, as mugwort. 3. Melan-
choly; I. In the heart, as borrage, buglofs, and apples. 2. In the liver and fpleen,
as hops, epithymum, fpleenwort, and fumitory. 2. Purging; i. Choler, as of cl-
chory with rhubarb, peach-flowers, rhubarb, rofes, violets, and mercurial honey.
2. Phlegm, as of briony-roots, hermodadlils and oxymel helleborated, and juliani-
zans, 3. Mixed humours, as diafereos.

IV. LOHOCHS^

44. CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

IV. LdHOCHs, which are, i. Aftringent,' as of diafcordium, of fleawort, and
poppies, i. i^bfterfive, as of colt's foot, colewort, pine-kernels, hoarhound, ba-
ftard faffron, forrel, fquills, raifins, faiium, and expertiim.

V. Preserves, which are, i. Hot, heating and corroborating, i. The heart,
as apples, citron-peels, myrobolans, chebs, nutmegs, Indian nuts, and orange-peels.
2. The ftomach, asacorus, aromatical reed, galingal, ginger, citron-peels, Indian
nuts, pears, quinces, and walnuts. 3. The reins, as eringo-roots. 1. Cold, cool-
ing and ftrengthening ; I. The ftomach, as myrobolans, emblics, cherries, medlars,
peaches, prunes, and fervices. 2. The liver, as cichory-roots.

VI. Conserves, which are, i. Hot,' heating, i. The head, as of acorus, betony,
eyebright, lavender- flowers, marjoram, peony, rofes, rofemary, fage, and ftechai-
flowers. 2. The breaft, as bawm, hyfTop, and maiden -hair. 3. The heart, as
borrage, buglofs, clove-gilliflowers, orange and rofemary flowers. 4. The ftomach,

-as elecampane, mints, and wormwood. 5. The liver, as elder-flowers, fumitory,
and wormwood. 6. The fpleen, as fumitory and fpleenwort. 7. The womb, as
bawm, marjoram, and rofemary-fiowers. 2. Coldj cooHng, i. The head, as rofes,
violets, and water-lily flowers. 2. The breaft, as violets. 3. The heart, as rofes,
forrel, and violets. . 4. The ftomach, as rofes and violets. 5. The liver, as cichory,
rofes, and violet-flowers. 6. The fpleen, as rofes and violets. 7. The reins, as
rofes. 8. The womb, as rofes and violets. 9. The joints, as rofes and violets.

VII. Powders, which are, 1. Hot, heating, i. The head, asdiacorum, diapeo-
nias, and pleres arconticon. 2. The breaft, as diapenidion, diatragacanth hot, diaca-
laminth, diahyflbpum, diaprafium, and diathamaron. 3. The heart, aS aromaticum,
rofatum, and caryophyUatum, dianthos, and diaxylo-aloes. 4. The ftomach, as the
rofat- aromatic, diagalanga, dianifum, diaxylo-aloes, diacyminum, diacinnamomum,
diazinziber, diafpoliticum, diatrion-piperion. 5. The liver, as dialacca, diacur-
cuma, diacinnamomum, diacalaminth. 6. The fpleen, as diacapparis. 7. The
womb, as diacalaminth, 2. Cold, cooling, i. The head, as diapapaver, and dia-
tragacanth. 2, The heart, as diarrhodon-abbatis and diatrion-fantalon. 3. The
ftomach, as diarrhodon-abbatis and diatrion-fantalon. 4. The liver, as diarrhodon-
abbatis and diatrion-fantalon. 5. The fpleen, as diatrion-fantalon and diarrhodon-
abbatis. 6. The womb, as diatrion-fantalon and diarrhondon-abbatis. 7. The joints,
as diarrhodon-abbatis and diatrion-fantalon.

VIU. El£C.

AND C O M P L E T E -11 li R B A L. 45

VIII. Electuaries, which are, i> Hot; hcuing, 1. Th^ head, as confedio
aiiacardliia and thcriaca diateflaroji. ' 2. The breall:, -as diaireps. j. 'ihe heart, as
confectio alkermes. 4. The ftomach, as. excitro of bay-berries, and roiiita noveh,
5. The liver, as diaciiinamomiim. '6. The fpleeii, as diacapparis. a. Cold; cool-
ing, I. The head, as the refumptivum. 2. As tor the fecond cjualities, they are
ailringent, as diacydoniuni, miclera, andti-iphera minor. 3. As for the third qua-
lities, they are, i. Lithontriptic, as lithoritribcn. 2. A^encreal, as didatyrion, dia-
CAryon, and triphera far. 4. As for the fourth qualities, they are cathartic; purg-
ing, I. Choler, as diaprunum fol. de pfyllio, and of rofes. 2. Phlegm, as benediihi
laxativa, diaphenicon, diaturbith, hiera picra, with agaric, pachy, hermctis, and di?f-
colocynth. 3. Melancholy, as diafenna, confectio hamech, diapolypodiurn, and
hieralogadium. 4. Mixed humours, as diacarthamum, diaturbith with rhubarb,
and hicra ruffi.

w

IX. Pills, which are, i. Anodyne, as laudanum, ex cynogloiTo, and of ilyrax.
2. Cathartic; purging, i. Choler; i. In the head, as the golden pill, and arabic.
2. In the liver, as of eupatorium and rhubarb. 2. Phlegm; i. In the head, as the
cochie of hiera with agaric, coloquintida, alhandii], and of fix and eight things-,
2. In the breaft, as of agaric, and heira with agaric. 3, In the ftomach, as the aloe-
phangine, maftic, ftomach, of turbith, common and peftilential. 4.. In the joints,
as the arthritic, fetid, of hermodad-ils, opo;;anax, lagapen, and farcocol. 3. Melan-
choly; in the liver and fpleen, as of fiunitory and indie. 4. Water, as of euphor-
bium and mezereon. 5. Mixed humours; i. In the head, as 'the cochie lucis
greater and fmaller, and fine quibus. 2. In the ftomach, as the golden afToireth,
aloes, hiera fimple, imperial, turbith, maftic, and peftilential. 3. In the liver, as of
three things, and halicacabum. 4. In the whole body, as the aggregative.

X. Troches, which are, i. Hot, as of xylaloes, faiFron, and crocamagna damoe.
2. Cold, as of camphire and fanders. As for the fecond qualities, they are, i, Af'
tringent, as of barberries and diafpermaton. 2. Emollient; as of capers, 3. Open-
ing, as of bitter almonds, benjamin, annifeed, lacca, eupatorium, myrrh, rofcs,
rhubarb, winter-cherries, and wormwood. 4. Abfterfive, as cypheos. 5. Anodyne,
as camphire, diarrhodon, diafpermaton. 4, As for the fourth qualities, they are
cathartic; purging, i. Choler, as of rhubarb. 2. Phlegm, as of agaric, alhandel.
and hamech. 3. Mixed humours, as of violets.

No. 4. O XI. Oils,

46 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

XI. Oils, which are, i. Hot; heating, i. The ftomach, as of maftic, mints,
nard, and wftrmwood. 2. The liver, as of bitter almonds, maftic, nard, peaches,
and wormwood; 3. The fpleen, as of capers, behen, lilies, and fpike. 4. The
womb, as the cherine, dill, flower de luce, fafFron, and nard. 5. The joints, as of
nard, nutmegs, and Indian nuts. 6. The nerves, as of coftus, euphorbium, maftic,
pepper, fweet marjoram, and elecampane. 2. Cold; cooling, 1. The head, as of
mandrakes and poppies. 2. The ftomach, as thelentilk, myrtine, myrtle, ompha-
cine, quinces, and rofes. 3. The breaft, as of violets and water-lilies. 4. The
liver, as the ftomachical. 5. The reins, as water-lilies. 6. Thenerves, as lentifk.

7. The womb, as of gourds, lentiflc, myrtles, quinces, and water-lilies. 3. Dry, as
of nard, nuts, and ricinus. 4. Moift, as of fweet ahiionds, frefh olives, cucumbers,
gourds, melons, oily pulfe, and violets. 2. As for the fecond qualities, they are,
I. Mollifying, as daffodil, linfeed, ftyrax, camomile, and lilies. 2. Refolving, as
dill, camomile, and euphorbium. 3. Loofening, as of fweet almonds, jefTamin, and
olives. 4. Binding, as of maftic, mints, myrtles, myrtine, lentifk, and oenanthe. .

5. Drawing, as of bays, dill, St. John's wort, and rue. Cleanfing, as of myrrh,
elder, radifh and racinus. 7. Digefting, as of bitter almonds, nuts, olives, and rue.

8. Anodyne, as of camomile, dill, bays, eider, St. John's wort, poplars, lilies, wall-
fiowers, almonds fweet, linfeed, olives, omphacine, fleawort, poppies, and rofes.

3. As for the third qualities, they are, i. Suppurating, as of lilies. 2. Glutinating,
as @f liquid amber, balfam, myrrh, and tobacco. 3. Incarning, as fallad-oil. 4. Ci-
catrizing, as oils of fuch fimples. 5, Venereal, as of filHc-nuts. 6. Lithontriptic,
as of cherries and of citron-kernels. 7. Hypnotic, as of henbane, nightlhade,
lilies of the water, mandrakes, and poppies. 4. As for the fourth qualities, they
are cathartic, as the enecine and of the thymelasa,

XII. Ointments, which are, 1. Hot, as of bdellium, dialthea, arregon, martl-
atum, agrippa, and for the ftomach. 2. Cold, as the white and red camphorate,
Galen's refrlngerant, poplars, rofate, and violets. 2. As for the fecond qualities, they
are, i. Mollifying, as of briony, dialthea, refumptivum, tetrapharmacon, and arta-
nite, 1. Binding, as comltifTas, defenfivum, Galen's refrigerant, citrinum, popu-
leon, and the peftoral. 3. Drav/ing, as the fufcum., arregon, agrippae, martiatum.

4. Cleanfing, as the citron and egyptiac, 5. Anodyne, as the anodyne, petftoral,
dialthea, arregon, martiatum, refumptivum, populeon, and Galen's refrigerant.

6. Hypnotic, as populeon. 7. Refolving, as of bays, agripps, arregon, andmarti-

3 atum.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 47

fttiliW. J. As for the third qualities, they are, i. Suppurating, as bafilicon. 2.
Incaming, asaureum and comitifTae. 3. Glutinating, as aureumand the citron, and
potable. 5. Cicatrizing, as album and rubrum. 4. As for the fourth qualities,
they are cathartic, as agrippa;, and of fowbread.

XIII. Cerates, which are, i. Hot, as of euphorbium, and that for the fto-
■tnnch. 1. Cold, as the fantaliue.

XIV. Plaisters, which are, i. Hot, as that fortheftomach. 2. Cold, as that
of hemlock. 2. As for the fecond qualities, they are, i. Mollifying, as diachylon,
gratis dei, that of melilot and oxycroceum. 2. Binding, as of the cruft of bread,
and diaphenicon. 3. Drawing, as of betony, diachylon magnum, with gums of
meJilot and oxycroceum. 4. Cleanfing, as ifis gal. de janua divinum. 5. Ano-
dyne, as of bayberries, melilot, oxycroceum. 6. Refolving, as great diacliylon,
with gums of cummin, bayberries, melilot, and oxycroceum. 3 . As for the third
qualities, they are, i. Suppurating, as diachylon ftmple, the great with gums, and
of mucilages. 2. Incarmug, as of betony, diapalma, de janua, and nigrum. 3.
Glutinating, as diapalma and nigrum. 4. Cicatrzing, as diapalmat.

XV. Extracts, which are, i. Glutinating, as of comfrey.- 2. Spermatogenetic,
as of fatyrion. 3. Cathartic; purging, i. C holer, as oF rhubarb. 2. Phlegm, as
of agaric and aloes. Melancholy, as of black hellebore.

XVI. Salts, which are, i. Cathartic; purging, i. By coughing, hs of St.
John's wort and polypody. 2. By urine, as of camomile, beaa-ftalks, broom,
gentian, juniper, hedge-hyflbp, reft-harrow, and wormwood. 3, By the womb,
as of bawm, celandine, and mugwort. 4. By fweat, as of pockwood.

Thus far of vegetables, confidered as medicinal and alimentary, with tlieir principal
differences in refpe(ft of the whole or parts ; as trees or herbs, by their roots, barks,
woods, leaves, flowers, fruits, buds, feeds or grains, tears, liquors, gums, rofins,
juices, things bred thereof, and waters, &c. with their temperature and qualities,
firll, fecond, and third; and as appropriate and medicinal in general. As alfo of
their compounds, viz. Spirits, waters, tinftures, wines, viaegars,. decodioas, fyrups,

robs,.

4» CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.

robs^ lohochs, preferves, conferves, fugars, powders, eleituarits, pills, troches, oils,
ointments, cerecloths, plaifters, and chymicals ; and of roots, barks, leaves, flow-
ers, fruits, buds, grains or pulfes, juices, and oils. As alimentary in general we
have fully fpoken; there now remains the more particular enquiry thereinto from the
plants and herbs themfelves, which are the bafis of the whole.

The differences of vegetables, as to their parts and qualities, the fynonimous
names of plants and herbs, and the feveral difeafesthey are found to cure, according
to the experience of all botanical authors, now follow in alphabetical order, and form
a complete arrangement of family and phyfical herbs, which grow fpontaneoufly in
the different parts of this ifland for the natural cure or nourifhment of its difeafed
inhabitants.

END of the TREATISE.

CULPEPER>

CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

C ONT A I NING THE

HER B A L.

A M A R A - D U L C I S.

CONSIDERING that divers fhires in this nation give divers names to one
and the fame herb, and that the common name which it bears in one county
is not known in another ; I fliall take the pains to fet down all the names
that I know of each herb. Pardon me for fetting that name firft which is moft
common to myfelf ; befides amara-dulcis, fome call it morral, others bitter-fweet,
fome wood-nightlhade, and others felon-wort.

Description. It grows up with woody ftalks even to a man's height, and
fometimes higher; the leaves fall oft at the approach of winter, and fpring out of the
fame ftalk again at fpring-time ; the branch is encompafled about with a whitifh bark,
and hath a pith in the middle of it; the main branch fpreadeth itfelf out into many
fmall ones, with clafpers, laying hold on what is next to them, as vines do ; it bears
many leaves; they grow in no order at all, or at leaft in no vulgar order; the
leaves are longilh, though fomewhat broad and pointed at the ends; many of
them have two little leaves growing at the end of their footftalk, fome of them hfiye
but one, and fome none ; the leaves are of a pale green colour ; the flowers are of
a purple colour, or of a perfeft blue, like to violets, and they fland many of them.:
toother in knots ; the berries are green at the firft, bur, when they are ripe, they
arc very red ; if you tafte them, you fliall find them juft as the cral>s which v.e ■"
Suflex call bitter-f^^eet, viz. fweet at firft, and bitter afterwards.

No. 5. P Pr.Aci..

50 C U L P E P E R's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

- Pi, ACE. They grow commonly almoft throughout Eiiglimd, efpecially in molft
aiid fhady places.

Time. The leaves {hoot out about the latter end of March ; if the tempera-
ture of the air be ordinary, it flowcrefh in July, and the feeds are vipe foon after,
ilfually in the next month.

Government and Virtues. It is under the planet Mercury, and a notable
herb of his alfo, if it be rightly gathered under his influence. It is excellent good
to remo\»e witchcraft, both in men and beafts ; as alfo all fudden difeafes whatfo-
ever. Being tied about the jicck, it is one of the moft admirable remedies for the
vertigo, or dizzinefs in the head, and that is the reafon (as Tragus faith) the peo-
ple in Germany commonly hang it about their cattle's neck v/hen they fear any fuch
evil hath betided them. Country people commonly ufe to take the berries of it,
and, having bruifed them, they apply them to felons, an^ thereby foon rid their
fingers of fuch troublefome guefts.

Now we have fhewn you the external ufe of the herb, we fhall fpeak a word or
two of the internal, and fo conclude. Take notice, that it is a mercurial herb,
and therefore of very fubtle parts, as indeed all mercurial plants are ; therefore
take a pound of the wood and leaves together, bruife the wood, (which you
may eafily do, for it is not fo hard as oak j) then put it in a pot, and put to it three
pints of white wine ; put on the pot- lid, and fhut it clofe; then let it infufe hot
over agentle fire twelve hours ; then ftrain it out ; fo you have a moft excellent drink
to open obftrudions of the liver and fpleen, to help difficulty of breath, bruifes, and
falls, and congealed blood in any part of the body, to help the yellow jaundice,
the dropfy, and black jaundice, and to cleanfe women newly brought to bed.
You may drink a quarter of a pint of the infufion every morning; it purgeth the
l)ody very gently, and not churliftily as fome hold. And, when you find good by
this, remember me.

A L H E A L.

IT is called' alheal, Hercules's alheal, and Hercules's woundwort; becaufe it Is
fuppofed that Hercules learned the virtues of this herb from Chiron, when he
learned phyfic of him : fome call it panay, and other opopanawort.

Description. Its root is long, thick, and exceedingly full of juice, of a hot
and biting talte; the leaves are great and large, and winged almoft like afh-tree leaves,
b«fc that they are fomewhat hairy, each leaf confifting of five or fix pair of fuch
wings fet one againft the other, upon footftalks broad below, but narrow toward
the end j one of the leaves is a little deeper at the bottom than the other, of a fair,

yellowiftj.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. jt

ytellowi(h, frefh, green colour J they are of a bitterifh tafte, being chewed in the
tnouth. From among thefe rifeth up a ftallc, green in colour, round in form,
great and ftrong in magnitude, five or fix feet in altitude, with many joints and
fome leaves thereat ; towards the top come forth umbels of fmall yellow flowers, •
and after they are pafled away you may find whitifli -yellow fiiort flat feeds, bitter
alfo in tafle.

Place. Having given you the defcription of the herb from the bottom to the
top, give me leave to tell you that there are other herbs called by this name ; but,
becaufe they are ftrangers in England, I gave only the defcription of this, v/hich
is eafy to be had in the gardens of divers perfons.

Time. Although Gerrard faith that they flower from the beginning of May'
tO' the end of December, experience teacheth thofe that keep it in their gardens,
that it does not flower till the latter end of the fummer, and flieds its feeds pre-
fently after.

Government and Virtues, If is under the dominion of Mars; hot, biting,
and choleric; and remedies what evils Mars afflidls the body of man with by fym-
pathy, as viper's flefli attrafls poifon and the joadilone iron. It kills worms; helps
the gout, cramp, and convulfions; provokes urine, and helps all joint achs; it helps •
all cold griefs of the head, the vertigo, falling ficknefs, and lethargy ; the wind-
cholic, obftrudions of the liver and fpleen, ftone in the kidneys and bladder. It
provokes the terms, expels the dead birth; it is excellent good for the grief of the
finews, itch, fores, and tooth-ach; alfo the biting of mad dogs and venomous
beads ; and purgenh choler very, gently.

A L K AN E T.

.•jt;T,-io^

BESIDES the common namff, it is called orchanet and Spanifh buglofs, and by
.ipothecarles anchufa.

Dhscription. Of the many forts of this herb there is but one grows com-
monly in this nation, of which one take this defcription. It hath a great and thick
root of a reddifh colour ; long, narrow, and hairy, leaves, green like the leaves of
buglofs, which lie very thick upon the ground, and the ftalks rile up compafled
about thick with leaves, which are lefs and narrower than the former; they are ten-
der and {lender; the flowers are hollow, fmall, and of a reddifh purple colour; the
feed is greyifh. '

Place. It grows in Kent near Rochefter, and in many places in the weft coun-'
try, both in Devon(hire and Cornwall.

Tl.MB.

52 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Time. They flower in July and the beginning of Auguft, and the feed is ripe
foon after ; but the root is in its prime, as carrots and parfnips are, before the herb
runs up to ftalk.

GoviRNMENT AND ViRTUES. It is an herb under the dominion of Venus, and
indeed one of her darlings, though fomething hard to come by. It helps old ulcers,
hot inflammations, burnings by common fire and St. Anthony's fire, by antipathy
to Mars ; for thefe ufes, your beft way is to make it into an ointment. Alfo if you
make a vinegar of it, as you make vinegar of rofes, it helps the morphew and le-
profy ; if you apply the herb to the privities, it draws forth the dead child ; it helps
the yellow jaundice, fpleen, and gravel in the kidneys. Diofcorides faith it helps
fuch as are bitten by venomous beafl:s, whether it be taken inwardly or applied to
the wound ; nay, he faith further, if any one who hath newly eaten it do but fpit in
the mouth of a ferpent, the ferpent inftantly dies. It fliays the flux of the belly,
kills worms, helps the fits of the mother ; its decoftion, made in wine and drunk,
ftrengthens the back, and eafeth the pains thereof; it helps bruifes and falls, and
is a good remedy to drive out the fmall pox and meafles. An ointment made of it
is excellent for green wounds, pricks, or thrufts.

-.'ADDER'S TONGUE, or SERPENT's TONGUE.

Description, THIS fmall herb hath but one leaf, which grows with the fl:alk
a finger's kngth above the ground, being fat, and of a frefli green colour, broad like
the water plantane, but lefs, without any middle rib in it; from the bottom of which
leaf, on the infide, rifeth up ordinarily one, fometimes two or three, fmall flender
ftalks, the upper half whereof is fomewhat bigger, and dented with fmall round
dents of a yellowifli green colour, like the tongue of an adder or ferpent. Only
this is as ufeful as they are formidable. The root continues all the year.

Place. It groweth in moift meadows and fuch-like places.

Time. And is to be found in April and May, for it quickly periflieth with a
littk heat.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb under the dominion of the Moon in
Cancer; and therefore, if the weaknefs of the retentive faculty be caufed by an evil
influence of Saturn in any part of the body governed by the Moon, or under the
dominion of Cancer, this herb cures it by iympathy ; it cures thofe difeafes after
ipecified in any part of the body under the influence of Saturn by antipathy.

It is temperate in refped of heat, but dry in the fecond degree. The juice of the
ka'ves drunk with the difliiled water of horfe-tail is a fingujar remedy for all manner,
.'if.KOunds in th:; brcafl", bowel?, or other parts of |he body, and is given with good

I fuccels

AND CO M P L E 1' E II E R B A I,. 5^5

fuccefs unto thofe who are troubled with cafling, vomiting, or bl^-eding at the mouth
or iiofe, or otherwife downwards. The fald juice, given in the diftilled water of
oaken buds, is very good for women who have their ufual courfcs, or the whites,
flowing down too abundantly. It helps fore eyes. The leaves infufed or boiled in
oil omphacine, or unripe olives fet in the fun for certain days, or the green Itaves
fufficiently boiled in the faid oil, make an excellent green balfam, not only for
green and frefh wounds, but alfo for old and inveterate ulcers ; efpecially if a little
fine clear turpentine be dinblvcd therein. It alfo ftayeth and repreHcth all inflam-
mations that arife upon pains by hurts or wounds, either taken inwardly or out-
wardly applied. For ruptures or burden bellies, take as much of the powder of the
dried leaves as will lie on a fixpence, or lefs, according to the age of the party, in
two ounces of horfe-tail or oak-bud water, fweetened with fyrup of quinces. Ufe
it every morning for the fpace of fifteen days. But, before you enter upon the ufe
of this or any other medicine, the gut, if it fall into the fcrotum, muft be reduced
by a furgeon, and a trufs muft be worn to keep it up, and the party muft avoid all
violent motions, and lie as much as may be in bed, or on a couch. Fabricius Hil-
danus fays, that fome have been cured of great ruptures by lying in bed, when they
could be cured no other way.

AGRIMONY.

Description. THIS hath divers long leaves, fome greater, fome fmaller, fet
upon a ftalk, all of them dented about the edges, green above, and greyifti under-
neath, and a little hairy withal. Among which rifeth up ufually but one ftrong,
round, hairy, brown ftalk, two or three feet high, with fmaller leaves fet here and
there upon it; at the top whereof grow many yellow flowers one above another in
long fpikes, after which come rough heads of feeds hanging downwards, which will
cleave to and ftick upon garments, or any thing that fliall rub againft them. The
root is black, long, and fomewhat woody, abiding many years, and fliooting afrefli
every fpring ; which root, though fmall, hath a pleafant fmell.

Place. It grows upon banks, near the fides of hedges or rails.

Time. It flowereth in July and Auguft, the feed being ripe ftiortly after.

Government and Virtues. It is moderately hot and moift, according to the
nature of Jupiter. It is under Jupiter and the fign Cancer, and ftrengthens thofe
parts under that planet and fign and remove difeafes in them by fympathy, and thofe
under Saturn, Mars, and Mercury, by antipathy, if they happen in any part of
the body governed by Jupiter, or under the figns Cancer, Sagittarius, or Pifces;

No. 5. CL and

54 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

and therefore muft needs be good for the gout, cither iifed outwardly in an oil or
ointment, or inwardly in an eltduary or fyrup, or concreted juice ; for which fee
the latter end of the book. It has moreover been recommended in dropfies and
the jaundice. Externally, it has indeed its ufe ; I have feen very bad fore legs
cured by bathing and fomenting them with a decoiftion of this plant.

It is of a cleanfing and cutting faculty, without any manifeft heat, moderately
drying and binding. It openeth and cleanfeth the liver, helpeth the jaundice, and
js very beneficial to the bowels, healing all inward wounds, bruifes, hurts, and
other diftempers. The decoftion of the herb made with v/ine, and drunk, is good
againft the biting and flinging of ferpents; and helps them that have foul, troubled,
or bloody, water, and caufes them to make water clear and fpeedily. It alfo helpeth-
the cholic, cleanfeth the breaft, and relieves the cough. A draught of the decoc-
tion, taken warm before the fit, firft relieves, and in time removes, the tertian or
quartan ague. The leaves and feed, taken in wine, ftay the bloody-flux ; out-
wardly applied, being ftamped with old fwine's greafe, it helpeth old fores, cancers,,
and inveterate ulcers ; and draweth forth thorns, fplinters of wood, nails, or any
other fuch thing, gotten into the fiefh. It helpeth to ftrengthen the members that
be out of joint; and being bruifed and applied, or the juice dropped in, it helpeth
foul and impofthumed ears.

The diftilled water of the herb is good to all the faid purpofes, either inward or
outward, but is a great deal weaker.

I cannot ftand to give you a rcafon in every herb why it cureth fuch difeafesj but,
■if you pleafe to perufe my judgment in the herb wormwood, you fhall find it there;
and it will be well worth your while to confider it in every herb; you fhall find thera
true throughout the book.

WATER. AGRIMONY.

IT is called in fome countries water-hemp, baftard-hemp, and baftard-agrimony j-
alfp eupatorium and hepatorium, becaufe it flrengthens the liver.

Description. The root continues a long time, having many long flender firings;
the flalks grow up about two feet high, fometimes higher; they are of a dark pur-
ple colour; the branches are many, growing at a diftance theonefrom the other, the
one from the one fide of the flalk, the other from the oppofite point; the leaves are
winged, and much indented at the edges ; the flowers grow at the tops of the
branches, of a brown yellow colour, fpotted with black fpots, having a fubflance
•within the midfl of them like that of a daify j if )ou rub them between your fingers,

they

AND COMPLETE H E R B A L. 55

they fmell like rofin, or cedar when it is burnt; the feeds are long, and eafily ftick
to any woollen thing they touch.

Place. They delight not in heat, and therefore they are not fo frequently found
in the fouthern parts of England as in the north, where they grow frequently ; you
may look for them in cold grounds, by ponds and ditch- fides, as alfo by running
waters ; fometimes you will find them grow in the mldfl of the waters.

Time. They all flower in July and A-uguft, and thte feed is ripe prefirntly after.

Government and Virtues. It is a plant of Jupiter, as well as the other a-
grimony j only this belongs to the celeftial fign Cancer. It healeth and dricth, cut-
teth and cleanfeth, thick and tough humours of t^e brcaft; and for this 1 hold it in-
ferior to but few herbs that grow. It helps the cachexia, or evil difpofition of the
body ; the dropfy and yellow jaundice. It opens obftrudions of the liver, and
mollifies the hardnefs of the fpleen ; being applied outwardly, it breaks impoft-
humes ; taken inwardly, it is an excellent remedy for the third-day ague ; it pro-
vokes urine and the terms ; it kills worms, and .leanfeth the body of fliarp hu-
mours, which are the caufe of itch, fcabs, &c. l"he fmoke of the herb, being
burnt, drives away flies, wafps, &c. and it ftrcngthens the lungs exceedingly.
Country people give it to their cattle when they are troubled with the cough, or
broken winded.

ALE- HOOF, OR GROUND-IVY.

SEVERALcountries give it feveral names, fo that there is fcarcely an herb grow-
ing of that bignefs that hath got fo many: it is called cat's-faot, ground-ivy, gill-
go-by-ground and gill-creep-by-ground, tun-hoof, hay-maids, and ale-hoof.

Description. This well-known herb lieth, fpreadeth, and creepeth, upon the
ground, fliooting forth roots at the corners of the tender-jointed ftalks, fct all along
with two round leaves at every joint, fomewhat hairy, crumpled, and unevenly-
dented about the edges, with round dents: at the joints likevvife with the leaves, to-
wards the ends of the branches, come forth hollow long flowers, cf a bluifh pi;r-
ple colour, with fmall white fpots upon the lips that hang down. The root is
fmall, with firings.

Place. It is commonly found under the hedges, and on the fides of ditches,
under houfes, or in fliadowed lanes, and other wafte grounds, in almolt every
part of the land.

Time. They flower fomewhat early, and abide fo a great while; the leaves con-
tinue green until winter, and.'j netimes • abide, except the winter be very fliarp
and cold.

Govern-

zC C U L P F. P E R's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Venus, and therefore cures the
diieafes (he caufes by fympathy, and thofe of Mars by antipathy. You may ufually
find it all the year long, except the weather be extreme frofly. It is quick, (harp, and
bitter, in tafte, and is thereby found to be hot and dry ; a finguiar herb for all in-
v/ard wounds, ulcerated lungs or other parts, either by itfelf or boiled with other
like herbs ; and, being drunk, it in a ftort time eafeth all griping pains, windy
and choleric humours in the flomach, fpleen, or belly; helps the yellow jaundice by
opening the ftoppings of the gall and liver, and melancholy by opening the ftop-
pings of the fpleen ; expelleth venom or poifon, and alfo the plague ; it provoketh
urine and women's courfes. The decoftion of it in wine, drunk for fome time toge-
ther, procureth eafe unto them that are troubled with the fciatica, or hip-gout, as
alfo the gout in the hands, knees, or feet; and, if you put to the deco(5lion fome ho-
ney, and a little burnt allum, it is excellent good to gargle any fore mouth or
throat, and to wafii the fores and ulcers in the privy parts of man or woman j it
fpeedily helpeth green wounds, being bruifed and bound thereto. The juice of it,
boiled with a little honey and verdigreafe, doth wonderfully cleanfe fifl:ulas, ulcers,
and ftayeth the fpreading or eating of cancers and ulcers ; it helpeth the itch, fcabs,
wheals, and other breakings-out in any part of the body. The juice of celandine,
field-daifies, and ground-ivy, clarified, and a little fine fugar diflblved therein, and
dropped into the eyes, is a fovereign remedy for all the pains, rednefs, and watering,
of them ; as alfo for the pin and web, flcins and films growing over the fight. It
helpeth beafts as well as men. The juice dropped into the ears doth wonderfully
help the noife and finging of them, and helpeth the hearing which is decayed. It is
good to tun up with new drink, for it will fo clarify it in a night, that it will be fit to
be drunk the next morning; or if any drink be thick with removing, or any other
accident, it will do the like in a few hours.

ALEXANDER.

IT is alfo called alifander, horfe-parfley, and wild-parfley, and the black pot-herb:
the feed of it is that which is ufually fold in the apothecaries fhops for Macedonian
parfley-feed.

Description. It is ufually fown in all the gardens in Europe, and fo well known
that it needs no further defcription.

Time. They flower in June and July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft.

Government AND Virtues. It is an herb of Jupiter, and therefore friendly to
nature, for it warmeth a cold ftomach, and openeth ftoppings of the Jiver, and

wonder-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 57

wonderfully helpeth the fpleen; it is good to remove women's courfes, to expel the
after- birth, to break wind, to provoke urine, and help the ftranguary; and thefe
things the feeds will do likewife. If either of them be boiled in wine, or be brulfed
and taken in wine, it is alfo effeiftual againft the hiting of ferpents. And now you
know what alexander pottage is good for, that you may no longer eat it out of ig-
norance, but out of knowledge.

BLACKALDERTREE.

D£scRI^TION AND Names. THIS groweth up like a fmall fhrub, or bufh,
and fpreads in many bnuiches ; the wood is whi^e, and red at the coi-e, the bark
blackiHi with white fpots, the inner bark yellow, the leaves fomewhat like the com-
mon aider ; the flowers are white, and come forth at the joints with the leaves; the
berries are round, firft green, then red, aixl black when they are ripe. The Latins
call It fraugula, and aliius nigra baccifera j in Hampfhire it is ufually known by the
name of dog-wood.

Place. This tree or fhrub may be found plentifully in St. John's wood by
Hornfey, and in the woods upon Hampftead-heath, as alfo at a wood called the Old
Park at Barcomb in Suflex, near the brook's fide.

Time. It flowereth in May, and the berries are ripe in September.

Government and Virtues. It is a tree of Saturn. The inner bark thereof
purgeth downwards both choler and phlegm, and the watery humours of fuch as
have the dropfy, and ftrengtheneth the inward parts again by binding. The green
leaves of this tree, applied to tumours, difcufles them, and takes off inflammations.
Being put into travellers flioes, they eafe pain, and remove wearinefs. A black co-
lour like ink is made with the bark of alder rubbed off with a rufty iron, and infu-
fed in water for fome days. Some ufe it to dye. \{ the bark hereof be boiled with
agrimony, wormwood, dodder, hops, and fome fennel, with fmallage, endive, and
fuccory roots, and a reafonable draught taken every morning for fome time together,
it is very eflPedual againft the jaundice, dropfy, and the evil difpofition of the body :
efpecially if fome fuitable purging medicine have been taken before to avoid the
grofler excrements; it purgeth and ftrengtheneth the liver and fpleen, cleanfing them
from fuch evil humours and hardnefs as they are affli(5led with. It is to be
underftood, that thefe things are performed by the dried bark ; for the frefh
green bark, taken inwardly, provoketh ftrong vomitings, pains in the ftomach,
and gripings in the belly : yet, if the dccodion ftand and fettle two or three days,
until the yellow colour be changed black, it will not work, fo ftrongly as before.

No. 5. R but

5S CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

but will ftrengthen the ftomach, and procure an appetite to meat. The outer bark
contrarywife doth bind the body, and is helpful for all ]afl<s and fluxes thereof;
but this muft alfo be dried firft, whereby it will work the better. The inner bark
thereof boiled in vinegar, is an approved remedy to kill lice, to cure the itch, and
take away fcabs by drying them up in a fhort time ; it is Angularly good to wafti
the teeth, to take away the pains, to fatten thofe that are loofe, to cleanfe them and
keep them found. The leaves are good fodder for kine, to make them give more
milk.

If in the fprlng-time you ufe the herbs before-mentioned, and will but take a hand-
ful of each of them, and to them add a handful of elder-buds, and, having bruifed
them all, boil them in a gallon of ordinary beer when it is new, and, having boiled
them half an hour, add to this three gallons more, and let them work together, and
drink a draught of it every morning, half a pint or thereabouts,---it is an excellent
purge for the fpring, to confume the phlegmatic quality the winter hath left behihd it,
and withal keep your body in health, and confume thofe evil humours which the
heat of fummer will readily ftir up.

COMMON ALDER TREE.

Description. IT groweth to a reafonable height, and fpreads much if it likes
the'place. It is generally fo well known unto the country people, that I conceive
it needlefs to tell them that which is no news.

Place and Time. It delighteth to grow in moift woods and watery places j
flowering in April or May, and yielding the feed in September.

Government and Use. It is a tree under the dominion of Venus, and of
fome watery fign or other, I fuppofe Pifces; and therefore the decodion or diftilled
v.aterof the leaves is excellent againft burnings and inflammation, either with wounds
or without, to bathe the place grieved with, and efpecially for that inflammation in
the breaft which the vulgar call an ague. If you cannot get the leaves (as in winter
it is impoffible), make ufe of the bark in the fame manner. The leaves and bark of
the alder -tree are cooling, drying, and binding. The frefli leaves laid upon fwellings
diflblveth them, and Itayeth the inflammations j the leaves, put under the bare feet
galled with travelling, are a great refrefhing to them; the faid leaves gathered while
the morning dew is on them, and brought into a chamber troubled with fleas, will
gather them thereinto, which, being fuddenly caft out, will rid the chamber of thofe
truublefome bed-fellows.

ANGE-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. S9

ANGELICA.

THAT is, the angelical or angel-like herb. On what occafion this excellent name
was firft given unto it, I know not; unlefs it was for the excellent virtues thereof,
or for that God made it known to man by the miniftry of an angel. I fuppofe the
former cafe rather to be true: however, as I am not able to prove the other, fo I
think no man can give any good reafon to the contrary. For this we know, that God
hath made his angels miniftering fpirits, to ferve us for the fafeguard of our fouls,
andalfo of our bodies. But, upon what occafion foever the name was given, it is
excellent, and fo are its properties. — Angelica is hot and dry at lead in the third
degree. All the latter writers agree upon this, and experience proveth the fame,
that it ib good againft poifon, peftilent airs, and the peftilence itfelf. The pradi-
tioners of Germany write thus of if.---If any man be fuddenly taken either with the
peftilence, or with any peftilent ague, with too much fweating, let him drink of the
powder of the root half a drachm, mingled with a drachm of treacle, in three or four
fpoonfuls of the water of angelica, diftilled from the roots, and, after his going to
bed, covering himfelf well, let him faft, at leaft, three hours after ; which if he
do, he will begin to fweat, and, by the help of God, he will be cured of his difeafe.
For want of treacle, one may take a whole drachm of the root of angelica in powder
with fo much of the diftilled water as aforefaid, and it will have the fame efFcdl.— -
The root of angelica well fteeped in vinegar, and fmelt to in time of the peftilence,
and the fame liquor being fometimes drunk fafting, preferveth from infeftion. But,
in my judgment, it is better to take an orange or a lemon, cut off the top, pick out
the meat, prick it full of fmall holes, put into it a piece of fponge, or fine linen cloth
dipped in the aforefaid vinegar, and fmell to it. — The water diftilled out of the
roots of angelica, or the powder of the fame, is good againft gnawing and pains of
the belly occafioned by cold, if the body be not bound. It is good againft all in-
ward difeafes, as pleurify, in the beginning before the heat of the inflammiition be
come into the body; for that it dilTolvoth and fcattereth abroad fuch humours as ufe
to caufe the pleurify. Moreover it is good for the difeafes of the lungs, if they come
of a cold caufe j and from the ftrangurian, if from a cold caufe, or of a ftopi>ing.
It is good for a woman that is in travail. It expelleth wind that is in the body, and
eafeth the pain that cometh from the fame. The root may be fod in wine or water,
as the nature of the fick requireth. The root or the juice, put into an hollow tooth,
taketh away the ach ; the fame cftecl hath the diftilled water, being put into the car.
The juice or water of angelica quickens the eye-fight, and breaks the little films

that

go CULfEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

that cover the eyes, caufing darknefs of fight. Of the roots of angelica and pitch
may be made a good plaifter againft the bitings of mad beafts. The water, the
juice, or the powder, of this root, fprinkled upon the uifeafed place, is a very good
remedy againft old dnd deep fores, for they fcour and cleaiile them, and cover the
bones vyith flefh. The water of the fame, in a cold caufe, is good to be laid on pla«
ces difeafed with the gout and fciatica i for it eafeth the pain, and melteth away
the toui^h humours that are gathered together. The feed is of like virtue with the
root. The wild angelica, that groweth here in the low woods, and by the water-
fide, is not of fuch virtue as the other; howbeit the furgeons feeth the root of it in
wine to heal green wounds. Thefe properties I have gathered out of German wri-
ters. I have not as yet proved them all myfelf ; but divers of them I have proved,
and have found them to be true. I have fet down the peel of an orange, or lemon ;
the meat whereof is alfo commended by the phyficians to be a good prefervative both
againfl- poifon and the infection of peftilence.--- Late writers afRrm that the roots
of angelica are oppofite to all poifon and infedion. If any be infe>5ted with the
plague, orpoifoned, they give him immediately to drink a drachm of the powder of
this root with wine in the winter, and in fummer with diftilled water of carduus
benedi(5lus ; then get him to bed, and cover him until he fweat freely. The fame
root being taken falling in the morning, or but held in the mouth, doth keep and
preferve the body from the evil of the air. The leaves of angelica pounded with
the leaves of rue and honey are very good to be laid to the bitings of mad dogs pre-
fcntly after the hurt, the wine being drunk wherein the root or leaves of angelica
hath been boiled.

There is both garden and v/ild angelica ; fome alfo reckon up a water kind ; it
groweth up with great hollow ftalks, four or five feet high, having broad divided
leaves, of a pale green colour ; at the top cometh forth large umbels of white
flowers, afta- which fucceed flat feed, fomewhat whitifti ; the root periftieth every
year if it be fofFered to feed.

Place and Time. Angelica is Latin and Englifh; it grows commonly in our
gardens, and wild alfo in many places j flowers about July, and the feed is ripefoon
after.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of the Sun in Leo; let it be gathered
when he is there, the Moon applying to his good afpeft; let it be gathered either in
his hour, or in the hour of Jupiter ; let Sol be angular. Obferve the like in ga-
thering the herbs of other planets, and you may happen to do wonders. In all epi-
demical difeafes caufed by Saturn, this is as good a prefervative as grows ; it refills
poifon by defending and comforting the heart, blood, and fpirits, it doth the like

a againft

A N D C O M P L E T E ri K R B A L. 61

agalnft the plague and all epidemical difeafes, if the root be taken in powder to the
weight of half a drachm at a time with fome good treacle in carduns water, and the'
party thereupon laid to fwcat in his bedi if treacle be not to be had, take it alone in
carduus or angelica water. The fl-alks or roots, c.-yidied and eaten falling, are good
prefervatives in time of infeJlion, and at other times to warm and comfort a cold
ftomach. The root alfo fteeped in vinegar, and a little of that vinegar taken fome-
times fafting, and the root fmelled unto, is good for the fame purpofe. A water
diftilled from the root limply, or fleeped in wine, and diftilled in glafs, is much more
effedual than the water of the leaves i and this water, drunk two or three fpoonfuls
at a time, eafeth all pains and torments coming of cold and wind, fo as the body be
not bound J and, taken with fome of the root in powder at the beginning, helpeth the
pleurify, as alfo all other difeafes of the lungs and breaft, as coughs, phthyfic, and
fhortnefs of breath j and a fyrup of the ftalks doth the like. It helps pains of the
cholic, the ftranguary, and flopping of the urine, procureth women's courfes, and
expelleth the after-birthj openeth the ftoppings of the liver and fpleen, and briefly
eafeth and difcufleth all windinefs and inward fwellings. The decodtion drunk
before the fit of an ague, that they may fweat, if poflible, before the fit comes on,
will in two or three times taking rid it quite away. It helps digeftion, and is a
remedy for a furfeit. The juice, or the water, being dropped into eyes or ears,
helps dimnefs of fight and deafnefs; the juice, being put into hollow teeth, eafeth
their pains. The roots in powder, made up into a plaifler with a little pitch, and
laid on the biting of a mad dog, or any other venomous creature, doth wonderfully
help. The juice, or water, dropped, or tents wet therein, and put into old filthy
deep ulcers, or the powder of the root, in want of either, doth cleanfe and caufe
them to heal quickly, by covering the naked bones with flefh. The diftilled water,
applied to places pained with the gout or fclatica, doth give a great deal of eafe.
- The wild angelica is not fo effedtual as the garden, although it may be fafely ufed
to all the purpofes aforefaid.

AMARANTHUS.

BESIDES this common name, by which it is beft known by the florifts of our
days, it is alfo called flower-gentle, flower-velure, floramor, and velvet-flower.

Description. It being a garden flower, and well known to every one that keeps
of it, I might forbear the defcriptlon; yet notwithftanding, becaufe fome defire it, I
iball give it. ---It runneth up with a ftalk a cubit high, ftreaked, and fomewhat red-
difti towards the root, but very fmooth^ divided towards the top with fmall branches.

No. 5. S among

62 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

among which frand long broad leaves of a reddifli green colour, and flippery. The
flowers are not properly flowers, but tufts, very beautiful to behold, but of no fmell,
of a reddifh colour; if you bruife them, they yield juice of the fame colour; being
gathered, they keep their beauty a long time; the feed is of a fliining black colour.

Time. They continue in flower from Auguft till the frofls nip them.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Saturn, and is an
excellent qualifier of the unruly a<5lions and paflions of Venus, though Mars alfo
ihould join with her. The flowers, dried, and beaten into powder, fl:op the terms in
women, and fo do almoft all other red things. And by the icon or image of every
herb the ancients at firfl: found out their virtues. Modern writers laugh at them
for it; but I wonder in my heart how the virtue of herbs came at firft to be known,,
if not by their fignatures; the moderns have them from the writings of the ancients,
the ancients had no writings to have them from. But to proceed : the flowers flop
all fluxes of blood whether in man or woman, bleeding either by the nofe or wound.
There is alfo a fort of amaranthus which bears a white flower, which flops the
whites in women, and the running of the reins in men, and is a mofl: Angular reme-
dy for the venereal difeafe.

ANEMONE.

CALLED alfo wind-flower, becaufe they fay the flowers never open but when the
wind bloweth: Pliny is my author; if it be not fo, blame him. The feed alfo, if
it bears any at all, flies away with the wind.

Place and Time. They are fown ufually in the gardens of the curious, and
flower in the fpring-time. As for the defcriptlon, I fhall pafs it, they being welt
known to all thofe that fow them.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Mars, being fup-
pofed to be a kind of crow-foot. The leaves provoke the terms mightily, being
boiled and the decodlion drunk. The body being bathed with the decoftion of
them cures the leprofy. The leaves being ftamped, and the juice fnufi^ed up the
nofe, purgeth the head greatly : fo doth the root being chewed in the mouth, for it
caufeth much fpitting ; and bringeth away many watery and phlegmatic humours,
and is therefore excellent for the lethargy. And, when all is done, let phyficians
fay what they pleafe, all the pills in the difpenfatory purge not the head like to hot
things held in the mouth : being made into an ointment, and the eyelids anointed
therewith, it helps inflammations of the eyes, whereby it is palpable that every
ftronger draweth its weaker light; the fame ointment is exceeding good to cleanfe
malignant and corroding ulcers,

GARDEN

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 63

GARDEN ARRACH.

Cx\LLED alfo orach, and o'-ajre.

Description. It Is fo commonly known to every houfewife, it were but la-
bour loft to defcribe it.

Time. It flowereth and feedeth from June to the end of Auguft,

Government and Virtues. Ic is under the government of the Moon; in
quality cold and moiil: like unto her. It fofreneth and loofeneth the body of man
being eaten, and fortifieth the expulfive faculty in him. The herb, whether it be
bruifed and applied to the throat, or boiled, and in like manner applied, it matters
not much, it is excellent good for fwellings in the throat; the beft way I fuppofe is
to boil it, and, having drunk the decodion inwardly, apply the herb outwardly;
the dccoiftion of it befidcs is an excellent remedy for the yellow jaundice.

■ARRACIIWILD and STINKING.

CALLED alfo vulvaria, from that part of the body upon which its operation is
moft : alfo dog's arrach, goat's arrach, and ftinking motherwort.

Description. This hath fmall and almolT: round leaves, yet a little pointed,
and without dent or cur, of a duflcy mealy colour, growing on the flender flalks and
branches that fpread on the ground, with fmall flowers in clufters fet with the leaves,
and fmall feeds fucceeding like the reft, perifliing yearly, and rifing again with its
own fov.'ing. It fmells like old rotten fifti, or fomething worfe.

Place. It grows ufually upon dunghills.

Time. They flower in June and July, and the feed Is ripe quickly after.

Government and Virtues. Stinking arrach is ufeful as a remedy to help wo-
men pained and.almoft ftrangled with the mother, by fmelling to it; but inwardly
taken there is not a better remedy under the moon for that difeafe. I would be large
in commendation of this herb, were I but eloquent. It is an herb under the do-
minion of Venus, and under the fign Scorpio. The works of God are given freely
to man; his medicines are common and cheap, and eafy to be found : the medicines
of the college of phyficlans are dear, and fcarce to find. I commend this for an uni-
verfal medicine for the womb, and fuch a medicine as will eafiiy, fafely, and fpeedily,
cure any difeafe thereof, as the fits of the mother, diflocatlon, or falling out thereof;
it cools the womb being over-heated; and let me tell you this, and I will tell you
but the truth, heat of the womb Is one of the greateft caufes of hard labour in
child-birth. It makes barren women fruitful, it clcanfeth the womb if it be foul,
i and

64 CULPEPER'3 ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

and ilrengthens it exceedingly j it provokes the terms if they be flopped, and flops
them if they flow ini moderately : you can defire no good to your womb but this
herb will tiTecl it; therefore, if you love children, if you love health, if you love
cafe, keep a fyrup always by you made of the juice of this herb and fugar, or honey
if it be to cicanfe the wombj and let fuch as be rich keep it for their poor neigh-
bours, and beftcw it as freely as I beftow my ftudies upon them, or elfe let them
look to anfwcr for it another day when the Lord ftiall come to make inquifition of
blood.

ARCHANGEL.

TO put a glofs upon their pradice, the phyficians call an herb, which country
people vulgarly know by the name of dead nettles, archangel, wherein whether
they favour more of fuperflition or folly I leave to the judicious reader. There is
more curiofity than courtefy to my countrymen ufed by others in the explanation as
well of the names as defcription of this well-known herb: which, that I may not
alfo be guilty of, take this fhort defcription ; firft, of the red archangel.

Description. This hath divers fquare ftalks, fomewhat hairy, at the joints
whereof grow two fad- green leaves dented about the edges, oppofite each other, the
lowcf mofl: upon long footftalks, but without any towards the tops, which are fome-
what round, yet pointed, and a little crumpled and hairy: round about the upper
joints, where the leaves grow thick, are fundry gaping flowers of a pale reddi/h co-
lour ; after which come the feeds, three or four in a hufk. The root is fmall and
thready, perifliing every yearj the whole plant hath a fl;rong fcent, but not flinking.

White archangel hath divers fquare ftalks, none fl:anding upright, but bending
downward, whereon fl:and two leaves at a joint, larger and more pointed than the
other, dented about the edges, and greener alfo, more hke unto nettle-leaves, but
not flinging, yet hairy : at the joints, with the leaves, ftand larger and more open
gaping white flowers, in hufks round about the ftalks, (but not with fuch a bufli
of leaves and flowers fet in the top as is on the other,) wherein ftand fmall roundifh
black feeds. The root is white, with many ftrings at it, not growing downward,
but lying under the upper crufl of the earth, and abideth many years increafing.
This hath not fo ftrong a fcent as the former.

Yellow archangel is like the white in the ftalks and leaves, but that the ftalks are
more ftraight and upright, and the joints with leaves are farther afunder, having
Jonger leaves than the former, and the flowers a little larger and more gaping, of a
fair yellow colour in moft, in fome paler. The roots are like the white, only they
creep not fo much on the ground.

Place,

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 65

Place, 'i'hey grow almofl: every where, unlefs it be in the middle of the ftreet;
the yellow mofl: ufually in the wet grounds of woods, and fometimes in the dryer,
in divers counties of this nation.

Time. They flower from the beginning of the fpring all the fummer long.
Virtues and Use. The archangels are fo mew hat hot, and dryer than the fling-
ing nettles, and ufed with better fuccefs, for the flopping and hardnefs of the fpleen,
than they, by ufing the decotftion of the herb in wine, and afterwards applying the
herb hot unto the region of the fpleen as a plaifter, or the deco(flion with fpunges.
The flowers of the white archangel are preferved, or conferved, to be ufed to flay
the whites, and the flowers of the red to flay the reds, in women.

A R S E S M A R T.

THE hot arfefmart is called alfo water-pepper, and culrage; the mild arfefmart is
called dead arfefmart, porcicaria, or peach-wort, becaufe the leaves are fo like the
leaves of peach- tree j it is alfo called plumbago.

Description ot the Mild. This hath broad leaves fet at the great red joints
of the ftalks, v.ithfemicircular blackifh marks on them ufually, yet fometimes with-
out. Tlie flowers grow in long fpikes ufually, either bluifh or whitifh, with fuch-
like feed following. The root is long, with many fl:rings thereat, perifhing yearly j
this hath no fharp tafle, as another fort hath, which is quick and biting, but rather
four like forrel, or elfe a little drying or without tafte.

Place. It grows in watery places, ditches, and the likej which for the mofl;
part are dry in fummer.

Time. It flowereth in June, and the feed is ripe in Auguft.

Government and Virtues. As the virtues of both thefe is various, foare alfo
their government ; for that wh'ch is hot and biting is under the dominion of Mars,
but Saturn challengeth the other, as appears by the lead-coloured fpot he hath
placed upon the leaf. The water-arfefmart is of great ufe in the fl:oneof the kidneys
or bladder, a draught of it being taken every morning for two or three months toge-
ther. A country gentleman ufed a load of this herb in a year to make the water, where-
with he cured many of the ftone. The root or feed, put into an aching hollow tooth,
takes off the pain. Thcic is fcarce any thing more effectual to drive away flies, for,
whatever wounds or ulcers cattle have, if they are anointed with the juice of arfe-
fmart, the flies will not come near, though it is the heat of fummer. It is of a cool-
ing and drying quality, and very effciftu il for putrefied ulcers in man or beaft, to
kill worms, and cleanfe the putrefied places. The juice thereof dropped in, or other-
wife applied, confumeth all cold Iwcllmgs, and difiblveth the congealed blood of

No. 6. T tiruifes

66 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

bruifes by ftrokes, falls, &c. The leaves bruifed, and laid to the joint that hath a
fellon thereon, taketh it away. The juice deftroyeth worms in the ears, being
dropped into them: if the hot arfemart be ftrewed in a chamber, it will foon kill
all the fleas, and drive away the flies, in the hotteft time of fummer ; a good
handful of the hot biting arfefmart, put under a horfe's faddle, will make him
travel the better, although he were half tired before: the mild arfemart is good
againft hot impofthumes and inflammations at the beginning, and to heal green
wounds.

All authors chop the virtues of both forts of arfefmart together, as men chop
herbs for the pot, when both of them are of quite contrary qualities. The hot arfe-
fmart groweth notfo high, or tall, as the mild doth, but hath many leaves of the co-
lour of peach-leaves, very feldom or never fpottedj in other particulars it is like the
former, but may be eafily known from it, if you will be but pleafed to break a leaf
of it acrofs your tongue, for the hot will make your tongue to fmart, but the cold
will not. If you fee them both together, you may eafily diftinguifh them, becaufe the
mild hath far broader leaves : and our college of phyficians, out of their learned care
for the public good, AngUce, their own gain, miftake the one for the other in their
New Mafterpiece, whereby they difcover, i. Their ignorance; 2. Their carelefs-
nefs ; and he that hath but half an eye may fee their pride without a pair of fpedta-
cies. I have done what I could to difl:inguifli them in their virtues; and, when you
find not the contrary named, ufe the cold.

ASARABACCA.

Description. ASARABACCA hath many heads rifing from the roots, from
whence come many fmooth leaves, every one upon his own footftalk, which are
rounder and bigger than violet- leaves, thicker alfo, and of a dark-green fhining
colour on the upper-fide, and of a paler yellow-green underneath, little or nothing
dented about the edges, from among which rife fmall, round, hollow, brown, green,
hufks, upon fhort flalks about an inch long, divided at the brims into five divifions,
very like the cups or heads of the henbane feed, but that they are fmaller, and thefe
are all the flowers it carrieth, which are fomewhat fweet, being fmelled unto, and
wherein when they are ripe is contained fmall cornered rough feeds, very like the
kernels or flones of grapes or raifins. The roots are fmall and whitifh, fpreading
divers ways in the ground, and increafing into divers heads, but not running or
creeping under the ground as fome other creeping herbs do. They are fomewhat
fweet in fmell, refembling nardus, but more when they are dry than greenj and of
a fharp, but not unpleafant, tafle,

Placs.

ANDCOMPLETEHERBAL. ^7

Pr.ACB. It grovveth frequent-ly in gardens.

Time. They keep their leaves qreen nil the winter, but fhoot forth new in the
fpring, and with them come forth thofe l^ads or flowers which give ripe feed about
midfummer, or fomewhat after.

Government AND Virtues. It is a plant under the dominion of Mars, and
therefore inimical to nature. This herb, being drunk, not only provoketh vomiting,
but purgeth downward, and by urine alfo, purging both choler and phlegm : if you
add to it fome fpikenard with the whey of goat's milk, or honeyed water, it is made
more ftrong; but it purgeth phlegm more- manifeftly than choler, and therefore
doth much help pains in the hips and other parts. Being boiled in whey, it
wonderfully helpeth the obftruftion of the liver and fpleen, and is therefore pro-
fitable for the dropfy and jaundice, being ftceped in wine and drunk. It helps thofe
continual agues that come by the plenty of ftubborn humours : an oil made there.
of by fetting it in the fun, with fome laudanum added to it, provoketh fvveating,
the ridge of the back being anointed therewith, and thereby driveth away the fhak-
ing fits of the ague. It will not abide any long boiling, for it lofeth its chief ftrength
thereby; nor much beating, for the finer powder doth provoke vomits and urine,
and the coarfer purgeth downwards. The common ufe hereof, is to take the juice
of five or feven leaves in a little drink to caufe vomitings; the roots have alfo the
fame virtue, though they do not operate fo forcibly, yet they are very effecflual againft
the biting of ferpents, and therefore are put as an ingredient both into mithridate
and Venice treacle. The leaves and roots being boiled in lye, and the head often
wafhed therewith while it is warm, comforteth the head and brain that is ill-affeded
by taking cold, and helpeth the memory.

I fhall defire ignorant people to forbear the ufe of the leaves : the roots purge
more gently, and may prove beneficial in fuch as have cancers, or old putrefied ul-
cers, or fiftulas, upon their bodies, to take a drachm of them in powder in a quarter
of a pint of white wine in the morning. The truth is, I fancy purging and vomit-
ing medicines as little as any man breathing, for they weaken nature, nor fhall ever
advife them to be ufed unlefs upon urgent neceffity. If a phyfician be nature's fer-
vant, it is his duty to ftrengthen his miftrefs as much as he can, and weaken her as
little as may be.

ASPARAGUS, SPARAGUS, or SPERAGE.

Description. IT rifeth up at firfl with divers white-green fcaly heads, very

brittle or eafy to break while they are young, which afterwards rife up in very long

and flcnder green flalks, of the bignefs of an ordinary riding-wand at the bottom

I cf

6S CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

of mofl:, or bigger or lefs, as the roots are of growth ; on which are fet divers bran-
ches of green leaves, fiiorter and finaller than fennel to the top; at the joints where-
,of come forth fmall mofly yellowifli flowers, which turn into round berries, green
at the firft, and of an excellent red colour when they are ripe, fhewing like beads of
coral, wherein are contained exceeding hard black feeds.. The roots are difperfed
from a fpor.geous head into many long, thick, and round, firings, whereby it fuck-
6th much nourifhment out of the ground, and encreafeth plentifully thereby.

Prickly ASPARAGUS, SPARAGUS, or SPERAGE.

Description. IT groweth ufually in gardens, and feme of it grows wild in
Appleton-meadow, in Gloucefterfhire, where the pcor people do gather the buds,
or young fhoots, and fell them cheaper than our garden afparagus is fold in
London.

Time. They do for the moft part flower, and bear their berries, late in the
year, or not at all, although they are houfed in winter.

GovERNMiNT AND ViRTUES. They are both under the dominion of Jupiter.
The young buds or branches, boiled in ordinary broth, make the belly foluble and
open, and, boiled in white wine, provoke urine, being flopped, and are good againfl:
the ftranguary, or difficulty of making water. It expellcth the gravel and ilone out
of the kidneys, and helpeth pains in the reins : if boiled in white wine or vinegar, it
is prevalent for them that have their arteries loofened, or are troubled with the
hip-gout, or fciatica. The decoction of the roots, boiled in wine and taken, is aood
to clear the fight, and, being held in the mouth, eafeth the tooth- ach; and, bcin^
taken fading feveral mornings together, ftirreth up bodily luft in man or woman,
whatfoever fome have written to the contrary. The garden afparagus nourifheth
more than the wild, yet it hath the fame effeft in all the aforementioned difeafes.
The decodtion of the roots in white wine, and the back and belly bathed therewith, '
or kneeling or lying down in the fame, or fitting therein as a bath, hath been found
efFedual againft pains of the reins and bladder, pains of the mother and cholic, and
generally againil all pains that happen to the lower parts of the bodyj and is no
Jefs effeilual againft iHff and benumbed finews, or thofe that are flirunk by cramps
and convulfionsj it alfo helpeth the fciatica.

A S H - T R E E.

THIS is fo well known, that time would be mif-fpent in writing a defcription of
it ; and therefore I fhall only infift upon the virtues of it.

Govern*

AND C O M P L K T E tj E R B A 1 . 69

Government and Virtuls. It is governed by the fun, and the young tender
tops with tlic leaves taken inwardly, and fome of them outwardly applied, are fin-
gularly good againft the biting of the viper, adder, or any other venomous beaft:
and the water dirtilled therefrom, being taken in a fmall quantity every morning
fading, is a fingular medicine for thofe that are fubje(5l to the dropfy, or to abate
the greatnefs of thofe who are too grofs or fat. The decodlion of the leaves in
white wine, helpeth to break the ftone and expel it, and cureth the jaundice. The
alhes of the bark of the alh made into lye, and thofe heads bathed therewith which
are leprous, fcabby, or fcald, are thereby cured. The kernels within the huflcs,
commonly called afhen keys, prevail againft ftitches and pains in the fide, pro-
ceeding from wind, and voideth the ftone by provoking urine.

AVENS, called alfo CLOVEWORT, and HERB BENET.

Decription. THE ordinary avens hath many long, rough, dark-green, wing-
ed leaves, rifing from the root, every one made of many leaves, fet on each fide of
the middle-rib, the largeft three whereof grow at the end, and are fnipped or dented
round about the edges j the other being fmall pieces, fometimes two, and fome-
times four, ftanding on each fide of the middle- rib underneath them: among which
do rife up divers rough or hairy ftalks, about two feet high, branching forth with
leaves at every joint, not fo long as thofe below, but almoft as much cut in on the
edges, fome into three parts, fome into more. On the tops of the branches ftand
fmall pale yellow flowers, confifting of five leaves, like the flowers of cinquefoil,
but larger, in the middle whereof ftandeth a fmall green head, which when the
flower is fallen groweth rough and .round, being made of many long greenifli pur-
ple feeds, like grains, which will ftick upon your clothes. The root confifts of
many brownifti ftrings or fibres, fmelling fomewhat like unto cloves, efpecially
thofe which grow in the higher, hotter, and drier, grounds, and in the free and
clear air.

Place. They grow wild in many places under hedge- fides, and by the pathways
in fields J yet they rather delight to grow in fliadowy than funny places.

Time. They flower in May and June for the moft part, and their feed is ripe
in July at the lateft.

Government and Virtues. It Is governed by Jupiter, and that gives hope
of a wh'defome healthful herb. It is good for the difeafes of ihe che.l: or breaft, for
pains and ftitches in the fides, and to expel crude and raw humours from the belly
and ftomach, by the fweet favour and warming quality ; it difiblveth the inward

No. 6. U , . congealed

70 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

congealed blood, occafioned by falls or bruifes, and the fpitting of blood, if the
roots, either green or dried, be boiled in wine and drunk; as alfo all manner of
inward or outward wounds, if they be wafhcd or bathed therewith. The decoc-
tion alfo, being drunk, comforteth the heart, and ftrengtheneth the ftomach, and a
cold brain, and therefore is good in the fpring time to open obftrudions of the
liver, and helpeth the wind cholic : it alfo hclpeth thofe that have fluxes, or are
burften, or have a rupture ; it taketh away fpots and marks in the face, being wafh-
ed therewith. The juice of the frefh root or powder of the dried root hath the
fame efFed: with the decoLlion. The root in the fpring time fteeped in wine, doth
give it a delicate favour and tafte; and, being drunk failing every morning, com-
forteth the heart, and is a good prefervative againft the plague, or any other poifon;
it helpeth digeftion, and warmeth a cold ftomach, and openeth obftru(5lions of the
liver and fpleen. It is very fafe, you need have no dofe prefcribedi and is very
fit to be kept in every body's houfe.

ALMOND-TREE.

Description and Names. OF this tree there are two kinds, the one bears
fweet fruit, the other bitter; they grow bigger than any peach-tree; I have feen a
bitter almond-tree in Hampfhire, as big as a great plumb-tree. It hath leaves
much like peach- leaves, and is called in Latin amigdalum ; they grow plentifully in
Turkey and Barbary.

Nature and Virtues. The fweet almonds are hot and moid in the firft
degree, the bitter dry in the fecond. It is a plant of Jupiter. The fweet almonds
nourifh the body, and increafe the feed ; they ftrengthen the breath, cleanfe the kid-
neys, and open the paflages of urine. There is a fine pleafant oil drawn out of the
fweet almonds which being taken with fugar-candy is excellent againft dry coughs
and hoarfenefs ; it is good for thofe that have any inward fore, and for fuch as are
troubled with the ftone, becaufe it makes flippery the paflages of the urine. Bitter
almonds alfo open obftrudlions of the liver and fpleen, cleanfe the lungs from
phlegm, provoke urine j they expel wind, and provoke womens' courfes ; the oil
of them kills worms, and helps pains of the womb. Some write that bitter almonds
preferve from drunkennefs, five or fix being eaten fafting; the oil of both cleanfes
the Ikin ; it eafeth pains of the head, the temples being anointed therewith; and the
oil, with honey, powder of liquorice, oil of rofes, and white wax, makes a good
ointment for dimnefs of fight. Alfo almond butter is very good for a ftuflxdbreaftj
this kind of butter is made of almonds with fugar and rofe-water, which being eaten

with

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 71

with viokts is very wholefome and commodious for ftudents; for it rejoiceth the
heartj comforteth the brain, and qualifies the heat of the liver.

A C O N I T U M.

OF this there are two forts, the one bearing blue flowers, the other yellow;
it is alfo calied wolf's bane, and the blue is generally known by the name of
monk's hood.

Description. The wolf's bane which beareth the blue flower, is fmall, but
groweth up a cubit high, the leaves are fplit and jagged, the flowers in long rows
towards the tops of the ftalks, gaping like hoods j on the hoary root groweth as it
were a little knob, wherewith it fpreadeth itfclf abroad, and multiplieth.

Place. The monk's hood or blue wolf's banc is very common in many gar-
dens, the other rarely found but in the gardens of fome curious herbarifts ; but
groweth in forefts and dark low woods and valleys in fome parts of Germany and
France.

Time. They flower in April, May, and June,

Government and Danger. Thefe plants are hot and dry in the fourth de-
gree, of a martial venomous quality; if it be inwardly taken, it inflameth the heart,
burneth the inward parts, and killeth the body. Dodona;us reporteth of fome men
at Antwerp, who unawares did eat fome of the monk's hood in a fdlad, inftead of
Ibrne other herb, and died forthwith : this I write that people who have it in their
gardens might beware of it.

ALOE, OR ALOES.

Names. BY the fame name of aloe or aloes is the condenfed juice of this plant
called in all parts of Europe j the plant is alfo called fea-houfleek and fea-ay-green.

Description. This pLnt hath very long leaves, thick, and fet round about
with ftiort points or crefts, ftanding wide one from another; the root is thick and
long; all the herb is of a ll:rong favour, and bitter tafte; out of this herb is drawn a
juice,. which is dried, and called aloes in diife rent parts of the world.

Place. Aloe groweth very plenteoufly in India, and from thence cometh the
beft juice; it groweth alfo in many places of Afia and Arabia, near the fea-fiJe, but
the juice thereof is not fo good as that of India.

Government and Virtues. It is a martial plant, hot in the fecond degree,
and dry in the third, of a very bitter tafte; the juice, being refined and clarified from
its drofs, is of a clear and blackifli clean brown colour, it openeth the belly, and
purgeth cold phlegmatic and choleric humours, which overburthen and hurt the

ftomachi

72 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.
flomach ; it is the balls in almoft all pills ; it comforteth, cleanfeth, and dryeth up
fuperfluous humours. It may be taken with cinnamon, ginger, mace, galingal, or
annifefeed, to aflliage and drive away pains of the ftomach, and to comfort and warm
the ftomach, and expel phlegm; the fame is alfo good againft the jaundice and
fpitting of blood. Aloe made into powder, and ftrewed upon new bloody wounds,
ftoppeth the blood and healtth the wound ; likewifc, being applied tipon old ulcers,
it clofeth them up, and is a fovereign medicine for ulcers about the fecret parts and
fundament. The fame, boiled with wine and honev, healcth ritts and outgrowings
of the fundament, and ftoppeth the flux of the htinorrhoids, and, being applied
with honey, it taketh away black fpots, that come by ftripes or bruifes ; it is alfo
good againft inflammations, hurts and fcabs of the eyes, and againft running and
dimnefs of the fame. Aloes mixed with oil of rofes and vinegar, and laid to the
forehead and temples, afluagcth the head-ach ; the head being often rubbed M'ith
aloes mixed with wine, keepeth the hair from falling off. The fame applied with
wine cureth fores of the mouth and gums, the throat, and kernels under the tongue;
and outwardly applied it is a good confolidative medicine j ftoppeth bleeding, and
doth modify and cleanfe all corruption.

B A W M.

THIS herb is fo well known to be an inhabitant in almoft every garden, that I
fhall not need to write any defcription thereof, although the virtues of it, which are
many, may not be omitted.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb tinder Jupiter, and under Cancer,
and ftrengthens nature much in all its a<5tions*. Let a fyrup, made with the juice of it
and fu"ar, (as you (hall be taught at the latter end of the book,) be kept in every
gentlewoman's houfe, to relieve the weak ftomachs and fick bodies of their poor
nei"-hbours ; as alfo the herb kept dry in the houfe, that fo, with other convenient
fimples, you may make it into an eleduary with honey, according as the difeafe is,
and as the ftate of the patientmay from time to time happen to be. The Arabian phy-
ficians have highly extolled the virtues hereof, although the Greeks thought it not
worth mentioning. Serapio faith, it caufeth the mind and heart to become merry,
and reviveth the heart fainting into fwoonings, efpecially of fuch as are overtaken
in their fleeps, and driveth away all troublefome cares and thoughts out of the mind
arifin<T from melancholy, or black choler; which Avicen alfo confirmeth. It is

* Piiny, when writing on bawm, informeth u?, that, if it be tied to a fword which gave the
wound, it infrantly iioppeth the blood.

I very

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. yj

very good to help digeftion, and open oblkudions of the brain ; and hath fuch a
purglnnr qup.Hty, faith Avicen, as to expel thofe melancholy vapours from the fpi-
rits and blood which are in the heart and arteries, although it cannot do fo in other
parts of the body. Diofcorides faith, that the leaves fteeped in wine, and'the wine
drunk, and the leaves externally applied, is a remedy againil the fti.ig of fcorpions,
dnd the bitings of mad dogs; and commendeth the dccodiion thereof for v.onicn to
bathe or fit in, to procure their courfes ; it is good to wa/h aching teetli therewith,
and profitable for thofe that have the bloody flux. The leaves alfo with a little
nitre taken in drink, are good againft a furfeit of mufhrooms, helps the griping
pains of the belly, and, being made into nn eleduary, it is good for them that can-
not fetch their breath with eafc i ufed with fait, it takes away wens, kernels, or hard
fwellings, in the flefh or throat : it cleanfeth foul fores, and eafeth pains of the gout
It is alfc good for the liver and fpleen, A tanfy or caudle made with eggs, and the
juice thereof while it is young, putting to it fome fugar and rofe- v, ater, is good for
women in child- bed, when the after- birth is not thoruughiy voided, and for their
faintings upon, or afier, their fore travail. The herb bruifed and boiled in a little
wine and oil, laid warm un a boil, will ripen and break it.

BARBERRY.

THE fiirub is fo well known to every boy and girl that hath but attained to the
age of feven years, that it needs no defcription.

Government and Virtues. Mars own the ihrub, and prefents it to the ufe
of my countrymen to purge their bodies of choler. The inner rind of the barberry-
tree boiled in white wine, and a quarter of a pint drunk each morning, is an excel-
lent remedy to cleanfe the body of choleric humours, and free it from fuch difeafcs
as choler caufeth, fuch as fcabS; itch, tetters, ringworms, yellow jaundice, boils, &c.
It is excellent for hot agues, burnings, fcaldings, heat of blood, heat of the liver,
and bloody flux; the berries are as good as the bark, and more pleafing ; they get
a man a gjod ftomach to his vi(5tuals, by ,1rengthening the attraftive faculty, which
is under Ivlars. The hair wafhed %vith the lye made of the alhes of the tree, and
water, will make it turn yellow, viz. Mars' own colour. The fruit and rind of this
ihrub, the flowers of broom and of heath, or furze, cleanfe the body of choler by
fympathy, as the flowers, leaves, and bark, of the peach-tree do by antipathy j
becaufe thefe are under Mars, that under Venus.

BARLEY.

THE continual ufefulnefs hereof hath made all in general fo acquainted with it,
that it is altogether needlefs to defcribe its feveral kinds hereof plentifully growing,
being yearly fown in this land ; the virtues whereof take as followeth :

No. 6. ' X Govern-

74 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Government and Virtues. It is a notable plant of Saturn ; if you view di-
ligently its eiFeds by fympathy and antipathy, you may eafily perceive a reafon of
them, as alfo why barley-bread is fo unwholefomt for melancholy people. Barley,
in all the parts and compofitions thereof, except malt, is more cooling than wheat,
and a little cleanfing; and all the preparations thereof, as barley-water, and other
things made thereof, do give great nourifhment to perfons troubled with fevers,
agues, and heats in the ftomach. A poulace made of barley meal or flour, boiled
in vinegar and honey, and a few dry figs put into them, diflblveth all hard impof-
thumes, and afTuageth inflammations, being thereto applied ; and, being boiled with
nielilot and camomile flowers, and fome linfeed, fenugreek, and rue in powder, and
applied warm, it eafeth pains in the fide and ftomach, and windinefs of the fpleen.
The meal of barley and fieawort boiled in water, and made into a poultice with ho-
ney and oil of lilies, applied warm, cureth fwellings under the ears, throat, neck, and
fuch-like ; and a plaifl:er made thereof with tar, v/ax, and oil, helpeth tke king's
evil in the throat : boiled with fliarp vinegar into a poultice, and laid on hot, help-
eth the leprofy: being boiled in red wine, with pomegranate-rinds and myrtles, it
ftayeth the laflc or other flux of the belly : boiled with vinegar and a quince, it
eafeth the pains of the gout. Barley-flour, vrhite fait, honey, and vinegar, mingled
together, take away the itch fpeedily and certainly : the water diflzilled from the
green barley in the end of May is very good for thofe that have defluxions of hu-
mour fallen into the eyes, and eafeth the pains, l.eing dropped into them : or white
bread fteeped therein, and bound on to the eyes, doth the fame.

GARDEN OR SWEET BASIL.

Description. THE greater ordinary bafil rifeth up ufually with one upright
fl:alk, diverfely branching forth on all fides, with two leaves at every joint, which
are fomewhat broad and round, yet pointed, of a pale-green colour, but frcfh, a
little fnipt about the edges, and of a ftrong heady fcent. The flowers are fmall and
white, ftanding at the tops of the branches, with two fmall leaves at the joints, in
fome places green, in others brown, after which come black feed. The root pe-
riflieth at the approach of winter, ana therefore muft be new fown every year.

Place. It groweth in gardens only.

Time. It muft be fowed late, and flowers in the heat of furamer, being a very
tender plant.

Government and Virtues. Withrefpeft to the qualities of this herb, moft
authors differi Galen and Diofcorides hold it not fitting to be taken inwardly, as

does

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 75

(.loes al(b Cryfippus ; but Pliny and the Arabian phyficians defend it. For my own
part, I prefcntly found thatfpeech true, Nonnoftrum inter nos tantas coniponere litcs -,
and away to Dr. Reafon went I, who told me it was an herb of Mars, and under
the Scorpion, and perhaps therefore called bafilicon, and then no marvel if it carries
a kind of virulent quality with it. Being applied to the place bitten by a venomous
beaft, or ftung by a wafp or hornet, it fpeedlly draws the poi{on to it. Every like
draws its like. MIzaldus affirms, that, if it be laid to rot in horfe-dung, it will
breed venomous beads : and Hollerius, a French phyfician, affirms upon his own
knowledge, that an acquaintance of his, by common fmelling to it, had a fcorpion
bred in his brain. Something is the matter, this herb and rue will not grow toge-
ther, no, nor near each other : and we know that rue is as great an enemy to poifon
as any that grows. To conclude, it expelleth both birth and after- birth, and, as it
helps the deficiency of Venus in one kind, fo it fpoils all her aftions in another.

B A Y - T R E E.

THIS is fo well known, that it needs no defcriptlon j I iliall therefore only write
the virtues thereof, which are many.

Government and Virtues. I fhall but only add a word or two to what my
friend hath written, viz. That it is a tree of the Sun, and under the celeftial fign
Leo, and refifteth witchcraft very potently, as alfo all the evils old Saturn can do
to the body of man, and they are not a few ; for it is the fpeech of one, and I am
miftaken if it were not Mizatdus, that neither witch nor dewl, thunder nor light-
ning, will hurt a man in the place where a bay-tree is. Galen faith, that the leaves
or bark do dry and heal very much, and the berries more than the leaves. The
bark of the root is lefs fharp and hot, but more bitter, and hath fome aftridlion
withal, whereby it is effeduai to break the ftone, and good to open obftruftions of
the liver, fpleen, and other inward parts, which bring the dropfy, jaundice, &c.
The berries are very effedual againft the poifon of venomous creatures, and the
ftings of wafps and bees, as alfo againft the peftilence, or other infecflious difeafes,
and therefore is put into fundry treacles for that purpofe : they likewife procure
women's courfes ; and feven of them, given to a woman in fore travail of child-birth,
do caufe a fpeedy delivery, and expel the after-birth, and therefore muft not be taken
by fuch as have gone out their time, left they procure abortion, or caufe labour
too foon: they wonderfully help all cold and rheumatic diftillations from the brain
to the eyes, lungs, or other parts i and, being made into an eleduary with honey, do
help the confumption, old coughs, fliortnefs of breath, and thin rheums ; as alfo

the

76 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

the meg'rrm : tliey miglitily expel wind, and provoke urine : lic;lp the mother, and
kill worms : the leaves alfo work the like effcds. A bath of the decocTiion of
the leaves and berries, is fingularly good for Vk^omen to fit in, that are troubled with
the mother, or the difeafes thereof, or the ftoppings of their courfes, or for the dif-
eafes of the bladder, pains in the bowels by wind, and flopping of urine. A decoftion
• likewife of equal parts of bay -berries, cutoimln-feed, byflbp, origanum, and euphor-
bium, with fome honev. nnd the bead bathed therewith, doth wonderfully help di-
ftiHal'cns and rheums, and fettleth the palate of the mouth into its place. The oil
made of the berries is very comfortable in all-cold griefs of the joints, nerves, arte-
ries, ftomach, belly, or womb; and helpeth palfies, convulfions, cramps, achs,
trembling, and numbnefs in every part; alfo wearinefs, and pains that come by fore
travellings: all gtiefs and pains likewife proceeding from wind, either in the head,
ftomach, back, belly, or womb, by anointing the parts affedled therewith ; and pains
in the ears are alfo cured by dropping la fome of the oil, or by receiving Into the
ears the warm fume of the decodion of the berries through a funnel. The oil takes
away marks of the fkin and flefh by bruifes, falls, &c. and diflblveth the congealed
blood in them; it helpeth alfo the itch, fcabs, and wheals, in the fkin.

BEANS.

BOTH the garden and field beans are fo well known, that it faveth rae laboui*
of writing any defcription of them.

Government and Virtues. They are plants of Venus : and the diftilled water
of the flowers of garden-beans is good to cleanfe the face and flcin from fpots and
wrinkles ; and the meal or flower of them, or the fmall bean, doth the fame. The
water diftilled from the green huflcs is held to be very efi^edual againft the ft<5ne,
and to provoke urine. Bean-flour is ufed in poifltiees, to afluage inflamma''tions
rifing upon wounds, and the fwelling of women's breafts caufed by the curdling of
their milk, and reprefleth their milk. The flour of beans and fenugreek mixed
with honey, and applied to felons, boils, bruifes, or blue marks by blows, or the im-
pofthumes in the kernels of the ears, helpeth them all: and with rofe leaves, frank-
incenfe, and the white of an egg, being applied to the eyes, helpeth them that are
fwoln, or do water, or have received any blow upon them, if ufed with wine. If a
bean be parted in two, the flcin being taken away, and laid on the place vvhere a
leech hath been fet that bleedeth too much, it ftayeth the bleeding. Bean-ilour
boiled to a poultice with wine and vinegar, and feme oil put thereto, eafeth both
■pain and fwelling of the fcrotum ; the huiks boiled in water to a confumption of a

3 third

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 77

third part thereof, ftayethalafk; and the a/hes of the hufks, made up with old hog's
greafe, helpeth the old pains, coniufions, and wounds, of the fmews, the fciatica,
and gout. The field-beans have all the aforementioned virtues as the garden-
beans. Beans eaten are extreme windy meat ; but if, after the Dutch fafiiion, when
they are half boiled, you hufk them and ftew them, they are wholefomer food.

F R E N C II - B E A N S.

Description. THE French or kidney bean arifeth up at firft but with one
flalk, which afterward dividetli itfelf into many arms or branches, but all {o weak,
that, if they be not fuftained with fticks or poles, they will lie fruitlefs upon the
ground; at feveral places of thefe branches grow forth long foot-ftalks, with every
one of them three broad, round, and pointed, green leaves at the end of them, to-
wards the top whereof come forth divers flowers made like unto peafe blofibnis, of
the fame colour for the moft part that the fruit will be of, that is to fay, white, yel-
low, red, blackifh, or of a deep purple, but white is the moft ufual; after which
come long and flender flat kids, fome crooked, fome ftralt, with a firing as it were
running down the back thereof, Vt-herein are contained flattifli round fruit, made to
the fifhion of a kidney ; the root is long, fpreading with many ftrlngs annexed to
it, and perlfheth every year.

There is alfo another fort of French-bean commonly growing with us In this
land, which is called the fcarlet-flowered bean. This arifeth up with fundry bran-
ches as the other, but runs up higher to the length of hop-poles, about which they
grow twining, but turning contrary to the fun; they have foot-ftalks with three
leaves on each, as on the other : the flowers alio in faflilon are like the other, but
many more fet together, and of a moft orient fcarlet colour. The beans are larf^cr
than the ordinary kind, of a deep purple colour, tyrning black when it Is ripe ana
dry : the root of this alfo perifticth in winter.

Government and Virtues. Thefe alfo belong to Venus; and, being di led and
beaten to powder, are great ftrengtheners of the kidneys : neither is there a better re-
medy than it, if taken a drachm at a time in white wine, to prevent the ftone, or to
cleanfe the kidneys of gravel or ftoppagc. The ordinary French-beans are of an
eafy digeftion; they move the belly, provoke urine, enlarge the breaft that is
ftraightened with ftiortnefs of breath, engender fperm, and incite to venery. And
the fcarlet- coloured beans, on account of the beauty of their colour, being fet near
a quickfet hedge, will greatly adorn the fame by climbing up thereon, fo that they
may be difcerned a great way, not without admiration of the beholder at a diftance.
But they will go near to kill the quickfcts by clothing them In fcarlet.

No. 6. Y LADY'S

78 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

LADY'S BED-STRAW.

BESIDES the common name above written, it is called cheefe-rennet, becaufe
it performs the fame office ; as alfo gallion, pertiiTiugger, and maid's hair, and by
fome wild- rofemary.

Decription. This rifeth up with divers fmall, brown, and fquare, upright,
ftalks, a yard high, or more, fometimes branched forth into divers parts, full of
joints, and with divers very fine fmall leaves at every one of them, little or nothing
rough at all; at the tops of the branches grow many long tufts or branches of yel-
low flowers, very thick fet together, from the feveral joints, which confift of four
leaves each, which fmell fomewhat ftrong, but not unpleafant: the feed is fmall
and black, like poppy-feed, two for the moft part joined together j the root is red-
difh, with many fmall threads faftened unto it, which take ftrong hold of the ground,
and creepeth a little; and the branches, leaning a little down to the ground, take
root at the joints thereof, whereby it is eafily encreafed.

There Is alfo another fort of lady's bed-ftraw, growing frequently in England,
which beareth white flowers as the other doth yellow; but the branches of this are
foweak, that, unlefs it be fuftained by the hedges, or other things near which it
groweth, it will lie down on the ground; the leaves are a little bigger than the
former, and the flowers are not (o plentiful as thofe j and the root hereof is alfo
thready and abiding.

Place. They grow in meadows and paftures, both wet and dry, and by the
fides of hedges.

Time. They flower in May for the moft part, and the feed is ripe in July and
Auguft.

Government and Virtues. They are both herbs of Venus, and therefore
ftrengthen the parts, both internal and external, which ftie rules. The deco6lion
of the former of thefe, being drunk, is good to fret and break the ftone, provoke
urine, ftay inward bleedings, and to heal inward wounds: the herb or flower
bruifed, and put up Into the noftrils, ftayeth their bleeding llkewife : the flowers
and the herb being made into an oil by being fet In the fun, and changed after it
hath flood ten or twelve days; or Into an ointment, being boiled in axungia or fal-
lad-oll, with fome wax melted therein after it is ftralned ; either the oil made there-
of, or the ointment, do help burnings with fire or fcalding with water : the fame alfo,
or the decoifllon of the herb and flower, is good to bathe the feet of travellers who
by much walking have contradtd a wearinefs and ftiff^nefs in their finews and
jouits : if the decodion be ufed warm, and the joints afterwards anointed with the

3 ointment.

A N D C O M P L E T E H E R B:A L. 75

ointment, it helpeth the dry fcab, and the itch in children : and the herb with the
white flowers is alfo very good for the finews, arteries, and joints, to comfort and
ftrengthen them after travail, cold, and pains.

BEETS.

Description. OF beets there are two forts which are beft known generally,
and whereof I fhall principally treat at this time, viz. the white and red beets -, and
their virtues.

The common white beet hath many great leaves next the ground, fomev/hat
large, and of awhitifh-green colourj the ilalk is great, ftrong, and ribbed, bearing
great ftore of leaves almoft to the very top of it : the flov/ers grow in very long
tufts, fmall at the ends, and turning down their heads, which are fmall, pale, green-
ifh-yellow, burs, giving cornered prickly feed. The root is great, long, and hard,
and, when it hath given feed, is of no ufe at all.

The common red beet diflfercth not from the white, but only it is lefs, and the
leaves and tlie roots are fomewhat red : the leaves are differently red, in fome only
with red ftrakes or veins, fome of a frefh red, and others of a dark red. The root
hereof is red, fpungy, and not ufed to be eaten.

Government and Virtues. The government of thefe two forts of beets are
Var different j the red beet being under Saturn, and the white under Jupiter ; there-
fore take the virtues of them apart, each by itfelf. The white beet doth much
loofen the belly, and is of a cleanfing digefting quality, and provoketh urine : the
juice of it open obilrudtions both of the liver and fpleen, and is good for the head-
ach, and fwimmings therein, and turnings of the brain; and is effectual alfo againfl
all venomous creatures; and, applied to the temples, flayeth inflammations in the
eyes; it helpeth burnings being ufed without oil, and, with a little allum put to it,
is good for St. Anthony's fire. White beet is hot and dry, and loofens the belly by
reafon of its nitrofity. It is an errhine, efpecially the root; for the juice of it, re-
ceived into the noflrils, occafions fneezing ; the young plants, with their roots,
gently boiled and eaten with vinegar, procure an appetite, extinguifli thirft, and fup-
prefs cholcr in the llomach. Beet among the antients was much noticed for its iu-
fipid tafle. Martial reproaches it in the following diftich :
Ut fapiant fatua; fabrorum prandia beta?,
O quam fa;pe petet vina piperque coquus ?
The juice of this herb drawn up into the noftrils powerfully evacuates phlegmatic
humours from the brain, and cures inveterate head-achs. This is counted a great fecret

by

80 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

by fome. It is alfo good for all wheals, pufhes, blifters/ and blains, in the fkin ;
the herb boiled, and laid upon chilblains or kibes, helpeth them : the decoftioii
thereof, in water and fome vinegar, healeth the itch, if bathed therewith, and clean-
feth the head of dandriff, fcurf, and dry fcabs, and doth much good for fretting and
running fores, ulcers, and cankers, in the head, legs, or other parts j and is much
commended againft baldnefs and fhedding of hair.

The red beet is good to ftay the bloody-flux, women's courfes, and the whites,
and to help the yellow -jaundice. The juice of the root, put into the noftrils, purg-
eth the head, helpeth the noife in the ears, and the tooth- ach ; the juice fnuiFed up
the nofe helps a linking breath, if the caufe lies in the nofe, as many times it doth,
if any bruife have been there i as alfo vvant of fmell coming that way.

WATER-BETONY.

CALLED alfo broom wort, and in Yorkfhire bifliop's leaves.

Description. The water-betony rifeth up with fquare, hard, greenifh, ftalks,
fometimes brown, fet with broad dark-green leaves, dented about the edges with
notches, fomewhat refembling the leaves of thewood-betony, but much larger, two
for the mofh part fet at a joint; the flowers are many, fet at the tops of the fl:alks
and branches, being round-bellied, open at the brims, and divided into two parts,
the uppermofl being like a hood, and the lowefl: like a lip hanging down, of a dark-
red colour, which, preffing away, there come in their places fmall round heads with
fmall points in the ends, wherein lie fmall and brownifli feeds : the root is a thick
bufh of firings and threads growing from the head.

Place. Itgroweth by ditch-fides, brooks, and other water- courfes, generally
through this land, and is feldom found far from the water-fides.

Time. It flowereth about July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft.

Government AND Virtues. Water-betony is anherbof Jupiter in Cancer, and
is appropriated more to wcunds and hurts in the breaft than wood-betony, which
follows. It is an excellent remedy for fick hogs. It is of a cleanfing quality; the
leaves, bruifed and applied, are elFedual for all cold and filthy ulcers; and efpecially
if the juice of the leaves be boiled with a little honey, and then dipped therein, and
the fores drefled therewith : as alfo for bruifes or hurts, whether inward or out-
ward. The diftilled water of the leaves is ufed for the fame purpofes; as alfo to
bathe the face or hands fpotted or blemifhed, or difcoloured by fun-burning. Pliny
faith, that ferpents, if they are inclofed or furrounded with this herb, will immedi-
ately begin fighting, and kill each other prefently.

I con-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 8i

I confefs I do not much fancy diftilled waters, I mean fuch waters as are diftilled
cold i fome virtue of the herb they may happen to have, it were a ftrange thing
elfe ; but this I am confident of, that, being diftillcd in a pewter ftill, as the vul-
gar fafhion is, both the chemical oil and fait are left behind, unlefs you burn them,
and then all is fpoilcd, even the water, which was good for as little as can be, by
fuch diftillation.

WOOD BETONY,

Description. THE common or wood betony hath many leaves rifing from
the root, which are fomewhat broad and round at the ends, roundly dented about
the edges, (landing upon long footftalks, from among which rife up fmall, fquare,
flender, but yet upright, hairy (talks, with fome leaves thereon, two apiece at the
joints, fmaller than the lower, whereon are fet feveral fpiked heads of flowers like
lavender, but thicker and fhorter for the moft part, and of a reddifh or purple co-
lour, fpotted with white fpots both in the upper and lower part : the feeds, being
contained within the hu(ks that hold the flowers, are blacki(h, fomewhat long, and
uneven. The roots arc many white thready (trings ; the ftalk perifheth, but the
root, with fome leaves thereon, abides all the winter. The whole plant is fome-
what fmall.

Place. It groweth frequently in woods, and delighteth in fhady places.

Time. It flowereth in July, after ^hich the feed is quickly ripe i yet is in its
prime in May.

Government and Virtues. This herb is appropriated to the planet Jupi-
ter, and under the fign Aries. Antonius Mufa, phyfician to the emperor Auguftus
Casfar, wrote a peculiar book on the virtues of this herb j and, amongft other vir-
tues, faith of it, that it preferves the lives and bodies of msn from the danger of
epidemical difeafes, and from witchcrafts alfo. It is found by daily experience to
be good for many difeafes : it helpeth thofe that lothe or cannot digeft their meat ;
thofe that have weak ftomachs, or four belchings, or a continual rifing in their
Itomach, ufing it familiarly either green or dry. Either the herb or root, or the
flowers, drunk in broth, or meat, or made into conferve, fyrup, water, eleftuary,
or powder, as every one may beft frame themfelves unto, or as the time or fea(bn
requireth : taken any of the aforefaid ways, it helpeth the jaundice, falling (ick-
nefs, the paify, convuKions, or (hrinking of the finews ; the gout, and thofe that
are inclined to dropfies ; and thofe that have continual pains in the head, although
inclining to phrenzy. The powder mixed with pure honey is no lefs available for
all forts of coughs or colds, wheefing or (hortnefs of breath, diftillations of thin
rheum upon the lungs, which caufeth confumptions. The decodion made with

No. 7. Z mead

t^ CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

mead and a little pennyroyal, is good for thofe that are troubled with putrid agues,
whether quotidian, tertian, or quartan ; and to draw down and evacuate the blood
and humours which by falling into the eyes do hinder the fight. The decoftion
thereof made in wine, and taken, killeth the worms in the belly, openeth obftruc-
tions both of the liver and fpleen, cureth flitches and pains in the back or fide, the
torments and griping pains of the bowels, and the wind-cholic -, and, mixed with
honey, purgeth the belly, helpeth to bring down women's courfes, and is of fpecial
ufe for thofe that are troubled with the falling down of the womb and pains there-
of, and caufeth an eafy and fpeedy delivery of women in child-birth. It helpeth
alfo to break and expel the ftone, either in the bladder or kidneys. The decoftion
with wine, gargled in the mouth, eafeth the tooth-ache -, it is commended againft
the flinging of venomous ferpents or biting of mad dogs, being ufed inwardly and
applied outwardly to the place. One drachm of the powder of betony, taken with
a little honey in fome vinegar, doth wonderfully refrefli thofe that are over- wearied
by travel ; it ftayeth bleeding at the mouth or nofe, and helpeth thofe that pifs or
fpit blood, and thofe that are burften or have a rupture ; and is good for fuch as
are bruifed by any fall or otherwife. The green herb bruifed, or the juice applied
to any inward hurt, or outward green wound in the head or body, will quickly
heal and clofe it up, as alfo any veins or finews that are cut ; and will draw forth
any broken bone or fplinter, thorn, or other thing, gotten into the ffefh. It is no
lefs profitable for old fores or filthy ulcers, even although fiftulous and hollow ;
but fome do advife to add a little fait for this purpofe. Being applied with a little
hog's lard, it helpeth a plague-fore, and other boils and pufhes. The fumes of
the decoftion while it is warm, received by funnel into the ears, eafeth the pains of
them, deftroyeth the worms, and cureth the running fores in them : and the juice
dropped into them doth the fame. The root of betony is difpleafing both to the
tafte and ftomach ; whereas the leaves and flowers, by their fweet and fpicy tafte,
are comfortable both in meat and medicine.

Thefe are fome of the many virtues Antonius Mufa appropriates to betony.
It is a very precious herb, without doubt, and very proper to be kept in every houfe,
prepared in fyrup, conferve, oil, ointment, and plafter. The flowers are ufually
confer ved,

BEECH- TREE.

IN treating of this tree, you muft underftand that I mean the great maft-beech,
which is to be diftinguifhed from that fmall rough one called in Sufiex the fmall
beech, but in Eflex hornbean. I fuppofe it needlefs to defcribe it, being already
fo well known to my countrymen.

3 PiACE.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 3j

Place. It groweth in woods, amongft oaks and other trees ; and in parks,
forefts, and chafes, to feed deer, and in other places to fatten fwine.

Time. It bloometh in the end of April or beginning of May for the mod part^
and the fruit is ripe in September.

Government and Virtues. It is a plant of Saturn, and therefore performs
his qualities and properties in its operations. The leaves of the beech-tree arc
cooling and binding, and therefore good to be applied to hot fwellings to difcufs
them. The nuts do much nourifh fuch beafts as feed thereon. The water, found
in the hollow places of decaying beeches, cures both man and bead of any fcurf,
iiab, or running tetters, if they be walhed therewith. You may boil the leaves
into a poultice, or make an ointment of them, when the time of year ferves.

BILBERRIES.

THIS herb is alfo called by fome, whorts, and whortle-berries.

Description. Of thefe I fhall only fpeak of two forts, which are commonly
known in England, viz. the black and red bilberries. And firft of the black.

This fmall bu(h creepeth along upon the ground, fcarceiy riling half a yard hi^h,
with divers fmall dark-green leaves fet on the green branches, not always one againft
another, and a little dented about the edges ; at the foot of the leaves come forth
fmall, hollow, pale, blufh-coioured, flowers, the brims ending in five points,
with a reddifli thread in the middle, which pafs into fmall round berries, of the
fize and colour of juniper-berries, but of a fweetifti fharp tafte : the juice of them
giveth a purplifh colour to the hands and lips. The root groweth ailope under-
ground, and {hoots up in fundry places. It lofeth its leaves in winter.

The red bilberry, or whortle-bufh, rifeth up like the former, having fundry
harder leaves, which are like the leaves of the box-tree, green and round-pointed,
ftanding on the feveral branches thereof ; at the tops whereof only (and not from
the fides, as in the former) come forth divers round flowers of a pale-red colour ;
after which fucceed round, reddilh, fappy, berries, which when ripe are of afliarp
tafte. The root runneth in the ground, as in the former ; but the leaves of this
abide all the winter.

Place. The firft groweth in forefts, on heaths, and fuch-like barren places ;
the red groweth in the northern parts of this land, as Lancaftiire, Yorkftiire, &c.
&c.

Time. They flower in March and April j and the fruit of the black is ripe in
June and July,

Government

84 CULPfiPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Government and Virtues. They are under the dominion of Jupiter. It is a
pity they are ufed no more in phyfic than they are. The black bilberries are good
in hot agues, and to cool the heat of the liver and ftomach; they do fomewhat bind
the belly, and ftay vomiting and loathings ; the juice of the berries made into a fy-
rup, or the pulp made into a conferve with fugar, is good for the purpofes afore-
faid J as alfo for an old cough, or an ulcer in the lungs, or other difeafes therein.
The red whorts are more binding, and ftop women's courfes, fpittingof blood, or
any other flux of blood or humours, being ufed as well outwardly as inwardly.

BYFOIL, OR TWAYBLADE.

Description. THIS fmall herb from a root fomewhat fweet, (hooting dow
wards many long firings, rifeth up a round green ftalk, bare or naked next the
ground for an inch, two, or three, to the middle thereof, as it is in the age or growth ;
as alfo from the middle upv/ards to the flowers, having only two broad plaintain-like
leaves, but whiter, fet at the middle of the flialk, one againft another, and com-
pafleth it round at the bottom of them.

Place. It is an ufual inhabitant in woods, coppices, and in many other places,
in this land.

There is another fort grows in wet grounds and marfhes, which is fomewhat dif-
ferent from the former : it is a fmaller plant, and greener, having fometimes three
leaves ; the fpike of flowers is lefs than the former, and the roots of this do run
or creep in the ground.

They are much and often ufed by many to good purpofes, for wounds both
green and old, and to confolidate or knit ruptures, being a plant of Saturn.

BIRCH-TREE.

Description. THIS groweth a goodly tall ftraight tree, fraught with many
boughs and branches bending downward, the old ones being covered with a difco-
loured chapped bark, and the younger being much browner j the leaves at firfl:
breaking out are crumpled, and afterwards like the beech-leaves, but fmaller and
greener, and dented about the edges ; it beareth fmall fliort catkins, fomewhat like
thofe of the hazel-nut tree, which abideth on the branches a long time, until, grown
ripe., they fall on the ground, and their feed with them.

Place. It ufually grows in woods.

Government and Virtue. It is a tree of Venus ; the juice of the leaves while
young, or the diftilled water of them, or the water that comes out of the tree, be-

•

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 85

ing bored with an augur, and diftilled afterwards; any of thefe, being drunk for
fome time together, is available to break the ftone in the kidneys or bladder, and is
good alfo to wa(h fore mouths. The leaves of the birch-tree are hot and dry, cleanf-
ing, refolving, opening, and bitter; for which reafon they are of no fmall ufe in a
dropfy, the itch, and the like. The bark is bituminous, and is therefore mixed with
perfumes that are to correft the air. The fungus of it has an aftringent quality, up-
on which account it flops blood miraculoufly. This tree, in the beginning of fpring,
before the leaves come forth, being pierced, yields plentifully a fweet and potulent
juice, which fliepherds, when they are thirfty, often drink in the woods. Tragus,
Helmont, Charleton, and others, commend the virtues and efficacy of this liquor,
and not undefervcdly, for the ftone in the kidneys and bladder, for bloody urine,
and the ftranguary. This tree begins to yield its juice about the middle of Febru-
ry, and fometimes not till the beginning of March. Tragus alfo commends it for
the jaundice. Some wafti their faces with it, to take ofFfpots and beautify the (kin.
Dr. Needham cured fcorbutic confumptions with it : he ufed to mix with it good
wine and honey. Rennet, infufedin the juice, preferves cheefe from worms. The
juice of birch cures warts and pimples in the face, if it be wafhed with it in the day-
time, morning, and evening, and permitted to dry on.

B I R D ' s F O O T.

THIS fmall herb groweth not above a fpan high, with many branches fpread
upon the ground, fet with many wings of fmall leaves ; the flowers grow upon the
branches, many fmall ones of a pale-yellow colour being fet at a head together,
which afterwards turn into fmall jointed cods, well refembling the claws of fmaLl
birds, whence it took its name.

There is another fort of bird's foot in all things like the former, but a little larger,
the flowers of a pale whitifli red colour, and the cods diftind by joints like the other,
but a little more crooked, and the roots do carry many fmall white knots or ker-
nels amongft the ftrings.

Place. Thefe grow on heaths, and in many open uncultivated places in this land.

Time. They flower and feed in the end of fummer.

Government and Virtues. They belong to Saturn, and are of a drying
binding quality, and thereby very good to be ufed in wound-drinks, as alfo to ap-
ply outwardly for the fame purpofe. But the latter bird's foot is found by experience
to break the ftones in the back or kidneys, and drive them forth, if the decodion
thereof be taken ; it alfo wonderfully heipeth the rupture, being taken inwardly,
and outwardly applied to the place.

No. 7. 2 A All

86 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

All falts have beft operation upon the ftone, as ointments and plafliers have upon
wounds i and therefore you may make a fait of this for the ftone: the way to
prepare it will be given in plainer terms in the Difpenfatory at the latter end of
this book.

BISHOP'S WEED.

BESIDES the common name biftiop's weed, it is ufually known by the Greek
name, ammi, and amiosj feme call it Ethiopian cummin-feed, and others cummin-
royal; as alfo herb William, and bulwort.

Description. Common bifhop's weed rifeth up with a round ftalk, fome-
tlmes as high as a man, but ufually three or four feet high, befet with divers fmall,
long, and fomewhat broad, leaves, cut in fome places and dented about the edges,
growing one againft another, of a dark-green colour, having fundry branches on
them, and at the top fmall umbels of white flowers, which turn into fmall, round,
brown, fe^d, little bigger than parfley-feed, of a quick hot fcent and tafte. The
root is white and ftringy, perifhing yearly after it hath feeded, and ufually rifeth
again of its own fowing.

Place. It groweth wild in many places in England and Wales, as between
Greenhythe and Gravefend.

Government and Virtues. It is hot and dry in the third degree, of a bitter
tafte, and fomewhat fharp withal ; it provokes luft, (I fuppofe Venus owns it;)
it digefteth humours, provoketh urine and women's courfes, expelleth wind, and,
being taken in wine, eafeth pains and gripings in the bowels, and h good againft
the bitings of ferpents ; it is ufed to good efFed in thofe medicines which are given
to hinder the poifonous operation of cantharides upon the pafiage of the urine : be-
ing mixed with honey, and applied to black or blue marks coming of blows or
bruifes, it takes them away : and, being drunk or outwardly applied, it abateth the
high colour of the urine, and makes it pale; and the fumes thereof, taken with rofin
or raifins, cleanfe the mother.

BISTORT.

IT is alio called fnakeweed, Englifh ferpentary, dragon-wort, oftrich, and
paffions.

Description. This hatli a thick, (hort, knobbed, root, blackifh without, and
fomewhat reddifti within, a little crooked or turned together, of an harfti aftringent
tafte, with divers black threads hanging thereto, from whence fpring up every year
divers leaves, ftanding upon long footftalks, being fomewhat broad and long like
a dock-leaf, and a little pointed at the ends, but that is of a bluilh-greeu colour

on

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 87

on the upper fide, and of an afli-colour grey fomewhat tinged with purple under-
neath, with divers veins therein ; from among which rife up divers fmall and flen-
der ftalks, two feet high, and aJnioft naked and without leaves, or with very few,
and narrow, bearing a fpiky bufli of pale flefh- coloured flowers, which being part,
there abideth fmall. feed, fomewhat like forrel-feed, but larger.

There are other forts of biftort growing in this land, but fmaller in height, root,
and ftalks, and efpecially in the leaves. The root is blackifh without, and fome-
what whitifh within, of an auftere binding tafte, as the former.

Place. They grow in fhadowymoift woods, and at the foot of hills, but are
chiefly nouriflied up in gardens. The narrow-leaved biftort groweth in the north;
in Lancafliire, Yorkfhire, and Cumberland.

Time. They flower about the end of May, and the feed is ripe about the be-
ginning of July.

Government and Virtues. It belongs to Saturn, and is in operation cold
and dry. Both the leaves and roots have a powerful faculty to refift all poifon : the
root in powder taken in drink, expelleth the venom of the plague, the fmall pox,
mcafles, purples, or any other infedious difeafe, driving it out by fweating j the
decoftion of the root, being drunk in wine, ftayeth all manner of inward bleedings
or fpittings of blood, and any fluxes in the body of either man or woman, or vomit-
ing. It is alfo very available againft ruptures, or burftings, or bruifes, or falls,
diflblving the congealed blood, and eafing the pains that happen thereupon ; it alfb
helpeth the jaundice. The water, diftilled from both leaves and root, is a Angular
remedy to wafh any place bitten or ftung by any venomous creatures: as alfo for any
of the purpofcs before fpoken of; and is very good to wafh any running fores or
ulcers. The decoiftion of the root in wine, being drunk, hindereth abortion or mif-
carriage in chiH-bearing. The leaves alfo kill worms in children, and are great
help for them that crnnot keep their water; if the juice of plantain be added thereto,
and outwardly applied, it much helpeth the gonorrhoea, or runningof the reins. A
drachm of the powder of the root taken in the water thereof, wherein fome red-hot
iron or fteel hath been quenched, is alfo an admirable help thereto, fo as the body
be firft prepared and purged from the oflFenfive humours. The leaves, feed, or
roots, are all very good in decodlions, drinks, or lotions, for inward or outward
wounds or other fores : and the powder, ftrewed upon any cut or wound in a vein,
ftayeth the immoderate bleeding thereof; the decodionof the roots in water, where-
to fome pomegranate peels and flowers are added, injeified into the matrix, ftayeth
the accefs of humours to the ulcers thereof, and bringeth it to its right place, being
fallen down, and ftayeth the immoderate flux of the courfes. The root hereof with
pellitory of Spain and burnt allum of each a little quantity, beaten fmall and made

into

83 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

into a pafte with fome honey, and a little piece thereof put into a hollow tooth, or
held between the teeth if there be no hollownefs in them, ftayeth the defluxion of
rheum upon them, which caufeth pain, and helps to cleanfe the head, and void
much ofFenfive water. The diftilled water is very efFedlual to wafh fores or cancers
in the nofe, or any other part, if the powder of the root be applied thereunto after-
wards. It is good alfo to faften the gums, and to take away the heat and inflamma-
tions that happen in the jaws, almonds of the throat, or mouth, if the decoflion of
the leaves, roots, or feeds bruifed, or the juice of them, be applied i but the roots
are moft effecftual to the purpofes aforefaid.

ONE-BLADE.

Description. THIS fmall plant never beareth more than one leaf, but only
when it rifeth up with its ftalk, which thereon beareth another, but feldom more,
which are of a bluifli-green colour, broad at the bottom, and pointed with many
ribs or veins like plantain ; at the top of the ftalk grow many fmall flowers ftar-
faftiion, fmelling fomewhat fweet; after which come fmall reddi(K berries when
they are ripe. The root is fmall, of the fize of a rufli, lying and creeping under
the upper cruft of the earth, fhooting forth in divers places.

• Place. It grows in moift, fhadowy, grafly, places of woods in many parts of
this realm.

Time. It flowereth about May, and the berries are ripe in June ; the plant then
ouickly periflieth until the next year, when it fpringeth from the fame again.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of the Sun, and therefore cordial.
Half a drachm or a drachm at moft of the root hereof in powder, taken in wine and
vinegar, of each a like quantity, and the party prefently laid to fweat, is held to be
a fovereign remedy for thofe that are infeifted with the plague, and have a fore upon
them, by expelling the poifon and defending the heart and fpirits from danger j it
is alfo accounted a Angular good wound-herb, and therefore ufed with other herbs
in making fuch balms as are neceflary for the curing of wounds either green or old,
and efpecially if the nerves or finews are hurt.

BRAMBLE.

IT is alfo called black-berry bufti, and is fo well known that it needs no defcrip-
tion ; its virtues are as follow :

Government a'nd Virtues. It is a plant of Venus in Aries. You have direc-
tions at the latter end of the book for the gathering of all herbs, plants, &c.
The reafon why Venus is fo prickly is becaufe ihe is in the houfe of Mars. The

2 buds.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. §9

buds, leaves, and branches, while they are green, are of good ufe in the ulcers and
putri4.rores6f the mouth and throat, and for the quinfey ; and iikewife to heal other
frefh wounds and fores : but the flowers and fruit unripe are very binding; they are
alfo'^profitable for the bloody flux and laflcs, and a fit remedy for fpitting of blood.
Either the decodlion or powder of the root, being taken, is good to break or drive
forth gravel and the ftone in the reins and kidneys. The leaves and brambles, as
well green as dry, are excellent good lotions for fores in the mouth or fecret parts ;
the decoftion of them and of the dried branches doth much bind the belly, and i»
good for too much flowing of women's courfes ; the berries or the flowers are a
powerful remedy againft the poifon of the mofl: venemous ferpents, as well drunk as
outwardly applied, and help the fores of the fundament, and the piles ; the juice of
the berries, mixed with juice of mulberries, doth bind more eff^eftually, and help
fretting and eating fores and ulcers wherefoever. The diftilled water of the branches,
leaves, flowers, or fruit, is very pleafant in tafte, and very efi^edual in fevers and
hot diftempers of the body, head, eyes, and other parts, and for all the purposes
aforefaid. The leaves boiled in lye, and the head waflied therewith, heal the itch,
and the running fores thereof, and make the hair black. The powder of the leaves
ftrewed on cancers and running ulcers, doth wonderfully help to heal them. Some
condenfate the juice of the leaves, and fome the juice of the berries, to keep for
their ufe all the year, for the purpofes aforefaid.

BLIGHTS.

Description. OF thefe there are two forts commonly known, viz. white and
red. The white hath leaves fomewhat like unto beets, but fmaller, rounder, and of
a whitifh-green colour, every one {landing upon a fmall, long, foot-flalk; the ftalk
rifeth up two or three feet high, with fuch-like leaves thereon ; the flowers grow at
the top in long round tufts or clufters, wherein are contained fmall and round feed :
the root is very full of threads or firings.

The red blight is in all things like the white, but that its leaves and tufted heads
are exceeding red at the fixft, and afterwards turn more purple.

There are other kinds of blights which grow wild, difl^ering from the two former
forts but little, only the wild are fmaller in every part.

Place. They grow in gardens, and wild in many places of this land.

Time. They feed in Auguft and September.

Government and Virtues. They are all of them cooling, drying, and bijid-
ing, ferving to reflrain thefluxes of blood in either man or woman, efpecially the red :
which alfo ftayeth the overflowing of women's reds, as the white blight ftayeth the

No. 7. zB whites.

90 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

whites, in women. It is an excellent fecret, you cannot well fail in the ufe* they
are all under the dominion of Venus.

There is another fort of wild blight, fomewhat like the other wild kinds, but have
long fpiked heads of greenifh feed, feeming by the thick fetting together to be all
feed. This fort the fifhes are delighted with, and it is a good and ufcful bait.

BORAGE AND BUGLOS, S.

THESE are fo well known to be inhabitants of every garden, that I hold it
needlefs to defcrlbe them.

To thefe I may add a third fort, which is not fo common, nor yet fo well known,
and therefore 1 fhall give you its name and defcription.

Name. It is called langue-de-beuf : but why they fhould call one herb by the
name of buglofs, and another by the name of langue-de-beuf, is to me a queftion,
feeing one fignifies ox-tongue in Greek, and the other fignifies the fame in French.

Description. The leaves thereof are fmaller than thofe of buglofs, but much
rougher, the ftalk rifing up about a foot and a half high, and is moft commonly
of a red colour ; the flowers ftand in fcaly rough heads, being compofed of many
fmall yellow flowers, not much unlike to thofe of the dandelion, and the feed flieth
away in down as that doth j you may eafily know the flowers by the tafte, for they
are very bitter.

Place. It groweth wild in many places of the land, and may be plentifully found
near London, as between Rotherhithe and Deptford, by the ditch fides; its virtues
are held to be the fame with borage and buglofs, only this is fomething hotter.

Time. They flower in June and July, and the feed is ripe fhortly after.

Government and Virtues. They are all three herbs of Jupiter, and under
Leo, all great cordials and flrengtheners of nature. The leaves or roots are to very
good purpofe ufed in putrid and peftilential fevers, to defend the heart, and help to
refifl: and expel the poifon or the venom of other creatures: the feed is of like ef-'
fed ; and the feed and leaves are good to encreafe milk in women's breafls : the
leaves, flowers, and feed, all or any of them, are good to expel penfivenefs and me-
lancholy : it helpeth to clarify the blood and to mitigate heat in fevers. The juice
made into a fyrup prevaileth much to all the purpofes aforefaid, and is put with
other cooling, opening, cleanfing, herbs, to open obflrudtions, and help the yellow
jaundice, and, mixed with fumitory, to cool, ckanfe, and temper, the blood, where-
by it helpeth the itch, ringworms, and tetters, or other fpreading fcabs or fores.
1 he flowers candied, or made into a conferve, are helpful in the former cafes, but are
chiefly ufed as a cordial, and are good for thofe that are weak with long ficknefs,

3 and

ANDCOMPLETEHERBAL. 91

and to comfort the heart and fpirits of thofe that are in a confumptlon, or troubled
with often fwooning, or paflions of the heart j the diftilled water is no lefs effedual
to all thepurpofes aforefaiJ, and helpeth the rednefs and inflammations of the eyes,
being walhed therewith ; the dried herb is never ufed, but the green ; yet the afhes
thereof boiled in mead, or honey- water, are available againft inflammations and ul-
cers in the mouth or throat, to walh and gargle it therewith. The roots of buglofs
are efFeftual, being made into a licking eledluary, for the cough, and to condenfate
thin phlegm, and rheumatic diftillations upon the lungs.

BLUE-BOTTLE.

IT is called fyanus, I fuppofe from the colour of it ; hurt- fickle, becaufe it turns
the edge of the fickles that reap the corn ; blue-blow, corn-flower, and blue-bottle.

Description. I fliall only defcribe that which ismoft common, and inmy opinion
moft ufeful: its leaves fpread upon the ground, being of a whitifh-green colour,
fomewhat cut on the edges like thofe of corn-fcabious, among which rifeth up a
ftalk divided into divers branches, befet with long leaves of a greenifli colour, either
but very little indented or not at all j the flowers are of a blue colour, from whence
it took its name, confifting of an innumerable company of fm;ill flowers, fet in a
fcaly head, not much unlike thofe of knapweed; the feed is fmooth, bright, and
fhining, wrapped up in a woolly mantle : the root periflieth every year.

Place. They grow in corn fields, amongft all forts of corn, peafe, and beans,
but not in tares ; if you pleafe to take them up from thence, and tranfplant them in
your garden, efpecially towards the full of the Moon, they will grow more doable
than they are, and many times chatige their colour.

Place. They flower from the beginning of May to the end of harveft.

Government and Virtues, As they are naturally cold, dry, and binding, To
are they under the dominion of Saturn. The powder or dried leaves of the blue-
bottle or corn-flower is given with good fuccefs to thofe that are bruifed by a fall,
or have broken a vein inwardly, and void much blood at the mouth ; being taken
in the water of plantane, horfetail, or the greater comfrey, it is a remedy againft
the poifon of the fcorpion, and refifteth all venoms and poifons : the feed or leaves
taken in wine is very good againft the plague, and all infedious difeafes, and is
very good in peftilential fevers. The juice put into frefli or green wounds doth
quickly clofe the lips of them together, and is very eff"ei^^ual to heal all ulcers and
fores in the mouth ; the juice dropped in the eyes taketh away the heat and inflam-
mation in them : the diililled water of the herb hath the fame properties, and may
be ufed for the effetfl aforefaid.

BRANK-

91 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

BRANK-URSINE.

BESIDES the common name brank-urfine, it is alfo called bear's breech, and
acanthus, though I think our Englifh names more proper, for the Greek word acan-
thus fignifies any thiftle whatfoever.

Description. This thiftle fhoots forth very many large, thick, fad-green,
fmooth, leaves upon the ground, with a very thick and juicy middle rib ; the leaves
are parted with fundry deep gafhes on the edge; the leaves remain a long time be-
fore any ftalk appears ; afterwards rifeth up a reafonably-big ftalk three or four feet
high, and finely deeked with flowers from the middle of the ftalk upwards, for on
the lower part of the ftalk there is neither branch nor leaf; the flowers are hooded
and gaping, being white in colour, and ftanding in brownifli hufks, with a fmal],
long, undivided, leaf under each leaf; they feldom feed in our country ; its roots
are many, great, and thick, blackifh without and whitifti within, full of a clammy
fap; if you fet a piece of them in a garden, defending it from the firft winter's cold,
it will grow and flourifh.

Place. They are only nurfed up in gardens in England, where they will grow
very well.

Time. It flowereth in June and July.

Government and Virtues. It is an excellent plant under the dominion of
the Moon : I could wifti fuch as are ftudious would labour to keep it in their gar-
dens. Its leaves being boiled, and ufed in clyfters, are exceeding good to mollify
the belly, and make the paflage flippery ; the decodtion, drunk, is excellent good
for the bloody flux; the leaves being bruifed, or rather boiled, and applied like a
poultice, are exceeding good to unite broken bones, and ftrengthen joints that have
been put out j the decodion of either the leaves or roots being drunk, and the de-
coded leaves applied to the place, is excellent good for the king's evil that is broken
and runneth, for by the influence of the Moon it reviveth the ends of the veins
which are relaxed; there is fcarcely a better remedy to be applied to fuch places as
are burnt with fire than this is, for it fetcheth out the fire, and heals it without a
fear; it is alfo an excellent remedy for fuch as are burften, being either taken In-
wardly or applied to the place; in like manner ufed, it helps the cramp and the
gout ; it is excellent good in heftic fevers, and reftores radical moifture to fuch as
are in confumptions.

B R I O N Y.

IT is called wild-vine, wood-vine, tamus, and our lady's feal i the white is called
white-vine by fome, and the black black- vine.

Description.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 93

Description. The common white briony groweth creeping upon the hedges,
fending forth many long, rough, vcry'tender, branches at the beginning, with many
very rough broad leaves thereon, cut for the moft part into five partitions, in forrii
very like a vine-leaf, but fmaller, rougher, and of a whitifli or hoary-green colour,
fpreading very far, and twining with its fmall clafpers, that come forth at the joints
with the leaves, very faft on whatfoever ftandeth next to it; at the feveral joints
alfo, efpecinily towards the tops of the branches, cometh forth a long ftalk bearifg
many whitifli flowers, together in a long tuft, confifting of fmall branches rach, laid
open like a ftarj after which come the berries, feparated one from ar.other more
than a clufter of grapes, green at the firft, and very red when they are thoroughly
ripc; of no good fcent, and of a moft loathfome tafte, provoking vomit : the root
grov.eth to be exceeding great, with many long twines or branches growing from it,
of a pale whitifh colour on the outfide, and more white within, and of a /harp, bit-
ter, loathfome, tafte.

Place. It groweth on banks, or under hedges, through this land, and the roots
lie very deep.

Time. It flowereth in July and Auguft, fome earlier and fome later than others.

Government AND Virtues. They are furious martial plants : the roots of
briony purge the belly with great violence, troubling the ftomach and burning the
liver, and therefore not raftily to be taken, but, being correfted, are very profitable
for the difeafes of the head, as falling ficknefs, giddinefs, and fwimmings, by draw-
iiifr away much phlegm and rheumatic humours that opprefs the head, as alfo the
joints and finews; and therefore good for palfies, convulfions, cramps and flitches in
the fide, and the dropfy ; and, in provoking urine, they cleanfe the reins and kid-
neys from the gravel and ftone, by opening the obftrudions of the fpleen, and con-
fuming the hardnefs and fwcllings thereof. If the juice be tempered with the meal
of vetches or fenugreek, or boiled in oil till it be confumed, it will take away black or
blue fpots, and Galen affirmeth, it is a plant profitable for tanners to thicken their
leather hides with. The root fpread upon a piece of fheep's leather, in the manner of
a plaifter, while it is frefh and green, takes away black or blue marks, and all fears
and defofmities of the fkin ; it breaks hard impofthumes, draws forth fplinters and
broken bones, diflolves congealed blood, and, being laid on and ufed upon the hip,
or huckle-bone, ftioulders, arms, oi- any other part where there is great pain, it takes
it away in a fhort fpace, and works very efteflually. The decodion of the root in
wine, drunk once a week at going to bed, cleanfeth the mother, and helpeth the rifing
thereof, expelleth the dead child for fear of abortion ; a drachm of the root in powder
taken in white wine, bringeth down the courfes -, an eleduary, made of the roots'

No. 7. 2 C a,jj

94 CUtPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

and honey, doth mightily cleanre the eheft of rotten phlegm, and wonderfully help-
eth an old ftrong cough, thofe that are troubled with {hortnefs of breath, and is very
good for them that are bruifed inwardly, to help to expel the clotted or congealed
blood : the leaves, fruit, and root, do cleanfe old and filthy fores, are good againft
all running and fretting cankers, gangrenes, and tetters, and therefore the berries
are by fome country-people called tetter-berries. The root cleanfeth the fkin won-
derfully from all black and blue fpots, freckles, morphew, leprofy, foul fears, or
other deformity whatfoever ; as alfo all running fcabs and manginefs are healed by
the powder of the dried root, or the juice thereof, but efpecially by the fine white
hardened juice : the diftillcd water of the roots worketh the fame eiFeds, but more
weakly : the root bruifed, and applied of itfelf to any place where the bones are bro-
ken, helpeth to draw them forth, as alfo fplinters and thorns in the flelh; and, be-
ino- applied with a little wine mixed therewith, it breaketh boils, and helpeth whit-
lows on the joints.

For all thefe latter complaints, that is to fay, fores, cankers, &c. apply it outward-
ly, and take my advice along with you j you (hall find in the Difpenfatory, among
the preparations at the latter end, a medicine called /^n//a brionije; take that and ufe
it, (you have the way there how to make it,) and mix it with a little hog's greafe,
or other convenient ointment, and ufe it at your need.

As for the former difeafes, where it muft be taken inwardly, it purgeth very vio-
lently, and needs an abler hand to corred it than moft country-people have, there-
fore it is a better way for them, in my opinion, to let the fimple alone, and take the
compound water of it, mentioned in my Difpenfatory, and that is far more fafe, be-
ing wifely correded.

B R O O K - L I M E.

IT is alfo called watef-pimpernel.

Description. It rifeth forth from a creeping root, that fhooteth forth ftrings
at every joint as it runneth, divers and fundry green ftalks, round and fappy, with
fome branches on them, fomewhat broad, round, deep, green, and thick, leaves fet by
couples thereon; from the bofom whereof ftioot forth long footftalks, with fundry
fmall blue flowers on them, that confill: of five fmall round-pointed leaves each.

There is another fort nothing differing from the former, but that it is greater,
and the flowers of a paler-blue colour.

Place. They fometimes grow in fmall ftanding waters, but generally near
water-crefles.

Time. They flower in June and July, giving feed the month after.

3 Govern-

ANDCOMPLETEHERBAL. 95-

GovERNMENT AND ViRTUES, It is a hot and biting martial plant: brook-Ifme
and water-crcfll'S are generally ufed together in diet-drinks, with other things, fcrv-
ing to purge the blood and body from ill humours that would deftroy health, and
are helpful for the fcurvy : they do alfo provoke urine, and help to break the ftone
and pafs it away ; they provoke women's courfes, and expel the dead child. Being
fried with butter and vinegar, and applied warm, it helpeth all manner of tumours,
fwellings, and inflammations.

Such drinks ought to be made of fundry herbs according to the malady offending.
I /hall give a plain andeafy rule for that purpofe at the latter end of this book.

BUTCHER'S BROOM".

IT is called rufcus and brufcus, knee-holm, knee-holly, knee-hulvcr, and
pettigree.

Description. The firft fhoots that fprout from the root of butcher's broom are
tiiick, whiti/h, and fhort, fomewhat like thofe of afparagus, but greater; thev, ri-
iing up to be a foot and a half high, are fpread into divers branches, green and
fomewhat crefted with the roundnefs, tough and flexible, whereon are fet fomewhat
broad and almoft round hard leaves, and prickly pointed at the ends, of a dark-
green colour, two for the moft part fet at a place, very clofe or near together j about
the middle of the leaf, on the back and lower fide from the middle rib, breaketh
forth a fmall whitifh-green flower, confifting of four fmall round -pointed leaves,
ftanding upon little or no footftalk, and in the place whereof cometh a fmall round
berry, green at the firft, and red when it is ripe, wherein are two or three white,
hard, round, feeds, contained ; the root is thick, white, and great at the head, and
from thence fendeth forth divers thick, white, long, tough, ftrings.

Place. It groweth in coppices, and on heaths and wafl:e grounds, and often-
times under or near the holly-bulhes.

Time. It (hooteth forih its young buds in the fpring, and the berries are ripe in
or about September : the branches or leaves abiding green all the winter.

GovERNMf.NT AND ViRTUES. It Is 3 plant of Mars, being of a gallant cleani^
ing and opening quality ; the decoflion of the roots, made with wine, openeth ob-
ftrudions, provoketh urine, helpeth to expel gravel, and the ftone, the ftranguary,
and women's courfes, as alfo the yeIlow-jaundice> arid the head-ajch j and, with fome
honey or fugarput therein, iclea^ifeth the breaft of phlegm, and the cheft of much
clammy humours gathered therein ; ,the dec.o<5lion of the root drunk, and a poultice
made of the berries and leaves being applied, are effedual in knitting and confoli-
dating broken bones, or parts out of joint. The common way of ufing it, is to boil

the

96 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

the roots of it and parfley, and fennel, and fmallage, in white wine, and drink the
decoftion, adding the Uke quantity of grafs- roots to them : the more of the roots
you boil, the ftronger will the decoftion be j it works no ill efFefts, yet I hope yoa
have wit enough to give the flrongefl; decodlion to the ftrongeft bodies.

BROOM AND BROOM- RAPE.

TO fpend time in writing a defcription hereof is altogether needlefs, it being fo
generally ufed by all the good houfevvives almoft through this land to fweep their
houfes with, and therefore very well known to all forts of people.

The broom-rape fpringeth up on many places from the roots of the broom, but
more often in fields, or by hedge-fides, and on heaths. The ftalk thereof is of the
bignefs of a finger or thumb, above two feet high, having a fhow of leaves on them,
and many flowers at the top, of a deadifh-yellow colour, as alfo the ftalks and
leaves are.

Place. They grow in many places of this land commonly, and as commonly
fpoil all the land they grow in.

Time. They flower in fummer months, and give their feed before winter.

Government and Virtues. The juice or decoftion of the young branches or
feed, or the powder of the feed taken in drink, purgeth downwards and draweth
phlegmatic and watery humours from the joints, whereby it helpeth the dropfy,
gout, fciatica, and pains in the hips and joints : it alfo provoketh flrong vomits,
and helpeth the pains of the fides, and fwelHngs of the fpleen ; cleanfeth alfo the
reins or kidneys and bladder of the flone, provoketh urine abundantly, and
hindereth the growing again of the flone in the body. The continual ufe of the
powder of the leaves and teed doth cure the black-jaundice : the diftilled water
of the flowers is profitable for all the fame purpofes j it alfo helpeth furfeits, and
altereth the fits of agues, if three or four ounces thereof, with as much of the water
of the fmaller- centaury, and a little fugar put therein, be taken a little before the fit
Cometh, and the party be laid down to fweat in bed. The oil or water, that is
drawn from the ends of the green flicks heated in the fire, helps the tooth-ach.
The juice of the young branches made into an ointment of old hog's greafe and
anointed, or the young branches bruifed and heated in oil or hog's greafe, and laid
to the fides pained by wind, as in flitches, or the fpleen, eafeth them in once or
twice ufing j the fame, boiled in oil, is the fafeft and furefl; medicine to kill lice in
the head or body j and is an efpecial remedy for joint-achs and fwollen knees that
come by the falling down of humours.

The

AND tOMPLETE HERBAL. 97

The broom-rape alfo is not Hvithout its virtues. The decodion thereof in wine
is thought to be as efFeftual to avoid the ftone in the kidneys and bladder, and to
provoke urine, as the broom itfelf. The juice thereof is a fingular good help to
cure as well green wounds as old and filthy fores and malignant ulcers ; the infolate
oil, wherein there has been three or four repetitions of infufion of the top ftalks
with the flowers ftrained and cleared, cleanfeth the fkin from all manner of fpots,
marks, and freckles, that arife either by the heat of the fun or the malignity of hu-
mours. As for the broom and broom-rape. Mars owns them ; and it is exceeding
prejudicial to the liver, I fuppofe by reafon of the antipathy between Jupiter and
Mars : therefore, if the liver be difafFcded, adminifter none of it.

BUCKS HORN PLAN TAN E.

Description. THIS, being fown of feed, rifeth up at- the firft with fmall,
long, narrow, hairy, dark-green, leaves, like grafs, without any divifion or gafh in
them J buu thofe that follow are gafhed in on both fides the leaves into three or four
gafhes, and pointed at the ends, refembling the knags of a buck's horn, whereof it
took its name; and being well grown round about the root upon the ground, in
order one by another, thereby refembling the form of a ftar, from among which
rife up divers hairy ftalks, about a hand-breadth high, bearing every one a fmall,
long, fpiky, head, like to thofe of the common plantane, having fuch-like bloomings
and feed after them : the root is fingle, long, fmall, and ftringy.

Place. They grow in dry fandy ground, as in Tothill-fields, Weftminfter,
and many other places in this kingdom.

Time. They flower and feed in May, June, and July; and their leaves, in a
manner, abide green all the winter.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Saturn, and is of a
drying and binding quality : this boiled in wine and drunk, and fome of the leaves
applied to the hurt place, is an excellent remedy for the biting of the viper or adder,
which I take to be one and the fame ; the fame, being alfo drunk, helpeth thofe that
are troubled with the ftone in the reins or kidneys, by cooling the heat of the parts
afflided, and ftrengthening them ; as alfo weak itomachs that cannot retain, but cafl:
up, their meat ; it ftayeth bleedings at the mouth and nofe, bloody urine, or the
bloody flux, and ftoppeth the lafk of the belly and bowels : the leaves hereof bruif-
cd, and laid to their fides that have an ague, fuddenly eafe the fit ; and the leaves
and. roots beaten with fome bay -fait, and applied to the wrifts, work the fame efFecfls ^
the herb boiled in ale or wine, and given for fome mornings and evenings together,
ftayeth the diftillations of hot and (harp rheum falling into the eyes from the head,
and helpeth all forts of fore eyes.

No. 8. 2 D BUCKS-

^8 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.

BUCKSHORN.

IT is alfo called hartHiorn, herbaftella and herbaflellaria, fanguinaria, herb-eve,
herb -ivy, wort-crefles, and fwine-crefles.

Description. It has many fmall and weak ftraggling branches trailing here
and there upon the ground; the leaves are many, fmall, and jagged, not much un-
like to thofe of buckfhorn plantane, but much fmaller, and not fo hairy : the
flowers grow among the leaves in fmall, rough, whitifh, clufters j the feeds are
fmaller and brownifh, and of a bitter tafte.

Place. They grow in dry, barren, and fandy, grounds.

Time. They flower and feed with the other plantanes.

Government and Virtues. This is alfo under the dominion of Saturn : the
virtues are held to be the fame as buckfhorn plantane, and therefore by all authors
it is joined with it : the leaves, being bruifed, and applied to warts, will make them
confume and wafte away in a ihort time.

BUGLE.

BESIDES the name bugle, it is called middle-confound, and middle- comfrev,
brown-bugle, and by fome (icklewort and herb-carpenter, though in SufTex they
call another herb by that name.

Description. This hath larger leaves than thofe of the felf-heal, but elfe of
the fame fafhiion, or rather a little longer ; in fome green on the upper fide, and in
others rather browniili, dented about the edges, fomewhat hairy, as the Iquare flalk
is alfo, which rifcth up to be half a yard high fometimes, with the leaves fet by
couples; from the middle almoil whereof upwards fland the flowers together, with
many fmaller and browner leaves than the reft on the ftalk below, fet at diftances
and the ftalk bare between them ; among which flowers are alfo fmall ones, of a
bluifti, and fometimes of an afti, colour, fiftiioned like the flowers of the ground-
ivy, after which come fmall, round, blackifli, feed: the root is compofed of many
firings, and fpreadeth upon the ground.

The white bugle difFereth not in form or greatnefs from the former, favinor that
the leaves and ftalks are always green, and the flowers are white.

Place. It grows in woods, coppices, and fields, generally throughout England,
but the while-flowered bugle is nut fo plentiful as the other.

Time. They flower from iVIay till July, and in the mean time perfed: their
feed ; the root, and the leaves next the ground, abiding all the winter.

Government and Virtues. This herb iS belonging to Venus: if the virtues
of it make yuu in love with it, (as they will if you are wife,) keep a fyrup of it to

take

ANDCOMPLETE HERBAL. 99

take inwardly, and aii ointment and plaifter of it to ufe outwardly, always by you.
The decodion of the leaves and flowers, made in wine, and taken, dinblveth the
congealed blood in thofe that are bruifed inwardly by a fal! or otherwife, and is very
cfFedual for any inward wounds, thrufts, or il.ibs in the body or bowels, and is a
fpecial help in all wound-drinks, and for thofe that are liver-grown as they call it. It
is wonderful in curing alt manner of ulcers and {ores, whether new and fre(h or old
and inveterate, and even gangrenes and hftuhs, if the leaves are bruifed and applied,
or the juice ufed to wafh and bathe the places * and the fame, made into a lotign with
fome honev and allum, cureth all fores of the mouth or gums, be they ever fo toul,
or of long continuance ; and worketh no lefs powerfully and effeftually for fuch ul-
cers and fores as happen in the fecret parts of men or wom';n. Being alfo taken in-
wardly or outwardly applied, it helpeth thofe that have broken any bone, or have
any member out of joint. An ointment, made with the le:ives of bugle, fcabious,
and fanicle, bruifed, and boiled in hog's greafe until the herbs be dry, and then
ftrained forth into a pot, for fuch occafions as (hall require it, is (o fingularly good for
all forts of hurts in the body, that none who know its ufefulnefs will be without it.
The truth is, I have known this herb cure fome difcafes of Saturn, of which I have
thought good to quote one. Many times fuch as give themfelves much to drinking
are troubled with ftrange fancies and fights in the night-time, and fome with voices,
as alfo with the difeafe epbialtes, or the mare : I take the reafon of this to be, ac-
cording to Fernelius, a melancholy vapour, made thin by exceffive drinking rtiong
liquor, which flies up and difturbs the fancy, and breeds imaginations like itfelf,
i. e. fearful and troublefome. Thefe I have known cured by taking only two fpoon-
fuls of the fyrup of this herb about two hours after fupper, when you go to bed :
but whether this is done by fympathy or antipathy is rather doubtful ; all that know-
any thing in aftrology know that there is great antipathy between Saturn and
Venus in matters of procreation, yea, fuch a one, that the barrennefs of Saturn can
be removed by none but Venus, nor the luft of Venus be repelled by any but Sa-
turn; but lam not yet of opinion it is done this way; my reafon is, becaufe thefe
vapours, though in quality melancholy, yet by their flying upward feem to be fome-
thing aerial ; therefore I rather think it is done by fympathy, Saturn being exalted
in Libra, the houfe of Venus.

BURNET.

IT is alfo called fanguiforba, pimplnella, bipenula, folbegrella, &c. Common
garden burnet is fo well known that it needeth no defcription ; but there is another
fort which is wild, the defcription whereof take as followcth.

3 Descrip-

lOO CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Description. The great wild burnet hath winged leaves rifing from the
roots like the garden burnet, but not fo many ; yet each of thefe leaves are at leaff
twice as large as the other, and nicked in the fame manner about the edges, of a
greyifh colour on the under fide ; the ftalks are larger and rife higher, with many
fuch-like leaves fet thereon, and greater heads at the tops, of a brownifh-green co-
lour ; and out of them come fmall, dark, purple, flowers, like the former, but
laro-er: the root is black and long like the other, but alfo greater; it hath almoft
neither fcent nor tafte therein like the garden kind.

Place. The firfc grows frequently in gardens ; the wild kind groweth in di-
vers counties of this kingdom, efpecially in Huntingdon and Northamptonfhires
in the meadows there ; as alfo near London by Pancras church, and by a caufeway-
fide in the middle of afield by Paddington.

Time. They flower about the end of June and beginning of July, and their feed
is ripe in Auguft.

Govern MENT and Virtues, It is an herb the Sun challengeth dominion over,
and is a moft precious herb, little inferior to betony ; the continual ufe of it pre-
ferves the body in health, and the fpirits in vigour ; for, if the Sun be the preferver
of life under God, his herbs are the beft in the world to do it by. They are ac-
counted to be both of one property, but the fmaller is the moft eff^edual, becaufe
quicker and more aromatical; it is a friend to the heart, liver, and other principal
parts of a man's body : two or three of the ftalks with leaves put into a cup of wine,
efpecially claret, are known to quicken the fpirits, refrefh and cheer the heart, and
drive away melancholy ; it is a fpecial help to defend the heart from noifbme va-
pours, and from infection of the peftilence, the juice thereof being taken in fome
drink, and the party laid to fweat immediately. They have alfo a drying and an
aftringent quality, whereby they are available in all manner of fluxes of blood or hu-
mours, to ftaunch bleedings inward or outward; lafks, fcourings, the bloody flux,
women's too-abundant courfes, the whites, and the choleric belchings and caftings
of the ftomach; and is a Angularly good herb for all forts of wounds both of the
head and body, either inward or outward; for all old ulcers, or running cankers,
and moift fores ; to be ufed either by the juice or thedecodlion of the herb, or by
the powder of the herb or root, or the water of the diftilled herb, or ointment by it-
felf, or with other things to be kept. The feed is alfo no lefs effedual both to ftop
fluxes and dry up moift fores, being taken in powder inwardly in wine or fteeled
water, that is, wherein hot gads of fteel have been quenched j or the powder of the
feed mixed with the ointments.

BUT-

»

AND COMPLETE HERBAU loi

BUTTER-BUR.

THIS herb is called petafitis.

Description. It rifeth up in Febniary, with a thick ftalk about a foot high,
whereon are fct a few fmall leaves, or rather pieces, and at the tops a long fpiked head
of flowers, of a blufh or deep red colour, according to the foil wherein It groweth;
and, before the ftalk with the flowers have been a month above ground, they will
be withered and gone, and blown away with the wind, and the leaves will begin to
Ipring, which being full blown are very large and broad, being fomevvhat thin and
almoft round, whofe thick red footftalks, aboiit a foot long, {land towards the mid-
dle of the leaves; the lower part being divided into two round parts, clofe almoft
one to another, of a pale green colour, and hoary underneath : the root is long and
■fpreading under the ground, being m fome places no bigger than one's finger, in
others larger, rather blackifh on the outfide and white within, and of a very bitter
and unpleafant tafte.

Place and Time. They grow in low and wet grounds by rivers and water-
fides ; their flowers (as is faid) rifing and decaying in February and March, before
the leaves, which appear in April.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of the fun, and therefore
is a great ftrengthener of the heart, and cheers the vital fpirits. The excellent
FucHSius, in his account of this herb, is moft exprefs, and records its virtue as
wonderful in peftilential fevers ; and this he fpeaks not from tradition, but his own
experience. Were it needful to prove the fun gives light, it is fcarce lefs certain,
or lefs obvious, than that this root, beyond all things elfe, cures peftilential fevers.
Its roots are by long experience found to be very available againft the plague and
peftilential fevers, by provoking fweat ; if the powder thereof be taken in wine,
it alfo refiftcih the force of any other poifon : the root taken with the zedoary and
angelica, or without them, helps the rifing of the mother j the decodion of the root
in wine is fingular good for thofe that wheeze much, or are fliort-winded ; it provok-
eth urine alfo and women's courfes, and killeth flat and broad worms in the belly;
the powder of the root doth wonderfully help to dry up the moifture of fores that
are hard to be cured, and taketh away all fpots and blcmifties of the (kin.

BURDOCK.

THEY are alfo called perfonata, bardona, lappa major, great burdock, and clot-
bur. It is fo well known, even to the little boys who pull off the burs to throw
and ftick on each other, that I (hall omit writing Any dcfcription of i^

No. 8. 2 E Placb*

102 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Place. It grows plentifully by ditches and water-fideSj and by the highways,
almoft every where throughout this land.

Government and Virtues. Venus challengeth this herb for her own ; and, by
its feed or leaf, you may draw the womb which way you pleafe, either upward by
appi) ing it to the crown of the head, in cafe it fulls out, or downward in fits of the
n^.other, by applying it to the foles of the feet ; or, if you would ftay it in its place,
apply it to the navel, and that islikewife a good way to ftay the child in it: the bur-
leaves are cooling, moderately drying, and difcufling withal, whereby they are good
for old ulcers and fores. A drachm of the roots, taken with pine- kernels, helpeth
them that fpit foul, mattery, and bloody, phlegm j the leaves applied to the places
troubled with the fhrinking of the finews or arteries, give much eafe : the juice of
the leaves, or rather the roots therafelves, given to drink with old wine, doth won-
derfully help the bitlngs of ferpents ; and the root beaten with a little fait, and laid
on the place, fuddenly eafeth the pain thereof, and helpeth thofe that are bit by a
mad dog : the juice of the leaves, taken with honey, provoketh urine, and remedieth
the pain of the bladder: the feed being drunk in wine forty days together, doth
wonderfully help the fciatica : the leaves bruifed with the white of an egg, and ap-
plied to any place burnt with fire, take out the fire, give fudden eafe, and heal It
up afterwards. The decodion of them, fomented on any fretting fore or canker,
flayeth the corroding quality, which muft be afterwards anointed with an ointment
made of the fame liquory hog's greafe, nitre, and vinegar, boiled together. Its
roofs may be preferved with fugar, and taken fafting, or at other times, for the
faid purpofes, and for confumptlons, the ftone, and the lafk : the feed is much com-
mended to break the ftone, and caufeth it to be expelled by urine, and is often ufed
with other feeds, and things to that purpofe.

BUCK-WHEAT.

Names. IN moft counties of England this grain goeth by the general name of
French wheat, as in Hampftiire, Surry, Berkfliire, Wiitfliire, and Buckiiigi.am-
ftilre, and efpecially In thofe barren parts of the counties where it is m^-ft ufually
fown and delighteth to grow; it is alfo in many parts ot Englana called buck-
wheat : fome take it to be the eryfinum of Theophraftus, and the ireo of Pliny, and
it is called by yiztWxolvis frumentum farafenicum; the Dutch names are lockweydt
and biickenweydt.

Description. It rlfethup with divers round hollow reddiftiftalks, fct with divers
leaves, each by itfelf on a ftalk, which is broad and round, and iies forked at the bot-
tom, fmall and pointed at the end, fomewhat refembling an ivy-leaf, but that it is

fofter

AND COMPIeTE herbal. 103

fofrer in handling; at the top of the ^alks come forth divers clufters of fmall white
flowers, which turn into fmall three-cornered blacltifh feed, with a white pulp
therein; the root is fmall and thready.

Place and Time. It is faid to have its original hirth-place in Arabia, where-
by it had the Latin nzmt frmneutum Jarajenicuw, and was tranfplanted from thence
into Italy, but now is very commonly fown in moft of our northern counties, where,
for the ufe and profit made of it, many fields are Town therewith ; it is not ufually
fown before April, and fometimes in May, for at its firft fpringing up afrofty night
kills it all, and fo it will do the flowers when it bloflbms; it is ripe at the latter end
of Auguft, or the beginning of September, and will grow in a dry, hungry ground,
for which it is held as good as a dunging.

Government and Virtues. This grain is attributed to Venus: itdothnou-
rlfh lefs than wheat, rye, or barley, but more than millet or panic, and the bread or
cakes made of the meal thereof doth eafily digeft, and foon pafs out of the ftomach,
though fome hold to the contrary; it giveth fmall nouriniment, though not bad,
and is withal a little flatulent or windy, yet country-people in divers parts of Ger-
many and Italy do feed hereon as almoft their only bread- corn, and are ftrong and
lufty perfons, following hnrd labour; the bread or cakes made thereof are pleafant,
but do fomewhat prefs or lie heavy on the ftomach. I never knew any bread or
cakes made of it for people to ^ at in this country, but it is generally ufed to Ltteu
hogs and poultry of all forts, which it doth very exceedingly and quickly : the phy-
fical ufes of it are thefe, it provoketh urine, increafeth milk, loofeneth the belly, and,
being taken in wine, is good for melaiacholy perfons i the juice of the leavtJ drop-
ped into the eyes cleareth the fight.

BLACK BIND-WEED*

Name. IT is alfo called with-wind.

Decription. Black bind-weed hath fmooth red branches, very fhiall, likff
great threads, wherewith it wrappeth and windeth itfelf about trees, hedges, flakes,
and every thing it can lay hold upon; the leaves are like to ivy, but fmaller and
more tender ; the flowers are white and very fmall ; the feed is black, triangular or
three-fquare, growing thick together; every feed is clofed and covered with a thin.
flcin ; the root is fmall and tender as a thread.

Place. It groweth in borders of fields and gardens, about hedges and ditches,,
and amongfl; herbs.

Time. It delivereth its feed iu Auguft and September, and afterwards pe-
rl fhtth.

Govern-

I04 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Government and Virtues. Bind-weei is a plant of Mercury, of a hot na-
ture, and of fubtil parts, having power to difiblve; the juice of the leaves, being
drunk, do loofen and open the belly; and being pounded, and laid to the grieved
place, diiTolveth, walleth, and confuraeth, hard fwellings.

BALSAM-TREE.

THE Arabians call it balejfan, the Greeks ^aLKaayAi^ and the Latins baljamum;
the liquor they call opobaljamum, the berries or fruit of the tree carpbaljamumi and
the fprigs or young branches thereof zylobaljamum.

Description, The balfam or balm-tree, in the moft natural places where it
groweth, is never very large, feldom more than eight or nine feet high, and in fome
places much lower, with divers fmall and flraight flender branches i/Tuing from
them, of a brownifh-red colour, efpecially the younger twigs, covered with a dou-
ble bark, the red firft and a green one, under it, which are of a very fragrant fmell,
and of an aromatical quick tafte, fomewhat aftringent and gummy, cleaving to the
fingers ; the wood under the bark is white, and as infipid as any other wood ; on
thefe branches come forth fparfedly and without order, many flalks of winged leaves,
fomewhat like unto thofe of the maftic-tree, the loweft and thofe that firft come
forth confifting but of three leaves, others of five or kwen leaves, but feldom more j
which are fet by couples, the loweft fmalleft, and the next bigger, and the upper-
moft largeft of all ; of a pale-green colour, fmelling and tafting fomewhat like the
bark of the branches, fomewhat clammy alfo, and abide on the buflies all the year :
the flowers are many and fmall, ftanding by three together on fmall ftalks at the ends
of the branches, made of fix fmall white leaves a-piece, after which follow fmall
brownifti hard berries, little bigger than juniper-berries, fmall at both ends, crefted
on the fides, and very like unto the berries of the turpentine-tree, of a very Iharp
fcent, having a yellow honey-like fubllance in them, fomewhat bitter, but aromati-
cal in tafte, and biting on the tongue like the opobaljamum ; from the body hereof
being cut there ifuieth forth a liquor (which fometimes fioweth without fcarifying)
of a thick whitifh colour at the firft, but afterwards groweth' oily, and is fomewhat
tliicker than oil in fummer, and of fo fharp a fcent that it will pierce the noftrils of
thofe that fmcll thereto ; it is almoft like unto oil of fpike, but as it groweth older
fo it groweth thicker, and not fo quick in the fmell, and in colour becoming yellow
like honey or broAn thick turpentine as it groweth old.

Place and Time. The moft reputed natural places where this tree hath been
known to grow, both in thefe and former days, are Arabia Felix, about Mecca
*iid ivicdmii> and a imall village^iear them called Bedrumia, and the hills, valleys,

and

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 105

and Tandy grounds, about them, and the country of the Sabeans adjoining next
thereunto ; and from thence tranfplanted into India and Egypt : it likevvife grew
on the hills of Gilead. It is reported, that the Queen of Sheba brought of the
balfam-trees to Solomon, as the richcft of her prefents, who caufed them to be
planted in orchards, in the valley of Jericho, where they flouriflied, and were
tended and yearly pruned, until they, together with the vineyards in that country,
were deftroyed by that monfter of mankind, the favage beftial Turk. It flowereth
in the fpring, and the fruit is ripe in autumn.

Government and Virtues. This balfam-tree is a folar plant, of tempera-
ture hot and dry in the fecond degree, and is fweet in fmcll, being of thin parts, but
the liquor or opobalfamum is of more thin parts than the plant itfelf; the fruit or ber-
ries is very like it in quality, but far inferior thereunto in the fubtilty : the liquor or
opobaljamim is of good ufe againft the poifons or infeftions of vipers, ferpcnts, and
fcorpions, the peftileiice and fpotted fever, and other putrid and intermiflivc agues
that arife from obftrucStions, and crude cold humours, to take a fcruple or two
in drink, for fome days together, and to fweat thereon ; for this openeth the ob-
flrudions of the liver and fpleen, and digefteth thofe raw humours in them, cherlfh-
ing the vital fpirits, radical moifture, and natural heat, in them, and is very effcvflual
in cold griefs and difeafes of the head or ftomach, helping the fvvimmings and turn-
ings of the brain, weak memories, and falling ficknefs j it cleareth the eyes of films
or fkins, and eafeth pains in the ears : it helpeth a cough, fhortnefs of breath, and
confumption of the lungs, warming and drying up the diftillations of rheums upon
them, and all other difeafes of the ftomach proceeding of cold or wind ; the cold or
windy diftempers of the bowels, womb, or mother, which caufe torments, or pains,
or the cold moiftures procuring barrennefs. It provoketh the courfes, expelleth the
dead and after births, cures the flux of the whites and flopping of urine; it cleanfeth
the reins and kidneys, and expelleth the ftone and gravel ; it is very good againft the
palfey, cramp, tremblings, coavulfions, flirinking of the finews, and green wounds.

CABBAGES and COLEWORTS.

I SHALL fpare a labour in writing a defcription of thefe, fince almoft every one
that can but write at all may defcribe them from his own knowledge, they being
generally fo well known that defcriptions are altogether necdkfs.

Place. Thefe are generally planted in gardens.

Time. Their flowering time is towards the middle or end of July, and the feed
is ripe in Auguft.

No. 8. a F Govern-

io6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Government and Virtues. The cabbages or coleworts boiled gently in broth,
and eaten, do open the body, but the fecond decodion doth bind the body : the
juice thereof drunk in wine, helpeth thofe that are bitten by an adder; and the de-
coflion of the flowers bringeth down women's courfes. Being taken with honey, it
recovereth hoarfenefs or lofs of voice; the often eating of them, well boiled, helpeth
thofe that are entering into a confumption: the pulp of the middle ribs of colewort,.
boiled in almond-milk, and made up into an eled:uary with honey, being taken
often, is very profitable for thofe that are purfy or rtiort-winded ; being boiled twice,
and an old cock boiled in the broth, and drunk, helpeth the pains and obftrudtions
of the liver and fpleen, and the ftone in the kidneys; the juice boiled with honey,
and dropped into the corner of the eyes, cleareth the fight, by confuming any film
or cloud beginning to dim it ; it alfo confumeth the canker growing therein. They
are much commended being eaten before meat to keep one from furfeiting, as alfo
from being drunk with too much wine, and quickly make a drunken man fober; for,
as they fay, there is fuch an antipathy or enmity between the vine and the colewort,
that the one will die where the other groweth. The decodion of coleworts taketh
away the pains and achs, and allayeth the fwellings of fwoln or gouty legs and
knees, wherein many grofs and watery humours are fallen, the place being bathed
therewith warm : it helpeth alfo old and filthy fores, being bathed therewith, and
healeth all fmall fcabs, pufhes, and wheals, that break out in the fkin : the afhes of
colewort-ftalks, mixed with old hog's greafe, are very effedual to anoint the fide of
thofe that have had long pains therein, or any other place pained with melancholy
aiid windy humours. Cabbages are extreme windy, whether you take them as meat
or as medicine; but colewort- flowers are fomething more tolerable, and the whole-
fomer food of the two. The Moon challengeth the dominion cf tliQ herb. -

SEA- COLEWORT.

Description. THIS hath divers fomewhat long, broad, large, thick, wrinkled,
leaves, crumpled upon the edges, growing each upon a feveral thick footftalk, very
brittle, of a greyifli green colour; from among which rifeth up a ftrong thick ftalk,
two feet high, or more, with fome leaves thereon to the top, where it brancheth
forth much, and on every branch fl:andeth a large bufli of pale whitifii flowers,
confifting of four leaves each : the root is fomewhat large, and fhooteth forth many
branches under j^, round, keeping green leaves all the winter.

Place. They grow in many places upon the fea-coafts, as well on the Kentifli
as Eflex fhores ; as, at Lid in Kent, Cokhefter in Eflex, and divers other places,
and in other counties, of this land.

TlM£»

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 107

Time. They flower and feed about the time the other kinds do.

Government and Virtues. The Moon claims the dominion of thefe alfo.
The broth or firft decodion, of the fea-colewort, doth, by the fharp, nitrous, and
bitter, qualities therein, open the belly and purge the body ; it cleanfeth and digeft--
eth more powerfully than the other kind j the feed hereof, bruifed and drunk, kill-
eth worms: the 'eaves, or the juice of them, applied to fores or ulcers, cleanfe and-
heal them, diflblve fwellings, and take away inflammations.

C A L A M I N T..

IT is called alfo mountain mint.

Description. It is a fmall herb, feldom rifing above a foot high, with fquare,.
hhiry, and woody, ftalks, and two fmall hoary leaves fet at a joint, about the bignefs
of marjoram, or not much bigger, a little dented about the edges, and of a very
fierce or quick fcent, as the whole herb is : the flowers ftand at feveral fpaces of the
ftalks, from the middle almoft upwards, which are fmall and gaping like the com-
mon mint, and of a pale blufh colour j after which follow fmall, round, blackifh,
feeds ; the root is fmall and woody, with divers fmall fprigs fpreading within the
ground : it abideth many years.

Place. It groweth on heaths, and upland dry grounds, in many counties of
this kingdom.

Time. They flower in July, and their feed is ripe quickly after.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Mercury, and a ftrong one too,
therefore excelieut good in all afflictions of the brain j the decodion of the herb, be-
ing drunk, bringeth down v.-omen's courfes, and provoketh urinej it is profitable
for thofe that are burften, or troubled with convulfions or cramps, with fliortnefs of
breath, or choleric torments or pains in the belly or ftomach ; it alfo helpeth the '
yellow j^iundice, and, being taken in wine, ftayeth vomiting; taken with fait and
honey, it killeth all manner of worms in the bodyj it helpeth fuch as have the le-
profy, cither taken inwardly, drinking whey after it, or the green herb outwardly ap- -
plied; it hindereth conception in women, being either burned or ftrewed in the
chamber; it driveth away venomous ferpents. It takes away black and blue marks
in the face, and maketh black fears become well-coloured, if the green herb be
boiled in wine, and laid to the place, or the place wafhed therewith : being applied
to the huckle-bone, by continuance of time it fpendeth the humours which caufe
the pains of the fciatica; the juice, dropped into the ears, killeth the worms in them ;
the leaves, boiled in wine, and drunk, provoke fweat, and open obftrudions of the
liver and fpleeu. It helpeth them that have a tertian ague, the body being firft

PMrgedj ,

ro8 CULPEPER'3 EKGLISH PHYSICIAN.

purged, by taking away the cold fits ; the decoftion hereof, with fome fiigar put
thereto, is very profitable for thofe that are troubled with the overflowing of the
pnll, and alfo for thofe that have an old cough, and that are fcarce able to breathe by
fhortnefs of their wind; that have any cold diftemper in their bowels, and are trou-
bled with the hardnefs of the fpleen ; for all which purpofes both the powder called
diacaluminthes, and the compound fyrup of calamint, (which are to be had at the
apothecaries,) are moft efFeftual. Let no women be too bufy with it, for it works
very violently upon the female fubjeft.

CAMOMILE.

IT is fo well known every where, that it is but loft time and labour to defcribc
it. The virtues thereof are as follow :

A decoftion made of camomile, and drunk, taketh away all pains and ftitches in
the fides : the flowers of camomile, beaten and made up into balls with oil, drive
away all forts of agues, if the party grieved be anointed with that oil, taken from
the flowers, from the crown of the head to the fole of the foot, and afterwards laid
to fweat in his bed; this is Nicheflbr an Egyptian's medicine. It is profitable for
all forts of agues that come either from phlegm or melancholy, or from an inflam-
mation of the bowels, being applied when the humours caufing them fhall be con-
coifled ; and there is nothing more profitable to the fides and region of the liver
and fpleen than this; the bathing with a decodlion of camomile taketh away weari-
nefs, eafeth pains to what part of the body foevcr it be applied; it comforteth the
finews that are overfl:rained ; mollifieth all fwellings ; it moderately comforteth all
parts that have need of warmth ; digefteth and diflblveth whatfoever hath need there-
of by a wonderful and fpeedy property. It eafeth all the pains of the cholic and ftone,
and all pains and torments of the belly, and gently provoketh urine: the flowers,
boiled in- poflet-drink, provoke fweat, and help to expel colds, achs, and pains,
wherefoever, and arc an excellent help to bring down women's courfes ; a fyrup
made of the juice of camomile with the flowers and white wine, is a remedy againft
the jaundice and dropfy; the flowers, boiled in lye, are good to wafli the head, and
comfort both it and the brain; the oil, made of the flowers of camomile is much
ufed againft: ail hard fwellings, pains, or achs, flirinking of the finevvs, or cramps
or pains in the joints, or any other part of the body ; being ufed in clyfters, it heip-
eth to diflblve wind and pains in the belly j anointed alfo, it helpeth ftitches and
pains in the fides.

NichtfTor fairh, the Egyptians dedicated it to the Sun becaufe it cured agues j
and they were like enough to do it, for they are the moft fuperftitious people in their

I religion

■ ANDCOMPLETEHERBAL. lo^

religion I ever read of. Bacchinus, Pena, and Lobel, commend the fyrup mada
of the juice of it and fugar, taken inwardly, to be excellent for the fpleen. Alfo
this' is certain, that it moft wonderfully breaks the ftone ; fome take it in fyrup
or decodion, others injecfl the juice of it into the bladder with a fyringe ; my opinion
is, that the fait of it, taken half a drachm in the morning in a little white or rhenifti
wine, is better than either ; that it is excellent for the ftone, appears in this which
I have feen tried, viz. That a ftone that hath been taken out of the body of a man,
being wrapped in camomile, will in a fliort time difiblve.

WATER-CALTROPS.

THEY are called alfo, trihulus aquaticus, tribulus lacujirisy tribulus marinas,
caltrops, faligot, water-nuts, and water-chefnuts.

Description. As for the greater fort, or water-caltrop, it is but very rarely
found here : two other forts there are, which I fliall here defcribe. — The firft hath a
long, creeping, and jointed root, fending forth tufts at each joint, from which joints
arife, long, flat, flender, knotted, ftalks, even to the top of the water, divided to-
wards the top into many branches, each carrying two leaves on both fides, being
about two inches long and half an inch broad, thin, and almoft tranfparent; they look
as though they were torn ; the flowers are long, thick, and whitifli, fet together al-
moft like a bunch of grapes, which being gone, there fucceed, for the moft part,
four fharp-pointed grains all together, containing a fmall white kernel in them.

The fecond differs not much from this, except that it delights in more clear water;
its ftalks are not flat, but round ; its leaves are not fo long, but more pointed. As
for the place, we need not determine, for their name (hews they grow in the water.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of the moon, and, being
made into a poultice, is excellent good for hot inflammations and fwellings, cankers,
fore throats and mouths, being waftied with the decoftion ; it cleanfeth and ftrength-,
eneth the neck and throat much, and helpeth thofe fwellings, which when people
have, they fay the almonds of the ears are fallen down ; it is excellent good for the
ftone and gravel, efpecially the nuts being dried j they alfo refift poifon, and bitinos
of venomous beafts.

WILD CAMPIONS.

Description. THE wild white campion hath many long and fomewhat broad
dark green leaves lying upon the ground, with divers roots therein, fomewhat like
plantane, but rather hairy, broader, and not fo lung ; the hairy ftalks rife up in the
middle of them three or four feet high, and fometimes more, with divers great white
joints at fcveral places thereon, and two fuch-like leaves thcieat up to the top.

No. 8. 2 G fending

,To CULlPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

fending forth branches at fuveral joints alfo, all which bear, on feveral footftalka,
white flowers at the tops of them, confuHng of five brosd pointed leaves, every one
cut in on the end uino the middle, making them feem to be two apiece, fmelling
fomewhat fweet, andeach of them {landing in large, green, ftriped, hairy, hoflcs, large
and round below next to th.e ftalk ; the feed is fmall and greyifh in the hard heads
thac come up afterwards; the root is white, long, and fpreading.

The red wild campion groweth in the fame manner as the white, but its leaves are
not fo plainly ribbed, fomewhat (horter, rounder, and more woolly in handling ;
the flowers are of the fame fize and form, but fome are of a pale and others of a
briorht red colour, cut in at the ends more finely, which makes the leaves feem more
in number than the other: the feed and the roots are alike, the roots of both forts
abiding many years.

There are forty-five forts of campions more : thofe of them which are of phyfical
ufes have the like virtues with thefe above defcrlbed, which are the two chief kinds.

Place. They grow commonly throughout this kingdom in fields, and by hedge-
fides and ditches.

Time. They flower in fummer, fome earlier than others, and fome abiding
longer than others.

Government and Virtues. They belong to Saturn j and it is found by experi-
ence that the decoc1:ion of the herb, either of the white or red, being drunk, doth
flay inward bleedings, and applied outwardly it doth the like; alfo, being drunk, it
helpeth to expel urine, being flopped, and gravel or ftone in the reins or kidneys :
two drachms of the feed, drunk in wine, will purge the body of choleric humours,
and help thofe that are flung by fcorpions, or other venomous beafts, and may be as
effedual for the plague : it is of very good ufe in old fores, ulcers, cankers, fiflulas,
and the like, to cleanfe and heal them, by confuming the moift humours falling into
•♦hem, and correfting the putrefacl^ion of humours offending them.

CARDUUS BENEDICTUS.

IT is called carduus benedidlus, or blefTed thiftle, or holy thiftlej which name
was doubtlefs given to it on account of its excellent qualities.

I fhall fpare a labour in writing a defcription of this, fincc almofl every one may
defcribe them from his own knowledge.

Place. It groweth plentifully in gardens.

Time. They flower in Auguft, and feed foon after.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Mars, and under the fign Aries.
Now, in treating on this herb, I fhall give you a rational conception of all the

reft.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 1 1 1

reft, and, if you pl^rafe to view them throughout the book, you ftiall to your content
find them true. It helps fwimmings and giddinefs of the head, or the difcafe called
vertigo, bccaufe Aries is in the houfe of Mars. It is an excellent remeSy agaiuft
the yellow jaundice, and other infirmities of the gall, becaufe Mars governs chpler.
It ftrengthe.is the attraiflive faculty in man, and clarifies the blood, bccaufe it is
ruled by Mars. The continual drinking the decudion of it helps red faces, tet-
ters, and ringworms, becaufe Mars caufcth them. It helps plague-fores, boils,, the
itch, and bitings of mad dogs and venomous beads i all which infirmities are under
Mars. Thus you fee what it doth by fympathy.

By antipathy to other planets, it cures the venereal difeafe; this by antipathy to
Venus, who governs it. It ftrengthens the memory, and cures deafnefs, by antipathy
to Saturn, who hath his fall in Aries, which rules the head. It cures quartan agues,'
and other difeafes of melancholy and adufl: choler, by fympathy to Saturn, Mars be-
ing exalted in Capricorn; alfo, it provokes urine, the ftopping of which is ufually
caufed by Mars or the Moon. It is excellent for the head and the parts thereof;
this herb being eaten, or the powder or juice druhk, keepeth a perfon from the head-
ach and megrim, and alfo driveth it away. Being taken in meat or drink, it is good
flgainft dizzinefs and fwimming of the head. It comforteth the brain, fharpeneth
the wit, and Itrengtheneth the memory: it is a fingular remedy againft deafnefs, for
it amendeth the thicknefs of the hearing, and provokes deep. The juice of it laid
to the eyes quickeneth the fight; alfo, the water in which the powder or herb dried
is fteeped, hath the fame efFed if the eyes be wafhed therewith; the, herb eaten is
good for the fame purpof.. The water or juice dropped into the eyes, cureth the
rednefs, bloodfhot, and itching, of them. Some write that it ftrengthens the teeth,
they being waftred and rubbed with a cloth dipped in the water or juice thereof.
The powder ftauncheth the blood that floweth out of the nofe, being applied to the
place. It comforteth the ftomach ; the broth of the herb, otherwife called the de-
codion, drunk in wine, is good for an evil ftomach ; it helpeth a weak ftomach,
and caufeth appetite to meat ; alfo the wine, wherein it hath been boiled, doth cleanfe
and mundify the infeded ftomach. The powder thereof, eaten with honey, or drunk
in wine, doth ripen and digeft cold phlegm, purgeth and bringeth up that which, is
in the breaft, fcouring the fame of grofs humours, and caufeth to breathe more eafily.
The herb, chewed in the mouth, hcaleth the ftench of the breath. It helpeth the
heart; the powder, being taken before a man is infeded, preferveth him from the
peftilence; and a drachm of it, or a walnut-ftiell full, taken immediately after he
feeleth himfclf infeded, expelleth the venom of the peftilcnt infedion from the
heart, fo that, if a man fweat afterwards, he may be preferved : the fame efFed hah
the herbboilcdin wine,or in theurincof a healthy man-child, and drunk; I meantiie
decodion or liquor from which the herb is ftrained, after it hath been boiled thcre-
I in t

112 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

in; the fame preparation is alfo good fcr ihe Lropfy^ the falling ficlcnefs, and to
break apoithumes. The leavts, powder, juice, or water, of the herb, being drunk,
£iid the patient well covered with clothes, fweating three hours, expelleth all poi-
fons that Ijiive been taken in at the mouth, and other corruption or infection that
may hurt and annoy the heart. It helpeth the liver, lungs, and other parts of the
body ; the herb boiled in wine, and drunk hot about a quarter of an hour before
the fit, and the patient afterwards well covered in bed, driveth away the ague.
The powder and water of this herb, drunk with wine, have the fame efFedV. The
juice, drunk with wine, is good againft fhortnefs of breath, and the difeafes of the
lungs : it ftrengtheneth the members, and is good againft the achs of the body.
The powder, eaten or drunk, is good againft flitches in the fide j it is alfo good
for thofe that begin to have the confumption, called the phthyfic: the herb, eaten,
doth ftrengthen trembling and paralytic members ; the powder, miniftered in a clyf-
ter, helpeth the cholic, and other difeafes of the guts; and the water drunk hath
the fame effeft. The juice taken with wine, or the herb boiled in wine and drunk
hot, breaketh the flone, and driveth out gravel j being fodden in water, and the
patient fitting over it, fo that the hot vapour may come uiUo the difeafed place, it
helpeth againft the fame infirmity ; after .the like manner being ufed, it is good
againil the green-ficknefs ; alfo, it eafeth the griping pains of the belly, openeth the
ftoppijjgs of the members, and pierceth and caufefh urine. The leaves boited in
wine, and drunk as aforefaid, provoke fweats, confume evil blood, and ingender
good; alfo, the wine or water, in wrhich this herb has boiled, being drunk, con-
fumeth evil humours, and preferveth good. It is £xcellent for one that is bruifed
with a fall or otherwife. The leaves, juice, broth, powder, and water, of the herb,
are very good to heal the canker, and old, rotten, fettered, fores: the leaves bruifed
or poundedj and laid to, are good againft burnings, hot fwellings, carbuncles, and
fores that gxehard to be cured, efpecially for them of the peftilence: they are like-
wife good toheai the bitings of venomous worms andferpents, or creeping beafts.
Finally, the down coming off the flowers thereof, when the feed is ripe, doth heal
-cuts and new wounds without pain*.

CARROTS.

GARDEN carrots arefo well known that tliey need no defcription ; but, becaufe
they arc of lefs phyficalufe than the wild kind, (as indeed, almoft in all herbs, the
wild are moft efFeftual in phyfic, as being more powerful in their operations than
the garden kinds,) I fhall therefore briefly defcribe the wild carrot.

Description.

* Thus muchofcarduusbenediaus, gathered out of the Herbals of divers learned men, which
although it may be fufficient, yet 1 have tliought good here to fet down that which two Itudious

and

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. iij

Description. It groweth in a manner altogether like the tame, but that the
leaves and ftalks are fomewhat whiter and rougher ; the ftalks bear large tufts of
white flowers, with a deep purple fpot in the middle, which are contraded together

\yhea

and fkilful phyficians, Mathiolus and Fufchius, have written hereof in Latin; whofe words, as
perhaps they may bring fome credit to that which is already written, fo in them fomething more
may be learned, or at the leaft fomething is uttered for the better undcrftanding of that aforefaid.
Their words are in Engli(h as followeth : Carduus benedi£lus is a plant of great virtue, efpe-
cially againft the peflilcnce, and alfo agaiiift deadly poifons, as well taken inwardly as outwardly
applied to the flingings and bitings of venomous hearts; they alfo are healed with this herb that
are troubled with a quartan or other agues, that come by a cold, and that by drinking of the
deco(5lion or diftilled water, or a drachm of the powder : in like manner being drunk, it helpeth
infants that are troubled with the falling fickncfs. The decoiSlion taken in wine doth mitigate
the pains of the guts and reins, and other griefs of the belly ; it provoketh fweat, it killeth worms,
and is good againft other difeafes of the womb : the herb itfelf as well green as dried, both drunk
aiid laid outwardly to the grief, doth heal ulcers; on fuch extraordinary occafions it is mingled
with the drink made of guaiacum, wine, and water, for the French difeafe. Learned writers
affirm that it taketh away the ftoppings of the inward bowels ; it provoketh urine, breaketh the
ftone, and helpeth thofe that are ftung of venomous beafts. They fay alfo that thofe cannot be
infccti-d who take it in their meat or drink, before they come into the evil air, and that it helpeth
them much that are already infected : moreover, moft agree, that it is a remedy againft the bitings
of ferpents. Finally, to conclude, late writers fay, that it cureth the pains of the head, taketh
awaygiJdinefs, recovcreth the memory, being taken in meat or driak. Alfo it helpeth feftering
fores, efpecially of the paps and teats, if the powder thereof be laid on them. By this we may in
part underftand, with how great virtue God hath indued, and I may fay bleffed, this herb. To
fum up all, it helpeth inwardly and outwardly ; it ftrengthens almoft ail the principal members
of the body, as the brain, the heart, the ftomach, the liver, the lungs, and kidneys. It is alfo a
prefervative againft all difeafes, for it provoketh fweat, by which the body is purged of much cor-
ruption which breedcth difeaf.% It expclleth the venom of infedion, it confumes ill blood, and
all naughty humours, whereof difeafes are engendered. Therefore giving God thanks for his
goodnefs v.hich hath given this herb, and all other things, for the benefit of our health ; it will in
the next place becoiwenient to confider how to make ufe of it in the application.

It is to be obferved, that wo may ufe this herb, and enjoy the virtues thereof, four ways : Firft,
in the green leaf. Secondly, in the powder. Thirdly, in the juice. And fourthly, in the diftil-
lation. The green leaf may be taken with bread and butter, as we ufe to take fage and parflcy in
a morning for breakfaft ; and, if it be too bitter, it may be taken with honey inftead of butter. It
may be taken in pottage boiled among other herbs ; or, being (bred fmall, it may be drunk with
ale, beer, or wine. It is fometimcs given in beer with aqua compofita, and that without harm.

No. 9. 2 H when

114 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

vhen the feed begins to ripen ; fo that the middle part being hollow and low, and
the outward ftalks rifing high, maketh the whole number to fhew like a bird's neft ;
the root is very fmall, long, and hard, and quite unfit for meat, being fomewhat
fharp and ftrong.

Place. The wild kind grow in divers parts of this land, plentifully by the
field fides, and in untilled places.

Time. They flower and feed in the end of fummer.

Government and Virtues. Wild carrots belong to Mercury, and there-
fore expel v/ind, and remove ftitches in the fides, provoke urine, and women's
courfes, and help to expel and break the ftone j the feed alfo of the fame work-
eth the like efFefl-, and is good for the dropfy, and thole whofe bellies are fwollen
with vvind; it helpeth the cholic, the ftone In the kidneys, and the rifing of the mo-

when the ftomach of the patient is weak, and he not troubled with any hot difeafe. The juice of it
is outwardly applied; the leaf, powder, and water, of it, is received into the mouth. It maybe
taken in pottage alfo in the green leaf, or with wine, which if it be burned aud. drunk hot, it is the
better. If you pleafe, you may boil it with wine, and honey or fugar to make it fweet, and then
drink it very warm. The powder may be taken with honey upon the poi;n of a knife, or with
bread and honey if you prefer it; or elfe it may be drunk with ale, beer, or wine. The diftilled
water may be drunk by itfelf alone, or elfe with white wine before meat, efpecially if the flomach
be weak and cold. The liquor or broth in which this herb is boiled may be made thus : Take
a quart of running water, feethe it and fcum it, then put into it a good handful of the herb, and let
it boil until the better part be confumed ; then drink it with wine, or if ycu think fit with honey
or fugar, to make it the more palatable. Or you may make a potion thus : Take a good handful
of the leaves, with a handful of raifins of the fun, wafhed and floned, and fome fugarcandy and li-
quorice fliced fmall ; boil them all together in a quart of water, ale, or wine: if it'be bitter, it may
be made fweet as aforefaid. It is :.!fo to be obferved, that the powder and water of the herb are mofi
to be regarded, and efpecially the water: for they may be long preferved, fa that you may have
them always in readinefs for ufe, when neither the green leaf nor juice can be had. The water
which only is free from bitternefs, may be drunk by itfelf alone, for the ftomach and tafte will bear
it, being equally as palatable as rofe-water. If the feed be fown as foon as it is ripe, you may
have the herb both winter and fummer, from the time that it beginneth to grow until the feed
grow ripe again. Therefore I counfcl all thofe who have gardens, to nourifli it, that they may have
it always for their own ufe, and the ufe of their neighbours that ftand in need of it. But ne -h
fome may afk a queftion of the time and quantity, which things are to be confidered in taking of
medicines. As touching the time, if it be taken for a prefervative, it is good to take it in the
morning, or in the evening before going to bed, becaufe that is a convenient time to fvveat for one
that feeleth himfelf not greatly difeafcd. But, if a man take it to expel any ill humours, it is good
to take it whenever the grief is felt in the body, and immediately to go to bed and fweat.

2 ther.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 115

ther, being taken in wine ; boiled in wine and taken, it helpeth conception : the
leaves, being applied with honey to running fores or ulcers, do deanfe them, I
fuppofe the feed of them performs this better than the root; and, though Galen
commended garden-carrots highly to break wind, yet experience teacheth that they
breed it firft ; and we may thank nature for expelling it, not they. The feeds of
them expel wind, and fo mend what the root marreth.

C A R R A W A Y.

Description. IT bearethdivers ftalks of fine cut leaves lying upon the ground,
fomewhat like the leaves of carrots, but not bufbingfo thick, of a little quick tafte,
from among which rifeth up a fquare ftalk not fo high as the carrot, at, whofe joints
are fet the like leaves, but fmaller and finer, and at the top fmall open tufts or um-
bels of white flowers which turn into fmall blackifli feed, fmaller than anifefeed, and
of a quicker and hotter tafte : the root is whitifh, fmall, and long, fomewhat like
unto a parfnip, b.ut with more wrinkled bark, and much lefs, of a little hot and
quick tafte, and ftronger than the parfnip ; it abideth after feed- time.

Place. It is ufually fown with us in gardens.

Time. They flower in June and July, and feed quickly after.

Government and Virtues. This is alfo a mercurial plant. Carravvay-feed
hath a moderate ftiarp quality, whereby it expelleth wind, and provoketh urine,
which alfo the herb doth : the root is better food than the parfnip, and is pleafant
and comfortable to the ftomach, helping digeftion : the feed is a remedy for all
the cold griefs of the head and ftomach, the bowels or mother, as alfo the wind in
then), and helpeth to fharpen the eye-fight. The powder of the feed put into a
poultice, taketh away black and blue fpots of blows or bruifes ; the herb itfelf, or
with fome of the feed, bruifed and fried, laid hot in a bag or double cloth to the
lower parts of the belly, eafeth the pains of the wind cholic: the roots of carraways,
eaten as men eat parfnips, ftrengthen the ftomach of aged people exceedingly, and
they need not make a whole meal of them neither; it is fit to be planted in every
man's garden. Carraway-comfits, once only dipped in fugar, and half a fpoonful
of them eaten in a morning fafting, and as many after each meal, is a moft admi-
rable remedy for fuch as are troubled with wind.

CELANDINE.

Description. THIS hath divers tender, round, whitifli-grecn, ftalks, with
greater joints than ordinary in other herbs, as it were knees, very brittle and eafy
to break, from whence grows branches, with large, tender, long, leaves, divided

into

,i6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

into many parts, each of them cut in on the edges, fet at the joints on both fides of
the branches, of a dark blui/h green colour on the upper fide, like columbines, and
of a more pale bluifh green underneath, full of a yellow ftp, when any part is bro-
ken, of a bitter tafie, and ftrong fcent; at the tops of the branches, which are much
divided, grow gold-yellow flowers of four leaves each, after which come fmall long
pods, with blackifla feed therein. Its root is fomewhat great at the head,' fhooting
forth divers long roots, and fmall firings, reddifh on the outfiJe, and yellow with-
in, and is full of a yellow fap.

Place. It grov.eth in many places, by old walls, by the hedges and ways-fides
in untilled places ; and being once planted in a garden, efpecially in a (hady place,
it will remain there.

Time. They flower all the fummer long, and the feed ripeneth in the mean time.

Government AND Virtues. This is an herb of the Sun, and under the cc.'ef-
tip.l Lion, and is one of the beft cures for the eyes that is. All that know any thing
of Aflrolcgy, know, as well as I can tell them, that the eyes are fubjecl to the lu-
minaries ; let it then be gathered when the Sun is in Leo, and the Moon in Aries
applying to his trine. Let Leo arife, then you may make it into an.oil or ointment,
which you pleafe, to anoint fore eyes with ; I can prove it both from my own ex-
perience, and the experience of thofc to whom I have taught it, that the mofl: def-
perate fore eyes have been cured by this medicine only ; then, I pray, is not this bet-
ter than endangering the eyes by the art of the needle ? for, if this do not abfolutely
take away the film, it will fo faclhtate the work that it may be done without dan-
ger. The herb or root being boiled in white wine with a few anifefceds therein,
and drunk, openeth obftruflions of the liver and gall, helpeth the yellow-jaundice,
andoften ufing it helps the dropfy, the itch, and thofe who have old fores in their
legs, or other parts of their body. The juice thereof taken fafting, is held to be
of fingular good ufe againft the peftilencej the dillilled water with a little fugar,
and a little good treacle mixed therewith (the party upon taking it being laid down
to fvv'eat a little), hath the fame cffe6t : the juice dropped into the eyes cleanfeth
them from films and cloudinefs, which darken the fight, but it is beft to allay the
Iharpnefs of the juice with a little breaft milk ; it is good in old, filthy, corrod-
ing, creeping, ulcers wherefoever, to fl:ay the malignity of fretting and running,
and to caufe them to heal more fpeedily ; the juice often applied to tetters, ring-
worms, or other fuch-like fpreading cankers, will quickly heal them, and, rubbed
often upon warts, will take them away. The herb with the roots bruifed, and ba-
thed with oil of camomile, and applied to the navel, taketh away the griping
pains in the belly and bowels, and all the pains of the mother, and, applied to wo-
itien's breafts, ftayeth the overmuch flowiHg of their courfes ; the juice or decoftion

of

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 117

of the herbj gargled between the teeth that ach^ eafeth the pain, and the powder of
the dried root laid upon an aching, hollow, or loofe, tooth, will caufe it to fall out.
The juice mixed with fome powder of brimftone, is not only good againft the itch,
but taketh away all difcolourings of the ficin whatfoever, andj if it chance that in a
tender body it caufeth any itching or inflammation, it is helped.

Another bad method have phyficians in adminiftering relief to the eye, which Is
worfe than the needle: that is, to eat away the film by corroding or gnawing medi-
cines: this I abfolutely protefl: againft, i. Becaufe the tunicies of the eyes are very
thin, and therefore foon eaten afundcr. 1. The callus or film that they would eat
away is feldcm of an equal thicknefs in every place, and by that means the tunicle
may be eaten afunder in one place before the film be confumed in another, and fo
prove a readier way to extinguifh the figiit than to reftore it. It is called chclido-
}!!U!ii from the Greek word xf^'^i'", which fignifies a fwallow, becaufe they fay, that,
if you prick out the eyes of young fwallows v/hcn they are in the neft, the old ones
will recover their eyes again with this herb. This I am confident, for I have tried
it, that, if you mar the very apple of their eyes with a needle, they will recover them
•ngain ; but whether with this herb or not, I do not know.

Alfo I have read, and it feems to me fomev. hat probable, that the herb being ga-
thered, as I fhewed before, and the elements feparated from it by the art of the al-
chymift, arid, after they are drawn apart, redtified, the earthy quality ftill in Testify-
ing them added to the terra darmiata, as alchymifts call it, or, as fome philofophers
term it, terra facratiffinia; the elements To recflified are fufficient for the cure of all
difeafes, the humour offending being known, and the contrary element given. It
is an experiment worth the trying, and can do no harm.

The Smaller CELANDINE.

IT is ufually known by the name of pilewort, and fogwort, and I vvoftder moch
on what account the name of celandine was given it, which refembles it neither in
nature or form. It acquired the name of pilewort from its virtues ; and it being no
matter where I fet it down, fo I do not quite omit it, I fliall proceed to the de-
fcription.

Description. This celandine, or pilewort, doth fpread many round pale-green
leaves, fet on weak and trailing branches, which lie upon the ground, and are flat,
fmooth,- and fomewhat fViining, and in fome places, though feldom, marked with
black fpots, each flanding on a long footftalk, among which rife fmall yellow
flowers, confifting of nine or ten fmall narrow leaves, upon flender footftalks, very
like a crowfoot, wheramto the feed alfo is not unlike, being many fmall ones fet

No. 9. 2 1 together

U8 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

together upon a head : the root is compofed of many fmall kernels like grains
of corn, fome twice as long as others, of a whitift colour, with fome fibres at the
end of them.

Time, It grovveth for the moft part in the moift corners of fields, and places
near water- fides j yet will abide in drier grounds, if they are but a little fhadowed.

Place. It fiowereth about March or April, and is quite gone in May, fo that
it cannot be found until it fprings again.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Mars ; and behold
here another verification of that learning of the ancients, viz. that the virtue of an
herb may be known by its fignature, as plainly appears in this ; for, if you dig up
the root of it, you fhall fee the perfedl image of that difeafe which is commonly called
the piles. It is certain from good experience, that the deco(5lion of the leaves and
roots doth wonderfully help the piles and hemorrhoids, as alfo kernels bv the ears
and throat, called the king's-evil, or any other hard wens or tumours. Pilewort
made into an oil, ointment, or plafter, readily cures both the piles, hemorrhoids,
and the king's-evil; the very herb borne about one's body, next to the fkin, helps
in fuch difeafes, though it does not touch the place grieved. Let poor people make
much of this for thefe ufes, for with this I cured my own daughter of the king's-
evil, broke the fore, drew out a quarter of a pint of corrupt matter, and in one week
made a complete cure without a fear,

■ The Ordinary Smaller CENTAURY.

Description, THIS groweth up moft ufually with but one round and fome-
what crefted ftalk, about a foot high, or better, branching forth at the top into
many fprigs, and fome alfo from the joints of the ftalks below ; the flowers, that
ftand at the tops as it were in an umbel or tuft, are of a pale red, tending to a car-
nation colour, confifting of five, fometimes fix, fmall leaves, very like thofe of St.
John's wort, opening themfelves in the day-time, and clofing at night; after which
Cometh the feed in little fhort hufi<s, in form like wheat corns: the leaves are fmall
and fomewhat round: the root is fmall and hard, perifhing every year. The whole
plant is of an exceeding bitter tafte.

There is another fort of centaury in all things like the former, fave only that it
beareth white flowers.

Place. They grow generally in fields, paftures, and woods ; but that with the
white flowers not fo frequently as the other.

Time, They flower in July, or thereabouts, and feed within a month after.

Government AND Virtues. They are all under the dominion of the Sun, as

appears

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 119

appears in that their flowers open and fhut as the Sun either flicweth or hideth his
face. This herb, boiled and drunk, purgeth choleric and grofs humours, and help-
eth the fciaticaj it openeth obftruftions of the liver, gall, and fpleen, helping the
jaundice, and cafing the pains of the fides, and hardnefs of the fpleen, if ufed out-
wardly ; it is given with good effedk in agues, ithelpeth thofe that have the dropTy,
or the green -ficknefs, being much ufed in powder by the Italians for that purpofe :
and it killeth the worms in the belly, as found by experience. The decocflion there-
of, viz. the tops of the flalks with the leaves and flowers, is good againfl: the cho-
lic, and to bring down women's courfes ; it helpeth to expel the dead birth, and
caleth pains of the mother, and is very eifeiftualin all old pains of the joints, as the
gout, cramps, orconvulfions. A drachm of the powder thereof taken in wine, is a
wonderful good help againft the biting and poifon of an adder; the juice of the herb
wich a little honey put to it, is good to clear the eyes from dimnefs, mifts, and
clouds, that offend and hinder the fight. It is very good both for green and freflt
wounds, as alio for old ulcers and fores, to clofe up the one and cleanfe the other,
and to pc: I'eiftly cure them both, although they are hollow or fiftulous; efpecially if
the green herb be bruifed, and laid thereon : the decodlion thereof, dropped into the
ears, frees them from worms, clcanfeth the foul ulcers and fpreading fcabs of the
head, and taketh away all freckles, fpots, and marks, of the fkin, being wafiied
therewith ; the herb is fo fife, you cannot fail in the ufing of it. Take it inwardly
only for inward difeafes, and apply it outwardly for outward complaints : it is ver/
wholefome, but not pleafant to the tafre.

There is befides thefc another fmall centaury, which beareth a y«llow flower ; in
all other refpeds it is like the former, fave that the leaves are bigger, and of a dark-
er trrcen, and the ftalk pafleth through the midft of them, as it does in the herb
thoroutrhwax. They are all of tliem, as I faid before, under the dominion of the
Sun ; yet this, if you obferve it, you fliall find an excellent truth. In difeafes of
blood, ufe the red centaury; if of choler, ufe the yellow ; but, if of phlegm or
water, you will find the white beft.

CHERRY-TREE.

I SUPPOSE there are few but know this tree, if only for its fruit's fake, and.
therefore I fhall decline writing a defcription.

Place. For the place of its growth, it is afforded room in every orchard.

Government and Virtues. It is a tree of Venus. Cherries, as they are of

different taftes, fo they are of divers qualities ; the fweet pafs through the ftomach

and belly more fpeedily, but are of little nourifhment : the tart or four are more

a pleafing

I20 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

pleafing to a hot ftomach, procuring appetite to meat, and help to cut tough
phlegm and grofs humours ; but, when thefe are dried, they are more binding than
when they are frefli, being cooling in hot difeafes, and welcome to the ftomach j it
alfo provokes urine. The gum of the cherry-tree, difiblved in wine, is good for
a cough, and hoarfenefs of the throat ; it mendeth the colour in the face, ftiarpen-
eth the eye-fight, provoketh the appetite, and heJpeth to break and expel the ftone.
Black cherries bruifed with the ftones, and diftilied, the water thereof is much ufed
to break the ftone, expel gravel, and break wind.

WINTER CHERRIES.

Description. THE winter cherry hath a running or creeping root in the
ground, generally of the fize of one's little finger, fliooting forth at fevcral joints, in
feveral places, whereby it quickly fpreadeth over a great compafs of ground j the
flalk rifeth not above a yard high, whereon are fet many broad and long green
leaves, fomewhat like nightfliade, but larger ; at the joints v/hereof c:.me forth
whitifti flowers made of five leaves each, which after turn into green berries, en-
clofed with a thin il<in, which change to reddifh when they grow ripe, the berry
likewife being reddifli and as large as a cherry, wherein are contained many flat yel-
lowifti feeds, lying within the pulp, which, being gathered and ftrung up, are kept
all the year, to be ufed upon occafion.

Place. They do not grow naturally in this land, but are cherifhed in gardens
for their virtues.

Time. They flower not until the middle or latter end of July, and the fruit is
ripe about the end of Auguft, or beginning of September.

Government and Virtues. This is alfo a plant of Venus. They are of great
ufe in phyfic : the leaves being cooling, may be ufed in inflammations} but are not
opening as the berries and fruit are, which, by drawing down the urine, provoke it
to be voided plentifully when it is flopped, or grown hot, fliarp, and painful, in
the pafl'age ; it is good alfo to expel the ftone and gravel out of the reins, kidneys,
and bladder, helping to diflblve the ftone, and voiding it by grit or gravel fent
forth in the urine ; it alfo helpeth much to cleanfe inward impofthumes or ulcers in
the reins or bladder, or in thofe that void a bloody or foul urine: the diftilied wa-
ter of the fruit, or the leaves together with them, or the berries green or dry, dif-
tilied with a little milk, and. drunk morning and evening with a little fugar, is eflec-
tual to all the purpofes before fpecified, and efpecially againft the heat and fliarp-
nefs of the urine. I fliall only mention one way, amongft many others, which might
be ufed for ordering the berries to be helpful for the urine and ftone, which is thus :

Take

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 121

Take three or four good handfuls of the berries, either green or frefh, or dried, and,
having bruifed them, put them into fo many gallons of beer or ale, when it is newly
tunned up; this drink, taken daily, hath been found to do much good to many,
both to cafe the pains, expel urine and the ftone, and to caufe the (lone not to in-
gender. The decoction of the berries in wine and water is the moft ufual way,
but the powder of them taken in drink is the moft efFecflual.

CHERVIL.

IT is called cerefolium, mirrhis, and mirtha, chervil, fweet chervil, and fweet

cicely.

Description. The garden chervil doth at firft refemble parfley, but, after it is
more grown, the leaves are much cut and j:ig2ed, refembling hemlock, being a little
hairy, and of a whitifh-green colour, fometimcs turning reddifh in the fummei-, as
do the ftalks a!fo ; it rifeth little more than half a foot high, bearing white flowers
in fpiked tufts, which turn into long and round feeds, pointed at the ends, and black-
ifti when they are ripe, of a fweet tal"le, but no fmell, though the herb itfclf fmel-
leth reafonably well : the root is fmall and long, and perllheth every yeai", and muft
be fown in the fpring for feed, and alter July for autumn fnllad.

The wild chervil groweth t\\o or rhrce feet high, with yellow ftalks and joints
fet with broader and more iiairy leaves, divided into fundry parts, nicked about
the edges, and of a dark-green colour, which likewife groweth reddifti with the
ftalks ; at the tops whereof limd i'm.di white tufts of flowers, and afterwards
fmaller and ionger feed : the root is white, hard, and endureth long. This hath,
little or no fcent.

Place. Thefirft is fown in trardens for a fallad-herb -, the fecond groweth wild
in the meadows of this land, and by h.dge-fides, and on maths.

Time. They flower and feed early, and thereupon are fown again at the end of

the fummer.

Government and Virtues, The garden chervil, being eaten, doth mode-
rately warm the ftomach, and is a certain remedy to dilTolve congealed or clotted
blood in the body, or that which is clotted by bruifes, falls, &c. The juice or dif-
tilled water thereof being drunk, and the bruifed leaves laid to the- place j being
taken either meat or drink, it is held good to provoke urine, or expel the ftone irv
the kidneys, to bring down women's courfes, and to help the plcurify and prickings-
of the fide. The wild chervil, bruifed and applied, diflblveth fvvellings in any part:
of the body, and taketh away fpocs and marks of congealed blood, by bruifes or
blows, in a fhort time.

No. 9. 2 K SWEET

122 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

&WEETCHERVIL.

CALLED by fome ivveet cicely.

D£SCRIPTIO^f. It groweth very much like the greater hemlock, having large
fpread leaves, cut into divers parts, but of a frefher green colour than hemlock,
tafting as fweet as anifefeed ; the ftalk rifeth up a yard high, or more, being
crefted or hollow, having the leaves at the joints, but lefs, and at the tops of the
branched ftalks, umbels or tufts of white flowers ; after which comes large and
long crefted, black, fliining, feed, pointed at both ends, tafting quick, yet fweet and
pleafant: the root is great and v.hite, growing deep in the ground, and fpreading
fundry long branches therein, in tafte and fmell ftronger than the leaves or feed,
and continue many years.

Place. It groweth in gardens.

Government and Virtues. Thefe are all three of them of the nature of
Jupiter, and under his dominion. This whole plant, 'befides its pleafantnefs in fal-
lads, hath alfo its phyftcal virtues ; the root boiled and eaten with oil and vinegar,
or without oil, doth much pleafe and warm an old and cold ftomach, opprefTed with
wind or phlegm, or thofe that have the phthyfic or confumption of the lungs. The
fame, drunk with wine, is a prefervative from the plague j it provoketh women's
courfes, and expelleth the after-birth, procureth an appetite to meat, and expeileth
wind : the juice is good to heal the ulcers of the head and face; the candied roots
hereof are held as effedtual as angelica to preferve from infection in the time of a
plague, and to warm and comfort a cold 'weak ftomach. It is fo harmlefs that you
cannot make ufe of it amifs.

CHESNUT-TREE.

TO defcribe a tree fo commonly known, were as needlefs as to tell a man he has
a mouth j therefore take the government and virtues of it thus :

The tree is abfolutely under the dominion of Jupiter, and therefore the fruit muft
needs breed good blood, and yield commendable nouriftiment to the body; yet, if
eaten overmuch, they make the blood thick, procure the head-ach, and bind the
body ; the inner (kin that covereth the nut, is of fo binding a qualit)', that a fcruple
of it being taken by a man, or ten grains by a child, foon ftops any flux whatfoever :
the whole nut being dried and beaten into powder, and a drachm taken at a time, is
a good remedy to ftop the terms in v/craen. If you dry chefnuts, and beat the ker-
nels into powder, both the barks being taken away, and make it up into an eleftuary
with hon^, you have an admirable remedy for the cough and fpitting blood.

eArth

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 123

EARTH CHESNUTS.

THEY are called earth nuts, earth chefnuts, ground nuts, cipper nuts, and in
Suflex they are called pig nuts. A defcription of them were needlefs, for every
child knows them.

Government and Virtues. They arefomething hot and dry in quality, under
the dominion of Venus ; they provoke lufl: exceedingly, and ftir up to thofu fports
fhe is miftrefs of; the feed is excellent good to provoke urine, and fo alfo is the
root, but doth not perform it fo forceabiy as the feed. The root being dried and
lieaten into powder, and the powder made into an eledluary, is as fingular a remedy
for fpitting and pifling blood as the former chefnuts are for coughs.

C H I C K W E E D.

IT is generally known tomoft people, I fli.ill not therefore trouble you with the
defcription thereof, nor myfelf with fetting forth the feveral kinds, fince there are
but two or three worth notice for their ufefulnefs.

Place. Thefe are ufually found iq moifi; and watery places, by wood-fides, and
elfewhere.

Time. They flower about June, and their feed is ripe in July.

GovERNMKNT AND ViRTuES. It is a fiuc, foft, plcafing, herb, under the domi-
nion of the Moon. It is found to be as cfFciftual as purflain to all the purpofes
whereunto it ferveth, except for meat only. The herb bruifed, or the juice ap-
plied, with cloths or fponges dipped therein, to the region of the liver, and as they
dry to have frefh applied, doth wonderfully temper the heat of the liver, and is ef-
feftual for all impoithumes and fweliings whatfoever ; for all rednefs in the face,
wheals, pufhes, itch, and fcabs, the juice being either fimply ufcd, or boiled in hog's
greafe ; the fame helpeth cramps, convulfions, and palfies : the juice or diftilled
water is of good ufe for all heat and riednefs in the ejes, to drop fome of it into
them i as alfo into the ears to eafe the pains In them, and is of good eftct^ to eafe the
pains and heat and fharpnefs of blood in the piles, and all pains of the body In ge-
neral that proceed from heat; it is ufed alfo in hot and virulent ulcers and fores in
the privy parts of men and women, or on the legs, or elfewhere. T he leaves boiled
with niarlhmallows, and made into a poultice with fenugreek and linfeed, applied
to fwel lings or impofthumes, ripeneth and breaketh them, or afTuageth the fw el-
lings, and eafcth the pains j it helpeth the finews when they are fiirunk by cramps or
orherwife, and extends and makes them {.liable again, hyuling the followinrr method,
viz. Boil an handful of cbickweed, andahandtul of dried rcd-rdc leaves, but not

diailled,

124 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

diftilled, in a quart of mufcadine until a fourth part be confumed; then put to them
a pint of oil of trotters, or ilieep's feet ; let them boil a good while, ftill ftirring
them well, which being ftrained anoint the grieved part therewith, warm againft the
fire, rubbing it well with your hand, and bind alfo fome of the herb, if you choofe,
to the place, and with God's blefling it will help in three times dreffing.

CHICH PEASE.

IT is alfo called by fome cicers. "*

Description. The garden forts, whether red, black, or white, bring forth
ftalks a yard long, whereon do grow many fmall and ahnoft round leaves, dented
about the edges, fet on both fides of a middle rib; at the joints come forth one cr
two flowers upon {harp footftalks, peafe-fafhion, either whitifh, or purplifh red,
lighter or deeper, according as the peafe that follow will be, which are contained in
fmall, thick, and fliort, pods, wherein lie one or two peafe, though ufually more, a
little pointed at the lower end, and almoft round at the head, yet a little cornered or
Iharp. The root is fmall, and perifheth yearly.

Place and Time. They arefown in gardens, or in fields, as peafe, being fown
later than peafe, and gathered at the fame time with them, or prefcntly after.

Government and Virtues. They are both under the dominion of Venuy.
They are no lefs windy than beans, but nourilh more; they provoke urine, and are
thought to increafe fperm ; they have a cleanfing faculty, whereby they break the
ftone in the kidneys. To drink the cream of them being boiled in water, is the bell
way. It moveth the belly downwards, provoketh women's courfes, and urine, and
increafes both milk and feed. One ounce of cicers, two ounces of French barley,
and a fmall handful of marfh-mallow roots, clean Vi^aflied and cut, being boiled in
the broth of a chicken, and four ounces taken in the morning, falling two hours af-
ter, is a good medicine for a pain in the fides. The white cicers are ufed more for
meat than medicine, yet they have the fame effed, and are thought more powerful
to increafe milk and feed.

The wild cicers are fo much more powerful than the garden kinds, by how much
they exceed them in heat and drynefs, whereby they are more effeftual in opening
obftruftions, breaking the flone, and having all the properties of cutting, opening,
digefting, and diflblving, more fpeedily and certainly than the former.

C I N Q^U E F O I L.

IT is called in fome countries, five-fingered grafs, or five-leaved grafs.
Description. This fpreadeth and creepeth far upon the ground, with long

2 fiend er

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 125

{lender ftrings like ftrawberrics, which take root again and fhoot forth man)- leaves
made of five parts, and fometimes of feven, dented about the edges and fomewhat
hard. The ftalks are fiendcr, leaning downwards, and bear many fmall yellow
flowers thereon, with feme yellow threads in the middle, ftanding about a fmooth
green head ; which when it is ripe is a little rough, and containeth fmall brownifli
leed. The root is of a blackifh brown colour, feldom fo big as one's little finger,
but growing long with fome threads thereat ; and by the fmall ftrings it quickly
fpreadeth over the ground.

Place. It groweth by wood fides, hedge fides, the pathways in fields, and in
the borders and corners of them, flimoft in every part of this kiiigdom.

Time. It flowereth in fummer, fome fooncr, fome later.

Government and Virtues. This is an herb of Jupiter, and therefore
ftrengthens the parts of the body that he rules; let Jupiter be angular and ftrong
when it is gathered, and if you give but a fcruple, which is only twenty grains, of
it at a time, either in white wine, or white-wine vinegar, you fhall fcIdom mifs the
cure of an ague, be it what ague foever, in three fits, as I have often proved to the
admiration both of myfelf and others. It is an efpecial herb ufed in all inflamma-
tions and fevers, whether infeftious or peftilentlal j or among other herbs to cool
and temper the blood and humours in the body : as alfo for all lotions, gart^les, in-
iedions, and the like, for fore mouths, ulcers, cankers, fiftulas, and other corrupt,
foul, or running, fores. The juice hereof drunk about four ounces at a time, for
certain da) s together, cureth the quinfey and the yellow jaundice j and, taken for
thirty days together, cureth the falling ficknefs. The roots boiled in milk, and
drunk, is a moft effeftual remedy for all fluxes in man or woman, . whether the
whites or reds, as alfo the bloody flux. The roots boiled in vinegar, and the de-
cocftion thereof held in the mouth, eafeth the pains of the tooth-ach. The juice or
decodion taken with a little honey, helpeth the hoarfenefs of the throat, and is very
good for the cough of the lungs. The diftilled water both of the root and leaves
is alfo effedlual to all the purpofes aforefaid; and if the hands arc often walhed
therein, and fuffered at every time to dry in of itfelf without vviping, it will in a
fliort time help the paify or fliaking In them. The root boiled in vinegar, helpeth
all knots, kernels, hard fwcllings, and lumps, growing in any part of the flefli, being
thereto applied ; as alfo all inflammations, St. Anthony's fire, alfo all impofthumes,
and painful fores, with heat and putrefadion, the fliinglis, and all other forts of
running and foul fcabs, fores, and the itch. The fame alfo boiled in wine, and ap-
plied to any painful or aching joints, or the gout in the hands or feet, or the hip-
goutj called the fciatica; and the dccoiflion thereof, drunk at the fame time, doth

No. 9, 2 L cure

k6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

cure them, and eafeth' violent pains in the bowels. The roots are likewife effec-
tual to help ruptures or burftings, being ufed with other things available to thit
purpofe, taken either inwardly or outwardly, or both : as alfo for bruifes, or hurts,
by blows, falls, or the like, and to ftay the bleeding of wounds in any part either
inward or outward.

Some hold that one leaf cares a quotidian, three a tertian, and four a quartan,
ague ; but, with refpedl to the number of leaves, it is a matter of no confequence, or
v.hcther it is given in powder or decccflion : if Jupiter were ftrong and the Mooii
applying to him, or his good afpecft at the gathering of it, I never knew it mifs the
defired efFefls.

GIVES.

THEY are alfo called rufli-leeks, chives, civet, and fweth.

Temperature and Virtues. I confefs I had not added thefe had it not been
for a letter I received of a country gentleman, who certified me that amongft othej-
herbs I had left thefe out; they are indeed a kind of leeks, hot and dry in the fourth
degree as they are, and alfo under the dominion of Mars ; if they are eaten raw, (I
do not mean raw oppofite to roafted or boiled, but raw oppofite to a chymical pre-
paration,) they fend up very hurtful vapours to the brain, cauflng troublefome fleep,
and fpoiling the eye- fight; yet of them prepared by the art of the alchymift may be
made an excellent remedy for ftoppage of urine..

CLARY.

OR, more properly, cicar-eye.

Description. Our ordinary garden clary hath four-fquare {talks, with broad,,
rough, wrinkled, whitifh, or hairy green, leaves, fomewhat evenly cut on the edges,,
and of a ilrong fweet fcent, growing fome near the ground, and fome by couples up-
on ftalks : the flowers grow at certain diftances with two fmall leaves at the joints
under them, fomev/hat like unto the flowers of fige, but finaller, and of a whitifh
blue colour : the feed is brownifh and fomewhat flat, or not fo round as the wild :
the roots are blackifh, and do not fpread far ; it periflieth after the feeding time.
It is ufually fown, for it feldom rifeth of its own fowing.

Place. This groweth in gardens.

Time. It flowereth in June and July, fome a little later than others, and their
feed is ripe in Auguft, or thereabout.

GOVERW-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 117

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of the Moon. The
feed is ufed to be put into the eyes to clear them from moats, or other fuch-like
things gotten within the lids to offend them, as alfo to cleanfc them from white or
red fpots in them. The miiciiage of the feed made with water, and applied to tu-
mours or fwellings, difperfeth and taketh them away ; as alfo draweth forth fplin-
ters, thorns, or other things, gotten into the flefh. The leaves ufed with vinegar,
either by itfelf or with honey, do help hot inflammations, as alfo biles, fellons, and
the hot inflammations that are gathered by their pains, if it be applied before they
are grown too great. The powder of the dried root put into the nofe provoketh
fneezing, and thereby purgeth the h^ad and brain of much rheum and corruption.
The feed or leaves, taken in wine, provoketh to venery. It is of much ufe both
for men and women that have weak backs, to help to flrengthen. the reins, ufed
either by itfelf or with other herbs conducing to the fame effed, and in tanfies of-
ten. The frefh leaves dipped in a batter of flour, eggs, and a little milk, and fried
in butter, and ferved to the table, are not unpleafant to any, but exceeding profit-
able for thofe that are troubled with weak backs, and the cffei5ls thereof. The juice
of the herb put into ale or beer, and drunk, bringeth down women's courfes, and
expelleth the after-birth.

It is an iifual courfc with many men when they have gotten the running of the .
reins, or women the whites, they have immediate recourfe to the clary bufh, which
having fried in butter they eagerly eat in expedation of inftant relief, but to their
great difappointment often find themfelves worfe than before they had tried this
expedient. We will grant that clary itrengthens the backj but this we deny, that
the caufe of the running of the reins in men, or the whites in women, li s in the
back, (though the back rnay be fometimes weakened by themj) confequently the
application of this medicine is freq^uently improi^er..

W r L D C L A R Y.

WILD CLARY is often, though I think imprudently, called Chrift's eye, be-
caufe it cureth the difeafes of the eyes.

Description. It is like t!ie other clary, butlefs, with many ftalks about a foot
and a half high; the ftalks are fquare and fomewhat hairy; the flowers of a bluifh
colour. He that knows the common clary cannot be ignoiant of this.

Place. It grows commonly in this kingdom, in barren places j you may find
it plentifully if you look in the fields near Gray's Inn, and the fields near Chelfea.

Time. They flower from the beginning of June to the latter end of Auguft.

GOVERN"

128 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Government and Virtues. It is fotnething hotter and drier than the garden
clar}', yet neverthelefs under the dominion of the Moon, as well as that the feeds
of it being beaten to powder and drunk in wine is an admirable help to provoke
lufti a decoftion of the leaves being drunk warms the ilomach, and it is a wonder
if it fhould not, the ftomach being under Cancer the houfe of the Moon. It helps
digeftion, fcatters congealed blood in any part of the body, and helps dimnefs of
fight; the diftilled water thereof cleanfeth the eyes of rednefs, waterifhnefs, and heat;
it is a gallant remedy for dimnefs of fight, to take one of the feeds of it and put in-
to the eye, and there let it remain till it drops out of itfelf, the pain will be nothing
to fpeak of: it will eleanfe the eyes of all filthy and putrid matters, and, in often re-
peating of itj will take off a film which covereth the fight ; a handfomer, fafer, and
eafier, remedy a great deal than to tear it off with a needle.

CLEAVERS.

IT is alfo called aparine, goofe-fhare, and goofe-grafs.

Description. The common cleavers hath divers very rough fquare ftalks, not
fo big as the tag of a point, but rifing up to be two or three yards high fometlmes, if
it meets with any tall bufhes or trees whereon it may climb, yet without any clafpers j
or elfe much lov>^er, and lying upon the ground full of joints, and at every one of
them fhooteth forth a branch,. befides the leaves thereat, which are ufually fix, fetiii
a round compafs Kkea fiar, or the rowel of a fpur : from between the leaves of the
joints towards the tops of the branches, come forth very fmall white flowers at every
end upon fmall thr2ady footftalks, which after they are fallen, there do fhew two
fmall, round, rough, feeds, which, when they are ripe, grow hard and whiti/h, hav-
ing a little hole on the fide fomewhat like unto a navel. Both ftalks, leaves, and
feeds, are {a rough, that they will cleave unto any thing that fhall touch them. Its
root is fmall and thready, fpreading much in the ground, but dieth every year.

Place. It groweth by the hedge and ditch fides, in many places of this land,
and is fo troublefome an inhabitant in gardens, that it climbeth upon, and is ready
to choak, whatever grows near it.

Time. It flowereth in June and July, and the feed is ripe, and falleth again,
about the end of July or Auguft, from whence it fpringeth up again, and not from
the old roots.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of the Moon, The

juice of the herb, and the feed taken in wine, helpeth thofe that are bitten with an

adder, by preferving the heart from the venom. It is familiarly taken in broth to

2 keep

AND COMPLETE H F, REAL. 129

keep tliofe lean and. lank that are apt to grow fat. The di.lilled water drunk
twice a-day helpeth the yellow jaundice, and the decoftion of the herb by experi-
ence is found to do the fame, and fta)eth the laflc and bloody fluxi-s. The juice
of the leaves, or the leaves a little bruifcd, and applied to any bleeding wound,
ftayeth the bleeding ; the juice is alfo very good to clofe up the lips of green
wounds ; and the powder of the d.-ied herb ftrewed thereupon doth the fame, and
likewifc helpeth old ulcers. Being boiled with hog's greafe, it healeth all forts of
hard fwellings or kernels in the throat, being anointed therewith. The juice drop-
ped into the ears taketh away the pains from them. It is a good remedy in the
fpring eaten, being firft chopped fmall and boiled well, in water gruel, to cleanfe
the blood and ftrengthen the liver, thereby keeping the body in health, and fitting
it for that change of feafon that is coming.

CLOWN'S WOUNDWORT.

Description. IT groweth up fometimes to three or four feet high, but ufually
about two feet, with fquare, green, rough, ftalks, but flender, jointed fomewhat far
afunder, and two very long, and fomewhat narrow, dark-green leaves, bluntly
dented about the edges, and ending in a long point. The flowers ftand toward
the tops, compafling the ftalks at the joints with the leaves, and end likewife in a
fpiked top, having long and much open gaping hoods, of a purplilli red colour with
whitiHi fpots in them, ftanding in fomewhat rough hufks, wherein afterwards ftand
blackifh round feeds. The root is compofcd of many long ftrings, with feme tube-
rous long knobs growing among them, of a pale yellowifh or whitifh colour, yet at
at fome times of the year thefe knobby roots in many places are not feen in the
plant : the whole plant fmelleth fomewhat ftrongly.

Place. It groweth in fundry counties of this land, both north and weft, and
frequently by path-fides in the fields near about London, and within three or four
miles diftance about it, yet ufually grows in or near ditches.

Time. It flowereth in June and July, and the feed is ripe foon after.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of the planet Saturn,
It is fingularly effe(5lual in all frefti and green wounds, and therefore beareth not this
name for nought. And is very available in ftaunching of blood, and to dry up the
fluxes of humours in old fretting ulcers, cancers, &c. that hinder the healing of
them. A fyrup made of the juice of it is inferior to none for inward wounds,
ruptures of veins, bloody flux, veflels broken, fpitting, pifting, or vomiting, blood:
ruptures are excellently and fpeedily, even to admiration, cured by taking now and

No. 10. 2 M then

130 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,
then a little of the Tyrup, and applying an ointmeot or plafter of the herb to the
place J and alfo if any vein be fweliedj or mufcle cut, apply a plafter of this herb to
it, and, if you add a little comfrey to it, it will not do amifs. I afilire you this
herb deferves coiTunendation, though it have gotten but a clownifh namej and
whoever reads this, if he try it as I have done, will commend it as well as me.---
It is of an earthy nature,

C O C K ' s H E A D.

OTHEP».WISE called red fithcling, or medick fetch.

Description. This hath divers weak but rough ftalks., half a yard long, lean-
ing downwards, befet with winged leaves, longer and more pointed than thofe of
lentils, and whitidi underneath; from the tops of thofe ftalks arife up other {lender
ftalks, naked without leaves unto the tops, where there grow manyfmall flowers in
manner of a fpike, of a pale-reddifh colour, with fome bluenefs among them ; after
which rife up in their places, round, rough, and fomewhat flat, heads. The root is
tough and fomewhat woody, yet liveth unA ihooteth afrefli every year.

PtACE. It groweth under hedges, and fometimes in the open fields, in divers
places of this land.

Time. They flower all the months of July and Augufl:, and the feed ripeneth
in the mean while.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Venus. It hath power
to ratify and digeft, and therefore the green leaves bruifed and laid as a plafter, dif-
perfe knots, nodes, or kernels, in the fleili : and, if when it is dry it be taken in
wine, it hdpeth the ftranguary ; and, being anointed with oil, it provoketh fweat.
It is a Angular food for cattle, to caufe them to give ftore of milk ; and why then
xnay it riot do the like being boiled in the ordinary drink of nurfes ?

COLUMBINES.

THESE are fo well known, growing in almoft every garden, that I think I may
fave the expence of time in writing a defcription of them.

Time. They flower in May, and abide not for the mofl: part when June is paft,
perfeding their feed in the mean time.

Government AND Virtues. It is alfo an herb of Venus. The leaves of colum-
bines are commonly ufed in lotions with good fuccefs for fore mouths and throats ;
Tragus faith, that a drachm of the feed taken in wine, with a little fafFron, openeth

obftruc-

AND CO M P L E T E H E R B A L, 131

obftruftions of the liver, and h good for the yellow jaundice, if the party after the
taking thereof be laid to fweat well in his bed : the feed alfo taken in wine caufcth i
' fpeedy delivery of women in child-birtii ; if one draught fufficc not, let her drink a
fecond, and it will be effecflua!. The Spaniards ufed to eat a piece of the root hereof
farting, many days togetherj to help them when troubled with the ftone in the reins
or kidneys.

COL T S I- o o r.

CALLED alfo cough-wort, fcal's foot, horfe hoof, and bull's fcJot. ■

Description. This rtiooteth up a flender rtalk with fmall yellowifii flo-,vers,
fomewhat early, which fall away c]'.;ickly j after they are patl: come up fomewhat
round leaves, fometimcs dented a little about the edges, much lefs, thicker, and
greener, than thofe of butter- bur, with a little down or freeze over the green leaf on
the upper fide, which may be rubbed away, and whitirti or mealy underneath.
The root is fmall and white, fpreading much under ground, fo that where it taketh
it will hardly be driven away again, if any little piece be abiding therein j and from
thence fpring frefli leaves.

Pt aCe. It groweth as well In wet grounds as in drier places.

Time. It flowereth in the end of February, the leaves beginning to appear in
March.

Government and Virtues. The plant is under Venus. The frefh leaves, or
juice, or a fyrup made thereof, is good for a hot dry cough, for wheezings and
fhortnefs of breath : the dry leaves are beft for thofe that have thin rheums, and
diftillations upon their lungs, caufing a cough, for which alfo the dried leaves taken
as tobacco, or the root, is very good. The diftilled water hereof fimply, or with
elderflowers and nightfhade, is a fingular remedy againft all hot agues, to drink two
ounces at a time, and apply cloths wet therein to the head and ftomach ; which alfo
doth much good being applied to any hot fwellings or inflammations -, it helpeth
St. Anthony's fire and burnings, and is fingular good to take away wheals and fmall
pufhes that arife through heat j as alfo the burning heat of the piles, or privy parts,
cloths ^s'et therein beii)g»thereunto applied.

C O IVI F R E Y.

Description. THE common great comfrcy hath divers very large and hairy
green leaves, lying on the ground, fo hairy or prickly, that if they touch any tender
part of the hands, face, or body, it will caufe it to itch: the flalk that rifeth up from

among

1.^2 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,
among them, being two or three feet high, hollowed, and cornered, as alfo very
hairy, having many fuch-hke leaves as grow below, but runs lefs andlefs up to the
top. At the joints of the ftalks it is divided into many branches, with fome leaves
thereon ; and at the ends ftand many flowers in ordtr one above another, which are
fomewhat long and hollow like the finger of a glove, of a pale whitirti colour, after
whicrh come fm.'.ll black feed. The roots are great and long, fpreading great thick
branches under ground, black on the outfide and whitilh within, fliort or eafy to
break, and full of a glutinous or clammy juice, of little or no tafte.

There is another fort in all things like this, fave only it is fomewhat lefs, and
beareth flowers of a pale purple colour.

Place. They grow by ditches and water fides, and in divers fields that are moift,
for therein they chiefly delight to grow: the firft generally through all the land, and
the other not quite fo common.

Time. They flower in June and July, and give their feed in Auguft.

Government and Virtues. This is alfo an herb of Saturn, and I fuppofe under
the fign Capricorn, cold, dry, and earthy, in quality. What was fpoken of clown's
woundwort may be faid of this ; the great comfrey helpeth thofe that fpit blood, or
make a bloody urine j the root boiled in v/ater or wine, and the decoftion drunk,
helpeth all inward hurts, bruifes, and wounds, and the ulcers of the lungs, caufiug
the phlegm that opprefl"eth them to be eafily fpit forth j it ftayeth the defluxions of
rheum from the head upon the lungs, the fluxes of blood or humours by the belly,
women's immoderate courfes, as well the reds as the whites; and the running of the
reins, happening by what caufe foever. A fyrup made thereof is very effedual for all
thofe inward griefs and hurts; and the diftilled water for the fame purpofe alfo, and
for outward wounds and fores in the flefliy or finewy part of the body wherefoever;
as alfo to take away the fits of agues, and to allay the fharpnefs of humours. A de-
codlion of the leaves hereof is available to all the purpofes, though not fo efi^edual
as of the roots. The root, being outwardly applied, helpeth frefli wounds or cuts im-
mediately, being bruifed and laid thereunto; and is efpecial good for ruptures and
broken bones ; yea, it is faid to be fo powerful to confolidate and knit together, that,
if they are boiled with difi'evered pieces of flefli in a pot, it will join them together
again. It is good to be applied to women's breafts that grow fore by the abundance
of milk coming into them ; as alfo to reprefs the overmuch bleeding of the hemor-
rhoids, to cool the inflammation of the parts thereabout, and to give eafe of pains.
The roots of comfrey taken frefli, beaten fmall, and fpread upon leather, and laid
upon any place troubled with the gout, do prefcntly give eafe of the pains j and ap-
2 plied

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. iji

plied in the fame manner, give eafe to pained joints, and profit very much
for running and moift ulcers, gangrenes, mortifications, and the like, for which it
hath by often experience been found helpful.

C O R A L V/ O R T.

IT is alfo called by fome, toothwort, toothed violet, dog-teeth violet, and
dentaris.

Description. Of the many forts of this herb, two of them may be found grow-
ing in this kingdom j the firft of which fl\ooteth forth one or two winged leaves
upon long brownifh footftalks, which are doubled down at their firft coming out of
the ground: when they are fully opened they confiftof feven leaves, moft commotv
]y of a fad-green colour, dented about the edges, fet on both fides the middle rib
one agalnft another, as the leaves of the afh-tree; the ftalk beareth no leaves on the
lower half of it, the upper half beareth fometimes three or four, each confiding of
five leaves, fometimes but of three ; on the top ftand four or five flowers upon (hort
foot-ftalks, with long hufks; the flowers are very like thofe of the ftock gilli-'
flower, of a pale purplifli colour, confiding of four leaves apiece, after which come
fmall cods which contain the feed : the root is very fmooth, white, and fhlnlnnr; it
doth not grow downwards, but creeping along under the upper cruft of the ground,
and confifteth of divers fmall round knobs, fet together : towards the top of the
ftalk, there grow fmall fingle leaves, by each of which cometh a fmall round cloven
bulb, which when it is ripe, if it be fet in the ground, it will grow to be a root, and
is efteemed a good way of cultivating the herb.

As for the other coralwort which groweth in this nation, it is more fcarce than
this, being a very fmall plant, not much unlike crowfoot, therefore fome think it to
be one of the forts of crowfoot. I know not where to diredl you to it, and there-
fore fhall forbear the defcription.

Place. Thefirfl: groweth near May field in Sufi!ex, in a wood called High-reed,
and in another wood there alfo, called Fox- holes.

Time. They flower from the latter end of April to the middle of May, and
before the middle of July they are gone and not to be found.

Government and Virtues. It is underthe dominion of the Moon. Itcleanfeth
the bladder and provoketh urine, expels gravel and the ftone, it eafeth pains in the
fides and bowels ; it is excellent good for inward wounds, efpecially fuch as are
made in the breaft or lungs, by taking a drachm of the powder of the root every

No, 10. a N morning

12Z CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

morning in wine j the fame is excellent good for ruptures, as alfo to flop fluxes :
an oinhnent made of it is exceeding good for wounds and ulcers, for it foon drieth
up the water)- humour which hinders the cure.

C O S T M A R Y.

CALLED alfo alecod, or balfam herb.

This is fo frequently known to be an inhabitant in almoft every garden, that I
fuppofe it needlefs to write a defcription thereof.

Time. It flowereth in June and July.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Jupiter. The or-
dinary coftmary, as well as maudlin, provoketh urine abundantly, and moiftencth
the hardnefs of the mother ; it gently purgeth clioler and phlegm, extenuating that
which is grofs, and cutting that which is tough and glutinous, cleanfeth that which
is foul, and hiudereth putrefadion and corruption ; it diflblveth without attradion,
openeth obftruftions, and healeth their evil effeds, and is a wondeful help to all
ibrts of dry agues. It is aflringent to the ftomach, and ftrengtheneth the liver, and
all the other inward parts, and if taken in whey worketh the more effeftually.
Taken fafting in the morning, it is very profitable for the pains of the head that are
continual, and to flay, dry up, and confume, all thin rheums, or diflillations from
the head into the flomach, and helpeth much to digefl raw humours that are ga-
thered therein. It is very profitable for thofe that are fallen into a continual evil
difpofition of the whole body called cachexia, being taken, efpecially in the begin-
ning of the difeafe. It is a good friend and help to evil, weak, and cold, livers.
The f«ed is familiarly given to children for the worms, and fo is the infufion of the
flowers in white wine, given them to the quantity of two ounces at a time : it
maketh an excellent falve to cleanfe and heal old ulcers, being boiled with olive oil,
and adder's tongue with it ; and after it is flrained, to put in a little wax, rofin, and
turpentine, to bring it into a convenient body,

CUDWEED.

BESIDES cudweed, it is alfo called cottonweed, chaffweed, dwarf cotton, and
petty cotton.

Description. The common cudweed rifeth up with one ftalk, though fome-
times two or three, thick fet on all fides with fmall, long, and narrow, whitifh or
woody, leaves, from the middle of the ftalk almoft up to the top ; with every leaf

ftandeth

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 15?

ftaiideth afniall flower, of a dun or brownifh yellowcolour, or not fo yellow as others;
ill whicii herbs, after the flowers are fallen, come fniall feed wrapped up with thj
down therein, and is carried away with the wind. The root is fmall and thready.

There are other forts hereof, which are fomewhat Icfs than the former, not mucli
different, fave only that the ftalk and leaves are fhorter, and the flowers arc paler,
and more open.

Place. They grow in dry, barren, Hmdy, and gravelly, grounds, in mod places
of this land.

Time. They flower about July, fome earlier and fomc later, and their feed is
ripe in Augufl-.

Government and Virtues. Venus is lady of it. The plants are all aftrin-
gent, or binding and drying, and there.*'ore profitable for defluxious of rheum from
the head, ?Jid to ftay fluxes of blood wlierefjever. The decoiftion being made into
red wine and drunk, or the powder taken therein, alfo helpeth the bloody flux, and
eafeth the cornients that come thereby, ftayeth the immoderate courfes of women,
and is alfo good for inward or outward wounds, hurts, and bruifes, and helpeth
children both of burftings and the worms, and the difeafe called tenefmus, which is
an often provocation to the llooi, and doing nothing, being either drunk or injei5l-
ed. The green leaves bruifed and laid to any green wound, fl:ayeth the bleeding,
and healeth it up quickly ; the decoAion or juice thereof doth the fame, and helpeth
old and filthy ulcers quickly. The juice of the herb taken in wine and milk, is (a9
Pliny faith) a fovereign remedy againft the mumps and quinfey ; and further faith,
that whofoever fliall fo take it fliall never be troubled with that difeafe again. The
tops of this plant, before it has reached its full grovth, have the fame virtue. I
have {litii it ufed only in one place. It is frequent in Charlton Forefl;, in Suffex,
and was given with fuccefs for that almofl: incurable difeafe the chin-cough. Beat
it up into a conferva, very fine, with a deal of fugar, and let the bignefs of a pea be
eaten at a time.

COWSLIPS.

KNOWN alfo by the name of peagles.

Both the wild and garden cowflips are fo well known, that I will neither trouble
myfelf nor the reader with any defcription of them.

Ti.ME. They flower in April and May.

Government and Virtues. Venus lays claim to the herb as her own, and it
is under the flgn Aries, and our city dames know well enough the ointment or dif-

2 billed

134 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

tilled water of it adds beauty, or at leaft reflores it when it is loft. The flowers are
held to be more efFedual than the leaves, and the roots of little ufe. An ointment
being made with them, taketh away fpots and wrinkles of the fkin, fun-burning,
and freckles, and adds beauty exceedingly; they remedy all infirmities of the head
coming of heat and wind, as vertigo, ephialtes, falfe apparitions, phrenzies, falling
ficknefs, palfies, convulfions, cramps, and pains in the nerves ; the roots eafe pains
in the back and bladder, and open the pafiages of urine. The leaves are good in
wounds, and the flowers take away trembling. If the flowers be not well dried and
kept in a warm place, they will foon putrefy and look green ; have a fpecial eye
over them. If you let them fee the fun once a month, it will do them no harm.

Becaufe they fl:rengthen the brain and nerves; and remedy the palfies, the Greeks
gave them the name o?faralyfts. The flowers preferved or conferved, and the quan-
tity of a nutmeg eaten every morning, is a fufficient dofe for inward difeafes ; but
for wounds, fpots, wrinkles, and fun-burning, an ointment is made of the leaves,
and hog's greafe.

C R A B ' s C L A W S.

CALLED alfo water fengreen, knight's pond-water, water houfleek, pond-
weed, and frefh-water foldier.

Description. It hath fundry long narrow leaves, with fliarp prickles on the
edges of them, alfo very fharp pointed ; the ftalks which bear flowers feldom grow
fo high as the leaves, bearing a forked head like a crab's claw, out of which comes
a white flower, confiding of three leaves, with divers yellowiih hairy threads in the
middle: it taketh root in the mud, in the bottom of the water.

Place. It groweth plentifully in the fens of Lincolnfhire.

Time. It flowereth in June, and ufually from thence till Auguft.

Government and Virtues. Itisaplant under the dominion of^Venus, and
therefore a great ftrengthener of the reins ; it is excellent good in that inflammation
which is commonly called St. Anthony's fire; it afiiiageth all inflammations and
fwellings in wounds ; and an ointment made of it is excellent good to heal them :
there is fcarce a better remedy growing than this for fuch as have bruifed their kid-
neys, and upon that account pifiing blood. A drachm of the powder of the herb
taken every morning is a very good remedy to flop the terms.

BLACK-CRESSES.

Description. IT hathlong leaves deeply cut andjaggedonboth fides, not much
unlike wild jnuftardj the ftalks are fmall, very limber though very tough -, you

may

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 1J5

mrty twift them round as you may a willow before they break. The flowers are
very fniall and yellow, after which come fmall cods which contain the feed.

Place. It is a common herb, grows ufually by the way (ides, and fome-
times upon mud walls about London, but it delights moft to grow among ftones
and rubbi/la.

Time. It flowers in June and July, and the feed Is ripe in Auguft and Sep-
tember.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Mars, and is a plant
of a hot and biting nature : the truth is, the feed of black crefles ftrcngthens the
brain exceedingly, for in performing that oflice it is little inferior to muftard-feed,
if at all: they are excellent good to flay thofe rheums which fall down from the
head upon the lungs. You may beat the feed into powder if you pleafe, and
make it up into an elev5luary with honey, fo have you an excellent remedy by you,
not only for the premifes, but alfo for the cough, yellow-jaundice, and fciatica.
The herb boiled into a poultice, is an excelleiit remedy for inflammations both ia
women's breafts and in men's tefticles.

SCIATICA CRESSES.

Description. THESE are of two kinds; the firft rifeth up with a round
ftalk, about two feet high, fpread into divers branches, whofe lower leaves are
fomewhat larger than the upper, yet ail of them cut or torn on the edges, fome-
what hke garden creffes, but fmaller : the flowers are fmall and white, growing on
the tops of the branches, where afterwards grow huflis, with fmallifli brown feed
therein, very ftrong and fiiarp in tafte, more than the crefles of the garden. The
root is long, white, and woody.

The other fort hath the lower leaves whole, fomewhat long and broad, not torn
tt all but only fomewhat deeply dented about the edges toward the ends, but thofc
that grow higher up are lefs. The flowers and feed are like the former, and fo is
the root likewife : and both root and feed as fliarp as it.

Place. Thefe grow by the way fides in untilled places, and by the fides of

■old walls.

Time. They flower in the end of June, and their feed is ripe in July.
Government and Virtues. It is a Saturnine plant : the leaves, but efpccially
the roots, taken trefh in the fummer time, beaten and made into a poultice or falvc
with old hog's greafe, and applied to the places pained with the fciatica, to continue
thereon four hours if it be on a man, and two hours on a woman, the place after-
No. 10. - O w:\rds

136 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

wards bathed with wine and oil mixed together, and then wrapped with wool or {kin*
after they havefweat a little, will afTuredly cure not only the famedifcafe in the hips,
huckle-bone, or other of the joints, as gout in the hands'br feet, but all other old
griefs of the head, (as inveterate rheum's,) and other parts of the body that are hard
to be cured. And, if of the former griefs any parts remain, the fame medicine after-
twenty days is to be applied again. The fame is alfo effecFtual in the difeafe of the
fpleen; and, applied to the flcin, it taketh away the blemifhes thereof, whether they
be fears, Icprofy, fcabs, or fcurf, which although it ulcerate the part, yet that is to be
helped afterwards with a faK^e made of oil and wax. Either boiled or eaten in fal-
lads, they are very wholefome. For children's fcibs or fcalded heads, nothing is fo
efFedlual and quick a remedy as garden-crefles beat up with lard, for it makes the
fcales fall in twenty- four hours, and perfe<flly cures them if they continue the ufe of
it. . Efteem this as a valuable fecret.

W A T E R - C R E S S E S.

Description. OUR ordinary water-crefles fpread forth with many weak, hol-
low, fappy, flalks, (hooting out fibres at the joints, and upwards long-winged
leaves, made of fundry broad, fappy, and almoft round, leaves, of a brownifb greea
colour: the' flowers are many and white, {landing on long footftaiks, after which
come fmall yellow feed, contained in fmall long pods like horns; the whole plant
abideth green in the winter, and tafteth fomewhat hot and /harp.

Place. They grow for the moll: part in fmall {landing waters, yet fometi.mes-
in fmall rivulets of running water.

TiMt. They flower and feed in the beginning of fummei*.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb under the dominion of the Moon.
It is more powerful againfl: the {curvy, and to cleanfe the blood and humours, than
brooklime, and ferves in all the other ufes in which brooklime is available ; as to-
break the {lone, and provoke urine and women's courfes. It is alfo good for them
\shen troubled with the green- ficknefs, and it is a certain re{lorative of their loft
colour if they ufe it in the following manner i chop and boil them in the broth of
meat, and eat them for a month together, morning, noon, and night. The decoc-
tion thereof cleanfeth ulcers by wafhing therewith; the leaves bruifed, or the juice, is
good to be applied to the face or other parts troubled with freckles, pimples, fpots,
or the like, at night, and wafhed away in the morning. The juice mixed with vine-
gar, and the forepart of the head bathed therewith, is very good for thofe that are
dull and drowfy, or have th& lethargy.

. Water-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. rj/

"Water- crefs pottage is a good remedy to cleanfe the blood in the ipring, and
help head-achs, and confume the grofs humours winter has left behind; thofo.wo
would live in health, may make ufeof this; if any fancy not pottage, they may eat
the herb as a fallad.

CROSS-WORT.

Description-. COMMON crofs-wort groweth with fquare hairy brown ftalks
little above a foot high, having four fmail, broad, and pointed, hairy, yet fmooth,
green leaves, growing at every joint, each againft other crofsways, which hascaufcvt
the name. Toward the tops of the ftalks at the joints, with the leaves in three or
four rows downward, ftand fmall pale- yellow flowers, after which come fmail,
blackifh, round, feeds, four for the mod part in every hufk ; the root is very fmall
and full of fibres or threads, taking good hold of the ground, and fpreading witlx
the branches a great deal of ground, which perifh not In winter, although the leaves
die every year, and fpring again a-new.

Place. It groweth in many moift grounds, as well meadows as untilled places
about London, in llampftead church-yard, at Wye in Kent, and fundry other
places.

Time. It flowereth from May all the fummer long, m one place or another, as-
they are more open to the fun; the feed ripeneth foon after..

Government an» Virtues. It Is under the dominion of Saturn. This is a fin-
guiar good wound-herb, and is ufed inwardly, not only to (lay bleeding of wounds,
but to confolidate them, as it doth outwardly any green wound, which it quickly
drieth up and healeth. The decodlon of the herb in wine helpcth to expe(5torate
phlegm out of the cheft, and Is good for obftruftions in the breaft, r:om..cli, or
bowels, and helpeth a decayed appetite. It is alfo good to warti any wound or fore
with, to cleanfe and heal it. The herb brulfed and then boiled, and applied out-
wardly for certain days together, renewing It often, and in the mean time the decoc-
tion of the herb in wine taken inwardly every day, doth certainly cure the rupture
in any, fo as It be not too inveterate; but very fpeedily, If It be frefh and lately taken.

CROWFOOT.

MANY are the names this furious biting herb hath obtained ; it is called frog's
foot, from the Greek name barrakiou, crowfoot, gold-knobs, gold-cups, king's-
knob, baffiners, troil- flowers, polts, locket-goulions, and butter-flowers.

Abundant

13? CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Abundant are the forts of this herb, and to defcribe them all would tire the pa-
tience of Socrates hiinfelf; therefore I fhall only mention the moft ufual.

Description. The moft common crowfoot hath many dark-green leaves, cut
into divers parts, in tafle biting nnd fharp, and bliftering the tongue; it bears
many flowers, and thofe of a bright refplendeiit yellow colour. I do not remember
that I ever fiw any thing yellower. Virgins in ancient times ufed to make powder
of them to furrow bride- beds. After the flowers come fmall heads, fomewhat
fpiked and rugged like a pine-apple.

Place. They grow very common every where ; unlefs you turn your head
into a hedge, you cannot but fee them as you walk.

Time. They flower in IVIay and June, even till September,

Government AND Virtues. This fiery and hot- fpirited herb of Mars is no
way fit to be given inwardly, but an ointment of the leaves or flowers will draw a
blifter, and may be fo fitly applied to the nape of the neck, to draw back rheum from
the eyes. The herb being bruifed, and mixed with a little muftard, draws a blifter
as well and as perfedly as caniharides, and with far lefs danger to the veflels of
urine, which cantharides naturally delight to wrong. I knew the herb once applied
to a peftilential rifing that was fallen down, and it faved life even beyond hope; it
were good keeping an ointment and plafter of it, if it were but for that.

C U C K O W - P O I N T.

IT is called alron, janus, and barba-aron, calves-foot, ramp, ftarch-wort, cuckow-
pindcj prieft's pintle, and wake-robin.

Description. This fliooteth forth three, four, or five, leaves at the moft, from
one root, every one whereof is fomewhat large and long, broad at the bottom next
the ftalk, and forked, but ending in a point, without a cut on the edges, of a full
green colour, each ftanding upon a thick round ftalk, of a handful breadth long, or
more, among v/hich, after two or three months that they begin to wither, rifeth up a
bare, round, whltilli-green, ftalk, fpotted and ftreaked with purple, fomewhat higher
than the leaves j at the top whereof ftandeth a long hollow houfe or huflc, clofe at
the bottom, but open from the middle upwards, ending in a point ; in the middle
whereof ftands the fmall long peftle or clapper, fmaller at the bottom than at the top,
of a dark-purple colour, as the huflc is on the infide, though green without ; which
after it hath fo abided for fome time, the hulk with the clapper decayeth, and the
foot or bottcm thereof groweth to be a fmall long bunch of berries, green atthe firft,

3 and

AND COMPLETE HERBAI. 133

and of a yellowifh-red colour when they are ripe, of the fize of a hazel-nut kernel,
which abidcth thereon ahiioft until winter; the root is round, and fomewhat long,
for the moft part lying along, the leaves fhooting forth at the bigger end, which,
when it beareth its berries, are fomewhat vvrinkleJ and loofe, another growing un-
der it, which is folid and firm, with many fmall threads hanging thereat. The
whole plant is of a very (harp biting tafte, pricking the tongue as nettles do the
hands, and fo abideth for a great while without alteration. The root hereof was
anciently ufcd inftead of ftarch to ftarch linen.

There is another fort of cuckow-point, with fmaller leaves than the former, and
fomctimes harder, having blackifli fpots upon them, which for the moft part abide
longer green in fummer than the former, and both leaves and roots are more fharp
and fierce than it j in all things eife it is like the former.

Place. Thefe two forts grow frequently almoft under every hedge-fide in many
places of this land.

Time. They fhoot forth leaves in the fpring, and continue only until the middle
of fummcrj or fomewhat later j their huflcs appearing before they fall away, and
their fruit fhewing in April.

GovERNME^fT AND ViRTUES. It IS Under the dominion of Mars. Tragus re-
porteth that a drachm weight, or more, if need be, of the fpotted wake- robin, either
frefti and green or dried, being eaten or taken, is a moft nrefent and fure remedy
for poifon and the plague. The juice of the herb taken to the quantity of a fpoonful
hath the fame efFefl; but if there be a little vinegar added thereunto, as well as unto
therootaforefaid, it fomewhat allayeth the ftiarp biting tafte thereof upon the tongue.
The green leaves bruifed, and laid upon any boil or plague-fore, do very won-
derfully help to draw forth the poifon. A drachm of the powder of the dried root
taken with twice as much fugar in the form of a licking eledluary, or the green root,
doth wonderfully help thofe that are purfy or fhort winded, as alfo thofe that have
a cough; it breaketh, digefteth, and riddeth away, phlegm, from the ftomach, cheft,
and lungs. The milk wherein the root hath been boiled is eiFedual alfo for the
fame purpofe. Thefaid powder taken in wine or other drink, or thejuicc of the ber-
ries, or the powder of them, or the wine wherein they have been boiled, provoketh
urine, and brings down women's courfcs, and purges them effedually after child-
bearing, to bring away the afterbirth: taken with flieep's milk, it heals the inward
ulcers of the bowels. The diftillcd water hereof is effeiftual to all the purpofes afore-
faid. A fpoonful taken at a time heals the itch; and an ounce or more taken at a
time for fome days together doth help the rupture ; the leaves, either green or dry,
or the juice of them, will cleanfe all manner of rotten and filthy ulcers, in what part
of the body foever, and heal the ftinking fores in the nofe, called plypus. The water

No. 10. ii P whereia

140 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

wherein the root hath been boikdj dropped Into the eyes, clcanfeth them from any
fihii or fkin, cloud or mift, which begins to hinder fight, and helpeth the watering
and rednefs of them ; or when, by accident, they become black and Wue. The root
mixed with bean-flour, and applied to the throat or jaws that are inflamed, helpeth
them 5 the juice of the berries boiled in oil of rofes, or beaten into powder mixed
with the oil, and dropped into the ears, eafcth pains in them : the berries or the roots,
beaten with hot ox-dung and applied, eafe the pains of the gout : the leaves and
roots boiled in wine with a little oil, and applied to the piles, or the falling down of
the fundament, eafe them, and fo doth fitting over the hot fumes thereof: the freih
roots bruifed, and diftilled with a little milk, yield a mofl: fovereign water to cleanfe
the fkin from fcurf, freckles, fpots, or blemifhes whatfoever therein. The country
people about Maidftone in Kent ufe the herb and root inftcad of foap.

CUCUMBERS.

ACCORDING to the pronunciation of the vulgar, cowcumbers.

Government and Vir,.TUEs. There isnodifpute to be made, but that they ace
under the dominion of the Moon, though they are fo much rejected for their cold-
nefs ; it is by fonie affirmed, that If they were but one degree colder they would be
poifon. The beil: of Galenifts hold them to be cold and moift but in the fecond de-
gree, and then not fo hot as lettuce or purflane: they are excellent good for hot fl:o-
machs and livers ; the immeafurable ufe of them fills the body full of raw humours,
and fo indeed does any thing elfe when ufed to an excefs. The juice of cucumbers,
the face being wafned with it, cleanfeth. the flcin, and is excellent good for hot rheum
in the eyes ; the feed is excellent to provoke urine, and cleanfe the paflages thereof
when they are flopped ; neither do I think there is a better remedy for ulcers in the
bladder growing than cucumbers are ; the ufual courfe is to ufe the feeds in emul-
fions, as they make almond-milk ; but a better way by far (in my opinion) is this:
when the feafon of the year is, take the cucumbers and bruife them well, and diftll .
the water from them, and let fuch as are troubled with ulcers in their bladders drink
HO other drink. The fame water, ufed as a lotion, cureth the reddeil face that is,.
It is ajfo excellent good for fun-burning, freckles, and morphew.

C U B E B S.

CUBEBS arefmall berries, fomewhat fweet, about the bignefs of pepper-corns,
yet not fo black nor folid, but more rugged or crefted, being either hollow, or hav-
ing a kernel within, of a hot tafte, but not fo fiery as pepper j and having each a
fhort ftalk on them like a tail : thefe grow on trees lefs than apple-trees, with leaves

narrower

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 141

narrov/er than thofe of pepper ; the flower is fweet, and the fruit groweth clufter-
iiig together. The Arabians call them qtialebe, and quabeve chhii: they grow plen-
fi.illy in Java ; they are ufed to ftir up venery, and to warm and ftrengthen the fto-
machj when it is .overcome with phlegm or wind j they cleanfe the breaft of thick
tough humours, help the fpleen, and are very profitable for the cold griefs of the
womb. Being chewed in the mouth with maftic, they draw rheum from the head,,
ajid flrengthen the brain and memory.

RED, WHITE, AND BLACK, CURRANTS.

Names. TPIE Latin names for currants, are ribes^ and ribes fruHu rubra the
red currant, aloo white, and nigra black.

Description. The red currant bu(h hath a ftalk covered with a thin browniHi
bark outwards, and greenifh underneath j the leaves are of a blackifh green, cut 011
the edges into five parts, much like a vine-leaf, but fmaller i the flowers come
forth at the joints of the leaves, many together on a long fl:aik, hanging down about
a finger's length; of an herby colour, after which come round berries, green at the
firft, but red when they are ripe : of a pleafant tart tafte, wherein is fmall feed. The
root is woody and fpreadifig.

There is another fort hereof, whofe berries are twice as large as the formerj and
of a better relifli.

The white currant tree hath a taller and fl:raiter ftem than the red, a whiter bark,,
and fmaller leaves, but hath fuch-like berries upon long ftalks, of the fame bignefs
as the firfl:, but of a fliining tranfparent whitenefs, and of a more pleafant tafte than
the former.

The black currant rifcth higher than the lafl, and is thicker fet with branches
round about, and more pHantj the younger covered with a pale, and the elder with
a browner, bark ; the leaves are fmaller than thofe of the former, and often with
fewer cuts therein : the flowers are alike, but of a greenifli-purple colour, which
produce fmall black berries : the leaves and fruit have an unpleafant fmell, but yet
are wholefome, though not palatable.

Place. All thcfe forts of currants grow plentifully in England, in gardens
where they are planted ; they have been found growing naturally wild in Savoy
and Switzerland, as Gefner faith j and fome in Auftria, faith Claufius : they grow
in great abundance in Candia, and in other places in the Straights, from whence in.
great quantities they are brought di-ied unto us.

Time. They flower and bear fruit in June, July, and Augufl:.

GoviRNMENT AND ViRTUEs. Currants aic Under thsiofluejiceof the benevoknt"

planet:

142 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,
planet Venus ; they are of a mofl: temperate refrefhing nature ; the red and white
currants are good to cool and refrefii faintings of the ftomach, to quench thirft, and
ftir up an appetite, and therefore are profitable in hot and (harp agues. They tem-
per the heat of the liver and blood, and the ftiarpnefs of choler, and refiftputrefac-
tion ; they alfo take away the loathing of meat, and weaknefs of the ftomach, by
much vomiting, and are good for thofe that have any loofenefs of the belly. Gefner
faith that the Switzers ufe them for the cough, and fo well they may; for, take dry
currants a quarter of a pound, of brandy half a pint, fet the brandy on fire, then
bruife the currants and put them into the brandy while it is burning, ftirring them
until the brandy is almoft confumed, and it becomes like unto an eleftuary; it is an
excellent remedy to be taken for any violent cough, cold, or rheum. The black-
currants and the leaves are ufed in fauces by thofe who like the tafle and fcent of
them i which I believe very few do of either.

COCOA-NUT TREE.

Description and Names. THIS growethto bea large timber-tree, the body
covered with a fmooth bark ; bare or naked, without any branch, to a great height,
(for which caufe the Indians either do bore holes therein, at certain diftances, and
knock ftrong pegs into them, which ftick out fo far as may ferve for footing to j
up into the tree, to gather the juice or liquor, and the fruit, or faften ropes with
nails round about the tree, with fpaces which ferve as fleps to go up into it,) and to-
wards the top it fpreadeth out into fundry great arms, which bow themfelves almoft
round; with large leaves on them like the date-tree leaf, but larger, whofe middle rib
is very great, and abiding always green, and with fruit alfo, continually one fucceed-
ing another : from between the lower boughs come forth fmailer ftalks, hanging
down, and bearing fundry flowers on them, like thofe of the chefnut-tree ; after
which come large three-fquare fruit or nuts, ten or twelve and fometimes twenty
thereon together, as big as one's head, or as a fmall pompion, almoft round, but a
little fmailer at the end, covered with a hard, tough, a(h-coloured, thick bark, an inch
thick in fonie places, and within it a hard, woody, browniOi, fhell, but which becomes
black when polifhed; having at the head or top thereof three holes, fomewhat refem-
bJing the nofeandeyes of a monkey; between which outer bark and this fhell grow
many grofs threads or hairs ; within the wooden {hell there is a white kernel cleaving
clofe to the fide thereof, as fweet as an almond, with a fine fweet water in the middle
iis pleafant as milk, which will grov/ lefs pleafant, or confume, either by over ripenefs
or long keeping. The tree is called by the Indians maro, in Malacca trican, and in
other places by feveral other appellations. The timber of the tree is folid and firm,
black and ftiining like the walnut-tree, and fit for any building; and Garcias faith,

1 it

AND CO M P L E T E H R R B A I.. HJ

it is of two forts, (I fuppofe he meaneth for two ufes,) the one to bear fruit, the
other to attrad the liquor which ilTues therefrom, when the branches are cut, or when
it is bored, and received into fomething tied thereunto for that purpofe, which li-
quor they call in their language y'wra; and it fbeweth like unto troubled wine, but
in tafte like new fweet wine, which being boiled they call orraque; and being diftilled
it yieldeth a fpirit like unto our aqua vitae, and it is ufed for the fame purpofe as we
do ours, and will burn like it: they call it fula, and being fet in the fun it will be-
come good vinegar, and that which runneth laft, being fet in the fun to grow hard,
or boiled to hardncfs, will become fugar, which they csWjagra. Of the inner ker-
nel, while it is frefli, tlicy make bread ; the frefher the nuts are, the fweeter is the
meat thereof.

Government and Virtues. This is a folar plant j the fruit or kernel of the
cocoa-nut doth nourlHi very much, and is good for lean bodies j they increafe the
natural feed, and flir up the appetite to venery, and are good to mollify the hoarfe-
nefs of the throat and voice.

COFFEE.

THIS is reported to be the berries of certain fhrubs or buflies growing in Arabia,
and from thence into Turkey, and other parts. It is faid of itfelf to be infipid, hav-
ing neither fcent nor taftej but being pounded and baked, as they do prepare it to
make the coffee-liquor with, it then ftinks mod loathfomely, which is an argument
of fome Saturnine quality in it : the propugners for this filthy drink affirm that it
caufeth watchfulnefs ; (fodoth theftinking hemlock and henbane in their firft opera-
tion if unhappily taken into the body, but their worfe effects foon follow;) they
alfo fay it makes them fober when they are drunk j yet they would be always ac-
counted fober perfons, or at leaft think themfelves fo, when they can but once fit
down in a coffee- houfe. If there had been any worth in it, fome of the ancient
Arabian phyficians, or others near thofe parts, would have recorded it; but there
is no mention made of any medicinal ufe thereof, by any author, either ancient or
modern ; neither can it be indued with any fuch properties as the indulgers of it
feed their fancy with ; but this I may truly fay of it, ^lod Anghrum corpora,
qttte huic liquori lantopere indulgent, in barbarorum naturam degenercjfe videntur.

CYPRESS- TREE.

Names. It has no other name in Englifh, but this tree is called cuprejfus in La-
tin ; and the nuts or fruit thereof, mucs cupejji; in Englifii, cyprefs-nuts.
No. II. 2 Q^ Descrip.

,44 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Description. The cyprefs-tree hath a thick, ftraight, long, ftem; upon which
crrow many flendcr branches ; which do not fpread abroad, but grow up in length
tov/ards the top, fo that the cyprefs-tree is not broad, but narrow, growing to a great
height-; the bark of the cyprefs-tree is brown, the timber yellowifh, hard, thick,
and clofe, and when it is dry of a pleafmt fmell, efpecially if it be fet near the fire.
The cyprefs-tree hath no particular leaves, but the branches, inftead of leaves, bring
forth fhort twigs, cut and fnipped in many places, as if they were fet about with
. many fmall leaves ; the fruit is round, almoft as big as a prune or plumb, which
being ripe doth open in divers places, and hath in it a flat greyifh feed.

Place. The cyprefs-tree delights in dry, hilly, and mountainous, places, in
hot countries.

Time. The cyprefs-tree is always green ; the fruit is ripe in September, at the
beginning of winter.

Government AND V^irtues. Saturn rules this plant; the leaves and fruit are
dry in the third degree, without any manifeft heat, and very aftringent; the fruit of
cyprefs, taken Into the body, ftoppcth loofenefs and the bloody-flux, and is good
asainfl fpitting of blood, and all other ifliies of blood ; the decodtion of the fame,
made with water, hath the fame virtue. The oil, in which the fruit or leaves of cy-
prefs have been boiled, doth ftrengthen the ftomach, ftayeth vomiting, {loppeth the
belly, and all fluxes of the fame, and cureth the excoriation or going off of the flcin
from the fecret members. Cyprefs-nuts cure thofe who are burlten and that have
their bowels fallen into the fcrotum, being outwardly applied in cataplafms thereto;
the leaves have the fame virtue, but not fo ftrong; the fruit of cyprefs is alfo good
to cure the polypus, which is corrupt flefli growing in the nofe. The fame, bruited
with dry figs, doth cure the blafting and fwelling of the yard and flones ; and, if
leavens he added thereto, it diflblveth and wafteth blotches and boils, being laid up-
on the grieved place. The leaves of cyprefs, boiled in fweet wine or mead, help the
ftranguary, and iflue of the bladder ; the fame, beaten very fmall and applied, clofe
up green wounds, and flop the bleeding thereof; and, being applied with parched
barley-meal, they are profitable againft St. Anthony's fire, carbuncles, and other
ulcers, and fretting fores; the leaves and fruit of cyprefs, being infufed in vinegar,,
and the hair wafhed therewith, make it black.

C E D A R - T R E E.

Names. There are two kinds hereof, the great cedar-tree and the fmall cedar ;
out of the great tree iflueth a white rofin, called in Latin cedria, and liquor cedriniiSy
or liquor of cedar.

Descrip-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 145

Description. The greater cedar groweth very tall, high, great, and thick ; the

bark from the foot of the flcm unto thefirft branches is rough, and from thence up

to the top it is fmooth and plain, of a dark-blue colour, out of which there droppeth

white rofin of its own kind, which is niofl: odoriferous, or of a fweet fmell, and by

the heat of the fun it becomes dry and hard ; the limbs and branches of this tree

are long, and parted into many other fmall branches, ftanding direftly one againft

another, like thofc of the fir-tree ; the faid branches are garnilhed with many fmall

]e«ves, thick and fhort, having a fweet favour; the fruit is like that of the fir-tree,

but larger, thicker, and harder ; the whole tree groweth firaight up like the fir-tree.

Of the fmaller cedar there are two kinds ; the firft kind of fmall cedar is much

like to juniper, but fomewhat fmr.ller, the ftem is crooked or writhed, and covered

•with a rough bark; the fruit is round berries, like juniper berries, but fomewhat

greater ; of colour at the firft green, then yellow, and at laft reddifh ; and of an

indifferent good tafte.

Thefecond kind of fmall cedar groweth not high; but remaineth fmall and low,
like the other; the leaves of this are not prickly, but fomewhat round and mofi)' at
the ends, almoft like the leaves of tamarifk and favin; the fruit of this kind beareth
alfo round berries, which at firft are green, afterwards yellow, and, when they are
ripe, they become reddifli, and are bitter in tafte.

Place. The great cedar groweth in Africa and Syria, and upon the mountaiiis
of Libanus, Amanus, and Taurus.

The fecond kind groweth in Phoenicia, and in certain places of Italy, in Calabria,
and alfo in Languedoc.

The third kind groweth in Lycia ; and is found in certain parts of France, as in
Provence and Languedoc.

Time. The great cedar perfedJleth its fruit in two years; and it is never with-
out fruit, which is ripe at the beginning of winter. The fmall cedar-trees are always
green, and loaded with fruit, having at all times upon them fruit both ripe and
unripe, as hath juniper.

Government AND Virtues. The great cedar is under the dominion of the
Sun, the fmaller ofMars ; the cedar is hot and dry in the third degree ; the rofin or
liquor cedria, which runneth forth of the great cedar-trcc, is hot and dry almoft iii
the fourth degree, and of fubtle parts.

The fruit of the fmall cedar is alfo hot and dry, but more moderately; cedria, that
is, the liquor or gum of cedar, aifuageth the tooth-ach, bang put into the hollow-
nefs of the Gime; alfo, it cleareth the fight, and taketh away fpots and fears of the
eyesj being laid thereon; the fame dropped into the ears, with vinegar, killeth the

worms

146 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

worms of the fame ; and, with the wine of the decodion of hyfibp, it cuicth the

noife and ringing in the ears, and makes the hearing good.

The ancient Egyptians did ufe, in times paft, to preferve their dead bodies with
this cedria, for it keepeth the fame whole, and preferveth them from corruption,
but it confumeth and corrupteth living fleili; it killeth lice, moths, worms, and all
fuch vermin, fo that they will not come near it.

The fruit of the cedar is good to be eaten againfl: the ftranguary ; it provokes
urine, and bringeth down women's courfes.

C I S T U S.

Kinds and Names. OF this there are two forts, the firft called ciftus twn ladani-
fera, becaufe it beareth no ladanum j the other is a plant of a woody fubftance,
upon which is found that fat liquor or gum, called ladanum.

The firft kind, which yieldeth no ladanum, is alfo of two forts viz. male and female.
The male beareth red flowers, the female white; in all things elfe the one is like
the other ; out of the root of the female ciftus is drawn forth a fap or liquor called
hippocriftis.

The fecond kind of ciftus is called alfo ledum and ladum; the fat liquor which is
gathered from it is called ladanum, and in ftiops lapdanum.

Description. The firft kind of ciftus, which beareth no ladanum, hath round
hairy ftalks, and ftems with knotted joints, and full of branches; the leaves are
roundifti, and covered with a cotton of foft hair, not much unlike the leaves of
fage, but ftiorter and rounder ; the flowers grow at the tops of the ftalks, of the
fafhion of a fingle rofe, whereof the male kind is of colour red, and the female
white ; at the laft they change into knops or huflcs wherein the feed is contained.

There is found a certain excrefcence or out-growing, about the root of this plant,
which is of colour fometimes yellow, fometimes white, and fometimes green ; out
of which is artificially drawn a certain juice, which in ftiops is called hypociftis,
and is ufed in medicine.

The fecond kind of ciftus, v/hich is alfo called ledum, is a plant of a woody fub-
ftance, growing like a little tree or flirub, with foft leaves, in figure not much unlike
the others, but longer and browner; upon the leaves of this plant is found that fat
fubftance called ladanum, which is generally about midfummer and the hotteftdays. ■
Place. The firft kind of ciftus groweth in Italy, Sicily, Candia, Cyprus, Lan-
guedoc, and other hot countries, in rough and untilled places.
The fecond kind groweth alfo in Crete, Cyprus, and Languedoc.
■J'jME. The firft kind of ciftus flowereth in June, and fometimes fooner.

The

I

AND COMPLETE HERBAL, 147

The fecond kind of ciftus flowereth and bringeth forth feed in the fpring-time,
and immediately after the leaves fall off, and about midfummer new leaves rife up;
upon which leaves, in the hotted days, is found a certain fatnefs which is diligently
<jathered and dried, and makes that gum which is called lapdanum.

Government AND Virtues. Thefe plants are governed by Jupiter; the flow-
ers and leaves of ciftus are dry in the fecond degree, and fomewhat aftringent; that
which groweth about the roots is of like temperature, but more aftringent; lapdanum
is hot in the fecond degree almoft, and is fomewhat dry and aftringent. The flowers
of ciftus, boiled in wine and diunk, ftop the laflc, and all ifliies of blood; and dry
up fuperfluous moifture, as well as of the ftomach as other parts of the belly ; the
leaves do cure and heal green wounds, being laid thereupon. Hypociftis ftoppeth all
fluxes of the belly, and is of a ftronger operation than the flowers and leaves of ciitus ;
wherefore it cureth the bloody flux, and the immoderate overflowing of women's
courfes. Ladanum drunk with old wine ftoppeth the laflc and provoketh urine; it
is very good againft the hardnefs of the matrix or mother, ufed in manner of a pef-
fary; it draweth down the fecundine or after-birth, when it is laid upon quick coals,
and the fumigation or fmoke thereof received up into the matrix; the fame appli-
ed to the head with myrrh, or oil of myrrh, cureth the fcurf thereof, and keepeth
the hair from falling off; if it be dropped into the ears, with honeyed water or oil of
rofes, it healeth .pains in the ears. It taketh away the fears of wounds, being applied
thereunto with wine ; it is alfo very profitable mixed with all ungents and plafters
that ferve to heat, moiflen, and affuage pains; and for fuch as are laid to the breaft
againft the cough.

COCKLE.

Names. It is called alfo nigel-weed, and field-nigella.

Description. It hath ftraight, flender, hairy, ftems ; the leaves are alfo long,
narrow, hairy, and greyifti; the flowers are of a brown-purple colour, changing to-
wards red, divided into five fmall leaves, not much difi^ering from ^he proportion
of wild campions ; after which there groweth round cups, wherein is contained
plenty of feed, of a black -brown colour.

Place. It is too frequent amongft corn, wheat, rye, and barley.

Time. It flowers in May, June, and July.

Government AND Virtues. This unprofitable gueft amongft corn is" of a
Saturnine quality, caufeth giddinefs of the head, and ftupifies if it gets amongft the
corn to be made with it into bread, and, howfoever taken, it is dangerous and hurt-
ful; although fome ignorant perfons have miftaken it for the right nigella, or ufed
it inftead of yuray or darnel, to the great danger of the patient.

No. i.1. 2R COR IAN-

I

148 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

CORIANDER.

Names. IT is called in /hops con'andium, in Englifli coriander, and in feme
counties colyander.

Description. This is a ftinking plantj it beareth a round ftalk, full of branches,
each about a foot and a half long j the leaves are vvhitifh, all jagged and cut ; the un-
der leaves that Spring up firft are almoft like the leaves of chervil or parfley, and the
upper leaves are not much unlike the fame, or rather like to fumitory leaves, but a
great deal tenderer, and more jaggedj the flowers are white, and grow in round tufts-,
the feed is all round, and hollow within, and of a very pleafant fcent when it is
dry J the root is hard, and of a woody fubftance.

Place. It is fown in gardens, and loveth a good foil.

Time. It flowereth in July and Auguft, and the feed is ripe fhortly after.

Government and Virtues. The green plant is cold and dry, of a Saturnine
quality, hurtful to the body j but the fweet- favouring feed is of a warm temperature
and ufeful for many purpofes j the feed of coriander, being prepared, and taken alone
or covered with fugar, after meals, clofeth up the mouth of the ftomach, ilayeth vo-
miting, and helpeth digeftion; the fame roafled or parched, and drunk in wine, killeth
and bringeth forth worms out of the body, and ftoppeth the lafk and bloody flux,
and all other extraordinary ifTues of blood. Coriander ought not to be covered with
fugar, or to be put into any meat or medicine, nor ufed any way unprepared : the way
of preparing it in this manner, viz. Take of the feed of coriander well dried, and
pour thereupon good ftrong wine and vinegar mixed together, and fo leave them to
deep for the fpace of four and twenty hours ; then take the feeds out of the liquor
and dry them, and fo keep them to be ufed in medicine. The green herb coriander,
being boiled with crumbs of white bread, or barley-meal, confumeth and driveth
away hot tumours, fwellings, and inflammations; and with bean- meal, it diflblveth
the king's evil, hard knobs, &c. The juice applied with cerufe, litharge of filver,
vinegar, and oil of rofes, cureth St. Anthony's fire, and afluageth and eafeth the
pains of all inflammations.

COLO Q^U I N T I D A.

' Name. IT is alfo called wild bitter-gourd, and the fruit coloquint-apple.

Description. Coloquintida creepeth with its branches along by the ground,

with rough hairy leaves, of a greylfh colour, much cloven or cut; the flowers are bleak

or pale ; the fruit round, of a green colour at the beginning, and afterwards yellow;

the bark thereof is neither thick nor hard, the inner part of the pulp is open and

fpongy.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 149

fpongy, Aill of grey feed, in tafte very bitter ; the which is dried, and kept for
medicinal ufe.

Place. Coloquintida groweth in Italy and Spain, from which places the dried
fruit is brought unto us.

Time. Coloquintida bringeth forth its fruit in September,

Nature and Virtues. It is under the planetary influence of Mars ; of tem-
perature hot and dry in the third degree. The white or inward pith or pulp of the
apple, taken about the weight of a fcruple, openeth the belly mightily, purging
grofs phlegm and choleric humour-s ; and it cleanfeth the guts of that flimy filthi-
ncfs and {linking corruption which often flicks about them, and caufes thofe pains,
gripings, and rumbling of the belly -, but, if taken in too great quantity, it caufes
blood to come forth. The like virtue it hath if it be boiled, or laid to foak in ho-
neyed water, or any other liquor, and afterwards given as drink. It profiteth much
againft cold dangerous ficknefl"es, giddinefs of the head, pain to fetch breath, the
cholic, loofenefs of the finews, and places out of joint ; for all which purpofes, it
may be put into clyfters and fuppofitories that are put into the fundament. The
oil wherein coloquintida hath been boiled, being dropped into the ears, eafeth the -
pain and fmging thereof.

Coloquintida, if adminiflered by an unfkilful hand, is very dangerous and hurt-
ful to the ftomach and liver, and troubleth the bowels and entrails ; for a remedy, ,
you muft put to the pulp or pith of coloquintida gum tragacanth and maftic, and
afterwards make it into troches or balls with honey.

CORNEL- TREE.

Names. IT is called by £bme long-cherry or long-cherry-tree.

Description. The cornel-tree fometimes groweth up to a reafonable bignefs,
like other trees, and fometimes it is but low, and groweth like to a fhrab or hedge-
hufh, as divers other fmall trees do; the wood or timber of this tree is very hard;
the flowers are of a faint yellowifh colour, the fruit is very red, and fomewhat long, .
almoft like an olive, but fmaller, with a long little ftone or kernel inclofed therein,
like the ftone of an olive-berry.

Place. The cornel-tree is in- this country to be found no where but in gardens
and orchards, where it is planted.

Government and Virtues. It cureth the falling ficknefs, and gripings in the

belly or bowels; it expelleth wind from the ftomach and entrails, helpeth fuch as are

bniifcd or broken by falls, &c. thofe that have loofe or weak finews, and pains of

the fciatica or hip-gout; and ufed with vinegar it is good againft fcabs, and is an

ingredient in many of our compofitions and cordial antidotes.

1 CAROB-

I50 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

CAR OB-TREE.

Names. IT is called in fhops xylocaraEla, carob, and carobs.

Description. This fruit groweth upon a great tree, whofe branches are fmall
and covered with a red bark ; the leaves are long, and fpread abroad after the manner
of aftien leaves, confifting of fix or iz'^tv^ fmall leaves growing by a rib, one againft
another, of a fad dark-green colour above, and of a light green underneath ; the fruit
is in certain crooked cods or huflcs, fometimes of a foot and a half long, and as broad
as one's thumb; fweet in tafte; in the hufk is contained feed, which is large, plain,
and of a chefnut colour.

Place. This plant grows in Spain, Italy, and other hot countries.

Government and Virtues. The fruit of the carob-tree is fomewhat hot and
dry, and aflringent, efpecially when it is freih and green; fomewhat fubjedto the
influence of Saturn: the frefh and green carobs do gently loofen the belly, but are
fomewhat hard of digeftion, and, if eaten in a great quantity, hurtful to the ftomachi
but being dry they flop fluxes of the belly, provoke urine, and are not prejudicial
to the flomach, being much better to be eaten dry than when freih gathered or green.

CASSIA-FISTULA.

Names. IT is called caflia in the cane, but is ufually known by the general name
of caffia-fiflula in mofl countries.

Description. The tree which beareth the canes hath leaves not much unlike
thofeof the afh-tree; they are great, long, and fpread abroad ; made of many leaves
growing one againft another, along by one flem ; the fruit is round, long, black,
and with woodifh hufks or cods moft cornmonly two feet long, and as thick as one's
thumb; fevered or parted in the infide into divers fmall cells or chambers, wherein
lieth flat and brownifh feed, laid together with the pulp, which is black, foft, and
fweet, and is called the flour, marrow, or cream, of caflia, and is very ufeful and
profitable in medicine.

Place. It groweth in Syria, Arabia, and the Eaft Indies; and in the Weft, as
Jamaica.

Government and Virtues. The black pulp, or moift fubftance, of caflia,
is of a gentle temperature, moderately hot and moift in the firft degree, and un-
der the government of Venus ; the inner pulp of cafTia is a fweet and pleafant me-
dicine, and may fafely be given to all weak people, women with child, and young
children. It loofeneth the belly gently, and moderately purgeth choleric humours
and flimy phlegm gathered about the lungs, to be taken the quantity of an ounce
at a time.

CafTia

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 151

Caflla is excellent good for thofe who are troubled with hot agues, the pleurify,
jaundice, or any inflammation of the liver j efpecialiy being mixed with waters,
drinks, or herbs, that are of a cooling nature. It is good to deanfe the reins and
kidneys; it driveth forth gravel and the ftone, and is a prefervative againfl: the ftone
if drunk in the decodion of liquorice, and parfley rootis, or ciches. It is good to
gargle with caflla, to afluage and mitigate fwellings of the throat, and to dilTolve,
ripen, and break, impofthumes and tumours.

Avicen writeth, that caflia, being applied to the p.irt grieved with the gout, af-
fuagcth the pain.

CORAL.

Kinds and Names. THERE are feveral kinds of coral, but the red and the
white, efpecialiy the red, are mofl:in ufe. There are alfo feveral forts of black coral,
called a>itipathes, and there is a kind of coral which is black, rough, and briftiv,
and is CdW^A fambeggia.

Description. Thefe plants, although their hard fubfl:ance makes them feem ra-
ther to be ftones, yet they arc vegetables. The great red coral, which is the befl:,
grovveth upon rocks in the fea, like unto a flirub, with arms and branches, which
fhoot forth into fprigs, fome large and fomefmall, of a pale-red colour for themofl:
part, when it is taken out of the water, but when it is poliflied it is very fair, and of
a beautiful red colour; whilll; it is in the water it is foft and pliable, but, being taken
out and kept dry a while, it becomes of a hard ftony fubftance.

Place, The corals are found in the ifles of Sardinia, and divers other places.

DAISIES.

THESE are alfo fo well known to almoft every child, that I fuppofe it is alto-
gether needlefs to write any defcription of them. Take therefore the virtues of them
as folio weth.

Government and Virtues. The herb Is under the fign Cancer, and under the
dominion of Venus; and therefore excellent good for wounds in the breaft, and very
fitting to be kept both in oils, ointment, and plaifters; as alfo in fyrup. The greater
wild daify is a wound-herb of good refped, often ufed in thofe drinks or falves that
are for wounds, either inward or outward ; the juice or diftilled water of thefe, or the
fmall daifies, doth much temper the heat of choler, and refreflieth the liver and other
inward parts. A dccodtion made of them, and drunk, helpeth to cure the wounds
made in the hollownefs of the breafl:; the fame alfo cureth all ulcers and puftules in
the mouth or tongue, or in the fecret parts. The leaves bruifed and applied to the

No. II. 2 S tefticles.

jfs CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

tefticles, or any other parts that are fwoUen and hot, doth diflblve it and temper
the heat. A decoftion made hereof with walwort and agrimony, and the places fo-
mented or bathed therev/ith warm, giveth great eafe to thofe who are troubled with
thepalfy, fciatica, or gout; the fame alfo difperfeth and diflblveth the knots or ker-
nels that grow in the flefh of any part of the body, and the bruifes and hurts that come
by fails and blows; they are alfo ufed for ruptures and other inward burnings, with
very good fuccefs. An ointment made hereof doth wonderfully help all wounds
that have inflammations about them, or, by reafon of moift humours having accefs
unto them, are kept long from healing ; and fuch are thofe, for the moft part, that
happen to the joints of the arms and legs. The juice of them, dropped into the
running eyes of any, doth much help them.

DANDELION,

VULGARLY called pifs-a-beds.

DiscRiPTioN. IT is well known to have many long and deeply-gafhed leaves
lying on the ground, round about the he.ad of the root; the ends of each gafh or jag
on both fides, looking down towards the root, the middle rib being white, which,
broken, yieldeth abundance of bitter milk, but the root much more. From among
the leaves, which always abide green, arife many flender, weak, naked, footftalks,
every one of them bearing at the top one large yellow flower, confifting of many
rows of yellow leaves, broad at the points, and nicked in, with a deep fpot of yellow
in the middle; which growing ripe, the green hufk wherein the flower ftood turneth
itfelf down to the ftalk, and the head of down becometh as round as a ball, with long
reddifh feed underneath, bearing a part of the down on the head of every one, whicli
together is blown away with the wind, or may at once be blown away with one's
mouth. The root groweth downwards exceeding deep, which, being broken off
within the ground, will, notwithflanding, flioot forth again ; and will hardly be
deftroyed when it hath once taken deep root in the ground.

Place. It groweth frequent in all meadows and pafture grounds.

Time.' It flowereth in one place or other almoft all the year long.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Venus. It is of an
opening and cleanfing quality, and therefore very eflFedual for the obftruftions of
the liver, gall, and fpleen, and the difeafes that arife from them, as the jaundice and
hypochondriacal pafllon. It wonderfully openeth the pafTage of urine, both in
young and old ; it powerfully cleanfeth apofthumes, and inward tumours in the uri-
jiary paflages, and by the drying and temperate quality doth afterwards heal them j
for which purpofe the decaftion of the roots or leaves in white wine, or the leaves

I chopped

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 153

chopped as pot-herbs with a few alifanders, and boiled in their broth, is very effec-
tual. And whoever is drawing towards confumption, or an evil difpofition of the
whole body, called cachexia, by the ufe hereof for fome time together will find a
wonderful help. It helpethalfo to procure reft and fleep to bodies diftempered by
the heat of ague fits, or otherwife ; the diftilled water is eft-'edual to drink in pefti-
lential fevers, and to wafh the fores.

You fee here what virtues this common herb hath, and that is the reafon the
French and Dutch fo often eat them in the fpringj and now, if you look a little
farther, you may plainly perceive that foreign phyficians are more liberal in com-
municating their knowledge of the virtues of plants than the Englifti.

DARNEL.

IT is alfo called juray, and wray; in Suflex they call it crop, it being a peftilent
enemy amongft corn.

Description. This hath all the winter long, fundry long, fat, and roughj leaves,
which when the ftalk rifeth, which is flender and jointed, are narrower, but ftill
rough ; on the top groweth a long fpike, compofed of many heads, fet one above
another, containing two or three huflcs, with fharp but fhort beards or hawns at the
ends J the feed is eafiiy fhaken out of the ears, the hufk itfelf being fomewhat
tough.

Place. The hufbandmen know this too well to grow among their corn j or in
the borders and pathways of fields that are fallow.

Government and Virtues, It is a malicious plant of fullen Saturn. As It is
not without fome vices, fo hath it alfo many virtues. The meal of darnel is very
good to ftay gangrenes, and other fuch-like fretting and eating cankers, and putrid
fores; it alfo cleanfeth the fkin of all leprofies, morphews, ringworms, and the like,
if it be uftd with fait and raddifh- roots. And, being ufed with quick brimftone and
vinegar, it diflblveth knots and kernels, and breaketh thofe that are hard to be
diflblved, being boiled in wine with pigeon's dung and linfeed ; a decoction thereof
made with water and honey, and the place bathed therewith, is profitable for the fci-
atica. Darnel meal applied in a poultice draweth forth fplinters and broken bones
from the fiefhj the red darnel boiled in red wine, and taken, ftayeth the la(k and
ail other fliixts, and women's bloody ifluesj and reftraineth urine that paflethj
away too fuddenly.

DILL.

Description. THE common dill groweth up with feldom more than oneftalk^
neither fo high, nor fo great ufually, as fennel, being round, and with fewer joints

thereon ; .

154 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

thereon J whofe leaves are fadder, and fomewhat long, and fo like fennel that it de-
ceiveth many, but harder in handling, and fomewhat thicker, and of a ftronger un-
pleafant fmell; the tops of the ftalks have four branches^ and fmaller umbels of yel-
low flowers, which turn into fmall feed fomewhat flatter and thinner than fennel
feed. The root is fomewhat fmail and woody, perilling every year after it hath
borne feed i and is alfo unprofitable, being never put to any -ufe.

Place. It is moft ufualiy fown in gardens, and grounds for that purpofe, and is
nifo found wild with us in fome places.

Government and Virtues. Mercury hath the dominion of the plant, and
therefore to be fure it ftrengthens the brain. The dill being boiled, and drunk, is
good to eafe fwellings and pains j it alfo ftayeth the belly and fl:omach from cafl:ing ;
the decodion thereof helpeth women that are troubled with the pains and windinefs
of the mother, if they fit therein. It fliayeth the hiccough, being boiled in wine, and
dnly fmelled unto, being tied in a cloth. The feed is of more ufe than the leaves,
and more effeftual to digeft raw and vifcous humours, and is ufed in medicines
that ferve to expel wind, and the pains proceeding therefrom. The feed being toafted
or fried, and ufed in oils and plaifl:ers, diflblveth impofthumes in the fundament,
and drieth up all moifl: ulcers, efpecially in the fecret parts. The oil made of dill is
effeftual to warm, to diflblve humours and impofthumes, to eafe pains, and to pro-
cure refl:. The decoiflion of dill, be it herb or feed, (only if you boil the feed, you
muft bruife it,) in white wine, being drunk, is an excellent remedy to expel wind,
find alfo to provoke the terms.

D E V I L ' s B I T.

Description. THIS rifeth up wit:h a round, green, fmooth, fl:alk, about two
feet high, fet with divers long and fomewhat narrow, fmooth, dark-green, leaves,
fomewhat fnipt about the edges, for the moft part; being elfe all whole, and not
divided at all, or but very feldom, even to the tops of the branches, which yet are
fmaller than thofe below, with one rib only in the middle ; at the end of each branch
ftandeth a round head of many flowers fct together in the fame manner, .or more
neatly than the fcabious, and of a more bluifh purple colour ; which being paft,
there foUoweth feed that falleth away. The root is fomewhat thick, but fhort and
blackifli, with many firings.,, abiding after feed-time many years. There are two
other forts hereof, in nothing unlike the former, fave that one beareth white, and
the other blulh-coloured, flowers.

Place. Thefirft grovveth as wcll-ln dry meadows and fields, as moift, in many
places of this land, bulf t^ie'other two' are more rare and hard to meet v.ith; yet
.both are found growing wild about Appledore, near Rye, in Kent.
■-'*'••• ^ Time.

f

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 155

TrME» They flower ufually about Auguft, and the feed is ripe in September.
Government and Virtues. The plant is venereal, pleafin", and harmlefs.
The herb or root, being boiled in wine and drunk, is vtry powerful afrainft the
plague, and all peftilcntial difeafes or fevers, poifons alfo, and the bitings of venom-
ous beafts; it alfo helpeth thofe that are inwardly bruifed by any cafualty, or out-
wardly by falls or blows, difTolving the clotted blood; and the herb or root beaten
and outwardly applied, taketh away the black and blue marks that remain in the
fkin. The deco6lion of the herb, with honey of rofes put therein, is very efFedual
to help the inveterate tumours and fwellings ofthe almonds and throat, by often
gargling the mouth therewith. It helpeth alfo to procure women's courfes, and eaf-
eth all pains of the mother, and to break and difcufs wind therein, and in the bowels.
The powder of the root taken in drink driveth forth the worms in the body. The
juice or diftilled water of the herb is efFeftual for green wounds, or old fores, and
cleanfeth the body inwardly ; and the feed outwardly frees it from fores, fcurf, itch,
pimples, freckles, morphew, efpecially if a little vitriol be diflblved therein,

DOCK.

MANY kinds of thefe are fo well known, that I (hall not trouble you with a.
defcription of them.

Government and Virtues. All docks are under Jupiter; of which the red
dock, commonly called bloodwort, cleanfeth the blood and ftrengthens the liver ;
but the yellow dock root is beft to be taken when either the blood or liver is afflided
by choler. All of them have a kind of cooling (but not alike) drying quality, the
forrel being mod cold; and the bloodworts moft drying: of the burdock I have
fpoken already by itfelf. The feed of moft of the kinds, whether of the garden or
field, do ftay laflcs or fluxes of all forts; the loathings of the ftomach though cho-
ler, and is helpful to thofe who fpit blood. The roots, boiled in vinegar, help the
itch, fcabs, and breaking out ofthe flcin, if bathed therewith. The diftrlled water
of the herb and root hath the fame virtue, and cleanfeth the ikiaof freckles, mor«
phews, and all other fpots and difcolouring therein.

All docks, being boiled with meat, make it boil the fboner; befides, bloodwort
is exceeding ftrengthcning to the liver, and procures good blood, being as whok-
fome a pot-herb as any that grows in a garden,

DODDER OF THYME,

CALLED alfo epithimum, or other dodders^

Description. This firft from feed giveth roots in the ground, which fhoot

forth threads or firings, grofler or &ier, according to the property ofthe plantwhere-

No. XI, 2 T tp

,56 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSrClAlvT,

to it belongeth, as alfo the climate; creeping and fpreadingon whatever it happens
to faften. Thefe ftrings have no leaves at all upon them, but wind and entwine
themfelves To thick that it not only taketh away all comfort of the fun, but is ready
to choak or ftrangle whatever plant it chanceth to cleave to. After thefe firings are
rifen to that height that they may draw nourilhment from the plant, they feem to be
broken off from the ground, either by the ftrength of their rifing, or withered by the
heat of the fun ; upon thefe firings are found clufters of fmalt heads or hufks, out of
which comewhitifh flowers, which afterwards give fmall pale-coloured feed, fome-
what flat, and twice as big as poppy-feed. It generally participates of the nature
of the plant which it climbeth upon ; but the dodder of thyme is accounted the
beft, and is the only true cpithimum.

Government and Virtues. All dodders are under Saturn. The dodder which
grows upon thyme is generally much hotter than that which grows upon colder
herbs, for it draws nourifbment from what it grows upon, as well as from the earth
where its root is. This Is accounted the moft efFedual for melancholic difeafes, and
to purge black or burnt choler, which is the caufe of many difeafes of the head and
brain, as alfo for the trembling of the heart, faintings, and fwoonings, and is helpful
in all difeafes and griefs of the fpleen ; and that of melancholy, arifing from the
windinefs of the hypochondria. It purgeth alfo the reins or kidneys by urine; it
openeth the obfl:ru(5lions of the gall, whereby it profiteth thofe who have the jaun-
dice, as alfo the liver and fpleen ; it purgeth the veins of choleric and phlegmatic
humours, and helpeth children's agues, a little wormfeed being put thereto.

The other dodders (as I obferved before) participate of the nature of thofe plants
whereon they grow, as that which hath been found growing upon nettles in the
Wefl:- country hath by experience been found very efFedual to procure plenty of
urine, \vhen it hath been fl:opped or hindered ; and fo of the reft. .

DOG'sGRASS.

KNOWN alfo by the name of quick-grafs or couch-grafs.

Description. It is well known that this grafs creepeth far about under ground
with long, white, jointed, roots, having fmall fibres at each joint, very fvveet in tafl:e,
as the reft of the herb is, and interlacing one another ; from whence ftioot forth
many fair, long, grafly, leaves, fmall at the ends, and cutting or Iharp on the edges.
The ftalks are joined like corn, with the like leaves on them, and a long fpiked head
with a long hufk containing hard rough feed. If you know it not by thh defcrip-
tion, watch a dog when he his fick, and he will quickly lead you to it; for the in-
ftin(5t of thefe animals leads them to cure themfelves by eating of this kind of grafs.

Place,

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 157

pLACt. It groweth commonly in this kingdom, particularly in ploughed ground,
being very troublefome both to hufbandmcn and gardeners to weed out of their
grounds.

Government and Virtues. It is a gentle remedy under the dominion ofju-
piter. This is the moft medicinal of all the quick-graffes: being boiled and drunk,
it openeth obftrucftions of the liver and gall, and the ftoppings of the urine, and
eafeth the griping pains of the belly, and inflammations ; walleth the matter of the
ftone in the bladder, and alfo the ulcers thereof. The roots, bruifcd and applied,
do confolidate wounds. The feed doth moft powerfully expel urine, and ftayeth the
lafk and vomiting. The diftilled water alone, or with a little wormfeed, killcth
iVorms in children.

The method of ufing it, is to brulfe the roots, and, having well boiled them in
white wine, to drink the decoftion: it is opening, but not very fife in purging: and
it is a remedy againft all difeafes arifing from ftoppages of the body,

DOVE'S FOOT.

CALLED alfo crane's bill.

Description. This hath divers fmall, round, pale green, leaves, cut in about
the edges, much like mallows, {landing upon long reddifh hairy ftalks, lying in a
round compafs upon the ground ; among which rife up two or three, or more, red-
difh, jointed, {lender, weak, and hairy, Iblks, with fome fuch-like leaves thereon, but
fmaller, and deeper cut toward the tops, where grow many very fmall, bright, red
flowers of five leaves each ; after which come fmall heads, with fmall fhort beaks
pointing forth, as alfo other forts of thefe herbs do.

Place. It groweth in pafture grounds, and by the path-fides in many places,
and is fometimes found growing in gardens.

Time. It flowereth in June, July, and Auguft, fometim»s earlier and fometimes
later, and the feed is ripe quickly after.

Government and Virtues. It is very gentle, though a martial plant. It has
been found by experience to be Angularly good for the wind-cholic, and pains there-
of; as alfo to expel the flone and gravel in the kidneys. The decocftion thereof in
wine is an excellent good wound-drink for thofe who have i.iward wounds, hurts,
or bruifes, both to ftay the bleeding, to difTolve and expel the congealed blood, and
to heal the parts > as alfo to cleanfe and heal outward fores, ulcers, and fiftulas ;
green wounds are likewife quickly healed by bruifing the herb, and applying it to
the part affefted. The fame decoifllon in wine, fomented to any place pained with
the gout, or to any joint-achs or pain of the finews, giveth great eafe. The powder

or

158 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

or dcccKfcion of the herb, taken for fome time together, will prove exceedingly effi-
cacious in the cure ot ruptures and burftings, either in young or old,

D U C K's M E A T.

THIS is (6 well known to fwim on the top of (landing waters, as ponds, pools,
ditches, &&. that it is needlefs further to defcrlbe it.

Government and Virtues. Cancer claims the herb,and the Moon is the lady
of it. It is effeftual to help inflammations and St. Anthony's fire, as alfo the gout,
either applied by itfelf or in a poultice with bariey-meal. The diftilled water hereof
is held in high eftimation for its virtues againft all inward inflammations and pefti-
lent fevers ; as alfo to help the rednefs of the eyes, the fwellings of the fcrotum, and
of the breafts before they are grown too much. The frefh herb, applied to the
forehead, eaftth the pains of the head-ach coming of heat.

DOWN, OR C O T T O N-T H I S T L E.

Description. THIS hath many large leaves lying on the ground, fomewhat cut
in, and as it were crumpled, on the edges ; of a green colour on the upper fide, but
covered with long hairy wool, or cottony down, fet with very fharp and piercing
prickles ; from the middle of its heads of flowers come forth many purplifh or crim-
fon threads, and fometimes (though but very feldom) white ones. The feed that
followeth in the heads, lying in a great deal of fine white down, is fomewhat large,
long, and round, like the feed of lady's thiftle, but Ibmewhat paler. The root is
large and thick, fpreading much, and ufually dies after-feed time.

Place. It groweth on divers ditches, banks, and in corn-fields, and highways,
in almoft every part of this kingdom.

Time. It floweth and beareth feed about the end of fummer, at the time of
the flowering and feeding of other thiftles.

Government and Virtues, Mars owns this plant. Pliny and Diofcorides-
•write, that the leaves and roots hereof, taken in drink, help thofe who have a
' crick in the neck. Galen faith, that the root and leaves of this plant are of an heat-
ing quality, and good for fuch perfons as have their bodies drawn together by fpafms
or convulfions, as alfo for children that have the rickets* ^

DRAGONS,

THEY are fo well known in this kingdom, that they require no defcription ;
though we may juft obferve, for the benefit of fuch as are now perfedly acquainted
with this plant, that they cannot mrftake it if they take notice of the root, which
very much refembles a fnake, a

Govern-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 159

Government and Virtues. The plant is under tlie dominion of Mars, and
is not without its obnoxious qualities. To ufe herbs of this defcription, the fafeft
way is to prefs out the juice and diftil it in a glafs-ftill in fand ; it fcoureth and
cleanfeth the internal as well as external parts of the body exceedingly ; it cleanfeth
the fkin from freckles, morphew, and fun-burning; the beft way to ufe it externally
is to mix it with vinegar; an ointment of it is very good to heal wounds and uioers;
it confumes cankers, and that flefh growing in the noftriis called polypus. The
diftilled water, being dropped in the eyes, takes away fpots and blemifhes, as alfo
the pin and web, and cures dimnefs of fight ; it is excellent good againfl: the pcfti-
lence and poifon. Pliny and Diofcorides affirm, that no ferpent will approach any
perfon carrying this herb about them.

DUNCH-DOWN.

Names. IT is called dunch-down, becaufe, if the down thereof happens to get
into the ears, it caufeth deafnefs. It is called in Latin typha palujlris, in Englifh
reed-mace and water-torch ; the leaves of if are called mat- weed, becaufe mats arc
made therewith.

Description. This herb hath long, rough, thick, and almoft three-fquare,
leaves, filled within with a foft pith or marrow ; among the leaves fometimes grow-
eth up a long, fmooth, naked, ftalk, without knots or joints, not hollow within,
having at the top a grey or rufl"et long knap or ear, which is round, foft, thick, and
fmooth, and feemeth to be nothing elfe but a thrum of rufTet wool or flocks, fet
thick and thronged together; which, as it ripeneth, is turned into down, and carried
away with the wind. This down or cotton is fo fine, that in fome countries they
fill cu(hion$ and beds with it. The roots are hard, thick, and white, with many
threads hanging athwart each other; and, when thefe roots are dry, they ferve for
little elfe than firing.

DWARF PLANE-TREE.

IN Latin this tree is called platanus orientalis vera.

Government and Virtues. The tender leaves boiled in wine, and ufed m
the manner of an ointment, flop fluxions of the eyes ; the bark boiled in vinegar, is
ufed for pains of the teeth ; but its ufe in phyfic is now become obfolete.

DOUBLE-TONGUE.

Kinds and Names. THERE are found two kinds hereofj it is called doublo-
tongue, horfe- tongue, and laurel of Alexandria.

No. \^. 2 U DjsscRir-

iCo CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Description. Double-tongue hath round ftalks, like thofe of Solomon's fea!,
about a foot and a half high, upon each fide whereof grow thick brownifli leaves,
not much unlike bay -leaves, upon which there groweth, in the middle of every
leaf, another fmall leaf, fafliioned like a tongue ; and betwixt the fmall and large
leaves there grow round red berries, as big as a pea} the root is tender, white, long,
and of a pleafant fmell.

There is alfo another kind c^ double-tongue, which alfo bringeth forth its fruit
upon the leaves, and is like the firft in flalks, leaves, fruit, and roots, except that
the great leaves and berries grow alone, without the addition of the fmall l.;af.

Place. It groweth in Hungary and Auflria, and in the woods and forefls ia.
Italy ; but is fcarcely ever feen in England, unlefs planted for curiofity.

Time, The feed of this herb is generally ripe in September.

Government and Virtues. Double-tongue is an herb of Venus. The leaves
and roots thereof are much efteemed for afluaging fwellings of the throat, uvula,
and kernels under the tongue; as alfo againft the ulcers and fores of the fame,
being taken as a gargle. Marcellus obferves, that in Italy they hang this herb about
the, children's necks, that are fick in the uvula; and Diofcorides affirms, that, if
it be worn upon the bare head, it is good for the head-ach. This herb Is good for
the dileafes of the mother, and a fpoonful of the decodion of the leaves taken,
caufeth the ftrangled matrix to defcend down to its natural place.

The root of laurel of Alexandria, boiled in wine and drunk, helpeth the ftran-
guary, provoketh the urine and women's natural ficknefs, procures eafy delivery^
expelleth the fecundine, and all corruptions of the matrix..

WHITEDAFFODIL.

Names. IT is called narciflus, and primrofe-pearls..

Place. There are feveral kinds hereof,, one with a crimfon or red purple circle:
in the middle of the flower, and anotlier having a yellow circle, refembling a coro-
net, or cup, in the middle of the flower. There is another kind tliat is yellow in
the middle, and another fort which beareth double flowers..

Description. The firft kind of daflx)dil, or narclfllis,, hath fmall narrow leaves;
like leek-blades, with a crefted, bare, naked, flialk,. without leaves, of a foot or
nine inches long, with a flower at the top, growing out of a certain film or fkin,
generally growing fingly, or alone, though fometimes two together, confiding of
fix little white leaves ; in the middle whereof is a fmall round wrinkled, hoop or
cup, bordered about the brim with a certain round edge, wherein are contained^
feveral fmall threads or ftems, with yellowifli tips hanging thereon j, after tlie flowers
2 appear

A N D C O M P L E T E H E R B A L. • tSt

appear angled huflcs, wherein grow black feeds j the root is round and^bulbous,
not much unlike an onion.

The. other narciflus, with the yellow cup or circle In the middle, has blades longer
and broader, and not fo green as thofe of the firft ; the ftalks are longer and thicker,
and upon every one of them ftandeth three or four flowers like unto the firft, except
that they are yellow in the middle.

There is another kind that is yellow in the middle, and bears many more flowers,
which are fmaller than thofe before defcrlbed.

Place. The two firft kinds grow plentifully in many places of France, as Bur-
gundy, Languedoc, &c. in meadows and paftures ; but in this country they grow
only in gardens where they are planted.

Time. They flower chiefly in March and April, though fome of them bloom
not until the beginning of May.

Temperature and Virtues. Venus challengeth the dominion- over thefe
plants. The rool; of it is hot and dry in the third degree j the which root, being,
boiled or roafteJ, or taken in meat or drink, provoketh the ftomach to vomiting ^
the fame pounded with a little honey is good to be applied to burnings or fca!dino-s,
and cureth flnews that are hurt or fprained, and is good to help diflocations, or mem-
bers out of joint, being applied thereto; it alfo giveth eafe in all old griefs and pains
of the joints. The roots of narciffus take away all fpots of the face,, being mingled
■with nettle-feed and vinegar, and applied. It mundifieth and cleanfeth corrupt and
rotten ulcers, and ripeneth and breakethhard impofthumes, if it be mixed with the
meal of vetches and honey, and ufed in the maimer of a poultice; and, being mixed,
■with the meal of juray and honey, it draweth forth, thorns and fplinters..

YELLOW DAFFODIL.

Names. THIS kind of daffodil is alfo called lide-lily, beciufe It flowereth fir
March, which month in fome countries is called Lide, and they arelikewlfe known,
by the name of daffydown-diliies.-

Dhscription. It hath long, narrow, green, leaves ; the ftalks are round, upon
■which grow yellow flowers, of an unpleafant fmell; after which come round knobs
or huflcs, like little heads, wherein the feed is contained; it hath abundance of
roots, which grow thick together, and encreafe by new fprigs and blades, whereby
it fprcadeth and increafeth itfelf under ground, fo that the increafe of this plant is
very rapid.

Place. It doth not grow naturally in this country, but in gardens where it is-
planted.

Time,

i62 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

'Time. Daffodils flower in March and April, and the feed ripens foon after
Government and Virtues. Yellow daffodils are under the dominion of
"Mars, and the roots hereof are hot and dry almoft in the third degree. The roots,
boiled and taken in poiTet-drink, caufe vomiting, and are ufed with good fuccefs at
the appearance of approaching agues, efpecially the tertian ague, which is fre-
quently caught in the fpring time. A plafter made of the roots, with parched
barley-meal, difiblves hard fwellings and impofthumes, being applied thereto ; the
juice, mingled with honey, frankincenfe, wine, and myrrh, and dropped into the
ears, is good againft the corrupt filth and running matter of the ears j the roots,
made hollow, and boiled in oil, help raw kibed heels ; the juice of the root is good
for the morphew, and the difcolourings of the fkin.

DATE-TREE.

Names. ' THIS is likewife called palm-tree, and the fruit is called dates, or
fruit of the palm-tree.

Description. It groweth to be a large tree, with a ftraight thick trunk, co-
vered with a fcaly bark ; at the top whereof grow many long branches, bearing a
vaft number of long, ftraight, narrow, leaves, or twigs like reeds, fo that the whole
tree appears to be nothing but a bundle of reed-leaves j amongft the branches
groweth the fruit, cluftering together at the firft, and wrapped in a certain long and
broad covering, like a pillow, which afterwards openeth and fheweth the fruit
{landing along on certain fmall fprigs, growing out of a flat yellow branch; the
•fruit is long and round, containing within it a long and hard ftone. Of this tree
there are two kinds, the male and female ; the male tree bringeth forth flowers
only, which vanifh away as foon as the bloflbm is full ; and the female beareth the
fruit, and bringeth it to perfedion and ripenefs.

Place. The date-tree groweth in Africa, Arabia, India, Syria, Judsa, and
other eaftern countries.

Time. It continueth always green, and beareth its flowers in the fpring. In hot
countries the fruit is ripe in autumn.

Government and Virtues. The branches and leaves are cold and aftringent,
the fruit is alfo fomewhat aftringent, but hot and dry almoft in the fecond degree ;
efpecially before it is thoroughly ripe. Dates are hard of digeftion, and caufe oppi-
lations in the liver and fpleen; they engender windinefs, head-ach, and grofs blood,
if eaten green and frefh; but, being quite ripe, they are not fo hurtful, but nourifli
indifferently, being well digefted in a good ftomach. Dry dates ftop loofenefs and
ftay vomiting and fick qualms of the ftomach, efpecially of women with child, if

they

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. i6-

they are eaten ; as alfo mingled with other proper medicines, and applied as a plall-
tcr to the ftomach. Being adminiftered inwardly or applied outwardly with medi-
cines convenient, they ftrengthen the weaknefs of the liver and fpleen. The leaves
and branches are good to heal green wounds, and refrefli and cool hot inflammations.
There is a diredion in the plaifter diacakitbeos, that it be lUrred with a fl:ick of the
palm-tree, that it might be of the more virtue and efficacy, from whence alfo the
fame plaifter is called diapalma.

DICTAMNUM OF CANDY.

Kinds and Names. IT is obferved by Diofcorides, that there are three kinds
hereof; the firft whereof Is the right diJlamnum, the fecond Is the baftard didtam-
imm, and the third is another kind, bearing both flowers and feed; It is called aUo
dittany of Crete, and in the fliops dipianiim.

Description. The firfl; kind, which is the right didamnum, is a hot andfliarp
plant, much refembling penny-royal, except that this hath larger leaves, fomewhat
hoary or mofly, with a certain fine down, or woolly white cotton; at the top of the
(talks or branches grow certain fmall fpiky tufts, hanging by fmall fliems, greater
and thicker than the ears or fpiky tufts of wild marjoram, and are fomewhat of a
red colour, in which there grow fmall flowers.

The fecond kind, called bafl:ard didamnum, is very much like the firfl:, except In
tafl:e j it does not bite or hurt the tongue, as does the former, neither is it fo hot. If
hath round, foft, woolly ftalks, with knots and joints, at each of which joints there
ftand two leaves fomewhat round, foft, and woolly, not much unlike the leaves of
penny-royal, but that they are larger, all hoary and white, foft an woolly, without
any fmell, but bitter in tafte ; the flowers are of a light blue, compaffing the ftalk,
at certain fpaces like garlands, and like the flowers of penny- royal and hoarhoundj
the root is of a woody fubftance.

The third kind is like the fecond in figure, faving that its leaves are greener and
more hoary ; covered with a fine, white, foft, hair, almofl: like the leaves of water-
mint; the whole plant hath a good and pleafant fmell, as it were betwixt the fcent
of water-mint and fage, as faith Diofcorides.

Place. The firfl: kind, or the right didlamnum, cometh from Crete, now called
Candia, an ifland in the Mediterranean fea, formerly belonging to the Venetians,
but now in pofl"effion of the Turks.

The other two kinds are not confined to Candia only, but grow alfo in many
other hot countries.

Government and Virtues. The right didamnum '"shot and dry, and of fubtil
parts ; the other two kinds are alfo hot and dry, but not quite fo hot as the firft ;

No. 12, aX they

i64 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

they are all under Venus. The right d^1:amnum is of the fame virtue as penny.-
royal, but much ftronger and better. L^ bringeth down the courfes, afterbirth, and
dead child, either taken in meat or drink, or ufed as a pefiary or mother-fuppofitory.
The fame virtue hath the root, which is hot and (harp upon the tongue ; the juice
is very good to be drunk againft all venoms, and the bitings of venomous beafls
and ferpents. Didamnum is of fuch force againft poifon, that the favour or fmell
thereof driveth away all venomous beads or ferpents; the juice of the fame is of
lingular efficacy againft all kinds of wounds, if dropped or poured therein; it both
mundifieth, cleanfeth, and healeth, the fame; it qualifieth and afiuageth the pain of
the milt and fpleen, and wafteth and diminifheth it, being either taken inwardly or
applied outwardly to the place ; it draweth forth fplinters and thorns if it be bruifed,
and laid upon the afFeded part.

The baftard didamnum hath the fame virtues as the firft, though not quite fo
powerful in its operations.

The third kind is very profitable, compounded with medicines, drinks, and
plaifters, againft the bitings or ftingings of venomous beafts.

FALSE DICTAMNUM.

Name-s. this herb is called in Latin tragium, and by foms fraxine/la ; fome
apothecaries do ufe the root hereof inftead of the right didtamnum, from whence
it is called baftard or falfe didamnum.

Description. This plant fomewhat refembles kntifms or liccras, both in leaves
and branches; it hath round, blackifti, rough ftalks, bearing on the tops thereof
fair flowers, of a bluifli colour, which on the upper part have four or five leaves,
'and on the lower part it hath fmall long threads, crooking or hanging down almoft
like a beard. After the flowers are gone, in the place of each come four or five
cods, fomewhat rough without, flippery or flimy in handling, and of a ftrong fmelJ,
not unlike that of a goat; in which is contained a black, plain, fl^iningfeed. The
roots are long and white, fometimes as thick as one's finger, and generally grow
one againft the other.

Place. It groweth in the ifle of Candia, and is fometimes found in the gardens
of curious botanifts.

Time. It flowereth in June and July.

Government and Virtues. This plant is alfo under the dominion of Venus.
It is hot almoft in the third degree, and of fubtil parts; the feed, taken to the quan-
tity of a drachm, is good againft the ftranguary ; it provoketh urine, it is-good againft
the ftone in the bladder, breaking and bringing it forth, and bringeth down the
terms of women ; the leaves and juice taken after the fame manner have fimilar
a , virtues.

K

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 165

virtues, and, being externally applied, draw out thorns and fplinters; the root taken
with a little rhubarb, killeth and driveth forth worms, and is of fingular excellence
againft their return.

Diofcorides obferves of this plant, as alfo of the former, that it is natural to wild
goats, when they are ftruck with darts or arrows, to eat of this herb, which caufeth
them to fall out of their bodies j on which account it is not improbable tliat this
herb came firft to be fubftituted for the right di(5i:amnum.

E L M - T R E E.

THIS tree is fo well known, growing generally in mod counties of this kino--'
dom, that it would be needlefs to defcribe it. .

Government and Virtues. It is a cold and Saturnine plant. The leaves
hereof, bruifed and applied, heal 'green wounds, being bound thereon with its own
bark j the leaves, or the bark, ufed with vinegar, effedually cure the fcurf and le-
profy ; the decoiSbion of the leaves, bark, or root, healeth broken bones by bathiuo-
the part affedted therewith ; the water that is found in the bladders on the leaves,
while it is frefli, is a good wafh for cleanfing the flcin, and making it fairj and if
cloths are often wet therein, and applied to the ruptures of children, it helpeth them,
if they are afterwards well bound up with a trufs; the faid water being clofe flopped
in a ghfs veflel, and fet either into the earth or dung for twenty-five days, fetting
the bottom thereof on a lay of common fait, fo that the fsces may fettle, and the
water become very clear, is a fingular and fovereign balfam for green v/ounds,
being ufed with foft tents : the deco6lion of the bark of the root mollifieth hard
tumours, and the fbrinking of the finews, being fomented therewith j the roots of
the elm boiled for fome confiderable time in water, the fat rifing on the furface
being nicely taken off, will prove an excellent reftorative of fallen hair, the bald
places being with it annointed ; the bark ground with brine or pickle, until if
cometh to the thicknefs of a poultice, and laid on the place pained with the gout,
giveth great eafe i and the decodion of the bark in water is exceeding good to
bathe fuch places as have been burned with fire.

ENDIVE.

Description, COMMON garden endive beareth a longer and larger leaf
than fuccory, and abideth but one year, quickly running up to (talk and feed, and
then perifhing ; it hath blue flowers, and the feed is fo much like that of fuccory,
it is hard to diftinguifh them.

Government and Virtues. It is a fine, cooling, cleanfing, plant; the decotftion
of the leavesj or die juice, or the diftilled water, of endive, fervcth well to cool the ex-

ccllive

i66 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

teflive heat of the liver and ftomach, as alfo the hot fits of agues, and all other in-
■flammations; it cooleth the heat and fliarpnefs of the urine, and the excoriations in
the uritory parts ; the feed have the fame properties, though rather more powerful,
and befides are avnilable for faintings, fwoonings, and the paflions of the heart.
Outwardly applied, they ferve to temper the lliarp humours of fretting ulcers, hot
tumours and fvvellings, and peftllential fores j it wonderfully helpeth not only the
rednefs and inflammation of the eyes, but the dimnefs of the fight alfo; they are
likewife ufed to allay the pains of the gout ; in faft it cannot be ufed amifs. The
fyrup of it is a fine cooling medicine for fevers.

ELECAMPANE.

Description. THIS IKooteth forth many large leaves, long and broad, lying
near the ground, fmall at both ends, fomewhat foft in handling, of a whitifh green
on the upper fide and grey underneath, each fet upon a ftiort footflialk;; from among
thefe rife up divers great and fl;rong hairy ftallcs, three or four feet high, with fome
leaves thereon, compa{nng them about at the lower ends, and are branched toward
the tops, bearing feveral large flowers, like thofe of the corn marygold, both the
border of the leaves and the middle thrumb being yellow ; this is followed by a
down, with long, fmall, brownifh, feed among it, which is carried away with the
wind. The root is large and thick, branching forth many ways, blackifli on the
outfide, and white within, of a very bitter tafl:e, and ftrong but pleafant fmell, efpe-
cially when they are dried; it is the only part of the plant which has any fmell.

Place. It groweth in moift grounds and fliadowy places oftener than ia the
dry and -open borders of fields and lanes, and other wafte places, almoft in every
county of this kingdom.

Time. It flowereth in June and July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft. The
roots are gathered for medicinal purpofes, as well in the fpring, before the leaves
come forth, as in autumn or winter.

Government and Virtues. It is a plant under the dominion of Mercury. The
frefli roots of elecampane preferved with fugar, or made into a fyrup, or conferve,
is very good to warm a cold and windy ftomach, or the pricking therein, and fl:itches
in the fides, caufed by the fpleen ; alfo to help a cough, fliortnefs of breath, and
wheezing in the lungs. The dry root made into powder, and mixed with fugar and
taken, anfwereth the fame purpofes, and is alfo profitable to thofe who have their
urine fliopped ; likewife to prevent the ftoppages of the menftrua, the pains of the
mother, and of the ftone in the reins, kidneys, or bladder; it refifl:eth poifon, and
ftayeth the fpreading of the venom of ferpents, as alfo of putrid and peftllential fe-
vers, aiid alfo the plague. The roots and herbage beaten and put into new ale or

beer.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 167

beer, and drunk daily, clear, ftrengthen, and quicken, the figlit of the eyes ex-
ceedingly. The decocflion of the roots in wine, or the juice taken therein, klHeth
and driveth forth all manner of worms in the belly and ftomach j if gargled in the
mouth, or the root chewed, fafteneth loofe teeth, and helpeth to keep them from
putrefaftion ; being drunk, it is good for thofe who fpit blood, helpeth to remove
cramps or convulfions, the pains of the gout, the fciatica, the loofenefs and pains in
the joints, or members disjointed or fpraincd, proceeding from colds or moifture
happening to them, apphed either internally or externally ; it is alfo ufed with good
effeft by thofe who are burilen, or have an inward bruife. The roots being well
boiled in vinegar, afterwards beaten and made into an ointment with hog's fuet and
oil of trotters, is an excellent remedy for the fcab or itch, either in young or old ;
the places alfo bathed or wafhed with the decodion doth the fame, and helpeth all
forts of filthy, old, putrid, fores or cankers. In the root of this herb lieth the chief
efFe(5l for all the remedies aforefaid. The ditlilled water of the leaves and roots to-
gether is very profitable to cleanfe the fkin from morphew, fpots, or blemifties.

E R I N G O.

KNOWN alfo by the name of fea- holly.

Description. The leaves of this plant are nearly round, deeply dented about
the edges, hard, and fharp pointed, a little crumpled, and of a bluifh green colour,
each having a long footftaik ; the leave--, when young, are neither fo hard nor
prickly as when come to its maturit)'. The ftaik is round and ftrong, fomewhat
crefted with joints, bearing leaves thereat, which are more divided, /harp,, and
prickly, than thofe before mentioned; from thefe joints it alfo branches forth many
ways, each bearing on the top feveral bluilh, round, prickly, heads,, with many
fmall jagged, prickly, leaves under them, ftanding like a ftar, which are fome-
times of a greenifK or white colour. The root groweth very long, fbmetimes to
the length of eight or ten feet, fet with rings or circles toward the upper part, but
fmooth and without joints downwards, brownifh on the outfide, but very white-
within, with a pith in the middle, of a pleafant tafte, but much more fo when care-
fully preferved and candied with fugar.

Place. It is found on the fea-coafts, and in almoll every part of this kingdom
bordering on the fea.

Time. It floweth at th* latter end of the fummcr, and giveth its feed about a
month after.

Government and Virtues. The plant is venereal, and produceth a greatquan-
tity of feed ; it is hot and moift, and under the fign Libra, The decoilion of the-

No. 12. 3 Y roQt

1^8 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

root taken in wine is very effeftual in opening the obflruftions of the fpleen and
Jiver. It helpeth the yellow jaun.licc, the dropfy, the pains in the loins, and wind
cholic, provoketh urine, expelleth the flone, and procureth women's courfes. The
decoftion taken for fifteen days, on going to bed and in the morning fafting, helpeth
the ftranguary, the evacuation of the urine by drops, the flopping of urine, the
ftone, and all defefts of the reins and kidneys, and by a longer continuance of the
aforefaid decocftion great relief will be found againft the French difcafe. The roots
bruifed, and externally applied, help the kernels of the throat, commonly called
the king's evil ; or taken inwardly, and applied to the place ftung or bitten by a
ferpent, heal it fpeedily. If the roots are bruifed and boiled in hog's lard, they are
good for drawing forth thorns, fplinters, &c. and clofing the incifion made there-
by. The juice of the leaves dropped into the ears, helpeth impofthumes therein;
the diftilled water of the whole herb, when the leaves and ftalks are young, ma/
be drunk with good fuccefs for all the purpofes aforefaid.

EYE-BRIGHT.

Description. COMMON eye-bright is a fmall low herb, rifing up ufally
■with but one blackifh green ftalk, about a fpan high, fpread from the bottom into
fundry branches, whereon are fet fmall, and almoft round, yet pointed, dark-green
leaves j they are finely fnipped about the edges, two always fet together, and very
thick J at the joints with the leaves, from the middle upwards, come forth fmall
white flowers, flriped with purple and yellow, after which follow fmall round heads
containing very fmall feed ; the root is long, fmall, and thready at the end.

Place. It groweth in meadows and grafiy places.

Government and Virtues. It is under the fign Virgo, and Sol claims the
dominion over it. The juice of this herb, taken in white wine or broth, or dropped
into the eyes for feveral days together, helpeth all the infirmities of them. Some
make a conferve of the flowers for the aforefaid purpofe. Being ufed either of thefe
ways, it alfo helpeth a weak brain or memory. If tunned up with fl:rong beer
that it may work together, and drunk ; or the powder of the dried herb mixed
with fugar, a little mace, and fennel-feed, and drunk or taken in broth j or the faid
powder taken as an eleftuary ; each of thefe hath the fame powerful efFed to help
and refl:ore the lofs of fight through age.

ELDER-TREE.

I CONSIDER it needlefs to trouble my readers with a defcription of this tree,
fmce there is fcarce a fchool-boy but can point it out ; fhall therefore proceed to the

DWARF-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 169

DWARF-ELDER.

CALLED alfo dead-wort and wall-wort.

Description. This herb fpringeth frefn from the ground every fpring; its
leaves and ftalks perifhing at the approach of winter. It is like the common elder
both in form and quality, rifing up with a fquare, rough, hairy, ftalk, about four
feet high, though fometimes higher : the winged leaves arc fomewliat narrower
than of that aforementioned, but in other refpeds not unlike them ; the flowers
are white dafhed with purple, ftanding in umbels, refembling thofe of the former
except in fmell, thefe being the moil pleafant ; after the flowers come fmall blackifh
berries, full of juice whilft they are fredi, containing fmall hard kernels, or fcsd.
The root doth creep under the upper cruft of the ground, fpringing in divers
places, and being in general about the fize of a perfon's finger.

Place. It groweth wild in many parts of the kingdom, and is with difficulty
crazed from the place where it once takes root.

Time, Moft of the elder-trees flower in June, and their fruit is ripe in Auguft;
but the dwarf kind or wall- wort flowereth fomewhat later, and its fruit is not ripe
till September.

Government and Virtues. Both the common and dwarf elders are under the
domlninion of Venus. The firft flioots of the common elder boiled like afparagus,
or the young leaves and ftalks boiled in fat broth, expel phlegm and choler ;
the middle or inward bark boiled in water, and drunk, purgeth exceedingly ; and
the berries, either green or dry, are often given with good fuccefs for the dropfy ;
the bark of the root boiled in wine, or the juice thereof drunk, hath the fame virtue,
though more powerful in its operations. The juice of the root doth ftrongly pro-
voke vomiting, and purgeth the watery humours of the dropfy. The decoction of
the root cureth the biting of a mad dog, as alfo that of the adder ; it mollifieth the
hardnefs of the mother, and bringeth down the courfes ; the berries boiled in wine
perform the fame effeft, and the hair of the head waflied therewith is made
black. The juice of the green leaves applied to the hot inflammations of the eyes
afluageth them, and, being fnufFed up the noftrils, purgeth the tunicles of the brain.
The juice of the berries boiled with honey, and dropped iftto the ears, cureth the
pains thereof; by drinking a decodlion of the berries in wine, urine is provoked ;
the diftilled water of the flowers is very ferviceable for cleanfing the fl<in from fun-
burning, freckles, morphews, &c. It cureth the head-ach by wafhing it therewith,
and, being ufed as a bath, it is a certain cure for ulcerated legs j it removeth the
rednefs of the eyes, and helpeth thofe who are affiidled with the palfy.

The

,70 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

The dwarf- elder is more powerful than the common in opening and purging
choler, phlegm, and water ; it helpeth the gout, piles, and the difeafes incident to
women : it coloureth the hair black, helpeth the inflammations of the eyes, and
pains of the ears, the biting of ferpents or mad dogs, burnings and fcaldings, the
wind-cholic, the ftone, the difficulty of urine, and the cure of old fores and fiftulous
ulcers. Dr. Butler obferves, that the decodion of elder is a moft excellent relief
for tlie dropfy.

ERYSIMUM.

Description. This plant hath long leaves deeply cut or jagged on the edges,
not much unlike the leaves of wild muftard ; the ftalks are fmall, flender, and
pliant, and will twill and wind like the withy. Upon each of thefe ftalks grow
many yellow flowers; which are followed by long flender huflcs, containing feed of
a fharp biting tafte j the root is very long and thick, with many fmall ft:rings or
threads hanging thereto.

Place. It delights in ftony unfilled places, and Is to be found in moft of the
bye-paths and bank-fides in this kingdom.

Time. It generally flowereth in the months of June and July, though their
bloflbms are fometimes {een later in the year.

Government and Virtues. The feed of this plant taken with honey ripeneth
and caufeth the evacuation of tough and clammy phlegm ; it is aifo good againft
/hottnefs of breath, and is effedual in removing an old cough. If the feed be
fteeped in fair water and then dried by the fire, it is good for the gripings of the
belly, and expelleth all venom and poifon. An ointment made of the feed con-
fumeth and wafteth all hard fwellings and impofthumes behind the ears, as alfo
cankers and fwellings in the breafts, genitals, &c,

EGLANTINE.

THIS is the better known by its common name, fweet brier, and is called in
feme counties wild brier, and pimpernel-rofe. The Latins call it cynorrhodon, and
the Greeks rodon agrion. Another fpecies of eglantine is the dog-rofe,. and all
other wild rofes.

Time and Place. The fweet brier, from its fragrant and pleafant fmell, is
cultivated in moft gardens and pleafure-grounds. It grows likewife wild in the bor-
ders of fields, and in woods, in almoft every part of this kingdom j but not by far fo
plentifully as the dog-rofe. It begins to ftioot forth its buds early in the fpring,
and fiouriftieth and flowereth during the time of all the other rofe-trees.

2 Govern.

A N D C O M P L E T E H E R B A L. i/r

Government and Virtues. Sweet briar is under the dominion of Jupiter^
and the dog-rofc is under the Moon. The leaves of the flowers are not fo effica-
cious in medicine as rofe-leaves, which, being alfo more abundant, are always
ufed in preference. The fpungy apples or balls which arc found upon the eglan-
tine, if pounded to a parte, and mixed with honey and wood-afhcs, are an excellent
remedy for the alopecia, or falling ofF of the hair; and, being dried and powdered,
and taken in white wine, are good againft the ftone and gravel, removing the
ftranguary, and ftrengthening the kidneys. The fame boiled in a ftrong decoflion
of the roots is good to heal the bitings of venomous beafts or mad dogs. The red
berries which fucceed the flowers, called hips, if made into a conferve, and eaten
occafionally, gently bind the belly, fl:op defluxions of the head and ftomach, help
digeftion, fharpen the appetite, and dry up the moifture of cold rheum and phlegm
upon the ftomach. The powder of the dried pulp is an excellent remedy for the
■whites; and, if mixed with the powder of the balls, and given in fmall quantities,.
is an excellent remedy for the cholic, and to dedroy worms.

EUPHORBIUM, OR GUM-THISTLE.

THIS plant is fo well known, and fo common ia every part of this kingdom,
that any d'-rcription of it would be altogether fiiperfluous.

Place, They grow in moft fields and meadows throughout this kingdom, and
particularly in grounds fowed wirh corn.

Time. They flower from the beginning of June until the end of September; and
the feed progreftively ripens from the end of June to the beginning of November.

Government and Virtues. This plant is under the dominion of the planet
Mars, and partakes more of his fiery nature than any of the other thilHes. It is hot
and dry in the fourth degree, being a perfed cauftic, and of thin parts. A plafter
made of it, with twelve times as much oil, and a little wax, heals all achs of the
joints, lamenefs, palfies, cramps, and (hrinkim^s of the finews. Mixed with oil of
bay and bear's greafe, it healeth fcurfs and fcalds in the head, and reftoreth loft
hair ; applied with oil to the temples, it healeth the lethargy, and, by putting it
to the nape of the neck, it preventeth the apoplexy. Being mixed with vinegar, it
removeth all blemifties of the fl<in, or, v;ith other ointments, it heatech the parts that
are cold, and healeth thefciatica. Taken inwardly, it fretteth the entrails andfcorch-
eth the whole body, therefore muft be beaten fmall, and tempered with fomething
that lubrineth and allayeth its heat and ftiarpnefs, aitd then it purgeth water and
phlegm. The remedy is ant'eu^hcrbium, which is fucculent, cold, and flimy. The
pills of cuphorbium greatly help dropfies, p.iins in the loins and guts, by moif-

No. 12. 2 Z turc.

172 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

ture. The fimple oil of this plant hath the fame virtues as that of caftor, but !s
much ftroiiger; if fnufFed up the nofe, it purgeth the head of phlegm ; it is alfo
good in old and cold pains of the joints, liver, and fpleen. It is good for cold dif-
eafes of the nerves and brain, the head-ach, and pains in the fide thereof; it cures
the lethargy, being fnuffed up the nofe ; anointed on the privities, it provoketh
lufV, and it healeth all numbnefs and ftifFnefs proceeding from cold. Oleum de
eiiphorbio compofitum, or the compound oil of euphorbium, operates as the fimple,
but more effectually ; it healeth old and cold difeafes of the nerves and brain, and
prevents drowfinefs. It is very effcL^ual in cold pains of the womb, kidneys, and
bladder, being anointed on the regions thereof. The extrad of euphorbium healeth
the palfy, gout, fpafm, and dropfy, and bringeth phlegm from the nerves.

FERN.

Description, OF this there are two kinds principally to be treated of; viz. the
male and female. The female groweth higher than the male, but the leaves thereof
are lefs, and more divided or dented, but of the fame fmell as that of the male.
The virtues of each are the fame.

Place. They grow on heaths and in fliady places near the hedge-fides in mod
parts of this kingdom.

Time. They flower and feed at midfummer.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Mercury, both the
male and female. The roots of both thefe forts of ferns, being bruifed and boiled
in mead, or honey-water, and drunk, kill both the broad and long worms in the
body, and abate the fwelling and hardnefs of the fpleen. The green leaves, eaten,
purge the belly of choleric and waterilh humours, but they trouble the flomach ;
they alfo caufe abortion, confequently are unfit for the ufe of pregnant women.
The roots bruifed, and boiled in oil or hog's lard, make a very profitable ointment
to heal wounds, or draw forth thorns from the flefh. The powder of them, ufed
in foul ulcers, drieth up their malignant molfture, and caufeth their fpeedy healing.
Fern being burnt, the fmoke thereof driveth away ferpents, gnats, and other noi-
fome creatures, which in fenny countries are fometimes very troublefome.

WATER-FERN.

IT is called alfo ofmond-royal.

Description. This fliooteth forth in the fpring time ; it hath feveral rough
hard ftalks, half-round, or flattilh on one fide, and hollow; they are about two
feet high, having many branches of winged yellowilh-green leaves on all fides, fet

one

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. tjf

one againft another, longer, narrower, and not nicked on the edcres ; from the
top of fome of thefe ftalks grow forth a long bufh of fmall and more yellowiHi-
green fcaly aglets, fet in the fame manner on the ftalks as the leaves are; thefe are
fuppofed to be the flowers and feed. The root is rough, thick, and fcaly, having
a wliite pith in the middle, which is called the heart thereof.

Place. It groweth in moors, bogs, and watery places, in many parts of this
kingdom.

Time. It is green all the fummer, but the root liveth during the winter.

Government and Virtues. Saturn owns this plant. It hath all the virtues
of the former ferns, though much more effedual in its operations than either, both
for inward and outward griefs, and is a fingular remedy for wounds, bruifes, &c.
The decodtion drunk, or boiled down to an oil or ointment, and applied, is alfo
good for bruifes, and bones broken or disjointed ; as alfo for ruptures and burft-
ings, and giveth much eafe to the cholic and in fplenetic difeafes. The decodion
of the root, taken in white wine, provoketh urine exceedingly, and cleanfeth its
pafTages. Of the afhes of thefe ferns, with water, are made balls, (particularly in
Warwickfhire and StafFordfliire,) with which, being dried in the fun, they wafli
their clothes inftcad of foap ; but before they ufe them they put them into a light
fire till they are red-hot, and then they will eafily powder.---This fern alfo is ufed
in Suflex to burn lime, the flame being very fit for that purpofe.— -The juice of
the root is good for burns.-— The afhes caft upon ftones, inftead of nitre, make
glafs of a green colour.

F E A T H E R F E W.

Description. COMMON featherfew hath many large, frefh, green, leaves,
very much torn or cut on the edges ; the ftalks are hard and round, fet with many
fuch-like leaves, but fomewhat fmaller ; at the tops ftand many fingle flowers, each
upon a fmall footftalk ; they confift of many fmall white leaves, ftanding round a
yellow thrumb. The root is fomewhat hard and fhort, with many ftrong fibres.—
The fmell of the whole plant is ftrong ; tafte bitter.

Place. There are fome places in this kingdom where it grows wildj but it
is generally a garden plant.

Time. It flowcreth in the months of June and July.

Government and Virtues. This herb is governed by Venus. Being boiled
in white wine, and the decoftion drunk, it cleanfeth the womb, expelleth the after-
birth, and is of general utility to the fair fex. It is ufed for the difeafes of the
mother, either in the rifing or ftrangling of the fame, or when attended with hard-
nefs or inflammation, being applied outwardly thereunto. A decoftion of the
2 flowers

174 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

flowers in wine, with a little nutmeg or mace therein, drunk feveral times a-day,
is an approved provocative of women's courfes, as alfo a great help to expel the
dead and after births; and to fit over the hot fumes of the decocftion of the herb,
made in water or wine, will prove equally ferviceable. The decoftion, mixed with
fugar or honey, is good to help a cough, to cleanfe the cheft or ftomach of phlegm,
and to expel the ftone. The powder of the herb taken in wine, with fome oxymel,
purgeth both choler and phlegm, and is good for thofe who are Ihort-winded, or
are troubled with melancholy or lowncfs of fpirits ; it is effeftual in removing all
pains of the head arifing from a cold, the herb being bruifed, and applied to the
crown thereof; ufed in the fame manner, it is likewife good for the fwimming or
glddinefs of the head. The decodtion thereof drunk warm, and the herb bruifed
with a few grains of bay-falt, and applied to the wrifts, will prevent the return of
ague-fits. The diflilled water taketh away freckles and other fpots of the fkin,
and other blemifhes in the face ; the herb bruifed, and heated on a tile, with fome
wine to moiften it, or fried with a little oil and wine, and applied warm outwardly^
helpeth the wind and cholic in the lower part of the belly. It is an efpecial remedy
agabfl: the too liberal ufe of opium.

FENNEL.

EVERY garden afi*ordeth this fo plentifully, that it needeth no defcription*
Government and Virtues. It is governed by Mercury, under Virgo, and
beareth antipathy to Pifces. It is exceeding good to be boiled with fifh, as it con-
funieth the phlegmatic humour arifing therefrom. Fennel is good to break wind,,
provoke urine, and eafe the pains of^ as well as break, the ftone. The leaves and
feed boiled in barley-water, and drunk, are good to incTcafe milk and make it more
wholefome. The leaves, or rather feed, boiled in water, will ftay the hiccough,
and take away the loathing which often happeiis to the ftomach of fick and feveriih
perfons, and allayeth the heat thereof; the feed, if it be boiled in wine, and drunk,.
Is good for thofe who are bitten by a ferpent, or have eaten poifonous herbs ; the
feed and root help to open obftruftions of the liver, fplcen, and gall, and thereby
remove the painful and windy fwellings of the fpleen, the yellow jaundice, and the
gout and cramp ; the feed is of great ufe in medicines given to help ftiortnefs of
breath, and wheefing by ftoppage of the lungs ; and it helpeth to bring down the
courfes, and cleanfe the parts after delivery. The roots are good to be put into diet-
drinks and broths that are taken to cleanfe the blood, to open obftrudions of the
liver, to provoke the urine, to amend the ill colour of the face after ficknefs, and
to caufe a good habit of the body. The diftilled water of the whole herb, or the
coudenfute juice diflblved, (but efpecially the natural juice that ifilieth forth, from

this

AND COMPLETE HERBAL, 175

this plant in hot countries) dropped into the eyes, cieanfeth them from mifl: and
f\\n\ growing upon the fight thereof. The fweet fennel is much weaker in ph) ficat
\ifes than the common fennel, and the wild is ftronger and hotter than the tame,
and therefore more powerful againft the ftone,, but not fo efFodlual to iacreafe milk
becaufe of its drynefs.

S O W - F E N N E L.

BESIDES the common Englifli names of fow- fennel, hogs-fennel, hoar-ilrong,
hoar-ftrang, fulphur-wort, and brimftone-wort, it is called in L.inn, peu/icJanum.

Description. The common fow-fennel hath many branched ftalks of thick and
fomewhat long leaves, three of which generally grow together; the ftalk is ftraight
and crefted, with joints thereon, fomewhat lefs than the common fennel, and branch-
ing forth at the top feveral fmail fprays with tufts of yellow flowers, after which
Cometh flat, thin, and yellowifli, feed, rather larger than that of the former. The
rootgroweth great and deep, with many fibres hanging thereto, of a ftrong fmell^
and yieldeth a yellowifli clammy juice, almofl: like a gum.

Place. It groweth plentifully in the low fait marflies near Feverfliam in Kent.
Time. It flowereth and feedeth in July and Augufl:.

Government and Virtues. This alfo is an herb of Mercury. The Juice of
fow-fennel ufed with vinegar and rofe-water, or the juice with a little euphorbium,
put to the nofe, helpeth thofe who are troubled with the lethargy, the frenzy, the
turning or giddlnefs of the head, the falling-ficknefs, long and inveterate head-ach,
the palfy, fciatica, cramp, and in general all the difeafes of the finews, being mixed
with oil and vinegar, and the afFefted parts bathed therewith. The juice diflblved
in wine, or put into an egg, is good for the cough, or fliortnefs of breath, and to ex-
pel wind's it purgeth the belly gently, helpeth the hardnefs of the fpleen, giveth eafe
to pregnant women, and eafeth the pains of the reins, bladder, and womb. A little
of the juice diflolved in wine and dropped into the ears, eafeth the pains thereof, or
put into an hollow tooth, eafeth the tooth-ach; the root is lefs efFeftual in all the
aforefaid difeafes, yet it is not without its virtues j the powder of it cieanfeth foul ul-
cers, draweth forth fplinters of broken bones, drietli up old and inveterate running
fores, and is an excellent falve for green wounds.

F I G W O R T.

CALLED alfo throatwort.

Description. Common great figwort fhooteth forth feveral great, flrong, hard,
fquare, brown ftalks, three or four feet hi^h, whereon grow large, hard, and dark-
No. 13. 3^ A green.

,76 CULPEPER's E'NGLISH PHYSICIAN,

green, leaves, two on a joint, being larger and harder than the nettle leaves, but do
not fting ; at the tops of the ftalks ftand many purple flowers, fet in hufks, not
unlike thofe of water-betony, which are follow^ed by round heads with a fmall
jpoint in the middle, containing fmall brownifh feed. The root is large, white,
and thick, (hooting forth many branches under the upper cruft of the earth, Mi'hich
abideth many years, but the leaves perifh annuallly.

Place. It groweth frequently 'in moift and fliady places, and in the bottoms of
.fields and meadows.

Time. It flowereth about Jiily, and the. feed ripens about a month after the
flowers are fallen.

Government AND Virtues. Venus claims dominion over this herb. It is a»
excellent remedy for the king's evil or any other difeafe in the neck ; the decotjtion
of the herb taken inwardly, and the 'bruifed herb applied outwardly, diflblveth
'dotted and concealed blood, coming from any wound, bruife, or fall, and is no lefs
effeftual in removing knots, kernels, bunches, and wens, growing in the flefti ; it
is good alfo for the hemorrhoid;;, piles, or other knobs or kernels growing near the
fundament. An ointment made hereof may be ufed. for the above purpofes when
the frefb herb is not to be had. The diftilled water of the whole plant, together
with the root, may alfo be ufed for the aforefaid diforders j it drieth up the fuper-
fluous virulent moifture of hollow and corroding ulcers,, and taketh away all red-
nefs, fpots, and freckles in the face, as alfo the fcurf and blotches therein,., and is
ufed with good effeic to cure the body of the leprofy..

FILIPENDULA.

IT is by fbme called dropwort..

Description. It (hooteth forth many leaves of various fizes, growing on each
fide of a rib, and much dented on the edges, fomewhat r.efembling wild tanfy or agri-
mony, but feel much harder; among thefe rife up one or more ftalks, two or three
feet high, fpreading itfeU" into many other branches, each bearing feveral white
fweet-fmelling flowers, confiftlng of five leaves apiece, with fmall threads iii the
'^'ihlddle; they ftand together in a tuft or umbel, each upon afmall footftaik, and are
fucceedcd by round chaffy heads like buttons, which Contain the feed. The.r^oc
confiPts of many tuberous pieces, faftened together by many fmall, long, blackifti
ftrings, .which run ffom one to another.

Place. It groweth in many places of this kingdom, in the corners of dry fields
and meadowSi and alfo by hedge-fides.

Time. They flower in June and July,and their feedis ripe in Auguft.
•1 GoyjERK-

AND C :G-.M.P L E T E H E R B A L. 177

Government AND Virtues. It is under the dominion of Venus. It is very
efFeflua! to open the urinary pafTages, and to help the ftrangnary, and all other pains
of the bladder and reins, and to expel the ftone and gravel, by taking the root m
powder, or a decodtion of them in white wine, fweetened with fugar ; the fame alfo
helpeth to expel the after|birth. The roots made into powder, and mixed with honey,
after the rtjanner of an e.\s&.\^3.:y , is good to be taken by thofe whofe flomachs are
fwollen, breaking and expelling the wind which was the caiife thereof, as alfo for ail
difrafes of the lungs, as fhortnefs of breath, wheezings, hoarfenefs of the throat,
and the cough, and to expedlorate cold phlegm. It is called drop wort becaufe it
giveth eafe to thofe who evacuate their water by drops.

FIG-TREE.

. FOR to give ^ defcription of a tree fo well known to almofl: every body who
li.V.^s.in this kingdom, were needlefs; fhall therefore only obferve, that it is much
(fitter, for medicinal purpofes than any other.

Government and Virtues. The tree is under the dominion of Jupiter. The
milk that iflutth from the leaves or branches when they are broken, being dropped
upon warts,, taketh them away; the decoction of the leaves is exceeding good to
wafti fore hea^ils with, nor is there fcarcely a better remedy for the leprofy than this;
it alfo clears the face of the morphew, and the body of white fcurf, moiftfcabs, and
running fores; if it be dropped into old fretting ulcsrs, it cleanfeth but the moiftiire
and clofeth up the flefh. For the fake of convenience, an ointment may be made
of the leaves whilil they are green, which will keep all the winter. A decoftion of
the leaves taken inwardly, or rather the fyrup of .them, diflblves congealed blood
". caufed by falls or bruifes, and is good for the bloody flux; the aines of the wood

' made into an ointment with hog's lard, cureth kibes and chilblains ; the juice being
put into a hollow tooth, eafeth the tooth-ach, and dropped into the ears, cureth the
deafnefs and pains thereof. An ointment of "the juice and hog's greafe, is an excel-

- lent remedy for the biting of a mad dog, or other venomous beafts. A fyrup of the
green fruit is very good for coughs, hoarfenefs, fhortnefs of breath, and all difeafes
of the breaft and'ltings; it is equallyefHcacidus'for the dropfy'at'id'flillrng'ric'kD.efs.
It is reported, but I cannot vouch for its veracity, thUt a bull, be he never fo. mad,
by being tied to this tree, willquickly become tame and gentle.' '• ' ' •'

FLOWER-DE-LUCE.
IT alfo beareth the name of yellow- water- flag. .

Description. There are other flower-de-luces, from which this herb differs
4'chiefiy in the leaves ; thofe of this plant are much longer and narrower, and of a fad

green.

178 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

green colour j in other refpeds there is little or no difference. The leaves' HI wrow
together, from the middle of which rifeth the ftalk, bearing on the top fmall yellow
flowers, with three failing leaves, and other three arched that cover their bottoms ;
but, inftead of the three upright lera'es which are in the other kinds, in this there is
fubftituted three very (hort leaves, which are followed by long triangled heads, each
containing large and flattifii feed. The root is long and flLnder, of a p>le brownifli
colour on the outfide, and of a hoar lightish colour within, having many hard fibres
thereat, and of a har(h tafte. •'

Place. It ufually grows in watery ditches, ponds, lakes, and moor-fides, which
are filled with ftanding or running water.

Time. It flowereth in July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of the Moon. The root
is of a very aftringent, cooling, and drying, nature, and thereby helpeth all la/ks and
fluxes, whether of blood or humours, as bleeding at the mouth, nofe, or other parts,
jnd the immoderate flooding of women's courfes. The diftilled water of the whole
herb, flowers, and roots, is a fovereign remedy for weak eyes, being either dropped
therein or cloths or {ponge wet therewith and applied to the forehead ; being alfo
fomented on fwellings and hot inflammations and cankers incident to women's
breafts ; alfo foul ulcers in the privy parts of either fex. An ointment made of
the flowers is better for thefe external applications.

F L A X W E E D.

CALLED likewife toad-flax.

Description. Our common flaxweed hath many ftalks, thick fet with long
and narrow blue or afli-coloured leaves, and bearing from the middle upward a vaft
number of pale yellow flowers, ofaftrong unpleafant fmell, with deeper yellow
mouths, and blackifli flat feeds in round heads. The root is fomewhat woody and
v^ite, efpecially the chief branch of it, which fpreadeth itfelf many ways, having
feveral fibres hanging thereto.

Place. This groweth in every part of this kingdom, and is to be found by
the way-fides in meadows, banks, and borders.

Time. It bloflbms in fummer, and the feed is ripe ufually about the middle or
latter end of Auguft.

Government and Virtues. Mars owns this herb. It is frequently ufed to

provoke urine and to expel the abundance of thofe watery humours by urine which

caufe the dropfy. The decc(5l:on oi tie herb with the leaves and flowers in wine,

doth fomewhat move the belly downwards, openeth obflrud:ions of the liver, help-

I eth

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 179

eth the yellow jaundice, expelleth poifon, provoketh women's courfes, and driveth
forth the dead child and after-birth. Being drunk with a drachm of the powder of
the feed, or the bark of the root of wall- wort, mixed with a little cinnamon, for
feveral days together, it is efteemed a fingular remedy for the dropfy ; the juice of
the herb, or the diftilied water, dropped into the eyes, is a certain cure for all heat,
inflammations, and rednefs, of them j the fame, put into foul ulcers, whether can-
kerous or fiftulous, with tents, or the parts waflied or injeifted therewith, cleanfeth
them thoroughly from the bottom, and healeth them up with fafety ; it alfo clean-
feth the fkin of the morphew, fcurf, wheals, pimples, or other fpots and blemiflies,
either ufed by itfelf or with the powder of lupines.

F L E A - W O R T.

Description. The ordinary flea-wort rifeth up with a fl:alk about two feet high,
though fometimes higher j full of joints and branches on every fide, quite up to the
top; at each of the joints grow two fmall, long, and narrow, whitifh green leaves,
which are fomewhat hairy. At the tops of the branches {land feveral fmall, Hiort,
fcaly, or chafl^y, heads, out of which come forth fmall whitifti yellow threads, fome-
what like thofe of the plantane herbs, which are the bloiToms or flowers. The feed
contained in thofe heads is fmall and fliining, and very much refembles fleas, both
in fize and colour, whilfl: it is frefli, but turns black as its age advances. The root
is fliort, white, hard, and woody, perifliing every year, and rifing from its own feed,
which it promifcuoufly iheds. The whole plant is rather whitifh and hairy, fmelling
fomewhat like rofin.

There is another fort hereof, differing not from the former in the manner of its
growth, but the ftalks and branches are fomewhat greater; bending down towards
the ground ; the leaves are rather larger, the heads a little lefs, and the feed very
much alike. The root and leaves abide ail the year, aiid do not perilh in the win-
ter feafon like the former.

Place. The firft groweth only in gardens, but the fecond plentifully in fields
and pafliures near the fea.

Time. They flower in July, or thereabouts.

Government and Virtues. The herb is cold and dry, and of a Saturnine qua-
lity. The feed fried and taken ftayeth the flux or laflc of the belly, and the corro-
fionsthat proceed from hot, choleric, fharp, and malignant, humours, or from too
ftrong an operation of any medicine, as fcammony, &c. The mucilage of the feed
made with rofe-water, and a little fugar- candy added thereto, is very good in all hot
agues and burning fevers aiid iuflaiiimations j alfo to allay the thirft, and lenify the

No, 13. 3 B dryncfs

i3o CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

dryiiefs and roughnefs of the tongue and throat. It helpeth hoarfenefs of the voice,
difeafes of the breaft and lungs, caufed by heat or fliarp fait humours, and alfo the
pleurify. The mucilage of the feed made with plantane-water, with the yolk of an
egg and a little populeon added thereto, is a fafe and fure remedy for the ftiarpnefs,
prickings, and pains, of the hemorrhoids, or piles, if it be laid on a cloth and bound
thereto. Ithealeth inflammations in all parts of the body, and the pains arifing there-
from, as the head-ach, &c. It eafeth the pains of impofthumes, fwellings, and
breakings-out, of the flciri, as blains, wheals, puflies, purples, and the like; as alfo the
pains of the joints, gout, fciatica, and diflocated members; and, applied with oil of
rofes and vinegar, it is good to help the burfting of young children, and the fwelling
of the navel. It is a good remedy for fore breads and nipples of women j the juice
of the herb with a little honey, put into the ears, helpeth the running and deftroy-
eth the worms breeding therein ; the fame alfo mixed with hogs's greafe, and ap-
plied to corrupt and filthy ulcers, cleanfeth and healeth them.

FLEA-BANE.

Names. IT is called alfo in Englifti mullet, and in Latin conyza.

Government and Virtues. It is hot and dry in the third degree. The herb
being fpread under foot, or burnt and fmoked in any place, will drive away veno-
mous creatures, and will kill and deftroy fleas and gnats. An ointment of the root
and leaves is ufed with fuccefs for the itch.

F L I X - W E E D.

Description. IT rifeth up with a round, upright, hard, ftalk, four or five
feet high, fpreading into feveral branches, whereon grow many grey ifh-green leaves
very finely cut, and fevered into a number of fliort and almoft round parts. The
flowers are very fmall and yellow, growing fpike-fa(hion, after which come very
longfmall pods, containing yellowifli feed. The root is long and woody, perifhing
every year.

There is another fort of this plant, differing from the former only in the leaves,
thefe being fomewhat broader ; both kinds are of a very difagreeable fmell, and of
a biting taflie.

Place. They grow wild in fields and by hedge-fides and highways; alfo among
rubbifh, and other places.

Time. They flower and feed in June and July.

Government AND Virtues. This herb is alfo Saturnine. The herb and feed is
of excellent ufe to flay the flux and lafk of the belly, being taken in water wherein

gads

AND CO M PLETE HERBAL. i8i

g^ds of heated ftcel have been often quenched j and is no lefs efFeftual for thefe pur-
pofes than plantane or comfrey, and to reilrain any other flux of blood, cither in maa
or woman j as aUb to confolidate broken and diflocated bones. The juice thereof
drunk in wine, or the decoflion of the herb taken, killeth the worms in the flomach
and belly, as alfo fuch as are fometimes ken in putrid and ulcerated wounds. Made
into a falve, it is a good plafter for foul and malignant fores ; the diftilled water of
the herb anfwereth the fame purpofes, though fomewhat weaker, yet it is efteemed
a fine medicine, and often chofen in preference to the former. Syrups, ointments,
and emplafters, of it, are truly valuable houlhold medicines.

F L U E L L I N.

Description. Itfliooteth forth many long branches, partly lying upon the ground,
and partly ftanding upright, fct with almoft round leaves, yet a little pointed, and
fometimes bordering upon an oval fhape, placed without order, fomewhat hoary,
and of an evil greenifh white colour j from the joints to the tops of the ftalks, grow
with the leaves, upon fmall fhort footftalks, fmall flowers, one at each place, open-
ing or gaping like fnap-dragons, or rather like toad-flax, with the upper part of a
yellow colour, and the under of a purplifh, with a fmall heel or fpur behind; after
thefe come fmall round heads, containing fmall black feed. The root is fmall and
thready, perilhing annually, and rifing again of its own fowing.

There is another fort which has longer branches, wholly trailing upon the ground,
two or three feet long, and fometimes not quite fo thick fet with leaves, which alfo
grow upon fmall footftalks j they are rather larger than the former, and fometimes
jagged on the edges ; but, the lower part being the broadeft, and terminating in a
fmall point, its fhape does not bear the moft diftant refemblance to that of the ear of
moft animals ; it is fomewhat hairy, but not hoary, and of a better green than the firft.
The flowers come forth like thofe aforementioned, but the colour of the upper part
is rather white than yellow, and the purple not fo fair; the flower is every way larger,
as are the feeds and feed-veflels. The root is like the other, and perifheth yearly.

Place. They grow in the borders and other parts of corn fields and fertile
grounds, efpecially near Southfleet in Kent j and at Buckworth, Hamerton, and
Kickmanfworth, in Huntingdonfliire ; and in many other places.

Time. They are in bloom about June or July, and the whole plant is dicy and
perlflied before September.

Government AND Virtues. It is a lunar herb. The leaves bruifed and applied
with barley-meal to watering eyes that are hot and inflamed by defluxions from the
head, help them exceedingly ; as alfo the flooding of blood and humours, as the-

laik.

i83 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

lafk, bloody flux, women's courfes, bleeding of the nofe, mouth, or any other place,
or proceeding from any bruife, wound, or burfting of a vein, and greatly helpeth
fuch parts as need confolidating and ilrengthening ; it is no lefs effeftual in clofing
and healing green wounds, than in cleanfing and curing foul and ulcerated fores,
fretting and fpreading cankers, &c. . ^

FOX-GLOVE.

Description. IT hath many long and broad leaves lying upon the ground,
dented about the edges, a little foft or woolly, and of a hoary green colour; among
thefe grow up feveral ftalks, but generally one which bears the aforefaid leaves from
the bottom to the middle upwards, from whence to the top it is kt with large and
long, hollow, reddifli, purple, flowers, being a little longer at the lower edge, and
fpotted with white on the infide ; there are threads in the middle, from whence
rife round heads, pointed fliarp at the ends, and containing fmall brown feed therein;
they grow one above another, with fmail green leaves thereat, hanging their heads
downward, and each turning the fame way. The roots confifl of fmall fibres, among
which are fome of a tolerable flze. The bloflbms are without fmell, and the leaves
are of a bitter hot tafte.

Place. It groweth in dry fandy places, and as well on high as low grounds ;
alfo under the hedge-fides, in almoft every part of this kingdom.

Time. It feldom flowereth before July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft.

Government AND Virtues. This herb is under the dominion of Venus. Itis
of a gentle cleanfing nature, and is frequently ufed to heal frefh or green wounds, by
bruifing the leaves and binding them thereon, and the juice thereof is alfo ufed for
old fores, to cleanfe, dry, and heal, them. The decoftion made with fugar or honey,
is effectual in cleanfing and purging the body, both upwards and downwards, of
tough phlegm and clammy humours, and to open obftruftions of the liver and fpleen.
It hath been found by experience to be available for the king's evil, the herb being
bruifed and applied, or an ointment made with the juice, and fo ufed. A decoftion
of two handfuls thereof with four ounces of polypody, in ale, hath been found to
cure thofe of the falling ficknefs who have been afilided therewith for upwards of
twenty years. It is a fovereign remedy for a fore head.

FUMITORY.

Description. OUR common fumitory is a tender fappy herb, fending forth,
from one fquare, flender, weak, flalk, and leaning downwards on all fides, many
branches two or three feet long, with leaves thereon of whitifh, or rather bluifti, fea-

green

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 183

pften leaves, finely cut and jagged j at the tops of the branches ftand many fmall
flowers, one above another, forming a kind of fpike, of areddi(h purple colour, with
whitifh berries ; thefe are fucceeded by fmall round huflts, which contain the feed.
Its root is yellow, fmall, and not very long, full of juice while it is green, but pe-
rifheth as the feed ripens. In fome parts of Cornwall there is a fpecies of this plant
which btareth white bloflbms.

Place. It groweth generally in corn-fields and cultivated grounds, and is alfo
a garden plant.

Time. It flowereth in May, and the feed ripens foon after.

Government anp Virtues. Sanrn claims dominion over this herb. The fy-
fup or juice made thereof, or the deco(5lion made in whey, with fome other purging
or opening herbs and roots added thereto, in order to {Irengthen its operation, (being
of itfelf but weak,) is very efFedtual for the liver and fpileen, opening the obftrudtions
thereof, and clarifying the blood from faltifh, choleric, and malignant, humours,
which caufe leprofy, fcabs, tetters, itch, and fuch-like breakings-out of the fkin ;
and, after having performed thefe fervices, it ftrengthens all the inward parts. It
cureth the yellow jaundice, and expeileth it by urine, which it procureth in abun-
dance. The powder of the dried herb, given for fome time together, cureth melan-
choly ; but the feed is moft efFedual. The diftilled water of the herb is alfo of good
tffe6t in the former difeafes, and is an excellent preventative againft the plague, be-
ing taken with good treacle; or, gargled with a little water and honey of rofes, it
helpeth the fores of the mouth and throat. The juice, dropped into the eyes, clear-
eth the fight, and taketh rednefs and other defeds therefrom. Diofcorides faith, it
hindereth the hair from growing afrefii on the eyelids, if they are anointed with the
juice hereof having gum arable diflblved therein. The juice of fumitory and docks
mingled with vinegar, and the places gently walhed or wet therewith, cureth all
forts of fcabs, pimples, itch, wheals, or puihes, which are incident to the face,
hands, or any other part of the body.

FURZE- BUSH.

IT is fo well known by this name, as alfo by that of gofs, or whins, that a minute
defcription would be totally ufelefs.

Place. It is known to grow on dry barren heaths, and other wafte, gravelly, and
Tandy, ground.

Time. They flower in the fummer-monchs.

Government AND Virtues. Mars owns this herb. It Is hot and dry, and good
to open obftrudions of the liver andfpleen. A decodion, made with the flowers,

No, 13. 3 C Is

i84 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

is effecftual againft the jaundice, as alfo to provoke urine, and cleanfe the kidneys
from the gravel and ftone.

FENUGREEK.

Names. IT is called in Latin /a?»«;« gracum, or otherwife greek-hay.

Description. It groweth up with tender ftalks, round, blackifii, hollow, and
full of branches; the leaves are divided into three parts, like thofe of trefoil; the
flowers are pale or whitifh, not much unlike the blofToms of lupines, but fmaller.
After thefe are fallen away, there follow long cods or huflcs, crooked and fharp
pointed, wherein is contained the feed, which is of a yellowifh colour. The root is
full of fmall hanging hairs.

Place. It very feldom groweth in this kingdom, unlefs planted in the gardens
of botanifts.

Time. It bloflbms in July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft.

Government and Virtues. Fenugreek-feed is hot in the fecond degree, and
dry in the firft, and under the influence of the planet Mercury. The feed which is
fold by druggifts and apothecaries is only ufed in medicine. The decoftion or
broth of the feed, drunk with a little vinegar, expelleth and purgeth all fuperfluous
humours which cleave to the bowels ; the fame decodlion firft made with dates, and
afterwards mads Into a fyrup with honey, mundifieth and cleanfeth the breaft, cheft,
and lungs, and may be taken with fuccefs for any grief attendant thereon, provided
the patient be not afflidled with a fever or head-ach, as this fyrup, being hurtful to
the head, would rather increafe than alleviate thofe diforders. It is of a foftening and
diflblving nature, therefore the meal thereof, being boiled in mead or honey-water,
doth confume, foften, and diflblve, hard fwellings and impofthumes ; alfo a pafte
made thereof, with faltpetre and vinegar, doth foften and wafte the hardnefs and fweU
ling of the fpleen. It is good for women who are afflided with an impofthume,
ulcer, or ftoppage, in the matrix, to bathe and fit in a decodion thereof; alfo a fup-
pofitory made of the juice of this plant, and conveyed to the neck of the matrix, will
mollify and foften all hardnefs thereof. The decodtion of fenugreek is an excellent
wafli for the head, as it cleanfeth the head of every kind of dirt, viz. fcurf, fcales,
dandrifi^, nits, &c. Applied with honey, it cleanfeth the face and other parts of
pimples, pufhes, wheals, and other blemifties ; it healeth the itch, and preventetli
the difagreeable fmell which oftentimes proceeds from perfpiration. The feed, being
prepared after the mannef of lupines, and eaten, will gradually and gently purge
the belly of coftive humours.

FISTIC-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. tis

FISTIC-NUTS.

Names. THESE nuts are alfo called in (hops pijiacia, pijlaciesy ^r\AJiftici.

Description. The tree bearing thefenuts hath long great leaves, fpread abroad,
confifting of five, feven, or more, leaves, growing one againft another, upon a red-
diih rib or finew, whereof the laft, which is alone at the top of the leaf, is much
the largeft j the fruit is much like hazel-nuts, or kernels of the pine-apple.

Place. This tree is a ftranger in this country, but is a native of Syria and
other eaftern countries.

Government and Virtues. Fiftic-nuts are under the influence of Jupiter.
They are of a mean or temperate heat, and fomewhat aftringent ; they are good to
open ftoppages and obftruiftions of the liver, and for ftrengthening the fame ; they
are alfo good for the ftomach, they open the pipes of the bread and lungs, and, be-
ing eaten either alone or with fugar, are exceeding good for the phthyfic and Ihort-
nefs of breath. Diofcorides faith, that fiftic nuts given in wine are an excellent re-
medy for the biting of venomous beafts.

FLAX.

Names. IT is called in Latin linumy by which name it is well known in (hops; alfo
I'm, whence the cloth that is made thereof is called linen-cloth ; its feed is called lin-
feed, and the oil produced therefrom linfeed-oil.

_ Description. Flax hath a tender ftalk, covered with (harp narrow leaves, parted
at the top into fmall fliort branches, which bring forth fair blue flowers ; thefe
are fucceeded by round knobs or buttons, containing a blackifh, large, fat, and
(hining, feed.

Place. It is cultivated in this country, and fown in fine moift fertile grounds,
efpecially fuch as lie low.

Time. It fiowereth in May and June, and ripens foon after.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Venusj the feed ot
this plant, being only ufed in medicine, is hot in the firft degree, and temperately
moift and dry. The feed, or linfeed, being boiled in water and applied as a poultice
or plafter, afluages all pains, fofteneth cold tumours or fwellings, the impofthumes
of the neck and ears, and of other parts of the body. Linfeed pounded with figs
is good to ripen and bring to a head boils and other fwellings i alfo to draw forth
thorns and fplinters, being mixed with the root of wild cucumber. The feed mingled
with honey and cre(res, and laid upon rough, rugged, and ill-favoured, nails, either of
the hands or htx, deanieth and darifieth thofe that are corrupt; or laid on the face,

■ , cleanfeth

,J6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

cleanfeth and taketh away all fpots and freckles thereof. The wine, wherein linfeed
hath been boiled, preferveth old fores and ulcers from corruption, being wafhed
therewith, and from feftering and inward rankling; the water wherein linfeed hath
been boiled, doth quicken and clear the fight, by being often dropped into the eyes.
Ufed in clyfters, it afiuageth the griping pains of the belly, as well as of the matrix
or mother, and cureth all wounds of the fame. The feed mixed with honey, and
taken as an eleduary, cleanfeth the breaift, and helpeth the cough ; compounded
with raifins, it is good for fuch as are confumptive, or troubled with heftic fevers.
The feed of lin taken in too great a quantity is injurious to the ftomachj it ingen-
ders wind, and hinders digeftion of meal.

FIR-TREE.

Names. THIS tree is called in Latin aMs, by the Dutch majlboom, becaufe of
its utility in making mafts for fliips ; and the liquid or clear rofin that i/Tueth from
the bark of the young trees is called terebinthina veneta, but is generally known to
us by the name of Venice turpentine.

Description. The fir- tree is large, high, and long, and continues always green;
it grows much higher than the pine or pitch-tree; the ftalk is very even and ftraight,
plain beneath and without joints, but upwards it grows with joints and knobs ;
upon thefe joints grow the branches, bearing leaves almoft like yew, but fmaller,
longer, and fiiarper at the ends, of a bluifh green colour; the fruit is like the pine-
apple, but fmaller and narrower, not hanging down, but growing ftraight upward.
From out of the bark of the young trees is gathered a fair liquid rofin, clear and
Ihining, in tafte bitter, almoft like to citron-peel or lemon-peel condited. There
is alfo found upon this tree a white rofin or gum, fomewhat like that which the pine
and pitch trees produce.

Place. It grows upon the high mountains in Greece, Italy, Spain, and Francp,
and in many places of Germany and Norway : from whence the timber thereof is
Imported into this kingdom, for the purpofes of building, &c.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Mars. The bark
and dry gum or rofin of this tree are in temperature and virtues like the bark and
rofin of the pine-tree, but thofe of the fir-tree are of a more acrimonious and cleau-
fing quality. The liquid or clear rofin is hot and dry in the fecond degree, of a
Iharp quality, and of a digeftive or deanfing nature : this liquid, taken to the quan-
tity of half an ounce, loofeth the belly and expelleth all choleric humours ; it mun-
difieth and cleanfeth the kidneys and bladder, provoketh urine, expelleth the ftone
and gravel, and is good to be taken often by thofe who are troubled with the gout;

the

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 187

the fame taken with nutmeg anJ fugar, about the quantity of a nut, helpeth the
ftranguary, and is very good againft excoriations or going off of the (kin, or flux of
the privities. It is alfo an excellent remedy for green wounds, efpecially thofc of the
head, for it cleanfeth and healeth fpeedily,

GARLIC.

IT is fo univcrfally known, that I Ihall decline troubling my readers with any
defcription of it.

Government and Virtues. Mars owns this herb. Itprovoketh urine and wo-
men's courfes, and helpeth the biting of mad-dogs and other venomous creatures;
it killeth worms in children, cutteth and bringeth forth tough phlegm, purgeth the
head, helpeth the lethargy, and is a good prefervative againft, and a remedy for, any
plague-fore, or foul ulcer; it taketh away fpots and blemifhes of the fkin, eafeth
pains of the ears, and ripeneth and breaketh impofthumes and other fwellings. It
has been noticed that onions are equally effecflual for the faid purpof<;s, but garlic
hath many peculiar virtues which the onions cannot boaft of; for inftance, it hath a
fpecial quality to remove ail inconveniences proceeding from corrupt agues or mine-
ral vapours, or from drinking ftagnated or unclean water; as alfo by taking of
wolf- bane, henbane, hemlock, or other poifonous herbs. It is alfo exceeding good
in hydropic difeafes, the jaundice, falling ficknefs, cramps, convulfions, the piles or
heniorrhoids, and other cold difeafes. However, having fhewn its many virtues,
it is alfo necefiary that its vices (hould not be concealed; its heat is very vehementj
and every thing of that defcription naturally conveys ill vapours to the brain; in cho-
leric cafes it adds fuel to the fire ; in men oppreffed with melancholy it extenuates
the humour, and confounds the idea with ftrange vifions and fancies, and therefore
ought to be taken with the ftrifteft care by thofe whofe ill-difpofition of body will
not admit of a liberal application. A few cummin feeds, or a green bean or two,
being chewed after eating garlic, will entirely remove the difagreeable fmell of the
breath proceeding therefrom.

GENTIAN.

CALLED alfo felwort and baldmony.

It is acknowledged that the gentian ufed by us fome years ago was imported
from beyond the fea, but we have (ince happily found that our own country is by
no means deficient of thofe bleflings which can contribute to the health of man.
There are two forts of gentian the growth of this kingdom, which have been proved

No, 13. .3D by

i83 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

by the experience of the moft able phyficians to be rather of fuperior excellence to

that of the foreign herb.

Description. The greater of the two hath many long and fmall roots, which
grow deep in the ground, and abide all the winter. The ftalks grow feveral toge-
ther, of a brownifh green colour, which are fpmetimes two feet high, efpeciaily if the
fbil is good, having many long, narrow, dark-green, leaves, fet by couples up to
I'le top; the flowers arc long and hollow, of a brightifh purple colour, and ending
in five corners.

The fmallcr kind groweth up with feveral ftalks, not quite a foot high, parted into
many branches, whereon grow two or three fmall leaves together, not unlike thofe of
the fmaller centaury, oi a whitifh green colour ; on the top of the {talks grow divers
perfcd blue flowers, ftanding in long hufks, but notfo big as the other. The root
is very fmall and thready.

Place. The former groweth in many places in the caft and weft counties, as
at Longfield near Gravefend, alfo at Cobham, Lellingftone, and in the chalk-pits
adjacent to Dariford in Kent.

The fecond kind groweth alfo in. many places in Kent, as about Southfleet and
Longfield j and upon the barren hills in Bedfordfliire. It is likewife found not far
from St. Alban's, on the road from Dunftable towards Gorhambury.
Time, They bloom in Auguft, and fhed their feed foon after.
Government and Virtues. They are under the dominion of Mars. They re-
fift putrefaftion, poifon, and peftilence ; nor is there a more excellent herb for
ftrengthening the ftomach, and helping digeftion; it preferves the heart, and pre-
vents fainting and fwooning. The powder of the dried roots helps the bitings of
venomous beafts, opens the obftrudions of the liver, and reftoreth loft appetite.
Steeped in wine and drunk, it refreftieth fuch as are weary with travelling; it helps
ftitches and griping pains in the fides, and is an excellent remedy for fuch as are
bruifed by falls j it provokes urine and the terms exceedingly, confequently ftiould
be avoided by pregnant women. The decoftion is very profitable for thofe who are
troubled with cramps and convulfions: alfo it breaks the ftone, and is a great help
for ruptures. It is good for cold difeafes, and to expel tough phlegm, and cure all
fcabs, itch, and fretting fores and ulcers. It is an admirable remedy to deftroy the
worms in the body, by taking half a drachm of the powder in the morning in any
convenient liquor, and is equally good for the king's evil. To help agues of all
forts, the yellow jaundice, and the bots in cattle, there is no herb fuperior to this.
When kine are bitten on the udder by any venomous beaft, if the afFedted parts are
•jvafhed with a decoftion hereof, it will prove a certain cure.

CLOVE-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 189

CLOVE-GILLIFLOWERS.

TO defcribe this herb, it being fo well known, would be altogether fruitlefs.

Government and Virtues. They are fine temperate flowers, of ihe nature
and under the dominion of Jupiter; even fo temperate, that no excefs, either in heat,
cold, drinefs, or moifture, can be perceived in them. They are great ftrengtheners
of the brain and heart, and will therefore make an excellent cordial for family pur-
pofes. Either the conferve or fyrup of thefe flowers, taken at intervals, is good to
help fuch whofe conftitution is inclinable to be confumptive. It is good to expel poi-
fon, and help hot peftilent fevers.

GERMANDER.

Description. COMMON germander fliooteth forth many ftalks, with fmall
and fomewhat round leaves, dented on the edges ; the flowers fl:and at the tops, of a
deep purple colour. The root is compofed of many fprigs, which fhoot forth a great
way round about, foon overfpreading the adjacent ground.

Place. It groweth ufually in gardens.

Time. It flowereth in June and July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft.

Government AND Virtues. It is an herb under the dominion of Mercury. It
ftrengthens the brain and apprehenfion exceedingly, and relieves them when droop-
ing ; taken with honey, it is a remedy for coughs, hardnefs of the fpleen, and diffi-
culty of urine J or, made into a deco6lion and drunk, it helpeth thofe who are trou-
bled with the dropfy, efpecially if taken at the beginning of the diforder. It alfo
bringeth down women's courfes, and expelleth the dead child; being drunk in wine,
and the bruifed herb outwardly applied, it is a certain cure for the poifon of fer-
pents; ufed with honey, it cleanfeth old and foul ulcers, and made into an oil, and
the eyes anointed therewith, taketh away the moifl:ure and dimnefs of them, and is
good for the pains of the fides and cramps. The decodlion thereof, taken for fome
days together, driveth away and cureth both the tertian and quartan agues j it is
alfo good againfl; all difeafes of the brain, as continual head-ach, falling ficknefs,
melancholy, drowfinefs and dulnefs of the fpirits, convulfions, and palfy. A di-achm
of the feed taken in powder purgeth by urine, and is good againfl the yellow jaun-
dice; the juice of the leaves dropped into the ears killeth the worms in them; and
the tops thereof, when they are in bloom, fteeped twenty-four hours in a di'aught
of white wine, and drunk, kill and expel the worms in the belly.

STINKING GLADWIN.
Description. THIS is a fpecies of the flower-de-luce, having feveral leaves
growing from the root) very much refembling thofe of the flower-de-luce, but that

they

iCjQ CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

they are (harper edged and thicker in the middle, of a deeper green colour, narrower
and fharper pointed, and of a ftrong difagreeable fmell if they are prelfed between
the fingers J in the middle rifeth up a reafonable-fized ftaik, about a yard high, bear-
ing three or four flowers at the top, made fomewhat like thofe of the flower-de-luce,
with three upright leaves, of a dead purplifti afli-colour, with veins in them of a
different colour; the other three leaves do not fall down, neither are the three fmall
ones fo finely arched, nor do they cover thofe at the lower part; in thefe particulars
it differs fomewhat from that aforefaid. Thefe are fucceeded by three-fquare hard
hufks, opening wide into three parts when they are ripe, wherein lie reddifli feed,
which in time turneth black. The root is like that of the flower-de-luce, but red-
difh on the outfide and whitifh within, of a very fharp and hot tafl:e, and of an
exceeding difagreeable fmell.

Place. This groweth as well on the upland grounds as in woods and moift
fliadowy places, as alfo by the fea-fide, in many parts of this kingdom, and is often
cultivated in gardens.

Time. It blofl"oms in July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft and September; yet
the hufks, when they are ripe, will open themfelves, and contain their feed two or
three months before they (hed it.

Government and Virtues. It is fuppofed to be under the dominion of Saturn.
Adecodion of the roots purgeth corrupt phlegm and choler, but, when wanted to
operate more gently, a few flices of the roots infufed in ale will anfwer the purpofe,
though thofe whofe fl:omachs will not admit of this make ufe of the leaves only.
The juice hereof, fnuffed up the noftrils, caufeth fneezing, and thereby draweth from
the head much corruption ; or the powder thereof ufed the fame way, produceth the
like effed. The powder, drunk in wine, helpeth thofe who are troubled with cramps
and convulfions, or with the gout or fciatica, and eafeth the gripings of the belly j
it helpeth the ftranguary, and cleanfeth, purgeth, and ftayeth, the fharp and evil hu-
mours which caufe long fluxes. The root boiled in wine, and drunk, doth effecftu-
ally procure women's courfes, andj ufed as a peflary, worketh the fame effed, but
caufeth abortion in women with child. Half a drachm of the feed, beaten to powder,
and taken in wine, doth fpeedily caufe an evacuation of urine; or, taken with vine-
gar, diflblveth the hardnefs and fwellings of the fpleen. The root is very effedtual
in all wounds, and particularly thofe of the head; as alfo to draw forth fplinters,
thorns, broken bones, or any other thing flicking in the flefli, by being ufed with a
little verdegreafe and honey, together with the great centaury root. The fame, boiled
in vinegar, diflblveth and confumeth tumours and fwellings; the juice of the leaves
and roots healeth the itch, and cleanfeth the flcin from all blemilhes.

GOLDEN

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 191

GOLDEN ROD.

DESCRiPTroN. It groweth up with browiii/h, fmall, round, ftalks, two feet high
and fometimes more ; having thereon many narrow and long dark green leaves, ge-
nerally plain on the edges, and are fometimes, though very rarely, found with white
ftrakes or fpots thereon; the ftalks are divided towards the top into many fmall
branches, bearing thereon fmall yellow flowers, all which are turned one wayj thefe,
being ripe, are fucceeded by a kind of down, which is carried away by the wind.
The root confifts of many fmall fibres, which grow but a little beneath the furface of
the ground; it liveth for fome years, fhooting forth new branches yearly, whick
perifli at the approach of winter.

Place. It grows in the open places of woods and coppices, both in moift and
dry grounds, in many parts of this kingdom.

Time. It flowereth about the month of July.

Government and Virtues. Venus claims dominion over this herb. It is
fpoken of by Arnoldus de Villa Nova as a moft excellent remedy for the ftone in the
reins and kidneys, as alfo to expel the gravel by urine. The decotftion of the herb,
either green or dry, or the diftilled water thereof, is very efFe<5lual for inward bruifes,
likewifefor flaying the floodings of the body, as fluxes of humours, bloody fluxes,
and the immoderate menfes of women ; and is moft available in all ruptures or burft-
ings, being internally or externally applied. It is a fovereign wound-herb, whereby-
green wounds and old ulcers are fpeedily cured ; it is of particular efficacy in all
lotions for fores or ulcers in the mouth, throat, or privities, of either fex. A decoc-
tion is ferviceable to faften the teeth when loofe,

GOUT-HERB.

THIS herb is alfo frequently called herb gerrard.

Description. It is very low, feldom riilng more than half a yard high ; it con-
fifts of feveral leaves which ftand on brownifti green ftalks, generally three together,
fnipped on the edges, and of a ftrong unpleafant fmell. The umbels of flowers are
white, and the feed blackifti ; the root runneth deep into the earth, and foon fpreads
itfelfover a great deal of ground.

Place. It groweth by hedge and wall fides, and often in the borders and corners
of fields, and fometimes in gardens.

Time. It flowereth in July, feeding about the latter end of the fame month.

Government AND Virtues. Saturn is the ruler of this plant, Itisprobable
it took the name of gout-herb from its peculiar virtues in healing the cold gout and

No. 14. J E fciatica.

,94 CULTEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

fciatica, as it hath been found by experience to be a moft admirable remedy for thefe
diforders j as alfo joint-achs, and other cold diforders. It is even affirmed, that the
very carrying of it about in the pocket will defend the bearer from any attack of
the aforefaid complaint.

G R O M E L.

OF this I fhall briefly defcribe three kinds, which are chiefly ufed medicinally ;
the virtues of each are the fame, but difl^erent in the manner of their growth.

Description. The greater gromel rifeth up with {lender, hard, and hairy, fl:alks,
trailing and taking root as it lieth on the ground ; it fpreads itfelf by feveral fmall
branches, whereon grow hairy dark-green leaves. At the joints with the leaves
grow many fmall blue flowers, which are fucceeded by hard, flroney, roundifli, feed.
The root is round and woody, and liveth during the winter, fhooting forth frelh
herbage every fpring.

The fmall wild gromel groweth up with feveral ftraight, hard, branched, (talks, two
or three feet high, full of joints, bearing at each, fmall, long, hard, and rough, leaves,
very much like the former,T3Ut lefs. Among thefe leaves grow fmall white bloflbms,.
which are followed by greyifh round feed like the firft. The root is not very large,
but exceedingly thready.

The garden gromel hath many upright, flender, woody, hairy, ftalks, brown and
crefted, with but few branches, bearing leaves like the former -, the flowers are-
white, after which cometh rough brown hufks, containing white, hard, round, feed,,
fhining like pearls, and greater than either of the former. The root is like that of
the firfl:, with many branches and fl:rings thereat, and of long duration.

Place.. The two firfl grow wild in barren and unfilled places. The laft is a
nurfling in the gardens of the curious.

Time. They all flower from Midfumraer till September, and the feed ripeneth
quickly after.

Government and Virtues. The dominion over thefe herbs is wholly claimed
by Venus. They are of Angular force in breaking the ftone and expelling gravel,
either In the reins or bladder ^ as alfo to provoke urine, and help the fliranguary.
The feed is mofl: efl^edual for the above purpofes, being bruifed and boiled In white
wine, or other convenient liquor i the powder of the feed is equally efiicacious.
Two drachms of the feed in powder taken with breaft-milk, will procure a fpeedy
delivery to women afiilded with hard travail, and that cannot be delivered. The
herb itfelf, (when the feed Is not to be had,) either boiled, or the juice thereof drunk,
will anfwer all the aforefaid purpofes, though not fo powerful in its operation.

GOOSE-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 195

GOOSEBERRY-BUSH.

CALLED alfo feap-berry, and in Sufiex de w berry -bufh, and likewife in many
places wine-berry.

Government AND Virtues. They are under the dominion of Venus. The
berries, whilft they are unripe, being fcalded or baked, are good to procure the re-
turn of a loft appetite, efpecially if the caufe proceeds from a ftomach afflidcd with
choleric humours. They are exceeding good to ftay the longing of pregnant wo-
men. The decoftion of the leaves of the tree cools hot fwellings and inflamma-
tions, as alfo the St. Anthony's fire. The ripe goofeberries, being eaten, are an ex-
cellent remedy to allay the violent heat of the ftomach and liver ; and the young
and tender leaves break the ftone and expel the gravel both from the bladder and
kidneys. If they are taken immoderately, they are fuppofed to breed crude hu-
mours, and ingender worms.

WINTER-GREEN.

Description. IT flioots forth feven, eight, or nine, leaves, from a fmall,brownifli,
creeping, root, each ftanding upon a long footftalk } they are nearly as broad as they
are long, round pointed, of a fad green colour, hard in handling, and fomewhat like
the leaf of a pear-tree. From among thefe rifeth up a flcnder weak ftalk, ftandino-
upright, bearing at the top many fmall, white, and fweet-fmelling, flowers, laid open
like a ftar, confifting of five round-pointed leaves, with many yellow threads ftand-
ing in the middle, furrounding a green head, having alongifti tube with them,^ which
ill time proveth to be the feed-veflel ; when ripe, it is of a five-fquare fhape, with a
fmall point, containing feed as fmall as duft.

Place. Itgroweth but feldom in fields, but frequently in woods in the northern
counties in this kingdom, as Yorkftiire, Lanca(hire, &c.

Time. It flowereth in June and July, ftieddingits feedfoon after.

Government and Virtues. Winter-green is under the dominion of Saturn,
and is an excellent remedy for the fpeedy healing of green wounds, the leaves
being bruifed and applied, or thejuice of them is equally efl^;<5lual. A falve made of
the bruifed herb, or thejuice boiled in hog's lard, or with failad-oil and wax, adding
a little turpentine thereto, is a fovereign medicine, and in high eftimation among
the Germans, who ufe it to heal all manner of wounds, ulcers, and fores. The herb
boiled in wine and water, and drunk by thofe who are troubled with ulcers in their
kidneys, or neck of the bladder, wonderfully helpeth them. It ftayeth all fluxes,
whether of blood or humours, as the laflc, bloody flux, immoderate menftrua, and

bleedinor

194 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

bleeding of wounds, and taketh away fuch inflammations as rife from the pains of
the heart. It is no lefs available for foul ulcers that a ^ hard to be cured, as alfo
foi'cankers and fiftulas. The diftilled water of the herb will perform the fame
virtues, though not fo fpeedily.

GROUNDSEL.

Description. OUR common groundfel hath a round, green, and fomewhat
brownifh, ftalk, fpreading towards the top feveral branches, fet with long and fome-
what narrow green leaves, cut in on the edges, not much unlike the oak leaves, but
lefs, and round at the endsj at the tops of the branches ftand many fmall green
heads, out of which grow yellow threads or thrumbs, which are the flowers : thefe
continue many days thus blown before they are turned into down, which with the
feed is carried away by the wind. Its root is fmall and thready, foon perifliing,
and as foon rifing again from its own fowing.

Place. It grows almoft every where, as well on the tops of walls as among alj
kinds of rubbifh and rude grounds, but efpecially in gardens.

Time. It may be feen in bloom at almofl: any time of the year, and, if permitted
tooccupy good ground, each plant will fpring and feed at leaft twice in a year.

Government AND Virtues. The herb is influenced by Venus. Itisauni-
verfal medicine for all difeafes proceeding from heat, in whatever part of the body
they may chance to happen ; it is a fafe and gentle purge for a foul ftomach, operat-
ing each way. It is of a moifl: and cold nature, confequently caufeth expulfion, and
reprefleth the heat caufed by the motion of the internal parts, through the effeds of
an emetic or other medicine. This herb preferved either as a fyrup, an ointment,
or diftilled water, is a medicine unrivalled in its efficacy for the cure of all hot
difeafes, both for its fafety and fpeed. The decodion of this herb, as Diofcorides
obferves, made with wine, helpeth the pains of the ftomach proceeding from choler ;
and the juice taken in drink, or the decodion in ale, gently performeth the fame.
It is good againft the falling ficknefs, and jaundice j and a drachm given in oxymel,
after ufing a little exercife, provoketh urine, and expelleth the gravel from the reins
and kidneys j alfo it helpeth the fciatica, cholic, and pains of the belly. The people
in Lincolnfhire ufe this externally againft pains and fwellingsi and, as they affirm,
with great fuccefs.

G A L I N G A L.

Description. It hath long, hard, and narrow, leaves ; the ftalk is triangular,
about a foot and a half high , bearing on the upper part feveral fmall leaves, from

among

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 195

among which grow fpiky tops and white feed ; the root is long, oonfills of many
threads, which are much tangled one within the other.

Place. It groweth In low and moid grounds; it is feldom feen in this kingdom,
unlefs fuch as is planted in gardens.

Time. This herb bringeth forth its fpiky tops and feed, together with its leaves,
in June and July.

Government and Virtues. It is a plant of Mars, and the root is hot and dry
in the third degree. The roots boiled and the dccodion drunk, provoketh urine,
bringeth down the menfes, expelleth the ftone, and is good for thofe who are trou-
bled with the dropfy; the fame isalfogood for the cough, the ftingingsof fcorpions,
and bitings of venomous hearts. By bathing the belly with this decoiflion, it fupples
the hardnefs of the mother, and remedieth the ftoppings and coldnefs thereof.
The powder of the root drieth up and healeth old running fores of the mouth and
privities, being wet with wine, and laid thereon ; and is an excellent ingredient for
hot ointments and maturative plaifters. Pliny fays, that the feed of galangal drunk
with water, ftoppeth the flux of the belly, and the immoderate flooding of the mcn-
ftrua ; but the greateft care muft be taken in ufing it, as too great a quantity will
caufe a violent head-ach.

STOCK GILLIFLOWERS.

Kinds a\d Names. THERE are found two kinds ofthefe flowers; the one is
called the caftle or ftock gilliflower, which may be kept both winter and fummer.
The other is not fo large, and is called the fmall rtock gilliflower, which muft be an-
nually fown; they are called leucoion and viola albce^ or white violets, bccaufe the
leaves are white ; the leaves of the flowers are of various colours, and called by fomc
writers viola matronaksy or dame's violets.

Description. Thefe two plants are not much unlike the wall flowers, but that
their leaves are whiter and fofter j however, I fliall treat of them refpedlively.

The great caftle or rtock gilliflower beareth hard and ftraight leaves, about two
feet long, by far longer and larger than the leaves of wall flowers. The bloflbms
are of a fragrant or pleafant fmell, much like thofe of heart's eafe, though much
larger ; fometimes of a white, fometimes of an arti-colour, fome of a carnation, and
others of a fcarlet and purple colour. Thefe are followed by long huflcs, containing
flat and large feeds.

The fmall ftock gilliflower has ftalks fomewhat like the former, with whitifh,
woolly, foft, leaves ; the flowers are of a fine fragrant fmell, and of various colours,

No. 14. 3 P . followed

J96 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

followed by feeded cods, and in every refpeA like the firft, except being fomewhat
fmailcr. It is about a foot high, and pcrifheth yearly.

PtACii. They are Town and planted in mofl; of our Englifli flower-gardens, but
arc feldom found growing wild.

TiMH. The great caftle gilliflower bloflbms in March and April, the fecond
year after it is fown ; but the fmaller kind flowereth in July and Auguft, the fame
year in which it is firft fown.

Government and Virtues. They are of temperature hot and dry, of a fimilar
nature with the yellow or wall gilliflowers, and are plants of Mercury. The flowers
of the fl:ock gilliflower boiled in water and drunk, is good to remove all difficulty
of breathing, and helps the cough ; they alfo provoke the courfes and urine, and by
bathing or fitting over the decodion it caufeth perfpiration.

WALL, OR YELLOW GILLIFLOWER.

Names. THIS flower is fuppofed to be of the violet fpecies. It is a fmall buflx
or fhrub, called in Latin kucccia lutea, and by the apothecaries keyri, in Englifh yel-
low and wall gilliflowers.

Description. The yellow wall gilliflower is green both winter and fummer j
the ftalks thereof are hard and of a woody fubft:ance, and full of branches j the
leaves are thick fet thereon, long, narrow, and green ; on the tops of the flalks
grow the flowers, which are of a very fair yellow colour, of a ftrong but pleafant
fmell, and every flower is divided into four fmall leaves j after thefe are pafl-, there
come cods or huflcs, which contain large, flat, and yellow, feed.

Place. It grows in great quantities on the ruined walls of ftone buildings, and
is very often planted in gardens, though the garden kinds are generally double
flowered, which gives them a peculiar beauty the other cannot boaft of.

Time. It generally flowers in March, April, and May.

Government and Virtues. They are hot and dry plants of the Sun, whofe
influence they are under, being of fubtil parts. Being dried and boiled in water,
it provoketh urine, and bringe:h down the terms; it helpeth ihtfcbirrus, or hard im-
pofthumes of the matrix, by being fomented therewith; a plaifl:er madeof the blof-
foms with oil and wax, is good to heal chaps of the fundament, and the falling down
of the fame; or, mingled with honey, cureth ulcers and fores of the mouth. Two
drachms of the feed taken in wine is a fure fpecific for bringing down the menftrua,
fccundine, and dead child; or a pefiary made of the fame, and conveyed into the ma-
trix, anfwereth the fame purpofe. The juice dropped into the eyes, cleanfeth them
from fpots and dimnefs; and the root fliamped with vinegar, and applied to the fpleen>
helpeth the hardnefs thereof.

GALL-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL.

G A L L - O A K.

197

Description. THE ftrong gail-oak, To named from the fruit it bears, doth
not grow fo large nor high as other oaks, but fliorter and very crooked, with fair
fpreading branches ; on thefe grow long leaves, very much cut in on the edges,
and hoary underneath ; this tree flowereth and beareth acorns, as alfo a round
woody fubftance, which is called a gall, and the timber is of a very hard fubftance.
There are fcveral kinds of gall-oaks, fome of them are much Hiorter than others,
bearing leaves more or lefs cut or jagged on the edges, and producing a greater
quantity of galls, and no acorns at all ; fome bear large galls, others fmall, fome
knobbed or bunched, and others fmooth; each are of different colours, fome white,
others red, yellow, and green.

Place. Thefe oaks grow frequently in Italy, Spain, and other hot countries.

Time. They (hoot forth their long catkins or bloflbms early in the fpring, whicii
fiiU away for the moft part before the leaves appear. The acorns are very feldoni
ripe before 0<5lober.

Government and Virtues. I fhall here explain the ufe, virtues, and temper-
ament, of the galls of thefe foreign trees only, as their acorns differ but little from
thofe produced by our EngliHTi oaks.

The fmall gall, called omphacitis, is dry in the third degree, and cold in the fe-
cond ; Saturnine, and of a four harfh nature. It is effectual in drawing together
and fattening loofe and faint parts, as the overgrowing of the flefh ; it expelleth
and drieth up rheums and other fluxes, efpecially thofe that fall upon the gums, al-
monds of the throat, and other places of the mouth.

The other whiter gall doth alfo bind and dry, but not fo much as the former,
having a lefs quantity of that four harlhnefs in it j it is good againft the dyfentery or
bloody flux. The decoftion of them in water is of a mean aftridion, but more
powerful in harfh red wine ; being fat over, it remedieth the falling of the mother,
or the galls being boiled and bruifed, and applied to the fundament when fallen, or
to any fwelling or inflammation, will prove a certain cure. The coals of burned galls
being quenched in wine or vinegar, is good to flanch bleeding in any place. They
will dye the hair black, and are one of the chief ingredients for making ink ; they
are likewife ufed by dyers for making black dye.

The oak-apple is much of the nature of galls, though inferior in quality, but
may be fubftituted for them with fuccefs to help rheums, fluxes, and other fuch-hke
p.iinful diftempers.

HEART'S

198 CULPRPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

HEART'S EASE.

IT is called in Suflex panfies, and is Co well known by almoft every perfon, that I
fhall decline troubling my readers with a defcription of it.

Place. Befides thofe which are cultivated in gardens, they grow wild in barren
and unfertile grounds.

TiMi;. They flower and feed all the time of fpring and fummer.

Government and Virtues. This is a Saturnine plant, of a cold, flimy, and
viicous, nature. A Itrong decoLinon of the herb and flowers is an excellent cure for
the venereal diforder, being an approved anti-venerean ; it is alfo good for the con-
vulfions in children, falling ficknefs, inflammations of the lungs and breaft, pleurify,
fcabs, itch, &c. It will make an excellent fyrup for the aforefaid purpofes.

HEARTICHOKE.

THE Latins calls them cifierin, and they are alfo termed artichocus.

Government and Virtues. They are under the dominion of Venus. They
are great provocatives to lufl:, yet flay the involuntary courfe of natural feed in
man ; the decoftion of the root boiled in wine, or the root brulfed and diftilled in
wine, and drunk, purgeth by urine exceedingly.

HART'S TONGUE.

Description. It confifl:s of feveral leaves rifing from the root, every one fepa-
rately, folding themfelves in their firft fpringing and fpreading; when at their
full growth they are about a foot long, fmooth and green, but hard and fappy in
the middle, {Iraked on the back athwart on both fides of the middle rib, with fmall
and fomewhat long brownifh marks j the bottoms of the leaves are a little bowed
on each fide of the middle rib, and fomewhat fmall at the end. The root is com-
pofed of many black threads, which are much entangled together.

Time. It is green all the winter, having new leaves every year.

Government and Virtues. Jupiter claims dominion over this herb. It is a
Angular remedy to ftrengthen the liver when weak, and eafe it when afTlifted ; it is
efteemed for its eflicacy in removing the hardnefs and ftoppings of the fpleen and
liver ; alfo againft the heat of the liver and ftomach, as well as the laflc and bloody
flux. The diftilled water is good for the pafEons of the heart, and gargled in the
mouth will flay the hiccough, help the falling of the palate, and ftop the bleeding
of the gums. It is a good remedy for the biting of ferpents.

HAZEL-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 199

HAZEL-NUT.

THEY are (o well known to evei-y boy, that they require no defcriptlon.

Government and Virtues. They are under the dominion of Mercury. The
parched kernels made into an eleduary, or the milk drawn from the kernels with
mead or honeyed water, are very good to help an old cough ; and, being parched,
and a little pepper added thereto, and taken in drink, digeft the diftillations of
rheum from the head. The dried huflcs and fhellsj to the quantity of about two
drachms, taken in red wine, ftay the lalks, and women's courfes ; but the red fkin
which covers the kernel is much more efFe<51:ual for the latter purpofe.

HAWK-WEED.

Description. IT hath many large leaves lying on the ground, having many
deep gafhes on the edges, fomewhat like thofe of the fow-thiftle ; from among
thefe rifeth up a hollow rough ftalk, two or three feet high, branched from the mid-
dle upwards. On thefe are fet, at every joint, feveral leaves cut but very little on
the edges, bearing at the top many pale yellow flowers, confifting of fmall narrow
leaves, broad pointed, and nicked in on the edges, fet in a double row, and fomc-
times more, the outfide leaves being the largeft. Thefe flowers are turned into
down, bearing fmall brownifh feed, which is blown away with the wind. The root
is long and rather large, with many fmall fibres thereat. The whole plant is full
of bitter milk.

Place. It groweth in many places, efpecially in fields and borders of pathways,
in dry grounds.

Time. It b!ofl*oms and difperfeth its down in the fummer months.

Government and Virtues. Saturn claims dominion over this herb. Diofco-
rides fays, it is cooling, fomewhat dry and binding, and therefore good for the heat
and gnawings of the ftomach, for inflammations, and hot ague-fits. The juice
thereof, taken in wine, helpeth digeftion, expelleth wind, prcventeth crudities from
clogging the ftomach, and caufeth an eafy evacuation of urine; being outwardly
applied, it is a fovereign cure for the flinging and biting of venomous hearts, and
is good for all poifons. A fcruple of the dried juice, taken in wine and vinegar,
is profitable for the dropfy ; the decodion of the herb, taken with honey, digeflcth
thin phlegm in the cheft and lungs, and, mixed with hyflbp, it helpeth the cough.
The decoftion hereof, mixed with that of wild fuccory made with wine, and taken,
helpeth the wind-cholic and hardnefs of the fpleen, procureth reft and fleep, prc-
venteth venery, cooleth heats, purgeth the ftomach, encreafeth blood, and helpeth

No. 14. 3 G ' all

ioo CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

all difeafes of the reins and bladder. Applied externally, it is a fingular remedy for
all defedts and difeafes of the eyes, being ufcd with bread milk ; and is of equal fuc-
ccfs when adminiftered to fretting and creeping ulcers, if taken in time. The
green herb bruifed, and mixed with a little fait, is effeftual in helping burns, if it be
ufed before the bliders rife; all inflammations, St. Anthony's'fire, and all pufhes.
and eruptions, heat and fait phlegm. The fame applied with meal and fair water,
in the manner of a poultice, to any place affeifled with convulfions and the cramp,_
or diflocated members, giveth great help and eafe. The diftilled water cleanfeth.
the fltin from all blemifhes. The ufe of this herb is moftly external, but it is very
eminent ; it cools, foftens, and heals. I faw this year an arm covered with fiery puf-
tules on the one half, and the other with terrible remains of fcratching, cured by it-
in four days; the leaves were beat to a poultice with bread, milk, and a little oil, and-.
tied^ round the arm,

HAWTHORN.

IDO not mean to trouble my readers with the defcription of a tree fo univerfally;
known to almoft every inhabitant of this kingdom.

It is generally a hedge-bufli, but, by being carefully pruned and dreiTed, it. will;
grow to a reafonable height. As for the hawthorn-tree of Glaftonbury, which ia
faid to flower yearly on Chriftmas-day, it rather flievvs the fuperftition of thofewho.
entertain this opinion than excites wonder on any other account, fince the fame
may be found in many other places of this kingdom ; as at a place called Whiter
green, near Namptwich in Chefliire;- and alfo in Romney-marfli, Thefe, if the
winter happens to be mild, will be in full bloom about Chriflmas.

Government and Virtues. Itisa tree of Mars. The berries, or the feed in:
the berries, beaten to powder, and drunk in wine, are a fingular remedy for the ftone, .
and no lefs effedual for the dropfy. The diftilled water of the flowers ftayeth the
la{k ; and the feeds, elected from the down, then bruifed and boiled in wine, wiU
give infl:ant relief to the tormenting pains of the body. If cloths and fpunges are
wet in the diftilled water, and applied to any place wherein thorns, fpliuters, &c,,
are lodged, it will certainly draw them. forth.

HEMLOCK".

Description. THE common great hemlock groweth up with-a green flalk^
four or five feet high, and fometimes higher, full of red fpots; at the joints arefet,
very large winged leaves, which are divided into many other winged leaves, fet one

againi^.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 201

againft another, dented on the edges, and of a fadgreen colour. The ftalks are
branched towards the top, each bearing umbels of white flowers, which are fol-
lowed by whitirti flat feed. The root is long, white, hollow, and fometimes crooked,
©f a very ftroiig, heady, and diHigraeable, fmell.

Place. Its growth is not confined to any particular fpot in this kingdom, but
it may be found by mod old walls, hedge-fides, and uncultivated grounds.

Time. It generally flowereth and feedeth in July.

Government AND Virtues. Saturn governs this plant. It is exceeding cold,,
and of a very dangerous quality, confequently muft not be applied internally. It
is of good effect for inflammations, tumours, and fwelling of any part of the body,
the privities excepted; alfo St. Anthony's fire, wheals, pufties, and creeping ulcers,,
proceeding from hot fharp humours, by cooling and repelling the heat. The
leaves bruifed, and laid to the brow or forehead, are good for thofe whofe eyes are
red and fwelled, and for cleanfing them of web or film growing thereon. If the
root is roafted in embers, afterwards wrapped in double wet papers, and then ap-
plied to any part afilided with the gout, it will fpeedily remove the pain thereof.
Should any perfon unfortunately, through miftake,. eat the herbage of this plant in-
ftead of parfley, or the root inftead of a parfnip, (both bearing a great refemblance
to each other,) it will certainly caufe a phrenfy or ftupefaftion of the fenfes; I will
recommend to the patient the ftrongeft and beft wine they can procure, and to
drink it immediately, before the ill effefts of the herb ftrike to the heart. If wine
cannot be inftantly had, Pliny advifeth to take a good draught of, ftrong vinegar,
which he affirms to be a fovereign remedy.

HEMP.

IT is fo common a plant, and fo well known by almoft every refident of this king-
dom, that a defcription of it would be altogether fuperfluous.

Time. It is fown about the latter end of Mnrch or beginning of April, and is
ripe in Auguft and September..

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Saturn. The feed con;-
fumeth wind, but if ufed too liberally it drieth up the natural feed for procreation,,
though, being boiled in milk, and taken a little at a time, it is a good remedy for a
dry cough. An emulfion made of the feed is given with good fuccefs for the
jaundice, efpecially in the beginning of the difeafe, if there be no ague accompanying
k, for it openeth obftruftions of the gall, and caufeth digeftion of choler ; it ftay-
eth lafks and continual fluxes, eafeth the cholic, allayeth the troublefome humours^
of the bowelsj and ftayeth bleeding at the mouth, nofe, or any other place; it will:

deftroy

tioa CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

deftroy the worms either in man or bead, and, by dropping the juice into the cars,
it will kill the worms and bring forth earwigs or other infers gotten therein. The
deco6tion of the root allayeth inflammations, eafeth the pains of the gout, the hard
tumours or knots in the joints, the pains and fhrinkings of the fmews, and the
pains of the hips. The frefli juice, mixed with a little oil and butter, is an exceed-
ing good cure for burns.

H E N - B A N E.

Descrtption. the common hen-bane hath very large, thick, foft, woolly,
leaves, lying upon the ground, much cut or torn on the edges, of a dark, ill, grey-
■ifh-green, colour j from among thefe rife up feveral thick and fhort ftalks, two or
three feet high, fpread into many fmaller branches with lefs leaves thereon, bearing
fmall yellow flowers, which fcarcely appear above the huflcsi they are ufually torn
on the one fide, ending in five round points growing one above another, of a dead
yellowifli colour, fomewhat paler towards the edges, with many purplifh veins, and
of a dark yelJowifh purple colour at the bottom of the flower, with a fmall pointd
of the fame colour in the middle; each of them flands in a hard clofe huflc, fome»
what like thofe of afarabaca, and ra;ther fharp at the top points, containing much
fmall feed, veiy like poppy-feed, but of a dufky greyifli colour. The root istlarge,
white, and thick, branching forth many ways under ground, not much unlike a
parfnip, except in colom-, and is, together with the plant, of a very ftrong, difagree-
able, and offenfive, fmell.

Place. It generally groweth near pathways, and the under fides of hedges and
old walls.

Time. It bloflbms in July, and fpringeth annually from its own fowing; though
many believe it to flower much earlier.

Government and Virtues. It is a Saturnine plant. The leaves are good for
cooling hot inflammations in the eyes, or other parts of the body j and, being boiled
in Vfine, and ufed as a foment, it will aflliageall manner of fwellings, either in the
fcrotum, women's breafts, and other parts of the body } alfo the gout, fciatica, and
pains of the joints, if proceeding from a hot caufe. Being applied with vinegar to
the forehead and temples, it helpeth the head-ach, and caufeth thofe to fleep who are
prevented by hot violent fevers. The oil of the feed is good for deafncfs, and
noife and worms in the ears. The juice of the herb or feed, or the oil drawn from
the feed, will anfwer all the aforefaid purpofes.

HEDGE-HYSSOP.

Description. THERE are feveral forts of this plant, the firft of which is a
native of Italy, and only reared here by the curious. Two or three kinds however

AND COMPLETE H E R B A L. • 20^

grow wild in England, two of which I /hall here mention ; viz. The firft is a»k)w
fmooth plant, not quite a foot high, of a very bitter tafte, compofed of many
fquare flallcs, diverfely branched from the bottorrt to the top ; it has many joints,
fhootino- forth at each two fmall leaves ; thefe are rather broader at the bottom than
at the top, a little dented on the edges, of a fad green colour, and full of veins.
The flowers ftand alfo at the joints, being of a fair purple colour with white fpots,
and made very much like thofe of dead-nettle; the feed ii fmall and yellow, and
the roots fpread much under ground.

The fecond feldom grows more than half a foot high, ftiooting forth feveral
fmall branches, whereon grow many fmall leaves fet one againft the other, fome-
what broad, but very fliort ; the flowers are not much unlike the former in fhrpe,
but of a pale reddifh colour ; the feed is fmall and yellowi/h, and the root fpread-
eth like tliat of the firft.

Place. They grow in wet low grounds, and by water-fides, and the latter fort
may be found amongfl: the bogs on Hampflcad Heath.

Time. They generally flower in June, July, and Auguft, and the feed ripens
prefcntly after.

GovERNME>fT AND VIRTUES. They are under the dominion of Mars. They
are very unfafe to take inwardly, unlefs well reftified by an alchymift, and only
the purity of them given, as they are violent purgers, efpecially of choler and phlegm.
Being prepared, they are very good for the dropfy, gout, and fciatica ; externally
applied in ointments, or the belly anointed therewith, they deftroy worms therein,
and are an excellent remedy for old and filthy fores.

BLACK H E L L E B O Ri E.

IT is called alfo fetter-wort, fetter-grafs, bears foot, Chriftmas-herb, and Chrift-
mas-flower.

DESCRiPTtON. It hath many fair green leaves rifing from the root,- each of them
ftanding about a fpan high from the ground j the leaves are all divided into kven,
eight, or nine, parts, dented from the middle to the point on both fides, and remain
green all the winter. About Chriftmas time, if the weather befomewhat temperate,
the flowers appear upon footftalks, each compofed of five large round, white, leaves,
which are fometimes purple towards the edges, with many pale yellow thrumbs in
the middle. The feed is divided into feveral cells, fomewhat like thofe of colum-
bines, but rather larger ; the feed is long and round, and of a black colour. The
root confifts of numberlefs blackifli ftrings all united into one head. There is like-
wife another fpecies of black hellebore which frequently grows in woods and forefts.

No. 14. 3 H very

ao4 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

verf much like this, except that the leaves are fmaller and narrower. It perifheth
In the winter.

Place. The firft is cultivated in gardens; the fecond is commonly found in the
.woods in Northamptonfhire.

Time. The former bloflbmsin December and January; and the latter in Feb-
ruary and March.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Saturn, confequently would be
taken with greater fafety after being purified than when raw. The roots are very
efFedual againft all melancholic difeafes, efpecially fuch as are of long ftanding, as
quartan agues and madnefs ; it heipeth the falling ficknefs, the leprofy, the yellow
and black jaundice, the gout, fciatica, and convulfions j or, ufed as a peflar)', pro-
voketh the terms exceedingly. The fame being beaten to a powder, and ftrewed
upon foul ulcers, confumes the dead flefh and inftantly heals them; it will alfo help
gangrenes by taking inwardly twenty grains thereof corre(5Ved with half as much cin-
namon. Country people ufe it for the cure of fuch beafts as are troubled with
the cough, or have taken anypoifon, by boring a hole through the ear and putting
a piece of the root therein; this, they fay, will give relief in twenty-four hours time,
it is an excellent ingredient, and ufed by farriers for many purpofes.

H E R B - R O B E R T.

Description. IT grows up with a reddifh ftalk about two feet high, bearing
on long and reddifh footftalks many leaves; thefe are divided at the ends into three
or five divifions, fome cut deeper than others, and alfo dented on the edges, which
oftentimes turn of a reddifh colour. At the top of the ftalk grow feveral flowers,
each confifting of five leaves, much larger than thofe of dove's foot, and of a deeper
red colour, after which come beak-heads as in others. The root is fmail and thready,,
and of an unpleafant fmell.

Place. It may be found near way-fides, ditch-banks, and wafte grounds.

Time. It flowers in June and July, and the feed is ripe foon after.

Government and Virtues. This herb is under the dominion of Venus, It is
efteemed an excellent remedy for the ftone, and will ftay blood, from whatever
caufe it might happen to flow ; it fpeedily healeth all green wounds, and is effec-
tual in curing old ulcers in the privities and other parts.

HERB-TRUELOVE.

Description. ORDINARY herb-truelove hath a fmall creeping root running
near the upper cruft of the ground, fomewhat like a couch-gcafs root, but not fo

white,

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 205

■white, fhooting forth ftalks with leaves, fome of which carry fmall berries, and others
not; fvery ftalk fmooth, without joints, and of a blackifh green cologr, rifing about
half a foot high if it bears berries, but not fo high if otherwifej on the top are four
leaves fet direftiy one againft the other, refembling a crofs, or rather a ribbon tied
in a truelove's knot, from whence it took its name ; thdc leaves are fomewhat like
the leaves of night-(hade, but a little broader, having fonietimes three leaves, fome-
times five, and frequently fix, fome of which are larger than others. From the mid-
dle of the four leaves rifeth up one fmall {lender ftalk, about an inch high, bearing
on the top a flower fpread open like a ftar, confifting of four fmall and long narrow
pointed leaves of a yellov/ifti green colour, with four fmalkrones lying between, and
in the middle ftands a round, dark, purpliflj, button, or head, compafled about with
eight fmall yellow mealy threads of three colours, which form a beautiful flower j
when the other leaves are withered, the button or head in the middle becomes a
blackilh purple berry about the fize of a grape, full of juice, and contains many
white fe-ds. The whole plant is without taile.

Place. It grows in woods and coppices, efpecially about Chiflehurft and Maid-
fl:one in Kent, and is likevvife frequently found iii the corners and borders of fields,
and other wafte grounds.

Time. They fpring up about April or May, and flower foon after; the berries
are ripe in the end of May and June.

Government and Virtues. This plant is claimed by Venus. The leaves or
berries hereof are effedual to expel poifons of all forts, efpecially that of the aconites,
alfo the plague, and other peftilential difeafes. The roots beaten to powder, and
taken in wine, give eafe to thofe who are troubled with the cholic ; the leaves
are exceeding good for green wounds, as alfo to cleanfe and heal up old filthy fores
and ulcers. It is very powerful to difcufs all tumours and fwellings in the fcrotum,
privities, or groin, or in any other part of the body, and fpeedily allays all inflamma-
tions. The leaves or juice applied to felons, or nails of the hands or feet that have
impofthumes or fores gathered together at the roots or under them, will prove a cer-
tain cure "in a fhort time.

"HYSSOP.

IT is fo univerfally known, that I confider it altogether needlefs to write any de-
fcrtption of it. Its virtues are thefe.

Temperatureand Virtues. Theherbis Jupiter's, under the fign Cancer, con-
fequently ftrengthens fuch parts of the body as thefe govern. Diofcorides faith, that
hylTop boiled with rue and honey, and drunk, helpeth thofe who are troubled with

coughs.

ao6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

coughs, (hortnefs of breath, wheezing, and rheumatic diftillations of the lungs ; •
taken with oxymel, it expclleth grofs humours by ftool, and with honey it killeth
worms in the belly ; alfo, with frefli or new figs bruifed, it helpeth to loofen the belly,
but more effeftually if the root of flower-de-luce be added thereto. It reftoreth the
natural colour of the fkin when difcoloured by the yellow jaundice, and being taken
with figs and nitre it helpeth the dropfy and fpleen. Being boiled in wine, it is good
to wafh inflammations, and taketh away black and blue fpots and marks proceeding
from blows, bruifes, or falls, if applied with warm water. Being boiled with fig?,
it makes an excellent gargle for the quinfey or fwelling in the throat ; or boiled
in vinegar and gargled in the mouth it cureth the tooth-ach; the hot vapours of the
decoflion, taken by a funnel in at the ears, eafeth the inflammations and finging
noife of them; bruifed and mixed with fait, honey, and cummin-feed, it is a good
remedy for the flinging of ferpents j the head being anointed with the oil thereof,
it killeth the lice and allayeth the itching of the fame; it helpeth the falling fick-
nefs, and expelleth tough phlegm, and is efFcdual in all cold griefs or difeafes of the
cheft and lungs, being taken either as a medicine or fyrup. The green herb bruifed
and a little fugar mixed therewith, will fpeedily heal up any cut or green wound,
being thereto appl'f'd.

HOPS.

THE matured hops are fo well known, that I fliall decline writing a defcription,
and fhall therefore proceed to that of the wild hops.

Description. The wild hop groweth up like the tame, twining upon trees and
hedges that ftand near it ; it hath rough branches and leaves like the former, but
much fmaller heads; thefe heads are fo fcarce, that one ftalk feldom produces more
than one or two ;—- -in this the chiefefl: difl-erence confifts.

Place. They delight to grow on low moift grounds, and are found in moft
parts of this kingdom.

Time. They fpring up in April, and flower about the latter end of June, but
the heads are not gathered till the latter end of September.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Mars. This phyfi-
cally operates in opening obftru<5tions of the liver and fpleen, cleanfing the blood,
loofening the belly, expelling the gravel, and provoking urine ; the decodion of the
tops of hops, whether tame or wild, worketh thefe efl^eds. In cleanfing the blood,
they help to cure the French difeafe, and all manner of fcabs, itch, and other break-
ings-out of the body ; alfo tetters, ringworms, aad fpreading fores, the morphew, and
all difcolourings of the fkin. The decoftion of the flowers and tops helpeth to expel

I poifon.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 207

poifon. Half a drachm of the feed in powder, taken in drink, killeth worms in the
body, bringeth down women's courfes, and expelleth urine. A fyrup, made of the
juice and fugar, cureth the yellow jaundice, eafeth the head-ach proceeding from
heat, and tempereth the heat of the liver and ftomach ; it is likewife given with good
efFefc to thofe who are afflidted with long and hot agues. Both the wild and the
manured are of one property, and alike effec^lual in all the aforefaid diforders. Mars
owns this plant, confequently its operations are obvious.

HOARHOUND.

Description. COMMON hoarhound groweth up with fquare hoary ftalks,.
about half yard or two feet high, fet at the joints with two round crumpled rough
leaves, of a dull hoary-green colour, of a tolerably pleafant fmell, but very bitter
tafte. The flowers are fmall, white, and gaping, fet in rough, hard, prickly, huflcs i
thefe, together with the leaves, furround the joints from the middle of the ftalk up-
wards, and are fucceeded by fmall, round, blackifli feed. The root is blackifh,
hard, and woody, with many firings, and very durable.

Place. It is found in mod parts of this kingdom, efpecially in dry grounds,
and wafte green places.

Time. It generally bloflbms in and about July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Mercury. A decoflion of the
dried herb with the feed, or the juice of the green herb taken with honey, is a cer-
tain remedy for thofe who are purfey or ftiort-winded, or have a cough, or are fallen
into aconfumption, either through long ficknefs, or thin diftillations of rheum upon
the lungs. It helpeth to expedorate tough phlegm from the cheft, being taken with
the roo's of iris, or oris. It bringeth down the menftrua, expelleth the afterbirth,
and giveth eafe to thofe who are afflided with long and painful travail ; and is an
excellent medicine to expel poifon, or cure the venomous bitings or ftingings of fer-
pents, &c. The leaves ufed with honey, purge foul ulcers, ftay running or creep-
ing fores, the growing of the flefli over the nails, and eafe the pains of the fides.
The juice thereof, ufed with wine and honey, helpeth to clear the eyefight, and,
fhuflfed up the noftrils, purgeth away the yellow-jaundice; the fame ufed with a
little oil of rofes and dropped into the ears, eafeth the pains thereof. Galen fays, it
openeth obftru(5lions both of the liver and fpleen, and purgeth the breaft and lungs
of phlegm ; or, outwardly applied, it both cleanfeth and digefteth. Mathiolus alfo
obferves a decoftion of this plant to be Infinitely ferviceable for thofe who have bad
livers, and for fuch as have itches and running tetters. Either the powder or the

No. 15. 3 I decodioa

2o8 CU-LPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

decodlion hereof is efFeftual in killing worms. The green leaves, bruifed and boiled
in old hog's greafe, and ufed as an ointment, heal the bitings of dogs, abate the
fwellings of women's breads, and eafe the painful fwellings occafioned by thorns or
fplinters, and, ufed with vinegar, cleanfe and heal tetters. There is a fyrup made
of this plant fold by moft apothecaries, which I would recommend as an excellent
help to evacuate tough phlegm and cold rheum from the lungs of aged perfons,
efpecially thofe who are afthmatic or fhort-v/inded.

HORSE-TAIL.

OF this there are many kinds, but I fhall decline troubling my readers with the
defcription of any other than the moft eminent.

Description. The great horfe-tail, at the firft fpringing, hath heads fomewhat
like afpargus, which afterwards grow to be hard, rough, ho'low, ftalks, jointed in
feveral places, and about a foot high ; the lower part appearing to be put into the
upper. On each fide grows a bufli of fmall, long, rufh-like, hard, leaves, each part
rcfembling a horfe's tail, (from whence it took its name.) At the tops of the ftalks
come forth fmall catkins, fomewhat like thofe of trees. The root creeps under .
the ground, having many joints.

Place. This horfe-tail (as do moft of the other kinds hereof) generally groweth
in moift and wet grounds.

Time. They fpring up in April, and their catkins bloom in July ; in Auguft
they fhed their feed, and then perifti, rifing afrefti every fpring.

Government and Virtues. Of this herb, the fmooth rather than the rough,
and the leafed rather than the bare, are moft phyfical. Saturn claims dominion
over itj^yet its qualities are very harmlefs. It is very good to ftaunch bleedings, either
inwardly or outwardly, the juice or deco(5lIon thereof being drunk, or externally ap-
plied. It ftays laflcs and fluxes of every kind, either in men or women ; fuppreftes
the evacuation of blood through the urinary paftages, and healeth not only the
inward ulcers and excoriations of the entrails, bladder, &c. but all other forts of
foijfl, moift, and running, ulcers, and quickly healeth green wounds. It is an ex- ,
cellent cure for ruptures in children. The decodlion, taken in wine, provoketh
urine, and helpeth the ftone and firanguary; and a fmall quantity of the diftilled
water thereof, drunk two or three times in a day, eafeth the difagreeabie fenfations of
the bowels, and is efFeftual againft a cough when proceeding from the diftillation
pf the head. By bathing the parts affefted with the warm juice or diftilled water

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 20(^

of this plant, it cureth hot inflammations, puftules, red wheals, and other break-
ingsQUt, of the Ikin; and it eafeth all fwellings, heat, and inflammations, of the
fundament and privities of either fex.

HOUSELEEK.

IT is too well known, as well by the name of fengreen as houfeleek, to require
any defcription.

Place and Time. It grows commonly on the tops of houfes and walls, and
flowereth in July.

Government and Virtues. Jupiter -claims dominion over this herb, from
which it is fabuloufly reported, that it preferves whatever it grows upon from fire
and lightning. The ordinary houfeleek is good for all inward and outward heats,
either in the eyes or other parts of the body. A poflet made with thejuice of houfe-
leek is Angularly good in all hot agues, for it cooleth and tempereth the blood and
fpirits, and quencheth thirft; by dropping the juice thereof into the eyes, it cureth
them of ail hot defluxions of fliarp and fait rheums, and is equally efFeftual for all
, diforders of the ears, being ufed in the fame manner. It ftoppeth the immoderate
floodings of the menftrua, and helpeth the humours of the bowels j it cooleth and
abateth all hot inflammations, the St. Anthony's fire, fcaldings, burnings, the fhin-
gles, fretting ulcers, cankers, tetters, ring- worms, and the like; and is a certain eafe
to thofe who are afflitfted with the gout, when proceeding from a hot caufe. By
bathing the hands and feet with thejuice, and laying the fkin of the leaves on them
afterwards, it cleaufeth them of warts and corns ; it-alfo eafeth the headach and
diftempered heat of the brain, occafioned by phrenfies or want of fleep, being ap-
plied to the temples and forehead. The leaves, bruifed and laid upon the crown of
the head, ftay the bleeding of the nofe very quickly. The diftilled water of the
herb is likewife profitable for ail the aforefaid purpofes. The leaves, being gently
rubbed on any place ftung with nettles or bees, do quickly take away the pain, and
difcharge the blifters proceeding therefrom.

HOLLY.
CALLED alfo holm or hulver-bufli. It is fo well known that to give a defcrip-
tion of it is quite needlefs.

Government and Virtues. This tree is of a Saturnine quality; the berries
expel wind, and are therefore efteemed good for removing the pains of the cholic -,
they are of a flrong nature ; for, by eating a dozen of them in the morning fafting,

when

2,o CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

when they are ripe, and not dried, they purge the body of grofs and clammy phlegm j
but, if you dry the berries and beat them into powder, they are binding; they flop
fluxes of every kind, as alfo the terms of women. Both the bark and leaves are ex-
ceeding good to be ufed in fomentations for broken bones and diflocated members*.

HOUND'S TONGUE.

Description. The great ordinary hound's tongue hath many-long and fome-
•what narrow, foft, hairy, darkifh -green, leaves, lying on the ground, and not much
unlike thofe of buglofs ; from among thefe rifeth up a rough hairy ftaik, about
two feet high, with fmaller leaves thereon, and branches at the top into many parts,
bearing at the foot of each a fmall leaf j on this branch are many fmall flowers, which
confift of fmall purpli(h-red leaves, of a dead colour, fcarcely rifing out of the hufk
•wherein they ftand, with a few threads in the middle. It hath fometimes a white
flower. After the flowers are fallen, there follow rough flat feeds, with a fmall poin-
tel in the middle, eafily cleaving to any thing it happens to touch. The branch
whereon thsfe flowers grow is crooked, or turned inwards, before they are in blof-
fom, but ftraightens itfelf as the flowers come to perfedion. The root is black,
thick, and long, hard to break, and full of clammy juice, fm^lling fomewhat fl:rong
and difagreeable, as do alfo the leaves.

Place. It groweth in moft parts of this kingdom, in wafte grounds, untilled
places, highway-fides, and under hedges.

Time. It generally flowereth in the months of May and June, and the feed is
ripe (hortly after.

Government and Virtues. It is a plant under the dominion of Mercury.
The root is very efFedtually ufed in pills and decoftions, or otherwife, to flay all
fiiarp and thin defluxions of rheums from the head into the eyes or nofe, or upon the
fiomach or lungs, as aHb for coughs and ftiortnefs of breath.. The leaves boiled in
wine, (though many approve of water,) with oil and fait added thereto, mollify
and open the belly downwards, and help to cure the biting of a mad dog, by
applying the leaves to the wound. Bruiflng the leaves, or the juice of them

* The method of making Birdlime, — Peel as much of the bark of holly as you have occafion
for, in the months of June and July ; let it boil feven or eight hours, or till it is tender, in clear
water ; then make a heap with fern, flrewing a lay of one and a lay of another. This fort of
pofition the chymifts tttmjlratumfuperjiratum, and mark it thus, S. S. S. Let it ferment a
fortnight or three weeks; then take it out, and beat it in a mortar till it may be kneaded like
dough i then wa(h it in water till it becomes clean,— -This is pure birdlime.

boiled

AND C O M P L E T E >i E R B A L. 21 1

boiled in hog's lard, and applied, helpeth to preferve the hair from faJHing, and
safeth the pain of a fcald or burn j or the bruifed leaves, laid to any green wound*
fpeedily heal the fame. The root baked in embers, wrapped in pafte, or wet pa-
pers, or in a wet double cloth, and a fuppofitory made thereof and applied to the
fundament, doth very effeftually help the piles or hemorrhoids ; alfo the diftilled
water of the herb and root is ufed »vith good effetfl for all the aforefaid purpofes,
eitlrer taken inwardly or applied butwardly, efpecially as a warti for wounds and
pundures, and particularly ulcers occafioned by the venereal difeafe.

St. JOHN'S WORT.

Description. THE common St. John's wort (hooteth forth brownirti, up-
right, hard, round, ftalks, two feet high, fpreading many branches from the fides
up to the top, with two fmall dark-green leaves fet one againft another, fomewhat
like thofe of the fmaller centaury, but narrower, and full of fmall holes, which can
fcarcely be difcerned unlefs held up towards the light. At the tops of the ftalks
and branches ftand yellow flowers, each compofed of five leaves, with many yellow
threads in the middle, which, being bruifed, yield a reddifh juice like blood ; thefc
are fucceeded by fmall round heads containing fmall blackifh feed, fmelling like
rofin. The root is hard and woody, with many firings and fibres, and of a brown-
ifh colour ; they live many years, rtiooting afrefh yearly.

Place. It groweth in woods and coppices, as well thofe that are fhady as thofe
that are open and expofed to the fun.

Time. They flower about midfummer, and their feed is ripe in the latter end
of July and Auguft.

Government and Virtues. It is under the celeftial fign Leo, and governed by
the Sun. It is by no means the leaft valuable for its efficacy in the cure of wounds,
hurts, or bruifes, by being boiled in wine and drunk, if the complaint is inwardly,
or, if outwardly, by converting it into an oil, ointment, bath, or lotion. It openeth
obftruftions, diflblves fwellings, clofes up the lips of wounds, and fl:rengthens the
^arts that are weak and feeble. The deco(5tion of the herb and flowers, (though that
of the feed is preferable,) taken in wine, or the feed made into powder and drunk
with the juice of knot-grafs, helpeth all manner of vomiting and fpitting of blood,
occafioned by the burfting of a vein, bruifes, falls, &c. It likewife helpeth thofe
who are bitten or ftung by any venomous creatures ; alfo eafeth the pain of the
ftone, and, when applied, provoketh women's courfes. Two drachms of the feed of
this herb beaten to powder and drunk in a little broth, gently expel choler or
congealed blood from the ftomach. The decoflion of the leaves and feeds, being

No. 15. 3 K drunk

,.,^ CUT^PEPER's ENGLISH PHTSICIAN,
drunli rather warm before the ague- fits come on, in the courfe of a h'ttle time wiiV
entirely remove them. Drinking the decoftion of the feed for forty days together
Jaelpeth the fciaiicu, the falling ficknefs,. and the palfy.

I V Y.

THIS- is too well known to require a defcriptign.

Place. It may be found upon mod old ftpne walls of churches, houfes, «.i\.l-
ruinous buildings, and frequently in woods and, upon trees.

Time. It flowereth in July, l^ut the berries do not ripen till they have felt the
winter frofts.

Government ANO Virtues, It is- under the dominion of Saturn. Diofcorides
recommends about a drachm of the flowers to be taken twice a-day in red wine ai
an excellent medicine for the laflc and bloody flux. It is very pernicious to the
nerves and finews being taken too liberally, but particularly helpful when exter-
nally applied. Pliny obferves, that the. yellow berries are good againft the jaundice,
and help thofe who fpit blood; alfo prevent drunkennefs; and that the white
berries, taing either inwardly or outwardly applied, kill the worms in thebeliyi
The fame beaten to powder, and taken in liquor for two or three, days together,
admirably help thofe who have the plague, or, taken in wine, break the ftone,
provoke urine, and bring down the menftrua. The frefk leaves of ivy, boiled
in vinegar,. and. applied warm to the fides of thofe that are troubled with the fpleen,
ach, or ftitch in the fides, give immediate eafej or, ufed with rofe-water and oil of
rofes to bathe the temples and forehead,. eafe the head-ach, though of long conti-
nuance. The fame, boiled in wine, cleanfe and heal old and .filthy ulcers, by
ufing it as a wafh ; it is likewife an excellent cure for green wounds, burnings,
fcaldingSj.and all kinds of exulcerations coming thereby,, or by fait phlegm or hu-
mours in other parts of the body. The juice of the berries or leaves, fnufl^ed up the
nofe,. purgeth the head and brain of thin rheum which caufeth defluxions into the
eyes and nofe, and cureth the ulcers and ftench therein ; the fame dropped into the
ears, helpeth the old running fores of them. . By the continual drinking out oi^
a cup made of ivy, all fymptoms of the fpleen are entirely erazed. The fpeedieft
cure for a furfeit by wine, is to drink a draught of the fame liquor.wherein a hand^
ful of bruifed ivy -leaves have been boiled. .

J UNIPER-BUSH.

THIS is equally as well known as the former, confequently a defer iptbn wouW

be. equally needlefs.

Place,

AND COMPLETE H E R B" A t. ifj

Peace. They are very plentiful in raoft woods and commons, particulariy upon
Wailey-common, near Brentwood in EfTex; upon Finchley common, without
Highgate; adjacent to the Newfound Wells near Dulw'ich ; upon a common be-
tween Mircham and Croydon; in the highway gear Amerftiamin Buckinghamftiirej
and in many other places.

Time. The berries ar^not ripe the firft year, but continue green two fummers
and one winter before they ripen, when they change-their colour to black ; they ara
ripe about the fall of the leaf.

Government and Virtues. This admirable felar fhrub can fcarcely be
equalled for its virtues. Its berries- are hot in the third degree, and dry in the firft,
being an excellent counter-poifon and a great refifter of peftilence j they are very
good for the bitings of venomous beafts ; they provoke urine exceedingly, and
therefore are very available in difurics and ftranguaries. It is fo powerful a remedy
for the dropfy, that, by drinking only the lye made of the afhes of this herb, it cures
the difoafe; it provokes the terms, helps the fits of the mother, ftrengthens the fto«-
mach, and expels wind; indeed there are few better remedies for the wind and cho-
lic than the chymical oil drawn from the berries; but, as many, in all probability,
would be at a lofahow to extradl this oil, I would advife them to eat ten or dozen
of the ripe berries every morning farting, as thefe will occafionaliy anfwer the sfore-
faid purpofes ; they are alio good for a cough, fhor-tnefs of breath, confumption^
pains in the belly, ruptures, cramps, and convulfions; they ftrengthen the brain,
help the memory, fortify the fight by ftrengtheniiig the optic nerves, and give fafe
and fpeedy delivery to women in labour ; they are excellent good in all forts of
agues, they help the gout and fciatica, and ftrengthen all the limbs of the body.
The afhes of the wood are a fpecial remedy for the fcurvy in the gums, by rubbing
them therewith >. the berries ftay all fluxes, help the hemorrhoids or piles, and kill
♦forms in children j they break the ftone, procure loft appetite, and are very good
for palfies and falling ficknefs. A lye made of the afties of the wood, and the body
bathed therewith,, cures the itch, fcabs, and leprofy.

JUJUBE- TREE.

Namis.and Kimds. DODONEUSfays, there are two forts of jujubes; red aad
white ; and of the red three different kinds, viz. the greater jujube-tree, called in
Latin zizipbusfive jujuba major ; the fmalier jujube, called zaiphusfivejuJHba minor ;
and the wild jujube-tree.

Description. The greater jitjube-tree grows fometimes very high, but oftener
fpreads itfelf in breadth, having a crooked body; the wood is hard and whitifti,

3 the

^^4 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

the bark rugged, and the branches great and fpreading ; the fmaller twigs about a
foot long and full of leaves on both fides, one a little above another, and an odd one
at the end ; thefe leaves are fmall, broad, and pointed at the end i finely dented
about the edges, with long veins in them, each ftanding on a long footftalk,
fmooth, and feel hard. At the foot of every leaf, towards the tops of the twigs,
come forth fmall yeilowifh flowers, each confiding of five leaves ; thefe are fuc-
ceeded by the fruit, which is fomewhat like a fmall plumb, or olive, but rather
long, green and harfh at thefirft; afterwards they become yellow ifli, and when ripe
they are of a fine red colour, of a (harp fweetnefs, and fomewhat clammy; flattilK
next the ftalk, containing a ftone not unlike that of the olive or Cornelian cherry ;
and its fkin is thicker and harder than that of the plumb. The branches are thorny,
ftanding two always at a joint, one whereof is crooked, the other flraight: the roots
are long and faft in the earth.

The fmaller jujube-tree is, in branches, leaves, flowers, and fruit, very much like
the former, except that it is every way fomewhat fmaller j it is alfo thick fet with
thorns like the other, but thefe are rather fhorter. ,.

The wild jujube-tree is lower, and more like a fhrub, than either of the former,
but thicker fet with fmall fliarp thorns ; the leaves are not unlike, but grow not fo
thick on a twig, and are fmaller ; the fruit of this is alfo red, fomewhat lefs, drier
of fubftance, and of a (harper tafte, than the others.

Place. The firft groweth naturally in Africa, Egypt, and mod eaftern countries,
and was, as Pliny obferves, conveyed from thence into Italy, where it now grows in
great plenty. The other kinds are likewife found in Italy, and in fome parts of
France, the wild kind growing in the fields and hedges.

Time. . They flower in May, and their fruit is generally ripe in September.
Government AND Virtues, Venus claims dominion over thefe. Jujube-berries,
when fre(h, open the body, purge choler, and cleanfe the blood, as Simon Sethi
and Aftuarius afKrm, though Mathiolus pofltively denies their purging faculty.
They are of a temperate quality in heat and moifture; they cool the heat and (harp-
nefs of the blood, and therefore are good in hot agues, alfo to expeftorate tough
phlegm and other difeafes of the cheft and lungs, as coughs, (hortnefs of breath, hot
diftillations, &c. and, being taken in fyrups or eleduaries, expel the roughnefs of
the throat and breaft. They are good to cleanfe the reins and bladder, their vifcous
qualities making the palTages flippery, and expelling the gravel and ftone with infi-
nitely lefs pain -, and they ftay vomiting when caufed by (harp humours. They are
hard of digeftion, being either fre(h or dry, and therefore are ufed in decoftions, fy-
. rups, or eledtuaries. I (hall here prefent my readers with a moft valuable receipt
;i- for

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 2x5

fbrthe cure of all (harp humours, ulcers, or inflammations, in the kidneys, reins, and
bladder; and for the ftone, jaundice, falling ficknefs, and dropfy,--.It is thus pre-
pared : Take jujubes, the feed of parfley, fennel, annife, and carraways, of each
one ounce; of the roots of parfley, burnet, faxifrage, and carraway, one ounce and a
half; let the feed be bruifcd, and the roots waihed and cut fuiall, then infufe thenr
all night in a bottle of white wine, and in the morning boil it in a clofe earthern-
veflel until a third part be confumed; ftrain it, and drink four ounces at a time, the
flrft and laft thing morning and evening, abftaining from all other drink for at leaft'
three hours. ---This you will find efll^edual for the aforefaid diforders.

H O N E Y - W O R T.

THERE are divers fpecies of the honey-wort, namely, the great, fmall, and the
rough; as, the greater yellow and red; the greater yellow or purple ; and the fmaller
yellow and white ; the flowers of all or either of which the bees are remarkably fond
of, and much delighted with.

Description. The greater honey-wort'growethupupon athick green ftalk, to'
a moderate height, having many great, deep-pointed, green, leaves, placed one^
above another ; towards the top of each ftalk come umbels of flowers, thick fet,
and rifing up fpiral or crefted; moftly of a bright yellow colour; though fome are
red,^ others purple, and fome perfedly white.

Place. The honey- worts grow not wild in England, but are cherifhed up in gar-
dens, and planted in the pleafure grounds and nurferies of the curious.

Time. They fpring up in April, and flower from the latter end of May to Au-'
guft, but perifli in the winter.

Government AND Virtues. Honey-worts are imder Mercury. They are of
temperate quality, between cold and hot; but rather inclining to cold, and are fome-
what aftringent. They flop bleeding at the mouth and nofe, immoderate fluxes"
of the belly, and women's courfes. The juice of theherb, with a little faflron dif-
folved in It, is an excellent remedy for weak, watery, or blear, eyes ; and is ufed"
to heal foul ulcers after they have been cleanfed, particularly in tender parts of thc
body. Some people ufe it inftead of buglofs and borage, in all cafes where thofe
lierbs are recommended, llie flowers are very fweet.

INDIAN LEAF;

Names. IT is called by the Indians cadr^i Indi, that h folium Indum. It is alfo
called malabatbrum, and by the Eaft-Indians tamala paira,

No. 15. J L Descrip-

zi6 CULPEPER's ENGinSH PHYSICIAN,

Description. They arebroad leaves, com pofed of three ribs, and a little pointed
at the ends; amongft thefe are other leaves which fometimes grow on the branches,
two ufually at a joint, taftirtg fomewhat hot, like the bay-leaf, as does likewife the
bark ; amono tliefe leaves^ is fometimes found a fmall fruit, very much refembling
an acorn in the cup ; this is probably the fruit of the tree, and gathered with the

leaves.

GovEHNMEKTvANX) VIRTUES.. It is a fol.ir plant ; the virtues of it are thefe: it
provokes urine, it warms and ftrengthens the ftomach exceedingly, and makes the
breath fweet. It is good to put into cordial ar^d ftomachic compofitions; it refift-
eth poifon and venom, and the infufion thereof in warm wine helpeth inflamjnations
and, redjiefs of the eyes.

K I D N E Y - V/ O R T.

CALLED alfo wall-pennyroyal, and wall-pennywort.

Description. It hath many thick, flat, and round, leaves, growing from the
root, every one having a long footftaik faftened underneath about the middit of it,
a little unevenly waved fometimes about the edges, of a pale-green colour, and
hollow on the upper fide, likea faucer. From among thefe rife one or more tender,
hollow, fmooth, ftalks, about half a foot high, bearing thereon two or three fmall
leaves, not round like thofe below, -but fomewhat long and divided on the edges;
the tops are fometimes divided into long branches, bearing a number of flowers, {et
round about a loug fpike, one above another ; they are hollow and fliaped like a
fmall bell, and of a whitifh-green colour ; thefe are followed by fmall heads con-
taining very fmall brownifh feed, which, falling on the ground, fpring up in great
plenty before the winter, if it happens to fall on a moift foil. The root is round and
fmooth, greyifh without and white within, having fmall fibres at the head of the
,root and bottom of the ftalk-

Place. It grows in great abundance in many parts of this kingdom, particular-
ly in the weftern, upon ftone and mud walls, upon rocks and ftony ground, at the
foot and often on the trunks of rotten trees.

Time. It ufually flowereth in the beginning of May, and the feed, ripening
.quickly after, fheddeth itfelf. About the end of the fame month the leaves and
.ftalks begin to wither, and remain in that ftate till September, when the leaves
fpring up again and abide green all the winter.

Government AND Virtues. Venus claims this herb under Libra. Thejuiceor
diftilled water, being drunk, is very efFet5tual for all inflammations and unnatural
heats i alfo to cool a fainting ftomach, a hot liver, or heat in the bowels. The bruifed

iierb

AND COM P L'li T £ H £ R B A L. tAj

herb or the diftilled water thereof applied to pimples, rednefs, St. Anthony's fire>
or other inflamniations proceeding from heat, quickly healeth thefiime; it likewife
eafeth the pains of the kidneys occafioned by the fretting of the ftone, provokes
urine, is available for thedropfy, helpeth to break the ftone, cooleth inflamed parti,
eafeth the pains of the bowels, and itopj>eth the bloody flux. It is a lingular remedy
for the painful piles, or hemorrlioidal veins, by bathing the afFefted parts with the
juice thereof, or ufing it as an ointment ; and is efl^eftual in eafing pains of the hot
gout, the fciatica, and the inflammations and fwellings of thefcrocum ; it cureth the
kernels or knots in the neck or throat, called the king's evih it healeth kibes and
chilblains by \va{hing them with the juice, or anointing them with an ointment made
thereof, laying at the (iime time fome of the fkin of the leaf upon them. It is alfo
ufed in green wounds, to flay the blood and Jieal Them.

KNAP-WEED.

Description. THE common fort of knap-weed hath many long and foms-
what broad dark-green leaves, rifing from the root, deeply dented about the edges,
and fometimes a little rent or torn on both fides in two or three places, and fome-
what hairy ; from among thefe groweth up a xlrong round ftalk, four or five feet
high, which is divided into many branches ; at the tops of thefe ftand large green
fcaty heads, bearing in the middle many dark purpli/h red thrumbs or threads ;
thefe are fucceeded by black feed, wrapped in down, fome what like that of the
thiftle, but fmaller. The root is white, hard, and woody, with many fibres annexed
thereto ; it perifheth not, but lireth during the winter, fhooting forth frefli leaves
every fpring.

Place. It grows frequently in fields and ijjeadows, but chiefly in borders and
hedges, and may be found on wafte grounds.

TiMi. It is generally in bloflbm about June and July, and the feed is ripe fhortly
after.

Government AND Virtues. Saturn claims dominion over this herb. Ithelpeth
to flay fluxes, bleeding at the nofe and mouth, or other outward parts, and clofeth
broken blood-vefl*els ; it ftayeth the diftillations of thin and fharp humours from
the head upon the fl:omach and lungs ; it is good for thofe who are bruifed by a fall,
blow, or otherwife ; it is very profitable for ruptures, by drinking the decotflion of
the herbage and root in wine, and applying the fame outwardly to the place j it is
exceeding good for all running fores, cankerous and fiftulous, drying up the moif-
ture, and healing them gradually ; and is an admirable remedy for a fore throat,
fwelling of the uvula and jaw, and all green wounds,

KNOT-

cvig. CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSIC PAN,

KNOT-GRASS.

IT- is (o iiniverfally known, that a defcription would be quite unnece/Iary.

Place. It grows in almoft every part of this kingdom, by the highway fides,,
by the footpaths in fields, and by the fides of old walls.

Time. It grows up late in the fpring, and remains green>till the winter, when--
all the branches perifb.

Government and Virtues. Saturn appears to have dominion over this herb,
though many are of opinion it is influenced by the Sun. The juice of the common
kind of knot-grafs is very efFefhua! to ftay bleeding at the mouth and nofe, by drink-
ing it in.fteeled or.red wine for the one, or applied to the forehead or fquirted up the
noftrils for the other. It is no lefs efFedual to cool and temper the heat of the blood-
and ftomach; alfo to ftay fluxes of blood and humours, as the lafk, bloody flux,
women's courfes, and running of the reins. It is a Angular provocative of urine,
it helps the ftranguary, and allayeth the heat proceeding therefrom j and>, by taking
a drachm of the powder of the herb in wine, for feveral days together, it powerfully-
expels the gravel or ftone from the kidneys and bladder. Being boiled in wine and:
drunk, It healeth the wounds made by the bitings of venomous creatures, effe<?lualiy.
ftays all defluxions of rheumatic humours upon the ftomach, kills- the worms in the
belly, and eafes the inward pains that proceed from the heat, fharpnefs, and corrup-
tion, of. blood and choler. The diftilied water of this herb taken by itfelf, or with the
powder of the plant or feed, will equally anfwer all the aforefaid purpofes, and is'
held in high eftimation for its admirable efficacy in cooling all manner of inflamma-
tions, breakings-out, hot fwellings and impofthumes, gangrenes, fiftulous cankers,,
ulcers and fores in the privities of either fex, and all kinds of frefh and green wounds,
and quickly healeth them, being wafhed therewith. The juice, dropped into the:
ears, deanfeth fuch as are foul and have running matter therein, and is. very good
for broken joints and ruptures.

KALI.

Names and Kinds. It is called alfo glafs-wort and fah-wort: there are foun
kindsof kali defcribed by Parkinfon, viz. i. Kalimajus ccchkatum, great glafs-wort
with fnail-like feed. 2. Kali minus album, fmall glafs-wort. 3. Kali ^gyptiacum, glafs-
wort of Egypt. And 4, Kali geniculatum,Jive/alicornia, ]olnttd glafs-wort. I Ihall.
. only defcribe the laft.

This jointed kali, or glafs-wort, groweth up ufually but with one upright, round,,
thick, and almoft tranfparent, ftalk, a foot high or morej thick fet, and full of joints,
or knots,, without any leaves at all, but fhooting forth joints one out of another, with

3, ihort

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 219

/hort cods at the heads of tliem, and fuch-Jike fnialJer branches on each fide, and they
are divided into other fmaller ones; it 'S thought to bear neither flower nor feed ;
the root is Imnll, long, and thready. Some other kinds there are differing fomewhat
in the form of the joints, and one kind wholly reddilh, and differing from the other
in nothing elfe.

The firll: and third are abfolute Grangers in our countries, but grow in Syria,
Egypt, Italy, and Spain; the fecond groweth, not only in thofe countries, but in
colder climates, upon many places of onr own confl:?, elpecially of the wert country.
The laft generally groweth in all countries, in many places of our fea coaft, where
the filt-water overfloweth.

Time, They all flourifh in the fnmmer, and thofe that perifti give their feed in
Auquft, or later ; the laft abideth all the winter.

Government and Virtues. Kali, or glafs-vvort, all the forts thereof are
under the dominion of Mars ; they are all of a cleanfing quality, without any great or
manifeft heat; the powder of any of them, or the-juice, which is much better, taken
in drink, purgeth downwards flegmatic, waterifh, and aduft, melancholy humours,
and therefore is very effeftual for the dropfy, to provoke urine, and expel the dead
child. It opens ftoppings of the liver and fpleen, and waftes the hardnefs thereof;
but it muft be ufed with difcretion, as a great quantity is dangerous, hurtful, and
deadly.

The aflies are very fliarp and biting like a cauftic, and the lye that is made there-
of is fo ftrong, that it will fetch off the fkin from the hands or any part of the body,
but may be mixed with other more moderate medicines to take away fcabs, leprofy,
and to cleanfe the fl<:in: the powder of ftones, and the affies hereof, being melted, is
the matter whereof glafs is made, which, when it gloweth in the furnace, cafteth
up a fat matter on the top, and when it is cold is fat and brittle, and is called fan-
diver.

It worketh much to the fame effefl with the herb or afhes ; it is ufed often in pow-
der to blow into horfes' eyes, or, being diffolved, to be fquirted in them, to take away
any fuperfiuous film or fkin beginning to grow thereon: both of them likewife ferve
to dry up running fores, fcabs, tetters, ringworms, and to help the itch.

L A D I E S' MANTLE.

Description.. IT hath many leaves rifing from the root, {landing upon lorjg
hairy footftalks, being almoft round, but a littlecut in on the edges into eight or ten
parts more or lefs, making it feem like a ftar, with fo many corners and points, and
dentfd round about, of a light green colour, fomewhat hard in handling, as if it

No. 15. J M were

ciao CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

were folded or plaited at firft, and then crumpled in divers places ; and a little hairy,
as the ftalk is alfo, which rifeth up among them to the height of two or three feet,
with fuch-like leaves thereon, but fmaller, and, being weak, is not able to ftand up-
right, but bendeth down to the ground, divided at the top into two or three fmall
branches, with fmall and yellowifh green heads, and flowers of a whitifli colour
breaking out of them, which being paft, there cometh fmall yellow feed like poppy-
feed ; the root is fomewhat long and black, with many firings or fibres.

Place. It groweth naturally in many paftures and woodfides, in Hartford {hire,
Wiltfhire, and Kent, and other places of this land.

Time.. It flowereth in May and June, and remains green all the winter.

Government AND Virtues. Venus claims the herb as her own. Ladies' mantle
is very proper for thofe wounds that have inflammation, and is very efFedual to ftay
bleedings, vomiting, fluxes of all forts in nien or women, and bruifes by falls or
.otherwife, and helpeth ruptures ; it is alfogood for fome diforders in women's breafts,
caufing them to grow lefs and hard, being both inwardly and outwardly applied.
The diftilled water, taken for twenty days together, helpeth conception; and a bath,
made of the decodtion of the herb, will fometimes prevent mifcarriages. It is one
of the moft ufeful wound-herbs, and therefore highly prized and praifed by the Ger-
mans, who, in all wounds, inward and outward, drink the decoiTtion thereof, and
wafli the wounds therewith, or dip tents therein, and put them into the wounds. It
quickly healeth green wounds, not fuffering any corruption to remain behind i and
it cureth old fores, though fiftulous and hollow.

LAVENDER.

IT is fo well known, being an inhabitant of almoft every garden, that it needeth
■no defcription.

Time. It flowereth about the end of June and the beginning of July.

Government and Virtues. Mercury owns the herb, and it carries its efFefts
very potently. Lavender is of fpecial ufe for pains of the head and brain that pro-
ceed of a cold caufe, as the apoplexy, falling ficknefs, the drowfy or fluggifh ma-
lady, cramps, convulfions, palfies, and often faintings. It ftrengthens the flomach,
and frceth the liver and fpleen from obftruftions, provoketh women's courfes, and
expelleth the dead child and after- birth. The flowers of lavender fl;eeped in wine
are efficacious in obflruftions of urine, or for thofe troubled with the wind or
cholic, if the places be bathed therewith. A decocftion made with the flowers of la-
vender, hoarhuund, fennel, and afparagus roots, and a little cinnamon, is ufed to
help the falling ficknefs and giddinefs of the brain: to gargle the mouth with the

I decoflion

1

i

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 221

decoftioQ thereof is good for the tooth-ach. Two fpoonfuls of the diftilled water of
the flowers taken help them that have loft their voice j as alfo the tremblings and
paffions of the heart, and faintings and fwoonings, not only being drunk, but applied
to the temples or noftrils ; but it is not fafe to ufe it where the body is replete with
blood and humours, bccaufe of the hot and fubtile fpirits wherewith it is poflefled.
The chymical oil drawn from lavender, ufually called oil of fpike, is of fo fierce and
piercing a fpirit, that it is cautloufly to be ufed, fome few drops being fufficient to
be given with other things, either inwardly or outwardly.

LAVENDER COTTON.

IT being a common garden herb, I fhall forbear the defcription; only take notice
that it flowereth in June and July,

Government AND Virtues. It is under the dominion of Mercury. It refifteth
poifon, putrefaction, and helps the bitings of venomous beafts : a drachm of the
powder of the dried leaves, taken every morning fafting, in any convenient vehicle,
flops the running of the reins in men, and whites in women : the feed being beaten
into powder, and taken as wormfeed, kills worms : the like doth the herb itfelf, being
boiled in milk, and the milk drunk: fcabs and itch arq cured by bathing with a de-
codlion of it.

LADIES' SMOCK, or CUCKOO-FLOWER.

Description. THE root is compofedof many fmall white threads, from tender
dark-green leaves, fet one againft another upon a middle rib, the greateft beinw at
the ends, among which rife up divers tender, weak, round, green, ftalks, fomewhat
ftraked, with longer and fmaller leaves upon them; on the tops of which ftand
flowers, almoft like ftock-gilliflowers, but rounder and not fo long, of a blufhing
white colour : the feed is reddifh, and groweth in /mail pouches, being of a fharn
biting tafte, and fo is the herb.

Place. They grow in moift places and near to brook fides.

Time. They flower in April or May, and the lower leaves continue green all the
ytar.

Government and Virtues. They are under the dominion of the moon, and
very little inferior to water-crefles in all their operations: they are very good for the
fcurvy: they provoke urine and break the ftone, and excellently warm a cold ;uk.
veak ftomach, rcftoring loft appetite and helping digeftion.

LETTUCE.

aaa CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

LETTUCE.

Government and Virtues. THE moons owns it. Thejuice of lettuce mixed
or boiled with oil of rofes, and applied to the foreliead and temples, procureth fleep
and eafech the head-ach proceeding from a hot caufe ; being boiled and eaten, it
helpeth to Icofen the belly: it helpeth digeftion, quencheth thirft, increafes milk
in nurfes, eafeth griping pains of the ftomach or bowels that come of choler. It
abateth bodily luft, being outwardly applied with a little camphire: applied in the
fame manner to the region of the heart, liver, or reins, or by bathing the faid place
with thejuice or ditlil'.ed water v/herein fome white fanders or red rofcs are put alfo,
it not only reprefleth the heafffnd inflammation therein, but comforts and ftrengthens
thofe parts, and alfo tempereth the heat of urine. Galen advifeth old men to ufe it
with fpices, and, where fpices are wanting, to add mint, rocket, and fuch-like hot
herbs, or el e citron, lemon, or orange, feeds, to abate the cold of one and heat of
the other. The feed and diltilled water of the lettuce work the like efFefls in all
thinos: but the ufe of lettuce is chiefly forbidden to thofe that are fhort- winded, or
have any imperfeftion in their lungs, or fpit blood.

WATER-LILY.

OF this there are two principal noted kinds, viz. the white and yellow.
Description. The white lily hath very large and thick dark green leaves lying
on the water, fuftained by long and thick foot-ftalks, that rife from a great, thick,
round, and long, tuberous black root, fpungy or loofe, with many knobs, thereon,
like eves, and whitifh within, from the midft of which rife other the like thick and
great. ftalks,-fuftaining one large white flower thereon, green on the outfide, but as
-white as fnow within, confifting of divers rows of long and fomewhat thick and nar-
row leaves, fmaller and thinner the more iny>'ard they be, encompafling a head
within, with many yellow threads or thrums in the middle, where, after they are paft,
ftand round poppy-like heads, full of broad, oily, and bitter, feed.

The yellow kind is little different from the former, only it hath fewer leaves on the
flowers, greater and more fliining feed, and a whitifli root both within and without :
the roots of both being fomewhat fweet in tafte.

Place. They are found growing in great pools and ftanding waters, and fome-
times in flow running rivers, and ditches of running water, in fundry places of this
land.

Time. They flower moft commonly about the end of May, and their feed is
.-ipe in Auguft.

Govern-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 223

Government and Virtues. The herb is under the dominion of the
moon, and therefore cools and moiftens like the former. The leaves and
flowers of the water-lilies are cold and moift, but the root and feed are cold
and dry ; the leaves cool all inflammations, and both outwardand inward heats
of agues, and fodo the flowers.

W H I T E L I L I E S.

IT being unnccefTary to defcribc a plant fo common as to be met with in
almoft every flower-garden, fuffice it to detail their

Government and Virtues. They arc under the dominion of the moon,
and, by antipathy to Mars, expel poifon; they are exceedingly ufed in pefti-
Icntial fevers, the roots being bruifed and boiled in wine, and the decoftion
drunk, expelling the poifon to the exterior parts of the body ; the juice of it,
being tempered with barley-meal baked, and eaten as ordinary bread, is aiv
excellent cure for the dropfy. An ointment made of the root and hog's-lard is
very good for fcald heads, and unites the finews when cut; it hath alfo great
virtues in cleanfing ulcers, it being of a fine fuppurating quality; the root,
boiled in any convenient decoftion, gives fpeedy delivery to women in travail,
and expels the after birth. The root, roafted and mixed with a little hog's-
iard, makes an excellent poultice to ripen and break plague-fores. The oint-
ment is alfo extremely good for fwel lings in the privities and cures burns and
fcalds without leaving any fear ; and is a preventive againfl baldnefs.

The decoflion of the white or yellow lilies, made of the feeds, roots, or
leaves, is fingularly efficacious in jellraining noflurnal pollution, occafioned
by dreams. <

LILY OF THE VALLEY.

CALLED alfo conval-lily. May-lily, and lily confancy.

Description. The root is fmall, and creepeth far in the ground, as grafs
roots do; the leaves are many; amongft which rifeth up a flalk half a foot high,
with many white flowers like little bells, with turned edges, of a flrong though
pleafing fmell ; the berries are red, and not much unlike thofe of afparagus.

Place. They grow plentifully upon Hampftead-heath, and in various other
places in this kingdom.

Time. They flower in May, and the feed is ripe in September.

Temperature and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Mercury,
and therefore without doubt, llrengthens the brain, renovates a weak memory,
and makes it flrong again. The diltilled water, dropped into the eyes, helps

No. 16. 3 N inflammations

224 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

inflammations thereof, as alfo that infirmity, which they call pin and web : the
fpirit of the flowers, diftilledin wine, reftoreth loft fpeech, l)elps the palfy,
and is exceeding good in the apoplexy, comforteth the heart and vital fpirits.
Gerrard faith, that, the flowers being clofe flopped up in an ant-hill, and taken
away again a month after, a liquor will be found in the glafs, which being ex-
ternally applied, tends to relieve the gout.

LIQUORICE.

Description. THE Englifli liquorice fliootsup with feveral woody ftalks,
whereon are fet, at feveral diftances, many narrow, long, green, leaves, fet
together on both fides of the ftalks, and an odd one at the end, nearly refenib-
ling a young afli-tree fprung up from the feed. This by many years continu-
ance in a place without removal, but not elfe, will bring forth numerous flow,
ers ftanding together fpike-fafliion, one above another upon the ftalks, in the
form of pea-blofToms, but of a very pale-blue colour which turn into longy
fomewhat flat, and fmooth, pods, wherein is contained fmall, round, hard, feed.
The root runneth down exceeding deep in the ground, with divers other fmaller
roots and flowers growing with them; they fl^oot out fuckers in every direftion,
by which means the produft is greatly increafed. The root is of a brownifli
colour on the outfide, and yellow within.

Place. It is planted in fields and gardens in divers places of this kingdom,
greatly to the profit of the cultivators.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Mercury.
Liquorice boiled in clear water, with fome maiden-hair and figs, maketh a*
good drink for fuch as are troubled with a dry cough, hoarfenefs, wheefing,
or (hortnefs of breath, and for all complaints of the breaft- and lungs, phthfic,
or confumptions, caufed by the diftillation of fait humours on them. It is
alfo good in all pains of the reins, the ftranguary, and heat of urine. The fine
powder of liquorice blown through a quiil into the eyes of thofe afflifled with
the pin and web, as it is called, or rheumatic diitiUations into them- cleanfes
and greatly relieves them. The juice of liquorice is as effeftual in all the
difeafes of the breaft and lungs, the reins and bladder, as the decoClion. The
juicp diflblved in lofe-water, with fome gum tragacanth, is a fine medicine for
hoanenefs, wheefing, Sec.

LIVER-WORT.

Descriptioi*. the common liver-wort groweth clofe, and fpreadeth
much upon the ground, in moill and fhadowy places, wilh numerous fad-green

leaves.

AND COK^pLEtE HERBAL. ai^

leaves, or ^•at^er, as it were, (ticking flat one to another, very unevenly cut in
on the edges, and crumpled, from among which arife fmall (lender ftalks, an
inch or two high at mo(t, bearing fmall flowers at the tops, fomewhat like ftars.

Government and Virtues. It is undef the command of Jupiter, and
under the fign Cancer. It isa fingular good herb for all difeafes of the liver,
both to cool and cleanfe it, and helpeth inflammations in any part; it is like-
wife fervicei:ble in the yellow jaundice; being bruifed and boiled in fmall
beer, and drunk, it cooleth the heat of the liver and kidneys, and helpeth the
running of the reins in men and the whites in women; it is a fingular remedy
to (lay the fpreading oi tetters, ring-worms, and other fretting and running
fores and fcabs, and is excelleiu for thofe whofe livers are corrupted by furfcits,
which caufe their bodies to breakout, for it fortihes the liver exceedingly, and
makes it impregnable.

LOOSE-STRIFE, or WILLOW HERB,

Description. THE common yellow loofe-ftrife groweth to the height
of four or five feet, with great round llalksa little crcfted, diverfly branched^
from the middle to the tops, into great and long branches, on all of which,
at the joints, there grow long and narrow leaves, but broader below, and
ufually two at a joint, yet fometimes three or four, fomewhat like willow
leaves, fmooth on the edges, and of a faint green colour; from the upper joints
of the branches, and at the tops of them alfo, (land many yellow flowers of
five leaves a piece, with divers yellow threads in the middle, which turn into
fmall round heads, containing fmall cornered feeds. The root creepeth un-
der ground, almofl like couch-<;rafs, but greater, and (hooteth up every
fpiing, with brownifh heads, which afterwards grow up into two ftalks ; it
hath no fcent nor taftc, but only aftringent.

Place. It groweth in moil parts of the kingdom, in moift meadows, and
fcy the fides of water.

Ti.ME. It flowereth from June to Augu^.

Government and Virtues. This herb is good for all manner of bleed-
ing at the mouth or nofe, or wounds; all fluxes of the bdly, as well as the
bloody flux, given either to drink or adminiftered as a clyfter; it (layeth alfo
the abundance of womens courfes. It is a fingular good herb for green
wounds, toft^iy the b'ceding, and quickly clolcs tog<Mher the lipso the wound,
if the herb be bruifed, and the juice only iipplied. It is often uled in gargles
for fore mouths, as alio for the fecret parts. The fin .ke hereof, on its being
burned, driveih aw ty Hies and gn.ts, which are ufed in the night-tune to infcf£
the habitations of people dweihug near inarfhes, and in the fenny countries.

LOOSE-

226 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

LOOSE-STRIFE, with fpiked Heads of Flowers.

Description. THIS groweth with many woody fquare ftalks, full of
joints, about three feet high at leail, at every one whereof are two long leaves,
fhorter, narrower, and ofa darker-green colour, than the former,and fomewhat
brownifli. The ftalks are branched into many long ftcms of fpiked {lowers,
half a foot long, growing in bundles one above another, out of finall huflis
very like the fpiked heads of lavender, each of which flowers has five round-
pointed leaves of a purple violet colour, or fomewhat inclining to rednefs, ia
which hufks Hand fmall round beads after the flowers are fallen wherein is
contained fmall feed; the root creepelh under ground like unto the yellow,
but is greater than it; and fo are the heads of the leaves when they firft ap-
pear out of the ground, and more brown than the other.

Place. It groweih ufually by rivers, and ditch fides in wet grounds, as
about the ditches at and near Lambeth, and in many other parts of the kingdom.

Time. It flowereth in the months of June and July.

Government and Virtues. The herb is an herb of the moon, and un-
der the fign Cancer; it is an excellent prefervative of the fight when well;
nor is there a better cure for fore eyes than eye-bright taken inwardly, and
this ufed outwardly; it is cold in quality. This herb is not a whit inferior to
the former, it having not only all the vinues which the former hath, but fome
peculiar virtues of its own found out by experience; namely, the diftilled water
is a prefent remedy for hurts and blows on the eyes, and for blindnefs, if the
chryftalline humours be not perifhed or hurt; and this hath been fufficiently
proved true by the experience ofa perfon of judgment, who kept it long to
himfelf as a great fecret; it alfo cleareth the eyes of dufl or any thing which
may have got into them, and preferveth the fight; it is alfo a good remedy
for wounds and thrufts, being made into an ointment in the following manner:
To every ounce of the water add two drachms of May butter without fait, and
of fugar and bee's wax the fame quantity of each, which muft boil gently all
together; when thus brought to a proper confidence, let tents be dipped in the
ointment after it is cold, and put into the wounds, and the place covered with
a linen cloth doubled, on which the ointment may be thinly fpread; this is an
approved medicine. It likewife cleanfeth and healeth all foul ulcers and fores
whatfoever, by wafhing them wit'h the water, and laying on them a green leaf
or two in the fummer, or dry leaves in the winter. This water, when warm-
ed, and ufed as a gargle, or even drunk fometimes, cures the quinfey, or king's
evil in the throat. The faid water applied warm taketh away fpots, marks,
and fcabsjin the Ikin; and a little of it drunk quencheth extraordinary thirft.

LOVAG£.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. tij

L O V A G E.

Description. IT hath many long and great ftalks, with large winged
leaves, divided into many parts like fmallage, but much larger and greater,
every leaf being cut about the edges, broadeft forwards, and fmalleft at the
ftulk, of a fad-green colour, fmooth and Ihining: from among which rife up
fundry ftrong hollow green ftalks, five or fix feet, and fometimes feven or
eight feet, high, full of joints, but fmaller leaves fet on them than grow be-
low; and with them, toward the tops, come forth long branches, bearing at.
their tops large umblesof yellow flowers, and after them flat brownifh feed.
Tlie root groweth thick, great, and deep, fpreading much, and enduring long,
of a brownifli colour on the outfide, and whitifh within. The whole plant,
and every individual part of it, fmelleth ftrong and aromatically, and is of an
hot, fliarp, biting, tafle.

Place. It is ufually planted in gardens, where, if it be fufTered, it groweth
Iiuge and great.

Time. It flowereth in the end of July, and feedeth in Auguft.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of the fun, under the fign
Taurus. If Saturn offend the throat, (as he always doth if he be the oc-
cafion of the malady, and in Taurus in the genefis,) this is your cure. It
openeth, cutteth, and digefteth, humours, and mightily provoketh women's
courfes and urine ; half a drachm at a time of the dried root in powder, taken
in wine, doth wonderfully warm a cold ftomach, helping digeftion, and con.
fuming all raw and fuperfluoiis moifttire therein; eafeth all inward gripings
and pains, diffolveth wind, and refifteth poifon and infcflion. To drink the
decoftion of this herb is a well-known and much-pra£lifed remedy for any fort
of ague, and greatly helps the pains and torments of the body and bowels oc-
cafioned by cold. The feed is effeftual to all the purpofes aforefaid, except
the laft, and worketh more powerfully. The diftillcd water from the herb
helpeth the quinfey in the throat, if the mouth and throat be gargled and wafh-
ed therewith; and rclieveth the pleurify being drunk three or four times.
When dropped into the eyes, it taketh away the rednefs or dimnefs of them;
it alfo taketh away fpots or freckles in the face. The leaves bruifed, and
fried with a little hogs-lard, applied hot to any blotch or boil, will quickly
break it.

LOVE-APPLE.

IT is alfo called golden apple, apple of love, and in Latin j^oma amoris.
Ko. 16. 3 O Descri?-

S2S CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Description. It groweth into a tree of a reafonable height, with large
dented leaves, cut in upon the edges, and of a pale-green colour. The blof-
foins are large and white, which falling, the fruit follows.

Place. The tree is a native of Ethiopia i but it is planted in the gardens
or nurferies of many of the curious in this kingdom.

Time. They blofl'om in April and May, and the fruit is ripe in Auguft
and September.

Government and Virtues. The apples of love are under Venus; yet
are they cold and moid in an extreme degree. They are olygotrophic and ca-
cochymic; yet in hot countries, thev are eaten as fauce, boiled with pepper,
fait, and oil. The juice, boiled in uxungiatoa falve, heals all inflaminatiojia
and burnings; and the leaves boiled with oil-olive, till crifped, then ftraincd,
and afterwards boiled with wax, rofin, and a little turpentine, to a falve, are an
infallible remedy for old fores and ulcers of the privities, or for wounds and
ulcers in other parts of the body, coming of heat, or vifcous humours of the
blood.

L U N G - W O R T.

Description. This is a kind of mofs that groweth on fundry forts of trees,
efpecially oak and beech; with broad, greyifli, tough, leaves, diverfely folded,
crumpled, and gafiied in on the edges, and fometimes fpotted alfo with many
fmall fpots on the upper fide; it was never feen to bear any Italk, or flower
at any time.

Government and Virtues. Jupiter feems to own this herb, which is
greatly ufed by phyficians to help the difeafes of the lungs, and for coughs,
vheefings, and fhortnefs of breath, which it cureth both inman arnl beaft; it is
very fuccefsfully ufed in lotions that are taken to rtay the moid humours that
flow to ulcers, which himler their healing; as alfo to wafh all other ulcers in
the privy parts of man or woman.

It is an excellent remedy, boiled in beer, for broken-winded horfes.

LARCH-TREE, and its AGARIC.

Description -vnd Names. IT grows about Italy, and alfo in Afia. It
is called larix both in Greek and Latin; and alfo agariaim, and agaricus; the
agaric is an excrefcence, or kind .of mufhroom, that groweth on this tree, be-
ing within white, foft, and fpongy, like a mufhroom. The agaric is hot in the
firll degree, and dry in the fecond; it hath an attenuating cFeanfing quality,
and purges obftrudions of the entrails by flool; it purgeth phlegm, cholcr,

and

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. tt^

and melanrliolv, and cleanfeth the breaft, lungs, liver, and reins; provokes
urine and the terms; kills worms, helps pains of the joints, and caulcth a good
colour.

It is not good to be taken afone, without corrigents; therefore the fyrup of
rofcs, lolutive with agaric, is good to be t;ikcn; it cures the yel'ow jaundice,
and is exceeding good for agues coming of thick humours, for which they
take pills of hiera with agaric; it may be given with oxymet for agues ol all
forts, and gripings of the belly; it is good againft Ihortnefs of breath, the
phthific, and confumption; half a drachm thereof in wine is an excellent an-
tidote againit poifoiis.

L E N T I L E S.

KiNns AND Names. THEY are called Inu, and Irnt'Cvla, in Latin.
In (c>;nc coumiLs of England, where they fow thciU for moat for their cattle,
they call them tills.

There arc tliree forts, i. ^f?zj wi^Ty'or, the greater lentil. 2. Lens minor, ihi
fnialier lentil. And, 3, if«5 ?«fla(/(?/«, the Ipotted lentil.

Description, i. The i,rcater lentil groweth two feet long, with many
hard, yet (lender and weak, branches, from whence, at ((.v.ral places, fhoot
forth long Qalks of (mall winged leaves, many on each (ide of a middle rib,
vhich middle rib endeth in a fmall clalper; bjtwceii the leaves and the (I Iks
come the (lowers, which are (nail, of a lad leddilh colours inclined to puip e,
almoU like the (lowers of vetches, (taiiding, for the moll part, two at the end of
a long foot-daik; after the (lowers are gone, there lucceed fmall, (hort, flat,
pods, wherein is flat, roiuul, Cmooth, Iced, of a pale yellowilh afli-colour; the
root is hbrous, and dieth every winter.

S6. The (mailer lentil dilfeieth from the former only in this, that the ftalks,
leaves, and feed, are lefs; the flowers more pale, and the feeds whiter.

The third di(rers not much from the laft; but the feed is fpotted with bbck.

CovERNMKNr AND ViRTU&s. They are under the dominion of Saturn;
of a mean teniperatuie between heal and cold, and dry in the fecond decree.
According to GaUii, they are fomcwhat adringent, and bind the body, elpe-
cially the outward (kin. Ii is of contrary qualities, for the decodion theie<jF
doth iKH bi:id but loulen the body; therefore, thole who would have a bind
niu!t thniwaway the hrd water and ufe the fecond, which (lops the la(kj aaid
Aiengtheneth the (loinach and jn ward pans.

LEMON-

830 CULPEPER'8 ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

LEMON-TREE, or LEMONS.

Names. There are feveral forts of lemons : fome great, others fmall ; fomc
having very thick and rugged peels, and fome very fmooth ; fome are of a wild
juice, others fliarp, and fome very tart and crabbed ; which alterations may be
made both by the foil and place where they grow or are planted.

1. The ordinary lemon tree is called malus hmonia acida vulgaris,

2. Malus limonia acida, cortice tenui ; the thin-rinded four lemjn.
g. Malus limonia acida, JruBa rotunda ; the four round lemon.

4. Malus limonia dulcis major ; the greater fweet lemon.

5 Malics hmonia dulcis minor ; the fmaller fwect lemon, or civil lemon.

6. Malus liinoniajilveftris minima; theleafl wild lenlon-trce.

Description. 1. The ordinary lemon-tree groweth great and high, with
great arms and Render branches, long greenidi thorns; the leaves are long like
unto bay leaves, both dented about the edges, and full of holes; the flowers
are white and fweet; the fruit long and round, of a pale yellow colour; and
the rind rugged and uneven.

2. All the difference between this and the former is this, that the other is
bigger. The rind of this fecond is of a fine pale-yellow colour, fmoother
than the firft-mentioned, and tiiinner; is full of a pleafant fharp juice, with feed-8
amongft it, as the other ^Ifo hath.

3. The tree that beareth the round lemons is in all things like the Lift ; only
in this, that it hath few or no thorns upon it ; and the fruit is like it, having a
thm rind, but is fomewhat rounder, with a fmall crown at the head.

4. The greater fweet lemon is greater than any of the former defcribed
lemons ; the rind is more fmooth and yellow; and the juice more fweet and
pleafant.

5. The civil lemon is of the fame fize as the thin-rinded four lemon, and fo
like, that it is hard, by cthe outfide, to know one from the other; but this
hath a little deeper-coloured rmd, and the juice of a fweet pleafant talte^
with a little fliarpnefs.

6. The lealt wild lemon groweth wild in Syria and Egypt, and beareth very
fmall fruit, no bigger than a pigeon's egg.

Place. Thefe lemons are brought from Spain and feveral of their iflands.

I'iME. They are evergreens, and never without bloffoms, green and ripe
fruit, throughout the year.

Government and Virtues. The lemons are folar, yet of different parts
and contrary effefts; they are of good ufe to refill poifoiij venom,or infedien ; an

ounce

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 231.

onnce and an half of the juice of unripe lemons, drunk in wine, cleanfeth the
kidneys of the ftonc and gravel; and killeih worms in the body, and expel-
eth them.

An antidote againft the plague, or any malignant or contagious difeafc, 19
thus prepared : Take four ounces of the pure juice of lemons, fleep therein
an angel of gold, or the weight thereof in leaf-gold, the fpace of twenty-four
hours; then take out the gold, or draw the juice clear from it, and give fome
of it in a draught of wine, with a little of the powder of angelica root, unto
any infcflcd with the plague, and, if there be any hopes of recovery, it will
help tlicm. The juice of fwcet lemons is neither fo cooling nor operative as
the other. The diltilled water, drawn from the inner pulp or white fubftance
of the lemons, cleareth the fkin and face from freckles and fpots, provokes
urine, and expels the ftone, by being drunk; helpeth the running fcab, killg
lice in the head, worms in the hands or nofe, and wheals orpufbes in the fliin.
The juice of lemons is good for fcamcn, and others at fca, to put into their
beverage, to prevent the fcurvy, to which people are much fubje^led in long
voyages; it is likewife very properly ufed to quench thirltin warm climates.

An excellent remedy for fcab and itch : Take a lemon, and cut it through
the middle, after putting thereon fome powder of brimftone, roaft it, either
againll the fire, or under fome embers, as you would do a warden-pear, and
therewith rub the parts troubled with uch or fcabs.

It is alfo the beft, moft foverign, and clear, remedy to deftroy ihnfc pediaili
ingwnales vulgarly called crab-hce, the parts afflifted with them being rubbed
therewith.

LINE OR LINDEN TREE.

KcNos AND Names. OF the line-tree there are accounted two forts,
the male and the female ; and of the female alfo two forts, the greater and the
fuialler. It is called in Latin, lilia.

Description. 1. TiLa mas, ihe male line, groweth to be a great tree, with
large fpreading boughs, but not fo much as the female, nor fo flexible, but
harder anfl more briitle, and of a thicker bark ; the leaves are like unto elder-
leaves, but (mailer and longer; and on every one, for the moff part, grovr
fmall bladders full of worms that turn into flies, which, when matured, fly away.

This tree Itldom bcareih cither flower cr fruit; yet, when it doth bear, it
]s round II. I hufks; many growing dole together, each hanging on a long
foor-llalk by iifclf. with a notch or deft at the head or end thereof. The wood
hereof IS more knotty and yellower than that of the female.

2J3 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN",

a. Tilia fctmina major. The greater female line tree groweth to be a larger
tree than the former (efpecially if it happen to be planted in good ground);
is covered with a dark-coloured bark, the next thereunto being very pliable
to bend, having fome oiher thin rinds within that; the leaves are fair and broad,
greener, fmoother, gentler, and rounder, than elm-leaves, and with a longer
end; dented about the edges, and of a tolerable good fcent; at the end of
the branches oftentimes, and at the foot of the leaves, flioot forth long and
narrow whitifh lejivcs, along the middle nb whereof fpringeth out a flender
long ftalk, with divers white flowers thereon, fmelling very fweet ; after which
follow fmall berries, wherein is contained black round feed; the wood is whitifli,
fmooth, and light.

3. Tiliafcemina minor. The fmaller linden-tree is like the lad in all things,
except that it groweth fmaller in body, leaves, and flowers; the leaves are of .
a darker green colour, and it beareth no fruit after the flowers.

Place and Time. The greater female kind is planted in many places in
this kingdom, in pleafant walks, it making a large fweet fhadow, and ufually ;
flowereth in May. The others are feldom to be met with in this ifland. 1

Government and Virtues. There is no medicinal ufe made of the
male linden. The female is under the dominion of Venus, of a moderate
temperature, and fome what drying and aflringent; the decoftion of the leaves,
got by boiling them in water, is a good lotion to wafli the mouths of young
children, or any fore mouths that have ulcers, blifters, or cankers, in them.
The leaves being pounded or bruifed, after boiling, and applied to the legs or
feet, when fwelled with tlie falling down of humours, doth help them; the
bark is alfo efFeftual for the famepurpofe.

The flowers of the line-tre.e and of lilly convally diftilled together are good
againft the falling ficknefs; fo likewife is the diflilled water of the bark ; and
is alfo ferviceable againft thofe fretting humours which occa(ion the bloody
flux, and griping in the guts. The water, wherein the inner bark hath been
fteeped till it becomes thick and mucilaginous, and applied with cloths wet
therein, helps burnings and fcaldings.

L U N G - F L O W E R.

THERE are feveral forts of thefe plants; and they are generally called
autumn gentians.

Descr iPTioN. The great autumn gentian rifethup, according to the richnefs
of the ground, higher or lower; fometimes two feet high, at others not above
one foot; fometimes many, and others fewer, ftalks; of a brownifli green colour,

with

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 23 j

■with many long and narrow dark-green leaves, fet by couples upon tliem, vip
to the tops, which ie'idom branch forth, but bear every one a large hollow
flower, in moft of them of a deep blviiflj purple colour, but in fome a little pa-
ler, ending in five points. The roots are numerous, fmall, and long, growing
deep into the ground, and abiding all the winter.

2. Genlianella autumnalii Jimbriato Jlore ; autumn gentian of Naples. This
creeps up like couch grafs, from a long, ycUowifli, fmall, root, (liooting forth
a few long and narrow leaves, like tliofc of flax, but fliorter; hiu ihofe that
grow up to the middle of the flalk are larger, and fmalicr again from the mid-
dle to the top, two fet at every joint all alon'^, and llriped from every one of
the joints, on both fides, to the top of tlic (talk, which is green, and about a
fuot high; at the top cometh apurplifli-green hufk, which hath foifr large-point-
ed leaves that enclofe the flower, which is long and writhed before it blows,
and of a pale-blue colour; but, when it is blown open, it is of a deeper blue
colour, having four leaves fome\\hat long, and as it were purded about the
edges, with a little hairinefs; there is alio a fmall leaf at the bottom of each
flower, with a few yellow threads in the middle, Handing about a head, which
groweth to be the feed-veflel, forked into two parts at the head, being greater
there than below, and containcth in it very fmall black feed when it is ripe.

3. .'Vutumn gentian, with fmall centaury leaves, called in Latin Gentianella
autumnalis, centaurea: luinoris folio. This rifoth up with fundry flalks fcarce
afoot high, parted into many fmall branches, whereon do fland two leaves to-
gether, very like thofe of the fmaller centaury, not fo long as either of the for-
mer, but a little broader and of a lighter green colour ; at the tops of the flalks
and branches grow divers blue llowers, fet in fmall long huflis half-way rifing
above the tops of them; the feed is fmall, and groweth in long horned vefTcls;
the root is fmall and fibrous.

4. There is another fort with fmall centaary-Iike flowers, which is more
fpreadmg; is fmall, but hath larger leaves and flowers than centaury; of the
fame colour as the flowers of centaury, yet having more, and lafleth longer.
The root, however, perifhcth in winter.

5. Another fmaller gentian, with centaury leaves, is very like the laff, but
fmaller, and the ffalks much lower, not being above three inches high, having
many fmall branches, whereon arc large blue flowers; the feed and veffels,
when they arc ripe, are like unto the lall; the root is alfo fmall; but hath many
more fibres than the others.

Place. Thefirfl is found growinginmany partsof Gcrmany,and many other
foreign countries; in divers places of this kingdom, viz. at Gravcfend; near

Green-

234

CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Greenhithe; in a chalk-pit not far from Dartford; and at Cobham; all in Kent?
it groweth both in wet and dry grounds. The fecond, upon the hills in Na-
ples, as related by Columna. The third in divers places in Kent, as about
Southflcet, and Longfield; alfo in Bedlordlhire; and near Old Verulam in
Hartfordfhire. The reft are ftrangers here.

Time. Thefe flower not until Auguft, and thence have the name of au-
tumn gentian.

Government and Virtues. Thefe lung-flowers, or autumn gentian,
are alfo under the dominion of Mars, as the gentian or felf wort is; and much
cf the fame temperature in refpefl to heat and drinefs ; and may be ufed both
inwardly and outwardly as effeftually as gentian; and, where thefe are
in plenty, and the other not eafy to be had, will be found an effiacious
fubftitute.

They are powerful againft putrefaftion, venom, and poifon; the Germans
account it their treacle, and formerly did make treacle with it, the arijlolochia
bay-leaves, and other ingredients, at Jena, from whence it took the name of
Jenes-treacle, under which title it was imported into this kingdom; and is an
excellent fpecific for all complaints in the ftomdch ; a preventative againft
infe£lion from the plague and all other infedious difeafes, and expels the ma-
lignity thereof; preferves the heart, and ftrengthens it againft faintings and
fwoonings; which treacle was of a bittter tafte : but that which is now com-
monly ufed by the vulgar people, and generally, by them, called treacle, is
very falfely denominated, bemg nothing elfe than the grofs dregs of fu-
gar, left after boiling and refining therof, and is properly called molaftes ;
which, though no wife helpful in any difeafe, is yet ufualiy and greedily de-
fired and taken by the common people as an univerfal medicine.

The roots of thefe gentians, being made into fine powder, and taken in wine,
either by themfelves or with oiher things, as myrrh, rue, pepper, or the like,
is aneffedual remedy againft the bitings or ftin^ings of fcrpents, or any other
venomous creature, and againft the bile of a mad dog, being taken three or
four days together, and the wound carefully kept open with vinegar and fait
water, and regularly cleanfed and drefled.

The fame roots, being fo taken in wine, open all obftniflionsof the liver, and
help fuch as are liver grown. It eafeth pains in the ftomach, and hclpeth luch as
cannot keepo, rehfli their meat, or have loft theirappcme. Itrefrelheih fuch as
are fatigued with trd veiling; being fteeped in wine and diunkjit helps fuch as are
lame in their joints owing to cr>lfl or bad lodging; is effefclual for pains, ftitches,
and prickings, in the lides; and is alio good for ihofe who are bruifed by fdlls. it

poflefiitig

A^D COM^lfet£ HERBAL. a^g

pofTefTing the virtue of diltolving congealed blood, and eafing the pain occa-
ironed thereby. The root is likewife held to be good againft agues, when taken
in any other liquor but wine; the diflilled water of the herb is equally ufeful.

LUPINES.

iCiNDS AND Names. There are fcveral kinds of lupines, as, the great
white lupine, called lupinus fat'vui allmi; the fpotted white lupine, called lu-
fimis alter albus ; and the fmaileft blue lupine, called hipinusnummus cceruUus.

Description, i. The great wliitclupine rifeth up with a ftrong, upright,
round, woolly, (talk, fet confulcdly with divers foft woolly leaves upon long
foot-ftalks, each being divided into feveral parts, narrow, long, and foft, green-
ifli on the upper fide, and woolly underneath; the main ftalk is divided into
two parts, after the flowers are grown from the uppermofl joint, and arc like
unto the great garden bean, but wholly white, without any fpot; after the flow-
ers come long, foft, woolly, (talks, containing in them flat white leaves, fome-
what yellowilh within, of a very bitter tafte. The root is long, hard, and
fibrous, and pcrifheth eVery winter,

2. The fpotted white lupine differeth from the former in the greatnefs and
in the flower, which is fpotted with blue on the head of the inncrmolt leaves,
and the hollow of the uppermofl.

3. The fmallcll blue lupine is very like the other blue lupine, but fmaller,
both ftalks and leaves; the flowers are blue, and the feed a little fpotted.

Place. They grow naturally wild, but in England only are planted in gar-
dens.

Time. The lupines flower in July and Auguft, and the feed is ripe fooil
after.

Government an d Virtues. Lupines aje under the dominion of Mars:
and have an opening, cleanfiiig, diffolving, and digeftive, property; but, if they
be fleepcd in water until they have loft their bitternefs, they may be eaten;
however, they are very hard to digeft, breed grofs humours, and pafs flowly
through the belly, yet do not (top any flux; if they be fo fteeped, and after-
wards dried and taken with vinegar, they provoke appetite, and help the loath-
ing of the (lomach to meat. The decoftion of lupines, taken with honey, opens
obdruflions of the liver and fplcen, provokes urine and the terms, and expel-
^th the dead child, when taken with myrrh. It alio cleareih the body of fccibs,
niorphew, cankers, tetters, and running ulcers or foroe; alfo cleanfcih the face;
taketh away the marks (ir pits which the fmall-pox leaves behind U; and clear*
cth the fliin of marks, and black-and-blue (pots.

No. 16. 3 Q An

236 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

An ointment of lupines, to beautify and make the face fmooth, is made ia
the following manner: Take the meal of lupines, the gall of a goat or fhcep,
juice of lemons, and a little alumen faccharinum, and mingle them into the form
of a foft ointment.

The meal of lupines, boiled in vinegar and applied to the parts, taketh away
knobs, kernels, or pimples. The fhells, being burnt, the fmoke thereof drives
away gnats and flies.

MADDER.

Description. GARDEN-MADDER fhooteth forth many very long,
weak, four-fquarc, reddifh, ftalks, trailing on the ground a great way, very
rough and hairy, and full of joints, at every one of which come forth divers
long and fomewhat narrow leaves, {landing like a ftar about the ftalks; rough
alfo and hairy, toward the tops whereof come forth many fmall pale-yellow
flowers; after which come fmall round heads, green at firft, and red-difli after-
wards, but black when they are ripe, wherein is contained the feed. The root'
is not very great, though about a yard long, fpreading divers ways, and is of a
clear red colour while it is frefli.

Place. It is cultivated in gardens or large fields on account of the profits.

Time. It flowereth toward the end of fummer, and the feed is ripe quick-
ly after.

Government AND Virtues. It is an herb of Mars; hath an opening
quality, but afterwards binds and ftrengthens; is an afl'ured remedy for the
yellow jaundice by opening the obftruQions of the liver and gall, and clean-
fing thole parts; it openeth alfo the obftruflions of the fpleen, and diminifheth
the melancholic humour. It is available for the palfy and fciatica; is effec-
tual for inward and outward bruifes, and is therefore much ufed in vulnerary
drinks. The root, for all thofe aforefaid purpofes, is to be boiled in wine or
water, as the cafe requireth, and fome honey or fugar put thereunto afterwards.
The feed hereof, taken with vinegar and honey, helpeth the fwellingand hard-
nefs of the fpleen. The decoflion of the leaves and branches is a good fo-
mentation for women to fit over that have not their courfes. The leaves and
roots, beaten and applied to any part that is difcoloured with freckles, mor-
phew, white fcurf, or any fuch deformity of the fliin, cleanfeth and thoroughly
taketh them away.

The root of this madder, holden in the hand, while frefli, will, when a per-
fon makes water, change it to the colour of blood.

MAIDEN-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 037

MAIDEN- HAIR.

Description, THE common maiden-hair doth, from a number of black
hard fibres, fend forth a great many blackifli fhining brittle (talks, hardly a fpan
long; in many not half fo long; on each fide fet very thick with fmall round
dark-green leaves, fpottedon the back of them like other ferns.

Place. It groweth much upon old ftone walls in the wcftern parts of Eng-
land; in Wales, in Kent, and in divers other places. It is to be found, in great
abundance, by the fides of fprings, wells, and on the rocky, moift, and fliadowy,
places; and is always green.

WALL-RUE, OR ORDINARY WHITE xM A I D EN-H AI R.

Description. THIS hath very fine pale-green ftalks, almoft as fine as
hairs, fet confufedly with divers pale-green leaves on very Ihort foot-ftalks,
fomewhat fimilar to the colour of garden-rue, and not much differing in form,
but more diverfely cut in on the edges, and thicker; fmooth on the upper part,
and fpotted finely underneath.

Place. It groweth in many parts of the kingdom; at Dartford, and the
bridge of Afliford, both in Kent; at Beaconsfield, in Buckinghamfliire ; on
Framlingham caftle, in Suffolk; on the church-walls at Mayfield, in Sufiex;
inSomerfetfhire ; and divers other parts. It is green in winter as well as fummer»

Government and Virtues. Both this and the former are under the do-
minion of Mercury, and fo is that alfo which follows after; and the virtues
of both are fo nearly alike, that defcribing thofe of the one will equally an-
fwer the other.

The decoftion of the herb maiden-hair, being drunk, relieveth thofe that
arc troubled with a cough, fhortncfs of breath, the yellow jaundice, difeafes
of the fplecn, ftuppagc of urine, and hclpcth exceedingly to break the flone in
the kidneys, (in all which cafes the wall-rue is alfo very efFe£lual.) It pro-
voketh women's courfes, and (layeth both bleedings and fluxes of the ftomach
and belly, efpecially when the herb is dry; but, when green, it openeth the
body, voideth cholcr and phlegm from the flomach and liver; it cleanfeth the
lungs, and by re^ifying the blood caufcth a good colour to the whole body.
The herb, boiled in oil of camomile, diffolveth knots, allayeth fwellings, and
dricth up moift ulcers. The lye made thereof is Angularly good to clcanfe
the head from fcurf, and froni dry and running fores; ftayeih the falling
or flicdding of the hair, and caufcth it to grow thick, fair, and well-coloured;
for which purpofe fomc boil it in wine, putting fome fmallage-fecd thereto,

and

J3« CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

and afterwards fome oil. The wall rue is as effeflual as maiden-hair in all
difeafes of the head, preventing baldnefs, and caufing the hair to grow again;
and generally for all the aforefaid difeafes. The powder of it, taken in drinL
for forty days together, helpeth ruptures in children.

GOLDEN MAIDEN-HAIR.

TO the two former this may b? added, which, pofTefling the fame virtues^
it is therefore needlefs to repeat therti.

Description. It hath many fmall brownifii-rcd hairs, to make up the forni
of leaves, growing about the ground from the root; and in the middle of them,
in fummer, rife fmall ftalks of the fame colour, fet with very fine yellowifb-
green hairs on them, and bearing a fmall gold-yellow head, fmaller than a
■wheat corn, {landing in a great hufk. The root is very fmall and thready

Plage. It groweth on bogs and marfhy grounds, and alfo on dry fliadowy
|)laces; at Hampftead-heath, and elfewhcre.

MALLOWS AND MARSH-MALLOWS.

COMMON mallows are generally fo well known that they need no defcrip-
tion.

The common marfh mallows have divers foft, hoary, white, ftalks, rifingtO'
the height of three or four feet, fpreading forth many branches, the leaves
whereof are foft and hairy, fomewhat fmaller than the other mallow leaves,
but longer pointed, cut (for the moft part) into fome few divifions, but deep.
The flowers are many, but fmaller alfo than the other mallows, and white, or
tending to a blufh colour; after which come fuch-like round cafes and feed as
in the other mallows. The roots are many and long, fhooting from one head,
of the bignefs of a thumb or finger, very pliant, tough and bending, like
liquorice, of a whitifh-yellow colour on the outfide, and more white within,
full of a flimy juice, which being laid in water, will render it as thick as jelly.

Place. The common mallows grow in every county in the kingdom. The
common marfh-mallows grow in moft of the fait marfhes from Woolwich down
to the fea, both on the Kentifli and Eflex ftiores, and in many other places.

Time. They are in flower all the fummer months, and continue till winter.

Government and Virtues. Venus owns them both. The leaves of either
«f the forts before fpecifiedjand the roots alfo, boiled in wine or water, or broth
■with parfley or fennel roots, do help to open the body, and are convenient in
hot agues, or other dilleinpcri. ol the body ; jf the leaves, fo boiled, be applied

■^varm

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 7';^^.

•warm to the belly, it not only voideth hot choleric, and other ofFenfive, humours,
but eafeth the pains and torments of the belly coming thereby ; and are therefore
ufcd in all clyfters conducing to thofe purpofes. The fame medicine, when ufed bv
nurfcs, procureth them ftore of milk. The decodion of the feed of any of the
common mallows, made in miiic or wine, doth exceedingly help excoriations, the
phthific, pleurify, and other difeafes of the cHeft and lungs that proceed from hot
caufes, if continued to be taken for any length of time. The leaves and root have
rhe fame effedls. They help much alfo in excoriations of the gut- and bowels, and
liardnefs of the mother, and in all hot and fharp difeafes thereof. The juice drunk
in wine, or the decortion of them therein, help women to more fpeedy and eafy de-
livery. Pliny faith, that whoever takes a fpoonful of any of the mallows fhall that
day be free from all diicifes whatfoever, and that it is a good fpecific for the failing-
ficknefs. The fyrup alfo, and conferve made of the flowers, are very efFe(5Vual for
the fame difeafes, and to open the body when coftive. The leaves, bruifed and laid
to the eyes with a little huncy, taketh away the impofthumation of them, The
leaves bruifed or rubbed upon any placeftung with bees, wafps, or the like, prefently
taketh away the pains, rednefs, and fwellings, that arife therefrom. Diofcorides
faith, the decoftion of the leaves and roots helpeth all forts of poifon, provided the
poifon is direftly voided by vomiting. A poultice made of the leaves, boiled and
bruifed, to which is added fome bean or barley flour, and oil of rofes, is- an efpe-
cial remedy againft all hard tumours, inflammations, or impofthumes, fwellings dtf"
the tefticles, and other parts, and eafeth the pains of them j alfo, againft the hard-
iiefs of the liver or fpleen, on being applied to the aflfefted places. The juice of
mallovvs, boiled in old oil, taketh away all roughnefs of the flcin, as alfo the fcurf,
dandrifF, or dry fcabs, on the head, or other parts, if anointed therewith, or waflied
with the decodion ; and preferveth the hair from falling ofl^. It is alfo efl^edual
againft fcaldings and burnings, St, Anthony's fire,, and all other hot, red, and pain-
ful, fwellings in any part of the body. The flowers boiled in oil or water (as every
one is difpofed),, with a little honey and alum put thereto, is a excellent gargle to
wafti, cleanfe, and heal, any fore mouth or throat, in a fhort fpace. If the feet be
bathed or waftied with the decodion ot the leaves, roofs, and flowers, it helpeth
much the defluxions of rheum from the head. If the head be wuflied therewith, it.
preventeth baldnefs. The green leaves (faith Pliny) beaten with nitre and applied
to the part, draw out thorns or pricks in the flefh j and, in ftiort, there is no wound,
external or internal, for which this is not a fovereign remedv.

The marfti-mallows are moft eflftdual in all the difeafes before- mentioned. The
leaves are likewife ufed to Joofen the belly gently, and in decodions for clyfters to

No. 17. 3 R caic

240 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

eafe all pains of the body, opening the ftraight paflages, and making them flipper)",
whereby the ftone may defcend the more eafily, and without pain, our of the reins,
kidneys, and bladder, and to eafe the torturing pains thereof; but the roots are of
more fpecial ufe for thofe purpofes, as well as for coughs, hoarfenefs, fhortneis of
breath, and wheefings, being foiled in wine or honeyed water, and drunk. The
roots and feeds hereof, boiled in wine or water, are with good fuccefs ufed by them
that have excoriations in the guts, or the bloody fiux, by moderating the violence
of iliarp fretting humours, eafing the pains, and healing the forenefs ; it is fuc-
cefsfully taken by them that are troubled with ruptures, cramps, or convullion of
finewsj and, when boiled in white wine, for impofthumes of the throat, commonly
called the king's evil, and of thofe kernels that rife behmd the ears, as well as in-
flammations or fwellings in women's breafts. The drffed_root, boiled in milk, and
drunk, is very good for the chin cough. Hippocrates ufed to give the decodion of
the root, or the juice thereof, to drink, to thofe that were wounded and ready to
faint through lofs of blood j and applied the fame, mixed with hpney and ronn, to
the wounds j as alfo the roots, boiled in wine to thofe that ha^ received any hurt
by bruifes, falls, or blows ; or had any bone or member out of joint, or any fwell-
ing, pain, or acb, in the mufcles, finews, or arteries. The mucilage of the roots,
and of linfeed and fenugreek put together, is much ufed in poultices, ointments,
and plaifters, to mollify and digeft all hard fwellings and the infl:immaticn of them,
and to eafe pains in any part of the body. The feed, either green or dry, mixed
■with vinegar, cleanfeth the (kin from morphew, and all other difcolourings, being
bathed therewith in the fun,

MAPLE-TREE.

Government and Virtues. IT is under the dominion of Jupiter. The
decodtion either of the leaves or bark greatly ftrengthens the liver ; it is exceeding
good to open obftrudions both of the liver and fpleenj and eafeth pains of the fides
proceeding trom thence.

W I L D M A R J O R A M.

CALLED alfo o?'gaue, or origanum, baftard marjoram, and grove marjoram.

Description, Wild or field marjoram hath a root which creepeth much under
ground, and continueth a long time, fcndeth up fundry brownifh, hard, fquare,
flalks, with fmall dark-gr-een leaves, very like thofe of fweet marjoram, but harder

I and

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 241

and foitiewhat broader ; at the tops of the flalks ftand tufts of flowers, of a deep
purplifh red colour i the feed is fmall, and fomething blacker than that of fwcet
marjoram.

Place. It groweth plentifully on the borders of corn-fields, and in fome copfes.

Time. It flowereth toward the latter end of fummer.

Government and Virtues. This is under the dominion of Mercury. It
ftrengthens the ftomach and head much, there being fcarcely a better remedy growing
for fuch as are troubled with a four humour in their ftomach j it reftores loft ap-
petite ; helps the cough, and confumption of the lungs j it cleanfeth the body of
choler, expclleth poifon, and rcmedicth the infirmities of the fpleen ; helps the bit-
ings of venomous beafts, and fuch as have poilbned themfelves by eating hemlock,
henbane, or opium; it provoketh urine, and the terms in women; helps the dropfy,
fcurvy, fcabs, itch, and the yellow jaundice; the juice, being dropped into the
ears, relieves deafnefs, pain, and noife in the ears. There is a deadly antipathy be-
tween this herb and the adder.

-SWEET MARJORAM.

SWEET marjoram is fo well known, being an inhabitant in every garden, that
it is needlefs to write any defcription either of this, the winter fweet marjoram, or
pot-marjoram.

Place. They grow commonly in gardens, though there are fome forts to be
found growing wild, on the borders of corn-fields and paftures in various parts of
the kingdom ; yet it would be fuperfluous to detail them, thofe produced in gardens
being moft ufeful.

Time. They flower in the end of fummer.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Mercury, under Aries, and is
therefore an excellent remedy for the brain, and other parts of the body and mind
under the dominion of the fame planet. The common fweet marjoram is warming
and comfortable in cold difeafes of the head, ftomach, finews, and other parts, taken
inwardly or outwardly applied. The deco<5tion thereof, being drunk, helpeth all
difeafes of the cheft which hinder the freenefs of breathing, and is alfo ferviceable in
obftruftions of the livdr and fpleen. It helpeth cold complaints of the womb, and
the windinefs thereof; alfo the lofs of fpeech, by refolution of the tongue. The
decoftion thereof made widi fome pdlitory of Spain and long pepper, or with a little
acorns or origaniwj, being drunk, is good for thofe that are beginning to fall into a
dropfy, for thofe who are troubled with a retention of water, and againft pains and

torments

941 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

torments in the belly ; it provoketh women's courfes, if it be ufed as a pefTary^
Being made into powder, and mixed with honey, it taketh away the black marks of
blows and bruifes, by applying it to the part. It is alfo good tor inflammations of,
and water in, the eyes, being mixed with fine flour, and laid upon them. The juice,
dropped into the ears, eafeth the pains and finging noife in them. It is of great fer-
vice when put into thofe ointments and falves that are made to warm and comfort
the outward parts, as the joints and finews ; for fwellings alfo, and places out of joint.
The powder thereof fnuffed up into the nofe, provoketh fneezing, and thereby
Durgeth the brain ; when chewed in the mouth, it produceth much phlegm. The
oil extra<fled from this herb is very warm and comfortable to joints and finews that
are ftifFand hard, tending to mollify and fupple them. Marjoram is likewife much,
ufed in all odoriferous waters, powders, &c.

MARIGOLDS.

THESE, being fo plentiful in almoft every garden, are Co well known, that they
need no defcription.

Time. They flower all the fummer long, and fometimes in winter, if it be mild..

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of the Sun, and under Leo. They
ftrengthen the heart exceedingly, are very expulfive, and little lefs effecftual, in the
fmall-pox and meafles, than faffron. The juice of marigold leaves mixed with vine-
gar, by bathing any hot fwelling therewith, inftantly giveth eafe, and afluageth the
pain. The flowers, either green or dried, are much ufed in pofiets, broths, and
drinks, being comfortable to the heart and fpirits, and e^elling any malignant or
pefl:ilential quality which might annoy them. A plaifter made with the dry flowers
in powder, hogs-greafe, turpentine, and rofin, applied to the breaft, flrengthens
and fuccours the heart greatly in fevers, whether epidemical or not.

MASTER-WORT.

Description. COMMON mafter-wort hath divers ftalks of winged leaves
divided into fundry parts, three for the moft part ftanding together at a fmall foot-
ftalk on both fides of the greater; and three likewife at the end of the fl:alk, fome-
what broad, and cut in on the edges into three or more divisions, all of them dented
about the brims, of a dark-green colour, fomewhat refembling the leaves of ange-
lica, but that thefe grow lower to the ground, and on fmaller fl:alks ; among which
rife up two or -hree ftiort flialks, about two feet high, and flender, with leaves at
the jomts fimilar to thofe below, but with fmaller and fewer divifions, bearing

umbels

A N » C O M P L E T K H E R B A L. a«

umbels of white flowers ; and, after them, final), tliin, flat, blackifli feed, larger
than dil-feedsi the root 16 fomewhat greater, andgrovveth flanting into the ground,
fhooting forth fundry heads, which taflie (harp, biting the tongue, and is the hotted
and fharpefl: part of the plant ; the feed, next unto it, being fomewhat blackifli on
the outfide, and fmelling well.

Place. It is ufually grown in gardens in this kingdom.
Time. It flowereth and feedeth about the end of Augufl:,
Government AND Virtues. It is an herb of Mars. The root ofmafter-wortis
hotter than pepper, and very available in all cold griefs and difeafes both of the
ftomach and body, diflblving very powerfully both upwards and downwards. It is
alfo ufed in a decocflion, with wine, againft all cold rheums, or difl:illations upon
the lungs, and fliortnefs of breath, if taken mornings and evenings. It alfo pro-
voketh urine J helps to break the {lone, and expel the gravel from the kidneys ;
procureth women's courfes, and expelleth the dead birth : is Angular good for
ftrangling of the mother, and other fimilar feminine difeafes. It is effeftual againfl:
the dropfy, cramps, and the falling (Icknefs. The decocftion, in wine, being gargled
in the mouth, extradeth much water and phlegm from the brain, purging and
eafing it of what opprefleth it. It is an excellent remedy againft all forts of cold
poifon ; it provoketh fweat; but, left the tafte hereof or of the feed (which work-
eth to the like effeft, though not fo powerfully) fliould be too ofFenfive, the belt
way is to take the water diftilled from both the root and herb. The juice thereof,
or tents dipped therein, applied either to green wounds or filthy rotten ulcers, and
fuch as are given by envenomed weapons, doth very foon cleanfe and heal them.
It is alfo a very good preventative againft the rheumatifm and gout, when they ori-
ginate from cold.

SWEET MAUDLIN.

Description. COMMON maudlin has fomewhat long and narrow leaves,
fnipped about the edges ; the ftalks are two feet high, bearing at the tops many
yellow flowers, fet round together, and all of an equal height, in umbels, with
tufts like tanfy ; after which flowereth fmall whitifh feed, almoft as big as worm-
feed. This herb is both fweet and bitter.

Place and Time. It groweth in gardens, and flowereth in June and July.

Government and Virtues. The virtues of this herb are fimilar to that of
coftmary, or alecofti it is therefore unneceflary to repeat them.

No. 17. 3 S THE

244 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

THE MEDLAR.

Description. THIS tree groweth near the bignefs of the quince-tree, witk
tolerably l.rge fpreading branches ; longer and narrower leafed than either the
apple or quince, and not dented about the edges. At the end of the fprigs ftand
the flowers, formed of five white, great, broad-pointed, leaves, marked in the
middle with fome white threads ; after which cometh the fruit, of a browniih green
colour, when ripe, bearing the refemblance of a crown on the top, which was ori-
ginally the five green leaves ; and, being rubbed off, or having fallen away, the
head of the fruit appears fomewhat hollow. The fruit is very harlh before it is
mellow, and ufually hath five hard kernels within it.

There is another kind hereof, differing in nothing from the former, but that it
hath fome thorns on if, infeveral places, which the other hath not;, and the fruit is
fmall, and not fo pleafant.

Time and Place. They grow in this kingdom, and flower in May generally ;
they bear ripe fruir in September and Odober.

Government and Virtues. The tree is under Saturn-. A better medicine for
ftrengthening the retentive faculties is hardly to be met with; itftays the.longing of
women. A plaifter made of the fruit, before they are rotten, with other neceflary
ingredients, applied to the reins of the back, flops the rhifcarriage of women with
child. They are very powerful in flaying any fluxes of the blood, or humours^ in
men or women. The leaves have alfo the fame quality. The fruit, when eaten by
women with child, flayeth their longings after unufual meat, .and is very efl^ecftual
for thofe who are apt to mifcarry. The decodlion of them is good' -to gargle and
wafh the mouth, throat, and teeth ; when there is any defluxion of blood, to flay
it, or of humours which caufe pains Snd fwelljngs. It is a good bath for women
to fit over that have their courfes flow too abundantly ; or for the piles, when they
bleed too much. A poultice or plaifter, made of dried medlars, beaten and mixed-
with the juice of red rofes, a few cloves, fome nutmeg, and a little red coral, and
applied to the ftomach, effec^lually preventeth the cafting or loathing of meat. The
dried leaves in powder, flrewed on frefh bleeding wounds, reftrain the blood
and clofe the wound quickly. The medlar ftones, made into powder, and drunk
in wine wherein fome parfley-roots haVe been infufed, or'a little boiled, help to
break and expel the ftone m the kidneys, and is a perfeft cure for the gravel in the
mofl: obflinate cafes.

MELILOT,

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 245

MELILOT, OR KING's-CHAFER.

Description, THIS hath many green ftalks, two or three feet high, rifing
from a tough, long, white, root, which dieth not every year ; fee round abou!: at
tiie joints with fmall, and fomewhat long, fweet-finelling leaves, three together,
unevenly dented about the edges. The flowers are yellow, alfo of a fweet (cent,
and formed like other trefoil, but fmall, fianding in fmall fpikes, one above anoj-
ther, for an hand's-breadth long, or more, which afterwards turn into lung crooked
pods, wherein is contained flat feed, fomewhat brown.

Place. It groweth plentifully in many parts of this kingdom; on the borders of
Suffolk ; in Eflex, Huntingdonfhire, and many other places -, but moft ufually in
corn-fields and corners of meadows.

Time. It flowereth in June and July, and is ripe quickly after.

Government and Virtues. Melilot, boiled in wine, and applied to the parts,
mollifies all hard tumours and inflammations that happen in the eye, or other parts
of the body -, and it is not unufual, in fuch cafes, to add the yolk of a roafted egg,
fine flour, poppy-feed, or endive. It healeth fpreading ulcers in the head, being
wafhed with lyemade thereof ; being applied frefh, or boiled uith any of the afore-
named articles, it relieves pains in the ftomach j it alfo helpeth pains in the ears, be-
ing dropped into them ; and, fleeped in vinegar and rofe- water, it mitigateth the
headach. The flowers of melilot and camomile are frequently mixed in clyfliers
to expel wind and to eafe pains ; alfo into poultices, for the fame purpofe ; and to
afTuage fwellings or tumours in the fpleen, or other parts; and helpeth inflamma-
tions in any part of the body. The juice, dropped into the eyes, is a fingular good
medicine to take away any film or fkin that cloudeth or dimmeth the eye-light.
The head often waftied with the diflilled water of the herb and flowers, or a lye
m'ade therewith, is effeftual for thofe that have fuddenly lofl: their fen fes ; as alfo
to ftrengthen the memory, comfort the head and brain, and to preferve them from-
pains and the apoplexy.

FRENCH AND DOG'S MERCURY.

Description. THIS rifeth up with a fquare green (talk, full of joints, two
feet high or thereabouts, with two leaves at every joint, and branches likewife from
both fides of the fialk, fet with frefh green leaves, fomewhnt broad and long, about
the bigaefs of the leaves of bafil, finely dented about the edges. Towards the tops

of

a46 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

of the ftalks and branches, come forth, at every joint, in the male mercury, two
fmall, round, green, heads, ftanding together upon a fhort footftalk, which, when
ripe, are the feed, not bearing any flower. In the female, the ftalk is longer, fpike-
fafhioned, fet round about with fmall green hufks, which are the flowers, made like
fmall branches of grapes, which give no feed, but remain long upon the ftalk with-
out fhedding. The root is compofed of many fmall fibres, and periftieth every
year on the approach of winter; it rifeth again of its own fowing, and, where it is
once fuiFered to fow itfelf, the ground will never be without it afterwards, even of
both forts, male and female.

French mercury helps conception. Coftaeus, in his book of the nature of plants,
fays, that the juice of mercury, holyhock, and purflain, mixed together, and the
'hands bathed therein, defendeth them from burning, if they are thruft into boiling
lead. This is what fhew-men and merry-andrews bathe their mouths with, whea
they pretend to eat fire.

DOG'sMERCURY.

HAVING defcribed that which is called French mercury, we come now to that
;which is known by .the designation of dog's mercury.

Description. This is likewifeoftwp kinds, male and female, having many ftalks,
flenderer and lower than mercury, and without any branches at all upon them. The
j-oot is fet with two leaves at every joint, fomewhat greater than the female, but
■more pointed and full of veins ; fomewhat harder in har^dIing; of a darker green
colour, and lefs dented or fnipped about the edges. At the joints, with the leaves,
come forth longer ftalks than the former, with two hairy round feeds upon them,
twice as big as thofe of the former mercury. The tafte thereof is herby, and the
fmell fomewhat ftrong and virulent. The female hath much harder leaves, ftanding
upon longer foot-ftalks, and the ftalks are alfo longer. From the joints come forth
fpikes of flowers fimilar to thofe of the French female mercury. The roots of both
are numerous, and full of fmall fibres, which run under ground, and mat them-
felves very much; not periftiing as the former mercury does, but remaining the
whole winter, and ftiooteth forth new branches every ^ear, the old ones falling to
the ground.

Place. The male and female French mercury are found wild in divers parts of
the kingdom : particularly at a village called Brookland, in Romney-marfh, in the
county of Kent.

The dog's mercury is to be found in various parts of Kent, and elfewherej but
ihe female is more feldom to be met with than the male.

I " Time.

AND COMPLETE PI E R B A L. C47

Time. They flourifli in the fummer months, and then produce their feed.
Government and Virtues. Mercury, it is faid, owns this herb, but we are of
opinion that it is under the dominion of Venus. The decoftion of the leave,3 of
mercury, or the juice thereof, in broth, or drunk with a little fugar put to it, purgeth
choleric and watery humours. Hippocrates commendeth it wonderfully for wo-
men's difeafes; when applied to the fecret parts, it eafeth the pains of the mother;
and, when ufed as a decodion, helps women's courfes, and expels the after- birth ; the
decoftion, mixed with myrrh or pepper, or applying the leaves externally, is effec-
tual againft the ftranguary and difeafes of the reins and bladder. It is alfo ufeful
for fore and watery eyes, and for deafnefs and pains in the ears, by dropping the
juice into them, and bathing them afterwards in white wine. The deco6tion thereof
made with water and a cock, chicken, is a fafe medicine againft hot fits of the ague.
It alfo deanfeth the lungs and ftomach of phlegm, though rather offenfive to the
fiiomach. The juice, or diftilled water, fnuffed up into the noftrils, purgeth the
head and eyes of catarrhs and rheums. Two or three ounces of the diftilied water,
with a little fugar, are fometimes taken, in the morning, fafting, to open and purge
the body of grofs, vifcous, and melancholy, humours. What Diofcorides and Theo-
phraftus relate of this herb is truly wonderful, if not fabulous, viz. that, if women
ufe them, either inwardly or outwardly, for three days together, after conception,
and their menfes be flopped, they fliall bring forth male or fi:ma!e children accor-
ding to the kind of herb which they ufe. Mathiolus faith, that the feed, both of the
male and female -mercury, boiled with wormwood, and drunk, cureth the yellow
jaundice in a fpeedy manner. The leaves, or the juice, rubbed upon warts, taketh
them away. The juice, mixed with fome vinegar, helpeth all running fcabs, tet-
ters, ring-worms, and the itch. Galen faith, that, being. applied in the manner of a
poultice to any fwelling or inflammation, it digefteth the fwelling, and allayeth the
inflammation; and is therefore given in ciyflers to evacuate offenfive humours from
the belly. Dog's mercury, though Icfs ufed, is hotwithftauding ferviceable. in pur-
ging off watery and melancholy humours.

M IN I.

Description. OF all the kind of mints, the fpcar-mint, or hart-mint, is the
moft ufeful ; the defcription thereof will therefore be fufficient. Spear- mint hath
divers round long ftalks, with narrow leaves fet thereon of a dark green colour.
The flowers fland in fpiked heads at the tops of the branches, being of a pale
bluifh colour. The fmell or fcent thereof is fomewhat fimilar to bafil ; it increaf-
eth by the root, under ground, as all the others do.

No. 17. 3 T Place.

.2^S CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Place. It is an ufual inhabitant of gardens ; and, though it feldom giveth any
qood feed, yet this defedis recompenfed by the plentiful increafeof the root, which
t)ei;ig once planted in a garden is hardly to be eradicated. It flowers in Auguft.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Venus. Diofcorides faith it hath
a heatin?, drying, and binding, quality; therefore the juice, taken with vinegar,
ftayeth bleeding ; it is an incentive to venery and bodily luft. Two or three
branches thereof, taken with the juice of four pomegranates, flay the hiccough,
vomiting, and allay choler. It diffolveth impofthumes, being applied with bar-
ley-meal. It is good to reprefs the milk in women's breafts; and for fuch as have
fwoln, flagging, or large, breafts. Applied with fait, ^t helpeth the bite of a mad
dog i with mead or honeyed water, it eafeth the pains of the ears, and taketh away
the roughnefs of the tongue, being rubbed thereupon. If the leaves are boiled or
fteeped in milk before drinking, it hihdereth the curdling thereof on the flromach.
In fliortj it is a very powerful ftomachic. The frequent ufe hereof is very efficacious
in flopping women's courfes and the whites. Applied to the forehead or temples,
it eafeth pains of the head ; it is good to wafh the heads of young children, being a
preventative againft all manner of breakings-out, fores, or fcabs, thereon j it alfo
healeth chops in the fundament, and is exceedingly ufeful againft the poifon of ve-
nomous creatures. The diftilled water from mint is available for all the purpofes
aforefaid, yet more weakly; but the fpirit thereof, when properly and chemically
drawn, is much more powerful than the herb itfelf. Simon Sethi faith, it help-
eth a cold liver ; ftrengtheneth the belly and ftomach,; caufeth digefl:ion ; flayeth
vomiting and the hiccough ; is good againft: the gnawing of the heart; provoketh
appetite; taketh away obfliuftions of the liver, and ftirreth up bodily iuflj but
it mufl not be taken in too great quantities, as it tends to make the blood thin and
vifhevifh, and turneth it into choler; therefore choleric people mufl abflainfrom it.
It is a fafe medicine for the bite of a mad * dog, being bruifed with fait, and applied
to the wound. The powder of it, being dried, and taken after victuals, helpeth
difreftion, and thofe that are fplcnetic. Taken in wine, it helpeth women in fore
travail in child-bearing. It is good againft the gravel and flone in the kidneys, and
the ftranguary. Being fmelled unto, it is comfortable for the head and memory.
The decoftion thereof, when ufed as a gargle, cureth the mouth and gums when
fore, and helpeth a ftinking breath; when mixed with rue and coriander, alfo ufed

* For the bite of a mad dog, the author's Sclar Tin^ure combines all the virtues of this and other
f,K:h heibs, and is an infallible remedj', whether the bite is received by man or beaft. Let the part
bitten be waflied clean out, after which, pour the Tinfture in and round the afFe£led part, and
wherever the hydrophobia is fuppofed to have fallen, iiind on feme lint dipped three or four
timts, aiid let a few drops be taken frequently in a wine-glafs of water,

as

AND C O M P I. E T E H E R B A L. 249

as a gargle, it caufeth the palate of the mouth to return to its place, wlieti down.
Mint, faith Pliny, exhilarates the mind, and is therefore pro])er for the ftudious.
When put into any veflel containing milk, it hindereth the curdling thereof, and no
butter can be got therefrom.

The virtues of the wild or horfe mint, which grows in ditches, and by the fides of
rivers (thedefcrlption of which is unneccflary, being fo well known), are efpecially
to diflblve wind in the ftomach, to ht'p the cholic, and thofe that are (hort-windcd,
and are an efFcdtual remedy againfl: venereal dreams and pollutions in the ni^ht, be-
ing outwardly applied to the tefticles. The juice .dropped into the ears eafeth the
pains thereof and deftroyeth the worms that breed therein. They are good againfl
the venomous biting of ferpents. The juice, laid on warm, helpeth the king's-evil
or kernels in the throat. The decodlion, or diftilled water, helpeth a {linking
breath proceeding from the corruption of the teeth; and, fnuffed up into the nofe,
purgeth the head. Pliny faith, that eating of the leaves, and applying fome of
them to the face, have been found, by experience, to cure the leprofy, and, when
ufed with vinegar, to help the fcurf or dandrifF of the head.

They are extremely bad for wounded people ; it being aflerted, that whoever eats
mint, when wounded, will never be cured.

M I S L E T O E.

Description. THIS rifeth up from the branch or arm of the tree whereon it
growech, with a woody ftem, parting itfelf into fundry branches, and they are again
divided into many othtr fmaller twigs, interlacing themfelves one within another,
very much covered with a greyifli green bark, having two leaves fet at every joint
and at the end likewife, which are fomewhat long and narrow, fmall at the bottom,
but broader towards the end. At the knots or joints of the boughs and branches
grow fmall yellowifh flowers, which turn into fmall, round, white, tranfparent, ber-
ries, three or four together, full of glutinous moifture, with a blackirti feed in each
of them, which w.as never yet known to produce any thing, though planted in gar-
dens, and other places, for the purpofe of trying it.

Place. It groweth very rarely on oak-trees in this kingdom, but upon fundry
others, as well timber as fruit trees ; and is to be met with in woods, groves, &c.

TiiME. It flowereth in the fprlngtime, but the berries are not ripe until October,
and, remaining on the branches, ferve the birds for food in fevere weather.

Government and Virtues. That it is under the dominion of the Sun is with-
out a doubt; that which grows upon the oak participates fomething of the nature
of Jupiter, becaufe an oak is one of his trees; as alfo that which grows upon pear-
irees and apple-trees participates fomething of that nature, becaufe he rules the

trees

150 CULPE,PER'3 ENGLISH, PHYSICIAN,

trees it grows upon, having no root of its own ; but why that ftiould have mor?
virtue that grows upon the oak is not fo eafily determinable, uniefs becaufe it is
rareft and hardeft to be come at. Clufius afTerts, that which grows upon pear-
trees is equally efficacious with the other forts, provided it doth not touch the
ground after it is gathered; and alfo faith, that, being hung about the neck, it re-
medies witchcraft. Both the leaves and berries of mifletoe are of a hot and dry na-
ture, and of fubtle parts. Bird-lime, madi^ thereof, doth mollify hard knots, tu-
mours, and impofthumes; ripening and difcuffing them; draweth forth thick as
well as thin h-.imours from the remote parts of the body, digefting and feparating
them ; and, being mixed with equal parts of rofin and wax, mollifies the hardnefs of
the fpleen, and healeth old ulcers and fores ; being mixed with fandarac and orpi-
ment, with quick-lime and wine-lees added thereto, it draws off foul nails from
the fiefh. Mathiolus faith, that the mifletoe of the oak (being the beft), made into
powder, and given in drink to thofe that have the falling ficknefs, doth affuredly
heal them ; provided it be taken forty days together. Some hold it fo highly in
. eftimation, that it is termed lignum fanSia crucis, or wood of the holy crofs, believ-
ing it to help the falling ficknefs, apoplexy, and palfy, very fpeedily, not only when
taken inwardly, but applied externally, by hanging it about the neck. Tragus
faith, that by bruifing the green wood of any mifletoe, and dropping the juice fo
drawn therefrom into the ears of thofe who are troubled with impoflhumes, it
healeth the fame in a few days.

The powder of it alfo cures a pleurify, and forces the courfes. Some think the
mifletoe that grows on the hafel-tree is better for the falling ficknefs, and other dif-
eafes of the head, than that which grows on the oak. Henricus ab Steers thinks it
does not grow on hafel-trees till they are about an hundred years old. A young
lady, having been long troubled with the falling ficknefs, for which fhe had taken
every thing prefcribed for her by the moft famous dodtors, without efted:, but
orowincr rather worfe, having eight or ten dreadful fits in a day, was cured only by
the powder of true mifletoe, given as much as would lie on a fixpence, early in the
morning, in black-cherry-water, or in beer, for fome days near the full-moon.

MONEY -WORT, or HERB-TWOPENCE.

Description. THE common money-wort fendeth forth, from a fmall thready
root, divers long, weak, and flender, branches, lying and running upon the ground>
two or three feet long or more, fet with leaves two at a joint, one agaiuft another at
equal diftances, which are almofl: round, but jointed at the ends, fmooth, and of a
good green colour. At the joints, with the leaves from the middle forward, come

iortX

A N D C O M P L E T £ H E R B A L. ;5t

forth at every joint fometimes one yellow flower, and fometimes two, landing each
on a finall foot-ftalk, formed of five leaves, narrow and pointed at the ends, with
fome yellow threads in the middle ; which being paft, there come in their places
fmall round heads of feed.

Place. It groweth plentifully In almoft every part of the kingdom, commonly
in moift grounds, by the fides of hedges, and in the middle of gra/Ty fields.

Time. They flower in June and July, and their feed is ripe quickly after.

Government anu Virtues. Venus owns it. Money-wort is fingular good to
flay all fluxes in man or woman, whether they be laflcs, bloody fluxes,, the flowing
of women's courfcs, blee lings inwardly or outwardly, and the weaknefs of the fl:o-
mach that is given tp cafling. It is alfo very good for all ulcers or excoriations of
the lur-s, or other inward parts. It is exceeding good for all wounds, whether
frefli and green, or old ulcers of a fpreading nature, and healeth them fpeedily ; for
all which purpofes, the juic.- or the herb; the powder drunk in water wherein hot
fteel hath been often quenched; the deco<5l:ion of the green herb in wine or water
drunk ; the feed, juice, or deco(5lion ufed to wafh or bathe the outward places, or
to have tents dipped therein and applied to the wounds ; are effciftuaL

MOON-WORT.

Description. IT rifeth up, ufually, but with one dark-green, thick and flat,
leaf, {landing upon a (hort foot-ftalk, not above two fingers breadth; but, when it
flowers, bears a f nail flen.ler fl;alk, about four or five inches high, having but
one leaf fetin the middle thereof, which is much divided on both fides, into fome-
times five or feven parts on a fide, and fometimes more, each of which parts is
fmall next the middle rib, but broad forwards, and round-pointed, refembling a
half-moon, from whence it takes its name, the uppermoft parts or divifions beinor
lefs than the loweft. The flialk rifeth above this leaf two or three inches, bearing
many branches of fmall long tongues, every one like thefpiky head of adders- tongue,
of a brownifh colour, which, whether they may be called the flowers or feed, is not
fo well certified ; but, after continuing a while, refolve into a mealy duft. The
root is fmall and fibrous. This hath fometimes divers fuch-like leaves as are before
defcribed, with fo many branches or tops rifing from one ftalk, each divided from
the other.

Place. It groweth on hills and heaths, particularly where there is plenty of
grafs.

No. 17. 3 U TiMr.

552 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Time. It is to be found only in April and May ; but in June, if hot weather
cometh, It generally withers and dies.

Government AND Virtues. The moon owns this herb. Moon -wort is cold
and drying, in a greater degree even than adders-tongue, and is therefore fervice-
able in all wounds, both inward and outward. The leaves boiled in red wine, and
drunk, ftay the immoderate flux of women's courfes, and the whites. It alfo
flayeth bleeding, vomiting, and other fluxes ; help-^th all blows and brulfes, and
confolldates frac^tures and diflocations. It is good for ruptures ; but is chiefly ufed
by moft, with other herbs, to make oils, or other balfams, to heal frefl\ or green
wounds, either inward or outward, for which it is exceeding good, as is before
obferved.

Alchemlflis fay, that this herb is peculiarly ufeful to them in making filver.—
It is reported, that whatever horfe cafually treads upon this herb will Jofe his
fhoes J it is alfo faid to have the virtue of unlocking their fetlocks and caufing them
to fall off J but, whether thefe reports be fabulous or true, it is well-known to the -
country people by the name of unflioe-horfe. Galen faith, that, if it be given to
fuch as are enraged by the biting of a mad dog, it doth perfeflly cure them.

MOSS.

IT would be needlefs to trouble the reader with a defcription of every kind of
mofs ; that of the ground-mofs and tree-mofs, which are both well-known, being
fufficicnt for our purpofe.

Place. The ground-mofs grows in moifl woods, at the bottom of hills, in
boggy -grounds, ihadowy ditches, and other fuch-like places, in all parts of the
kingdom.

The other groweth only upon trees.

Government and Virtues, All forts of mofs are under the dominion of Sa-
turn. The ground-mofs, being boiled in wine, and drunk, is held to be very effi-
cacious in breaking the ftone, and to expel and drive it forth by urine. Tlie herb,
bruifed and boiled in water, and applied, eafeth all inflammations and pains pro-
ceeding from hot caufes ; and is therefore ufed to relieve pain arifing from the gout.

The different kinds of tree-mofs are cooling and binding, and partake of a digeff-
ing and mollifying quality withal, as Galen faith. But each mofs doth partake of
the nature of the tree from whence it is taken ; therefore that of the oak is more
binding, and is of good effed: to ftay fluxes in men or women j as alfo vomitings or
bleedings, the powder thereof being taken in wine. The decodion thereof in wine

is

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 253

Is very good for women to be bathed with, or to fit over, that are troubled with the
overflowings of their courfes. The fame, being drunk, ftayeth the ftomach tliat is
troubled with cafting, or the hiccough ; and, Avicenna faith, it comforteth the
heart. The powder thereof, taken in drink for fome time together, is thought
available for the dropfy. The oil of rofes, which has had fome frefh mofs fteeped
therein for a time, and afterwards boiled and applied to the temples and forehead,
doth wonderfully eafe the headach arifing from a hot caufe j as alfo the diftillation
of hot rheum or humours from the eyes, or other parts. The ancients ufed it much
in their ointments and other medicines, againft laflitude, and to ftrengthen and
comfort the finews ; it may, confequently, be applied by the moderns with equal
fuccefs.

M O T H E R - W O R T.

Description. THIS hath a hard, fquare, brownifli, rough, ftrong, ftalk, rifing
three or four feet high at leaft, fpreading into many branches, whereon grow leaves
on each fide, with longfoot-ftalks, two at every joint, which are fomewhat broad
and long, as It were rough or crumpled, with many great veins thereon, of a fad-
green colour, deeply dented about the edges, and almoft divided. From the middle
of the branches, up to the tops of them (which are very long and fmall), grow the
flowers round about them, at diftances, in ftiarp-pointed, rough, hard, huflcs,
of a more red or purple colour than balm or hoarhound, but in the fame manner or
form as horehound; after which come fmall, round, blackilh, feeds, in great
plenty. The root fendeth forth a number of long ftrings and fmall fibres, taking
ftrong hold in the ground, of a dark yellowlrti or brownifh colour, and remaineth
as the horehound doth; the fmell of this being not much different from It.

Place. It Is only produced In gardens In this kingdom.

Government AND Virtues. Venus owns this herb, and it is under Leo.
There Is no better herb to drive melancholy vapours from the heart, to flrengthen
it, and make the mind cheerful, blithe, and merry. It may be kept in a fyrup or
conferve ; therefore the Latins call it cordiaca. The powder thereof, £0 the quantity
of a fpoonful, drunk in cold wine, is a wonderful help to women in fore travail, as
alfo for fuflFocations or rifings of the mother; and from thefe efFeds It moft likely
got the name of mother-wort. It alfo provoketh urine, and women's courfes ;
cleanfeth the cheft of cold phlegm oppreffing It, and killeth worms In the belly. It
Is of good ufe to warm and dry up the cold humours, to digcft and difperfe them
that are fettled in the veins, joints, and finews, of the body, and to help cramps and
convulfions.

MOUSE.

-54 C U L P E P E R's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

M O U S E - E A R.

Description. MOUSE-EAR is a low herb, creeping upon thegroiind hy fmall
firings like the ftrawbcrry plant, from which it (hooteth forth fmall roots, whereat
growi upon the ground, many fmall and fomewhat fhort leaves, fet in a round form
together, hollowifii in the middle, where they are broadeft 5 of an hoary colour all
ever, and very hairy, which, being broken, produce white milk. From among
thefe leaves fpring up two or three fmall hoary ftalks, about a fpan high, with a few
fmaller leaves thereon j at the tops whereof ftandcth ufaally but one flower, confift-
ino- of many paler yellow leaves, broad at the points, and a little dented in, fet in
three or four rows, the largeft outermoft, very like a dandelion flower, and a little
reddifh underneath about the edges, efpecially if it grow in dry ground; which, af-
ter they have flood long in flower, turn into down, which, with the feed, is blown
away by the wind.

Place. It groweth on the banks of ditches, and in fandy ground.

Time. It flowereth in June and July, and remaineth green all the winter.

Government AND Virtues. The moon owns this herb alfo. Thejuice thereof,
taken In wine, or the decoflion thereof drunk, doth help the jaundice, although of
long continuance ; it is a fpecial remedy againft the flone, and griping pains of the
bowels. The decocflion, thereof, with fuccory and centaury, is held very efl^edlual
to help the dropfy, and them that are inclining thereunto, as well as difeafes of the
fpleen. It ftayeth the fluxes of blood, whether at the mouth or nofe, and inward
bleedings alfo i it is very efficacious for wounds both inward and outward ; it help-
eth the bloody flux and the abundance of women's courfes.* There is a fyrup made
of the juice thereof, and fugar, by the apothecarks of Italy and other places, which
is accounted very ferviceable to thofe that are troubled with the cough and phthific.
The fame is alfo Angularly good for ruptures or burftings. The green herb,
bruifed, and direftly applied to any frefh cut or wound, doth quickly heal it ; and
the juice, deccxftion, or powder of the dried herb, is very good to flay the malig-
nity of fpreading and fretting cankers and ulcers. The diftilled water of the plant
IS available in all the difeafes aforefaid, and to wafh outward wounds and fores, and
by applying tents or cloths wet therein.

* To flay the abundance of women's courfes, and to keep them in due proportion and regular,
no medicine in the whole Materia Medica was ever found fo efficacious as the author's Lunar
Tinfture ; the inherent virtues of which contain the falubrious qualities of this and all other lunar
hierbs congenial to the female fex.

MUGWORT.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 255

M U G W O R T.

Description, COMMON mugwort hath divers leaves lying upon the ground,
very much divided, or cut deeply in about the brims, fomewhat like wormwood,
but much larger j of a dark green colour on the upper fide, and very hoary, white,
underneath. The ftalks rife to the height of four or five feet, having on it fimi-
lar leaves to thofe below, but fomewhat fmaller, branching forth very much to-
wards the top, whereon are fet very fmail pale yellowifh flowers like buttons, which
fall away ; and after them come fmall f;ed indofed in round head?. The root is
long and hard, with many fmall fibres growing from it, whereby it taketh ftrong
hold in the ground j but .both ftalk ar.d leaf die every year, and the root fliooteth
forth anew in the fpring. The whole plant is of a tolerably good fccnt, and is more
readily propagated by the flips than by the feed.

• Place. It groweth plentifully in many partsof this kingdom, by the road-fide;
alfo, by fmall water-courfes ; and in divers other places.
Time. It flowereth and feedethin the end of fummer.

Government and Virtues. This is an herb of Venus ; therefore maintaineth
the parts of the body fhe rules, and remedies the difeafes of the parts that are under
her figns, Taurus and Libra. Mugwort is ufed with good fuccefs, among other
herbs, in a hot decoclion, for women to fit over, to provoke the couifi.s, help deli-
very, and expel the after-birth; alfo, for the obftruc5lions and inflammations of the
mother. It breaketh the flone, and caufeth one to make water when it is flopped.
The juice thereof, made up with myrrh, and formed into a peffliry, worketh the
fame effedts ; the root, being made into an ointment, with hogs-lard, taketh away
wens and hard knots and kernels that grow about the neck and throat, and eafcth
pains about the neck more efFedually, if fome field daifies be put with it. The herb
itfelf, being frefh, or juice thereof, taken, is a fpecial remedy for an over-dofe
of opium. Three drams of the powder of the dried leaves, taken in wine, is a
fpeedy, and the mod certain, cure for the fciatica. A decodtion thereof, made with
camomel and agrimony, taketh away pains of the finews and the cramp, if the
place is bathed therewith while warm.

The leaves and flowers, and the tops of the young fhoots, in this plant, are all full
of virtue ; they are aromatic to the tafte, with a little fharpnefs ; and area niofl fafe
and excellent medicine in female diforders arifing from obftruiftiou.

The herb has been famous for this from the earliefl time ; and Providence has

placed it every where about our doors ; fo that reafon and authority, as well as the

No. 18. J X ■ notice

256 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

notice of our fenfes, point it out for ufe ; but chemiftry lias banifhed natural medi-
cines. Diofcorides beftows high praifes on the herb ; and direfls the flowery tops
to be ufed, juft before they open into bloom ; he determines the dofe to be three
drams -, and the manner of taking it as tea. It is happy that the ancients, who faw
the great efFed: of thefe medicines, have been fo accurate in the dofe and manner of
giving them ; wherever they have, we find them always right, and may depend on
them as our beft guides ; where they have not been fo particular, no guefs, or bold
opinion, is to be indulged ; but all is to be learned from careful trial. To be aC-
fured of their medicii>es, is the firft care: and, that being afcertained, we ihall be
certain to find the accounts they give us of their virtues true, if we will wait with
patience till we find the dofe, beginning from a little. The many who apply,
•wearied with the expence, and tired with the vain hope of relief from the common
pradice, give abundant opportunities of finding this fafely and exaflly ; and, if this
publication conveys clearly to mankind the way to reap the advantages of ancient
Galenical medicines, the attention to the objed will have been well beftowed.

There is no better medicine for young women, in whom the efforts of nature are
too weak, than this : the flowers and buds fhould be ftripped off from the tops of
flialks i three drams of thefe, clipped fmall, fliould be put into a bafon, and half a
pint of boiling water poured upon them j and when jufl; cool it is to be drunk with a
little fugar and cream : this is to be taken twice a-day during the time of nature's
effort, and (he will rarely want any farther help ; but, if its tffeft be not altogether
fufficient, fuch a tea of it fhould be drunk afterwards every day. Nothing is fo
deitruftive to the conftitution as the ufe of too powerful medicines on this occafion;
this is fufficient, and can do no harm. But it is not to this time of life it is limited,
it may be taken at any period ; and there is a peculiar way of ufing it to great ad-
vantage. A lady of thirty-eight, unmarried, and healthy, after riding many morn-
ings on horfcback, (a new exefcife to her, and therefore over p!eafing,) found her-
felf difappolnted at the period of her expedtation ; with feverifh heat, pain, fwell-
ing, and, 1 believe, inflammation. She had been blooded in the foot j had taken
penny-royal water; and was entering upon fomething of more power, when, belntr
informed by another lady of the virtues of this herb, and that the excellent Diof-
corides, a better phyficlan than Friend or Mead, advifed the fitting over the fleam
of a decodion of it on certain occafions ; and that, in this particular cafe, that way
feemed in every fenfe moft proper. A pound of mug wort was boiled in two gallons
of water ; the whole was put together into a pan ; and, when the vapour w:is not toa
hot to be borne, the lady fat over it. It was done at night ; and, before morning,
, all was well and happy.

The

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 257

The mulberry TREE.

THIS is Co well known, where it groweth, that it ncedeth no defcription.

Time. It beareth fruit in the months of July and Auguft.

Government and Virtues. Mercury rules the tree, therefore are its efFe(!l:s
variable as his are. The mulberry partakes of different and oppofite qualities ; the
ripe berries, by reafon of their fweetnefs and flippery moifture, opening the body,
and the unripe binding it, efpecially when they are dried -, and then they arc good
to flay fluxjs, lafk?, and the abundance of women's courfes. The bark of the root
killeth the broad worms in the body. The juice, or the fyrup made of the juice, of
the berries, helpeth all inflammations or fores in the mouth or throat, and the pallet
of the mouth when it is fallen down. The juice of the leaves is a remedy againft
the biting offerpents, and for thofe that have taken aconite i the leaves, beaten with
vinegar, are good to lay on any place that is burnt with fire. A deco6lion made of
the bark and leaves, is good to wafh the mouth and teeth when they ach. If the
root be a little flit or cut, and a fmall hole made in the ground next thereunto, in
the harvcfl time, it will give out a certain juice, which being hardened the next
day, is of good ufe to help the tooth-ach, to difTolve knots, and purge the belly.
The leaves of mulberries are faid to fl:ay bleeding at the mouth or nofe, the bleed-
ing piles, or of any wound, being bound unto the places. A branch of the tree,
taken when the moon is at the full, and bound to the wrift of a woman whofe courfes
overflow, riays them in a fhort fpace.

MULLEIN.

Description. COMMON white mullein hath many fair, large, woolly,
white, leaves, lying next the ground, fomewhat longer than broad, pointed at the
ends, and dented as it were about the edges ; the fialk rifeth up to be four or five
feet high, covered over with fuch-like leaves, but fmaller, fo that no ftalks can be
feen for the quantity of leaves thereon, up to the flowers, which tome forth on all
fides of the (talk, generally without any branches, and are many fet together in a
long fpike, in fome of a gold yellow colour, in others more pale, confifting of five
round pointed leaves, which afterwards have little round heads, wherein a fmall
brownifh feed is contained. The root is long, white, and woody; perifhing after
it hath borne feed.

Place. It groweth by road-fides and lanes in many parts of the kingdom.

Time. It flowereth in July, or thereabouts.

Govern-

S58 C U L P E P E R's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Government and Virtue?. It is under the dominion of Saturn. A fmall
quantity of the root, given in wine, is commended by Diofcoridss again ft laflcs and
fluxes. The deco<5lIon tiiereof, being drunk, helpeth ruptures, cramps, and con-
vjlfions, and thofe that arc troubled with an old cough ; and, when ufed as a gargle,
eafeth the tooth-ach. An oil, made by frequently infufing the flowers, has a very
good efFed on the piles. The decoiflion of the root, in red wine, or in water (if at-
tended with an ague) wherein red-hot fleel hath been often quenched, flayeth the
bloody fiux ; and alfo op.-neth obftrudions of the bladder and reins, when there is
3 ftoprage of urine. A decocSlion of the leaves thereof, and of fage, marjoram, and
camomile flowers, and the finews being bathed therewith that are benumbed with
cold, or cramps, doth much eafe and comfort them. Three ounces of the difiilled
water of the flowers, drunk morning and evening, for fome days together, are faid
to be an excellent remedy for the gout. The juice of the leaves and flowefs
being laid upon rough warts, as alfo the powder of the dried roots, when rubbed
071, doth take them away j but have no effed upon fmooth warts. The powder of
the dried flowers is an efpecial remedy for thofe that are troubled with the cholic or
belly-ach. The decodlon of the root, and likewife of the leaves, is of great efred
in difTolving tumours, fwellings, or inflammations of the throat. The feed and
leaves boiled in wine, and applied to the place, fpeedily draweth forth thorns and
fplinters from the fleflaj eafing the pain and healing the wound at the fame time.
The leaves, bruifed and wrapped in double papers, and covered with hot afhes and
embers, in which they muft be baked for fome time, and then taken and laid on any
blotch or boil, diflblve a,ad heal them.

MUSTARD.

Description. OUR common muftard hath large and broad rough leaves, very
much jagged with uneven and diforderly gafhes, fomewhat like turnip leaves, but
fmaller and rougher j the fl;alk rifeth to be upwards of a foot high, and fometim.eg
two feet high ; being round, rough, and branched at the top, bearing fimilar
leaves thereon to thofe below, but fmaller and lefs divided, and divers yellow flowers
one above another at the tops, after v/hich come fniall rough pods, with fmall lank
flat ends, wherein is contained round yellowifh feed, fharp, hot, and biting to the
tongue. The roots are fmall, long, and woody, when it beareth flalk, and perifh-
eth every year.

Place. This groweth in gardens only, and other manured grounds.

Time. It is an annual plant, fiowerbg in July, and the feed is ripe in Augufl:^

Govern-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. - ij^

Government and Virtues. Itis an excellent faiice forthofe vvhofe blood wants
clarifying, and for weak ftomachs, being an herb of Mars ; it is hurtful to choleric
people, but highly fcrviceable to thofc who are aged, or troubled with cold difeafes.
Aries claims fome ihare of dominion over this plant; it therefore ftrengthens the
heart, and refifteth poifon ; let fuch whofe ftomachs are fo weak that they cannot
digeft their viJluals, or have no appetite thereto, take of muftard-feed a dram, cin-
namon as iTi'jch, and, after beating them to powder, add half as much pow-
der of maftic, and, with gum arabic difiblved in rofe water, make it up into
troches, of which the quantity of half a dram may be taken an hour or two before
meals, and the good cfFefls thereof will fooa be apparent, more particularly to the
aged of either fex. Muftard-feed hath the virtue of heating, difcufling, rarefying,
drawing out fplinters of bones, and other things, out of the flclh j provokes thi;
menfes ; is good for the falling ficknefs, lethargy, drowfincfs, and forgetfulnefs,
by ufing it both imvardlyand outwardly, rubbing the noflrils, forehead, and temples,
to warm and quicken the fplrits, as, from its fierce fharpnefs, it purgeth the brain
by fneezing, and drawing down rheums, and other vifcous humours, which, by
their diftillation upon the lungs and cheft, caufe coughing ; when taken inwardly,
it operates more forcibly if mixed with honey. The decoJtion of the feed made in
wine, provoketh urine, refifts the force of poifon, the malignity of mufhrooms, and
the venom of fcorpions, or other poifonous animals, if it be taken in time. If ad-
miniftered before cold fits of the ague come on, it altereth, lefTeneth, and cureth,
them. The feed, taken either by Itfelf,.or with other things, either in an eledluary
or drink, Is a great incentive to venery, and helpeth the fpleen, pains in the fide, and
gnawing in the bowels. If ufed as a gargle, it draweth up the palate of the mouth,
when fallen down. It alio difTolveth fwellings about the throat, if it be applied ex-
ternally. Being chewed in the mouth, it oftentimes helpeth the tooth-ach. The
outward application hereof upon the pained place, in cafes of the fciatica, difcufTeth
the humours, and eafeth the pains : as alfo of the gout, and other joint-achs. It is
frequently ufed to eafc pains of the fides, loins, flioulders, or other parts of the body,
by applying thereof as a blifter, and cureth the difeafe by drawing it to the outward
part of the body j it is alfo ufed to help the falling of the hair. The feed, bruifed,
and mixed with honey or wax, taketh away the black and blue marks occafioned by
falls or other bruifes ; the roughnefs or fcabbinefs of the fl<in ; as alfo the leprofy
and loufy evil ; it helpeth alfo the crick in the necl^ The diftilled water of the
herb, when It is In flower, is much ufed to drink inwardly for any of the difeafes
aforefald, and to wafh the mouth when the palate is down ; and as a= e;arg!e'for dif-

No. 18. 3 Y ^. eaf«3

a6o CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

eafes of the (hroat; alfo outwardly for fcabs, itch, or other fuch infirmities j and
cleanfeth the face from morphew, fpots, freckles, and other deformities.

People who are fond of mufic, and who would wi(h to improve their voices, have
only to mix fome of the powder of muftard feed with honey into balls, and, by
fwallowing one or two ev€ry_ morning fafting, in a fliort time they will find their
voices to be clear. Muftard feed and onionSj mixed together, provoke weeping.

HEDGE-MUSTARD.

Description. THIS groweth up ufually but with one blackifh green ftalk,
tough, eafy to bend, but not break, branched into divers parts, and fometimes with
divers ftalks fet full of branches, whereon grow long, rough, or hard, rugged leaves,
very much torn or cut on the edges into many parts, fome larger and fome fmal-
ler, of a dirty green colour ; the flowers are fmall and yellow, growing at the tops
-of the branches in long fpikes, flowering by degrees j the flralks have fmall round
pods at the bottom, growing upright, and clofe to the ftalk, whilft the flowers yet
fhew themfelves ; in which are contained fmall yellow feed, fharp and ftrong, as the
herb is alfo. The root groweth down {lender and woody, yet abiding, and fpring-
ing again every year.

Place. This groweth generally by the roads and hedge-fides ; but fometimes
in the open fields.

Time. It flowereth ufually about July.

Government and Virtues. Mars owns this herb alfo. It is Angularly good
in all the difeafes of the cheft and lungs, hoarfenefs of voice; and, by the ufe of the
decoftion thereof, fome have been recovered who had utterly loft their voice, and
nearly their fpirits alfo. The juice of this herb, made into a fyrup with honey or fu-
gar, is no lefs effedlual for the fame purpofes, and for coughs, wheefing, and ftiort-
nefs of breath. It is alfo ferviceable to thofe who have the jaundice, the pleurify,
pains in the back and loins, and for torments in the belly, or the cholic ; it is alfo
ufed in dyfters. The feed is held to be a fpecial remedy againft poifon and venom,
is Angularly good for the fciatica, the gout, and all joint-achs, fores and cankers
in the mouth, throat, or behind the ears j it is alfo equally ferviceable in reducing
the hardnefs and fwelling of the tefticles, and of women's breafts,

MASTIC TREE.

Names. IT is called in Latin lentijcusy and the gum or rofin, re/ma knttfma,
jf..nj meijlichef and majii?: ; in Engliih, maftic,

Descrip-

A N D C O M P L E T E H E R B A L. cGi

Description. The maftic or lentlflc tree groweth like a tree when fufFered to
grow up ; and often it rifeth but as a flirub ; the body and branches are of" a reddiih
colour ; tough and gentle, having their ends bending foniewhat downwards, where-
on do grow winged dark-green leaves, confiding of four couple, ftanding one
againft another, of the bignefs of the large myrtle-leaf, with a reddifh circle about
their edges, and fomewhat rcddifli veins on the under-fide, fmelling fweet, and al-
ways continuing green j the flowers grow in cluflers at the joints, with th^ leave?,
being fniall and of a pale purple-green colour ; after them come fmall blackifli ber-
ries, of the fize of a pepper-corn, with a hard black fhell under the outer fkin, and
a white kernel within ; it beareth alfo certain horns, with a clear liquor in them that
turneth into fmall flies. It yieldcth alfo a clear white gum, in fmall drops, when
the flocks are cut in fundry places -, which is carefully gathered and prcfcrved.

Place. The lentiflc-tree groweth in Provence, in France j and alfo in divers
parts of Italy ; in Candia, and many other places in Greece ; but yieldeth little gum
there, efpecially in the ifle of Sciu.

Time. It flowereth in April, and the berries are ripe in September; it Is pruned
and manured with as great care by the cultivators as others do their vines; the pi-o-
fit arifing from the gum being much greater.

Government and Virtues. The lentiflctree is under the influence of Jupiter.
It is of moderately hot temperature j but the root, branches, bark, leaves, fruit,
and gum, are all of a binding quality, fl:opping all fluxes and fpitting of blood ;
ftrengthens a weak fl;omach, and helps falling down of the mother and fundament-
The decodion healeth up hollow fores, knitteth broken bones, fafteneth loofe teeth,
and fl:ayeth the fpreading of fores, they being fomented therewith. The oil which
is prefled out of the berries, helpeth the itch, leprofy, add fcab, both in man and
beaft ; gum-mailic hath the like virtue of fl:aying fluxes, taken any way in powder;
or, if three or four grains of it be fwallowed whole at night when going to bed, it
not only eafeth the pains of the fl:omach, but hindereth its being affcdied r.fcer-
vards ; the powder of maflic, with amber and turpentine, is good againft the run-
ning of the reins, and to check the fluor albus and menfes in women. The powder
of maflilc is alfo materially ufeful in flopping thin rheums from falling upon the
lungs, which occafion a continual cough and fpitting of blood.

The mealy TREE.

Names. IT is called in Latin vibermim ; it is alfo called the way-faring ti'ee ;
and by Mr. Parkinfon, from the pliability of the twigs and branches, the pliant
aiealy tree.,

Descrip-

262 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAK,

Description. This tree hath (from a fmall body, ifing to thchdghtof ahedge-
treCj or bufli, covered with a dark-greyifh bark) lundry fmall Hiort but very tougk
and pliant branches, of a finger's thicknefs, whofe bark is fmooth and vvhitifh,
■whereon grow broad leaves, like elm-leaves, but long and hoary, rough, thick, and
white like meal, and a little hairy, fet by couples, and finely dented about the
edges ; at the ends of the branches ftand large tufts of white flowers, which turn
into large bunches of round and flat feed, like tliat of the lentil, but larger ; green
when they are firft formed, and for a confiderable time afterwards, but black when
they are ripe.

The branches thereof are fo tough and flrong that they ferve for bands to tie
bundles, or any other thing j or to make faft gates leading into fields, for which
purpofes they are better adapted than withy, or any thing of that nature.

Place. It'groweth as a heJge-bufli, and is often cut and plafhed by country-
people to fpread on the hedges -, is very frequently found in Kent, and in many
other parts of this kingdom.

Time. It flowereth about the end of May, and the fruit is ripe in September,

Government and Virtues. It is a plant of Saturn. The leaves thereof have a
harfh binding quality, and are good to ftrengthen and fatten locfe teeth. The dec
coftion of the leaves thereof, and of olive-leaves together, in vinegar ^nd water, is
exceeding good to wafh the mouth and throat when fwelled by fharp humours fall-
inrr into them ; reflores the uvula or palate of the mouth to its right place, when
fallen down ; it alfo flays the rheums that fall upon the jaws. The kernels of the
fruit hereof, taken before they are ripe, dried and made into powder, and drunk
in any liquid, ftop loofenefs of the belly, and all forts of fluxes. Of the roots, being
fteeped under ground, then boiled, and beaten a long time afterwards, bird-lime is
made to catch fmall birds.

The leaves, boiled in lye, keep the hair from falling off the head, and change th^
colour into black.

M A Y-W E E D,.

Kinds and Names. THERE are found three forts of may-weed. i. Coiula
fiitida, {linking may-weed. 2. Cotula nonfcstida, may-weed with no fcent. Stinking
may- weed groweth more upright than that which hath no fmell, or the common ca-^
momile ; neither of them creep or run on the ground as camomile doth ; the ISaves
are longer and larger than thofe of camomile, yet very like unto it, bat of a paler
green colour ; the one fort hath a very fiiong fmell, the other no fcent at alU the

flowery

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. a6j

flowers are like thofe of camomile, but larger ; there is alfo a fort of may-\yeed
found in various parts of the kingdom, which hath double flowers, almoft as large
as double camomile-flowers, which is called cotula florc plc.io.

Place, The (linking may-weed groweth abundantly among corn, and will blif-
ter the hands of the reapers ; that which ftinketh not groweth alfo very plentifully,
wild, in many places, and often amongft wild camomile.

Time. They flower all the fummer months, feme earlier and fome later.

Government and Virtues. May-weed is governed by Mars, yet Galen faith
the fophi of the Egyptians confecrated camomile to the fun, which is minh of the
fame temperature, but the ftinking may -weed is more hot and dry, and is ufed for
the fame purpofes as camomile, viz. to diflblve tumours, expel wind, and to eafe
pains and achs in the joints and other parts ; it is alfo good for women whofe ma-
trix is fallen down, or loofensd from one fid,- to the other, by wafhing their feet with
!l deco(5lion thereof made in water. It is likewife good to be given to fmell to by
fuch as are troubled with the rifing or fuffbcation of the matrix.

L

MAD-WORT.

Pl.-vce. it is often fown in gardens. The feed comes from Italy,
Time. It flowers and flourifhes in May ; the feed is ripe in Auguft.
Qualities and Virtues. It is dry, digefting, and fcouring. It healeth the
bite of a mad dog, the morphew, fun-burning, &c. It alfo heals wounds inwardly
and outwardly, cancers, and filthy ulcers ; and digeileth clotted blood.

MANDRAKE.

THE mandrake is male and female.

Place. It grows in hot regions j woods, mountains, and gardens.

Time. It fprins:s in March, flowers in April ; the fruit is ripe in Auguft.
, Qualities and Virtues. It is of a cold nature. The root is phlegmatic, and
niay be eaten with pepper and hot fpices. The apples are cold and moift; the bark
of the root cold and dry, and ti e juice is good in all cooling ointments. The dried
juice of the root, taken in a fr.all quantity, purgeth phltgrn and melancholy. In
collyriums, it healeth pains of the eyes. In a peflary, it draweth forth the dead
child and fecundine. T he green leaves, bruifed with auxungia and barley-meal,
heal all hot fwellings and inflammations ; and, applied to the parts, confume hoc
ulcers and impofthumes. A fuppofitory made of the juice, put into the fundament.

No. 18. 3 Z caufeth

264 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

caufeth fleep. Iiifufed in wine, and drunk, it caufeth fleep, and healeth pains j the
apples fmelt to, or the juice taken in a fmall quantity, alfo caufe fleep. The feed
and fruit do cleanfe the womb; the leaves heal knots in the flefh, and the roots
heal Saint Anthony's fire, &c. and, boiled with ivy, mollify the fame. The oil of
mandrakes is very cold ; yet it may be anointed upon the temples and nofes of thofe
that have a phrenzy -, if the patient fleep too long, dip a fponge in vinegar, and hold
it to the noie. Alfo, it heals vehement pains of the head, and the tooth-ach, when
applied to the cheeks and jaws, and caufeth fleep.

MUSHROOM.

Description. Mufhrooms are plants more perfed than many people imagine;
They have a regular root, a ftalk confifling of feveral arrangements of fibres, the
interflices of which are filled up with a parenchymatous fubftance, leading from the
root to the head or umbel ; the under-fide of this umbel is full of lamellae, or chives,
every one of which is a regular pod, or feed-vefTel. If thefe lamelias are examined
in tl:eir feveral flates, the feeds in them may be eafily difcovered, and are always
found to be of a fize and degree of maturity proportioned to the ftate of the plant
at the time. They have each of them alfo a filiquaceous aperture lengthwife, the
feeds lying in rows ready to fall through it. The plant is eafily and regularly pro-
pagated through thefe, and not only may be raifed from feed; but, like many other
plants, may be propagated by roots j feveral filaments at the root producing tuber-
cles, in the manner of the potatoe, from each of which there will arife new roots and
a new plant. The periods of vegetation in this plant are alfo fufRciently regular ;
and the common opinion, of its fpringing up in a night and perifhing in a day, has
no foundation in reality ; for, in the common way of raifing them on hot- beds, it is
eafy to find, that they often fl-and a fortnight or longer, from their firft appearance,
before they are fit for the table.

Mr. Bradley mentions an hundred kinds of mufhrooms which he has feen in Eng-
land, befides thofe very numerous fmall ones which conflitute the mouldinefs of li-
quors, fruits, &c. Mathiolus mentions mufhrooms which weighed thirty pounds
each, and were as yellow as gold. Fer. Imperatus tells us, he faw fome which
weighed above one hundred pounds apiece ; and the Journal des S^avans furnifhes
us with an account of fome, growing on the frontiers of Hungary, which made a
full cart-load.

The poifon of mufhrooms has been much talked of by feveral perfons j but there
feems to be no certain account of any body's having ever been injured by eating the

common

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 265

common mufhroom ; though there are perhaps fome kinds of them that are truly
poifonous. The ancients have taken great pains to diftinguifh the feveral kinds of
them, that the world might know the hurtful from the fate. The boletos, men-
tioned by Juvenal, on account of the death of Claudius, is fufficiently defcribcd by
Pliny. Clufius, among the moderns, has defcribeda vaft number of different fpe-
cies, every where diftinguiftiing the efculentand wholefome from the poifonous and
pernicious kinds. The feveral authors who have treated of them fince the time of
Clufius, have all mentioned the effefts of fome or other of the poifonous kinds, and
there are numerous inftances of the mifchief done by th.m at one time or other.
The true eatable mufhroom is diftingui/hed from the poifonous and unpleafant
kinds by thefe marks : When young, it appears of a roundifti form, like a button,
the ftalk as well as the button being white, and the flefliy part very white when
broken, the gills within being livid. As they grow larger, they expand their heads
by degrees into a flat form, and the gills underneath are of a pale flefh colour j but,
as they ftand long, become blackifh.

Virtues. The Laplanders have a method of uCxng fungu/c^s, or toadflools as we
call them, (which are of the fame genus with the mufhroom,) to cure pains. They
coUedb the largeft fungufes which they find on the bark of beech and other large
trees, and dry them for ufe. Whenever they have pains their limbs, they ufe
fome of this dry matter j pulling it to pieces with their fingers, they lay a fmall heap
of it on the part nearefl to where the pain is fituated, and fet it on fire. In burning
away, it blifters up the part, and the water difcharged thereby generally carries off
the pain. It is a coarfe and rough method, but generally a very fuccefsful one,
cfpecially when the patient has prudence enough to apply it in time, and refolutioft
enough to bear the burning to a neceflary degree.

NAIL WORT, OR WHITLOW-GRASS.

Description. THIS very fmall and common herb hath no roots, fave only a
few ftrings ; neither doth it ever grow to be above a hand's-breadth high ; the leaves
are very fmall, and fomething long, not much unlike thofe of chickweed, amongft
which rife up many (lender ftalks, bearing numerous white flowers one above ano-
ther, which are exceeding fmall ; after which come fmall flat pouches containing the
feed, which is alfo very fmall, but of a (harp tafte.

Place. It grows commonly upon old ftone and brick walls, and fometimes In
dry gravelly grounds, efpecialiy if there be grafs or mofs near to fhadow it.

I Time.

265 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Time. They flower very early in the year, fometimes in January and in Fe-
bruary ; before the end of April they are no longer to be found. >
Virtues. It is held to be an exceeding good remedy for thofe impofthumes in
the joints, and under the nails, which they call whitlows, felons, adicoms, and nail-
w heals.

N E P, OR CATMINT.

Description. COIS'IMON garden nep fiiooteth forth hard four-fquare flalks
with a hoarinefs on them, a yard high or more, full of branches, bearing at every
joint two broad leaves, fomewhat like bahrij but longer pointed^ fofter, whiter, and
more hoary, nicked about the edges, and of a flrong fweet fcent. The flowers grow
in large tufts at the tops of the branches, and underneath them likewife on the
ftalks, many together, of a whitifli purple colour. The roots are compofed of many
long firings or fibres, faftening themfelves flrongly in the ground, and retaining
their leaves green all the winter.

Place. It is only nurfed up in our gardens.-

Time. It flowereth in July, or thereabouts.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Venus. Nep is generally ufed by
women, being taken either inwardly or outwardly, either alone or with other conve-
nient herbs, in a deco6lion to bathe them, or to fit over the hot fumes thereof, and
by the frequent ufe thereof it taketh away barrennefs, and the wind, and pains of the
mother. It is alfo ufed for pains of the head arifing from any cold caufe, fuch as
catarrhs, rheums, &:c. and for fwimming and giddinefs thereof, and is of efpecial
ufe for expeUing v^ind from the ftomach and belly. It is alfo efl-'eclual for the cramp
or other pains occafioned by cold j and is found ferviceable for colds, coughs, and
fliortnefsof breath. The juice thereof, drunk in wine, helps bruifes. The green
herb, bruifed, and applied to the part for two or three hours, eafeth the pain arifing
from the piles. The juice alfo, being made up into an ointment, is eflfedual for the
fame purpofe. Waihing the head with a decodtion thereof taketh away fcabs ; and
may be ufed to the like effefl on other parts of the body.

NETTLES.

NETTLES are fo well known that they need no defcription.
GovERNMENi AND ViRTUES. Thjs herb Mars claims dominioii Qvcr. Nettle-
tops, eaten in the fpring, confume the phlegmatic fuperfluities in the body, which

the

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 567

the coldiiefs and moiflure of winter hath left behind. The roots or leaves boiled, or
the juice of either of them, or both, made into an ele(5^'jary with honey or fugar, is
a fafe and fiire medicine to open the pip^s and paffiges of the lungs, obftrudion in
which is the caufe of flio-tnefs of breath, and helpeth to expctflorate tcug'i phlegm,
as ahb to raife the impofthuniated pleurify, and evacuate it by fpitting ; the juice of
nettles, ufed as a gargle, allayeth the fwelling of the almonds of the throat; it alfo
cfFeiftually fettles the palate of the mouth in its place, and heals and tempers the
forenefs and inflammation of the mouth and thro::t. The dccodion of the leaves in
wine, being drunk, is very efficacious in moft of the difeafes peculiarly incident to
the female fcx ; and is equally ferviceable, when applied externally, mixed with
myrrh. The decoftion alio, or the feed, provoketh urine, and has hnrdiv ever
been known to fail in expelling the gravel and (tone from the reins and bladder j
killeth worms In children ; eafeth the fpleen ocdafioned by v/ind, and expelleth the
wind from the body ; though fome think them only a provocative to venery. The
juke of the leaves, taken two or three days together, (laye'th bleeding at the mouth.
The feed, being drunk, is a remedy ag.iinft the fting of venomous creatures, the
bite of a mad dog, the polfonous qualities of hemlock, henbane, nightfhade, min-
drake, or other fuch like herbs, that flupify and dull the fenfes j as alfo the le-
thargv, efpecially if ufed outwardly, by rubbing the forehead and ttmples in le-
thargic cafes, and the places bitten or ftung by hearts, with a little fait. The dif-
tilled water of the herb is alfo effeflual (although not Co powerful) for the difeafes
aforefaid, and for outward wounds and fires, to wafli them, and to cleanfe the fl:iii
from morphew, leprofy, and other difcolourings thereof. The kei, or loivcs,
bruifcd, and put into the noftrils, ftaycth the bleeding thereof, arid takijth away
the flefh growing in them, called polypus. The juice of the leaves, o: the decoftion
of them, or of the roots, is very good to wafh either old, rotten, or ftinking, fores j
fiftulas, and gangrenes, and fuch as are fretting, eating, a id corroding j fcabs,
manginefc, and itch, in any part of the body ; as aifo green wounds,, by wafning
them therewith, or applying the green herb bruifed thereunto, even although the
flefh fhould be feparated from the bones. The fame, on being applied to the limbs,
when wearied, refrefheth them, and ftrengtheneth, dricth, and comlorteth, fuch
places as have been put out of joint, after havitig been fet ag-in ; as alfo fuch p irts
of the human body as are fuljcftto the gout or other achs, greatly eafing the pain
thereof; and the nefiuxion of humours upon the joints or fmews it alfo reli-jveth,
by drying up or difperfing the defluxions. An ointment made of the juice, oil, and
a little wax, is exceedingly good to rub cold and benumbed members. An hand-
ful of green nettles, and another of wall-wort, or D.uie-wort, brui.ed and applied
No. 18. 4 A. funply

263 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

fitnply of thenifelves, to the gour, fciatica, or joint-achsj in any part, hath been
found to be an admirable help in complaints of that nature.

NIGHTSHADE.

Description. COMMON nightfliade hath an upright, round, green, hol-
low, ftalk, about a foot or half yard high, fhooting forth into many branches,
whereon grow numerous green leaves, foinewhat broad and pointed at the ends, foft
and full of juice, fomewhat like unto bafil, but larger, and a little unevenly dented
about the edges ; at the tops of the ftalks and branches, come forth three or more
white flowers compofed of five fmall pointed leave apiece, fianding on a ftalk toge-
ther one above another, with yellow pointels in the middle, compofed of four or
five vellow threads fet together, which afterwards turn into fo many pendulous
green berries of the bulk of fmall peas, full of green juice, and fmall whitilli round
flat feed lying within it. The root is white, and a little woody when it hath given
flowers and fruit, with many fmall fibres at it. The whole plant is of a watery in-
fipid tafte; but the juice within the berries ife fomewhat vifcous, and of a cooling
and binding quality.

Place. It groweth wild in this kingdom, and in rubbilh, the common paths
and fides of hedges, in fields ; and alfo in gardens without any planting.

Time. It dicth annually, and rifeth again of its own fowing ; but fpringeth not
until the latter end of April at the fooneft.

Government and Virtues. It is a cold faturnine plant. The common night-
fliade is wholly ufed to cool hot inflammations, either inwardly or outwardly, being
no ways dangerous, as the other nightfhades are ; yet it raufl be ufed moderately j
the diftilled wa:ter only of the whole herb is fitteft and fafeft to be taken inwardly ;
the juice, being clarified and mi ei with a little vinegar, is very good to wafli the
mouth and throat, when inflamed. Outwardly, the juice of the herb or berries
with a little vinegar and cerufe, pounded together in a leaden mortar, is very good
to anoint all hot inflammations in the eyes j it is alfo very good for the fliingles,
ringworms, and in all running, fretting, and corroding, ulcers ; and in mofl: fiflu-
las, if the juice be mixed with hen's-dung and applied thereunto. A cloth, wet in
the juice, and applied to the teflicles, when fwelled, giveth much eafe, as alfo to-
the gout which arifeth from hot and fliarp humours. The juice dropped into the
ears eafeth pains thereof, arifing from heat or inflammation. Pliny faith, it is good
for hot fwellings under the throat. Care muft be taken that the deadly nightfliade
is not raiflaken for this.

DEADLY

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 269

DEADLY NIGHTSHADE.

Description. THE flower is bell-fliaped ; it hath a permanent empalement of
one leaf, cut into five parts ; it hath five ftamina rifing from the bafe of the petal j
in the centre is fituated an oval germen, which becomes a globular berry, having two
cells fitting on the empalement, and filled with kidney-fhaped feed. It is of a cold
nature ; in fome it caufeth fleep ; in others madnefs, and, fhortly after, death.

This plant fhould not be fuflfered to grow in any places where children refort,
for it is a ftrong poifon ; feveral inftances having happened where children have
been killed by eating the berries.

There is a remarkable inftance of the direful effects of this plant recorded in
Buchanan's Hiftory of Scotland ; wherein he gives an account of the deftrudion of
the army of Sweno, when he invaded Scotland, by mixing a quantity of the juice
of thcfe berries in the drink which the Scots, by the truce, were to fupply thera
with ; this fo intoxicated the Danes, that the Scots fell upon them in their fieen,
and killed the greateft part of them ; Co that there were fcarcely men enough left to
carry off their king.

WOODY NIGHTSHADE.

CALLED alfo bitter Jweet, dulc\vuaray and amara dulcis.

Place. It grows by the fides of hedges, and in moift ditches, climbing upon
the buihes ; with winding, woody, but brittle, ftalks.

Time. It is perinnial, and flowers in June and July.

Virtues. The roots and flalks, on firfl; chewing them, yield a confiderable bit.
ternefs, which is foon followed by an almoft honey-like fweetnefs ; and they have
been recommended in diflFerent diforders, as high refol vents and deobftruents.
Their fenfible operation is by fweat, urine, and ftool ; the dofe from four to ^\yi
ounces of a tinfture made by digefting four to fix ounces of the twigs in a quart of
white wine.

NAVEL-WORT, or PENNY-WORT.

Names ANb Kinds. IT is called umbilicus veneris and herba coxendicum. There
are feven different kinds.

Description and Virtues, i. The fmall navel-wort is moift and fomewhat
•old and binding. It coolcth and repelleth-, fcoureth and confumeth.

2. The.

.270 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

2. The water penny-wort is hot and ulcerating, like crows foct j and is very
dangerous to cattle who may cccafionally feed thereon.

3. The baftard Italian navel-wort partakes of the true in cold and iTnifture.

4. The juice of the wall penny-wort healeth all inflammations ard hot tumours,
as the eryfipelae, or St. Anthony's fire ; it healeth kilied heals, being bathed
(herewith end the leaves applied. The leaves and root break the ftone, "provoke
urine, an.l cure the dropfy. The diftilled water healeth fore kidneys, pains of the
bowels, piles, gout, and king's evil.

5. The common or one fummer's navel-wort is diuretic, not very hot, but ex-
ceeding dry. It provoketh urine, and dije^eth fiiminefs in the joints. Two
drachms drunk in wine '.viil txpel much urine from dropfical perfons -, and, applied,
will alfo eafe th" gout.

6. 7. The fpoticd and fmall red-flowered navel-wort are cold and moift, like
houfe-Ieek.

Place. The firfl: fort groweth on ftone walls ; the other forts are only found
on the Alps.

Time. They flower in the beginning of the fpring, but flourifh all the winter,

NIPPLEWORT.

Names and Kinds. Of this thers- are three kinds : i. The ordinary nipple-
wort, called in Latin lampfona vulgaris. 2. The riipplewort of Auftria, called
lamp/a a papillaris. 3. Wilder wood h-i^.xrd-ryi^pY'^Qwov^, Joncho affi:^i:s lamp/ana
Jylvatica. And in Prufiia, as faith Camerarius, they call it papillaris'

Descriptiojst. I. The ordinary nipplewort groweth with many hard upright
ftalks, whereon grow dark- green leaves from the bottom to the top, but the higher
the ftr.aller ; in fome places without dents in the edges, ana in others with a few
uneven jags therein, fomewhat like a kind of hankweed ; the tops of the flalks have
fome fmall long branches, which bear many fmall ftar-like yellowiih flowers on
them, which turii into fmall feed ; the root is fmall and fibrous ; the plant yieldeth
a bitter milk like that of the fow-thiftle.

2. The Aurtrian nipplev.fort hath flen-'^er, fmooth, and folid, ftalks, not eafily
broken, about two feet high, whereon ftand without order, fomewhat long and
narrow leaves, broaJed in the middle, and fharp at the ends, waved a little about
the edges, and cornpafling them at the bottom, yielding a little milk j from the
upper joints, with the leaves, grow forth fmall firm branches, yet a little bending,
bearing each of tliem four or five long green hufks, and in them fmall purplifli

flowers

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 271

flowers of five leaves each, notched in at the broad ends, with fome fmall threads in
the middle ; which turn into down, and are blown away with the wind : the root is
fmall and (hreddy, and lafteth many years.

3. The wild or wood ballnrd-nipplewort is like unto the firft fort, but with fome-
what broader leaves, and greater ftore of branches : but in the flowers, and other
parts, not much different.

Place ano Time. The fird groweth common, almofl: every where, upon the
banks of ditches and borders of fields ; the fecond, Clufius faid he found in Hun-
gary and Saxony, and other places ; the laft is found near the fides of woods, and
hedge-rows ; they flower in fummer, and the feed is ripe foon after.

Government and Virtues. Thefearethe plants of Venus, and kindly endued
with a peculiar faculty for the healing of fore nipples of women's breafts ; for which
reafon Camerarius faith that in Pruffia they call kpapillaris, becaufeof its excellent
virtues in healing women's fore breafts, as well as their nipples, when they are ex-
ulcerated ; it having a Angular healing quality therein j and is temperate in heat
and drinefs, with fome tenuity of parts a'ole to digeft the virulency of fharp hu-
mours which break out into thofe parts.

The NUTMEG-TREE, and MACE.

Names and Description. THE fruit of this tree is called in Latin mux myjlica,
and in fhops nux mojcata. The tree groweth very tall, like our pear-treesi having
leaves always green, fomewhat refembling the leaves of the orange-tree ; the fruit
groweth like our walnuts, having an outer thick hulk j which, when it grows ripe,
openeth itfelfas thefhell of the walnut doth ; flievving the nut within covered with
the mace, which is of an orient crimfon colour while it is frefh, but the air changeth
the colour to be more dead and yellowifli.

Government and Virtues, The nutmegs and maces are both folar, of tem-
perature hot and dry in the fecond degree, and fomewhat aftringent, and are good
to flay the lafk j they are efFeclual in all cold griefs of the head or brain, for palfies,
fhrinking of finews, and difeafes of the mother ; they caufe a fvveet breath, and
dikufs wind in the ftomach or bowels, quicken the fight and comfort the fpirits,
provoke urine, increafe fperm, and are comfortable to the fl:omach ; they help to
procure reft and fleep, being laid to the temples, by allaying the diftemper of
the fpirits.

The way to ufc it to procure reft is, to take two pieces of red rofe-cakeand warm
them in vinegar over a chafing-difli of coals, tl>en fcrapc nutmeg upon the cakes,
and bind it warm to the temples.

No. 19. .48 The

272 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

The mace is of the fame property, but fomewhat tr e warming and comforting
than tlie nutmeg ; the thick oil that is drawn from both nutmegs ani mace is good
in pe6loia! complaints, to warm a cold ftomach, help the cough, and to dry up dif-
tillations of rheum falling upon the lungs.

The oak

IS fo well known (the timber thereof being the glory and fafety of the Brltifii
nation) that it needeth no defcription.

Government and Virtues. Jupiter owns the tree. The leaves and bark of
the oak, and the acorn cups, do bind and dry very much ; the inner bark of the
tree, and the thin fkin that covereth the acorn, are moil ufed to ftay the fpitting of
blood, and the bloody flux ; the decodtion of the bark, and the powder of the cups,
iiay vomiting, fpitting of blood, bleeding at the mouth, or other fluxes of blood in
men or women : lafks alfo, and the involuntary flux of natural feed. The acorns
in powder taken in wine, provoke urine, and refift the poifon of venomous
creatures. The decoction of acorns and the bark made in milk, and taken, refifteth
the force of poifonous herbs and medicines, as alfo the virulency of cantharides,
when any perfon, by eating them, hath the bladder exulecrated, and evacuateth
blood. Hippocrates faith, he ufed the fumes of oak-leaves to women that were
troubled with the ftranglingof the mother j and Galea applied them, being bruifed,
to cure green wounds. The diftilled water of the oaken buds, before they break
out into leaves, is good to be ufed either inwardly or outwardly to afluage inflam-
mations, and flop all manner of fluxes in man or vvoman ; it is alfo Angularly good
in peftilential and hot burning fevers, as it refifteth the force of the infedion, and
allayeth the heat ; it cooleth the heat of the liver, breaketh the ftone in the kidneys,
and ftayeth women's courfes. The decodiion of the leaves hath the fame efi-'eds.
The water that is found in the hollow places of ol,d oaks, is very efi^edua! againft
any foul or fpreading fcab. The diftilled water or decoeflion (which laft is prefer-
able) of the leaves, is one of the beft remedies known for the fluor albus.

OATS.

THIS grain is well known: aveim is the Latin name ; they are grown in every
quarter of the globe where agriculture is carried on. They are fown in fpring, and
mown or reaped in September and 0(5lober j but in the northern parts of this king-
dom it is frequently much later before they are cut down.

4 Nature

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 27J

Nature and Virtues. They are fomewhat cold and drying, and are more ufed
for food, both for man and beaft, than for phyfic ; yet, being quilted in a barr wich
bay fait, made hot in a frying-pan, and applied as warm as can be endured, they
eafe pains and flitches in the fidcj and the cholic in the belly. A poultice made of
the meal of oats and oil of bays, helpeth the itch, leprofy, and fiftulas, and difcuf-
feth hard impoflhumes. Oatmeal boiled in vinegar, and applied, takes away fpots and
freckles in the face or other parts of the body. It is alfo ufed in broth or milk, to
bind thofe who have a lafk, or other flux ; and with fugar it is good for them that
have a cough or cold. Raw oatmeal is an unwholefome diet.

ONE-BLADE.

Description. THIS fmall plant never beareth more than one leaf, except only
when it rifeth up with its ftalk, in which cafe it beareth another, but feldom more,
which are of a bluifh green colour, pointed, with many ribs or veins therein, like
plantain ; at the top of the ftalk grow many fmall white flowers, in the form of a
ftar, fmelling fomewhat fweet ; after which come fmall berries, of a reddilh colour
when they are ripe. The root is fmall, of the bignefs of a ru(h, lying and creep-
ing under the upper cruft of the earth, fliooting forth in divers places.

Place. It groweth in moift, ftiadowy, and grafly, places of woods, in mofl;
parts of the kingdom.

Time. It flowereth about May; the berries are ripe in June ; it then quickly
perilheth until the next year, when it fpringeth afrefh from the old root.

GovEJ?.NMENT AND ViRTUES. It is a precious herb of the fun. Haifa drachm,
or.at moft a drachm, in powder of the roots, taken in wine and vinegar, of each
equal parts, and the party laid dirciftly down to fweat thereupon, is held to be a fo-
vercign remedy for thofe that are infected with the plague, and have a fore upon
them, by expelling the poifon and infeiftion, and defending the heart and fpirits from
danger. It is an exceeding good wound-herb, and is therefore ufed with others
of the like nature, in making compound balms for curing wounds, either whether
they are frefh and green, or old and malignant, and efpecially if the finews havef^
been burnt.

Pena and Lobel feverally made experiments of the quality of this plant, upon
two dogs, and found it was not dangerous, but effeilual to expel the deadly opera-
ration of corrofive fublimate and arfenic.

ORCHIS.

274 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

ORCHIS.

IT hath a great variety of names, though moft generally known by this.

Description. To enumerate all the different forts of it is ncedlefs ; a defcrip-
tion of the roots will be fufficientj which are to be ufeJ with feme difcretiop.. They
have each of them a double root within, fome of them round, others like a hand j
thefe roots alter every year alternately ; when the one rifeth and waxeth full, the
other groweth lank and periHitth ; now it is thofe which are full-grown that are to
be ufed in medicine, the other being either of no ufe at all, or elfe, according to
fome, thwarting the operation of the full-grown root, and undoing what otherwife
it might have effetfbed.

Time. One or other of them may be found in flower from the beginning of
April to the latter end of Auguft.

Government and Virtues. They are hot and moift in operation ; under the
dominion of Venus, and provoke luft exceedingly j which, it is faid, the dry and
withered roots reftrain again ; they are held to kill worms in children ; alfo, being
twuifed and Jipplied to the place, to help the king's evil.

ONIONS.

THEY are fo well known that their defcription is unneceflary.

Government and Virtues. Mars owns them. They poffefs the quality of
drawing corruption to them, for, if you peel one and lay it upon a dunghill, you
will find it ronen in half a day, by drawing putrefadlion to it ; it is therefore natu-
ral to fuppofe they would have the fame attraftive power if applied to a plague-fore.

Onions are flatulent, or windy, yet do they whet the appetite, increafe thirfl:, and
eafe the belly and bowels j provoke the menfes ; help the bite of a mad dog, and
other venomous creatures, when ufed with honey and rue, and increafe fperm ;
efpecially the feed of them ; they alfo kill the worms in children, if they drink the
water fading wherein they have been fteeped all night. Being roafted under the
embers, and eaten with honey, or fugar and oil, they conduce n uch to help an in-
veterate cough, and expectorate the tough phlegm. The juice, bemg fnufFed up into
the noftrils, purgeth the head, and helpeth the lethargy -, yet the ea:ing them too
frequently occafiuns the head-ach. The caring of onions, fafting, with bread and
fait, is held to be a good prefervative againft infecflion. If a great onion is made

hollow.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 275

hollow, fining the place with good treacle, afterwards roafling it on the einbers,
then throvincr away the outward fki;i, and beating the remainder well together, is
accounted a fovertign remedy for either the plague-fore or any other putrid ulcer.
The juice of onions is reckoned good for fcalds or burns, occafioned either by fire,
boiling water, or gunpowder j and, ufed wi.h vinegar, taketh away all blcmi(hcs,
fpots, and marks, in the fkin; and, dropped into the ears, eafeth the pain and noil'e
thereof. If applied, beaten together wiui figs, they help to ripen, and caufe fup-
puration in, impofthumes.

Onions, if bruifed, and mixed with fait and honey, will effedually deftroy warts,
caufing them to come out by the roots.

Leeks participate of nearly the fame quality as onions, though not in Co great a
degree. Th'.y are faid to be an antidote againft a furfeit occafioned by the eating
of muOirooms, being firft baked under the embers, and then taken when fufficiently
cool to be eaten j being boiled, and applied warm, they help the piles.

ORPINE.

Description. COMMON Orpine rifeth up with divers round brittle ftalks
thick fet with fat and flefliy K-aves, without any order, and very little dented about
the edges, of a pale green colourj the flowers are white, or whitilli, growing in
tufts, after which come fmall chaff- like hufks, with feed like dull in them. The
roots are various in their fliapeand fize, and the plant does not grow fo large in
fome places as in others.

Place. It is to be found in almoft every part of this kingdom, but moft com-
monly in gardens, where it groweth to a larger fize than that which is wild ; it is
alio to be found in the (hadowy fides of fields and woods.

Time. It flowereth about July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft.

Government and Virtues. The moon owns this herb. Orp neisfeldomufed
in inward medicines with us, although Trague faith, from experience in Germany,
that the diftilled water thereof is prodtable forgnawings or excoriations in the fl:o-
mach and bowels, and for ulcers in tiic lungs, liver, orothi.r inwards parts; as al(b
in the matrix ; being drunk for feveral days fucceffively,it helpethall thofe difcafes;
he alfo fays it ft-.yeth the rtiarpnefs of the humours in the bloody flux, and other
fluxes of the body, or in wounds -, the root thereof hath alfo the fame efi^edt. It is
ufed outwardly to cool any heat or inflammation upon any hurtor wound, and eafeth
the pains of them ; as alfo to heal fcalds or burns. The juice thereof beaten with

No. 15. 4 C fome

276 CULPEFER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

fome fallad-oil, and therewith anointing the parts, or the leaf bruifcd and laid to any
green wounds in the hands and legs, doth quickly heal them ; and, being bound to
the throat, much helpeth the quinfey j it is likewise found ferviceable in ruptures. ;•

The juice thereof, made into a fyrup with honey or fugar, may be faf^rly taken,
a fpoonful or t-vo at a time, and with good effedt, for a quinfey j and will be found
more fpeedy in operation, as well as pleafant in taile, than fome other medicines
prefcribed for that diforder.

OLIVE-TREE.

Kinds and Names. OF thefe there are the tame and manured olive, and the
wild olive-tree j the firft is called in Latin okajativa, and the wild kind oleafter,f.ve
clea Jyhejiris.

Description, i. It has a fmall tubulous impalement of one leaf, cut into four
fegments at the top j the former confifts of one petal, which is tubulous, cut at the
brim into four fegments j it has two (hort ftamina, terminated by eredl fummits,
and a roundifli germen, fupporting a fliort fingle fl:yle, crowned by a thick bifid
ftigma ; the germen afterwards turns to an oval fmooth fruit, or berry, with one
cell, inclofing an oblong oval nut. In Languedoc and Provence, where the olive-
tree is greatly cultivated, they propagate it by truncheons fplit from the roots of the
trees ; for, as thefe trees are frequently hurt by hard frofts in winter, fo, when the
tops are killed, they fend up feveral ftalks from the root; and, when thefe are
grown pretty ftrong, they feparate them with an axe from the root ; in the doing of
which they are careful to preferve a few roots to the truncheons ; thefe are cut off in
the fpring after the danger of the froft is over, and planted about two feet deep in.
the ground. Thefe trees will grow in almoft any foil ; but, when planted in rich
moill: ground, they grow larger, and make a finer appearance, than in poor land ;
but the fruit is of lefs efteem, becaufe the oil made from it is not fo good as that
which is produced in a leaner foil; chalky ground is efteemed beft for themj and
the oil, made from the trees growing in that fort of land, is much finer, and will
keep longer, than the other. In England, the plants are only preferved by way of
curiofity, and are placed in winter in the green-houfe for variety.

2. Oleafier, the wild olive-tree, groweth fomewhat like unto the manured, but

it hath harder and fmaller leaves, and thicker fet on the branches, with fundry fharp

thorns among the leaves ; the bloflbms and fruit come forth in the fame manner as

the other do, and in as great plenty, but much fmaller, and Icarcely coming at any

4 ti«ie

AND COMPLETE H E R B A L. -77

time toripenefs wliere they naturally grow ; but, where they do becoiiic ripe, they
are fma'l, with crooked points, and black. Of the olives hereof oil is fometimcs
made, which is colder and more aftringent than the other, and harfner in tafte
and grecnifli in colour ; but the olives are much refpcvfled, and gathered to be eaten.

Place and Time. Both kinds of olives grow in the hot countries only; in any
cold climate, they will never bear fruit, nor hardly endure a winter; the manured is
planted where it growcth, and, according to the nature of the foil or climate, pro-
duceth larger or fmaler olives, and in more or lefs plenty ; and oil fwecter or more
ftrong in tafte. The fineft and fweeteft oil comes from tho ifles in the Me.iiterra-
nean fea, as Zante, Cerigo, &c. that from Majorca, &c. is more full and fat j the
oil from Provence, in France, is ftronger and hotter tailed. The wild olives grow
naturally in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and many other countries. They fiowerinjune
find July, but their fruit is not ripe until November or December.

Government and Virtues. The olive-tree is a plant of Venus, and of gentle
temperature. The green leaves and branches of the olive-tree, but much more of
the wild olive, do cool and bind ; and the juice thereof, mixed with vinegar, is
peculiarly ferviceable in all hot impofthumes, inflammations, fwellings, St. An-
thony's fire, fretting or creeping ulcers, and cankers in the fiefh or mouth. The
fame alfo ftayeth the bleeding of wounds, being applied to the place ; the faid juice
bting dropped into the eyes ftayeth the diftillation of hot rheums into them, and
cleareth the fight from films or clouds that offend the light, or any ulcer that doth
breed therein, or ulcers in the ears.

Pickled olives do ftir up an appetite to meat, and, although they be hard of di-
geftion, yet are pleafing to the ftomach, being apt to putrefy therein ; they are not
good for the eye- fight, and caufc the head-ach ; if they be dried, and applied to
fretting and corroding u'cers, they flop their progrifs, and heal them j and take
away the fears of carbuncles, or plague- fores. The pickled olives burned, beaten,
and applied unto wheals, flop their further increafe, and hinder them from rifiugj
they cleanfe foul ulcers, help gums that are fpungy, and faften loofe teeth.

The water, that is taken from the green wood when heated in the fire, healeth the
fcurfor fcab in the head, or other parts; the o'ive-flones, being burned, are ufed
for the fame purpofes, and alfo to heal foul fprcading ulcers ; and, being mixed
with fat and meal, they take away the ruggednefs of the nails.

The other properties of the olive are contained in the oil, and the foot or bottom
of the tree. Firft, the oil has divers and variable virtues, according to the ripcnefs
or um-ipenefs of the fruit whereof it is made, and then of the time and age thereof^

and

273 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

and of the wafliing It from the fait wherewith fome of it is made. The oil that is
made of unripe olives is more cooling and binding than that which is made of thofe
that are ripe ; which, when it is frefh and new, is moderately heating and moiften-
ing: but, if it be old, it hath a Wronger force to warm and difcufe, which properties
are perceivable by its fweetnefs ; for, if the oil be harfii, it is more cooling than
warming ; and, if that oil be wadied, it taketh from it all harflinefs.

The green oil of unripe olives, while it is freOi, is moft welcome to the ftomach;
it ftrengtheneth the gums, and fafteneth the teeth, if it be held in the mouth for
any time ; and, being drunk, it preventeth too great a perfpiration in thofe who are
fubjedt thereunto. The fweet oil is of moft ufe in fallads, &c. being moft pleafinw
to the ftomach and tafte ; but the older the oil is, the better it is for medicine, both
to warm any part, and difcufs any thing where needful ; and to open and move the
belly downwards ; and is moft effedcual again ft all poifons, efpecially thofe that ex-
ulcerate the inteftines, or, not having pafTed down fo low, irritate the ftomach ;
the oil either bringing it up by vomiting, or at leaft hindering its malignity from
fpreading. It is alfo a principal ingredient in almoft all falves, helping as well the
form as the virtue thereof.

The foot or dregs of the oil, the older it is, is the betterfor various purpofes, as
to heal the fcab in man or beaftj being ufed with the decodion of lupines. It is very
profitably ufed for ulcers of the fundament or privy parts, when mixed with honey,
wine, and vinegar ; it healeth wounds, and helpeth the tooth-ach, being held in the
mouth ; if it be boiled in a copper veflel to the thicknefs of honey, it bindeth much
and is efFeftual for all the purpofes for which lycinus may be ufed; if it be boiled
with the juice of unripe grapes to the thicknefs of honey, and applied to the teeth,
it will caufe them to fall out.

ORANGE-TREE.

Kinds and Names. Of oranges we fiiall defcribe five kinds or forts. Thefe
apples were called by the ancients mala aurea Hefperidum, the golden apples of Hef-
perides ; and therefore Hercules made it one of his labours to kill the dragon that
kept the garden wheie they were, aod to bring them away with him. The flowers
of the orange -tree are called ^«/>/^^; and the ointment that is made of them a»-
gueiJtum ex napha. Oranges are now generally called aurantia.

Description, i. The ordinary orange-tree, wa/rt aurantia vulgaris^ groweth
often to a very great height and thicknefs, with large fpreading arms and branches,

with

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 579

with a rougher bark below, and green on the branches ; yet i^ it fmaller in lefs
fruitful foils ; fparingiy armed with (harp but fliort thorns ; the leaves are fome-
what fimilar to thofe of the lemon, but that each leaf hath a piece of a leaf fet un-
der it, are not dented at all about the edge?, and are full of fninll holes in them ; the
flowers are whitifli, and of a ftrong fweet fcent ; the fruit hereof is round, with a
thick bitter rind, of a deep yellowifli-red colour, which from it taketh the name of
an orange colour, having a foft, thin, white loofe fubftance next unto the outer co-
loured rind ; and a four juice lying mixed amongfl: fmall ikins in feveral parts, with
feed between them in partitions ; the juice of fome is lefs four than others, and of
a tafte between four and f\> eet, nearly like wine.

2. The wild or crab orange-tree, malus aurantia fyhejlris . This tree groweth
wild as our crab-trees do, and is fuller of branches and thicker fet with thorns than
the former.

3. The apple orange, called in Latin mains nurautia, cortice duki e.-iidi. The Spa-
fiiards call this orange naranja caxd. This differeth from others not fo much in the
colour of the outer bark, which is of a deep gold ycllowifh-red, but in the whole
fruit, which is throughout ahnoft as firm as an apricot, and yet diflinguifhed into
parts, in the infide, like others j which, together with the bark and rind, is to be
eaten like an apple j the rind not being rough and bitter as the others.

4. The orange without feeds, mains aurantia, wiico graiio. This only differeth
from that orange which has the beft four juice, in having but one grain or feed iu
the whole juice lying within it,

5. The dwarf orange-tree, malus aurantia fumiUo. The ftock of this dwarf-tree
is low, and the branches grow thick, well ftored with leaves, b^'-t they are fmaller
and narrower than the other ; the flowers alfo are many, and thick fet on the
branches, which bear fruit more plentifully than the former, though of a fmaller
fize, yet equally well -coloured.

Place and Time. All thcfc fort of oranges, as well as the lemons and citrons,
are brought unto us from Spain and Portugal ; they hold time with the lemons,
having their leaves always green, with green bloflbras and ripe fruit conftantly to-
gether.

Government and Virtues. Allthefe trees and fruits are governed by Jupiter.
The fruit is of different parts and qualities ; the rinds of the oranges are more bitter
and hot than thole of the lemons or citrons, and are therefore preFenble to warm a
cold ftomach, breaking the wind and cutting the pnlegm therein j after the bitter-
ncfs is taken from thera, by ftceping them in water for fundry days, and then pre-

No. 19. 4 D ferved

28o CULPEPER^ ENGLISH PHY SIC TAN,

ferved either wet or dry, bsfides their ufe in banquets, they are very effcluar for
lirengihening the heart and fpirits. Though the juice is inferior to thofe of the ci-
t^■on and lemon, and fitter for meat than medicine, yet four or five ounces of the
juice taken at a time, in wine or ale, will drive forth putrid humours from the in-
ward parts by fweat, and flrengthen and comfort the heart. The diftilled water of
the flowers, befides the odoriferous fcent It hath as a perfume, is good againft conta-
gious difeafes and peftilential fevers ; by drinking thereof at fundry times, it hejp-
eth alfo the moift and cold infirmities of the womb ; the ointment that is made of
the flowers is good to anoint the flomach, to help the cough, and expeftorate cold
raw phlegm; and to warm and comfort the other parts, of the body.

PARSLEY.

THIS is fo w.ell kn:ivv'n that it needs no defcriprion.

Government and Virtues. Ic is under the dominion of Mercury, and is very
Gomfortahle to the flomach ; it helpeth to provoke urine, women's courfes, and to
break wind both in the flomach and bowels ; it a little openeth the body, but the
root poiTefieth this laft virtue in a greater degree, opening obftruflions both of the
liver and fpleen j and is therefore accounted one of the five opening roots; Galen
cpmmendeth it againft the falling ficknefs, and fays it mightily provokes urine, if
boiled and eaten like parfnips. The feed is alfo effeftual to provoke urine and vvot
men's courfes, expel wind, break the (lone, and eafe the pains and torments thercr
of, or of any other part of the body, occafioned by wind. It is alfo effeiflual againfl
the venom of any poifonous creature, and the dangerous confequences which arife
from the taking of litharge, and is good againft a cough. The diftilled water of
parfley is a familiar medicine with nurfes to give to children when they are troubled
with wind in theftomach or belly, which they call the frets ; it is alfo greatly ufeful
to grownperfons. The leaves of parfley, when ufed with bread, or meal, and laid
to the eyes that are inflamed with heat, or fwoln, doth greatly relieve them ; and
being fried with butter, and applied to women's breafts that are hard through the
curdling of the milk, it quickiy abateth the hardnefs ; it alfo taketh away black and
blue marks arifing from bruifes or falls. The juice, dropped into the ears with a
little wine, eafeth the pains thereof: Tragus recommends the following, as an ex-
cellent medicine to help the jaundice and falling ficknefs, the d.opfy, and ffone in
the kidneys, viz. Take of the feeds of parfley, fennel, anife, and carraways, of each
an ounce ; of the roots of parfley, burnet, f xifrage, and carraways, of each
one ounce and an half; let the feeds be bruifed, and the roots v,afhed and cut fmall j

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 281

•let them He all night in ftcepin a pottle of white wine, and in the morning be boil-
ed in a clofe earthen vefTel until a third part or more be wafted, which, being
drained and cleared, take four ounces thereof morning and evening, firft and laft,
abflaining from drink after it for three hours. This openeth obftru«5lions of the
liver and fplcen, and expellcth the dropfy and jaundice by urine.

PARSLEY-PIERT, or PARSLEY-BREAKSTONE.

Description. TPIE root, although it be fmall and thready, yet it continues
many years, from whence arife many leaves lyin^ along upon the ground, each
ftanding upon a long fmall footrtalk, the leaves as broad as a man's nnil, very deeply
indented on the edgis, fcmewhat like a parfley leaf, but of a very duflcy green co-
Jour. The ftalks arc very weak and flcnder, about three or four fingers in length,
fet fo full of leaves that they can hardly be (ecn, either having no footftalk at all,
or but very Ihort. The flowers are fo fmall they can hardly be feen, ahd the feed
is fcarcely perceptible at aH.

Place. It is common through all parts of the kingdom, and is generally to be
met with in barren, fandy, and moift, places. It may be found plcntit'ully about
Hampftead-heath, in Hyde-park, and in other places near London.

Time. It may be found all the fummer through, from the beginning of April
to. the end of Odober.

Government and Virtues. Its operation is very prevalent to provoke
urine and to break the ftone. It is a very good fallad-herb, and would pickle for
winter ufe as well as famphire. It Is a very wholefome herb. A dram of the
powder of it, taken in white wine, brings away gravel from the kidneys Infenfibly,
and without pain. It alfo helps the ftranguary.

PARSNIP.

THE garden kind thereof is fo well known (the root being commonly eaten)
that to particularize it is totally unneceiTary j but the wild kind being of more phy- '
fical ufe, the following is its

Description. The wild parfnip difl^sreth little from that of the garden, but
does not grow fo fair or large, nor has it fo many leaves ; the root is fhorter, more
woody, and not fo fit to be eaten j therefore the more medicinable.

P.LACE. The name of the firft /heweth the place of its growth.

58z CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

The other growetli wild in divers places, as in the marflies by Rochefter, and
elfevvhere, and floweretli in July ; the feed being ripe about the beginning of Au-
guft the fccond year after the fowing ; feldom flowering the firfl year.

Government and Virtues, The garden parfuip is under Venus. It is ex-
ceeding ?ood and wholefonie nourifnment, thougli rather windy J it is faid to pro-
voke venery, notwithftanding which it fatteneth the body much, if frequently ufed.
It is aifo ferviceable to the ftomach and reins, and provoketh urine. But the wild
parfriip hath a cutting, attenuating, cleanfing, and opening, quality therein. It
refifteth and helpeth the bitings of ferpents, eafeth pains and flitches in the fides,
and difiblveth wind bot'i in the ftomach and bowels j it alfo provoketh urine. The
root is often ufed, but the feed much more.

The wild parfnip being preferable to that of the garden^ fliews nature to be the
beil: phyfician.

COW-PARSNIP.

Description. THIS groweth with three or four large, fpread, winged, rough,
leaves, Iving often on the ground, or elfe ralfed a little from it, with long, round,
hairy, footftalks under them, parted ufually into five divifions, the two couples
ftanding againft each other, and one at the end, and each leaf being almcft round,
yet fomewhat deeply cut in on the edges in fome leaves, and not fo deep in others,
of a whitiiTi green colour, fmelling fomewhat ftrongly ; among which arifeth up a
round crcfted hairy (talk, two or three feet high, with a few joints and leaves there-
on, and branched at the top, where ftand large umbels of white, and fometimes
reddifli, flowers, and, after them, fl^at, whitifti, thin, winged feed, two always
joined together. The root is long and white, with two or three long firings grow-
ing down into" the ground, fmelling likewife ftrong and unpleafant.

Place. It groweth in moift meadows, the borders and corners of fields, and
near ditches, generally throughout the kingdom.
Time. It flowereth in July, and feeds in Auguft.

Government AND Virtues. Mercury hath the dominion over them. The
feed hereof, as Galen faith, is of a fliarp and cutting quality, and is therefore a fit
medicine for the cough and fiiortnefs of breath, the falling ficknefs, and the jaun-
dice. The root is available to all the purpofes aforefaid, and is alfo of great ufe to
take away the hard fltin that groweth on a fiftula, by fcraping it upon the part.
The feed hereof, being drunk, cleanfeth the belly from tough phlegmatic matter j

it

AND COMPLETEHERBAL. 283

It eafeth thofe that are liver-grown, and paflions of the mother, either being drunk
or the fmoke tiiereof inhaled by fiimigationj it raifeth fuch as have fallen into a
deep fleep or lethargy, by burning it under their nofe. The feed and root, being
boiled in oil, and the head rubbed therewith, helpeth not only thofe labouring un-
der a phrenzy, but alfo the lethargy or drowfy evil, and thofe that have been long
troubled, when mixed with rue. It alfo helpeth the running fcab and the fhingles.
The juice of the flowers, dropped into the ears that run and are full of matter,
cleanfeth and healeth them.

The P E a C ?I-T R E E.

Description. THE peach-tree does not grow fo large as the apricot-tree, yet
it hath tolerably wide-fpreading branches, from whence fpringfmaller reddifh twigs,
whereon are fet long and narrow green leaves, dented about the edges. The blof-
foms are larger than the plumb, and of a light purple colour. The fruit is round,
and fometimes as big as a middle-fized pippin ; others are fmaller, and differing in
•colour and tafte, as ruffet, red, or yellow, watery, or firm, with a freize or cotton
all over, a cleft therein like an apricot, and a rugged furrowed great ftone within
it, which contains a bitter kernel. It fooner waxeth old and decayeth than the
apricot -tree.

Place. They are nurfed up in gardens and orchards.

Time. They flower in the fpring, and frudify in autumn.

Government and Virtues. Venus owns this tree, and by it oppofeth the ill
effefts of Mars, Nothing is better to purge choler and the jaundice in children
and young people, than the leaves of this tree made into a fyrup or conferve, of
which two fpoonfuls at a time may f ifely be taken. The leaves 01 peaches, brulfed
and laid on the belly, kill worms ; and fo they do alfo, if boiled in ale and drunk;
they likewife open the belly ; and, being dried, are a fafe medicine to difcufs hu-
mours. The powder of them, ftrewed upon frefli bleeding wounds, ftayeth their
bleeding, and clofeth them up. The flowers, llccped all nigln in a little warm wine,
{trained forth in the morning, and drunk farting, do gentiy open the belly. A
fyrup made of them, as the fyrup of rofes is made, operates more forcibly than that
of rofes, as it provokcth vomiting, and difculTeth watery and hydropic humours
by the continuance thereof. The flowers made into a conferve produce the fame ef-
feft. The liquor, which drops from the tree on its being wounded, is given in the
decoiftion of coltsfoot to thofe that are troubled with the cough or fhortnefs of

No. 19. 4 E breath i

284 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

breath ; by adding thereto fome fwcet wine, and putting alfo (bme faffron therein,
it is good for thofe that are hoarfc, or have loft their voice ; it helpeth all defeds of
the lungs, and thofe that vomit or fpit blood. Two drachms thereof given in the
juice of lemons, or of raddiflies, are good for thofe that are troubled with the ftone.
The kernels of the ftones do wonderfully eafe the pains and wringings of the belly,
occalioned by wind or fharp humours ; and make an excellent medicine for the
ftone, when done up in the following manner : Take fitty kernels of peach-ftonesj
and one hundred of the kernels of cherry- ftones, a handful of elder-flowers, frefh.
or dried, and three pints of mufcadel ; fet them in a clofe pot into a bed of horfe-
dung for ten days j after which diftil it in a glafs, with a gentle fire, and keep it
for ufe J three or four ounces of it may be drunk at a time. The milk or cream of
thefe kernels being drawn forth with fome vervain- water, and applied to the fore-
head and temples, procures reft and lleep to fick perfons who cannot otherwife get
it. By rubbing the temples with the oil drawn from ^he kernels, the fame cffedl is
produced. The faid oil, put into clyflers, or anointing the lower part of the belly,
eafeth the pain of the windy cholic, and, when dropped into the ears, relieveth pain,
in them j the juice of the leaves hath the like virtue j and, by rubbing the forehead
and temples, it helpeth the megrim and all other pains in the head. If the kernels
be bruifed and boiled in vinegar, until they become thick, and applied to the head,,
it caufech the hair to grow upon bald places, or where it is too thin.

The pear-trees.

PEAR-TREES arefo well known that they need no defcription.

Government AND Virtues. This tree belongs to Venus, as well as the apple-
tree. For their phyfical ufe, they are beft difcerned by their tafte. All the fweet
or lufcious forts, whether manured or wild, tend to open the belly more or lefs;
thofe, on the contrary, that are four and harfh, have an aftringent quality ; the
leaves of each pofTefs the fame contrariety of properties. Thofe that are moift are,,
in fome degree, of a cooling nature ; but the harfh or wild forts are much more fo,
and are frequently ufed as repelling medicines ; if the wild forts be boiled with mufh-
rooms, it maketh them the lefs dangerous. The {aid pears, boiled with a little
honey, help much the oppreffion of the ftomach, as indeed all forts of them do
more or lefs ; but the harfher kinds are moft cooling and binding. They are very
ufeful to bind up green wounds, flopping the blood and healing the wour ^-ith-
out further trouble or inflammation, as Galen faith he hath found by expf .^cnce.
S Wild

I

I

i

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. '185

Wild pears fboner clofe up the lips of the green wounds than the others,
Schola SalernI adviTeth to drink much wine after eating of pears, otherwife (it is
£jid) they are as bad as poifon; but, if a poor man find his ftomach opprefTed by-
eating pears, it is but working hard, which will have the fame effedt as drinking wine.

PELLITORY OF SPAIN.

COMMON pellitory of Spain, if planted in gardens, thrives very well in this
kingdom. There is a fort, growing wild in this country, which is very little, if at
all, inferior to the other.

Description. Pellitory is a very common plant, yet mufl: be diligently looked
after to be brought to perfeftion. The root goes downright into the ground, bear-
ing leaves long and finely cut upon the ftalks, lying upon the ground, much larger
than the leaves of camomile are j at the top it bears one fingle large flower at a place,
having a border of many leaves, vvhite on the upper fide, and rcddifii underneath,
with a yellow thrum in the middle, not (landing fo clofe as that of camomile.

The other common pellitory, which groweth here fpontaneoufly, hath a root of a
fharp biting tafte, fcarcely difcernible by the tafte from that before defcribcd, from
whence arife divers brittle ftalks, more than a yard high, with narrow long leaves,,
finely dented about the edges, (landing one above another up to the top. The
flowers are many and white, (landing in tufts like thofe of yarrow, with a f;iiall
yellowi.1i thrum in the middle. The feed is very fmall.

Place. The laft groweth in fields, by the hedge-fides, and paths, almoft every
where in Britain.

Time. It flowereth at the end of June, and in July.

Government and Virtues. It is under the government of Mercury, and is
one of the bed purgers of the brain that grows. An ounce of the juice taken in a
draught of mufcadel, an hour before the fit of the ague comes, will a(ruredly drive
away the ague, at the fccond or third time of taking it at furlhed. Either the
herb or root dried and chewed in the mouth, purgeth the brain of phlegmatic hu-
mours, thereby not only eafing pains in the head and teeth, but alfo hindering the
didilling of the brain upon the lungs and eyes, thereby preventing coughs, phthifics,
and confumptions, the apoplexy, and falling ficknefs. It is an excellent approved
remedy in the lethargy. The powder of the herb or root, being fnufFed up the
nodrils, procureth fneezing, and eafeth the head-ach. Being made into an oint-
ment with hog's-Iard, it takes away black and blue fpots occafioned by blows or
falls, and helps both the gout and fciatica.

BEL.

:86 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

PELLITORYoF the WALL.

Description. It rifeth up with many brownifli, red, tender, weak, clear, and
almoft tranfparent, ftalks, about two feet high, upon which grow at the feveral joints
two leaves fomewhat broad and long, of a dark green colour, which afterwards
turn brownifli, fmooth on the edges, but rough and hairy, as the ftalks are alfo.
At the joints with the leaves, from the middle of the ftalk upwards, where it fpread-
eth into fome branches, ftand many fmall, pale, purplifh, flowers, in hairy rough
heads or hulks, after which comes fmall, black, and rough, feed, which flicks to
any cloth or garment it may chance to touch. The root is fomewhat long, with
many fmall fibres thereat, of a dark reddifli colour, which abideth the winter, al-
though the ftalks and leaves perifn, and fpring frefli every year.

Place. It generally groweth wild, in moll parts of the kingdom, about the
borders of fields, by the fides of wails, and among rubbifh. It profpereth well
when brought up in gardens, and, if once planted on the fliady fide, it will after-
wards fpring up of its own fowing.

Time. It flowereth in June and July, and the feed is ripe foon after.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Mercury. The dried
herb pellitory made up into an eleftuary with honey, or the juice of the herb, or the
decoftion thereof made up with fugar or honey, is a fingular remedy for an old or
dry cough, ftiortnefs of breath, and wheefing in the throat. Three ounces of the
juice thereof, taken at a time, greatly help the ftoppage of urine, and expel the
fhane or gravel in the kidneys orhladder, and are therefore ufually put among other
herbs ufed in clyfters to mitigate pains in the back, fides, or bowels, proceeding
from wind, ftoppage of urine, the gravel, or ftone, as aforefiid. If the bruifed
herb, fprinkled with fome mufcadine, be warmed upon a tile, or in a difti, upon a
few quick coals in a chafing-difti, and applied to the belly, it hath the fame effect.
The decoflion of the herb, being drunk, eafeth pains of the mother, and forwards
the menfes; it alfo eafeth fuch complaints as arife from obftruftions of the liver,
fp!een, and reins. The fame deco(5Hon, with a little honey added thereto, is good
to gargle afore throat. The juice, if held a while in the mouth, eafeth pains in
the teeth. The diftilled water of the herb, drunk with fome fugar, produceth the
fameeffedt; it alfo cleanfeth the (kin from fpots, freckles, purples, wheals, fun-
burn, morphew, &c. The juice, dropped into the ears, eafeth the noife thereof,
and taketh away the pricking and ftiooting pains therein. The fame, or the diftilled

water.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 287

water, afluageth hot and fwelling impofthumes, burnings ancl fcalding by fire or
water ; alfo hot tumours and inflammations, or breakings out, &c. The faid juice
made into a liniment, with cerufe and oil of rofes, and anointed therewith, cleanfeth
rotten ulcers, and ftops the running fores in children's heads, and prevents the hair
from coming off j it is likewife of great fervice to perfons afflifled with the piles,
as it immediately eafeth their pain, and, being mixed with goat's tallow, relieveth
the gout. The juice, or herb itfelf, bruifed with a little fait, is very effedtual to
cleatife fiftulas, and to heal them up fafely ; it is alfo of great benefit to any green
wound. A poultice made hereof with mallows, and boiled in wine, mixed with
wheat, bran, bean-flowers, and fome oil, being applied warm to any bruifed finew,
tendon, or mufcle, doth, in a very fhort time, reftore it to its original ftrength.

The juice of pellitory of the wall, clarified and boiled into a fyrup with honey>
and a fpoonful of it drunk every morning, is very good for the dropfy.

PENNY- ROYAL.

Description. THE common penny-royal is fo well-known, that it needeth
no defer! ption.

There is another kind of penny-royal, fuperior to the above, which differeth only
in the largenefs of the leaves and fl:alks ; in rifing higher, and drooping upon the
ground fo much ; the flowers of which are purple, growing in rundles about the
ftalk like the other.

Place. The firft, which is common in gardens, groweth alfo in many moiftand
watery places in this kingdom. The fecond is found wild in Eflex, and divers
places on the road from London to Colchefter, and places adjacent.
Time. They flower in the latter end of fummer.

Government and Virtues. This herb Is under Venus. Dlofcorides faith.
That penny-royal maketh tough phlegm thin, warmeth the coldnefsofany part that it
Is applied to, and digefleth raw or corrupt matter : being boiled and drunk, it re-
moveth the courfes, and expelleth the dead child and after-birth j being mixed with
honey and fait, itvoideth phlegm out of the lungs. Drunk with wine, it is of Angular
fervice to thofe who are flung or bit by any venomous beafl:; applied to the noftrlls,
with vinegar, it is very reviving to perfons fainting and fwooning; being dried and
burnt, it ftrengtheneth the gums, and Is hdpful to thofe that are troubled with the
gout i being applied as a plafl:er, it taketh away carbuncles and blotches from the
face i applied with fait, it helpeth thofe that are fplenetic, or liver-grown. The de-
No. ao. 4 F co(5lioa

488 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

codlion doth help the itch, if waflied therewith ; being put into baths for women to
fit therein, it helpeth the fwelling and hardnefs of the mother. The green herb
bruifed, and put into vinegar, clcanfeth foul ulcers, and taketh away the mnrks of
bruifes and blows about the eyes, and all difcolouring of the face by fire, and the
Icprofy, being drunk and outv;ardly applied; boiled in wine, with honey and fait,
it helpeth the tooth-ach. It helpeth the cold griefs of the joints, taking away the
pains, and warming the cold parts, being faft bound to the place after bathing or
fweating. Pliny addeth, that penny-royal and mint together help faintings or
fwoonings, infufed in vinegar, and put to the noftrils, or a little thereof put into
the mouth. It eafeth the head-ach, and the pains of the bread: and belly, ftayeth the
gnawing of the ftomach, and inward pains of the bowels ; being drunk in wine, it
provoketh the courfes, and expelleth the dead child and afterbirth; it helpeth the
falling-ficknefs : put into unwholefome or {linking v/ater that men muft drink, as
at fea, and where other cannot be had, itmaketh it lefs hurtful. It helpeth cramps or
convulfions of the finews, being applied with honey, fait, and vinegar. It is very
effetlual for a cough, being boiled in milk and drunk, and for ulcers and fores in
the moutli. Mathiolus faith, the decoftion thereof, being drunk, helpeth the jaun-
dice, and all pains of the head and finews that come of a cold caufe ; and that it
helpeth to clear and quicken the eye-fight. Applied to the noflrils of thofe that
have the falling-ficknefs, or the lethargy, or put into the mouth, it helpeth them
much, being bruifed in vinegar, and applied. Mixed with barley meal, it helpeth
burnings, and, put into the cars, eafeth the pains of them.

I

PEONY, MALE and FEMALE.

Description. THE male peony rifeth up with many brownifh ftalks, whereon
grow a great number of fair green, and fometimes reddifli, leaves, each of which is
fet againft another upon a ftalk without any particular divifion in the leaf. The
flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks, confifting of five or fix broad leaves, of a fair
purplifii red colour, with many yellow threads in the middle, {landing about the
head, which after rifeth to be the feed-ve{rels, divided into two, three, or four, rough
crocked pods like horns, which, being full ripe, open and turn themfelves down
one edge to another backward, {hewing within them divers round, black, {hining,
feed, having alfo many red or crimfon grains intermixed with black, whereby it
maketh a very pretty {how. The roots are thick and long, {}>reading and running

down deep info the ground.

The

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 'aS^j

The ordinary female peony hath many ftalks, and more leaves than the male ; the
leaves not fo large, but nicked on the edges, fome with great and deep, others with
fmallcr, cuts and divifions, of a dark or dtad green colour. The flowers are of a
ftrong heady fcent, mod ufually fmaller, and of aliiore purple colour, than the male,
with yellow thrums about the head as the male hath. The feed-vefl*els are like horns,
as in the male, but fmaller ; the feed is black, but lefs (hining. The roots confift
of many thick and fhort tuberous clogs, faftened at the ends of long firings, and all
from theheadof the root, which is thick and Ihort, and of thelikefcent'with the male.
Place and Time. They grow in gardens, and flower ufually aboiit May.
Government and Virtues. It is an herb' of the fun, and under the lion. Phy-
ficians fay, male peony roots are befl: ; but male peony is beft for men, and female
peony for women. The roots are held to be of moft virtue ; then the feeds; nexc
the flowers ; and, laft of all, the leaves. The root of the male peony, frefh gathered,
hath been found by experience to cure the falling- ficknefs ; but the fureft way is
(befides hinging it about the neck, by which children have been cured) to take the
root of the male peony wafhed clean and flamped fomewhat fmall, and infufe it in
fack for twenty-four hours at leaftj afterwards ftrain it, and take, morning and
evening, a good draught for fundry days together before and after a full moon j
and this will alfo cure older perfons, if the difeafe be not grown too old and pad
cure, efpecially if there be a due and orderly preparation of the body, with polTet-
drink made of betony, &c. The root is alfo effeftual for women that are not
fufficiently cleanfed after childbirth, and fuch as are troubled with the mother ; for
which likewife the black feed, beaten to powder and given in wine, is alfo available.
The black feed alfo, taken before bed-time and in the morning, is very effedtual for
fuch as in their fleep are troubled with the difeafe called ephialtes or incubus, but we
commonly call it the night-mare, a difeafe which melancholy perfons are fubjecfb
unto: it 'is alfo good againfi- melancholy dreams. The diflil led water, or fyrup
made of the flowers, worketK the fame efFefls that the root and the feed do, al-
though more weakly. The female is often ufcd for the purpofes aforefaid, by rea-
fon the male is fo fcarce.

PEPPER-WORT, OR DITTANDER.

Description. THE common pepper-wort fendeth forth fomewhat long and
broad leaves, of a light bluifh-green colour, finely dented about the edges, and point-
ed at the ends, (landing upon round hard ftalks, three or four feet high, fpreading
jiiany branches on all fides, and having many fmall white flowers at the tops of

I them.

apo CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

them, after which follow fmall feed in fmall heads. The root is flender, running
niuch under ground, and fhooting up again in many places; and both leaves and
roots are very hot and fliarp of tafte, like pepper, for which caufe it took the name.

Place. It groweth naturally in jn^'iy parts of the kingdom, as at Clare in Effex ;
alfo near unto Exeter, Devonfhire ; upon Rochefter Common, Kent j Lancafhire,
and divers other places ; but is ufually kept in gardens.

Time. It flowereth in the end of June, and in July.

Government and Virtues. This herb is under the direction of Mars.
Pliny and Paulus ^Eginetus fay, that pepper-wort is very efFedua! for the fciatica,
or any other gout, pain in the joints, or any other inveterate grief; the leaves to be
bruifed and mixed with old hogs-lard, and applied to the place, and to continue
thereon four hours in men, and two hours in women, the place being afterwards
bathed with wine and oil mixed together, and then wrapped with wool or fkins after
they have fweat a little ; it alfo amendeth the deformities or difcolourings of the
Ikin, and helpeth to take away marks, fears, and fcabs, or the foul marks of bur-
ning with fire or iron. The juice hereof is in fome places ufed to be given in ale
■ to women with child, to procure them a fpeedy delivery.

PERWINKLE.

Description. THE common fort hath many branches running upon the
ground, fhooting out fmall fibres at the joints as it runneth, taking thereby hold
in the ground, and rooteth in divers places ; at the joints of thefe branches fland two
fmall dark- green (hining leaves, fomewhat like bay leaves, but fmaller, and with
them come forth alfo flowers, one at a joint {landing upon a tender footftalk, being
fomewhat long and hollow, parted at the brims fometimes into four, fometimes into
five, leaves ; the moft ordinary fort are of a pale blue colour, fome are pure white,
and fome of a dark reddifh purple colour. The root is little bigger than a rufh,
bufhing in the ground, and creeping with its branches, and is moft ufually planted
under hedges, where it may have room to grow.

Place. Thofe with the pale blue and thofe with the white flowers grow in woods
and orchards by the hedge-fides in divers places of this land ; but thofe with the
purple flowers in gardens only.

Time. They flower in March and April.

Government and Virtues. Venus owns this herb, and faith, that the leaves,
eaten by man and wife together, caufe love between them. The perwinkle is a great

binder.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 291

binder, {laying bleeding both at mouth and nofe, if feme of the leaves be chewed;
the Frenth ufe it to ftay women's courfes. Diofcorides, Galen, and y^igineta, com-
mend it againft thelafk, and fluxes of the belly, to be drunk in wine.

St. P E T E R 's wort.

Description. IT rifethup with fquare upright ftalks for the mofl part, fome-
■what greater and higher than St. John's wort, but brown in the fame manner, having
two leaves at every joint, fomewhat like, but larger than, St. John's wort; and a
little rounder pointed, with few or no holes to be feen therein, and having fome-
times fome fmaller leaves rifing from the bofom of the greater, and fometimes a lit-
tle hairy a!fo. At the tops of the {talks {land many {lar-like flowers, with yellow
threads in the middle, very like thofe of St. John's wort, infomuch that this is
hardlv to be difcerned from it, but only by the largenefs and height, the feed being
alike in both. The root abideth long, fending forth new fhoots every year.

Place. It groweth in many groves and fmall low woods, in divers places of this
land, as in Kent, Huntingdonfhire, Cambridgeihire, and Northamptonfhire ; as
alfo near water-courfes in other places.

Time. It flowereth in Jime and July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft.

Government and Virtues. It is of the fame property with St. John's wort,
but fomewhat weak, and therefore more feldom ufed. Two drachms of the feed
taken at a time, in honeyed water, purge choleric humours, as faith Diofcorides,
Pliny, and Galen, and thereby help thofe that are troubled with the fciataca.
The leaves are ufed, as St. John's wort, to help thofe places of the body that have
been burnt with fire.

PIMPERNEL.

Description. COMMON pimpernel hath many weak fquare {lalks lying on
the ground, befet all along with two fmali and almoft round leaves at every joint
one again{l another, very like chickweed ; but hath no footflalks, for the leaves as
it were compafs the ftalk : the flowers {land fingly, confifUng of five round fmall
pointed leaves of a fine pale red colour, with fo masiy threads in the middle, in
whofe places fucceed fmooth round heads, wherein is contained fmall feed. The
root is fmall and fibrous, perifhin-^ every year.

Place. It groweth every where almoft, as well in the meadows and corn-fields
as by the way-fides, and in gardens, arifing of itfclf.

No. 20. 4G Ti.Ml.

292 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Time. It flowereth from May to Auguft, and the feed ripeueth in the mean
time and falleth.

Government and Virtues. It is a folar herb. This is of a cleanfing and
attradive quality, whereby it dravveth forth thorns or fplinters, or other fuch-like
things, from the flefli, and, put up ir.'ro the noftrils, purgeth the head ; and Galen
faith alfo, they have a drying faculty, whereby they are good to clofe the lips of
wounds, and to cleanfe foul ulcers. The diftilled water or juice is much eftcemed
by the French to cleanfe the (kin from any roughnefs, deformity, pr difcolouring,
thereof: being boiled in wine, and given to drink, it is a good remedy againfl: the
plague and other peftilential fevers, if the party, after taking it, lie warm in bed
and fweat for two hours after, and ufe the fame twice at leafl-. It helpeth alfo all
ftingings and bitings of venomous beafts or mad dogs, being ufed inwardly, and ap-
plied outwardly j it alfo openeth the obftrudions of the liver, and is very available
againft the infirmities of the reins ; it provoketh urine, and helpeth to expel the ftone
and gravel out of the kidneys and bladder, and helpeth much in all inward wounds
and ulcers. The decodion or diftilled water is "no lefs effecflual to be applied to all
wounds that are frefli and green, or old filthy fretting and running ulcers, which it
very effedlually cureth in a fhort fpace. A little honey mixed with the juice, and
dropped intg the eyes, cleanfeth them from cloudy mifts, or thick films v/hich orow
over them and hinder the fight. It helpeth ■the tooth-ach, being dropped into the
ear on the contrary fide of the pain. It is alfo efFedual to eafe the pains of the he-
morrhoids or piles.

GROUND-PINE.

Description. THE common ground-pine groweth low, feldomabovea hand's-
breadth high, fhooting forth divers fmall branches, fet v/ith flender fmall long nar-
row greyifli or whitilh leaves, fomewhat hairy, and divided into three parts, many
times bufiiing together at a joint, and fometimes fome growing fcatteredly upon the
ftalks, fmeliing fomewhat ftrong like unto rofin; the flowers are fomewhat fmall
and of a pale yellow colour, growing from the joints of the fialks all along amonnr
the leaves, after which come fmall and round huflcs : the root is fmall and woody,
perifhing ever^ year.

Place. It groweth more plentifully in Kent than in any other county of this
land ; as alfo in many places from on this fide of Dartford, along to Rochefter, and
upon Chatham down.

Time. It flowereth and giveth feed in the fummer months.

GoVERtt.

AND COMPLETE H E R B A L. 293

Government and Virtues. Mars owns this herb. The deco<5lIon of ground-
pine, drunk, doth wonderfully prevail againfl: the ftrangiiary, or any inward pains
arifing from the difeafes of the reihs and urine, and is goo 1 for all obilrudions of
the liver and fpleen, and gently openeth the body, for which purpofcthey were wont
in former times to make pills with the powder thereof and the purple figs. It help-
eth the difeafes of the mother, ufcd inwardly or applied outwardly, procuring the
courfes, and expelling the dead child and after-birth. It adts fo powerfully, that it
is utterly forbidden for women with child, in that it will caufe abortion, or delivery
before the time : it is effeflual alfo in all pains and difeafes of the joints, as gouts,
cramps, palfies, fciataca, and achsj either the decocflion of the herb in wine taken
inwardly or applied outwardly, or both, for fome time together ; for which pur-
pofe the pills, made with the powder of ground-pine, and of hcrmodacftils, with
Venice turpentine, are very efFcdtual. Thefe pills alfb are good for the dropfy, to be
continued for fome time. The fame is a good help for the jaundice, and for griping
pains in the joints, belly, or inward parts ; it helpeth alfo all difeafes of the brain,
proceeding of cold and phlegmatic humours and diftillations, as alfo the falling-
ficknefs. It is an efpccial remedy for the poifon of the aconites of all forts, and
otlier poifonous herbs, as alfo againft the ftinging of any venomous creature. It is a
good remedy for a cold cough, efpecially in the beginning. For all thepurpofes
aforefaid, the herb, being tunned up in new drink and drunk, isalmoftas efFedlual,
but far more acceptable to weak and dainty ftomachs. The diftilled water of the
herb hath the fame efFedls, but in a fmaller degree. The conferve of the flowers
doth the like, which Mathiolus much commcndeth againft the palfy. The green
iierb, or the decodbion thereof, being applied, diflblveth the hardnefs of women's
breafts, and all other hard fwellings in any other part of the body. The green herb
alfo, applied, or the juice thereof with fome honey, not only cleanfeth putrid, ftink- -
in", foul, and malignant, ulcers and fores of all forts, but healeth up the lips of
green wounds in any part alfo.

PLANTAIN.

THIS groweth fo familiarly in meadows'and fields, and by pathways, and is (b
well known, that It needeth no dcfcription.

Time. It is in its beauty about June, and the feed ripcneth (hortly after.

Government andVirtues. It is under the command of Venus, and cures the
head by antipathy to Mars, and the privities by fy mpathy to Venus ; neither is there
■Jinrdly a martial difcafe but it cures. The juice of plaintain, clarified and drunk for

divers

294 CULPEFER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

divers days together, either by itfclf or in other drink, prevaileth wonderfully againfl;
all torments or excoriations in the bowels, helpeththe diftillations of rheum from the
head, and ftayeth all manner of fluxes, even women's courfes when they flow too
abundantly. It is good to {lay fpittingof blood, and other bleeding at the mouth,
or the making of foul or bloody water by reafon of any ulcer in the reins or bladder j
and alfo flayeth the too free bleeding of wounds. It is held an efpecial remedy for
thofe that are troubled with the phthyfic, or confumption of the lungs, or ulcers
in the lungs, or coughs that come of heat. The decoftion or powder of the roots
or feed is much more binding for all the purpofes aforefald than the leaves. Dio-
fcorides faith, that the root boiled in wine helpeth the tertian and quartan ague.
The herb, but efpecially the feed, is held to be profitable againft the dropfy, the fall-
ing-ficknefs, the yellow jaundice, and floppings of the liver and reins. The roots
of plantain and pellitory of Spain beaten to powder, and put into hollow teeth, take
away the pains of them : the clarified juice or diftilled water dropped into the eyes
cooleth the inflammations in them, and taketh away the pin and web j and, dropped
into the ears, eafeth pains in them, and helpeth and reflioreththe hearing: the fame
alfo, with juice of houfeleek, is profitable againft all inflammations and breakings
out of the flcin, and againft burnings and fcaldings by fire or water. The juice or
decoflioh made eltherof itfelf or other things of like nature is of much ufe and good
effeft for old and hollow ulcers that are hard to be cured, and for cancers and fores
in the mouth or privy parts ; and helpeth alfo the piles. The juice mixed with oil
of rofes, and the temples and forehead anoited therewith, eafeth the pains of the
head proceeding from heat, and helpeth lunatic and phrenetic perfonsvery much :
as alfo the biting of ferpents or a mad dog ; the fame alfo is profitably applied to
all hot gouts in the feet or hands, efpecially in the beginning. It is alfo good to be
applied where any bone is out of joint, to hinder inflammation, fwellings, and pains,
that prefently rife thereupon. The powder of the dried leaves, taken in drink, kilieth
worms of the belly, and, boikd in wine, kilieth worms that breed in old and foul
ulcers. One part of plantain water, and two parts of the brine of powdered beef,
boiled together and clarified, is a moft fure remedy to heal all fpreading fcabs and
itch in the head or body, all manner of tetters, ringworms, the /hingles, and all
other running and fretting fores. Briefly, the plantains are Angular good wound-
herbs, to heal frefli or old wounds or fores, either inward or outward.

PLUMBS.

THESE are fo well known that they need no defcription.

Government and Virtues. All plumbs are under Venus: thofe that are fweet

iTiOifien the ftoiTiach, and make the belly foluble i thofe that are four quench thirft

more,
s

AND COMPLETE M E R B A L. 29J

morft, and bind the belly • the moift and vvaterifli fooner corrupt in the ftomach
than the firm, which are more nourifhing and lefs ofi^enfive. The dried friiir, fold
by the grocers under the name of damalk prunes, do fomewhat loofen the belly
and, being ftcwed, are often iifcd, both in health and fickncfs, to procure appetite,
and gently open tiie belly, allay choler, and cool theftomach. The juice of plumb-
tree leaves, boiled in wine, is good to wafli and gargle the mouth and throat, to dry
the flux of rheum, coming to the palate, gums, or almonds of the ears. The gum of
the tree is good to break the ftone. The gum, or leaves, boiled in vinegar, and
applied, will kill tetters and ringworms. IVIathiolus faith, the oil prefled out of the
ftones, as oil of almonds is made, is good againft the infl.imed piles, the tumours or
fwellings of ulcers, hoarfenefs of the voice, roughnefs of the tongue and throat,
and likewife pains in the ears. Five ounces of the faid oil, taken with one ounce
of mufcadine, will expel the ftone, and help the cholic.

POLYPODY OF THE OAK.

Description. This is a fmall herb, confifting of nothing but roots and leaves,
bearing neither ftalk, flower, nor feed, as it is thought. It has three or four
leaves rifing from the root, every one fingly by itfelf, of about a hand's-length,
which are winged, confifting of many fmall narrow leaves, cut into the middle rib,
{landing on each fide of the ftalk, large below, and fmaller up to the top, not dented
or notched on the edges at all like the male fern ; of a fad green colour, and fmooth
on the upper fide, but on the under fide fomewhat rough, by reafon of fome yd-
lowifh fpots thereon. The root is (hialler than one's little finger, lying floping, or
creeping along under the upper cruftof the earth, brownifli on the outfide, greenifh
within, of a fweet harflinefs in tafte, fet with certain rough knobs on each fide
thereof, having alfo much mofs or yellow hair upon it, and fome fibres underneath,
whereby it is nourifiied.

Place. It groweth as well upon old rotten flumps or trunks of trees, as oak,
beech, hazel, willow, or any other, as in the woods under them, and upon old mud
walls i alfo in mofly, ftony, and gravelly, places, near unto the woods. That which,
grows upon oak is accounted the befl:, but the quantity thiteof is fcarctly fuflicient
for common ufe.

Time. Being always green, it may be gathered for ufe at any time.

Government AND Virtues. It is an heib of Saturn. Polypodium of the oak
is deareft ; but that which grows upon the ground is beft to purge melancholy ; if
the humour proceed from otlier caufes, chufe yqur pp!} podium accordingly. Mefue

No. 20. 4H faith.

age CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

faith, that it drieth up thin humours, digefteth thick and tough, 'and purgeth burnt
choler, and efpecially thick and tough phlegm, and thin phlegm alfo, even from
the joints j and is therefore good for thofe that are trcubied with melancholy, or
quartan agues, efpecially if it be taken in whey or honeyed_water, in barley-water,
or the broth of a thicken, with epythimum, or with beets and mallows. It is alfo
good for the hardnefs of the fpleen, and for prickings or ftitches in the fides, as
alfo for the cholic ; fome chufe to put to it fome fennel, annileed, or ginger, to
correft ihe lothing it caufeth in the ftomach, which is not at all neceflary, it being
a fafe and gentle medicine, fit for all peifons at all feafons, which daily experience
confirmeth ; and an ounce of it may be given at a time in a deco6lion, if there be
not fena or fome other ftrong purgtr mixed with it. A drachm or two of the powder
of the dried roots, taken fafting in a cup of honeyed water, worketh gently, and for
the purpofes aforefaid. The diftilled water, both from the roots and leaves, is much
commended for the quartan ague, if taken for feveral days together ; as alfo againft
melancholy, or fearful or troublefome flecps or dreams ; and with fome fugar-candy
diflblved therein, is good againft the cough, fhortnefs of breath, and wheefings,
and thofe diftillations of thin rheum upon thelungs which caufe phthyfics, and often-
times confumptions. The frefii roots beaten fmall, or the powder of the dried
roots mixed with honey, and applied to any of the limbs out of joint, doth much
help them. Applied to the nofe, it cureth the difeafe called polypus, which is a piece
of fungous fleih growing therein, which in time ftoppeth the pafiage of breath
through that noftril j and it helpeth thofe clefts or chops that come between the
fingers or toes.

POPLAR-TREE. i.

Description. THERE are two forts of poplars which are very familiar with
us, viz. the white and the black : the white fort groweth large, and tolerably high>
covered with a fmooth, thick, white, bark, efpecially the branches, having large
leaves cut into feveral divifions, almoft like a vine leaf, but not of fo deep a green
on the upper fide, and hoary white underneath, of a good fcent, the whole repre-
fenting the form of colt's-foot. The catkins, which it bringeth forth before the
leaves, are long, of a faint reddiih colour, which fiill away, and but fcldom bear
good feed with them. The wood hereof is fmooth, foft, and white, very finely
waved, whereby itJs much efteemed.

The black poplar groweth higher and flraiter than the white, v/ith a grcyifli bark,
bearing broad and green leaves fomewhat like ivy leaves, not cut in on the edges

like

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 297

like the white, but whole and dented, ending in a point, and not white underneath,
hanging by flender long foot- ftaiks, which, with the air, are continually ftiaken as
the afpen leaves are. The catkins hereof are greater than of the white, compofcd of
many round green berries, as it were fet together in a long clufter, containing much
downy matter, which, on being ripe, is blown away with the wind. The clammy
buds hereof, before they are fpread into leaves, are gathered to make the ungnentnm
pcpiikoti, and are of a yellowifh green colour, and fmall, fomewhat fv/eet, but ftrong.
The wood is fmooth, tough, and white, and eafy to be cloven. On both thefe trees
groweth afweet kind of mufk, which formerly ufed to be put into fweet ointments.

Place. They grow in moid: woods, and by the water-fide, in all parts of the
kingdom ; but the white fort is not fo frequently to be met with as the other.

Time. They are in leaf at the end of fummer, but the catkins come before the
ieaves as above-mentioned.

Government amd Virs.TUES. Saturn hath dominion over both. The white
poplar, faith Galen, pofiefies acleanfing property ; one ounce in powder of the bark
thereof being drunk, faith Diofcorides, is a remedy for thofe that are troubled
with the fciatica, or the ftranguary. The juice of the leaves, dropped warm into
the ears, eafeth the pains thereof. The young clammy buds or eyes, before they
break out into leaves, bruifed, and a little honey put to them, are a good medicine
for a dull fight. The black poplar is held to be more cooling than the white, and
therefore the leaves bruifed wtth vinegar, and applied, help the gout. The feed,
drunk in vinegar, is held good againil: the falling ficknefs. The water, that drop-
peth from the hollow places of this tree, taketh away warts, pufhes, wheals, and
other out-breakings in the body. The young black poplar buds, faith M uhiolus,
are much ufed by women to beautify their hair, bruifing them with freib butter,
and ftraining them after they have been kept for fome time in rhe fun. The oint-
jTient called populeon, whic'i is made of this pophir, is Angularly good for all heat
and inflammation in any part of the body, and tempereth the heai of wounds. It
is much ufed to dry up the milk in women's breafts, when they have weaned their
children.

POPPY.

OF thefe there are three kinds, viz. the white and black of the garden, and the
erratic wilJ poppy, or corn-rofe.

Description. The white poppy hath at firft four or five whitifh green leaves
lying upon the ground, which rife with the ftalk, compuliing it at the bottom of

them.

• 98 C U L P E P E R's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

them, and are very large, much cut or torn in on the edges, and dented alfo. The
ftalk, which is ukially four or five feet high, hath fonietimes no branches at the top,
and ufually but two or three at inoft, bearing but one head, each wrapped in a thin
fliin, which boweth down before it Le ready to blow, and then, rifiiig and being
broken, the flower within itfpreadeth itfclf open, andconfifteth of four very large
round white leaves, with many whitifli round threads in the middle, fet about a fmall*
round green head, having a crown, or ftar-like cover at the head thereof, which,
growing ripe, becometh as large as a great apple, wherein are contained a great
number of fmall round feed, in feveral partitions or divifions next unto the fhell,
the middle thereof remaining hollow and empty. All the whole plant, leaves, {talks,
and heads, while they are frefh, young, and green, yield a milk, when they are
broken, of an unpleafant bitter tafte, almoft ready to provoke puking, and of a
ftrong heady fmell, which, being condenfed, is called opium. The root is white
and woody, perifhing as foon as it hath given ripe feed.

The black poppy difFereth but little from the former, until it beareth its flower,
which is fomewhat lefs, and of a black purplifli colour, but without any purple
fpots in the bottom of the leaf. The head of the feed is much lefs than the former,
■and openeth itfelf a little round about the top, under the crown, fo that the feed,
which is very black, will fall out, if the head is turned downwards.

The wild poppy, or corn-rofe, hath long and narrow leaves, very much cut in on
the edges into many divifions, of a light green colour, and fometimes hairy withal.
The ftalk is blackifti and hairy alfo, but not fo tall as the garden kinds, having
fome fuch like leaves thereon as grow below, parted into three or four branches
fometimes, whereon grow fmall hairy heads, bowing down before the fkin breaks
wherein the flower is inclofed, which, when it is full blown, is of a fair yellowiih
red or crimfon colour, and in fome much paler, without any fpot in the bottom of
the leaves, having many black foft fpots in the middle, compafling a fmall green
head, which, when it is ripe, is no larger than one's little finger end, wherein is
contained much black feed, fmaller by half than that of the garden. The root
periflieth every year, and fpringeth again of its own fowing. Of this kind there
is one fmaller in all the parts thereof, but difFering in nothing elfe.

Place. The garden kinds do not naturally grow wild in any place, but are all
fown in gardens, where they grow. The wild poppy or corn-rofe is plentiful
enough, and many times too much fo, in the corn fields in all parts of the kino-dom
as alfo upon the banks'of ditches and by hedge-fides. The fmaller wild kind is alio
to be met with in thcfe phices, though not (o plentifully as the former,

* Time,

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 299

Time. The garden kinds are ufually fown in the fpring, which then flower about
the end of May, and fomewhat earlier,' if they are of their own fowing. The wild
kinds ufually flower from May until July, and the feed of them is ripe foon after
their flowering.

Government and Virtues. The herb is lunar, and the juice of it is made into
opium. The garden poppy heads, with the feed, made into a fyrup, arc frequently
and to good eflnedt ufed to procure reft and fleep to the fick and weak, and to ftay
catarrhs and dcfluxions or hot thin rheums from the head into the ftoiiiach, and
upon the lungs, caufing a continual cough, the fore-runner of a confumption j ic
helpeth alfo hoarfenefs of the throat, and when aperfon hath loft the power of arti-
culation ; for all which complaints the oil of the feed is alfo a good remedy. The
black feed, boiled in wine and drunk, is alfo faid to ftay the flux of the belly, and
the me nfes. The empty fticlls of the poppy heads are ufuully boiled in water, and
given to procure fleep ; the leaves likewife, when fo boiled, poflefs the fame virtue.
If the head and temples be bathed with the decodlion warm, the oil of poppies, the
green leaves or heads bruifed and applied with a little vinegar, or made into a poul-
tice with barley-meal, or hog's greafe, it cooleth and tempereth all inflammations,
as alfo the difeafe called St. Anthony's fire. It is generally ufed in treacle and mi-
thridate, and in all other medicines that are ufed to procure reft and fleep, and to
eafe pains in the head, as well as in other parts. It is alfo ufed to cool inflamma-
tions, agues, or phrenfies, and to ftay defluxions which caufe a cough or confump-
tion, and alfo other fluxes of the belly : it is frequently put into hollow teeth to
eafe the pain thereof, and hath been found by experience to help gouty pains.

The wild poppy, or corn-rofe, Mathiolus faith is good to prevent the falling
ficknefs. The fyrup made with the flowers is given with good efi-'edt to thofe that
have the pleurify ; and the dried flowers alfo, either boiled in water or made into
powder, and drunk, either in the diftilled water of them, or in fome other drink,
work the like effed:. The di:Hlled water of the flowers is held to be of much
good ufe againft furfeits, being drunk evening and morning j it is alfo more cool-
ing than any of the other poppies, and therefore cannot but be as efi^edlual in hot
agues, phrenfies, and other inflammations, whether external or internal, the fyrup
or water to be ufed inwardly, and the green leaves outwardly, either in an ointment
or in any other convenient manner in which it can be applied. Galen faith, the feed
is dangerous to be ufed inwardly.

No. CO. 4 1 PUR.

300 C U L P E P E R's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

P U R S L A I N.

GARDEN purflairij being ufed as a fallad-herb, is fo well known that it needs
po defcription.

Government and Virtues. This is an herb of the moon. It is good to cool
any heat in the liver, blood, reins, and ftomach, and in hot agues nothing better
can be adminiftered; it fiayeth hot and choleric fluxes of the belly, the menfes,
fluor albus, gonorrhea, and running of the reins ; alfo diftillations from the head,
and pains therein proceeding from heat, want of fleep, or the phrenfy. The feed is
more efFedual than the herb, and is Angularly ufeful in cooling the heat and fharp-
nefs of the urine, luft, venereous dreams, and the like, infomuch that the over fre-
quent ufe of it extinguifheth the heat and virtue of natural procreation. The feed,
bruifed and boiled in wine, and given to children, expelleth worms. The juice of
the herb is held equally effecftual for all the purpofes aforefaid ; as alfo to ftay vomit-
ings; taken with fome fugar or honey, it helpeth an old dry cough, fhortnefs of
breath, and the phthyfic, and ftayeth immoderate thirft. The diftilled water of the
herb is ufed by many, being more palatable, with a little fugar, to produce the fame
cffefts. The juice alfo is good in ulcers and inflammations of the fecret parts, like-
wife of the bowels, and hemorrhoids when they are ulcerous, or have excoriations
in them.iThe herb, bruifed, and applied to the forehead and temples, allayeth excef-
five heat therein, hindering reft and fleep ; and, applied to the eyes, taketh away the
rednefs and inflammation in them, andthofe other parts where puflies, wheals, pim-
ples, St. Anthony's fire, and the like, break forth, efpecially if a little vinegar be put
to it ; and being applied to the neck, with equal quantities of galls and hnfeed toge-
ther, taketh away all pain therefrom, and what is termed the crick in the neck.
The juice is alfo ufed with oil of rofes for the above purpofes, for blafts by light-,
ning, and burns by gunpowder, or for women's fore breafts, and to allay heat in
all other fores or hurts. Applied alfo to the navelsof children that are too prominent,
it reduceth them. It is likewife good for fore mouths, and gums that are fwelled,
as well as to fatten loofe teeth. Camerarius faith, that the diftilled water cured the
tooth-adi when all other remedies failed ; and that the thickened juice, made into
pills with the powders of gum tragacanth and arable, being taken, greatly relieveth
thpfe that make bloody water. Applied to the gout, it eafeth pains thereof, and
helpeth hardnefs of the finews, if not arifing from- the cramp or a cold caufe. This
herb, if placed under the tongue, afluageth thirft.

PRIM-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 301

PRIMROSES.

THESE are fo well known that they need no defcription. Of the leaves of prlm-
rofes is made an excellent falve to heal green wounds.

PRIVET.

Description. THE common privet turns up with many {lender branches to
a tolerable height and breadth, and is frequently ufed in forming arbours, bowers,
and banqueting-houfes, and fhaped fometimes into the forms of men, horfes, birds,
&c. which, though at firft requiring fupport, grow afterwards flrong enough of
themfelves. It beareth long and narrow green leaves by couples, and fweet-fmelling
white flowers in tufts at the ends of the branches, which turn into fmall black ber-
ries that have purplifh juice within them, and fome feeds that are flat on the one
fide, with a hole or dent therein.

Place. It groweth in divers woods in Great Britain.

Time. The privet flowereth in June and July, and the berries are ripe in Augufl:
and September.

Government and Virtues. It is under the influence of the moon, and is but
little ufed in phyfic in thefe times, except in lotions to wafli fores and fore mouths,
and to cool inflammations and dry up fluxes ; yet Mathiolus faith, it ferveth every
purpofe'for which the cyprefs tree, or oriental privet, is approved of by Diofcorides
and Galen. He further faith, that the oil extrafted from the flowers of privet by
infufion, and fet in the fun, is very ferviceable in inflammatory wounds, and for the
head-ach when arifing from a hot caufe. There is a fweet water alfo diftilled from
the flowers, which is good for all thofe difeafes that require cooling and drying,
and therefore helpeth all fluxes of the belly or ftomach, bloody fluxes, and women's
courfes, being either drunk or othcrwife applied ; as alfo for thofe that void blood
at their mouth or at any other placci likewifefor.diftillations of rheums in the eyes,
efpecially if it be ufed with tutty.

P O M E C I T R O N-T R E E.

THERE are three kinds of pomecitrons. The tree is generally called nia/uj
medica, vel citria.

Description, i. The great pomecitron tree, or malus citria major. This tree
doth not grow very high in fome places, but rather with a Ihort crooked body, and

3oa CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,
in others not much lower than the lemon-tree^ fpreading out into fundry great long
arms and branches ; Tet with long and (harp thorns, and fair, large, and broad, frefti
green leaves, a little dented about the edges, with a fhow of almoft invifible holes in
them, but lefs than the orange-leaves hav$ t of a fweet fcent, the flowers green
at the leaves, all along the branches, being fomewhat longer than thofe of the
orange; made of five thick, whitifli, purple, or bluilh, leaves, with fome threads
in the middle, after which followeth fruit all the year, being feldom {ten without
ripe fruit, and half-ripe, and fome young and green, and bloflbms all at once.
This kind beareth great and large fruit, fome the fize of a mufk melon, others lefs,
but all of them with a rugged, bunched-out, and uneven, yellow bark, thicker
than in any of the other forts, with a four juice in the middle, and fomewat great,
pale, whitifh, or yellow, feed, with a bitter kernel lying in it j the fmell of this
fruit is very ftrong and comfortable to the fenfes.

2. Thefmaller pomecitron tree, citria malus minor, five limonera ; this tree groweth
very like the former, but the leaves are fomewhat fmaller and fhorter, and fo are
thorns : the flowers are of a deep bluifh colour, and the fruit lefs and longer
than they, but no longer than the fmall fruit of the former ; the rind is alfo thick
and )el!ow, but notfb rugged, having more four juice and fewer feed.

3. Citria malus, five limonerapregnans. This differs very little from the foregoing.
Place and Time. All thefe forts of citrons are cultivated in Spain by the

curious, but were tranfported thither from fundry places abroad. The great pome-
citron was brought firft from Media and Perfia, and was therefore called malum
Med'icum zxiA malum Perficum. The lad was brought from the Fortunate Iflands.
They are continually in flower, and bear fruit throughout the year.

Government and Virtues. Thefe are folar plants, yet they are of different
qualities ; all the parts of the fruit hereof, both the outer and inner rind, as well as
the juice and feed, are of excellent uk, though of contrary effeds one to another;
fome being hot and dry, whilft others are cold and dry ; the outer yellow rind is
very fweet in fmell, highly aromatic, and bitter in tafte ; and dried, is a fovereign
cordial for the heart, and an excellent antidote againfl: venom and poifon in cafes of
the plague or any other infeftion ; it warmeth and comforteth a cold and windy flo-
mach, and difperfeth cold, raw, and undigefted, humours therein, or in the bowels,
and mightily expelleth wind. Being chewed in the mouth, it helpeth a ftinking
breath ; it alfo helps digeflion, and is good againfl melancholy. The outer rinds
are often ufed in cordial eledcuaries, and prefervatives againft infecftion and melan-
choly. It alfo helpeth to loofen the body, and therefore there is a folutive eledtuary

made

AND C O M P I. E T E HERBAL. .303

made therewith, called cUiluarifiu dc citrio folutivtm, to evacuate the bodies of cold
phlegmatic conftitutions, and may Hifcly be ufed where choler is mixed with phlc^rn.
The inner white rind of this fruit is rather unfavory, almoft without tafle, and is
not ufed in phyfic. The four juice in the middle is cold, and far furpafleth that of
lemons in its effefts, although not fo (harp in tafte. It is fii.gulariy good, in ai!
pertilential and burning fevers, to reftrain the venom and infcdion, to fupprefs the
choler and hot diilemper of the blood, and to quench third : and correCteth the
bad difpofition of the liver. It ftirreth up an appetite, and refreilies the over-fpent
and fainting fpirits ; refifteth drunkennefs, and helpeth giddinefs of the head, by
the hot vapours ariftng therein, which caufeth a phrenzy for want of fleep. The
feed not only equalleth the rind in its virtues, but in many inftances furpafleth it,

PEPPER.

Kinds and Names. THERE are feveral forts of pepper, as black, white,
and long, pepper ; called piper nigrum, album, et longum. The black, and white
pepper, differ not either in manner of growing, or in form of leaf of fruit. The
long pepper alfo grows in the fame manner, but differeth in the fruit. All thefc
forts grow on a climbing bufh, in the Eaft-Indies, after one manner, that is as
hops grow with us : fo that, if they be not fuftained by fome tree or pole, on which
they may climb and fprcad, they will lie down on the ground, and thereon run and
fhoot forth fmall fibres at every joint. But the ufual manner is to plant a branch
taken from the bufh near fome tall tree, great cane, or pole ; and fo it will quickly
by winding itfclf about fuch props, get to the top thereof; it is full of joints, and
Ihooteth forth fair, large, leaves, one at each joint, being almofl round, but end-
ing in a point, green above and paler underneath, with a great middle-rib and
four other ribs fomewhat lefs, fpreading from it, two on each fide, and fmaller
therein alfo, unto the edges, which are fmooth and plain, fomewhat thin, and fet
on a pretty long footftalk. The fruit, or pepper, whether black, white, or long,
groweth at the fame joint, but on the contrary fide, oppofite to the leaf, round
about a long ftalk, fomewhat thinly fet all along thereon, or not fo clofe as a bunch
of grapes; the root hath fundry joints creeping in the ground, with fibres at the
joints. The white pepper is hardly diftinguifhable from the black, by the plants
thereof, until it become ripe, (for the white and black pepper grow on different
bufhes,) but that the leaves are of a little paler green colour, and the grains orbef-
rics are white, folid, firm, without wrinkles, and more aromatic. The loner pep-
per hath leaves of very near the fame form and fizc, but a little longer pointed, of 3

No. 21. 4K paler

304 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

paler ereen colour, thinner alfo, and with a fhoi'ter foot-ftalk, but four or five
Yibs' fometimes on each fitie, according to the lirgene'fs of the leaf, with ofh*
finaller veins therein, and has lefs acrimony and hot tafte th^n the black. The
fruitof this alfo groweth in like manner at the joints, oppofite fo each leaf, which
;ire dofor fet together than in the black, confifting of many fmall grains as it were
fet clofe together in rows, and not open and feparate as in the black and white pep.
per ; of an afh colour when it is ripe.

Government and Virtues. All the peppers are under the dominion of Mars,
and of temperature hot and dry almoft in the fourth degree, but the white pepper
is the hotteft j which fort is much ufed by the Indians, many of whom ufe the
leaves as Europeans do tobacco j and even the pepper itfelf they alfo chew, taking
from the branch one grain after another, while they are frerti.

Pepper is much ufed with us in meats and fauces ; comforteth and warmeth a cold
ftomach, confumeth crude and moift humours therein, and ftirreth up the appetite.
It helpeth to break or diflblve wind in the ftomach or bowels, to provoke urine, to
help the cough and other difeafes of the breaft, and is effedual againft the bitings of
ferpents, and other poifoiis, and to that purpofe it is an ingredient in the great anti-
dotes : but the white pepper, as being more fharp and aromatical, is of more effedl
in medicine i and fo is the long, being more ufed to be given for agues to warm the
ftomach before the coming of the fit, thereby to abate the fhaking thereof. All of
them are ufed againft the quinfey, being mixed with honey, and taken inwardly and
applied outwardly, and difperfe the kernels, as well in the throat as in any other
part of the body. , .^ _,.,^,

Mathiolus maketh mention of a kind of pepper, which he czWcth. piper ALtbiopi-
cum, brought with other merchandize from Alexandria into Italy, and growing in
long cods like beans or peafe ; but many cods fet together at a place, whofe grains
•within them being like pepper both in form and tafte, but fmaller, ftick very clofe
to the infide ; this fort Serapio ca.\hth gran urn zelin.

Monardus alfo maketh mention of a kind of long pepper, that groweth in all the
traifl of the continent in the Weft-Indies. This kind of pepper is half a foot long,
and of the thicknefs of a fmall rope, confifting of many rows of fmall grains, fet
^clofe together as in the head of plantane, and is black when ripe j and hotter in
tafte, and more aromatical and pleafant, than capficum, and preferred before black
pepper, and groweth (fays he) on high trees or plants.

GUINEA

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 305

GUINEA PEPPER.

KiMDS AND Names. THERE are many forts thereof found out and brought
to our know}edge in thefe latter days. Grcgoiius de RIggio, a Capuchin friar,
maketh mention of a dozen feveral forts or varic^ties, at the lead, In the fruit or
cods, though in any thing elfe very little differing ; there arc likevvife fome o:her
varieties, obfcrved by Clufius and others.

Description. The moft ordinary Guinea pepper with long hufrcs, capficum majus
vulgalius oblorigisf.liquis. By this you may frame thedefcription of all the reft, the
miiin difference confifting in the form of the fruit, whether hufk or cods. This plant
rifcth up with an upright, firm, round, ftalk, with a certain pith within them j growing
about two feet high in this country, and not exceeding three feet in any other hotter
climate, fpreading into many branches on all fides, even from the very bottom,
which divide themfelves again into other fmaller branches, at each joint whereof
come two long leaves upon fliort foot ftalks, fomewhiit bigger than thofe of night-
/hade, with divers veins in them, not dented about the e.iges at all, and of a dark-
green colour; the flowers ftand feverally at the joints, with leaves like the flowers
of nightfhade, confiliing moft ufually of five, and fometimes fix, white fmall-pointed
leaves, ftanding open like a ftar ; with a itv! yellow threads in the middle, after
which come the fruit, either great or fmall, long or fhort, round or fquare, as the
kind is, either ftanding upright or hanging down, as their flowers fliew themfelves.
either of this or that form ; in this, about three inches in length, thick and round at
the ftalk, and fmaller towards the end, which is not fharp, but round- pointed, green
at the firft, but when full ripe of a very deep ftiining crimfon colour : on the out-
fide of which is a tliick fkin, and white on the infide, of a fweet pleafant imell, hav-
ing many flat yellow feeds therein, cleaving to certain thin fkins within it, which
are broad at the upper end and narrow at the lower, leaving the end or point empty
•within, not reaching fo far ; the hufk or feed of which is of fo hot and fiery a tafte,
as to inflame and burn the mouth and throat for along time after it is chewed, and;
almoft ready to choak one that taketh much at a time thereof: the root is com-
pofed of a great tuft or bufli of threads, which fpreads plentifully on the ground,
and perifhtth even in hot countries after it hath ripened all its fruit.

There are nineteen other forts of Guinea pepper, all which, except the under-
mentioned, differ fo little from that already defcribed, as not to be worth explanation.

Guinea pepper with hairy ftalks, capficum caule pilofo. This groweth with green
round ftalks, fet full qf white hairs, contrary to all other forts i at the branches come

forth

3o6 C U L P E P E R's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

forth two fuch leaves as the before- mentioned one hath, but rather larger; the
flowers are white, confifting of five leaves like the reft, which are likewife larger ;
after which come the cods, green at firft, and, when ripe, red like the reft, which
are fomewhat great and long, ending a very long point ; not differing from the
former forts in the feed and roots.

Place and Time, All thefe forts of pepper came from the Weft-Indies, called
America, and the feveral parts thereof, Brafil being reckoned as a part of ir, and
our Summer Iflands alfo; but here in England (though erroneoufly) we give it the
jiame of Guinea pepper, as though it originally came from thence. They are now
raifed in gardens in all the provinces of Europe, excepting in very cold countries,
and grow in many places of Italy, Spain, &c.

They do not fow them in hot countries before the end of March or beginning
of April, and at the fooneft they do not flower beforeAuguft following, and their red
cods ripen not thoroughly until November, when they will continue both with
flower and fruit moft of the winter, where the weather is not very intenfe ; but in
very cold climates they perifti with the firft froft, and therefore muft be carefully
houfed, if any will preferve them.

Government and Virtues. All thefe forts of pepper are under Mars, and are
of a fiery, hot, and ftiarp, biting tafte, and of a temperature hot and dry to the end
of the fourth degree; they burn and inflame the mouth and throat fo extremely,
that it is hard to be endured ; and, if it be outwardly applied to the flcin in any
part of the body, it will exulcerate and raife it as if it had been burnt with fire or
fcalded with hot water. The vapours that arife from the hufks or cods, while one
doth but open them to take out the feed, (efpecially if they beat them into powder,
or bruife them,) will fo pierce the brain, by flying up into the head through the
noftrils, as to produce violent fneezings, and draw down abundance of thin rheum,
forcing tears from the eyes, and will all pafs into the throat, and provoke a fliarp
coughingj and caufe violent vomiting ; and, if any fliall with their hands touch their
face or eyes, it will caufe fo great an inflammation, that it will not be remedied in a
long time, by all the bathing thereof with wine or cold water that can be ufeJ, but
yet will pafs away without further harm. If any of it be caftinto fire, it raifcth griev-
ous ftrong and noifome vapours, occafioneth fneezing, coughing, and ftrong vomit-
ing, to all that be near it ; if it fliould be taken fimply of itfelf, (though In a very
fmall quantity, either in powder or decodion,) it would be hard to endure, and
might prove dangerous to life.

Having now given you an account of the dangers attending the immoderate ufe
of thefe violent plants and fruits, I fliall next dire<5l you how to proceed in order to

I make

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. Sof

make fhem become ferviceable for health, being corre(fted and cleanfed from all
their evil and noifonie qualities.

o

Preparation of the Guinea Pepper,

Take the ripe cods of any fort of the Guinea pepper, (for they are in property all
alike,) and dry them well, firfl; of themfelves, and then in an oven after the bread is
taken out : put it into a pot or pipkin, with fome flour, that they may be quitedried;
then cleanfe them from the flour, and their fl:alks, if they have any ; cut both hufks
and feeds within them v'ery fmall, and to every ounee of them put a pound of wheat-
flour; make them up together into cakes or fmall loaves, with leaven proportioned
to the quantity you make ; bake thefe as you do bread of the fmall fize, and, when
baked, cut it again into fmaller parts, and then bake it again, that it may be as dry
and hard as a bifcuit, which, beaten into fine powder, and fiftcd, may be kept for any
of the ufes hereafter mentioned, or may ferve inftcad of ordinary pepper, to feafon
meat or broth, for fauce, or any other purpofe the Eaft-Indian pepper doth fervej for
it doth not only give good tafte or relifh to the meat or fauce, but is found to be very
good both to difcufs the wind and thecholic in the body. It is of finguJarfervice to
be ufed with flatulent or windy diet, and fuch as breeds moifture and (Crudities ; one
fcruple of the faid powder, taken in a little broth of veal or of a chicken, gives great
relief and comfort to a cold ftomach,caufing phlegm and fuch vifcous humours as lie
low in the bottom thereof to be voided ; it heipeth digeftion, for it occafioneth an
appetite to meat, provoketh urine, and, taken with faxifrage water, expclleth the
ftone in the kidneys and the phlegm that breedeth them) and taketh away dimncfsor
miflinefs of the fight, being ufed in meats ; taken with Pillule Aleophanginse, ir
heipeth the dropfy ; the powder, taken for three days together in -the decodion of
pennyroyal, expelleth the dead birth ; but, if a piece of the cod or hufk, either
green or dry, be put into the womb after delivery, it will make them barren for
ever after ; but the powder; taken for four or five days fafting, with a little fennel-
feed, will eafe all pains of the mother. The fame alfo made up with a little pow-
der of gentian and oil of bays into a peflary, with fome cotton-wool, doth bring
down the courfes ; tl^e fame, mixed with a lohoch or elcftuary for the cough,'
heipeth an old inveterate cough ; being mixed with hoftey ; nd applied to the throat,
it heipeth the quinfey ; and mack up with a little pitch or turpentine, and laid upotv
any hard knots or kernels in any part of the body, it will diflblve them, and not
fuffer any more to grow there ; and, being mixed with nitre and applied, it takes
away the morphew, and all freckles, fpots, marks, and difcolourings, of the fkin }
applied with hens greafe, it diflblveth all cold impofthumcs and carbuncles ; and.

No. 2t. 4 L mixed

5o3 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

mixed with fharp vinegar, it diflblveth the hardnefs of the fpicen : mixed with «*-
guentim de alahaflru, and the reins of the back anointed therewith, it will take-
away the fhakingfits of agues; a plafler made thereof, with the kaves of tobacco,
will heal the fting or biting ef any venomous beafls.

The decoftion of thehufks themfelves, made with water, and the mouth gargliid
therewith, helpeth the tooth-ach, and preferveth the teeth from rottennefs ; tha
a/hes of them being rubbed on the teeth, will cleanfe them, and make them look
white. The decoflion of them in wine helpeth the hernia vcntofa^ or watery rup-
ture, if applied warm morning and evening: if put to fteep for three days together
in aquavita, it helpeth the palfy, the place afFeded being bathed therewith ; and»
fteeped for a day in wine and two fpoonfals drunk thereof every day fafting, itia
of fingular fervlce in rendering ftinking breath fweet.

PITCH-TREE.

Names. THIS tree is called in Latin ficea and pitis.

Description, This pitch tree is of an indifferent bignefs, and tall ftature, but
not fo greatas the pine-tree, and always green, like the pine and fir trees. The tim-
ber is fat, and doth yield an abundance of rofin of divers forts ; the branches are-
hard, and parted into other fprays, mofl commonly crofs-wife, upon which grow fmall
green leaves, not round about the branches, but by every fide, one right over-againfV
another, like little feathers ; the fruit is fmaller than the fruit of the pine-tree. In
burning of this tree, there doth ifTue out pitch, as doth alfo out of the pine-tree.

Place and Time. The pitch tre« grows in many places of Greece, Italy,
France, and Germany, and the fruit thereof is ripe in September.

Government and Virtues. The leaves, bark, fruit, kernels, or nuts of this:
tree, are almoft of the fame nature, virtues, and operations, as the leaves, bark,,
fruit, and kernels, of the pine-tree.

Ihe Rojin that cometh out of the Tine or "Pitch Trees,
Out of the pine and pitch trees rife three forts of rofin, befides the pitch and tar ::

1. The one fioweth out by force of the heat of the fun in fummer, from the
wood or timber where it is broken or cut.

2. The other is found both upon and between the bark of the pine and pitch
tree, and moft commonly in fuch parts thereof as are cui or any otherwife impaired.

3. The third kind groweth betwixt the fcales of the fruit.

Names. All the kinds of rofin are called in Latin refina^ in French rejine, and in
Dutch berji. The firft kind is called ref.na liquida, and refina pini; of this fort is alfo

tb«

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 309

the refill which is molten with the fun in fummer, and remaineth dry, and may be
made into powder, which fome call refina arida, or dry rofin.

The fecond kind is called in Latin ref.na arida ; that which fweateth out of the
pine tree is called rfjina pnea, and that which cometh out of the pitch-tree ref.na
picea. The third kind is called refiiia jlrobilina.

Government and Virtues. All the rofins are folar, and of an hot and drv
temperature, and of a fcouring and cleanfing nature. Rofin doth cleanfe and heal
freih wounds, and therefore is a princii)al ingredient in all ointments and plafters
thac ferve for that piirpofe. It fofteneth hard fwellings, and is comfortable to
bruifed parts or members, being applied, or hid to, with oils, ointments, or plaf-
ters, appropriated to that ufe.

PITCHandTAR.

Kinds and Names. There are two forts of pitch : the one moiff, called
liquid pitch, the other is hard and dry : they do both run out of the pine and pitcli
tree, and out of certain other trees, as the cedar, turpentine, and larch, trees, by
burning of the wood and timber of them. Pitch is called in Latin pix, in French
poix, in Dutch peck. The liquid pitch is called in Latin pix liquida^ in Brabant
teer, and in Englifh tar. The dry pitch is called in Latin pix arida, and navalis j
in gnglifti fhip-pitchor ftone-pitch ; in Dutch Jieen-peck.

Government and Virtues. The pitch and tar are both folar, hot and dry In
the fecond degree, and of fubtile parts, but the ftone- pitch is the drieft ; the liquid
pitch or tar is the hotter and of more fubtile parts. Liquid pitch, taken with honey,
doth cleanfe the breaft, and is good to be licked in by thofe that are troubled with
ftiortnefs of breath, whofe infide is clogged with corrupt matter. It mollifieth and
bringeth to perfedion all hard fwellings, and is good to anoint the neck againft the
fquinancy or fwelling of the throat : it is good to be put into mollifying plafters,
anodynes to take away pains, and maturatives, or ripening medicines: being ap-
plied with barley-meal, it fofteneth the hard nefs of the matrix and fundament j
liquid pitch mingled with Julphur vivum, or quick brimftone, reprefleth fretting
ulcers, foul fcabs and fcurf ; and, if fome fait be put thereto, it is good to be laid
upon the wounds occafioned by the bite or fting of any ferpent or viper. It cureth
the rifts and cloven chaps that happen to the hands, feet, &c.

The ftone-pitch being pounded very fmall, with the fine powder of frankincenfe,
healedi hollow ulcers and fiftulas, filling them up with fleih : the ftone-pitch is npc

i {9

3,o CULPEPER's ENGLISFI PHYSICIAN,

fo ftrong as the liquid pitch, but is much better, it being more apt to clofe up the
lips of wounds.

POMEGRANAT E-T REE.

Kinds and Names, THE pomegmnite tree is diflinguifhed into three kinds}
that is, the manured pomegranate bearing fruit, and the greater and lefTer wild
kinds : the firft is called malus panicum and malus graKata, and the fruit malum tu-
iflicum and malum granatum, becaufe it is fuppofed that they were brought over, from
that part of Africa where old Carthage flood, into that part of Spain which is now
called Granada, and from thence called Granatum. The flowers of the manured
kind (as Diofcorides faith) are called citini ; but Pliny calleth the flowers of the
wild kind citinus, and the flowers of both kinds balauftium ; but citinus is more
properly th« cup wherein do ftand the flowers of both kinds : balauftium is with us
gbnerally taken for the double flowers of the wild kind only.

Description. The pomegranate-tree bearing fruit, malus punka Jati-va. This
tree groweth not great in the warm countries, and where it is natural not above
feven or eight feet high, fpreading into many flender branches, here and there fet
with thorns, and with many very fair, green, fliining leaves, like the leaves of large
myrtle, every one upon a fmall and reddifli footftalk. Among the leaves come
forth, here and there, the flowers, which are like bell-flowers, broad at the brims,
and fmaller at the bottom, being one whole leaf divided at the top into five parts,
of an orient crimfon colour naturally, but much paler with us, and many veins
running through it, with divers threads in the middle, and flanding in a brownifli
hollow cup or long hard hufk : the fruit is great and round, with a hard, fmooth
brownifli-red rind ; not very thick, but yellowifh on the infide, and a crown at the
top, ftored plentifully with a fine clear liquor or juice, like wine, full of feeds in-
clofed in fkins, and the liquor among them. Sometimes this breaketh the rind as
it groweth, which will caufe it to rot very foon.

Place and Time. The manured kinds grow in Spain, Italy, Portuo-al, and
other warm countries ; but here in England they are preferved and houfed with
great care, (yet come not to perfedion,) and the wild kind with much more ; they
feldom flower with us-

Government and Virtues. The fun governs thcfe plants and fruits. Pome-
granates are hot and moifl, but yet moderate : all the forts breed good blood, yet
do they yield but flender nourifhment ; they are very helpful to the ftomach : thofe
ilhat arefweet are moft pleafant, yet they fomewhat heat, and breed wind and choler,

and

A N D C 0 M P L E T E H E R B A L. ^u

end therefore they are forbidden in agues ; and thofe that are four are fit for a hot
fainting ftomach, ftay vomiting, and provoke urine, but are-fomewhat offenfive to
the teeth >u id gums in the eating. I'he feed within the fruit, and che rind there-
of, do bind very forcibly, whether the powder or the decoition be taken, and
ftay cafting, the bloody flux, women's courfes, the fpitting of blood, and running
of the reins, and it is faid to be good for the dropfy : the flowers work the fame ef-
fefts. The fruit is goodagainft the bite of the fcorpion, and ftayeth the immoderate
longings of women with child ; the dccodion of the rind or feeds of the fruit, with
R little fyrup put to it, is good againft the cankers in the mouth and ulcers in any
part of the body, and againft ruptures ; it alfo helpeth ulcers in the ears or nofe,
ot rheums in the eyes, being dropped or injeded ; it fafteneth loofe teeth, de-
ftroyeth the flat worms in the body, and helpeth to take away wens. With the
rinds of pomegranates, inflead of galls, or with galls, is made the befl; writing-ink,
both for blacknefs and durability,

QUEEN OF THE MEADOWS, or MEADOW-SWEET.

Description. THE ftalks of this are reddilh, rifing to be three feet high,
foinetimes four or five feet, having at the joints thereof large winged leaves fet ort
each fide of a middle-rib, being hard, rough, or rugged, crumpled like elm-leaves,
having alfo fome fmaller leaves with them, (as agrimony hath,) fomewhat deeply
dented about the edges, of a fad green colour on the upper fide, and greyifh under-
neath, of a pretty fharp fcent and tafte, fomewhat like unto burnet ; and a leaf there*
of, put into a cup of claret, giveth it a fine relifli : at the tops of the rtalks and
branches ftand many tufts of fmall :^-hite leaves thick together, which fmell much
fweeter than the leaves ; and in their places, being fallen, come crooked and cor-
nered feed. The root is fomewhat woody, and blackifh on the outfide, and browni/h
within, with divers greater firings and fmaller fibres fet thereat, of a firong fcent,
but not fo pleafant as the flowers and leaves ; it abideth many years, fhooting
forth anew every fpring.

Place., It grows in moid meadows, or near the courfes of water.

Time. It flowereih in fome place or other all the three fummer months, viz.
June, July, and Auguft ; and the feed is ripe quickly after.

Government and Virtues. Venus claims dominion over thisherb. It Is ufed
to ft^ay all manner of bleedings, fluxes, vomitings, and women's courfes, as alfo their
whites : it is faid to take away the fits of quartan agues, and to make a merry heart,
for which purpofe fome ufe the flowers, and fome the leaves. It fpeedily helpeth

No, 21. 4 M thofe

312 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Ihofe that are troubled with the cholic, being boiled in wine; and, with a little
honey, taken warm, it openeth the belly : but, boiled in red wine, and drunk, it
flayeth the flux of the beliy. Being outwardly applied, it healeth old ulcers that
are cancerous or eaten, or hollow and fiftulous, for which it is by many much
commended, as alfo for fores in the mouth or fecret parts. The leaves, whe:i
they are full grown, being laid upon the fkin, wiH in a fhort time raife blifter*
thereon. The water thereof helpeth the heat and inflammation of the eyes.

Q^U I N C E - T R E E.

Descrtption. The ordinary quince-tree growcth often to the height and big-
nefs of an apple-tree, but more ufually lower, and crooked, with a rough bark,
and branches fpreading far abroad. The leaves are fomewhat hke thofe of the ap-
ple-tree, but thicker, broader, and fuller of veins, and whiter on the under- fide, not
dented at all about the edges. The flowers are large and white, fometimes daihed
ever with a blufh. The fruit, when ripe, is yellow, and covered with a white frieze
or cotton, thick fet on the younger, and growing lefs as they become thoroughly
ripe, bunched out oftentimes in fome places, fome being like an apple, and fome a
pear, of a ftrong heady fcent, not durable to keep, and of a four, harHi, and un-
pleafant, tafte, to eat frefli j but, being fcalded, roafted, baked, or preferved, it
becomes more pleafant.

Place and Time. It thrives and grows beft near the water-fide, and is com-
mon throughout Great-Britain; it flowereth not until the leaves come forth. The
fruit is ripe in September or Odober.

Government and ViaruES. Old Saturn owns the tree. Chinees, when they
are green, help all forts of fluxes in man or woman, and choleric lafks, caftings, and
■whatfoever needeth aftriiftion, more than anyway prepared by fire : yet the fyrup of
the juice, or the conferve, is rather opening, much of the binding quality being
confumed by the fire;, and, if a little vinegar be added, itftirreth up the languifliing
appetite, and ftrengtheneth the ftomach j fome fpices being added, it comforteth and
cheereth the decayed and fainting fpirits, helpeth the liver when opprefled fo that
it cannot perfed the digeftion, and correfteth choler and phlegm. If you would
have them purging, put honey to them inftead of fugar ; and, if more laxative, for
choler, rhubarb; for phlegm, turbith; for watery humours, fcammony: but, if more
forcibly to bind, ufe the unripe quinces, with rofes, acacia, or hypociftis, and fome
terrified rhubarb. To take the crude juice of quinces is held a prefervative againft
the force of deadly poifon } for it hath been found moft true, that the very fmell of a

quince

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. jrj

qtiince Tiath taken away all the ftrength of the poifon of white hellebore. If there
benceJ of nny outward binding and cooling of any hot fluxes, the oil of quinces, or
any medicine that may be made thereof, is very available to anoint the belly or
other parts. It likewife Airengtheneth the ftomach and beilv, and the fincws that
are loofened by fharp humours falling on them, and reftraineth immoderate fweat-
ing. The mucilage, taken from the feeds of quinces, and boiled in a little water»
is very good to cool the heat, and heal the fore breafts of women. The fame with
a little fugar is good to lenify the harfhnefs and forenefs of the throat and roughnefs
of the tongue. The cotton or down of quinces, boiled, and applied to plague-
fores, healcth them up ; and, laid as a plaifter, made up with wax. It bringeth hair to
them that are bald, and keepeth it from falling off.

Q^U I C K-G R A S S.

Kinds and Names. There are feveral forts ofthefe graffes, fome growing in
the fields and other places of the upland grounds, and others near the fea : it is
alfo called dog-grafs, and gramen cammun j the other feveral names fhsll follow in
the defcriptions.

Description, i. Common qulck-grzCs, gramen canimim vulgare. Thisgrafs
creepeth far about under ground, with long white jointed roots, and fmall fibres
almoft at every joint, very fweet in tafte, as the reft of the herb is, and interlacing
©ne another ; from whence fhoot forth many fair and long grafs leaves; fmall at the
ends, and cutting or ftiarp at the edges ; the ftalks are joined like com, with the
like leaves on them, and a long fpiked head, with long hufks on them, and hard
rough feed in them.

2. Quick-grafs with a morefpreading panicle, gramen caninum longius, radkatum,
et paniculattim. This difi^ereth very little from the former, but in the tuft, or pani-
cle, which is more fpread into branches, with fhorter and broader hufks j and in
the root, which is fuller, greater, and farther fpread.

3. The fmaller quick-grafs with a fparfed tuft, gramen caninum, latiore panlctda
minus. This fmall quick-grafs with flender ftalks, about half a foot high, with
many very narrow leaves, both below and on the ftalks j the tuft, or panicle, at tJie
top, is fmall according to the plant, and fpreadeth into fundry parts, or branches :
the root is fmall and jointed, but creepeth not fo much, and has many more fibres
than the others have, and is a little browner, but more fweet.

4. Low-bending quick-grafs, gramen caninum, arvenje. This creepeth much under
ground, but ina different manner, the ftalk ;^king root in divers places, and fcarcely

rifing

J 14 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

rifing a foot high ; with fuch-likc green leaves as the ordinary, but fliorter ; the
fpiked hcaJ is bright, and fpreadeth abroad fomewhat like the ficld-grafs.

5. Gramen canimm Jupnum monJpeUenJe. This diiFereth very little from the laft, in
any other part thereof than in the panicle, or fpiked head ; which is longer, and
not fpread or branched into parts as that is.

6. A fmall lweetgrars!ikequick-grafs,|-r^»7f»(fA;i/i'/f«////o//««7, canar'ue fimik,five
gramen duJce. This fmall grafs hath many low creeping branches, rooting at the
joints, like the two laftj having a number of fmall and narrow leaves on them, much,
lefs than they ; and a fmall fparfe J panicle, fomewhat like the red dwarf-grafs.

7. ^^ all-grafs with a creeping root, gramen murorum radice repente. This wall-
grafs, from a blackifh creeping root, fpringeth forth with many flalks a foot high,
bending or crooking with a few narrow fhort leaves on them, at whofe tops ftand
fmall white panicles, of an inch and a half long, made of many fmall chaffy hufks.

Place and Time. Thefirfl: is ufual and common in divers plowed grounds and
gardens, where it is often more bold than welcome, troubling the hufbandmen as
much, after the plowing up of fomeof them, (as, to pull up the reft after the fpring-
ing, and, being raked together, to burn them,) as it doth the gardeners, where it hap-
peneth, to weed it out from amongft their trees and herbs j the fecond and third are
more fcarce, and delight in fandy and chalky grounds; the three next are likewife
found in fields that have been plowed and do lie fallow ; and the laft is often found
on old decayed walls in divers places ; they flourifli in the beginning of fummer.

Government and Virtues. Thefe are plants of Mercury. The root is of
temperature cold and dry, and hath a little mordacity in it, and fome tenuity of
parts ; the herb is cold in the firft degree, and moderate in moifture and drynefs ; but
the feed is much more cold and drying. This quick-grafs is moft medicinal of all
other forts of graffes: it is efFecftual to open obftrucftions of the liver and fpleen, and
the ftoppings of urine, the decodlion thereof being drunk; and to eafe the griping
pains in the belly, and inflammations ; and to wafte the excrement itious matter of
the ftone in the bladder, and the ulcers thereof; alfo the root, being bruifed and
applied, doth knit together and confolidate wounds: the feed doth more power-
fully expel urine, bindeth the belly, and ftayeth vomiting ; the diftilled water is
good to be given to children for the worms.

RADDISH AND HORS E-R A D D I S H.

THE garden-raddifh is fo well known that it needeth no defcription.
Description. The horfe-raddifh hath its firft leaves rifing before winter, about
a foot and a half long, very much cut in or torn on the edges into many parts, of a

dark

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 315

4ark green colour, with a great rib in the middle ; after thofj have been up a while,
others follow, greater, rougher, broader, and longer, whole, and not divided as the
firft, but only fomewhat roundly dented about the edges. The ftalk, when it bcareth
flowers, (which is but feldom,) is great, rifing up with fomc few finaller leaves
thereon to three or four feet high, fpreading at the top many fmall branches of white
flowers, of four leaves each ; after which come fmall pods, lilce thofeof fhephcrds-
purfe, but feldom with any feed in them. The root is large, long, white, andru'r-
ged, fliooting up divers heads of leaves ; but it doth not creep within ground, nor
run above ground ; and is of aftrong, fharp, and bitter, tafte, almoftlike muftard.

Place. It is found wild in fome places in England, but is chiefly planted in gar-
dens, where it thrives in moift and fliady places.

Time. It flowereth but feldom, but, when it doth, it is in Jvily.

Government and Virtues. They are both under Mars. Thejuice of horfe-
raddifli, given to drink, is held to be very efFedual for the fcurvy. It killeth the
worms in children, being drunk, and a!fo laid upon the belly. The root bruifcd,
and laid to the place grieved with the fciatica, joint-ach, or hard fwellings of the liver
and fpleen, doth wonderfully help them all. The diftilled water of the herb and
roots is more commonly taken with a little fugar for all the purpofes aforefaid.

Garden raddifhes are eaten as fallad, but they breed humours in the fiomach, and
corrupt the blood j yet, for fuch as are troubled with the gravel, ftone, or ftoppage
of urine, they are good phyfic, if the body be ftrong that takes them ; thejuice of
the roots may be made into a fyrup for that ufe ; they purge by urine exceedingly.
Sleep not prefently after the eating of raddifh, for that will caufe a flinkinar breath,

RAG-WORT.

It is called St. James's-wort, ftagger-wort, ftammer-wort, and feggrum.

Description. The greater common rag- wort hath many large and long dark-
green leaves lying on the ground, very much rent and torn on the fides into many
pieces; from among which rife up fometimes one and fometimes two or three
fquare or crefted blackifh ftalks three or four feet high, fometimes branched, bear-
ing divers fuch-like leaves upon them at feveral diftances unto the tops, where it
branchcth forth into many ftalks bearing yellow flowers, confifting of a number of
leaves fet as a pale, or border, with a dark yellow thrum in the middle, which at
laft turns into down, and, with the fmall blackifh grey feed, are carried away with
the wind. The root is made of many fibres, whereby it is firmly fattened into the
ground, and abideth many years.

Ko. 21. 4 N There

^i6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

There is another fort hereof different from the former only in this, that it rifeth
not fo high: the leaves are not fo fine!)' jagged, nor of fo dark a green colour, but
rather whitifh, foft, and woolly, and the flowers ufually paler.

Place. They both grow wild in paftures and untilled grounds in many places,
■and oftentimes both of them in one field.

Time, They flower in June and July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft.

Government and Virtues. Rag-wort is under the command of Venus, and
cleanfeth, digefteth, and difcufleth. The decoflion of this herb is good for ulcers in
the mouth or throat, and for fwellings, hardnefs, or impofthumations, for it tho-
roughly cleanfeth and healeth them i as alfo the quinfey and the king's evil. It
helpeth to ftay catarrahs, thin rheum, and defluxions from the herd into the eyes,
nofe, or lungs. The juice is found by experience to be good to heal green wounds,
and to cleanfe and heal old and filthy ulcers j as alfo inward wounds and ulcers, and
ftayeth the malignity of fretting or running cancers, and hollow fiftulas, not fufFer-
ing them to fpread further. It is alfo much commended to help achs and pains,
either In the flefhy parts or in the nerves and finews j as alfo the fciatica, or pain of
the hips. Bathe the places with the decodion of the herb, or anoint them with an
ointment made of the herb bruifed and boiled in hog's-lard, with maftic and oli-
banum in powder added to it after it is ftrained. In Suflex this herb is called rag-
wood. Externally it hath been praifed with good reafon againft fwellings, and in
inflammations : they are to be boiled to foftnefs, and applied as a warm poultice
with bread and oil.

RATTLE-GRASS.

OF this there are two kinds, the red and the yellow.

Description. The common red rattle-grafs hath fundry reddifh hollow ftalks,
and fometimes green, rifing from the root, lying for the moft part on the ground,
yetfome growing more upright, with many fmall reddifli or greenifli leaves fet on
both fides of a miJdle-rib finely dented about the edges : the flowers ftand at the
tops of the ftalks and branches, of a fine purplifh red colour ; after which come flat
blackifti feed in fmall hufks, which, lying loofe therein, will rattle with fliakincr.
The root confifts of two or three fmall whitifh firings, with fome fibres thereat.

The common yellow rattle hath feldom above one round green fl:alk, rifing from
the root, about half a yard or two feet high, and but few branches thereon, having
two long and fomewhat broad leaves fet at a joint, deeply cut in on the edges, refem-
bling the comb of a cock, broadefl next the ftalk. The flowers grow at the tops of

the

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 317

the ftalks, with fome fliorter leaves with them, hooded after the fame manner as the
others, but many of a fair yellow colour, in fome paler, in fome whiter. The feed
is contained in large hufks ; the root is fmaller an J flender, perifliing every year.

Place. They grow in meadows and woods generally throughout England.

Time. They are in flower from Midfummer till Auguft.

Government and Virtues. They are both under the dominion of the moon.
The red rattle is reckoned good to heal fiftulas and hollow ulcers, and- to ftay the
flux of humours to them, or any other flux of blood, being boiled In red or white
wine and drunk.

The yellow rattle, or cock's comb, is held to be good for thofe that are troubled
with a cough, ordimnefs of fight j if the herb, being boiled with beans, and fome
honey put thereto, be drunk, or dropped into the eyes, it draweth forth any flcin,
dimnefs, or film, from the fight, without trouble or pain.

REST-HARROW, or CAMMOAK.

Description. COMMON reft-harrow rifeth up with divers rough woody
twigs, two or three feet high, fet at the joints without order, with a little-roundifli
leaves, fometimes more than two or three at a place, of a dark-green colour, without
thorns while they are young, but afterwards armed in fundry places with rtiort and
fharp thorns. The flowers come at the tops of the twigs and branches, whereof it
is full, fafhioned like peafe, or bloom bloffoms, but fmaller, flatter, and fomewhat
clofe, of a faint purplifli colour : after which come fmall pods, containing fmall, flat,
and round, feed. The root is blackifti on the outfide, and whitifli within : very rough
and lard to break when it is frefli and green, and as hard as an horn when it is dried,
thrufting down deep into the ground, and fprcading- likewife, every piece being
likely to grow again if it be left in the ground.

Place. It groweth in many places of Great-Britain, as well in arable as in wafte
ground.

Time. It flowereth in general about the beginning or middle of July, and the
feed is ripe in Auguft.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Mars. It is good
to provoke urine and to break and expel the ftone, which the powder of the bark of
the root taken in wine performs efFcdually. Mathiolus faith, the fame helpeth the
difeafe called hernia carnofa, the flefliy rupture, by taking the faid powder for fome
months together conftantly, and that it hath cured fome which feemed incurable by
any other means than by cutting or burning. The deco*Sion thereof, made with
fome vinegar, and gargled in the mouth, eafeth the tooth-ach, efpecially M'hen it

comes

3i8 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

comes of rheum j and is very powerful to open obftrucflions of the liver and fpleen,
and other parts. A diftilled water, made in balneo maria; with four pounds of the
roots hereof, firft fliced fmall, and afterwards fteeped In a gallon of canary wine, is
very good for all the purpofes aforefaid, and to cleanfe the paflages ot the urine. The
powder of the faid root made into an electuary or lozenges with fugar, as alfo the
bark of the frefii roots boiled tender, and afterwards beaten into a conferve with fu-
gar, worketh the like efFedt. The powder of the roots, ftrewed upon the brims of
ulcers, or mixed with any other convenient thing and applied, confumeth the hard--
nefs, and caufeth them to heal the better.

ROCKET.

AS the garden-rocket is rather ufed as a fallad-herb than to any phyfical purpofes,
I fhall omit it, and only fpeak of the common wild rocket.

Description. The common wild rocket hath longer and narrower leaves, much
more divided into flender cuts and jags on both fides of the middle-rib than the gar-
den kinds have, of a fad-green colour, from among which rifeth up divers ftifF
{talks, two or three feet high, fometimes fet with the like leaves, but fmaller, and
much lefs upwards, braiKhed from the middle Into fundry ftalks, bearing yellow
flowers of four leaves each, as the others are, which afterwards yield fmall reddifh
feed, in fmall long pods, of a more bitter and hot biting tafte than the garden kinds,
as are the leaves likewife.

Place. It is found wild in moft places of Great-Brita'n.
Time. It flowereth about June and July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft.
Government and Virtues. The wild j-ockets are forbidden to be ufed alone,
becaufe their fharpnefs fumeth into the head, caufing ach and pain : and are no lefs
hurtful to hot and choleric perfons, for fear of Inflaming their blood. Mars rules
them. The wild rocket Is more ftrong than the garden kinds ; it ferveth to help
digeftion, and provoke urine exceedingly. The feed is ufed to cure the bitings of
ferpents, the fcorpion, the (hrew-moufe, and other poifons, andexpelleth the worms
and other noifome creatures that breed in the body. The herb, boiled or ftewed
aiid fome fugar put thereto, helpeth the cough in children, being taken often. The
feed alfo, taken in drink, taketh away the ill fcent of the arm-pits, Increafeth milk in
nurfes, and wafteth the fpleen. The feed, mixed with honey, and ufed on the face,
cleanfeth the fkin from fpots, morphew, and other difcolourings ; and, ufed with
vmegar, taketh away freckles and rednefs in the face or other parts ; and, with the
gall of an ox, it amendeth foul fears, black fpots, and the marks of the fmall -pox.
# WINTER

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 319

WINTER ROCKET, or CRESSES.

Description. WINTER rocket, or winter creflls, hath divers fomewhat
like turnip-leaves, with fmaller pieces next the bottom, and broad at the ends, which
fo abide all winter, (if it fpring up in autumn, when it is ufcd to be eaten,) from
among which rifeth up divers fmali round ftalks full of branches, bearing many
fmall yellow flowers of four leaves each, after which come fmall long poJs with
reddi(h feed in them. The root is rather ftringy, and perifheth every year after the
feed is ripe.

Place. It groweth of its own accord in gardens, and fields, by the way-fides,
in divers places.

Time. It flowereth in May, and feedeth in June, and then periftieth.

Government and Virtues. This is profitable to provoke urine, and helpeth
the ftranguary, and to expel gravel and the {lone ; it is alio of good efFedt in the fcur-
vy. It is found by experience to be a good herb to cleanfe inward wounds; thejuice
or deco(5tion, being drunk, or outwardly applied to wafh foul ulcers and fores,
cleanfeth them by (harpnefs, and hindereth the dead flefli from growing therein,
and healeth them by the drying quality.

ROSES.

I HOLD it needlefs to trouble the reader with a defcription of thefe, fince both
the garden rofes and the wild rofes of the briers are well enough known ; take there-
fore the virtues of them as followeth ; and firft I fliall begin with the garden kinds.

Government and Virtues. Red rofes are under Jupiter, damaflc under Venus,
and white under the Moon. The white and the red rofes are cooling and drj'ing, and
yet the wliite are taken to exceed the red in both thefe properties, but are feldom ufed
inwardly in medicine. The bitternefs in the rofes when they are frefh, efpecially the
juice, purgeth choler and watery humours ; but, being dried, and that heat which
caufed the bitternefs being confumed, they have then a binding quality ; thofe alfb
that are not full blown do both cool and bind more than thofe that are full blown,
and the white rofes more than the red. The decoiflion of red rofes, made with winci
and ufed, is very good for thehead-ach, and pains in theeyes, ears, throat, and gums,
as alfo for the fundament, the lower bowels, and the matrix. The fiime decoiflion,
with the rofes remaining in it, is profitably applied to the region of the heart to cafe
the inflammation therein ; as alfo St. Anthony's fire, and other difeafes of the fto-
mach. Being dried and beaten to powder, and taken into fteeled wine or water,
it helpeth to ftay women's courfes. The yellow threads in the middle of the red rofe*

No. 22. 4 O (which

320 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,
(which are erroneoufly called the rofe feed), being powdered, and drunk, in the dif-
tilled water of quinces, ftayeth the defluxionof the rheum upon the gums and teeth,
preferving them from corruption, and fafteneth them if they be loofe, being wafhed
and gargled therewith, and fome vinegar of fquills added thereto. The heads, with
the feed, being ufed in powder, or in a decoilion, ftay the lafk and fpitting of blood.
Red rofes do ftrengthen the heart, ftornach, and liver, and the retentive faculty ; they
mitigate the pains that arife from heat, afluage inflammations, procure reft and fleep,
ftay running of the reins and fluxes of the belly ; the juice of them doth purge and
cleanfe the body from choler and phlegm. The hufks of the rofes, with the beards
and nails, are binding and cooling, and the diflilled water of either of them is good
for heat and rednefs in the eyes, and to flay and dry up the rheums and watering of
them. Of the red rofes are ufually made many compofitions, all ferving to fundry
good ufes, viz. eleflruary of rofes ; conferve, both moifl: and dry, which is more
ufually called fugar of rofes ; fyrup of dried rofes, and honey of rofes ; the cordial
powder called diarrhodon abbatis and aromaticum rojarum ; the diftilied water of
rofes, vinegar of rofes, ointment and oil of rofes, and the rofe-leaves dried, which,
although no compofition, is yet of very great ufe and efreft. The eledtuary is purg-
ing, whereof two or three drachms taken by itfelf in fome convenient Hquor is a
purge fufiicient for a weak conftitution ; but may be increafed to fix drachms, ac-
cording to the fl:rength of the patient. It purgeth choler without trouble, and \&
good in hot fevers, and pains of the head arifing from hot choleric humours and heat
in the eyes, the jaundice alfo, andjolnt-achs proceeding of hot humours. The moifl:
conferve is of much ufe, both binding and cordial ; for, until it be about two years
old, it is more binding than cordial, and after that more cordial than binding : fome
of the younger conferve, taken with mithridattim, mixed together, is good for thofe
that are troubled with diftillations of rheums from the brain to the nofe, and deflux-
ions of rheums into the eyes, as alfo for fluxes and lafl^s of tlie belly ; and, beinff
mixed ■with the pov>;der of maflic, is very good for the running of the reins, and
for the loofenefs of humours in the body. The old conferve, mixed with aromaticum
rojarum, is a very good cordial againfl: faintings, fwoonings, weaknefs, and trem-
blings of the heart, flrengthening both it and a v/eak flomach, helpeth digeflion,
ftayeth carting, and is a very good prefervative in the time of infedlion. The dry con-
ferve, which is called fugar of rofes, is a very good cordial to flrengthen the heart
and fpirits, as alfo ftay defluxions. The fyrup of dried red rofes ftrengtheneth a
ftornach given to cafting, cooleth an over-heated liver, comforteth the heart, refifl--
eth putrefadion and infection, and helpeth to ftay lafks and fluxes. Honey of
rofes is much ufed in gargles and lotions, to waftv fores^ either in the mouth, throat,

2. er

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 321

ov other parts, both to heal them and to ft.iy the fluxes of humours falling upon
them: it is alfo ufcd in clyfters. The cordial powders, called diarrhodcn abbatis
and aromaticum rofartiniy do comfort and ftrengthen the heart and ftomach, procure
an appetite, help digeftion, ftop vomiting, and are very good for thofe that have flip-
pery bowels, to ftrengthen them and to dry up their moifture. Red-rofe water is of
well-known and familiar ufe in all occafions, (and better than damafk-rofe water.)
being cooling and cordial, quickening the weak and faint fpirits, ufcd either in
meats or broths, to wafli the temples, to fmell to at the nofe, or to fmcll the fwcet
vapours thereof out of a perfuming pot, or caft on a hot fire-fhovel ; it is alio of
good ufe againft the rednefs and inflammations of the eyes, to bathe them therewith,
and the temples of the head alfo againft pain and ach, for which purpofe alfo viaegar
of rofes is of great fervice, and to procure reft and fleep, iffome thereof and rofe vva-
ter together be ufed to fmell to, or the nofe and temples moiftened therewith, but
more ufually to moiften a piece of red-rofe cake cut for the purpofe, and heated
between a double-folded cloth, with a little beaten nutmeg, and poppy-feed ftrewed
on the fide that muft lie next to the forehead and temples, and bound thereto all
ni"ht. The ointment of rofes is much ufed againft heat and inflammations in the
head, to anoint the forehead and temples, and, hQ\ngm\yitdvi\X.'h tinguenlum populeoty
to procure reft ; it is alfo ufed for the heat of the liver, of the back and reins, and to
cool and heal pufties, wheals, and other red pimples rifing in the faceor other parts.
Oil of rofes is not only ufed by itfelf tocool any hot fwellings or inflammations, and
to bind and ftay fluxes of humours unto fores, but is alfo put into ointments and
plaifters that are cooling and binding, to reftrain the flux of humours. The dried
leaves of the red rofes are ufed both inwardly and outwardly, being cooling, binding,
and cordial ; for with them are made both aromaticum re/arum, diarrhodon ahbatisy
zndjaccharum rofarum, each of whofe properties are before declared. Rofe-leaves and
mint, heated, and applied outwardly to the ftomach, ftay caftings, and very much
ftrengthen a weak ftomach ; and, applied as a fomentation to the region of the liver
and heart, do much cool and temper them, and alfo ferve inftead of a rofe cake, to
quiet the over-hot fpirits and caufe reft and fleep. The fyrup of damaflc-rofes is
both fimple and compound, and made with agaric. The Ample folutive fyrup is .1
familiar, fife, gentle, and eafy, medicine, purging choler, taken from one ounce to
three or four; yet this is remarkable herein, that the diftilled water of this fyrup
fhould notably bind the belly. The fyrup with agaric is more ftrong and efl^eftual,
for one ounce thereof by itfelf will open the body more than the other, and worketh
as much on phlegm as choler. The compound fj-rup is more forcible in woikijigon

melancholy

5ii CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

melancholy humours, and againft the leprofy, itch, tetters, &c. and the French dif-
eafe. Alfo honey of rofes folutive is made of the fame infufions that the fynip is
made of, and therefore worketh the fame effedl both opening and purging, but is
oftener given to phlegmatic than choleric perfons, and is more ufed in clyfters than
in potions, as the fyrupmade with fugar is. The conferve and preferved leaves of
thefe rofes are alfo operative in gently opening the belly.

The fimple water of the damaflc rofes is chiefly ufed for fumes tofweeten things,
as the dried leaves thereof to make fweet powders and fill fweet bags. The wild
rofes are few or none of them ufed in phyfic, but yet are generally held to come near
the nature of the manured rofes. The fruit of the wild brier, which are called hops,
being thoroughly ripe, and made into a conferve with fugar, befides the pleafantnefs
of the tafte, doth gently bind the belly, and ftay defluxions from the head upon the
ftomach, drying up the moifture thereof, and helpeth digeftion. The brier-ball is of-
ten ufed, being made into fKiwder and drunk, to break the ftone, provoke urine when
it is flopped, and to eafe and help the cholic. In the middle of thefe balls are often
found certain white worms, which, being dried, and made into powder, and fome of
it drunk, is found, by experience of many, to kill and void the worms of the belly.

ROSA SOLIS, OR SUN-DEW.

Description. It hath divers fmall round hollow leaves fomewhat greenifli, but
full of certain red hairs, which makes them feem red, every one ftanding upon his
own footftalks, reddilh hairy likewife. The leaves are continually moift in thehot-
tefl: day, for the hotter the fun {liines on them the moifter they are, with a certain
flimincfs, the fmall hairs always holding this moifture. Among thefe leaves rife up
fmall (lender ftalks, reddifh alfo, three or four fingers high, bearing divers fmall
white knobs one above another, which are the flowers j after which, in the heads,
are contained fmall feeds : the root is a few fmall hairs.

Place. It groweth ufually in bogs and in wet places, and fometimes in moift
woods ?.nd meadows.

Time. It flowereth in June, and then the leaves are fitteft to be gathered.

Government and Virtues. The Sun rules it, and it is under the fign Can-
cer. Rofa folis is accounted good to help thofe that have fait rheum diftilling oni
their lungs, which breedeth a confumption, and therefore the diftilled water thereof
in wine is held fit and profitable for fuch to drink, which water will be of a gold
yellow colour : the fame water is held to be good for all other difeafes of the lungs -,
as phthifics, wheefing, fliortnefs of breath, or the cough i as alfo to heal the ulcers

that

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. jzj

that happen in the lungs, and it comforteth the heart and fainting fpirits ; the leaves
outwardly applied to the fkin will raife blKlers, which hath caufed fome to think it
dangerous to be taken inwardly. There is a ufual drink made hereof, with aqua
vita; and fpices, frequently, and without any offence or danger, but to good pur-
pofe, ufed in qualms and paflions of the heart.

ROSEMARY.

OUR garden rofemary is fo well known, that I need not defcribe it.

Time. It flowereth in April and May with us, and fometimes again in Auguft.

GovERNMENi AND ViRTUEs. The Sun claims privilege in it, and itisunder the
cceleftial Ram. It is an herb of as great ufe with us as any whatfoever, not only for
phyfical, but civil, purpofes. Thephyfical ufe of it (being my prefent tafk) is very
much both for inward and out-ward difeafes ; for, by the warming and comforting
heat hereof, it helpeth all cold difeafes, both of the head, ftomach, liver, and belly.
The dccoftion thereof in wine helpeth the cold diftillations of rheum into the eyes,
and all other cold difeafes of the head and brain, as the giddinefs or fwimming there-
in, drowfinefs, or dulnefs of the mind and fenfes, the dumb palfy, or lofs of fpeech,
the lethargy, and falling^ficknefs, to be both drunk an i the temples bathed there-
with. It helpeth the pains in the.gums and teeth, by rheum falling into them, or, by
putrefaction, caufing an evil fmell from them, or a ftinking breath. It helpeth a
weak memory and quickeneth the fenfes. It is very comfortable to the ftomach iu
all the cold griefs thereof, helping digcftion, the decoiflion or powder being taken in
wine. It is a remedy for wind in the ftomach or bowels, and expelleth it powerful-
ly, as alfo wind in the fpleen. It helpeth thole that are liver-grown, by opening the
obftruiftions thereof. It helpeth dim eyes, and procureth a clear fight, the flowers
thereof being taken, all the while it is flowering, every morning faftiiig, with bread
and fait. Both Diofcoridesand Galen fay, that, if a decodlion be made thereof with
water, and they that have the yellow jaundice do exercife their bodies prefently after
the taking thereof, it will certainly cure them. The flowers and the conferve made
of them, are good to comfort the heart, and to expel the contagion of the peftilence ;
to burn the herb in houfes and chambers, corredeth the air in them. The dried
leaves, fmoked, help thofe that have a cough, phthific, or confumption, by warming
and drying the thin diftillations which caufe thofe difeafes. The leaves are much
ufed in bathings, and, made into ointments or oils, are good to help cold benumbed
joints, finews, or members. The chymical oil, drawn from the leaves and fio.vers,
ii a fovercign help for all difeafes aforefaid, touching the temples and noftrils with

No. 22. 4P two

324 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

two ov three drops, for all the dileafes of the head and brain fpoken of before ; as
alfo to take a drop, two, or three, as thecaufe requireth, for the inward griefs : yet
mud it be done with difcretion, fcr it is very quick and piercing, and therefore but
a very little muft be taken at a time. There is alfo another oil made in this manner:
take what quantity you will of the flowers, and put them into a ftrong glafs clofe
flopped, tie a fine linen cloth over the moiuh, and turn the mouth down into another
flrong glafs, which being fet in the fun, an Oil will diftil down into the lower glafs,
to be prefer ved as precious for divers uies, both iinvard and outward, as a fovereign
balm to heal the difeafes before- mentioned, to clear a dim fight, and to take away
fpots, marks, and fears, in the {km. This herb is good for a dull and melancholy
man to make ufe of j for, if they take the flowers, and make them into powder, and
bind them qn the right arm in a linen cloth, this powder, by working on the veins,
will make a man more merry than ordinary.

RHUBARB, OR RHAPONTIC.

THOUGH the name may fpeak it foreign, yet it grows with us in England,
and that frequently enough, in our gardens ; and is nothing uiferior to that which
is brought us out of China ; take therefore a defcription at large of it as followeth.

Description. At the firft appearing out of the ground, when the winter is paft,
it hath a great round brownifh head, rifing from the middle or fides of the root, which
openeth itfelf into fundry leaves one after another, very much crumpled or folded
together at the firfl-, and brownifli ; but afterwards it fpreadeth itfelf, and becometh
fmooth, very large, and almofi; round, every one ftandnig on a brownlfli flalk, of
the thicknefs of a man's thumb when they are grown to their fulnefs, and moft of
them two feet and more in length, efpecially v.'hen they grow in any moht or good
ground ; auii the ftalk of the leaf alfo, from the bottom thereof to the leaf itfelf, is
about two feet ; the breadth thereof from edge to edge, in the broadeft place, is alfo
two feet ; of a fad or dark green colour, of a fine tart or fourifh tafte, much more
pleafant than the garden or wood forrel. From amongft thefe rifethup fometimes, but
not every year, a ftrong thick flalk, not growing fo high as the patience, or garden-
dock, with fuch round leaves as grow below, but fmaller at every joint up to the
top, and amongft the flowers, v.'hich are white, fpreading forth into many branches,
and confifting of five or fix fmall white leaves each, after which come brownifh three-
fquare feed, like unto other docks, but larger. The roQtgroweth in time to be very
great, with divers large fpreading branches from it, of a dark-brownifti or reddifh
colour on the outfide, with a pale yellow flcin under it, which covereth the inner

4 fubftance

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 325

fuiiftance or root ; which rind and Ikin being pared away, the root appeareth of Co
frefh and lively a colour, with frefli-coloured veins running through it, that the
choiceft of tl'.at rhubarb that is brought us from beyond the feas cannot excel it:
which root, if it be dried carefully, and as it ought, (which mufl: be in our country
by the gentle heat of a fire, in regard the fun is not hot enough here to ilo it,) and
every piece kept from touching one anotl'.er, will hold its colour almoft as well as
when it is freHi ; and hath been approved of, and commended, by thofe who have
oftentimes ufcd it.

Place. It groweih in gardens, and flowereth about the beginning or middle of
June, and the feed is ripe in July.

Time. The roots that are to be dried and kept all the year following, are not to
be taken up before the ftalk and leaves be quite withered and gone, and that is not
until the middle or end of Oftober j an J, if they be taken a little before the leaves
do fpring, or when they are fprung up, the roots will not have fo good a colour in
them.

GARDEN PATIENCE, or MONK's RHUBARB.

Descru'tiom, this is a dock, bearing the name of rhubarb for fome pur-
ging quality therein, and groweth up with large tall rtalks, fet with fomewhat broad
and long f;iir-green leaves, Jiot dented. The tops of the flalks, being divided into
many fmall branches, bear reddifh or piirplifh "flowers, and three-fquare feed, like
unto other docks. The root is long, great, and yellow, like unto thg, wild docks,
but a little redder, and, if it be a little dried, fheweth lefs difcoloured veins than the
next doth when it is dry.

GREAT ROUND-LEAVED DOCK, or BASTARD-RHUBARB.

Description. THIS hath divers large, round, thin, ycllowifli-green, leaves,
rlfing from the roo% a little waved above the edges, every one (landing on a thick
and long brownifli foot'lnlk ; from among which rifeth up a pretty big ftalk, about
two feet high, with fome fuch-like leaves growing thereon, but fmaller ; at the top
whereof ftand, in a long fpike, many fmall brownifh flowers, which turn into hard
three-fquare flnining brown feed, like the garden patience before defcribed. This
root grows larg£r, with many branches of great fibres, yellow on the outfide, and
fomewhat pale yellow witliin, with fome difcoloured veins, like the rhubarb fiift de-
fcribed, but much Icfs, efpecially wh;.n it is dry.

P^ACS

326 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.

Place and Time. Thefe alfo grow in gardens j they flower in June, and the
feed is ripe in July.

Government and Virtues. Mars claims predominancy over all the whole-
fome herbs : a drachm of the dried root of monk's rhubarb, with a fcruple of ginger,
made into powder and taken fafting in a draught or mefs of warm broth, purgeth
choler and phlegm downwards, very gently and fafely, without danger : the feed
thereof, contrarily, doth bind the belly, and helpeth to flay any fort of laflc or
bloody flux. The difl:ilied water thereof is very profitably ufed to heal fcabs, as
alfo foul ulcerous fores, and to allay the inflammation of them. The juice of the
leaves or roots, or the deco(5iion of them in vinegar, is ufed as a moft effciStual re-
ir.edy to heal fcabs and running fores.

The baftard-rhubarb hath all the properties of the monks rhubarb, but is more
effedual for both inward and outward difeafcs. The decodtion thereof, with vine-
gar, dropped into the ears, taketh away the pains ; gargled in the mouth, taketh
away the tcoth-ach; and, being drunk, cureth the jaundice. The feed thereof
eaL-th the gnawing and griping pains of the ftomach, and taketh away loathing.
The root thereof helpeth the ruggednefs of the nails, and, being boiled in wine,
helpeth the fwelling of the throat, commonly called the king's evil, as alfo the fwel-
Yinos of the kernels of the ears. It helpeth them that are troubled with the ftone,
provtjketh urine, and helpeth the dimnefs of the fi.ght. The roots of this baftard
rhubarb are ufed in opening and purging diet- drinks with other things to open the
liver, and tocleanfeand cool the blood.

The properties of that which is called the Englifh rhubarb are the fame with the
former, but much more effecftual, and hath all the properties of the true Indian rhu-
barb, e.Kcept the force in purging, wherein it is but of half the ftrength thereof, and
therefore a double quantity mull be ufed : it likewife hath not that bitternefs and
aftriftion ; in other things it worketh almolt in an equal quality, which are thefe ; it
purgeth the body of choler and phlegm, being either taken of itfelf, made into pow-
der and drunk in a draught of white wine, or fteeped therein all night, and taken
fafting, or put among other purges, as fhall be thought convenient, cleanfing the
ftomach, liver, and blood, opening obftruftions, and helping thofe griefs that come
th'Ti-of; as the jaundice, dropfy, fwelling of the fpleen, tertian and day agues, and
pricking pains in the fides j and it alfo ftayeth fpitting of blood. The powder taken
withcaffia diflblved, and a little Venice turpentine, cleanfeth the reins, and ftrength-
eneth them, and is very efi^edlual to ftay the running of the reins. It is alfo given for
the pains and fwellings in the head, for thofe that arc troubled with melancholy, and

helpeth-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL, 327

helpeth the gout and cramp. The powder of rhubarb, taken with a little muni-
mia and madder- roots, in fome red wine, diflblveth clotted blood in the body, hap-
pening by any fall or bruife, and healeth burftings and broken parts as well inward
as outward; the oil, likewlfe, wherein it hath been boiled, worketh the like efFed'ts^
it is u,fed to heal thofe ulcers that happen in the eyes and eye-lids, being fteeped and
ftrained ; as alfo to afTuage fwellings and inflammations j and, applied with honey,
or boiled in wine, it taketh away all black and blue fpotsor marks. Whey or white
wine are the beft liquors to fteep it in, and thereby it worketh more eflciftuallx in
opening oBftrudions, and purging the ftomach and liver.

MEADOW RUE.

Description. MEADOW RUE rifeth up with a yellow (Iringy root, much
fpreading in the ground, and (hooting forth new fprouts round about, with many
herby green ftalks, two feet high, creftcd, fet with joints here and there, and many
large leaves on them below, being divided into fraaller leaves, nicked or dented in
the fore part, of a fad green colour on the upper fide, and pale green underneath.
Towards the top of the ftalk there fliooterh forth divers fhort branches, on every one
whereof there Itand two, three, or four, fmall round heads or buttons, which break-
ing, the fkin that inclofeth them fhows forth a tuft of pale greenifh -yellow threads;
which falling away, there come in their places fmall three-cornered cods, wherein is
contained fmall, long, and round, feed. The plant hath a ftrong unpleafant fmell.

Place. It groweth in many places in England, in the borders of moift meadows,
and by ditch fides.

Time. It flowereth about July, or the beginning of Auguft.

Government and Virtues. Diofcorides faith, that this herb, bruifed and an-
plied, perfectly healeth old fores : and the difiilled water of the herb and flowers
doth the like. It is ufed by fome, among other pot-herbs, to open the body ; but
the roots waflied clean, boiled in ale, and drunk, are more opening than the leaves.
The root, boiled in water, and the places of the body moft troubled with vermin
or lice waflied therewith, while it is warm, deftroyeth them utterly. In Italy it is
ufed againft the plague, and in Saxony againft the jaundice. Pliny writeth, *that
there is fuch friend/hip between it and the fig-tree, that it profpercth no where fo
well as under that tree, and delighteth to grow in funny places. It is an enemy to
the toad, as being a great enemy to poifon. The ancient aftrologcrs declare thi^
herb hath a property of making a man chafl:ej but a woman it fills with lull:.

^^0. 22. 4Q_ GARDEN"

52^ CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

GARDEN RUE.

GARDEN RUE is Co wel! known, both by this name and the name Herb of
Grace, t'=.at 1 rtiall not write any defcription of it, but (hall only fliew the virtues of
it as folio weth :

Government and ViaxuEs. It is an herb of the Sun, and under Leo. It pro-
voketh urine, being taken either in meat or drink. The feed thereof, taken in wine,
is an antidote acainfl: all dann;erous medicines or deadly poifons. The leaves taken
either by thenifelves, or with figs and walnuts, is called Mithridates'scounter-poifoii
Rgainft the plague, and caufeth all venomous things to become harmlefs. Being of-
ten taken in meat or drink, it abateth venery, and deftroyeth the"ability to beget
children. A decoifbion made thereof, with fome dried dill leaves and flowers, eafeth
all pains, inwardly drunk, and outwardly applied warm to the place grieved. The
fame, being drunk, helpeth the pains both of the cheft and fides, as alfo coughs and
hardr.efs of breathing, the inflammation of the lungs, and the tormenting pains of
the fciatica and of the joints, being anointed or laid to the places, as alfo the fhaking
fits of agues by taking a draught before the fit. Being boiled or infufed in oil, it is
good to help the wind cholic ; it kiUeth and driveth forth the worms of the belly,
if it be drunk after it is boiled in wine to the half with a little honey. It helpeth
the gout or pains in the joints of hands, feet, or knees, applied thereunto : and with
iigs it helpeth the dropfy, being bathed therewith ; being bruifed, and put into the
noftrils, it ftayeth the bleeding thereof. It taketh away wheals and pimples, if, being
bruifed with a few myrtle leaves, it be made up with wax and applied. It cureth
the morphew, and taketh away all forts of warts, if boiled in wine with fome pep-
per and nitre, and the places rubbed therewith ; and, with alum and honey, helpeth
the dry fcab, or any tetter or ring-worm. The juice thereof, warmed in a pome-
granate fhell or rind, and dropped into the ears, helpeth the pains of them. The
juice of it and fennel, with a little honey, and the gall of a cock put thereto, help-
eth the dimnefs of the eye-fight. An ointment made of the juice thereof, with oil
of rofes, cerufs, and a little vinegar, cureth St. Anthony's fire, and all foul running
fores in the head ; and the (linking ulcers of other parts. The antidote ufed by
Mithridates every morning fading to fecure himfelf from any poifon or infedion
was this : Take twenty leaves beaten together into a mafs with twenty juniper ber-
ries, which is the quantity appointed for every day. Another eleduary is made
thus : Take of nitre, pepper, and cummin feed, of each equal parts j of the leaves of
rue, clean picked, as much in weight as all the other three ; beat them well tocre-
ther, and put to it as much honey as will make it into an eleduary j (but you muft

firft

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 31^

fiiH deep your cummin-reed in vinegar twenty-four hours, and then dry it, or rather
toafl: it in a hot firc-fliovel, or in an oven ;) and it is a remedy for the pains of
griefs of the cheft or ftomach, of the fpleen, belly, or ri.'es ; of the liver, by ob-
{Iru^ions i of the reins and bladder, by the flopping of urine.

R U P T U R E - W O R T.

Description. THIS fpreadeth very many fmall branches round about upon
the ground, about a fpan long, divided into many pnrts, full of fmall joints fet very
thick together, whereat come forth two very fmal! leaves of a ycllowifli green colour,
branches and all, where groweth forth alfo a number of exceeding fm ill ye!lowi{h
flowers, fcarce to be difcerned from the ftalks and leaves, which turn into feeds as
fmall as the very dud. The root is very -long an:^ fnKill, thrufting down deep into
the ground. This hath no fmell nor tafte at firft, but afterwards h:'.th a httleaftrin-
geut tafte, without any manifeft heat, yet a ll:tle bitter and Iharp.

Place. It groweth in dry, fandy, rocky, places.

Time. It is frefh and green all the fummer.

Government and Virtues. This herb is under the dominion of Saturn. Rup-
ture-wort hath not its name in vain, for it is found by experience to cure the rup-
ture, not only in children, but alfo in grown pcrfons, if thedifeafe be not too invete-
rate, by taking a drachm of the powder of the dried herb every day in wine, or the
decoftion made in wine and drunk, or the juice or diftilled water of the green herb
taken in the fame manner ; and helpeth all other fluxes either in men or women ;
vomitings alfo, and the gonorrhea, or running of the reins, being taken any of the
ways aforefaid. It doth alfo moft afluredly help thofe that have the ftranguary, or
are troubled with the ftone or gravel. The fame alfo much helpeth all ftitches in
the fide, all griping pains in the ftomach or belly, the obltruiftlons of the liver, and
cureth the yellow jaundice likewife. It killeth alfo the worms in children ; being
outwardly applied, it heals v/ounds, and helps defluxions of rheum from the head
to the eyes, nofe, and teeth, being bruifed green and bound thereto. It alfo drietfi
up the moifture of fiftulous ulcers, or any other that are foul and fpreading.

RUSHES.

ALTHOUGH there are many kinds of ruflies, yet I fhall confine myfelf to
thofe which are beft known, and moft medicinal, as the bull-ruflies, and other of
the foft and fmooth kinds -, which grow fo commonly in almoft every place in Great

Britnin,

J30 C U L P E P E R's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Britain, and are fo generally noted, that it is needlefs to write any defcription of
them. Briefly then take the virtues of fhem, as followeth :

Government and Virtues. The feeds of thefe foft ruflies, fay Diofcorides
and Galen, toafted, and drunk in wine and water, ftay the lafk and the courfes,
when they come down too abundantly j but it caufeth head-ach. It likewife pro-
voketh fleep, but muft be given with caution. Pliny faith, the root, boiled in wa-
ter to the confumption of one third, helpeth the cough.

RYE.

Government anD Virtues. RYE is more digefting than wheat. The bread
and the leaven thereof ripeneth and breaketh impofthumes, biles, and other Avel-
lings : the meal of rye, put between a double cloth, moiftened with a little vinegar,
and heated in a pewter difh, and bound faft to the head while it is hot, doth much
eafe the continual pains of the head. Mathiolus faith, that the afhes ofrye-ftraw,
put into water, and fufFered therein a day and a night, will heal the chops of the
hands or feet.

RICE.

Description. THIS grain, or corn, rifethup witha ftronger ftalkthan wheat,
about a yard high, with fundry joints, and a large thick leaf at each of them, like
the reed ; at the top it beareth a fpiked tuft fpread into branches, whofe blooming
is faid to be purplilh, with the feed {landing feverally on them inclofed in a hard
brown ftraked hufk, and an arm at the head of every one of them ; vv-hich, being
hulled, is very white, of the bignefs almofl of wheat-corns blunt at both ends.

Names. Rice is called in Latin orizd, and the Italians call it rtzo, the French m.

Place and Time. This grain originally was brought out of the Eaft Indies
■where in many places it yieldeth two crops in a year, being the chiefeft corn they
live upon, and not with them only, but through all Ethiopia and Africa j and
thence hath been brought into Syria, Egypt, Italy, &c. It delighteth to grow in
moid; grounds, and is ripe about the middle of autumn.

Government and Virtues. It is a folar grain. The phyfical ufe thereof is
chiefly to ftay the !a(ks and fluxes of the ftomach and belly, efpccially if it be a little
parched before it be ufed, and fteel quenched in the milk wherein it is boiled, beino-
fomewhat binding and drying; it is thought alfo to increafe feed, being boiled in
milk, and fome fugar and cinnamon put thereto j the flower of rice is of the fame

5 property

AND COMPLETE rfERBAL. 331

property, and is fometimes alfo put into cataplafms that are applied to repel hu-
mours from flowing or falling to the place, and is alfo conveniently applied to wo-
men's breafts, to ftay inflammations therein.

SWEET OR AROMATICAL REED.

Kinds akd Names. THERE is one fort called calamus aromalicus MathUii,
Mathiolus's aromatical reed ; a fecond called calamus aromalicus Syriacus vel Arabi-
cus /iifpofitivus, the fuppofed Syrian or Arabian aromatical reed ; and the third,
the true acorus of Diofcorides, or fweet-fmclling reed, called in flaops calamus arO'
rnaticus, and likewife accrus verus, five calamus off.cmarum.

Description, i. Mathiolus's aromatical reed. This groweth with an upright
tall ftalk, fet full of joints at certain fpaces up to the top, (not hollow, but fluffed
full of a white fpongeous pith, of a gummy tafte, fomewhat bitter, and of the big-
nefs of a man's finger,) and at every one of them a long narrow leaf, of a dark-green
colour, fmelling very fweet, differing therein from all other kinds of reeds ; on the
tops whereof groweth a bufhy or feather-like panicle, refcmbling thofe of the com-
mon reed. The root is knobby, with divers heads thereat, whereby it increafeth
and fhooteth forth new heads of leaves, fmelling alfo very fweet, having a little
binding tafte, and fharp withal.

2. The fuppofed Syrian or Arabian aromatical reed rifeth up from a thick root
three or four inches long, big at the head, and fmall at the bottom, with one ftalk,
fometimes more, two cubits high, being ftraight, round, fmooth, and eafy to
break into fplinters ; full of joints, and about a finger's thicknefs, hollow and fpungy
within, of a whitifh yellow colour j the ftalk is divided into other branches, and they
again into other fmaller ones, two ufually fet together at a joint, with two leaves un-
der them' likewife, very like unto the leaves of lyfimachia, the willow-herb, or loofe-
ftrife, but lefs, being an inch and an half long j compafling the ftalk at the bottom,
withfundry veins running all the length of them j from the joints rife long ftalks,
bcaiing fundry fmall yellow flowers, made of leaves like alfo unto lyfimachia, with
a fmall pointel in the middle, after which follow fmall blackifh long heads or feed-
veftels, pointed at the end, and having in them fmall blackifh feed : the ftalk hath
little or no fcent, yet not unpleafant, as Alpinus faith, being bitter, with a little acri-
mony therein ; but Bauhinus faith, it is of an aromatical tafte, and very bitter.

3.Thefweet-fmel!ingreed, ox calamus cfficinarum, or acorus 'jerus, hath many flags,
Jong and narrow frefh green leaves, two feet long, or more ; yet oftentimes fome-
what brownifh at the bottom, the one rifing or growing out of the fide of the other.

No. 22. 4 R in

«j2 CULPEPER's ENGLISri PHYSICIAN,
in the fame manner that other flags or flower-de-luces grow, which are thin on both
fides, and rigid or thickcft in the middle ; the longeft, for the moft part, ftanding
in the midft, and fomc of them as it were curled or plaited towards the ends or tops
of them; fmelling very fwect, as well when they are green and frefh as when they
are dried and kept a long time ; which do fo abide in a garden a long time, as
though it never did nor never would bear flower ; the leaves every year drying down
to the ground, and fhooting out frefli every fpring ; but, after three or four years
abiding in a place, it fliooteth forth a narrow long leaf by itfelf, flat like unto the
other leaves, efpecialiy from the middle upwards j but from the bottom to the mid-
dle it is flat, at which place conieth forth one long round head, very feldom two,
in form and biguefs like unto the catkin or aglet of the hafel-nut tree, growing up-
right, and of the length and thicknefs of one's finger, or rather bigger ; fet with
feveral fmall lines or divifions, like unto a green pine-apple; of a purplifli green
colour for the moft: part; out of which bunches flioot forth fmall pale whitilh flowers,
confifting of four fmall leaves a-piece, without fo good a fcent as the leaves, falling
quickly away, and not yielding any feed. The root is thick and long, lying under
the furfaceof the ground, fliooting forward, and with fmall roots or fuckers on all
fides, like unto the garden valerian, whitifla on the outfide, or greenifli if it lie
above the ground, and more pale or whitifh on the infide, with many joints there-
abouts, and whereat it hath or doth flioot forth long thick fibres underneath, where-
by it taketh ftrong hold in the ground.

Place and Time. The firft is faid by Mathiolus, and others, to grow in India,
Syria, and Juda;a ; the dry fl:alks of the fecond are faid to grow at the foot of Mount
Libanus, in Syria, not far from Tripoli, in the wet grounds there ; the third in
fundry moifl: places in Egypt, and by the lake Gennefareth in Judaea, and in divers
places of Syria and Arabia.

The other calamus of the /hops, or true acorus, groweth in many places of Tur-
key In moifl: grounds, whence the largefl: roots, the firmeft, whiteft, and fweetefl,
are brought unto us ; it groweth alfo in Ruflla and thereabouts, in great plenty.
It is fometimes found in moifl: grounds in Yorkfliire, and the northern parts of
England.

Government and Virtues. Thefe reeds are under the dominion of Venus, of
a temperate quality. The calamus of Diofcorides, he faith, hath thefe properties: it
provoketh urine, and, boiled with grafs-roots and fmallage, It helpeth thofe that
have the dropfy ; it fortlfieth the reins, and is good againft the ftranguary, and is
alfo profitable for thofe that have the rupture ; the fumes of it, taken through a to-
bacco-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. ^-j

bacco-pipe, either by itfelf or with fome dried turpentine, cure a cough ; ft is nut
into baths for women to fit in ; alfo in ciyfters to cafe pains.

It is ufed in mollifying oils and plaiftcrs, that ferve to ripen hard impofthumes, as
alfo for the fweet fcent thereof. Galen faith, it being of a temperature moderate, be-
tween heat and cold, and fomewhat aflringent, and having a very little acrimony, it
is profitably ufed among other things that help the liver and ftomach, doth provoke
urine, is ufed with other things in fomentations for inflammations, and gently to
move the courfes. Diofcorides faith, that the fweet flag is good to provoke urine,
if the decodlion thereof be drunk. It helpeth to eafe pains in the fides, liver, and
breaft, as alfo to eafe the griping pains of the cholic and cramp, and is good againfl:
ruptures; it waftes thcfpleen, helps the ftranguary, and bitings of venomous crea-
tures. It is alfo good in baths for women to fit in, for diftempers of the womb.
The juice dr6pped into the eyes, drieth rheums therein, and cleareth the fight, tak-
ing away all films that may hurt them.

The root is of much ufe in all antidotes againfl: poifon or Infedlion ; it is a good
remedy againfl a ftinking breath, to take the root fafting every morning for fome
time together. The hot fumes of the decodion made in water, and taken in at the
mouth through a funnel, are good to help thofe that are troubled with a cough. A
drachm of the powder of the roots, with as much cinnamon, taken in a draught of
wormwood wine, is good to comfort and ftrengthen a cold weak flomach: the de-
co(5lion thereof is good againfl: convulfions or cramps, and for falls and inward
bruifes. An oxymel or fyrup made hereof in this manner is efi'edual for all cold
fpleens and livers: Take of the roots of acorns, one pound ; wafli and pick them
clean, then bruife them, and fteep them for three days in vinegar, after which time
let them be boiled together to the confumptlon of the one half of the vinegar, which
being ftrained, fet to the fire again, putting thereto as much honey as is fufficient to
make it into a fyrup ; an ounce of this fyrup in the morning, in a fmall draught of
the decodlion of the fame roots, is fuflicient for a dofe ; the whole roots, prefervcd
either in honey or fugar, are efFedual for the fame purpofes ; but the green roots^
preferved, are better than the dried roots, which are firft ftecped and then prefer ved.
It likewife mollifieth hard tumours in any part of the body.

SAFFRON.

THE herb needs no defcription, it being known generally where it grows.
Place. It grows frequently at Walden in Eflex, and in Cambridgelhire.
Government and Virtues. It is an herb of the Sun, and under the Lion, and
therefore ftrengthens the heart exceedingly. Let not above ten grains be given at

one

22^ CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

one time, for, being taken in an immoderate quantity, it may hurt the heart inftead
of helping it. It quickeneth the brain, for the fun is exalted in Aries, as well as he
hath his houfe in Leo j it helpeth the confumption of the lungs and difficulty of
breathing: it is an excellent thing in epidemical difeafes, as peftilence, fmallpox,
ar.d meafles. It is a notable expulfive medicine, and remedy for the yellow jaun-
dice. My own opinion is, that hermodaftils are nothing elfe but the roots of faffroa
dried ; and my reafon is, that the roots of all crocus, both white and yellow, purge
phlegm as hermodadtils do ; and, if you dry the roots of any crocus, neither your
eyes nor your tafte fhall diftinguifh them from hermodadils.

SAGE*.

OUR ordinary garden fage is fo well known by every inhabitant of this king-
dom, that it needeth no defcription.

Time. It flowereth in or about June, July, and Auguft.

Government and Virtues. Jupiter claims this, and it is good for the liver,
and to breed good blood. A dccodion of the leaves and branches of fage, faith
Diofcorides, provoketh urine, bringeth down women's courfes, helpeth to expel the
dead child, and caufeth the hair to become black ; it ftayeth the bleeding of wounds,
and cleanfeth foul ulcers or fores. Orpheus faith, three fpoonfuls of the juice of
fage taken fading, with a little honey, doth prefently ftay the fpitting orcafting up
of blood. For them that are in a confumption thefe pills are much commended : Take
of fpikenard and ginger each two drachms ; of the feed of fage, toafted at the fire,
fic^ht drachms j of long pspper twelve drachms ; all thefe being brought into fine
powder, put thereto fo much juice of fage as may make them into a mafs for pills,
taking a drachm of them every morning fading, and fo likewife at night, drinkincr
a little pure water after them. Mathiolus faith, it is very profitable for all manner of
pains of the head, coming of cold and rheumatic humours, as alfo for pains of the
joints, whether inward or outward, and therefore helpeth the falling-ficknefs, the
lethargy, fuch as are dull and heavy of fpirit, the palfy, and is ofmuchufe in all de-
fluxions of rheum from the head, and for the difeafes of the cheft or breaft. The
leaves of fage and nettles, bruifed together, and laid upon the impofthumethat rifeth
tehind the ears, do aflunge it much. The juice of fage, taken in warm water,
helpeth a hoarfenefs and cough. The leaves fodden in wine, and laid upon the place
affefted with the palfy, helpeth much, if the decoiftion be drunk alfo. Sage taken

* The occult virtues of fafFron and fage are admirably combined in the SOLAR TINC-
TURE, with all folar herbs, antifcorbutics, purifiers of the blood, &.'c, &c. whence it is, in all
fcrophulous complaints, an ablblute fpecific.

S with

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. jj^.

with wormwood is good for the bloody flux : Pliny faith, it hclpeth the flinging and
biting of fcrpents, killeth worms that breed in the cars and in fores. Sage is of ex-
cellent ufe to help the memory, warming and quickening the fenfes ; and the con-
ferve made of the flowers is ufed to the fame purpofe, and alfo for all the former
recited difeafes. The juice of fage drunk with vinegar hath been of good ufe
againft the plague at all times. Gargles are likewife made with fage, rofe.mary,
honey-fuckles, and plantane, boiled in wine or water, with fome honey or alum
put thereto, to wa(h fore mouths and throats. With other hot and comfortable
herbs, fage is boiled to bathe the body and legs in the fummer-time, efpecially to
warm cold joints or finews troubled with the palfy or cramp, and to comfort or
ftrengthen the parts. It is much commended againft the ftitch or pains in the fide
coming of wind, if the place be fomented warm with the decoftion thereof in
wine, and the herb alfo, after the boiling, be laid warm thereto.

W O O D - S A G E.

Description. WOOD-SAGE rifeth up with fquare hoary ftalks two feet
high at the leaft, with two leaves at every joint, fomewhat like other fage leaves,
but fmaller, fofter, whiter, and rounder, and a little dented about the edges, and
fmelling fomewhat (Ironger j at the {tops of the ftalks and branches ftand the flow-
ers on a flender long fpike, turning themfelves all one way when they blow, and
are of a pale and whitifh colour, fmaller than fage, but hooded and gaping like it ;
the feed is blackifh and round, four ufually {een in a hufk together j the root is
long and ftringy, with divers fibres thereat ; and it abideth many years.

Place. It grow-eth in woods, and by wood-fides, as alfo in divers fields and by-
lanes in Great Britain.

Time. It flowereth in June, July, and Auguft.

Government and Virtues. The herb is under Venus. The decocT:ion of
wood-fage provoketh urine j it alfo provoketh fweat, digefteth humours, and dif-
cuffeth fwellings and nodes in the flefh. The decoftion of the green herb made with
wine is a fafe and fure remedy for thofe who by falls, bruifes, or blows, doubt fome
vein to be inwardly broken, to difperfe and void the congealed blood, and toconfo-
lidate the vein j it is alfo good for fuch as are inwardly or outwardly burften, the
drink ufed inwardly, and the herb applied outwardly ; the fame, ufed in the fame
manner, is found to be a fure remedy for the palfy. The juice of the herb, or the
powder thereof dried, is good for moift ulcers and fores in the legs or other parts,
to dry them, and caufeth them to heal more fpeedily. It alfo cureth green wounds.

No. 23. 4 S SOLOMON'S

22S CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

SOLOMON'S SEAL.

Description. THE common Solomon's feal rifeth up with a round ftulk
about half a yard high, bowing or bending down, fet with fingle leaves one above
another, fomewhat large, and like the leaves of the lily-convalley, or May-lily, with
Sin eye of bluifh upon the green, with fome rihs therein, and more yellowifh under-
neath. At the foot of every leaf, almoft from the bottom up to the top of the italic,,
come forth fmall, long, white, and hollow, pendulous flowers, fomewhat like the
flowers of May-lily, but ending in five long points, for the moft part two together
at the end of a long foot-flalk, and fometimes but one, and fometimes alfo two flalks
with flowers at the foot of a leaf, which are without any fcent at all, and (land all
on one fide of the ftalk. After they are paft, come in their places fmall round
berries, green at firfl:, and blackifh-green, tending to bluenefs, when they are ripe,
wherein lie fmall white hard and floney feed. The root is of the thicknefs of
one's finger or thumb, white and knobbed in fome places, with a flat circle repre-
fenting a feal, whence it took the name, lying along under the furface of the earth,
and not running very low, but with many fibres underneath.

Place. It is frequent in divers places of Kent, EfTex, and other counties.
Time. It flowereth about May, or the beginning of June ; and the root abideth
ani ftiooteth anew every year.

Government and Virtues. Saturn owns the plant. The root of Solomon's
feal is found by experience to be available in wounds, hurts, and outward fores, to
heal and clofe up the lips of thofe that are green, and to dry up and reftrain the flux
of humours to thofe that are cold : it is good to flay vomitings and bleedings where-
foever, as likewife all fluxes in man or woman ; alfo to knit any joint, which by
weaknefs ufeth to be often out of place, or will not flay in long when it is fet j alfo
to knit and join broken bones in any part of the body, the roots being bruifed and
applied to the place ; it hath been found by late experience, that the decodion of
the root in wine, or the bruifed root put into wine or other drink, and after a night's .
infufion ftrained off, and drunk, hath relieved both man and bead whofe bones
have been broken by any occafion, which is the mofl: aflured refuge of help to peo-
ple of all countries that they can have : it Is no lefs effetftual to help ruptures and
burftlngs, the decoftion In wine, and the powder in broth or drink, being inwardly
taken and outwardly applied to the place. The fame is alfo available for inward or
outward bruifes, falls, or blows, both to difpel the congealed blood, and to take
away the pains and the black-and-blue marks that abide after the hurt. The fame
alfo, or the diftilled water of the whole plant, ufed to the face or other parts of the

1 fkin.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 337

flim, cleanfeth it from morphew, freckles, fpots, or marks whatfoever, leaving the
place fredi, fair, and lovely, for which purpofe it is much ufcd by the Italian ladies,
and is the principal ingredient of moft of the cofmetics and beauty-wa(h advertifed
by perfumers at a high price.

SAMPHIRE.

Description. ROCK-SAMPHIRE groweth with a tender green flalk, about
half a yard or two feet at the mofl-, branching forth almoft from the very bottom,
and ftored with fundry thick, and almofl round, fomewhat long, leaves, of a deep-
green colour, fometimes three together, and fometimes more, on a ftalk, and are
fappy, and of a pleafant, hot, or fpicy, tafte. At the tops of the ftalk and branches
ftand umbels of white flowers, and after them come large feed bigger than fennel-
feed, yet fomewhat like. The root is great, white, and long, continuing many
years, and is of an hot fpicy tafte.

Place. It groweth on the rocks that arc often moiftened by the fea.

Time. It flowereth and fecdeth in the endof July and Auguft.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Jupiter, and was in former times
wont to be ufed more than it now is. It is a fafe herb, very pleafint both to the
tafte and ftomach, helping digeftion, and in fome fort opening theobftrudions of the
liver and fpleen, provoking urine, and helping thereby to wafh away the gravel and
ftone.

S A N I C L E.

Description. THE ordinary fanicle fendeth forth many great round leaves,
{landing upon long brownifti ftalks, every one cut or divided into five or fix parts,
and fome of thofc alfc cut in, fomewhat like the leaf of a crow-foot or dove's-foot,
finely dented about the edges, fmooth, and a dark-green ftiining colour, and fome-
times reddilTi about the brims, from among which rife up fmall round green ftalks,
, without any joint or leaf thereon, except at the top, where it branches forth into
flowers, having a leaf divided into three or four parts at that joint with the flowers,
which are fmall and white, ftarting out of fmall round greenifli yellow heads, many
ftanding together in a tuft j in which afterwards are the feeds contained, which are
fmall round rough burs, fomewhat like the feeds of clover, and ftick in the fime
manner upon any thing that they touch. The root is compofed of many black
firings of fibres fet together at a little long head, which abideth with the green leaves
all the winter.

Place. It is found in many fhady wooJs, and other places, in England.

Time, It flowereth in June, and the feed is ripe fhortly after.

Government

^-8 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

GovERNMtN'T AND ViRTUES. This IS one of Venus's herbs. It is exceeding
good to heal green wounds, or any ulcers, impofthumes, or bleedings inwardly. It
wonderfiilly helps thofe that have any tumours in any part of their bodies, for k re-
prefTeth and diffipateth the humours, if the decoiflion or juice thereof be taken, or
the powder in drink, and the juice ufed outwaj-dly ; for there is not found any herb
that can give fuch prefent help either to man or beaft when the difeafe falleth upon
the lungs or throat, and to heal up all the putrid malignant ulcers in the mouth,
throat, and privities, by gargling or wafhing with the decoftion of the leaves and
root made in water, and a little honey put thereto. It helpeth to ftay fluxes of
blood either by the mouth, urine, or ftool, and lafks of the belly, the ulce-ation of
the kidneys alfo, and the pains in the bowels, and the gonorrhea or running of the
reins, being boiled in wine or water, and drunk : the fame alfo is no lefs powerful
to help any ruptures or burftings, u^ed both inwardly and outwardly ; and it is ef-
fe»5tual in binding, reftraining, confolidating, heating, drying, and healing.

SARACENS CONSOUND, or SARACENS WOUND-WORT.

Description. THIS groweth very high, fometimes with brownifh ftalks,
and at other times with green and hollow, to a man's height, having many long and
narrow green leaves fnipped about the edges, fomewhat like thofe of the peach-tree,
or willow leaves, but not of fuch a white-green colour : the tops of the ftalks are
funiifhed with many pale yellow ftar-Iike flowers ftanding in green heads, which,
when they are fallen, and the feed ripe, (which is fomewhat long, fmall, and of a
yellowifh-brown colour, wrapped in down,) is therewith carried away by the wind.
The root is compofed of many ftrings or fibres, fet together at a head, which perifli
not in winter, though the ftalks dry away. The tafte of this herb is flrong and un-
pleafant, and fo is the fmell. Wonders are related of the virtues of this herb a^ainft
hurts and bruifes ; and it is a great ingredient in the Swifs arquebufade-water. It
is balfamic and diuretic ; and all its occult powers are judicioufly combined in Dr.
Sibly's Solar Tindlure : which Medicine no family fliould ever be without, parti-
cularly fuch as live remote from medical afliftance.

Place. It groweth in moift and wet grounds by the fide of woods, and fome-
times in moift places of the fhady groves, as alfo by the water-fide.

Time. It flowereth generally about the middle of July, and the feed is foon ripe,
and carried away by the wind.

Government and Virtues. Saturn owns this herb. Among the Germans,
this wound-herb is preferred before all others of the fame quality. Being boiled in

wine.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 339

wine, and drunk, it helpeth the indifpofition of the liver, and freeth the gall
from obftru(flions, whereby it is good for the yellow jaundice, and for the dropfy in
the beginning of it, for all inward ulcers of the reins, or elfewhere, and inward
wounds and bruifes ; and, being fteeped in wine and then diftilled, the water there-
of drunk is of fingular fervice to eafe all gnawings in the ftomach or other pains of
the body, as alfo the pains of the mother ; and being boiled in water, it helpeth
continual agues ; and this faid water, or the fimple water of the herb diftilled, or the
juice or the decoftion, are very effcdual to heal any green wound, old fore, or ul-
cer, cleanfing them from corruption, and quickly healing them up. It is no Icfs
eftedtual for the ulcers in the mouth or throat, be they never fo foul or {linking, by
wafhing and gargling them therewith. Briefly, whatfoever hath been faid of bugle
or fanicle may be found herein.

SAUCE-ALONE, or JACK-BY-THE-HEDGE.

Description. THE lower leaves of this are rounder than thofe that grow
towards the tops of the ftalks, and are fet fingly^ one at a joint, being fomewhat
round and broad, and pointed at the ends, dented alfo about the edges, fomewhat
refembling nettle leaves for the form, but of a more frefii green-colour, and not
rough or pricking : the flowers are very fmall, and white, growing at the tops of
the ftalks one above another ; which being paft, there follow fmall and long round
pods, wherein are contained fmall round feeds, fomewhat blackifli. The root is
ftringy and thready, perilhing every year after it hath given feed, and raifeth itfelf
again of its own fowing. The plant, or any part thereof, being bruifed, fmelleth
of garlic, but is much more pleafant, and tafteth fomewhat hot, fharp, and biting,
almoft like rocket.

Place. It groweth under walls, and by hedge-fides, and pathways in fields, in
many places.

Time. It flowereth in June, July, and Augufi-.

Government and ViRTUES. It is an herb of Mercury. This is eaten by many
country people as faucetotheir faltfifh, and helpeth to digeft the crudities and other
corrupt humours ingendered thereby; it warmeth the ftomach, and caufeth digef-
tion. The juice thereof, boiled with honey, is reckoned to be as good as hedge-muf-
tard for the cough, to cut and expedorate the tough phlegm. The feed, bruifed
and boiled in wine, is a good remedy for the wind cholic, or the ftone, being drunk
warm. The leaves alfo or feed boiled are good to be ufed in clyfters to eafe the pains
of the ftone. The green leaves are held to be good to heal ulcers in the legs.

No. 23. 4 T WINTER

340 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

WINTER AND SUMMER SAVORY.

BOTH thefe are fo well known, (being conftant inhabitants in our gardens,)
that they need no defcription.

Government and Virtues. Mercury claims the dominion over thisherb. It
is a remedy againfi: the cholic and iliac paflion : the fummer kind is the bed. They
are both of them hot and dry, efpecially the fummer kind, which is both /harp and
quick in tafte, expelling wind in the ftomach- and bowels, and is a prefent help for
the rifing of the mother procured by wind; provcketh urine, and is much commend-
ed for women with child to take inwardly, and to fmell often to. It cutteth tough
phlegm in the chefl: and lungs, and helpeth to expedorate it the more eafily : quick-
eneth the dull fpirits in the lethargy, the juice thereof being fnufFed or caft up into
the noftrils. The juice, dropped into the eyes, cleareth a dull fight, if it proceed of
thin cold humours diftilling from the brain. The juice heated with a little oil of
rofes, and dropped into the ears, eafeth them of the noife and finging in them, and
of deafnefs alfo. Outwardly applied, with flour, in manner of a poultice, it giveth
cafe to the fciatica, and members having the palfy, heating and warming them ; and
taketh away their pains. It alfo taketh away the pains that come of flinging by bees,
wafps, or any venomous reptile.

SAVIN.

TO defcribe a plant fo well known is needlefs, it being almoft in every garden,
and remaining green all the winter.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Mars, being hot and
dry in the third degree ; and, being of exceeding clean parts, is of a very digefting
quality : if you dry the herb into powder, and mix it with honey, it is an excellent
remedy to cleanfe old filthy ulcers, and fiftulas ; but it hinders them from healing.
The fame is good to break carbuncles and plague fores ; it alfo helpeth the king's
evil, being applied to the place : being fpread upon a piece of leather, and applied
to the navel, it kills the worms in the belly ; helps fcabs and the itch, running fores,
cankers, tetters, and ringworms » and, being applied to the place, may happily cure
venereal fores. This I thought proper to mention, as it may fafely be ufed out-
wardly ; but inwardly it cannot be taken without manifeft danger, particularly to
pregnant women, or thofe who are fubjed to flooding.

COMMON WHITE SAXIFRAGE.

Description. THIS hath a few fmall reddilh kernels, covered with fome /kins
lying among divers fmall blackilh fibres, which fend forth feveral round, faint,

or

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 341

or yellowifli-green, leaves, greyifh uiiderncathj lying above t!;e ground uneven]/
dented about the edges, and fomewhat hairy, green, ftalks, two or three feet high,
with a few fuch round leaves as grow below, but fmaller, and fomewhat branched at
the top, whereon ftand pretty large white flowers of five leaves each, with fomc yel-
low threads in the middle, {landing in a long-crefted brownifh-green hufk. After
the flowers are part, there arifeth fometimes a round hard head, forked at the top,
wherein is contained fmall blackifli feed ; but ufually they fall away without any
feed ; and it is the kernels or grains of the root which are ufually called the white
faxifrage feedj and fo ufed.

Place. It groweth in many parts of Great Britain ; in meadows and grafly fandy
places : it is ufed to grow near Lamb's Conduit, on the back- fide of Gray's Inn.

Time. It flowtieth in May, and is then gathered, as well for that which is called
the feed as to diftil ; for it quickly periflieth down to the ground in hot weather.

GovERNMENi AND ViRTUEs. It is vcry cff^ecftual to cleanfe the reins and bladder,
and to diflxjlve the ftone ingendered in them, and to expel it and the gravel by urine;
to provoke urine alfo, and to help the ftranguary ; for which purpofes the decoc-
tion of the herbs or roots in white wine, or the powder of the fmall kerneliy root,
which is called the feed, taken in white wine, or in the fame decocflion made with
white wine, is moft ufual. The diftilled water of the whole herb, roots, and flow-
ers, is moft commonly taken. It freeth and cleanfeth the ftomach and lungs from
thick and tough phlegm. There are not many better medicines to break the ftone
than this, or to cleanfe the urinary puiuge, and cure the gravel.

BURNET-SAXIFRAGE.

Description. THE greater fort of our Englifti burnet-faxifrage groweth up
with divers long ftalks of winged leaves, fet direflly oppofite one to another on both
iides, each being fomewhat broad, and a little pointed and dented about the edges,
of a fad green colour. At the tops of the ftalks ftand umbels of white flowers, after
which comes fmall and blackifli feed : the root is long and whitifti, abiding long.
Our lefler burnet-faxifrage hath much finer leaves than the former, and very fmall,
and fet one againft another, deeply jagged about the edges, and of the fame colour
as the former. The umbels of the flowers are white, and the feed very fmall j and
fo is the root, being alfo fomewhat hot to the taftc.

Place. Thefe grow in moft meadows in England, and are to be found concealed
in the grafs fcarcely to be difcerned.

Time. They flower about July, and the feed is ripe in Auguft.

Government

340 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Government and Virtues. Thefe herbs are both of the Moon. Thefe faxi-
fratres are as hot as pepper, and Tragus faith, by his experience, that they are more
wholefome. They have the fame properties that the parfleys have ;. but, in provok-
ing urine, and eafing the wind and cholic, are much more cffedual. The roots or
feed, being ufed either in powder, or in decodlon, or any other way, help to break
and void the ftone in the kidneys, to digeft cold, vifcous, and tough, phlegm in the
ftomach, and are a moft efpecial remedy againft all kind of venom. Caftoreum,
being boiled in the diftilled water hereof, is good to be given to thofe that are
troubled with cramps and convulfions. Some make the feed into comfit, (as they
do carraway feed,) which is efFedual to all the purpofes aforefaid. The juics^of the
herb, dropped into the moft grievous wounds of the head, drieth up their moifture
and healeth them quickly. Some women ufe the diftilled water, to take away fpots
or freckles in the face or any parts of the body j and to drink the fame, fweetened
with fugar, for all the purpofes aforefaid.

SCABIOUS.

Description. THE common field fcabious growethup with many hairy, foft,
whitifti-green, leaves, fome whereof are but very li ttle if at alljagged on the edges,
others very much rent and torn on the fides, and have threads in them, which, upon
the breaking, may be plainly feen ; from among which rife up divers hairy green
ftalks three or four feet high, with fuch like hairy green leaves on them, but more
deeply and finely divided, branched forth a little. At the tops, which are naked and
bare of leaves for a good fpace, ftand round heads of flowers, of a pale bluifii colour,
fet together in a head, the outermoft whereof are larger than the inward, with many
threads alfo in the middle, fomewhat flat at the top, as the head with feed is like*
wife. The root is great, white, and thick, growing down deep in the ground, and:
abideth many years.

There is another fort of field fcabious, different in nothing from the former, but
only that it is fmaller.

The corn fcabious difl^ereth little from the firft, but that it is greater, and the
flowers more declining to purple ; and the root creepeth under the furface of the
earth, and runneth not deep in the ground as the firft doth.

Place. The firft groweth moft ufually in meadows, efpecially about London
every where. The fecond in fome of the dry fields near London, but not fo plen-
tiful as the former. The third in the ftanding corn, or fallow fields, and the bor-
ders of fuch-like fields.

Time. They flower in June and July, and fome abide flowering until it be late
in Auguft, and the feed is ripe in the mean time.

I There

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. J43

There are many other forts of fcabious, but thofe here defcribcd are mofl fami-
liar with us : the virtues both of thcfe and the red being much alike, you will
take them as followeth.

Government and Virtues, Mercury own the plant. Scabious is very effec-
tual for all forts of coughs, (hortnefs of breath, and all of her difeafes of the bread:
and lungs, ripening and digefting cold phlegm and other tough humours, voiding
them by coughing and fpitting. It ripeneth alfo all forts of inward ulcers and im-
pofthumes, the pleurify alfo, if the decoftion of the herb, dry, or green, be made in
wine, and drunk for fome time together. Four ounces of the clarified juice of fca-
bious, taken in the morning fading, with a drachm of Mithridate or Venice treacle,
freeththe heart from any infedion of peftilence, if after the taking of it the party
perfpire two hours in bed. The green herb, bruifed, and applied to any carbuncle
or fore, is found, by certain experience, to diflblve or break it in three hours fpace.
The fame decoftion alfo, drunk, helpeth pains and ftitches in the fides. The decoc-
tion of the roots, taken for forty days together, or a drachm of the powder of them
taken at a time in whey, doth (as Mathiolus faith) wonderfully help thofe that are
troubled with running or fpreading fcabs, tetters, or ringworms, even tliough they
proceed of the venereal difcafe. The juice, or decoftion, drunk, hclpcth alfo fcabs
and breakings-out of itch and the like. The juice, made up into an ointrricnt, is
effedual for the fame purpofe. The fame alfo helpeth all inward wounds, by the
drying, cleanfing, and healing, quality therein. A fyrup made of the juice and fu-
gar is very effeftual to all the purpofes aforefaid, and fo is the diflilled water of the
herb and flowers made in due feafon j efpecially to be ufed when the green herb is
not in force to be taken. The decodion of the herb and roots, outwardly applied,
doth wonderfully help all forts of hard or cold fwellings in any part of the body, and
is as effedual for any fhrunk finew or vein. The juice of fcabious made up with
the powder of borax and camphire, cleanfeth the fkin of the face or other parts of
the body, not only from freckles and pimples, but alfo from morphew and leprofy.
The head being walhed with thelame decoftion, it cleanfeth it from dandriff, fcurf,
fores, itches, and the like, being ufed warm. Tents, dipped in the juice or water
thereof, not only heal green wounds, but old fores and ulcers alfo. The herb
bruifed, and applied, doth in lliort time loofen and draw forth any fplinter, broken
bone, arrow-head, or other thing lying in the flefh.

SCURVY-GRASS.

Description. OUR ordinary Englifh fcurvy grafs hath many thick leaves,

more long than broad, and fometimes longer and narrower -, fometimes fmooth on

No. aj. 4 U the

344 C U L P E P E R's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

the edges, and fometimes a little waved ; fometimes plain, fmocth, and pointed,
fumetimes a little hollow in the middle, and round-pointed, of a fad-green, and
fometimes a bluifh, colour, every one ftanding by itfelf upon a long foot-ftalk,
which is brownifli or greenifh alfo, from among which rife fmall flender fliaiks,
bearing a few leaves thereon like the other, but longer and lefs for the moft part ;
at the tops whereof grow many whitilh flowers with yellow threads in the middle,
ftandinf^ about a green head which becometh the feed-veflcl. The feed is reddiih,
tading fomewhat hot: the root is compofed of many whire ftrings, which ftick
deeply in the mud, wherein it chiefly delighteth ; yet it will grow in upland and
dry grounds ; and tafteth a little brackilh, or fait, even there, bat not fo much as
where it hath fait water to feed upon.

Place. It groweth all along the Thames fide, on the EfTex and Kentifli fliores,
from Woolwich round about the fea-coafts to Dover, Portfmouth, and even to
Briftol, where it is in plenty ; the other, with round leaves, groweth in the marflies
in Holland in Lincolnfliire, and other places of Lincolnfhire by the fea-fide.

2. Dutch fcurvy-grafs is moft known and frequent in gardens, and hath divers
frefh, green, and almoft round, leaves, rifing from the root not fo thick as the for-
mer, vet in fome rich ground very large, not dented about the edges, nor hollow in
the middle, every one ftanding on a long foot-ftalk ; from among thefe rife up
divers lono- flender weak ftalks, higher than the former, and with more white
flowers, which turn into fmallcr pods, and fmaller brownifli feed, than the former:
the root is white, fmall, and thready : the tafte of this is not fait at all, but hot, aro-
matical, and fplcy.

Time. It flowereth in April or May, and the feed is ripe foon after.

GovERNiMENT AND ViRTUES. It is an herb of Jupiter. The Englifli fcurvy-
grafs is more ufed for its fait tafte, which doth fomewhat open and cleanfe ; but the
Dutch fcurvy-grafs is of better efFeft, and chiefly ufed by thofe that have the fcurvy,
efpecially to purge and cleanfe the blood, the liver, and the fpleen, for all which
difeafes it is of Angular good efFed, by taking the juice in thefpring every morning
fafting in a cup of drink. The decodion is good for the fame purpofe, and the
herb, tunned up in new drink, either by itfelf, or with other things, openeth ob-
ftrudions, evacuateth cold, clammy, and phlegmatic, humours both from the liver
and fpleen, wafting and confuming both the fwelling and hardnefs thereof, and
thereby bringing to the body a more lively colour. The juice alfo helpeth all foul
ulcers and fores in the mouth, if it be often gargled therewith ; and, ufed out-
wardly, it cleanfeth the fliin from fpots, marks, or fears,

5 SELF-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 345

SELF-HEAL.

Names. It is called prunel, carpenters -herb, hook-heal, and fickle-wort.
Description. The common fcif-head is a final!, low, creepi'ig, her'o, having
miny fmall roundifh-pointed leaves, fomewhat like the leaves of wild mints, of a
dark- green colour, without any dents on the edges, from among which rife divers
fmall leaves up to the tops, where ftand brownifh fpiked heads, of many fmall
brownifli leaves like leaks and flowers fet together, a'moft like the head of caffido-
ny, which f.owers are gaping, and of a bluiOi purple, or more pale below, in fome
places fsveet, but not fo in others. The root confiRs of many ftrings or fibres
downward, and fpreadeth ftrings alfo, whereby it increafeth. The fmall ft;ilks,
with the "leaves, creeping upon the ground, fhoot forth fibres taking hold of the
ground, whereby it is made a great tuft in a fhort time.

Place. It is found in woods and fields every where in this kingdom.
Time. It flowere'.h in May, and fometimes in April.

Government AND Virtues. This is an herb of Venus. It is a fpecial herb
for inward and outward wounds: take it inwardly in fyrups for inward wounds;
outwardly, in unguents and plaifters, for outward. As felf-heal is like bugle in
form, fo alfo in the qualities and virtues, fcrving for all the purpofes whereto
bugle is applied, with good fuccefs, either inv.'ardly or outwardly. If it be accompa-
nied with bugle, fanicle, and other the like wound-herb?, it will be the more effecftuali
and to wafh or injefl into ulcers, in the parts outwardly, where there is caufe to
reprefs the heat and lliarpnefs of humours flowing to any fore, ulcer, inflammation,
fwelling, or the like ; or to flay the flux of blood in any wound or part, this is
ufed with good fuccefs ; as alfo to cleanfe the foulnefs of fores, and caufe them
more fpeedily to be healed. It is a good remedy for green wounds, to clofe the
lips of them, and to keep the place from any further inconvenience. The juice
thereof, ufed with oil of rofes, to anoint the temples and forehead, is very efl^ec-
tual to remove the head ach ; and the fame, mixed with honey of rofes, cleanfeth
and healeth all ulcers in the mouth and throat, from what caufe foever.

SERVICE-TREE.

IT is fo well known in the places where it grows, that it needeth no defcriptiou.
Time. It flowereth before the end of May, and the fruit is ripe in 0<5tober.
Government and Virtues. Services, when they are mellow, are fit to be
taken to ftay the fluxes, fcowering, and caftings, yet lefs than medlars ; if they be

dried

346 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

dried before they be mellow, and kept all the year, they may be ufed in decoftion
for the faid purpofe, either to drink, or to bathe the parts requiring it ; and are pro-
fitably ufed in that manner to ftay the bleeding of wounds. The fervice-tree is un-
der the dominion of Saturn, and of a cold nature.

SHEPHERD'S PURSE.

Names. IT is alfo called fhepherd's fcrip, fhepherd's pouch, toy-wort, pick-
purfe, and cafe-weed.

Description. The root is fmall, white, and peri/hes every year. The leaves
arc fmall and long, of a pale green colour, and deeply cut on both fides : amongft
which fpringeth up a ftalk, which is fmall and round, containing fmall leaves upoii
it even to the top. The flowers are white, and very fmall ; after which come the
little cafes which hold the feed, which are flat, almoft in the form of a heart.

Place. They are frequent in Great-Britain, commonly by the path-fides.

Time. They flower all the fummer long; nay, fome of them are fo fruitful,
that they flower twice a-year.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Saturn, and of A
cold, dry, and binding, nature. It flops all fluxes of blood, either caufcd by in-
ward or outward wounds ; as alfo fluxes of the belly, bloody flux, and fpitting of
blood J being bound to the wriftsand foles of the feet, ithtlps the yellow-jaundice.
The herb being made into a poultice, helps inflammations and St. Anthony's fire ;
the juice, being dropped into the ears, helps pains and noifes therein. A good
ointment may be made of it for^all wounds, efpecially wounds in the head.

S M A L L A G E.

THIS is alfo very well known, and therefore I fhall not trouble the reaJcr with
any defcription thereof.

Place. It groweth naturally in wet and marfliy grounds ; but, if it be fown in
gardens, it there profpereth very well.

Time. Itabideth green all the winter, and feedeth in Auguft.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Mercury. Smallage is hotter,
.drier, and much more medicinable, than parfley, for it much more openeth obftruc-
tions of the liver and fpleen, rarefieth thick phlegm, and cleanfeth it and the blood
withal. It provokcth urine, and is good againfl; the yellow-jaundice. It is efFedhual
againft tertian and quartan agues, if the juice thereof be taken j but efpecially made
into a fyrup. The juice alfo, put to honey of rofes and barley-water, is very good

to

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 347

to gargle the mouth and throat of thofe that have fores and ulcers in them, and
will quickly heal them : the fame lotion alfo cleanfeth and healeth all other foul
ulcers and cancers elfewhere. The feed is efpccially ufed to break and expel wind,
ro kill worms, and to help a ftinking breath. The root is efFeJlual to all the pur-
pofes aforefaid, and is held to be ftronger in operation than the herb, but efpc-
cially to open obftrudions, and to rid away any ague, if the juice thereof or the
decoftion be taken in wine. All the purpofes of this herb are likewife anfwered
by the Solar Tinfture, which imbibes its occult property.

SOPE-WORT, OR BRUISE- WORT.

Description. THE root creepeth under ground far and near, with many
joints therein, of a brown colour on the outfide, and yellowifh within, fhooting forth
in divers places many weak round ftalks, full of joints, fet with two leaves a-piece
at every one of them on the contrary fide, which are ribbed fomewhat like that of
plantane, and fafhioned like the common field white campion leaves, feldom having
any branches from the fides of the ftalks, but fet with divers flowers at the top
ftanding in long hufks like the wild campions, made of five leaves each, round at
the ends, and a little dented in the middle, of a pale rofe colour, almoft white,
fometimes deeper, and fometimes paler, of a reafonable good fcent.

Place. It groweth wild in low and wet grounds in many parts of England, by
the brooks and fides of running waters.

Time. It flowereth ufually in July, and fo continueth all Auguft and part of
September.

Government and Virtues. Venus owns it. The country people in many
places do ufe to bruife the leaves of fope-wort, and lay it to their fingers, hands, or
legs, when they are cut, to heal them. Some fay k is diuretic, and expels gravel
and ftone in the kidneys, and is alfo good to void hydropical waters, thereby to
cure the dropfy, tympany, or an impoveriftied ftate of the blood.

SORREL.

OUR ordinary forrel, which groweth in gardens, and alfo wild in the fields, is
fo well known, that it needeth no defcription.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Venus, Sorrel is pre-
valent in all hot difeafes, to cool any inflammation and heat of blood in agues pefti-
lential or choleric, or other ficknefs and fainting, arifing from heat, and to refrefli the
overfpent fpirits with the violence of furious or fiery fits of agues, to quench thiril,

No. 2 J. 4 X and

348 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

and procure an appetite in fainting or decayed flomachs ; for it refifteth the putre-
fa6tion of the blood, killeth worms, and is a cordial to the heart, for which the
feed is more effeftua!, being more drying and binding, and thereby ftayeth the hot
humours in the bloody flux, or flux of the ftoniach. The roots alfo, in a decodlion,
or in powder, are effeftual for all the faid purpofcs. Both roots and feed, as well as
the herb, are held powerful to refill the poifon of the fcorpion. The decodion of the
roots is taken to help the jaundice, and to expel the gravel and ftone. The decoc-
tion of the flowers made with wine, and drunk, helpeth the black jaundice, as alfo
the inward ulcers of the body or bowels. A fyrup made with the juice offorrel and
fumitory is a fovereign help to kill thofe fliarp humours that caufe the itch. The
juice thereof with a little vinegar may be ufed outwardly for the fame caufe, and is
alfo profitable for tetters, ringworms, &c. It helpeth alfo to difcufs the kernels in
the throat; and the juice, gargled in the mouth, helpeth the fores therein. The
leaves wrapped up in a colewortleaf, and roafled under the embers, and applied to
a hard impofthume, botch, bile, or plague-fore, both ripen and break it. The dif-
tilled water of the herb is of much good ufe for all the purpofes aforefaid i and
the leaves eaten in a fallad are excellent for the blood.

WOOD-SORREL.

Description. THIS groweth low upon the ground, having a number of
leaves coming from the root, made of three leaves Hke trefoil, but broad at the ends,
and cut in the middle, of a faint yellowifli green colour, every one flanding on a
long footftalk, which at their firfi: coming up are clofe folded together to the ftalkj
Bur, opening afterwards, are of a fine four relifh, and yield a juice which will turn
red when it is clarified, and maketh a moft dainty clear fyrup. Among thefe leaves
rifeth up divers flender weak footftalks, with every one of them a flower at the top
confifting of five fmall pointed leaves, ftar fafliion, of a white colour in mofl: places,
and in fome dafhed over with a fmall fhow of a bluifh on the back fide only. After
the flowers are paft, follow fmall round heads, with fmall yellowiiTi feed in them.
The roots are nothing but fmall firings faftened to the end of a fmul! lono- piece, all
of them being of a yellowifli colour.

Place. It groweth in many parts of England, in woods and other places not
too much open to the fun.

•Time. It flowereth in April and May.

Government and Virtues. Venus owns it. Wood-forrel ferveth to all the/
purpofes that the other forrels do, and is more efFedual in hindering the putrefadion
cf blood, and ulcers in the mouth and body, and in cooling and tempering heats

and

AND G O M P L E T E II E R B A L. 34c,

anil inflammations, to quench thirft, to ftrengthen a vveak ftomach, to prorure an
appetite, to ftay vomiting, and is very excellent in any contagious fitlcnefs, or pefti-
lential fever. The fyrup made of the juice is effc^ual in all the cafes aforefaid, and
fo is the diftilleJ water of the herb. ■ Spunges or linen cloths wet in the juice, and
applied outwardly to any hot fwellings or inflammations, do much cool and help
them. The fame juice taken, and gargled in the mouth, for fome time, and fre-
quently repeated, doth wonderfully help a fl:inking canker or ulcer therein. It is of
fingular fervice for wounds in any part of the body, to ftay the bleeding, and to
cleanfe ?nd heal the wounds ; and helpeth to ftay any hot dcfluxions into the throat
or lungs, and cleanfeth the vifcera. *

SOW-THISTLES.

SOW-THISTLES grow in every part of this kingdom, and are (o well known,
that thty need no defcription.

Place. They grow in gardens and manured grounds, and fometimes by old
walls, the path- fides of fields and highways.

Government and Virtues. This and the former are under the influence of
Venus. Sow-thiftles are cooling, and fomewhat binding, and are very fit to cool an
hot ftomach, and to eafe the gnawing pains thereof. The herb, boiled in wine, is
very helpful to ftay the diftblution of the ftomach ; and the milk that is taken from
the ftalks when they are broken, given in drink, is beneficial to thofe that are ftiort
winded. Pliny faith, that it caufed the gravel and ftone to be voided by urine,
and that the eating thereof helpeth a ftinking breath. The faid juice, taken in warm
drink, helpeth the ftranguary. The dccodion of the leaves and ftalks caufeth abun-
dance of milk in nurfes, and their children to be well coloured, and is good for thofe
whofe milk doth curdle in their breafts. The juice boiled or thoroughly heated
with a little oil of bitter almonds in the peel of a pomegranate, and dropped into thp
ears, is a fure remedy for deafnefs, fingings, and all other difeafes, in them. The
herb bruifed, or the juice, is profitably applied to all hot inflammations in the eyes,
or whcrefoever elfe, and for whenls, bliflers, or other the like eruptions, or heat, in
the flcin ; alfo for the heat and itching of the hemorrhoids, and the heat and ftiarp-
nefs of humours in the fecret parts of man or woman. The diftilled water of the
herb is not only eflxflual for all the difeafes aforefaiJ, to be taken inwardly with a
little fugar, (which medicine the dainticft ftomach will not refufe,) but outwardly,
by applying cloths or fponges wetted therein. It is good for women to wafli their
faces therewith, to clear the fliiii, and to give a luftre thereto. The virtue of this

4 plant

350 CULPEPER'3 ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

niaiit lies in i's milky juice, which is of great value in difficulty of hearing. This
often arifes from obtruding wax, often from inflammatio;i, and fometimes from
both thcTc ciufcs conjoined.

SOUTHER N WOOD.

SOUTHERNWOOD is fo well known to be an ordinary inhabitant in almoll
all gardens, that it ncedeth no defcription.

Time. It flowereth for the moft part in July and Auguft.

Government and Virtues. It is a Mercurial plant, worthy of more efteeni
than it hath. Diofcoridcs (mh, that the feed bruifed, heated in warm water, and
drunk, helpeth thofe that are troubled with the cramps, or convulfions of the fi-
news, the fciatica, or difficulty in making water. The fame taken in wine is an anti-
dote or counter- poifon, and driveth away ferpents and other venomous creatures ;
as alfo the fmell of the herb, being burnt, doth the fame. The oil thereof, anointed
on the back-bone before the fits of agues come, preventeth them ; it taketh away
inflammations in the eyes, if it be piit with fome part of a roafted quince, and boiled
with a few crumbs of bread and applied. Boiled with barley-meal, it taketh away
pimples, pufheSj or wheals, that rife In the face or other part of the body. The
feed as well as the dried herb is often given to kill worms in children. The herb
bruifed helpeth to draw forth fplinters and thorns out of the flefh. The afhes ttiere-
of dry up and heal old ulcers that are without inflammation, although by the fliarp-
nefs thereof it makes them fmart. The aflies, mingled with old fallad oil, help
thofe that have their hair fallen, and are bald, caufing the hair to grow again either
on the head or beard, Durantes faith, that the oil made of fouthernwood, and put
among the ointments that are ufed againft the French difeafe, is very efFecflual, and
likewife killeth lice in the head. The diftilled water of the herb is faid to help them
much that are troubled with the fl:one, as alfo for the difeafes of the fpleen and mo-
ther. The Germans commend it for a Angular wound-herb, and therefore call it
ftab-wort. It is held by all writers, ancient and modern, to be more ofFenfive to
the flomach than wormwood, which has thrown it into difrepute.

S P L G N E L.

Description. THE roots of common fpignel do fpread much and deep in
the ground, many fl:rings or branches growing from one head, which is hairy at the
lop, of a blackifli brown colour on the outfide, and white within, of a pleafant fmell
and aromatic tafte, whence rife fundry long ftalks of fine cut leaves like hairs, fmaller

thaij

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 351

than dill, fet thick on both fides of the ftallc, and of a good fcent. Among thefe
leaves rife up round ftifF ftalks, with a few joints and leaves, and at the tops an
umbel of fine pure white flowers, at the edges whereof fometimes will be feen a
fliow of reddifh blue colour, efpecially before they be full blown, and arefucceeded
by fmall fomewhat-round feed, bigger than the ordinary fennel, and of a browner
colour, divided into two parts, and crefted on the back, as mofl: of the umbellife-
rous feeds are.

Place. It groweth wild in Lancafhire, Yorkfhire, and other northern counties;
and is alfo planted in gardens.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Venus. Galen faith, the roots of
fpignel are available to provoke urine j but, if too much thereof be taken, it caufeth
head-ach. The roots boiled in wine or water, and drunk, help the flranguary and
ftoppings of the urine, the wind, fwellings, and pains, in the ftomach, andalljoint-
achs. If the powder of the roots be mixed with honey, and the fame taken as a
licking medicine, it breaketh tough phlegm, and drieth up the rheum that falleth
on the lungs. The roots are accounted very effeftual againft the flinging or biting
of any venomous creature, and is one of the ingredients in raithridate and other
antidotes for the fame.

S P L E E N-W ORT, or CETRACH.

Description. THE fmooth fpleen- wort, from a black, thready, and bufhy,
root, fendeth forth many long fingle leaves, cut in on both fides into round dents,
almofl to the middle, which is not fo hardas that of pollipody, each divifion being
not always fet oppofite unto the other, but between each, fmooth, and of a light
green on the upper-fide, and a dark yellowifli roughnefs on the back, folding or
rolling itfelf inward at the firft fpringing up.

Place. It groweth as well upon ftone- walls as moift and (hadowy places about
Briftol and the other the wefl parts plentifully; as alfo on Framingham-caflle, on
Beckonsfield church in Berkfhire, at Stroud in Kent, and elfewhere, and abideth
green all the winter.

Government and Virtues. Saturn owns it. It is generally ufed againft in-
firmities of the fpleen : it helpeth the flranguary, and wafteth the ftone in the blad-
der, and is good againft the yellow-jaundice and the hiccough ; but the ufc of it in
women hindereth conception. Mathiolus faith, that, if a drachm of the duft,
that is on the back-fide of the leaves, be mixed with half a drachm of amber in
powder, and taken with the juice of purflane or plantane, it will help the run-
No. 24.. 4 Y ning

3 SI C U L P E P E R's E N G L I S H PHYSICIAN,

iiing of the reins : and that the herb or root, being boiled and taken, helpeth al!
melancholic difeafes, and tliofe efpecially that arirefrom the French difeafes. Came-
rarius faith, that the diflilled water thereof, being drunk, is very effedlual againft
the ftons ; and that the lye, made of the afhes thereof, being drunk for fome time
together, helpeth fplenetic perfonSi it is ufcd in outward remedies for the fame
purpofe.

STAR-THISTLE.

Description. THE common ftar-thiftle hath divers long and narrow leaves
lying next the ground, cut or torn on the edges, fomewhat deeply, into many al-
moft even parts, foft or a little woolly all over the green, among which rife up
divers weak ftalks parted into many branches, all lying or leaning dovm to the
ground, fo that it feemeth a pretty bufh, fet with many divided leaves up to the
tops, where feverally ftand long and fmall whitifh -green heads, fet with fharp and
long white pricks, (no part of the plant being elfe prickly,) which are fomewhat
yellowifh : out of the middle whereof rifeth the flower compofed of many fmall
reddifh-purple threads ; and in the heads, after the flowers are paft, come fmall
whitifli round feed, lying in down as the others do. The root is fmall, long, and
woody, perifhing every year, and rifing again of its own fowing.

Place. It groweth wild in the fields about London in many places.

Time. It flowereth early, and feedeth in July, and fometimes in Augufl:.

Government and Virtues. This, like almofl; all thirties, is under Tvlars.
The feed of this flar-thiftle made into powder, and drunk in wine, provoketh urine,
and helpeth to break the ftone, and expel it. The root in powder given in wine, is
good againft the plague, or peftilence; and, drunk in the morning falling for fome
time together, is very profitable for a fiftula in any part of the body. Baptifta
Sardus doth much commend the diftilled water, to help the French difeafe, to open
obftru6tions of the liver, and cleanfe the blood from corrupted humours : and it is
profitably given againft quotidian or tertian agues.

STRAWBERRIES.

THESE are fo well known through this land, that they need no defcription.

Time. They flower in May ordinarily, and the fruit is ripe ftiortly after.

Government and Virtuss. Venus owns the herb. Strawberries, when they
are green, are cold and dry j but, when they are ripe, they are cold and moift.
The berries are excellent good to cool the liver, the blood, and the fpleen, or a

hot

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. ^^3

hot choleric ftomach ; to refiefh and comfort the fainting fpirits, and to quench
thirft. They are good alfo for other inflammations, yet it is not amifs to refrain
from them in a fever, left by their piitrifying In the ftomach they increafe the fits.
The leaves and roots boiled in wine or water, and drunk, do likcwife cool the liver
and blood, and afluageall inflammations in the reins and bladder, provoke urine, and
allay the heat and fharpnefs thereof; the fame alfo, being drunk, fiay the bloody-
flux, and help the fwellings of the fplecn. The water of the berries, carefully
diftilled, is a fovereign remedy and cordial in the pacification of the heart; and is
good for the yellow -jaundice. The juice dropped into foul ulcers, or the decoc-
tion of the herb and root, ddth wonderfully cleanfe and help to cure them. Lotions
and gargles for fore mouths, or ulcers therein, or elfewhere, are made with the
leaves and roots, which are alfo good to faften loofe teeth, and to heal fpungy foul
gums. It helpeth alfo to ftay catarrhs or dcfluxions of rheum into the mouth,
throat, teeth, or eyes. The juice, or water, is good for hot and red inflamed eyes:
it is alfo of excellent property for all puflies, wheals, and other breakings forth of
hot and fharp humours, in the face and hands, or other parts of the body, to bathe
them therewith ; and to take away any rednefs in the face, or fpots or other defor-
mities in the fkin, and to make it clear and fmooth. Some ufe this medicine :
Take fo many ftrawberries as you fliall think fitting, and put them into a diftilla-
tory, or body of glafs, fit for them ; which, being well clofed, fet in a bed of horfe-
dung for twelve or fourteen days, and afterwards diftll it carefully, and keep It for
your ufe. It is an excellent water for hot Inflamed eyes, and to take away any film
or flcin that beginneth to grow over them, and for fuch other defefts in them as
may be helped by any outward medicine.

SUCCORY.

Description. The gardcn-fuccory hath longer and narower leaves than en-
dive, and more cut in and torn at the edges, and the root abideth many years ; It
beareth alfo many blue flowers like endive, and the feed is hardly dirtlnguilhable
from the feed of the fmooth or ordinary endive.

Government AND Virtues. It is an herb of Jupiter. Garden-fuccory, as it
is more dry and lefs cold than endive, fo it openeth more. A handful of the leaves
or roots boiled in wine or water, and .i draught thereof drunk fafting, driveth torth
choleric and phlegmatic humours; npenethobftru<5tIons of the liver, gall, and fi)leen;
helpeth the yellow-jaundice, the heat of the reins, and of the urine ; the dropfy
alfo, and thofe that have an evil difpofition in their bodies by reafon of long fick-

4 nefs,

354 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,
nefs, evil diet, &c. which the Greeks call cachexia. Adeco(5lion thereof made with
wine, and drunk, is very efFedlual againft long lingering agues; and a drachm of the
feed in powder drunk in wine before the fit of an ague helpeth to drive it away.
Thediftilled water of the herb and flowers (if you can take them in time) is good
for hot ftomachs, and in agues, either pervilential or of long continuance; for fwoon-
ings, and the pafllons of the hear ; for the heat and head-ach in children, and for
the diforders of the blood and liver. The faid water, or the juice, or the bruifed
leaves, applied outwardly, allayeth fwellings, inflammations, St. Anthony's fire,
pufhes, wheals, and pimples, efpecially ufed with a little vinegar, as alfo to wafii
peftiferous fores. The faid water is very effeftual for fore eyes that are inflamed
with rednefs, and for nurfes breafts that are pained by abundance of milk. ,_

STONE-CROP, OR SMALL HOUSE-LEEK.

Description, IT groweth with divers trailing branches upon the ground, kt
with many thick, fat, roundifli, whitifli, leaves, pointed at the ends ; the flowers
fland many of them together, fomewhat loofely ; the roots are fmall, and run
creeping under the ground.

Place. It groweth upon the fl:one walls and mud walls, upon the tiles of
houfes and penthoufes, and amongfl: rubbifti, and in mofl: gravelly places.

Time. It flowereth in June and July, and the leaves are green all the winter.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of the moon, cold in
quality, and fomething binding, and therefore very good to ftay defluxions, efpeci-
ally fuch as fall upon the eyes : it fl;ops bleeding both inward and outward, helps
cankers and all fretting fores and ulcers ; it abates the heat of choler, thereby pre-
venting difeafes thenee arifing from choleric humours. It expels poifon, refifl:eth
pefl:ilential fevers, and is exceeding good alfo for tertian agues. It is fo harmlefs an
herb, you can fcarce ufe it amifs. Being bruifed and applied to the place, it helps
the king's-evil, .and any other knots, or kernels, in the flefh : as alfo the piles.

SARSAPARILLA.
THIS is reckoned amongfl: the forts of prickly bindweeds, of which there are
two forts, and this farfaparilla brought from the Weft-Indies makes the third kind.
Their names with their defcriptions feverally follow.

Description, i. Prickly bindweed with red berries, called in haiin/milax a/pera
fvuilu rubra. This groweth up v;ith many branches, wherewith it windeth about
trees and other things, fet with many crooked pricks or thorns like a bramble, all

the

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. ^^5

the whole length, binding this way and that inafecmly proportion ; at every joint it
boweth or bendeth itfcif, having a fomewhat broaJ and long leaf thereat, {landing
upon a long foot-ftalk, and is broad at the bottom, with two forked round ends,
and then groweth narrower unto the point ; the middle-rib on the backfideof motl
of them having many fmall thorns or pricks, and alfo about the edges ; the lowed
being the largeft, and growing fmaller up to the top, fmooth and of a fair green
colour, and fometimes fpotted with white fpots. At the joints with the leaves alfo
come forth tendrils, like a vine, whereby it winds itfelf ; the flowers ftand at the
tops of the branches at three or four joints, many breaking forth into a cluilcr, which
are white, compofed of fix leaves each, ftar-fafhion, and fweet in fcent, after which
come the fruit, which are red berries when they are ripe, of the bignefs of afparagus-
berries or fmall grapes ; and in fome lefs, wherein are contained fometimes two or
three hard black ftones, like thofe of afparagus. The root is flender, white, and
long, in hard dry grounds not fpreading far, but in the loofer and moifter places
running down into the ground a pretty way, with divers knots and joints.

2. Prickly bindweed with black-berries, /w//^:v af^era fruSlii nigra. This other
prickly bindweed groweth like the former, the branches being joined in like man-
ner with thorns on them, but not climbing like the former j the leaves are fomewhat
like it, not having thofe forked ends at the bottom of every leaf, but almoft wholly
round, and broad at the bottom, of a darker-green colour alfo, feldom having any
thorns or pricks, either on the back or edges of the leaves, with tendrils like a vine
alfo : the flowers come forth in the fame manner, and are fl:ar-fafliion, confifliing of
fix leaves like the other, of an incarnate or blufli colour, with a roynd red umbone
in the middle of every one, which is the beginning of the berry, which when it is
ripe will be black, being more fappy or flefliy than the other, with flones or ker-
nels within them like unto it : the roots hereof are bigger and fuller than the for-
mer for the moft part, and fpread further under the ground.

3. Sarfaparilla of America, /w/ZaAr ajpera Peruviana. The farfaparilla that cometh
from America into Spain hath been feen frefti, even the whole plant, and hath been
verified in all things to refemble the prickly bindweed, and in nothing difFcrentfrom
it. But certainly the plant of farfaparilla that groweth in Peru and the Weft-In-
dies is a peculiar kind of itfelf, differing from the/mt/ax a/pera as mechoacan doth
from our briony : this doth wind itfelf about poles or any thing elfe it can lay hold
on to climb on ; the branches have crooked prickles growing oia them as the/milax
q/pera hath, but fewer and not fo fharp ; it hath very green leaves like thofe of bind-
weed, but longer, and cornered like ivy-leaves, ending in a long point : the flowers
are faid to be very great and white, every one as big as amiddle-fued difh, which.

No. 24. 4 Z openuig

J5^ CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

opening in the morning, fadeth at night ; which occafioned the Spaniards to call
the whole plant Itiemsnochcs, that is, good night. Gerrard defcrbes the farfaparilla
to be the roots of a (hrub, having leaves like ivy '; but faith nothing of the flowers
or fruit, which it may be believed were not then difcovercd.

Place and Time. The two finl grow in Italy, Spain, and other warm coun-
tries, whether continent or ifles, throughout Europe and Afia. The third is found
only in the Weft-Indies j the beft is faid to come from the Honduras, others notfo
good from other places, as the fertility or barrennefs of the ground, and the tempe-
rature of the climate, afford it ; and it hath ripe berries early in hot countries.

Government and Virtues. Thefe are all plants of Mars, of an healing qua*
lity, howfoever ufedj Diofcorides faith, that both leaves and berries, being drunk be-
fore or after any deadly poifon is taken, are a remedy there-againft, ferving to expel
it. It is faid alfo, that, if to a new-born childfome of the juice of the berries hereof
be given, it fhall not be hurt by poifon ever after j it is given as an antidote againft
all forts of poifon and venomous things : if twelve or fixteen of the berries, being
beaten to powder, be given in wine, it procureth urine, when it is ftopped ; thedif-
tilled water of the flowers, being drunk, worketh the fame effed, and cleanfeth the
reins, and afluageth inward inflammations. If the eyes be wafhed therewith, it takcth
away all heat andrednefs in them; and, if the fores of the legs be wafhed therewith,
it healeth them thoroughly. The true farfaparilla is held generally not to heat, but
rather to dry, the humours; yet it is eafily perceived, that it doth not only dry the
humours, but wafleth them away, by a fecret and hidden property therein j much
whereof is performed by fweating, which it promoteth very eifedtually. It is much
ufed in many kinds of difeafes ; as in all cold fluxes from the head and brain, rheums,
and catarrhs, as alfo in all cold griefs of the ftomach, and expelleth wind very
powerfully. It helpeth not only the French difeafe, but all manner of achs in the
finews or joints ; all running fores in the legs, all phlegmatic fwellings, tetters, or
ringworms, and all manner of fpots, and foulnefs of the fkin ; it is not proper to be
oiven to thofe whofe livers are over hot, or to fuch as have agues. In former times
it was ufed beaten to powder and fo drunk ; others ufed to boil it until it became
tender, which, being beaten or broken, was afterwards ftrained into the decodion,
making a kind of thick drink like cream. Some others, and that moft ufually,
boiled it in water, to the half, or the confumption of the third part, as they would
have it fl:ronger or weaker, and that either by itfelf or with other things proper for
the difeafe it was intended for ; and others alfo put it amongfl: other things for drink.
An excellent diet-drink may be made as follows : Take lignum vitas, which is
guaiacum, nine ounces ; bark of the fiimetwo ounces, faflafras one ounce, farfapa-
rilla

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 557

rilh four ounces, juniper-berries one ounce ; boil them in two ounces of tountain-
vatcr to the confumption of half, add to the ftrained liquor coriander- feeds four
drachms, cinnamon, h"quoricc, each two drachms. This may be taken as an ordi-
nary drink for all the difeafes before-mentioned.

SAUNDERS.

Kinds and Description, in our (hops, for phyfical ufe we have three forts
of faunders, whereof the white and yellow are fweet woods, but the yellow is the
fweeteft; the red hath no fcent. The faunders-tree groweth to be as big as a wal-
nut-tree, having frefh green leaves like the maftic-trce, and darkifh blue flowers,
the fruit being like cherries for the fize, but without any tafte j black when they
are ripe, and quickly falling away. The wood itfelf is without fcent, as it is faid,
while it is living and frefh, and fmelleth fweet only when it is dry. The white and
the yellow woods are fo hard to be diftinguifhed before that time, that none but
thofe Indians that ufually fell thofe trees do know their difference before-hand j and
can tell which will prove better than others : the chiefeft part, and fmelling fweeteft,
is the heart of the wood. They are diftinguifhed by thefe names, fantalum album
citrinttiji, et rubrum.

Government and Virtues. All the faunders are under the folar regimen, they
are cooling and cordial, and ufed together in fundry cordial medicines ; but the
white and the yellow are the more cordial and comfortable, by reafon of their fweet-
nefs; and the red more cooling and binding ; which quality neither of the other are
without, though in a lefs proportion. The red is often ufed to flay thin rheum fail-
ing from the head, and to cool hot inflammations, hot gouts, and in hot agues to
cool and temper the heat ; but the white and yellow are both cordial and cephalic,
applied with rofe-water to the temples, procuring eafe in the head-ach, and are An-
gular good for weak and fainting ftomachs through heat, and in the hot fits of agues.
They are very profitably applied in fomentations for the flomach, fpirits, and palpi-
tations of the heart, which alfo do comfort and ftrengthen them, and temperate the
melancholy humour, and procure alacrity and mirth, which quality is attributed to
the yellow more than the white.

SCAM M O N Y.

Description. THE true fc.immony hath a long root of a dark afh-colour on
theoutfide, and white within, and of the bigncfs of an arm, with a pith in the mid-
dle

35? CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

die thereof, and mary fibres thereat, from whence arife many long, round, green,
branches, winding themfelves like a bindweed about ftakes and trees, or any other
thing t-hat ftands next it, unto a good height, v.ithout any clafping tendrils, like the
true or wild vine", from the joints of the branches come forth the leaves, every one
by itfelf upon fhort foot ftalks, fomevvhat broad at the bottom, with two corners
next thereto, and fome alfo round j and then growing long and narrow to the end,
being of a fair-green colour, and fniooth, fomewhat fliining. Towards the tops of
the branches., at the joints with the leaves, come forth large whitifh bell-flowers,
with wide-open brims and narrow bottoms, after which come round heads, where-
in is contained three or four black feeds i if any part of this plant be broken, it
yieldeth forth a milk, not hot, nor burning, nor bitter, yet fomewhat unpleafant,
provoking loathing, and almoft cafting.

Names. It is calkd /cammoiiia both in Greek and Latin. The dried juice, which
is moft in ufe, is called a\{o fcammoiiiacum in the druggifts, and apothecaries fhops,
as alfo with moft writers, and fome call the plant fo too. When it is prepared, that
is, baked in a quince under the embers, or in an oven, or any other way, it is called
Jiagridium.

Place and Time. Scammony grovveth in Syria, and the farther eaftern parts,
•where no frofts come in the winter j for where any froft comes it quickly periftieth,
confequently it flourilhes in hot climates only.

Government and Virtues. This is a martial plant, and of a churlilh nature,
\ fo that there had need be great care taken in the choice thereof, that only that be

' ufed in pbyfic which is pure and without adulteration ; which may be known if it

be not heavy, or clofe compaifb together, but that it be moderately light, with fome
fmall holes, or hollownefs, here and there, therein ; and that it be fmooth and plain
in the breaking, and not in grains or knots, or having fmall fticks or ftones in it;
fomewhat clear and blackifh, but not of a deadifh, dark, or ill -favoured, colour j and
that it may be made quickly into a very fine and white powder. It purgeth both
phlegm, yellowcholer, and watery hurnours, very ftronglyj but, if it be indifcreetly
given, it will not only trouble the ftomach more than any other medicine, but will
alfo fcour the guts, in working too powerfully, oftentimes unto blood, and often-
times unto faintings and fwoonings, and therefore is not fit to be given to any gen-
tle or tender body. Mefue declareth three feveral hurts or dangers that come to
the body thereby, and the remedies of them: Thefirftis, faith he, that it ingendereth
certain gnawing winds in the ftomach, fo much offending it, that it provoketh to
vomit. To be baked therefore in a quince, and fome parfley, fennel, or wild carrot
) feed,

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 359

feed, or galanga, mixecl with it, is the remedy hereof. The next is, that it inflameth
the fpirits, by the overmuch Iharpncfs or fiercenefs therein ; whereby it readily iir-
duceth fevers, ernecially in thofe that are fubjed: to obftru(5tions, and replete with
putrid humours ; which inconveniences are taken away by putting thofe things
into your decoflions that do cool and quench the heat thereof ; and fuch are, the
mucilage of the feeds of pfyllum, orfleawort; prunes boiled, or rather the pulp of
them, the juice, or the julep, or the water, of rofes or violets, or if before the boil-
ing thereof (that is the fcammony) you fteep it in the oil of rofes, or violets, or in
the juice of a quince, and mingle it with a little fliumac or fpodium. A third is, that,
having a ftrong opening and drawing faculty, it caufeth immoderate fluxes of the
belly, by opening the mouth of the veins more than is fit : this harm is alfo taken
away by mixing aftringent and retraining things with it, fuch as maftic, and efpe-
cially yelloWj. myrobolans, and quinces, or the juice of them. Again, it raifeth the
entrails and guts, by reafon of the fliarp juice wherewith it abounds, and by which it
procureth pains therein ; this danger is remedied if moift, fat, and flippcry, things
be ufed with it, as gum-tragacanih bdelliumy and oil of almonds and rofes, as alfo the
pulp of prunes made up with fugar, the mucilage of fleawort-feeds, maftic, and
quinces, taken afterwards, and warm water laft of all ; all which caufe it to pafs the
quicker from the ftomach and bowels, and thereby prevents its doing harm. I'hii.
fault is alfo helped if cold medicines as well as hot be mixed together to be given,
thereby to yield help to the heart, liver, and ftomach. Diofcorides faith, if the juice
be applied to the womb, it deftroyeth the birth, being mixed with honey and ox-
gall ; and rubbed on wheals, pimples, and pufties, takes them all away : and, bolied
in vinegar, and anointed, takes away the leprofy, and outward marks in the fkin,
being diftblved in rofe- water and vinegar, and the head moiftened therewith, eafeth
the continual pains thereof. A drachm or two of the roots of fcammony purge ia
the fame manner as the juice doth, if fome of the things that are appointed there-
with be given in it. The roots boiled in water, and made into a poultice, with bar-
ley-mcal, eafeth the fciatica, being laid thereon ; it taketh away fcurfs and fcabs if
they be waflied with tlie vinegar v.'herein the roots have been boiled, and alfo
healeth impofthumcs.

SEBESTEN, or ASSYRIAN PLUMB.

Description and Names. THE febeften-tree groweth not fo high as the
plumb-tree. It is covered with a whitift: bark ; the branches are green, whereon
grow rounder, thicker, and harder, leaves. The bloflbms are white, and confift of

No. 24. 5 A five

36o CULPEPER'sENGLISHPHYSIClAN,

five leaves each, growing together on a long ftalk, which afterwards turn into fmall
benies, rather than plumbs, of blackifh-green colour when they are ripe, every one
ftanHing in a little cup, of a fweet tafte, and glutiuous or clammy fubftance, and a
very thick fkin j within which lieth a three-fquare hard ftone, with a thick fhell and
a fmall kernel ; thefe are gathered and laid in the fun, whereby they grow wrinkled :
and fo they are kept and brought to us in boxes.

WILD S E B E S T E N.

THE wild fcbeften is in all things like the other, but that it groweth lower,,
much like unto a hedge-bufh, and with fmaller and thinner leaves. The flowers
and fruit are like, but lefs.

In fhops they have only the name of febeften, but in Latin the tree Is called
myxos, myxa, and mixaria.

Place and Time. The fiift groweth in Syria, and is but planted in Egypt,
whence they were brought into Italy in Pliny's time, and grafted on the fervice-tree,
and do now grow in many places in their orchards. It is fo tender that it will not
endure the cold with us. The wild kind, as Alpinus faith, is natural in Egypt :
they flower in May, and the fruit is ripe in September.

Government and Virtues. This is a plant of Venus: the Arabians and
Greeks hold that they open the body as much, or rather more, by reafon of the mu-
cilage in them, than the damafk prunes : more however while they are green, and
lefs when they are dry ; yet the dccoflion of them, or the infufion of them in broth,
although dried and taken whole, worketh efFeftually j which Fufchius denieth, and
affirmeth that they are rather binding. The ferve to cool any intemperate heat of
the ftomach or liver, and therefore are good in hot agues, and to purge choler,
•whereof the come. Mathiolus faith, that ten drachms, or twelve at the moft, of
the pulp of febeftens taken from the fkins and ftones, work to as good purpofe as
the pulp oi cajfia fijliila. They are very effeftual alfo to ienify the hoarfenefs and
roughnefs of the throat ; they help the cough and wheafing of the lungs, and diftil-
lations upon them, by lenifying of the paflages, and caufing much phlegm to be
voided. They alfo give eafe to fuch as are troubled with pains in their fides, and
thofe that are troubled with heat in their urine, and fliarpnefs thereof proceeding from
choler or fait phlegm ; they alfo drive forth the long worms of the belly. There is-
a kind of birdlime made of thefe fruits by boiling them a little in water to takeaway
the ikins and ftones, and afterwards boiling them more to a confiftence ; the which

as

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 761

0^

(as faith Mathlolus) was ufed at Venice to catch birds; but Alpinus faith they ufe
it in Egypt as a plafter to diflblve hard tumours or fwelJiiigs.

SENA.

Description. THE true fena is faid to grow in Arabia and Syria, and is tranf-
ported from Alexandria to us. There is a baftard fcna, which is kept in many gar-
dens with us, commonly called cdatea^ which is its Latin name.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Mercurv. The leaves
of fena (which only are ufed) are hot near the firft degree, and dry in the third ; it
is of a purging faculty, but leaveth a binding quality after the purging j it opencth
obftrudions, and cleanfeth and comforteth the ftomach, being correded with feme
annife-feed, carraway-feed, or ginger; it purgeth melancholy, choler, and phlegin,
from the head and brain, lungs, heart, liver, and fpleen, cleanfing thofe parts of evil
humours, a dnichm thereof taken in wine, a!e, or broth, fading ; it ftren(7thens the
fenfes, and procureth mirth : it is alfo good in chronical ngues, whether quartan or
quotidian ; it cleanf^^th and purifieth the blood, and caufeth a frefli and lively habit
of the body, and is a fpecial ingredient in diet-drinks, and to make purging ale, to
be taken to clarify and cleanfe the blood. The baftard fena works very violently
both upwards and downwards, offending the ftomach and bowels.

SYCAMORE-TREE.

Kinds. THERE are two forts of this tree, the one bearing fruit out of the
body and greater arms of the tree only, the other upon ftalks without leaves. The
firft is called in \ji.iim.Jycomoru5 and feus Egyptia, the Egyptian fig-tree, and is the
true fycamore-tree ; thofe trees which are vulgarly called fycamcres in England are;
a kind of maples.

Description, i. This fycamore groweth to be a very great tree, bigger than:
the mulberry-tree, with large arms and branches, full of round and fomewhat loner
leaves, pointed at the ends, and dented about the edges, very like the leaves of the
mulberry tree ; but harder and rougher, like fig-leaves ; this beareth fmall figs, or
fruiti and no flower, differing in that from all other trees ; for it bringeth forth the
fruit ou; of th'- very body or trunk of the tree only, and the elder branches next to-
the body, and no where elfe ; and are very like unto white or wild figs, and of the
fame bignefs , but much fweeter, and without any kernels. The whole tree, and",
every part, aboundeth with milk, if the bark be but gently woundsd 3 but, if it be

cut.

3^2 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

cut -too deep, it yielcleth tio milk at all ; which malceth it to bear three or four time?
u year, new rifing out of the places where the old grew. The root is folid, hard,
■and black, and will abide frefli long after it is felled.

2. The other fycaniore is cAkd/vcomortis nltera,Jciificus Cypria, the fycamore of
Cyprus. This grovveth to be as big as a plumb-tree, or white poplar-tree, the arras
and branches bearing broad and fomewhat round leaves, like unto the elm, but very
like unto the former j this bcareth fuch-like fruit as figs, but fmaller, which rife
b.oth (rom the body and the greater arms, but not as the former j but on certain
ftalks in branches, which rile by themfelves without any leaves with them ; and are
as fweet as figs. They bear four times every year, but not unlefs they be flitj that
the milk in them may come forth.

Place and Time. The firfl: grows chiefly in Egypt, Syria, and Arabia, and
other places adjacent ; the other in Cyprus, Caria, Rhodes, and the neighbouring

parts.

Government and Virtues. Thefeareunder the particular influence of Venus.
The fruit maketh the belly foluble, but by its overmuch moiflure it troubles the
fromach, and giveth but little nourifliment. The milk that is taken from the tree
by gently piercing the bark, and afterwards dried and made into troches, and kept
In an earthen pot, hath a property to foften tumours, and diflblve them, and to fol-
der and clofe together the lips of green wounds. The fruit itfelf, being applied as
a plafter, worketh the fune efFedl,

S P I K N A R D.

IT is naturally an Indian plant, called nardus Indica ; therefore I fliall proceed to
declare its virtues, not troubling you at all with its defcription.

Virtues. Spikenard is of a heating drying faculty, as faith Diofcorides ; it is
good to provoke urine, and eafeth pains of the ftone in the reins and kidneys, be-
ing drunTc in cold water ; it helps loathings, fwellings, or gnawing, in the ftomach,
the yellow-jaundice, and fuch as are liver-grown. It is a good ingredient in mi-
thridate and other antidotes againft poifon ; to women with child it is forbidden
to be taken inwardly. The oil of fpikenard is good to warm cold places, and to
■digeft crude and raw humours ; it worketh powerfully on old cold griefs of the
head and brain, fl:omach, liver, fpleen, reins, and bladder. It purgeth the brain
of rheum, being fnuffed up the noftrils ; being infufed certain days in wine, and
then diftilled in a hot bath, the water is good inwardly and outwardly to be ufed
for any coldnefs of the members. It comforts the brain, and helps cold pains of the

head.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 363

head, and the fliaking palfy. Two or three fpoonfuls thereof, being taken, help
pafl'ions of the heart, fwoonings, and the cholic ; being drunk with wine, it is good
againfl: venomous bitings ; and, being made into troches wi:h wine, it may be re-
ferved for an eye- medicine, which, being aptly applied, reprclTeth obnoxious hu-
mours thereor.

STORAX-TREE.

Kinds. THERE are accounted three forts of the ftorax-trce, whofe names
(hall follow with their defcriptions.

Description. The ufual ftorax-tree is called in 'L.itm Jlyrax arbor vulgaris.
This ftorax-tree groweth very like the quince-tree, both for form and bignefs, the
leaves alfo are long and round, and fomewhat like, but far lefs ; whitifti underneath,
and ftifF; the flowers ftand both at the joints with the leaves, and at the ends of the
branches, confifting of five or fix large whitilh leaves, like thofe of the orange-tree,
with fome threads in the middle, after which come round berries, fet in the cups
that the flowers were in before, of the bignefs of hazel-nuts, pointed at the ends,
and hoary all over ; each (landing on a long foot-ftalk, containing within them
certain kernels in fmall /hells. This yieldeth a mofl; fragrant fweet gum, and clear,
of the colour of brown honey.

2. Storax with maple-leaves, Jiyrax folio aceris. From a round root, covered
with a crefted or as it were a jointed bark, come forth, out of knots, three or five
broad leaves, like thofe of the maple or plane-tree, (landing on fmall blackilh long
flalksj and arc divided into three or five parts, full of veins, dented about the edges
and pointed at the ends.

3. Red ftorax, called in "L^^tm Jiyrax rubra. This hath formerly by fome been
thought to be the bark of fome kind of tree that went under the name of ftorax.
But Serapio and Avicen divide ftorax m^o liquida znA ficca : hy Uquida meaning
the pure gum flowing from the tree, and not that Uquida which we now call by
that name J and by t\itf,cca the fasces of the exprelTed oil from the fruit i but
calumita is now taken of fome to be red ftorax.

Place and Time. The firft groweth in Provence of France, in Italy, Candy,
Greece, and fome other parts of Turkey, where it yieldeth no gum ; but in Syria,
Silicia, Pamphilia, Cyprus, and thofe hotter countries, it groweth much. It
fiowereth in the fpring, yielding fruit in September.

Government and Virtues. This is a folar plant: there is no part of this
tree in ufe with us, but the gum that iflueth out of iti it is of temperature hot ia

No. 24. 5 B the

364 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

the fecond degree, and dry in thefirft; it heateth, mollifietli, anddigefteth ; an'd
is good for coughs, catarrhs, diftillations of rheums, and hoarfenefs. Pills made'
with it and a little turpentine, and taken, gently loofen the belly, ft refifteth cold
poifons J dropped into the ears, it helpeth the lingings and noife in them; applied
to the hips, joints, or fhoulders, afflided with cold achs, it refolveth and comforteth
much, and is good to be put in baths, for lamenefs of the joints and wearinefs by
travel. It is alfo good to put with white frankincenfe to perfume thofe that have
catarrhs, rheums, and defluxions from the head to the nofe, eyes, or other parts,
by cafting it on quick coals and holding the head over the fmoke. It diflblveth
hard tumours in any part, and is good for the king's eviL

S W A L L O W - W O R T.

Kinds. OF this there are three kinds. The ufual Latin name of fwallow-worC
is afclepias or Venice toxicum ; their diftinvS names follow in their defcriptions.

Description, i. Swallow-wort with white flowers, afclepias flore albo. This
fwallow-wort rifeth up with divers flender weak ftalks to be two or three feet long,
not eafy to break, fcarcely able to ftand upright, and therefore for the moft part
leans or lies upon the ground, if it find not any thing to fuftain it ; whereon are fet
two leaves at the joints, being fomewhat broad and long pointed at the end ; of a
dark-green colour, and fmooth at the edges. At the joints with the leaves, to-
wards the tops of the ftalks, and at the tops themfelves, come forth divers fmall
■white flowers, confifting of five pointed leaves a- piece, of a fweet fcent ; after
which come fmall long pods, thick above, in a great deal of white filken down,
which when the pod is ripe openeth Qi itfelf, and ftieddeth both feed and cotton
upon the ground, if it be not carefully gathered. The roots are a great bufii, of
many ftrings faftened together at the head, fmelling fomewhat ftrong while they
are frefli and green, but more pleafant when they are dried j both leaves and
ftalks perifti every winter, and arife anew in the fpring of the year, when the
ftalks, at their firft fpringing are of ablackifti brown.

I. Swallow-wort with black flowers, called mluzim afclepias flore nigra. This
grcweth in the fame manner that the former doth, having long flender rough
branches, rifing out to a greater height than the other, and twining about whatfoever
ftandeth next unto them ; having fuch-like dark green leaves fet by couples, but
fomewhat fmaller, and of a dark-purplifli colour : after which come more plenti-
fully fuch-like cods, wit-h a white filver down and feeds in them as the former. The

roots

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 365

foots hereof are not Co bufhy as the other, neither fmell fo ftrong ; neither doth ic
give any milky but a watery juice when it is broken.

J. Swallow-wort of Candy, afclepias Cretica. This rifeth up in the fame fafhioii
as the former do, with many {lender flexible green branches, with leaves fee at the
joints on either fide, as the white kind hath, and are very like them, but fomewhat
of a paler white colour. The flowers ftand in the fame manner, three or four to-
gether upon a ftalk, but are fomewhat of a paler white colour ; to whom fucceed
fometimes but one pod, and fometimes two together, thicker and ftiorter than thofe
of the white kind ; ftraked all along and double-forked at the ends, wherein Ire
filk and feeds as in the former; the roots have not fo {Irong a fmcll as thelaft, and
have, as well as the reft of the plant, a fcent like box- leaves.

Place and Time. The two firft grow in rough and unfilled ground, upon di-
vers mountains in France, about Narbonne, Marfeilles, and Montpelier, and in
Italy alfo J the laft in Candy. They flower in the months of June and July, and
fometimes not until Auguftj and their cods are ripe about a month after j the
empty hufks abide on the dry branches when the feed and filk are fallen out.

Government and Virtues. Thefe are folar plants; the roots have a moft
fovereign faculty againft all poifons, particularly againft the apocynum, or dog's-
bane -, and are efl^edually given to fuch as are bitten by any venomous beaft, or
flung by any ferpent or other creature ; as alfo againft the biting of a mad dog, a
drachm and a half thereof taken in carduus-water for many days together. It is
taken alfo, in wine, againft the plague and peftilence ; a drachm tak-en in buglofs-
. water is efl^edual againft all paflions of the heart ; if the fame quantity of citron-
feeds be taken therewith, it eafeth all the gripings pains in the belly j the decoftion
of the roots made with white wine, taken for feveral days together, a good draught
at a time, and fweating thereupon, cureth the dropfy. The fame alfo cureth the
jaundice, provoketh urine, and eafeth the cough and all defeats of the cheft and
lungs. The powder of the roots, taken with peony- feeds, is good againft the fal-
ling ficknefs ; or with bafil-feed, or the rind of pomecitron-feeds, is good againft
melancholy j and, taken with the roots of di^amus albus, or baftard dittany, will
kill and expel v.'orms. The decodlion hereof, with comfrey- roots, made in wine, is
good for thofe that have a rupture, or are burften, or have received hurts by bruifes.
The powder of the roots or leaves is efl^cdtual to cleanfe all putrid, rotten, and filthy,
ulcers and fores, and may fafely be ufed in all falves, unguents, and lotions, made
for fuch purpofes. The leaves and flowers boiled, and made into a poultice, and
applied to the hard tumours or fwellings of women's breafts, cure them fpecdily.

TOBACCO,

0

eG CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.

TOBACCO, ENGLISH and INDIAN.

Description. ENGLISH tobacco rifeth up with a thick round ftalk, about two
feet high, whereon grow thick fat green leaves, not fo large as the Indian, round-
pointed, and not dented about the edges ; at the tops (land divers flowers in green
hu(ks, fca reel y above the brims of the hufk, round-pointed alfo, and of agreenifli-
yellow colour. Its feed is not very bright, but large, contained in great heads. The
roots perifh every winter, but rife generally of its own fowing.

Names. It is called in 'Lzimpetum and tiicotiana.

PtACE AND Time. Englifh tobacco groweth much about Winfcomb in Glou-
cefterfhire, as delighting in a fruitful foil ; the other, which we fmoke, groweth bed
in Virginia, and is thence carried to fome parts of Spain, and there made up and
then brought to us, and named Spanifli tobacco.

Government and Virtues. It is a martial plant. It is found by good experi-
ence to be available to expe(aorate tough phlegm from theftomach, cheft, and lungs ;
the juice thereof being made into a fyrup, or the diftilled water of the herb drunk ;
or the fmoke taken by a pipe as is ufual, but fafting. The fame helpeth to expel
worms in the ftomach and belly, and to eafe the pains in the head, and the griping
pains in the bowels ; it is profitable for thofe that are troubled with the ftone in the
kidneys, to eafe pains, and, by provoking urine, to expel gravel and the ftone j and
hath been found very effedlual to expel wind. The feed hereof is very efFecftual to
help the tooth-ach, and the afhes of the burnt herb to cleanfe the gums and make
the teeth white. The herb bruifed, and applied to the place grieved with the king's-
evil, helpeth it in nine or ten days efffdually. Monardus faith it is a counter-poi-
fon for the biting of any venomous creature, the herb alfo being outwardly applied
to the hurt place. The diflilled water is often given with fome fugar before the fit
of an ague to leflen it, and takes it away in three or four times ufing. If the diftilled
fa;ces of the herb, having been bruifed before the diftillation, and not diftilled dry,
be fet in warm dung for fourteen days, and afterwards hung up in a bag in a wine-
celler, the liquor that diftils therefrom is fingularly good for cramps, achs, the gout
and fciatica, and to heal itches, fcabs, and running ulcers. The juice is alfo good
for all the faid griefs, and likewife to kill lice in children's heads. The green herb,
bruifed and applied, cureth any frefti wound or cut whatfoever : and the juice,
put into old fores, both cleanfeth and healeth them. There is alfo made hereof a
fnigular good falve to help impofthumes, hard tumours, and fwellings, by blows
or falls.

TAMARISK-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 367

TAMARISK. TREE.

IT is fo well known in the place where it groweth, that it needeth no defcription.

Time. It flowereth about the end of May, or in June, and the feed is ripe and
blown away in the beginning of September.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of Saturn. Iftheroof,
leaves, or young branche?, be boiled in wine or vinegar, and drunk, and applied out-
wardly,-it is very powerful againft the hardnefs of the fpleen. The leaves, boiled
in wine and drunk, are good to (lay the bleeding of the hemorrhoidal veins, fpitting
of blood, and helpeth the jaundice, the cholic, and the bitings of all venomous fer-
pents except the afp. The bark is as efFeflual, if not more, to all the purpofes
aforefaid ; and both it and the leaves boiled in wine, and the mouth and the teeth
wafhed therewith, help the tooth-ach, the ear-ach, and the rednefs and watering of
tHe eyes. The faid decoftion, with fome honey put thereto, is good to ftay gan-
grenes and fretting ulcers, and to wafh thofe that are fubjedt to knits and lice. The
wood is very effecflual to confume the fpleen, and therefore to drink out of cups and
cans made thereof is good for fplenetic perfons. The afhes of the wood are ufed
for all the purpofes aforefaid j and, befides, do quickly help the blifters raifed by
burnings or fcaldings by fire or water. Alpinus and Veflingius affirm, that the
Egyptians do with as good fuccefs ufe the wood hereof to cure the French difeafe
as others do lignum vita; or guaiacum, and give it alfo to fuch as are pofleflcd with
the Icprofy, fcabs, puflies, ulcers, or the like; and it is available alfo to help the
dropfy ariling from the hardnefs and obftruiflion of the fpleen, as alfo for melan-
choly, and the black-jaundice, that arifeth thereof.

GARDEN TANSEY.

GARDEN TANSEY is fo well known, that it needeth no defcription.

Time. It flowerth in June and July.

Government and Virtues. Venus governs this herb. The herb bruifed, and
applied to the navel, ftays mifcarriages ; boiled in ordinary beer, and the decocftion
drunk, it doth the like ; alfo it confumes thofc phlegmatic humours which the cold
and moift conftitution of winter ufually infedls the body with, and that was the firft
reafon of eating tanfey in the fpring. The decoftion of the common tanfey, or the
juice drunk in wine, is a fingular remedy for all the griefs that come by flopping
of the urine, helpeth the ftranguary, and thofe that have weak reins and kidiieys.

No. 25.. 5 C It

36S C U L P E P E R's ENGLISH P K Y S 1 C I A N,.

It is very profitable todiflolve and expel wind in the flonnch, bcHy, or bowels. If
it be brulfed, and often (melled to ; as a!fo, applied to the lower part of the belly, it
is very profitable for fuch women as are given to mifcarry in child-bearine, to caufe
them to go out their full time ; it is ufed alfo againfl the fione in the reins, efpecial-
ly to men. The herb fried with eggs, which is called a tanfcy, helpeth to digcft, and
carry downward, thofe bad humours that trouble the flomach. Being boiled in oil
it is good for the finews (hrupk by cramps, or pained with cold. The feed is very
profitably gis'en to children for worms, and the juice in drink is as efFeflunl ; and
it is in this laft capacity that it is principally to be regarded. No complaint is fo
frequent, and few bring on fo much mifchief : befides the moi-e common and obvi-
ous diforders which they occafion, a wafting, even to death, and putrid fevers, fome-
times accompany, and indeed arife from, them -, and, oftener than is thought, they
are the caufe of epileptic fits. The medicines given againft them are for the moft
part ineffeftal, and many of them mifchievous. Hellebore has brought on con-
vullions ; and every one knows the danger of mercurials.

WILD TANSEY, or SILVER-WEED.

THIS is fo well known, that it needeth no defcription.

Place. It groweth almoft in every place.

Time. It flowereth in June and July.

Government and Virtues. This is likewife an herb of Venus. Wild tanfey
ftayeth the lafk, and all the fluxes of blood, in men or women, which fome fav it
will do if the green herb be worn in the fhoes, fo it be next the fkin; it flayeth alfo
fpitting or vomiting of blood. It is much commended to help children that are
burften, and have a rupture, being boiled in water and fait. Being boiled in wine
and drunk, it eafeth the griping pains of the bowels, and is good for the fciatica and
ioint-achs. The fame boiled in vinegar with honey and allum, and gargled in the
mouth, eafeth the pains of the tooth-ach, fafteneth loofe teeth, helpeth the gums
that are fore, and fettled the palate of the mouth in its place when it is fallen down.
It cleanfeth and healeth the ulcers in the mouth or fecret parts, and is very good for
inward wounds, and to clofe the lips of green wounds ; as alfo to heal old, moift,
corrupt, running, fores, in the legs or elfewhere. Being bruifed and applied to the
foles of the feet, and the wrifts, it wonderfully cooleth the hot fits of agues, be they
never fo violent. The diftilled water cleanfeth the fkin of all difcolourings therein, as
morphew, fun-burning, &c. as alfo pimples, freckles, and the like j and, dropped

into

AND COMPLETE H i: R B A L. 3/^9

into the eyes, or cloths wet therein aiiJ applied, taketh away the heat and inflam-
mations ill them.

THISTLES.

OF thefe are many kinds growing here in England, which are fo well known,
that they need no defcription. Their difFerence is eafiiy known by the places
where they grow, viz.

Place. Some grow in fields, fome in meadows, and fome among the corn ;
others on heaths, greens, and wade grounds, in many places'.

Time. They all flower in July and Auguft, and their feed is ripe quickly after.

Government and Virtues. Mars rules them. Thirties are good to provoke
urine, and to amend the rank fmell <jf the arm-pits, or of the whole body, being
boiled in wine and drunk, and are faid alfo to help a ftinking breath, and to
ftrengthen the ftomach. Pliny faith, that the juice bathed on the place tliat wanteth
hair, it being fallen ofi^, will caufe it to grow again fpeedily.

MELANCHOLY THISTLE.

Description. IT rifeth up with a tender fingle hoary green ftalk, bearing
thereon four or five long hoary green leaves, dented about the edges, the points
whereof are little or nothing prickly, and at the top ufually but one head, yet fome-
times from the bofoni of the uppermoft leaf there fliooteth forth another fmaller
head, fcaly and fomewhat prickly, with many reddifli purple thrums, in the middle,
which, being gathered frefli, will keep the colour a great while, and fade not from
the fl:alk in a long time, while it perfedleth the feed. The root hath many long
firings fattened to the head, or upper parts, which is blackifli, and periflieth not.

There is another fort, little difi^ering from the former, but that the leaves are
more green above and more hoary underneath, and the ftalk, being about two feet
high, bearing but one large fcaly head, with threads and feeds as the former.

Place. They grow in many moift meadows of this land, as well in the fouth-
ern as in the northern parts.

Time. They flower about July or Auguft, and their feed ripeneth quickly
after.

Government and Virtues. It is under Capricorn, and therefore under both
Saturn and Mars ; one rids melancholy by fympathy, the other by antipathy.
Their virtues are but few, but thofe not to be defpifed -, for the decodtion of the

thiftle

370 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

thiftic in wine, being drunk, expels fupcrfluous melancholy out of the body, and
mr.kes a man merry. Superfluous melancholy cpufeth care, fear, fadnefs, defpair,
envy, and many evils' befides : but religion teachcth to wait upon Providence, and
cafl our care upon him who careth for us.

OUR LADY'S THISTLE.

Description, OUR lady's thiflle hath divers large and broad leaves, lying on
the ground, cut in and as it were crumpled, but rather hairy on the edges ; of a
v.'hite-green ftiining colour, wherein are many lines and ftrakes of a milky white
colour running all over, and fet about with many fharp and flifF prickles, among
which rifeth up one or more ftrong, round, and prickly, ftalks, fet full of the like
leaves up to the top, where, at the end of every branch, cometh forth a great, prick-
ly, thiftle-like, head, flrongly armed with pricks, and with bright purple thrums
rifing out of the middle of them ; after they are pafl:, the feed groweth in the faid
heads, lying in a great deal of foft white down, which is fomewhat flatti/h and fhin-
ning, large and brown. The root is great, fpreading in the ground, with many
firings and fmall fibres faflened thereto. All the whole plant is bitter in tafte.

Place. It is frequent on the bank of almofl: every ditch.

Tims. It flowerth and feedethin June, July, and Auguft.

Government and Vi&tues. Our lady's thiftle is under Jupiter, tnd thought
to be as good as cardus benedidus for agues, and to prevent and cure the infedlion
of the plague, as alfo to open obflrudions of the liver andfpleen, and thereby is good
againft the jaundice. It provoketh urine, breaketh and expelleth the ftone, and is
good for the dropfy. It is effedlual alfo for the pains in the fides, and many other
inward pains and gripings. The feed and diftilled water are held powerful to all
the purpofes aforefaid : and, befides, it is often applied both Inwardly to drink, and
outwardly with cloths or fpunges to the region of the liver, to cool the diftemper'a-
ture thereof, and to the region of the heart, againfl fwoonings and paffions of it. It
cleanfcth the blood exceedingly ; and in fpring, if you boil the tender plant, it will
change your blood as the feafon changes, which is a very fure way to preferve health.

WOOLLY OR COTTON THISTLE.

Description. THIS hath many large leaves lying on the ground, fomewhat
cut in, and as it were crumpled, on the edges, of a green colour on the upper-fide,
but covered over with a Icwig hairy wool, or cottony down, fet with fiiarp pricks ;

from

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 371

from the middle of whofe heads of flowers come forth many purplifh-crimfon
threads, fomcthnes white, although but feldom. The feed, that followeth in thefs
white downy heads, is fomewhat large, long, and round, refembling the feed of our
lady's thiftle, but paler. The root is great and thick, fpreading much, yet ufually
dieth after feed -time.

Place. Itgioweth on divers ditch-banks, and in the corn-fields, and highways,
generally throughout England ; and is often found growing in gardens.

Time. It flowereth and beareth feed about the end of fummer, when other
thirties flower and feed.

Government and Virtues. It is a plant of Mars. Diofcorides and Pliny
write, that the leaves and roots hereof, taken in drink, help thofe that have a crick
in their neck, that they cannot turn it unlefs they turn their whole body. Galen
faith, that the roots and leaves hereof are good for fuchperfons as have their bodies
drawn together by fome fpafm orconvulfion, or other infirmities, as the rickets in
children j being a difeafe that hindereth their growth, by binding their nerves,
ligaments, and whole ftruftures of their body.

FULLERS THISTLE, or, TEASEL.

IT is fo well known, that it needs no defcription, being ufed by the cloth-
workers.

The wild tcafel is in all things like the former, but that the prickles are fmall,
foft, and upright, not hooked or ftifF: and the flowers of this are of a fine blufhor
pale carnation colour, but of the manured kind whitifh.

Place. Thefirfl:groweth, being fown, in gardens or fields, for the ufe of cloth-
workers. The other near ditches in many places, of Great Britain.

Time. They flower in July, and are ripe near the end of Augufl-.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Venus. Diofcorides faith, that
the root bruifed and boiled in wine until it be thick, and kept in a brazen velTel or
pot, and after fpread as a falve and applied, doth heal fiftulas, and alfo taketh away
warts and wens. Boiled in wine, it purgeth by urine. The juice of the leaves,
dropped into the ears, killeth worms in them. The diftilled water of the leaves,
dropped into the eyes, taketh away rednefs and mifts in them that hinder the fight,
and is often ufed by women to prcferve their beauty, and to take away rednefs and
inflammations, and all other difcolourings. The water alfo, that is received in the
hoUownefs of the leaves, is good for the ailments for which the diftilled water is re-
commended.

No. 25. 5 D TREACLE-

572 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

TREACLE-MUSTARD.
Description. IT rifeth up with a hard round flalk about a foot high, parted
into feme branches, having divers foft green leaves fomewhat long and narrow fe£
thereon waved, but not cut in on the edges, broadeft towards the ends, and fome-
what round-pointed ; the flowers are white that grow at the tops of the branches,
fpike-fafhion, one above another: after which come large round pouches parted in
the middle with a furrow, having one blackifli-brown feed on either fide, fomewhat
flaarp in tafte, and fmelling of garlic, efpecially in the fields where it is natural, but
not [o much in gardens : the roots are fmall and thready, perifhing every year.

BLACK- THORN, or SLOE-BUSH.

IT is fo well known, that it needeth no defcription.

Place. It groweth in every country, in the hedges and borders of fields.

Time. Itflowereth in April, and fometimes in March, but ripeneth after all
other plumbs whatfoever, and is not fit to be eaten until the autumn frofts have
mellowed it.

Government and Virtues. All the parts of thefloe-bulh are binding, cool-
ing, and drying, and effedhual to ftay the bleeding at the nofe and mouth, or any
places the lafk of the belly, or flomach, or the bloody flux, and to eafe the p«nS
in the fides or bowels, by drinking the decodion of the bark of the roots, or more
ufually the deco6lion of the berries, either frefh or dried. The conferve is alfo of
verv much ufe to the purpofes aforefaid ; but the diftilled water of the flowers, firft
fteeped in fack for a night, and drawn therefrom by the heat of a bath, is a moft
certain remedy, tried and approved, to eafe all manner of gnawing in the flomach,
fides, and bowels, or any griping pains in any of them, to drink a fmall quantity
when the extremity of pain is upon them. The leaves alfo are good to make lo-
tions, to gargle and wafli the mouth and throat, wherein are fwellings, fores, or ker-
nels, and to ftay the defluxions of rheum to the eyes or other parts, as alfo to cool
the heat and inflammation in them, and to eafe hot pains of the head, by bathing
the forehead and temples therewith. The fimple diftilled water of the flowers is
very efi^edual for the faid purpofes, and thecondenfate juice of the floes. The dif-
tilled water of the green berries is ufed alfo for the fame purpofes.

THOROUGH-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. ^yj

THOROUGH-WAX, or THOROUGH-LEAF.

DtscRrPTioN, COMMON thorough-wax fendeth forth one ftraloht round
ftalk, and fometimes more, two feet high and better, whofe lower leaves, being of a
bluifh- green colour, are fmaller and narrower than thofe up higher, and ftand clofe
thereto, not compafTing it, but, as they grow higher, tliey more and more encompafs
theftalk, until it wholly (as it were) pafs through them, branching towards the top
into many parts, where the leaves grow fmaller again, every one Handing fingly.
The flowers are very fmall and yellow, (landing in tufts at the heads of the branches,
where afterwards grow the feed, being blackifh, many thick thruft together. The
root is fmall, long, and woody, perifhing every year after feed time, and rifitig again
plentifully of its own fowing.

Place. It is found growing in many corn-fields and pafture-grounds in Great
Britain.

Time. It flowereth in July, and the feed Is ripe In Auguft.

Government and Virtues. Both this and the former are under the inffuencc
of Saturn. Thorough-waxis of fingular good ufe for all forts of brulfcs and wounds,
either inward or outward, and old ulcers and fores likewifc, if the decodion of the
herb with water or wine be drunk, and the places waflied therewith, or the juice, or
green herb bruifed or boiled, either by Itfelf or with other herbs, in oil or hog's-
greafe, be made into an ointment to ferve all the year. The deco(ftion of the herb,
or the powder of the dried herb, taken inwardly, and the fame, or the green leaves,
bruifed and applied outwardly, is fingular good to cure ruptures and burftings, ef-
pecially in children, before they be too old.

THYME.

IT Is very unneceflary to defcribe an herb fo commonly known.

Government and Virtijes. It is under the government of Venus. This
herb Is a notable ftrengthener of the lungs; there is fcarcely abetter remedy grow-
ing for thatdifcafe in children which they commonly call the chin-cough. It purgcth
the body of phlegm, and is an excellent remedy for fhortnefs of breath : it kills
worms in the belly. An ointment made of it takes away hot fwellings and warts,
helps the fciatica and dulnefs of fight, takes away pains and hardncfs of the fpleen.
It Is excellent good for thofe that are troubled with the gout ; It eafeth pains In the
Joins and hips. The herb taken any way inwardly comforts the flom.ach much,
and expels wind.

WILD

374 GULP EPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.

WILD THYME, or M O T H E R of T H Y M E.

THE wild thyme is lb well known, that it needs no delcription.

Place. It may be found in commons and other barren places throughout the
nation..

Government and Virtues. This is lilcewife under the dominion of Venus,
though under the lign Aries, and therefore chiefly appropriated to the head: it pro-
voketh urine, and eafeth the griping pains of the belly, cramps, ruptures, and in-,
flammations of the liver. If you make a vinegar of the herb, and anoint the head
with it, it will foon eafe the pain thereof. It is excellent good to be given either in
a frenzy or lethargy, although they are two contrary dlieafes. It helps the fpitting
of blood, coughing, and vomiting; it comforts and ftrengthens the head, ftomach,
reins, and womb j expels wind, and breaks the ftone.

TORMENTIL, or SEPTFOIL.

Description. THIS hath many reddifti, flender, weak, branches, rifing froni
the root, lying upon the ground, rather leaning than ftanding upright, with many
fhort leaves that ftand ciofer to the ftalks than cinquefoil doth, (which this is very
like,) with the foot-ftalk encompaffing the branches infeveral places ; but thofethat
grow next to the ground are fet upon long foot-ftalks, each whereof are like the
leaves of cinquefoil, but fomewhat longer and fmaller, and dented about the edges,
many of them divided into five leaves only, but moft of them into fcven, whence it
is called feptfoil ; yet fome may have fix, and fome eight, according to the fertility
of the foil. At the tops of the branches ftand divers fmall yellow flowers, confifting
of five leaves, like thofe of cinquefoil, but fmaller. The root is fmaller than biftort,
fomev;hat thick, but blacker without, and not fo red within, yet fometimes a little
crooked, having many blackifh fibres.

Place. It groweth as well in woods and fhadowy places as in the open country,
about the borders of fields in many places of Englarid, and almoft in every broom-
£eld in Eflex.

Time. It flowereth all the fummer.

Government and Virtues. This is an herb of the Sun. Tormentil is moft
excellent to ftay all kinds of fluxes of bloo J or humours in man or woman, whether
at nofe, mouth, belly, or any wound in the veins or elfewhere. The juice of the herb
or root, taken in drink, not only refiileth all poilbn or venom of any creature, but.
of the plague itlelf, and peHileatial fevers, and contagious difeafes, as the French

difeafe.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 375

difeafe, meafles, purples, &c. expelling the venom and infetflion from the heart by
perfpiration ; if the green root be not to be had, the powder of the dry root is as ef-
ie(5lua!, a drnchm thereof being taken every morning. The decoiflion likewife of
the herb and roots made in wine, and drunk, worketh the fime efi-'eft ; and fo dotii
the diftilled water of the herb and root,vbeing fteepsd in wine for a night, and then
diftilled in balnco marine. The water thus diftilled, taken with fome Venice treacle,
and the party prefently laid to fwcat, will expel any venom or poifon, or the plague,
fever, &c. for it is an ingredient of efpccial refpeifl in all antidotes or countcr-poi-
fons. There is not tound any root more efFciftual to help any flux of the belly, 1I0-
mach, fpleen, or blood, than this, to betaken inwardly, or applied outwardly. The
juice doth wonderfully open obftruiftions of the liver and lungs, and thereby in fliort
fpace helpeth the yellow-jaundice: fome make cakes hereof, as well to ftay all fluxes
as to retrain all choleric belchings, and much vomiting, with loathing. Andreas
Valefius is of opinion, thit the deco^ion of this root is no iefs cfFectual to cure the
venereal difeafe th.an guaiacumj and it is not unlikely, becaufe it fo mightily refift-
eth putrefadion. Lobel faith, that Rondeletius ufed it as harmoda<5tiIs for joint-
achs : the powder alfo, or deco(5lion to be drunk, or to fit therein as a bath, is a fine
remedy againft abortion in women, if it proceed from the weaknefs of the inward
retentive faculty : as alfo a plaifter made therewith and vinegar, applied to the reins
of the back, doth much help, not only this, but alfo thofe that cannot hold their
water, the powder being taken in the juice of plantane; and it is alfo commended
againft the worms in children. It is very powerful in ruptures and burltings; as
alfo to bruifcs and fiills, to be ufed as well outwardly as inwardly. The root here-
of, made up with pellitory of Spain and allum, and put into an hollow tooth, not only
alTuagcth pain, but ftayeth the flux of humours which caufed it. Tormentil is no
Icfs effeclual and powerful a remedy for outward wounds, fores, and hurts, than for
inward, and is therefore a fpecial ingredient in wound-drinks, lotions, and injedtions,
for foul, corrupt, rotten, fores and ulcers of the mouth, or any other parts of the
body ; and to put either the juice or powder of the root into fuch ointments, plaifters,
and fuch things as are to be applied to wounds and fores. It alfo difiblveth all
knots, kernels, and hardnefs, about the cars, throat, and jaws ; and the king's evil,
if the leaves and roots be bruifed and applied thereto. The fame alfo eafeththe pains
of the fciatica, or hip gout, by reftraining the fl^arp humours that flow thereto. The
juice of the leaves and roots, ufed with a little vinegar, is alfo a fpecial remedy againft
the running fores of the head or other parts, fcabs alfo, and the itch, or any fuch
eruptions in the fkin, proceeding of fult and fliarp humours. The fame alfo is ef-
feClual for the piles, or hemorrhoids, if they be waflicd and bathed therewith, or
No. 25. 5 E with

-^-S CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

with the.diftilleU water of the herb and root. It is found alfo helpful to dry up.
^ly fiiarp rheum that diftilleth from the head into the eyes, caufing reJnefs, pain,
waterings, itchings, or the like, if a little prepared tutia, or -white amber, be ufed
with the diftilled water thereof. The Sun rules this herb.

TURNSOL, OR HELIOTROPIUM.

Description. THE greater turnfol rifeth up with one upright (lalk about a
foot high or more, dividing itfeif almoft from the bottom into fmaller branches of a
hoary colour. At each joint of the ftalk and branches grow two fmall broad leaves,.
fomewhat white or hoary. At the top of the ftalks and branches ftand many
fmall white flowers, confiding of foui- and fometimes five very f.nall leaves, fet in
order one above another, upon a fmall crooked fpike, which turneth inwards, open-
ing by degrees as the flowers blow open ; after which in their places come forth
fmall cornered feeds, four for the moft part {landing together. The root is fmall
and thready, perilhing every year> and the feed, fliedding every year, raifes itagaiii
the next fpring.

Place. It groweth in gardens, and flowereth and feedeth with us in England,
notwithftanding it is not natural to Great Britain, but to Italy, Spain, and France,
where it groweth plentifully.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of the Sun. Diofcorides faith, that
a good handful of this, which is called the greater turnfol, boiled in water, and drunk,
purgeth both choler and phlegm ; and, boiled with cummin, ani drunk, helpeth
the fl:one in the reins, kidney?, or bladder, provoketh urine and the courfes, and
caufeth an eafy and fpeedy delivery in child-birth. The leaves bruifed and ap-
plied to places pained wdth the gout, or that have been newly fet, do give much
cafe. The feed and the juice of the leaves alfo being rubbed with a little fait upon
warts, wens, and other hard kernels, in the face, eye-hds; or any other part of the
body, will, by often ufing, take them away.

MEADOW TREFOIL, or HONEY-SUCKLES.

IT is fo well known, efpecially by the name of honey-fuckles, white and red, that
1 need not defcribe them.

Place. They grow almoft every where ih Englan.L

Government and Virtues. Mercury hath dominion over the common forts.
Dodoneus faith, the leaves and flowers are good to eafe the griping pains of the

guts.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 377

guts, the herb being boiled and ufed in a clyfter. If the herb be made into a poul-
tice and applied to inflammations, it will eafe them. The juice dropped into the
eyes is a familiar medicine with many country people to take away the pin and web
(as they call it) in the eyes ; it alfo allayeth the heat and blood-lhooting of them.
Country people do alfo in many places drink the juice hereof againft the biting of an
adder, and, having boiled the herb in water, they firft wafh the place with the de-
coftion, and then lay fome of the herb to the hurt place. The herb alfo, boiled
in fwine's-greafe, and fo made into an ointment, is good to apply to the biting of
any venomous creature. It is held likewife to be good for wounds. The feed and
flowers boiled in water, and after made into a poultice with fome oi!, and applied,
help hard fwellings and impofthumes.

HEART TREFOIL.

BESIDES the ordinary forts of trefoil, there are two more remarkable, and one
of which may probably be called the heart trefoil, not only becaufe the leaf is tri-
angular like the heart of a man, but alfo becaufe each leaf contains the perfeftiou
of a heart, and that in its proper colour, viz. a flelh- colour.

Place. It groweth near Bow, and parts adjacent.

Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of the Sun j and, if it
were ufed, it would be found as great a ftrengthener of the heart and cheriflier of
the vital fpiiitsas grows, relieving the body againft fiintings and fv/oonings, forti-
fying it againft poifons and pcftilence, and defending the heart againft the noifome
vapours of the fpleen.

PEARL TREFOIL.
IT differs not fromthe common fort, faveonly in this one particular, that it hath
a white fpot in the leaf like a pearl ; it is particularly under the dominion of the
Moon, and its icon ftieweth. that it is of fmgular virtue againft the pearH, orpin and
web, in the eye.

TUTSAN, OR PARK-LEAVES.
Description. It hath brownifli fliining ftalks, crefted all the length thereof,
rifing to be two and fomctimcs three feet high, branching forth even from the bot-
tom, having divers joints, and at each of them two fair large leaves, of a dark
bluifli-green colour on the upper-fide, and of a yellowifh-green underneath, turn-

378 CULPE PER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

ing reddifh towards autumn, but abiding on the branches all the winter. At the
tops of the ftaiks and branches {land large yellow flowers, and heads with feed,
v/hich being greenifh at the firft, and afterwards reddifh, turn to be of a blackifh-
purple colour when they are thoroughly ripe, with fmall brownifh feed in them, and
then yield a reddifh juice or liquor, of a reafonable good fcent, fomewhat refinous,
and of an harfh and ftyptic tafle, as the leaves alfo and the flowers be, although
much lefs; -The root is of a brownifh colour, fomewhat great, hard, and woody,
fpreading well in the ground.

Place. It groweth in many woods, groves, and woody-greunds, as parks and
forefls, and by hedge fides, in rnany places in Great Britain.

Time. It flowereth later than St. John's or St. Peter's wort.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Saturn, and a great antivenerean.
Tutfan purgeth choleric humours, as St. Peter's wort is frad to do ; for therein it
worketh the fame clFefts, both to help the fciatica and gout, and lo heal burnings by
tire. It ftayeth alfo the bleeding of wounds, if either the green herb be bruifed or
the powder of the dry be applied thereto. It hath been accounted., and certainly is,
a fovereign herb to heal any wound or fore either outwardly or inwardly, and there-
fore always ufed in drinks, lotions, balms, oils, ointments for any fort of green
■wound, or old ulcers and fores, in all which the continual experience of former ages
hath confirmed the ufe thereof to be admirably good, though it be not fo much in
life now as when phyficians and furgeons were fo wife as to ufe herbs more than
they do at prefent.

GARDEN VALERIAN.

Description. THIS hath a thick fhort greyifh root, lying for the mofl; part
above ground, Ihooting forth on all fides other fuch-like fmall pieces or roots, which
have all of them many long and great firings or fibres under them, in the ground,
whereby it draweth nourifhment. From the heads of thefe roots fpring up many
green leaves, which at firfl are fomewhat broad and long, without any divifion at
all in them, or dented on the edges j but thofe that rife up after are more and more
divided on each fide, fome to the middle-ribj made of many leaves together on a
ftalkj and thofe upon the rtialk in like manner more divided, but fmaller towards
the top than below. The ftalk rifeth to be a yard high or more, fometim.es branched
at the top, with many fmall whitifh flowers, fometimes dafhed over at the edges
with a pale purplifh colour of a little fcent ; which paffing away, there followeth
fniall brownifh-white feed that is eafily carried away with the wind. Tha root
fmelleth more flrong than either leaf or flower, and is of more ufe in medicine.

PiAC£.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 379

Place. It is generally kept with us in our gardens.

Time. It flowercth in June and July, and continucth flowering until the froft
pulls it down.

Government and Virtues. This is under the influence of Mercury. Diof-
corides faith, that the garden valcrinn hath a warming faculty, and that, being drieJ
and given to drink, it provoketh urine, and helpeth the ftranguary. The decojjliort
thereof, taken, doth the like alfo, and taketh away pains of the fides, ' provoketh
urine, and helpeth the ftranguary. It is ufcd likewife as a counter-poifon. Pliny
jiiith, that the powderof the root given in drink, or fome oi the dcco'ition thereof
taken, helpeth all ftoppings and ftranglings in any part of the body, whether they
proceed of pains in the cheft or fides, and taketh them away. The root of valerian,
boiled with liquorice, raifins, and anife-feed, is good for thofe that are (hort winded,
and for thofe that are troubled with a cough, and helpeth to open the paflages, and
to expedlorate phlegm eafily. It is given to thofe that are bitten or ftung by any
venomous creature, being boiled in wine. It is of fpecial virtue againfl: the plague,
the decoftion thereof being drunk, and the root being ufed to fmell to ; it helpeth
alfoto expel wind. The green herb with the root taken frefli, being bruifed and
applied to the head, taketh away the pains and prickings therein, {layeth rheum and
thin diftillations ; and, being boiled in white wine, and a drop thereof put into the
eye, taketh away the dimnefs of the fight, or any pin or web therein. It is of ex-
cellent property to heal any inward fores or wounds, as alfo for outward hurts or
wounds, and draweth any fplinters or thorns out of the flefli,

VERVAIN.

Description. THE cpmmon vervain hath fomewhat long and broad leaves
next the ground, gaflied about the edges, and fome only deeply dented, or cut all
alike, of a blacklfli-green colour on the upper fide, and fomewhat grey underneath.
The ftalk is fquare, branched into feveral parts, rifing about two feet high, efpeci-
ally if you reckon the long fpikes of flowers at the tops of them, which are fet on
all fides one above another, and fometimes two or three together, being fmall and gap-
ing, of a purplirti blue colour, and white intermixed ; after which come fmall round
lecd iu fmall and fomewhat long heads. The root is fmall and long, but of no ufe.

Place. It groweth generally throughout EnglanJ, in divers places by the
hedges, and way-fides, and other wafte grounds.

Time. It flowereth about July, and the feed is ripe foon after.
No. 25. 5 F G0VE.IN-

jSo CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Government and Virtues. This alfo is an herb of Venus^ and an excellent
herb for the womb, to ftrengthen it, and remedy all the cold griefs of it, as plantane
doth the hot. The herb bruifed, and hung about the neck, helps the head-ach.
Vervain is hot and dry, bitter, opening obftrudtions, cle^nfing and healing. It help-
cth the yellow-jaundice, the dropfy, and the gout, the defefts of the reins and lungs,
and generally all inward pains and torments of the body, the leaves being boiled and
drunk. The fame is held to be good againft the bitings of ferpents, and other veno-
mous beafts ; and againft the plague, and both tertian and quartan agues ; killeth
and expelieth worms in the belly, and caufeth a good colour in the face and body ;
ftrengtheneth as well as correifteth the difeafes of the ftomach and lungs, coughs,
fliortnefs of breath, and wheefings, and is Angularly good againft the dropfy, to be*
drunk with fome peony-feed bruifed and put thereto j and is no lefs prevalent for
the defe6ts of the reins and bladder, to cleanfe them of thofe humours that ingendei-
the ftone -, and helpeth to break the ftone, and to expel gravel. It confolidateth and
healeth alfo all wounds both inward and outward, and ftayeth bleedings j and, ufed
with fome honey, healeth all old ulcers and fiftulas in the legs or other parts of the
body, as alfo thofe ulcers that happen in the mouth ; or, ufed with old hog's-greafe,
it helpeth the fwellings and pains of the fecret parts in man or woman, as alfo the
piles and hemorrhoids. Applied with fome oil of rofes and vinegar unto the fore-
head and temples, it eafeth the inveterate pains and achs of the head. The leaves
bruifed, or the juice of them mixed with fome vinegar, doth wonderfully cleanfe the
fkin, and taketh away morphew, freckles, and other fuch-like inflammations and de-
formities of the fkin, in any part of the body. The diftilled water of the herb, when
it is in its full ftrength, dropped into the eyes, cleanfeth them from films, clouds,
or mifts, that darken the fight, and wonderfully ftrengtheneth the optic nerves.
The faid water is very powerful in all the difeafes aforefaid either inward or out-
ward, whether they be old corroding fores, or green wounds.

VINE.

Virtues. THE leaves of the Englifti vine, being boiled, make a good lotion
for fore mouths ; being boiled with barley-meal into a poultice, it cools inflamma-
tions of wounds ; the droppings of the vine when it is cut in the fpring, which coun-
try people call tears, being boiled into -a fyrup with fugar and taken inwardly, are
-good to ftay women's longings ; alfo the tears of the vine drunk, two or three fpoon-
fuls at a time, break the ftone in the bladder. This is a very good remedy ; but

the

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. ^St

the fait of the leaves is held to be better. The afhes of the burnt branches will
make teeth that are black as a coal to be as v\ hite as fnow, if you do but every
morning rub them with ir. It is a tree of the Sun, very fympathetical with the
body of man.

VIOLETS.

BOTH the tame and wild are fo well known, that they need no defcriptlon.

Time. They flower until the end of July, but are beft in March and the begin-
ning of April.

Government and Virtues. They are a fine pleafing plant of Venus, of a mild
nature, no >*ay harmful. All the violets are cold and moifl: while they are frefh and
green, and are ufed to cool any heat or diftemperature of the body either inwardly
or outwarly, as inflammations in the eyes, Sec. impofthumes alfo, and hot fwellings,
to drink the decodtion of the leaves or flowers made with water and wine, or to ap-
ply them poultice-wife to the grieved place; it likewife eafeth pains in the head
caufed through want of fleep, being applied in the fame manner, or with oil ofrofes.
A drachm-weight of the dried leaves or flowers of violets, (but the leaves more
ftrongly,) doth purge the body of choleric humours, and afliuageth the heat, being
taken in a draught of wine or any other drink. The powder of the purple leaves
of the flowers only, picked and dried, and drunk in water, it is faid to help the
quinfey, and the falling ficknefs in children, efpecially in the beginning of the difeafe.
The flowers of the white violets open and diflblve fwellings.

VIPERS BUGLOSS.

Description. THIS hath many long rough leaves lying on the ground, from
among which rife up divers hard round ftalks, very rough as if they were thick fet
■with prickles or hairs, whereon are fet long, rough, hairy, or prickly, fad-green
leaves,fomewhat narrow, the middle-rib for the moft part being white. The flov/ers
Hand at the top of the ftalks, branched forth into many long fpiked leaves of
flowers, bowing or turning like the turnfol, all of them opening for the moft part on
the one fide, which are long and hollow, turning up the brims a little, of a purplifli
violet colour in them that are fully blown, but more redJifh while they are in the
bud, as alfo upon their decay and withering ; but in fome places of a paler purple
colour vvith a long pointel in the middle, feathered or parted at the top. .After the
flowers are fallen, the feeds, growing to be ripe, are blackifli, cornered, and pointed,

fomcwhat

385 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Ibmewhat Jlke the head of a vine. The root is fomewhat great, and blaclcifli, and
woolly, when it groweth toward feed-time j and perilheth in the winter.

There is another fort, little differing from the former, only in that it beareth
white flowers.

Place. The firft groweth wild almoft every where. That with white flowers
about Lewis, in SufTex.

Time. They flower in fummer, and their feed is ripe quickly after.

Government AND Virtues. This is an herb of the Sun. It is an efpecial re-
inedy againft the biting of the viper and all other venomous beads or ferpents, as alfo
againft poifon and poifonful herbs. Diofcorides and others fay, that whoever fliall
take of the herb or root before they be bitten, fhall not be hurt by the poifon of any
ferpent. The roots or feed are thought to be moft effectual to comfort the heart,
and expel fadnefs, or caule lefs melancholy j it tempers the blood, and allayeth hot
fits of agues. The feed drunk in wine procuceth abundance of milk in women's
breafls. 1' he fame alfo eafeth the pains in the loins, back, and kidneys. The dif-
tilled water of the herb, when it is in flower, is excellent to be applied, either in-
wardly or outwardly, for all the griefs aforefaid. There is a fyrup made hereof,
very effeftual for comforting the heart, and expelling fadnefs and melancholy.

WALL-FLOWERS, or WINTER GILLY-FLOWERS.

THE garden kinds are fo well known, that they need no defcription.

Description. The common fingle wall-flowers, which grow wild abroad, have
fundry fmall, long, narrow, and dark-green, leaves; fet without order upon fmail
round whitifh woody ftalks, which bear at the tops divers fingle yellow flowers one
above another, every one having four leaves a-piece, and of a very fweet fcent :
after which come long pods containing reddilh feed. The root is white, hard, and
thready.

Place. It groweth upon church walls, and other ftone walls in divers places.
The other forts in gardens only.

Time. All the fingle kinds do flower in the end of autumni and, if the winter

be mild, efpecially in the months of February, March, and April, and until the

heat of the fpring do fpend them ; -but the double kinds continue not flowering in

f that manner all the year long, although they flov/er very early fometimes, and in

feme places very late.

(' GoVERiSf-

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 383

Government and Virtues. The Moon rules rhem. Galen, in his feventh
book of fimple medicines, faith, that the yellow wall-flowers work more power-
fully thp.n any of the other kinds, and are therefore of more ufe in phyfic They
cleanfe the blood and free the liver and reins from oblh-uflions, ftay inflamma-
tions and fvvtllings, comfort and ftrenTthen any weak part, or out of joint ; help
to cleanfe the eyes from milHnefs and films, and to clcnnfe foul and filthy ulcers
in the mouth, or any other part, and are a fingular remedy for the gout, and all
achs and pains in the joints and finews. A coiiferve made of the flowers is ufed for
a remedy both for the apoplexy and palfy.

WALNUT-TREE.

IT is fo well known, that it needeth no defcription.

Time. It blofibmeth early, before the leaves come forth ; and the fruit is ripe
in September.

Government and Virtues. This is a plant of the Sun; let the fruit of it be
gathered accordingly, which you fhall find to be of moft virtue whilfl; they are green,
before they have fhells. The bark of the tree doth bind and dry very much, and
the leaves are much of the fame temperature; but the leaves, when they are older,
are heating and drying in the fecond degree, and harder of digeftion than when they
are fre(h, which by reafon of their fweetnefs are more pleafing and better digefling
in the ftomr-chj and, taken with fwect wine, they move the belly downwards ; but,
being old, they grieve the ftomach, and in hot bodies caufe choler to abound, and
the head-ach, and are an enemy to thofe that have a cough ; but are lefs hurtful to
thofe that have colder ftomachs, and are faid to kill the broad worms in the belly
or ftomach. If they be taken with onions, fait, and honey, they help the biting of
a mad dog, or the venom or infectious poifon of any beaft, &:c. Coneus Pompeius
found in the treafury of Mithridates, king of Pontus, when he was overthro\vn, a
fcroll of his own hand-writing, containing a medicine againft any pcifon and infec-
tion, which is this: take two dry walnuts, and as many good figs, and twenty leaves
of rue, bruifed and beaten together with two or three corns of fait, and twenty JU'
niper berries, which, taken every morning fafting, preferveth from danger of poifon.
or inleflion that day' it is taken. The juice of the outer green hufks, boiled up
with honey, is an excellent gargle for fore mouths, the heat and inflammations in the
throat and ftomach. The kernels, when they grow old, are more oily, and therefore
not fo fit to be eaten, but are then ufed to heal the wounds of the finews, gangrenes,
and carbuncles. The faid kernels, being burned, are then verv aftringcnt, and will

No. 26. 5 G thetii

38+ CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.

then (lay laflcs and wotnens couiTes, being taken In red wine; and ftay the falling
of the hair, and make it fair, being anointed with oil and wine. The green hufks
will do the hke, being ufed in the fame manner. The kernels, beaten with rue and
wine, being applied, help the quinfey; and, bruifed with honey, and applied to the
ears, eafe the pains and inflammations of them. A piece of the green hufk, put into
a hollow tooth, eafeth the pain. The oil that is prefTed out of the kernels, is very
profitably taken inwardly, like oil of almonds, to help the choHc, and to expel wind-;
an ounce or tv/o thereof may be taken at a time. The young green nuts, taken be-
fore they be half ripe, and preferved with fugar, are of good ufe for thofe that have
weak ftomachs, or defluxions thereon. The diftillcd water of the unripe green hufk
is of excellent ufe to cool the heat of agues, being drunk an ounce or two at a time,
as alfo to refill the infedlion of the plague, if fome of it be alfo applied to the fores
thereof. The fame hkewife cooleth the heat of green wounds and old ulcers, and
healeth them. The dillilled water of the green huflcs, when they are (helled from
the nuts, being drunk with a little vinegar, is alfo found by experience to be good
for thofe that are iniedled with the plague, fo as before the taking thereof a vein be
opened. The faid water is very good againft the quinfey, being gargled and bathed
therewith, and wonderfully helpeth deafnefs, the noife and other pains in the ears.
The diftilled water of the young green leaves, in the end of May, performeth a fin-
'gular cure on feul running ulcers and fores,, to be bathed with wet cloths or fpunges
applied to them every morning,

WOLD, WELD, OR DYERS WEED.

Description. THE common kind groweth bufhing with many leaves, long,
marrow, and flat upon the ground, of a dark bluilh-green colour, fomewhat like unto
wood, but nothing fo large; a little crumpled, and as it were round-pointed, which
<io fo abide the firft year: and, the next fpring, from among them rife divers round
-ftalks two or three feet high, befet with m£\ny fuch-like leaves thereon, butfmaller,
and ihooting forth fome fmall branches, which with the ftalks carry many fmall yel-
low flowers in a Jong fpiked head at the tops of them, where afterwards comes the
feedj which is fmall and hlack, inclofed in heads that are divided at the tops into
four parts. The root is long, white, and thick, abiding the wiiiter. The whole
herb changeth to be yellow after it hath been in flower a while.

Place. It groweth every where by the way fides, in moift grounds as well as dry,
in corners of fields and by-lanes, and fometimes all over the field. In SufTex and
Kent they call it green- weed.

Time.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 385

Time. It flowercth about June.

Government and Virtues, Mathiolus faith, that the root hereof cutteth
tou"h phlegm, digefteth r:iw phlegm, thinncth grofs humours, difiblveth hard
tumours, and openeth obftruftions. Some highly commend it againft the bitings
of venomous creatures, to be taken inwardly, and applied outwardly to the hurt
place J as alfo for the plague or peftilence. The people in fome parts of Eng-
land bruife the herb, and lay it to cuts or wounds in the hands or legs.

W HEAT.

ALL the fevcral kinds hereof are fa well known unto all people, that adefcrip-
tion is unncccfTary.

Government AND Virtues. It is under Venus. Diofcorides faith, that to eat
the corns of green wheat is hurtful to the ftomach, and breedeth worms. Pliny faith,
that the corns of wheat roafted upon an iron pan, and eaten, jire a prefent remedy
for thofe that are chilled with cold. The oil, prefied from wheat between two thick
plates of iron or copper heated, healeth all tetters and ring- worms, being ufed warm,
and hereby Galcil faith he hath known many to be cured. Mathiolus commendeth
the fame oil to be put into hollow ulcers to heal them up, and it is good for chops
in the hands or feet, and to make a rugged fkin fmooth. The green corns of
wheat being chewed, and applied to the place bitten by a mad dog, heal it : flicesof
wheat bread foaked in red rofe -water, and applied to the eyes that are ho:, red, in-
flamed, or blood- fhotten, help them. Hot bread, applied for an hour at a time
for three days together, perfei5]:ly healeth the kernels in the throat commonly called
the king's evil. The flour of wheat, mixed with the juice of henbane, flayeth the
flux of humours to the j jints, being laid thereon. The fald meal boiled in vinegar,
helpeth the fhrinking of the finews, faith Pliny ; and, mixed with vinegar and ho-
ney boiled together, healeth all freckles, fpots, and pimples, on the face. Wheat-
flour mixed with the yolk of an egg, honey, and turpentine, doth draw, cleanfe,
and heal, any bile, plague-fore, or foul ulcer. The bran of wheat-meal fteeped in
fliarp vinegar, and then bound in a linen cloth, and rubbed on thofe places that
have the fcurf, morphew, fcabs, or leprofy, will take them away, the body being firft
well purged and prepared. The dccodion of the bran of wheat or barley is of good
ufe to bathe thofe places that are burfien by a rupture, and the faid bran boiled in
good vinegar, and applied to fwollen breafts, helpeth them, and ftayeth all inflam-
mations. It helpeth alfo the bitings of vipers and all other venomous creatures.
The leaves of wheat- meal, applied with fait, take away hardnefs of the Hcin, v,-arts,

and

386 C U L P E P E R's E N G L I S H PHYSICIAN,

and hard knots in the flefh. Wafers put in water and drunk, flay the lafk and
bloody flux, and .:re profitably ufed both inwardly and outwardly for ruptures in
children. Boiled m water unto a thick jelly, it fl;3yeth Ipitting of blood ; and
Jjoiled, with mint and butteri it helpeth hoarfenefs,

WILLOW T R E E,

Government and Virtues. THE Moon owns it. The leaves, bark, and
feed, are ufed to ftaunch bleeding athofe and mouth, fpitting of blood, and all other
fluxes of blood in man or woman, and to flay vomiting, and provocation thereunto,
if the decodtion of &.em in wine be drunk. It helpeth alfo to fl:ay thin, hot, fliarp,
fait, diftillations from the head upon the lungs, caufing a confumption. The leaves
bruifed with fome pepper and drunk in wine, much help the wind cholic. The
leaves bruifed, and boiled in wine and drunk, flay the heat of lufl:. The water
that is gathered from the willow when it flowereth, the bark being flit, is very good
for rednefs and dimnefs of fight, for films that grow over the eyes, and ftay the
rheums that fall into them ; to provoke urine, being flopped, if it be drunk ; and
to clear the face and flcin from, fpots and difcolourings. Galen faith, the flowers have
ar> admirable faculty in drying up humours, being a medicine without any fliarp-
nefs or corrofion. The bark works the fame efFefts, if ufed in the fame manner ;
and the tree hath always bark upon it, though not always flowers. The burnt
aflies of the bark, being mixed with vinegar, take away warts, corns, and fuper-
fluous flefli. The deco6tion of the leaves or bark in wine, takes away fcurf, or
dandriff, by wafliing the place with it. It is a fine cool tree, the boughs of which:
are very convenient to be placed in the chamber of one fick of a fever.

W O A D.
D5SCRIPT1ON. It hath divers large leaves, long, and fomewhat broad, like
thofe of the greater plantane, but larger, thicker, of a greehifh colour, and fome-
what blue ; from among which leaves rifeth up a luily ftalk, three or four feet
high, with divers leaves fet thereon ; the higher the ftalk rifeth, the fmaller are
the leaves: at the top it fpreadeth into divers branches, at the end of which appear
very pretty little yellow fl-owers, which, after they pafs away, come hufl<s, long,
and fomewhat flat ; in form they refemble a tongue ; in colour, they are black,
and hang downwards. The feed contained within thefe huflcs, if it be a little
chewed, gives an azure colour. The root is white and long.

Placje.

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 387

Pt ACE. It is (owed in fields for the benefit of it, where thofe that fow it cut it
three times a year.

Time. It flowereth in June, but it is long after before the feed is ripe.

Government and Virtues. It is a cold and dry plant of Saturn. Some
people affirm the plant to be deftrudive to bees. They fay it pofTefleth bees with
the flux ; but that 1 can hardly believe, unlefs bees be contrary to all other creatures ;
I fhould rather think it poflefTeth them with the contrary difeafe, the herb being
exceedingly drying and binding. However, if any bees be difeafed thereby, the
cure is to fet urine by them, but fet it in fuch a veficl that they cannot drown them-
felves, which may be remedied if you put pieces of cork in it. I told you the herb
is fo drying and binding, that it is not fit to be given inwardly. An ointment made
thereof ftauncheth bleeding. A plainer made thereof, and applied to the region of
the fpleen, takes away tiie hardnefs and pains thereof. The ointment is excell-it
good in fuch ulcers as abound with moifturc, and takes away corroding and fretting
humoui-s. It coois inflammations, quencheth St. Anthony's fire, and ftayeth de-
fiuxions of blood to any pirt of the body.

WOODBINE, OR HONEY-SUCKLES.

Time. THEY flower in June, and the fruit is ripe in Augufl:.

Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Mercury, and appropriated to
the lungs; the celeftial Crab claims dominion over it, neither 'is it a foe to the
Lion. If is fitting a conferve, made of the flowers of it, were kept in every houfe ;
I know no better cure for an afthma ; befides, it takes away the evil of the fpleen,
provokes urine, procures fpeedy delivery to women ; helps „cramps, convulfions,
and palfeys, and whatfoever griefs come of cold or fliopping. Made into an oint-
ment, it will clear the fkin of morphew, freckles, and fun-burning, or Avhatfoever
elfe difcolours it.

WORMWOOD.

Kinds. THREE wormwoods are familiar wnth us. Sea-wormwood hath as
many names as virtues, Seriphiau, Santonicon, Belgicum, Narbcneje, Xantomicum,
Mifnenfe, and many more. The feed of this wormwood is that which ufually
women give their children for the worms : of all wormwoods that grow here, this
is the weakeft. The feeds of the common wormwood are far more prevalent than

No. 26. 5 H , the

388 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,.

the feed of this to expel worms in children, or people of ripe age. Of both fome
are weak, feme are ftrong. The Seriphian wormfeed is the weakcftj and haply may
prove to be fitteft for weak bodies. Let fuch as are ftrong take the common worm-
feed, for the other will do but littl? good. Its due praife is this j it is weakeft>
therefore fitter for weak bodies. The leaves have commonly been ufed, but the-
flowery tops are the right part. Thefe, made into a light infufion, ftrengthen di-
geftion, corret5l acidities, and fupply the place of gall, where, as in many conftitu-.
tions, that is deficient.

Place. It grows familiarly in England by the fea-fide.

Description. It ftarts up out of the earth with many round woody hoary ftalks
from one root; its height is four feet, c three at the leaft. The leaves are long,
narrow, white, hoary, like fouthernwood, only broader and longer, in tafte rather
fait than bitter, becaufe it grows fo near the fait water : at the joints with the leaves,,
toward the tops, it bears little yellow flowers. The root lies deep, and is woody.

Common wormwood I need not defcribe.

Description of Roman Wormwood. The ftalks are flender and ftiorter
than the common wormwood by one foot at leaft; the leaves are more finely cut
and divided than they are, but foraething fmaller ; both leaves and ftalks are hoary ;
the flowers of a pale yellow colour; it is altogether like the common wormwood,
fave only that it is fmaller, not fo bitter, and of a.fweeter fmell.

Place. It groweth upon the tops of the mountains ; but is ufually nurfed up
in gardens for the ufe of the apothecaries ih London.

Time. All wormwoods ufually flower in Auguft, a little fooner or later.

Government and Virtues. Wormwood is an herb of Mars. It is hot and
dry in the firft degree, viz. juft as hot as your blood, and no hotter. It remedies
the evils choler can inflitft on the body of man by fympathy ; it helps the evils Ve-
nus produces by antipathy ; and it cleanfeth the body of choler. It provokes urine,
helps furfeits, fwellings in the belly ; it caufeth an appetite to meat, beciufe Mars
.j-ules the attraftive faculty in man: the Sun never flione upon a better ':er'> for
the yellow jaundice than this. Take the flowers of wormwood, rofemiry, and blick-
thorn, of each a like quantity, half that quantity of faftVon, boii this m Rheniili-
wine, but put not in the fafi^ron till it is almoft boiled : this is the wav to keep a
man's body in health, appointed by Camerarius, in his book, intitled i' .::s
Medicus. Befides all this, wormwood provokes the terms. Wormwood, r

an herb of Mars, is a prefent remedy for the biti ig of rats and mice. ; -

rooms are under the dominion of Saturn j if any have poifoned himielf b) ^

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 389

them, wormwood, an herb of Mars, cures him, becaufe Mars is exalted in Capricorn
the houfe of Saturn ; and this it doth by fympathy. Wheals, puflies, black and blue
fpots, coming either by bruifes or beatings, wormwood, the herb of Mars, helps.
Mars eradicates all difeafes in the throat by his herbs, (of which wormwood is one,)
and this by antipathy. The eyes are under the luminaries : the right eve of a
man, and the left eye of a woman, the Sun claims dominion over j the left eye of
a man, and the right of a woman, are the privilege of the Moon : wormwood, an
herb of Mars, cures both. Suppofe a man be bitten or ftung by a martial creature,
imagine a wafp, a hornet, or fcorpion ; wormwood, an herb of Mars, gives you a
prefent cure. Mix a little wormwood with your ink, and neither rats nor mice will
touch the paper that is written with it. Wormwood is a prefent cure for the cholic.
Moths are under the dominion of Mars j his herb, wormwood, being laid amongft
clothes, will hinder moths from hurting them. Wormwood is good for an ague.
A draught of wormwood beer, taken every morning, is a certain remedy for a ftink--
ing breath. It likewife cures dimnefs of fight by antipathy.

WOLF-BANE.

Description. It hath a root fhining within like aiabafter. There are many
kinds, all extremely pernicious and poifonous ; for, if a man or beaft be wounded
with arrow, knife, fword, or any other inftrument, dipped in the juice of this herb,
they die incurable within half an hour. The reafon this herb goes by the name of
wolf-bane was this : men in former ages hunting for wolves ufed to poifon pieces of
raw flefh with the juice of this herb and lay them as baits, on which the wolves
died prefently.

r

* YARROW.

Names. CALLED alfo nofe-bleed, mil-foil, and thoufand-leaf.

Description. It hath many long leaves fpread upon the ground, and finely
cut and divided into many fmall parts. Its flowers are white, upon divers green
ftalks which rife from among the leaves.

Place. It is frequent in all paftures.

Time. It flowereth not until the latter end of Auguft.

Government AND Virtues. It is under the influence of Venus. An oint-
ment of it cures wounds, and is moft fit for ^uch as have inflammations. It flops the

bloody

390 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSIC lA N,

bloody flux ; the ointment of it is not only good for green wounds, but alfo for
ulcers and fiftulas, efpecially fuch as abound with moifture. It ftayeth the fhedding
of hair, the head being bathed with the decodion of it. Inwardly taken, it helps
the retentive faculty of the ftomach, and fuch as cannot hold their, water. The
leaves, chewed, eafe the tooth-ach ; and theife virtues put together fhew the herb to,
be drying and binding. There is an ancient charm for curing tertian agues with
yarrow. A leaf of it is to be pulled ofF with the left hand, pronouncing at the fame
time the fick man's name; and this leaf is to be taken^ The fame thing has been
faid of feverfew ; for, in/)ld times, names of plants, as well as no\V, were too much
confounded. The feverfew l^ems beft for the purpofe.

Y U C C A, OR J U C C A.

Description. THIS Indian plant hath a thick tuberous root, fpreading in
time into many tuberous heads, whence {hoot forth many long, hird,. and hollow,
leaves, very fharp pointed, compaffing one another at the bottom, of a greyifh green
colour, abiding continually, or feldom falling aWay, with fundry hard threads run-
ning in them, and, being withered, become pliant to bind things. From the midft
thereof fpringeth forth a ftrong round ftalk, divided into fundry branches, where-
on ftand divers fomewhat-large white flowers, hanging downwards, confuting of fix
leaves with divers veins, of a weak reddiih or blueifh colour, fpread on the back of
three outer leaves, from the middle to the bottom, not reaching to the edge of any
leaf J which abide not long, but quickly fall away.

Place and Time. It groweth in divers places of the Weft-Indies, as in Vir-
ginia and New England, and flowers about the latter end of July.

Virtues. There hath no property hereof conducible to phyfical ufes as yet been
h^ardof, but fome of its vices. The natives in Virginia ufe, for bread, the roots
hereof. The raw juice is dangerous, if not deadly. It is very probable that the
Indians ufed to polfon the heads of their darts with this juice, which they ufually
keep by them for that purpofe.

Or

AND COMPLETE HERBAL. 391

Of gathering, DRYING, and PRESERVING, PLANTS,

HERBS, AND FLOWERS.

THE LEAVES OF HERBS OR TREES.

/^HUSE only fuch as are green and full of juice, pick them carefully, and cafi:
^^ away fuch as are declining, for they will putrify the reft.

Note in what place they moft delight to grow, and gather them there ; for betony
that grows in the fhadow is far better than that which grows in the fun, becaufe it
delights in the ihaJow; fo alfo fuch herbs as delight to grow near the water fhould
be gathered near the water, though you may find fome of them on dry ground.

The leaves of fuch herbs as run up to feed are not fo good when they are in flower
as before, (fome few excepted, the leaves of which are feldom or never ufed :) in
fuch cafes, if through ignorance they were not known, or through negligence for-
gotten, you had better take the top and the flower than the leaf.

Dry them well in the fun, and not in the fliadow, for, if the fun draw away the
virtues of herbs, it muft needs do the like by hay; which the experience of every
country farmer will explode as a vulgar error.

Let the planet that governs the herb be angular, and the ftronger the better. In
herbs of Saturn, let Saturn be in the afcendant; in herbs of Mars, let Mars be in
the mid-heaven, for in thofe houfes they delight : let the Moon apply to them by
good afpedl, and let her not be in the houfes of their enemies ; if you cannot well
flay till fhe apply to them, let her be with a fixed ftar of their nature*.

Having well dried them, put them up in brown-paper bags, and prefs fhem
not too hard together, and keep them in a dry place near the fire.' As for the dura-
tion of dried herbs, a juft time cannot be given, for, firft, fuch as grow upon dry
grounds will keep better than fuch as grow on moift j fecondly, fuch herbs as are
full of juice will not keep fo long as fuch as are drier j thirdly, fuch herbs as are
well dried will keep longer than fuch as are ill dried. Yet by this you may know
when they are corrupted, viz. by their lofs of colour, or fmell, or both ; and, if
they be corrupted, reafon will tell you that they muft needs corrupt the bodies of
thofe people that take them. Remember to gather all the leaves in the hour of
that planet that governs them.

* For this moft wonderful operation of the planetary fyftem on plants, herbs, Sec. and inderd upon all
things fubliinary, fee my lUuftration of the Occult Sciences, or, Do£trijie of ilic Stars.

No. 26. 5 1 OF

592

C U L r E P E R's F N G L I S H P H Y S I C I A N,

OF FLOWERS.

THE flower, which is ths b?auty of the plant, and of none of the lead ufe in
phyficj growcth yearly, and it is to be gathered when it is in its prime.

As for the time of gathering them, let the planetary hour, and the plant they conie
of, be obferved, as above direfled ; as for the time of day, let it be when the fun
fliines upon them, that they may be dry; for, if you gather either flowers or herbs
when they are wet or dewy, they will not keep. Dry them well in the fun, and
keep them in papers near the fre. So long as they retain their colour and fmell
they are good -, either of them being gone, fo is their virtue alfo.

OF SEEDS.

THE feed is that part of the plant which is endued with faculty to bring forth
its like, and it contains potentially the whole plant itfelf.

As for place, let them be gathered from the places where they delight to grow.
Let them be fully ripe when they are gathered, and forget not the celeftial harmony
before- mentioned, for I have found by experience that their virtues are twice as
great at fuch times as others : there is an appointed time for every thing under the
fun. When you have gathered them, dry them a little in the fun before you lay
them up. You need not be fo careful of keeping them fo near the fire as the other
before-itientioned, becaufe they are fuller of fpirit, and therefore not fubjed to cor-
rupt. As for the time of their duration, it is palpable they will keep a great many
years; yet, they are beft the firft year, and. this I make appear by a good argument,
they will grov/ fooneft the firft year they be fet, therefore then are they in their
prime, and it is an eafy matter to renew them yearly.

OF ROOTS.

OF roots, chufe fuch as are neither rotten nor worm-eaten, but proper in their
tafte, colour, and fmell; fuch as exceed neither in foftnefs nor hardnefs.

Give me leave here to deny the vulgar opinion, that the fap falls down into the
root in the autumn, and rifes again in the fpring, as men go to bed at night, and rife
again in the morning; which idle tale of untruth is fo grounded in the heads not only
of the vulgar, but alfo of the learned, that men cannot drive it out by reafon : If the
fap fall into the root in the fall of the leaf, and lie there all the winter, then muft the

root

AND COMPLETE HERBAL.

393

root grow only in the ■winter, as experience witnefleth ; but the root grows not at
all in winter, as the fame experience teacheth, but only inthefummer; for example:
If you fet nn apple-kernel in thefpring, it will grow tcT a pretty bignefs in that fum-
mer, and be no bigger next fpring: the truth is, when the Stin declines from he
tropic of Cancer, the fap begins to congeal both in root and branch ; when h;
toocherh the tropic of Capricorn, and afcends to us-wrad, it begins to get thin
again by degrees, as it congealed.

The drier time you gather your roots in, the better thoy are ; for they have the
lefs excremcntitious moifture in them. Such roots as are foft fiiould be dried in the
fun, or elfe hang them in the chimney corner upon a ftring: as for fuch as are hard,
vou may dry them any where. Such Koots as are large will keep longer than fuch as
are fmall: yet moil of them will keep a year. Such roots as are foft fliould be
always kept near the firej and take this general rule for it, if in winter you find any
of your roots, herbs, or flowers, begin to grow raoift, as muiy times they will, (for
it is beft to look to them once a month,) dry them by a very gentle fire ; or, if you
can with convenience keep them nc.r the fire, you may fave this troubie.

OF BARK S.

BARKS which phyficians ufe in medicines are of three forts: of fruits, of
roots, of boughs.

The barks of fruits arc to be taken when the fruits arc full ripe, as oranges, le-
mons, &c. The barks of trees are beft gathered in the fpring, if it be of great trees,
as oaks, or the like; becaufe then they come eafieft off", arid Co you may dry them
if you pleafe : but your beft way is to gather all barks only for prefent ufe.

As for the bark of roots, it is thus to be gotten : take the roots of fuch herbs as
have pith in them, as parfley, fennel, &c. flit them in the middle, and when you
have taken out the pith (which you may eafily and quickly do) that which remains
is called the bark, and is only to be ufed.

OF JUICES.

JUICES are to be prefled out of herbs when they are young and tender, and
alfo of fome ftalks and tender tops of herbs and plants, and alfo of fome flowers.

Having gathered the herb you would prefervc the juice of, when it is very dry,
bruife it well in a ftone mortar with a wooden peftle ; then, having put it into a
canvas bag, prefs it hard in a prefs, then take the }uice and clarify it.

When

394 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.

When you have clarified it, and it is cold, put it into a glafs, and put (o much oil
on it as will cover it the thicknefs of two fingers; the oil will fwiin at top, and fo
keep the air from coming to putrify it; or, inftead of oil, when you have clarified
the juice as before, boil it over the fire till (when cold) it be the thicknefs of honey i
then tie it down clofe, and keep it for ufe.

Whatever you gather of plants, herbs, fruits, flowers, roots, barks, feeds, &c.
for medicinal purpofes, either for diftillation, fyrups, juleps, decoefTions, oils,
electuaries, conferves, preferves, ointments, and the like, muft be gathered when
they are in the greateft vigour and fulleft perfe(5lion; for in that flate only are they
fit to be applied for the reftoration and prefervation of our health ; and, when they
are applied, let it be done under the fympathetic influence of planets participating
in the fame nature; the benefits of which are fo amply deraonftrated in my Difplay
of the Occult Sciences.

END OF THE HERBAL.

( J9S )
INDEX TO THE HERBS and PLANTS.

ACONITUM
Aildcr's Tongue
.Agrimony
Aj^rinioiiy, Water
Alder, Bkick
Alder, Common
Alclioof
Alexander
Allical
Alkanet
Almond. Tree
Aloes

Amara Dnlcis
Amarantluis
Anemone
Angelica
Archangel
Arratb, Gardea
Arraiii, Wild
Arfelniart
Artichokes
Afh-Tree
ATparagiis
Alparagiij, Prickly
AU'arabacca
Avens
Balfam-Trce
Barberry
Barley
Ban I
Bawm
Bay-Tree
Beans

Beans, French
Bed-Straw
Becch-Tree
Beets

Betony, Water
Betony, Wood
Bilberries
Birch-Tree
Bird's Foot
Biftiop's Weed
Billort

Blackbind Weed
Blights
Bliie-bottie
Borage and Biiglofs
Bramble
Brank Urfiiie
Brioiiy
flrooklime

Broom and Broomrape
Biicklhorii
Biicklliorn Plantain
Buck Wheat
Bugle
Burdock
Burnet

Butcher's Broom
Butter Bur
Byfoil

Cabbages and Colcworts
Callaniint
Caltrops, Water
■Camon.dc
Campions, Wild
Cai^uus BciicdiC'Uis

Page.

Page.

70

Carob-Trce

150

Diineh Down

5»

Carraway

"5

Dwarf Plane-Tree

53

Carrots - . .

1 12

Eglantine

54

CalVia I'irtiila

•5°

Elder-Tree

57

Cedar-Tree

144

Elder, Dwarf

5K

Celandine - - .

"5

Elecampane

55

Celandine, Lcirer

117

Elm-Tree

56

Centaviry, Ordinary

118

Endive

50

Cherries, Winter

no

Eringo

5'

Cherry-Tree

119

Eryfimum

70

Chervil

121

Euphorbiiim

7'

Cliervil, Sweet

112

E^yebright
Fennel!

49

Chefniit, Earth

123

61

Chefniit-Trce

122

Fennell, Sow

£2

Chick Peafe

124

Fenugreek

59

Chickwced

•»3

Fern

64

Cinquefoil ...

124

Fern, Water

63

cinus

146

Feverfew

63

Cives

»*5

Fig-Tree

65

Clary

• ^5

Figwort

19S

Clary, Wild

126

Fdipendula

68

Cleavers

127

Fir-Tree

67

Clown's Wound-wort

128

Fillick-Nuts

68

CockeJ . . -

147

Flax

66

Cock's Head

129

Flax Weed

69

Cocoanut-Tree

142

Fleabane

104

Cdffee

143

Fleawort

73

Colewort, Sea

106

Flower-de-luce

73

Caloquintida

148

Fluellin

74

Coltsfoot

'3'

Flux Weed

72

Columbines

129

Fox Gloves

75

Com trey

'3'

Fumitory

76

Coral

'S'

Furze-Bulh

77

Coral Wort

13>

Galangal

7i!

Coriander

148

Galloak

82

Cornel -Tree

149

Garlick

79

Coflmary

132

Gentian

80

Cowdips

«33

Germander

81

Crabs' Claws

>3+

Gilly Flowers, Clove

S3

CrelFes, Black

134

Gilly Flowers, Stock

84

Creires, Sciatica

135

Gilly Flowers, Yellow

85

Crcires, Water

136

Gladwin, Stinking

86

Crols Wort - - -

«37

Golden Rod

S6

Crowfoot

•37

Goofeberry-Bufh

J 03

Ciibebs . . .

140

Gout Herb

89

Cuckow Pint

■38

Green, Winter

9'

Cucumbers

140

Gromel

90

Cudweed ...

'3'

Groundfel

S8

Currants

141

Hart's Tongue

9*

C'vprefs

'43

Hawkweed

92

Daffodil, White

160

Hawthorn

94

Daffodil, Yellow

161

Hazel-Nut

96

Dairies

'5'

Heart's Eafe

98

Dandelion

'5*

Hellebore, Black

97

Darnel ...

"53

Hemlock

lOZ

Date-Tree

162

Hemp

98

Devil's Bit

'54

Henbane

JOl

Dit'^amnum of Candy

163

Herb Robert

99

Didamnum, Falle

164

Herb Truelove

95

Dill

>53

Horehound

lOI

Dock

»55

Holly

84

Doilder

'55

Honeywort

105

Dog Grafs

Ij6

Hops

107

Deuble Tongue

'59

Horfetail

1 09

Dove's Foot

'57

Hound's Tongue

108

Down, or Cotton Thiftle

15S

Houfeleek

109

Dragons

158

Hyfop

JIO

Duck's Meat

158

Hyfop, Hedga

Page.
'S9

170
16S
169

i6i
.65

•6S
167
170

»7I
16S

17*
175
184

'7»

171

'7J

'7r

•7S
175
i8(
'8S
«85
•7»
180
X79

I7Y

tSc
1 89
igz
18*
i8j
19*
'97
i8»
i8r
189
189

'95
196
189
190

»93
i9r

'93
191

'94
198
'99
200
199
19S
203

20d
20t
lO*
104
204
207
209

»'5
20S

20g
2tO
209

JO.;

20:.

Ivy

396 INDEX

TO THE HERBS AND PLANTS.

Page.

Page.

Page.

Ivy . . .

2IJ

Nightfhade, Woody

269

Sa'.uiders ...

357

Indian Leaf

= '5

Nipplewoit - ".

270

Savine - - .

340

John's Wort, St.

HI

Nutmeg-Tree

27 '

Savory, Winter and Summer

340

Jujube-Tree

213

Oak

272

Saxifrage, Burnet

341

"Juniper

212

Oats

272

Saxifrage, White

340

Kali

218

Olive-Trce

276

Scabious

342

Kidney Wort

216

One-Blade . 88 a

nd 273

Scanimony

357

Knapweed

217

Onions

274

Scurvy Grafs

343

Knot Grafs

21S

Oran£je-Tree

27S

Sebe(]en

359

Ladies' Mantle

219

OrchTs

274

Sebelien, Wild

360

Ladies' Smock

221

Orpine

275

Scll"-lieal

345

Larcii-Tree

22S

Pardey

280

Sena - - -

36«

Lavender

220

Parficy, Pert

2S1

Service-Ttee

345

Lavender Cotton

221

Parfnip

2«I

Shepherd's Purfe

34«

Lemon-Tree

230

Parnfnip, Cow

282

Smallage

34^>

Lentils

229

Poach- Tree

2S3

Solomon's Seal

336

Lettuce

222

Pear-Tree

284

Sopewort

347

Lilly of the Valley
Lillv, Water ■

2 = 3
221

PcUitory of Spain
Pellitory of theWall

285
-286

Sorrel
Sorrel, Wood

347
348

Lilly, White

223

Penny Royal

287

Southernwood - ■

350

Linden-Tree

231

Pepper

3°3

Sow-thirtle

349

Liquorice

224

Pepper, Guinea

305

Spigncl

350

Liver Wort

224

Pepper Wort

- 289

Spikenard

362

Loofeftrife

225
226

Perwinklc

290
291

Splecii-wort

3p'

Loofeftrife with fpiked Heads

Peter's Wort, St.

Star-tlii(ile

35 J

Lovage

227

Pimpernel

291

Stonecrop

354

I,ove Apple

^-1

Pine, Ground

202

Stor.ix-Tree

363

lung Flower

232

Piony, Mafculine and Veminiiie 28S

Strawberries

352

Lungwort

228

Pitch-Tree

308

Succory

353

Lupines

23?

Planfa-n

2^3

'^wallow Vi'ort

3(i+

Madder

236

Plumbs

294

Svcaniore-Tree

361

Madwort

263

Polipody

295

Tamari(k-Trc-e

3fi7

I^la^den Hair

2 57

Pomecitron-Trce

301

T:infy, Garden

367

Maiden Hair, Golden

23S

Pomegranate-Tiee

310

Tailv, Wild

36S

Maiden Hair, White

^n

Poplar-Tree

296

Thillle

369

Mallows

238

Poppy

297

Thiftle, Fuller's.

371

Mandrake

263

Primrofes

301

T.'iidlc, Melancholy

369

Maple-Tree

240

Privet

301

Thiiile, Our Lady's

370

Marigolds-

242

Purflain

300

Thiflle, Woolly or Cotton

370

Marjoram, Sweet

241

Queen of the Meadows

3'"

Thorn, Black

37*

Marjorain, Wild

240

Quick Grafs

313

Thorough-v\ax

373

Mafierwort

242

Quince-Tree

312

Thyme - . .

373

Mairic-Tree - ■

260

Radim

3'4

Thyme, Wild

374

Jvlaudlin, Sweet

243

Ragwort

3'5

Tobacco, Englifti and Indian

366

Mayweed

262

Rattle Grafs

316

Tormenti4

374

Mealy-tree

261

Reed, Aromatical

33'

Treacle Mufiard

372

Medlar

244

Reft-liarrow

317

Trefoil, Heart

377

Melilot

= 45

Rhubaib

324

Trefoil, .Meadow

3T6

Mercury, Dog

246

Rhubarb, Bafiard

325

Trefoil, Pearl

377

Mercury, French

245

Rhubarb, Monk's

325

Turiifole

376

Mint - -

247

Rice ...

330

Tutlan, or Park-leaves

377

Miffeltoe

349

Rocket

3'8

Valerian, Garden

37S

Moneywort

255

Rocket, Winter

3'9

Vervain

379

Moonwort

251

Rofa Solis

322

Vine

•iSo

MofTes

252

Rofemary

323

Violets

3S1

Motherwort

253

Rofes

j"9

Viper's Buglofs

3S1

Moufe-car
Mugwsrt

^54
255

Rue, Garden
Rue, Meadow

328
327

Wall Flov\crs, or \
Winter Gilly FlowersJ

382

Mulberry-Tree

257

Rupture W^ort

329

Walnut-Tree

383

Mullien

257

Rulhes

329

Wheat

3SS

Muftard

258

Rye

330

Willow-Tree

386

Muftard, H^dge

260

Saffron

333

Woad

3S6

Mufliroom

264

Sage

334

Wold, or Dyer's Weed

384

Nailwort

265

Sage, Wood

335

Wolf- bane

389

Navelwort

269

Samphire

337

Wood-bind, or Honcyfuckles

387

Nep - . .

266

Sanitle

337

Wormwood

387

Nettle

266

Saracen's Confound

338

Yarrow - - -

3S9

Night fliade

268

Sarlaparilla

354

Yucca, or Jucca

390-

Niglitftiade, Deadly

369

Sauce-alone

339

INDEX.

( w )

INDEX OF DISEASES cured by the foregoing PLANTS and HERBS.

ABORTION, 93, 33+.

Ai'oiiites.orRcfidcrsofPoi-

'"". 75. '57, 293-
Aches, 2sS, 293, 316, 367.
Adders, 128, 377.
Adiift Cliolcr, III, 156.
AfUT-birth, 7;, 93, 122,

127, 173, 207, 223, 255,

a93.
Agues, 54, .i;j, 67, 82, 84,

97, 1 19, 1 56, 166, iSS,

199, 212, 222, 227, 238,

247i '59. »99i 3^6. 3'8.

339. 35°> 354, 37°. jSo,

3»+-
Asuciin t he Breaft, 161,227
Almonds in tlie Ears, 109,

267.
Andicomcs, 76, 266.
Anthony's Fire, St. 34, 83,

m, 134, 158, 209, 217,

237. 3'9-
Apuplexy. 120, 224, 245

250. /
Ann-pits, ill Scenr, 369.
Aricries, 7jt, 76.
Afthma, 3S7.
Bac!<, filing; Pains, and

flrcn^;t!ieiiiii.;; of the, 52,

133, 260, 383.
Balducfs, So, 165, 384.
Bar'cniie.'>,63,ii3,2 20, 266
Beauty, 116, ij4, 165, 220
Bea.'U, Venemoiis, 6'^, 82,

86, iSS.
Belching, 100.
Belly. ach, 227, 239, 254,

160.
Belly, Binder-, of the, 319
_Belly, Openers of the, 68,

»93. 3>»-
Bees, 209, 239, 340.
"Biting of niidDogb, 73,81,
177, 18S, 20S, 210, 294.
Birth, 50, 51.
Biting of Serpents, 69, 73,

, '99-

Bindings, 57, 83, 208, 372,

>94-
Bleedings, 78, 81, 98, 99,

109, 123, 128, 133, 208,

209, 218, 225, 237, 244,

35*. i57. »fi6i *93. 3".

333i 336. 337. 340, 354,

377-
BleedingbyLeaclics, today,

76.
Blood, to cool the, 73, 89,

90, 201.
Blood, Spitting of, 293.
Bloody Stools, 94.
Bloody Urine, 53.
Blaliin^sby Lightning, 300.
Black and Blue Spots, 86,

"5. '»5. 157-
Bladder, 68, 101, 134, 173,

17*. '93. 199. 2=4, =39i

381.
Blemilhes, 177.
Klindncfs, 226, 326.
BInWi, 238, 241.
Bread, 52, 55,132,152,177,

»'>7, J47j i9i.

Brain, 69, 107, 125, 134,
169, 1S9, 220, 223, 285.

Breathing, Difficultyuf, 49,
72. 75. 77. 9^. '^6, 32S.

Bloody-l'liix, 53, 54,72, SS,

97-
Bliliers, 79, 311, 34S.
Bowels, 115, 125, 222, 238,

175. 3'9-
Bots, 187.

Boils,73,Si, 125,257, 329.
Bones broken, 92, 96, 98,

loi, 154, i8o, 209, 339.
Bniifcs, 52, 55,69, Si, 89.

98, 115, ill, 219, 237,

238, 325. 336, 345. 373-
Burnnig,50,64, 79, 92,131,

169, 199, 210, 212, 223,

289.
Cachexia, 54, 58, 132, 152.
Cancerv, 54, 92, 115, 124,

126, 178.
Canker?, 80, 86, <i8, 101,

109, 209, 181, 217, 280,

316, 340.
Ciiitliavldcs, 86, 272.
Carbuncles, 34°. 343.J83-
CalHnys, 58, 345.
Caitle, pofuned, 204.
Catnrrhs, 238, 352.
Clij! '.-hirlh, 81, 175.
Chi'iiiains, 202, 217.
Clii.i-c..uf,'h, 319, 373.
C.'hoL'r, 73, loi,, 132, 169,

172, 174, 177. >S9, 202,

211, 222, 240, 247, 29,-,

312, 319, 325, 354, 376,

37 V-
Choleric Piilhes, 131.
Clioln.c Muxes, 300.
C'!ioli-riclluinours,29i,353
Chulic, 30, 53, 59, 69, 86,

107, 115, 118, 169, 173,

•77. 194. '99. »". =2°.
257, 260, 294, 322, 327,

339. 341. 367. 3S3-
Cliapi, 187, 247, 333. 384.
Cods, 76, 202, 217,238,380,

384-
Cold, 81,107,242,254,292.
though, 53, 75, 81,92, IDS,

119, 131, 210, 212, 260,

i66, 282, 292, 295, 303,
3^3. 327. 334, 374. 37!>,

379-
Conception, 11 2, 119, 334.
Congealed Blood, 49, 65,

126, 131, 176.
Confuniption, 90, 101, 105,

189, 207, 212, 240, 2S5,

a93. 3S7-
Conviillions, 68, Si, 107,
118, 134, 166, 187, 1S9,
198, 200, 212, 220, 238,

^ 3=9. 34'. 350. 37'. 3ST-

Codivcnels, 124.

Corrof)on,^79.

Corruption, 132.

(.'ounlcr-poifon, 111,238.

Cramp, 50,68,92, 107,1 18,
'34, i<'6, 177. 'S7. 'S9,
202, 21 2, 220, 23S, 251,
'55, 287. '9». 334, 34'.
35°; 366, 374, 387.
1

I DandrifF, So, 260, 342.
Dead Child, 50, 92, 22S,

244. '94-
Deafnefs, 59, 155,240,340,

348, 3S3-
Detormity, 173, 176, 291,

3!J.
Deiluxions, 297,315, 387.
Diabetes, 152, 374.
Digcdion, 319, 337, 339.
Didiciiliyot Brcuihing, 101,

13S, 266.
Dinine's of S'glit, 59, 212,

245, 287, 21,6, 371, 380.
Dilcafe, liidden, 49.
Diflocations, 63, 96.
Dogs, 81, 187, 206.
Dreaiiis, 222, 247, 300.
Dropfy, 57, 67,69, 81,96,

167, 169, J77, 1S7, 199,
200, 204, 210, 219, 243,
255, 281, 293, 327, 338,

347. 3''7> 37°. 374.
DroM linels, 323.
DTiiiikenncfs, 212.
Dullncffof Spirit, 189,334.
Difury, 75,. 76, 36, 92, 95,

loi, 121, 131, 13.1, 152,

M5. 167. '69. '75. 183.
1S9, Iy9, 206, 211, 216,

"7. '37. 258, 275. »8i,
i^^y 367-

Kars, 53, 65, 73, 82, 118,
128, 170, 175, 177, 218,
240, 247, 272, 2S4, 2S7,
'94. 3'9> l^Sy 34°, 37'.
383-

Rar« ig, 201.

tpidcnii'-alDireares, 59,81,

9'. 99. '73, '74-

Ephialtes, or Night-niare,
98, 133, 2S8.

Kxcor;ations, 166,208, 238.

Eyes, 57,62,67, 73, 76, 81,
88,97,118,125,139,158,
165, 16s, 177, 1S2, 200,
207, 210, 212, 226, 246,
'83. '85, 320, 349, 376,
3S2.

Face, 69, 371, 386.

Fainting, 155, 187.

Falls, 49, 51, 98, 122, 125,

IJ4, "7. '39. m^-

FallingSi! kners,49,5i,i25,
'33. '82, 211, 212, 2^9,
249, 258, 280, 2S2, 28s,
287, 28s, 293, 296, 334,
38'.

Fat dtcreafeth, 175.

Feli.ns, 65,75, 265.

Fevcrs,73,88,9l,I5.^,I79.

Films in the Eyes, 126, 169,

174. '7'. 35'-

Fidulas, 66, 99, 178, 193,
218, 266, 272, 282, 287,
316. 340. 37'. 380.

Forget fulnefs, 323.

Fleas, 58, 65.

!■ iies,tokecpfroniSores,66.

Flaj.'ging Breads, 219.

Mux ot lilood, 79, 84, 98,

99. ".i. '55. '7". '79,

182, 209, 212, 217, 219,

■ 3jS, 245, 252, 255, 272,

'94, 331. 3". .^13. 3'7i
3'°. 335. 336. 386.

Freckles, 92, 137, 139,140.
158, 167, 176, 178, 200,
227, 25S, 272, 286, 369.

French Pox, 168, 198,202,
206, 320, 335, 367.

Frenzy, 175, 209, 283, 293,
3°°. 374. 380.

Fiindanienr, 176,320.

Gall, 108, 152,156,157, 158.

Galled Feet, 59.

Gangrenes,- 99, 131, 153,
218, 266, 367, 383.

Gout,57,64,68,73,76, Sr,
92, 105, 119, 124, 129,
13S, 158, 165, 167, 189,
202, 212, 223, 243, 258,
260, 266, 26S, 2S6, 287,
290, 293, 296, 301, 32S,

373. 37C. 377. 382-

Gnats, 225.

Cjcecn Sicicnefs, 222.

Gravel, 52,68, 89, 92,95,
109, 110, 120, 131, 158,
•77. 1S3. '9°. '93. "8,
243. '47, ''•6, 28 1, 2S6,
*92. 3'5.'3i9. 337. 340»
347. 380.

Griping, 157, 238.

Groin, 26S.

Gums, 89, 109, 199, 287,

3'9. 369-
Hair, to make yellow, 73.

to refiore, 223, 258,

2S6, 312.
Head, 66, 88, 115, 119, 134,

iSz, i8y, 240, 245, 247,

3'9. 328.
Head-acli, 79, 96, 132, 15S,

165, 174. 175. "2. 22c,
222, 250, 253, 282, 28S,

3 '4, 323. 345. 353. 379>

380, 3S1, 3S3.
Healing, 57. See alfo Ears.
Heat, 1 5 2, 209, 2 18, 300,3 19.
Heart, 99, 1 2 7, 1 89, 2; 3, 242,

3'2, 337. 353. 377. 38'-
Heniorrhoul", 1 18,123, 131,

I75.'79.'°9'2i',257,349.
Hiccough, 1 54, 1 74, 1 99,247
High Colour, 86.
Hips, 373.
Hoarfenefs, 177, 179, 224,

260, 297, 334.
Humours, 95, 120, 205,240,

246, 320, 322, 385.
Hypochondria, 152, 156.
Jaundice, Black, 50,52,62.
•Yellow, 52, 66, 72,

96, 107, 108, 156, 1S2,
198, 212, 238, 280, 283,
2S7, 320, 325, 348, 366.

Jaws, 55.

Miac HaSlion, 340.

Impodlui.ncs, 50, 73, 250,
'65. 3'6. 3'9. 334. 357.
34'-

InHainmaiions, 56, 59, 73,
120, 124. 125.- '3'. '93»
201, 202, 205, 209, 2l6>
Z18, 219, 221, 214, 226,
23S, 245, 246, 252, 257,
jOS, 2-2, 2S6, 293, 300,
30»r

398

INDEX OF DISEASES.

301. 3»o. 3r. 352. JS3.
37'. 3S0, jS;;.
Inte;lion, to )'iclerve from

if. 59. 3=°. 341. 3^3-
Indigeliioii, Si, m, 189,

212, 320.
Joints, 75,79, 119,124,131,

167, 177, 189, inS, 242,

260, 290, 319, 324, 32S,

336. 350-
I'cli, 55, 73, 89, 90, 124,
138, 155, 167, 182, 189,

205, 207, 221, 2-10, 266,

=93. 34!l. 36''>-
Kcnicls, 151,233,366,377.
Tv.'.bi;s, 177, 202, 217.
Kidneys, 96, 134, 194, 116,

238, 3S2.
King'sEvi 1,64,86, 1O9, 1 1 7,

176, 189, 217, 23S, 247,

172, 316, 340, 366.
Knots in tlieFleni,i24, 129.
La(ks,59,i29,257,3i2,3i9,

325.33s.
Letcheiy, 200.
Leprory;52,62,73,i07,i65,

176, 177, 212, 240, 258,

'7^. 319. 3+2. 367-
Lethargy, 52, 62, 183, 220,

2j8, 2S3, 286, 323, 334,

340, 374-
I.ice, 53, 97, 202, 206, 258.
Limbs, 212.
Liver, 54, 83, 98, 99, 107,

124, 140, IJ5, 157, 165,

177, 182, 1S9, 19S, 199,
207, 220, 225, 23S, 247,
272, 280, 314, 323, 325,

345. 352. 370. 374-
Loathing of Meat, 155, 1 74,

244. 3=5-
Longings, 244, 379.
LoofeT eeth, 30a, 320, 367.
Lofs of Voice, 220.
I-"iigs,54, 75, 131,134,176,

22S, 237, 240, 260, 286,

- 295. 373. 374. 3S5-
Liift, to [jrovoke, 66, 77,

122, 125, 126, 247, 25S,

274, 280.
Liirt, to (top, 199, 222, 285.
Madnefs, 202.
Mad Dogs, 50, 59, 72, 8j,

169, 176, 182, 1S7, 266.
Mare. See Ephidlies.
Ivlarks in the Skin, 75, 226,

241, 287, 321, 336.
Matri.\, 88, 319.
Meafies, 88, 242, 374.
Megrims, 75, 179, 354.
MeUuicholy, $6, 69, 90, 99,

152, 167, 173, 189, 202,

236, 246, 252, 287, 320,

35'. 3<'6, 369, 381.
Members disjomted, 179,

210, 295.
Memory, 66, 109, 163, 223,

245. 322, 334.

Milk mNiirCcs, 90, 173,222,

238, 296, 318, 382.
Milk curdling, 75.
Milk in Cattle, 129.
Mind, 54.
Mineral Vapour, 187.

Mifcarriage, 244.

Morphew, 51,92, 13S, 153,
'55. '58, 166, 176, 199,
205, 222, 257, 253, 286',
327, 368, 385.

Mother, 63, 68, 8r, 86, 92,
99, 166, 172, 242, 246,
251, 266, 26S, 282, 292,
327. 34'3, 341. 3^'''. 3l*3-

Mont 11,56, 82,84, 124,238,
266, 2S7, 293, 301, 315,
334, 343. 352, 372, 3S0.

MtiCcles cut, 12^,238.

Njils in tlip Flefh, 53, 250.

N,ivelsQfChildren,30t,373

Neck, 16S, 371.

Nerves, 75, 88.

Nits, 367.

Nipples, 179.

Norturna! Polhitions, 198.

Noife in the Ears, 80, 202,
205, 240, 346.

Nofc, 2 10, 217.

Ob(h-nilionsottheGall,iiS,
'52,156.237,338,353.

Liver, 50,

55,75. So, 168, 175, 182
206, 237, 240, 242, 2S6,
29'. 3'4. 328, 338, 346,
352. 353. 37°-

-Spleen,55,

66, 80, 1 8 2, 206,237, 240,
242, 2S6, 314, 346, 353,

370. 382-

-Reins,257,

274, 3S2
Pu-.ns, 39, 73, 153,255,297,
367-

in the Bowels, 354,

386.
Sides,73,96,

124, 240,327, 342.

Reins,49,68 .

-BackandBel-

ly>57, 59. '33-

-Rars,240,296,

320, 325,328, 346, 366.
Head, 297,

320, 330, 374.
Palfy, 123, 124, 169, 175,

1S9, 211, 212, 223, 236,

249. 292, 340.
Peftilence, or Plagne, 59,69,

90,99,115,121,138,154,

'57, '82, 212, 223.
Phthilic, 59, 115, 198, 224,

254, 275, 284, 293, 325.
Phlegm, 90, 101, loS, 125,

13S, 158, 173, 176, 187,

202, 220, 246, 2S2, 312,

34', 373. 37S. 3?6.
Piles, 88,131,138,216, 244,

286, 293.
Pimples, 136, 178,182, 20S,

216, 320, 327, 342, 353.
Pin and Web, Sec. 200, 223.
Pi(nngBlood,54,85,97,i2i,

133. 207.
Pleuriry,227,238,297,34i.
Poifon, 69,73, SS, 90,91,99,

109, 138, 154, 158. ififi.

'73. '87. 223, 227, 238,

240, 247, 272, 292, 312,

3J7> 3jO;353; 372» 38'-

'^^^^

Polypus, 13S, 266, 295,
Privities, 131, 218, 224

Purples, 86, 374.

Piifhes, 123, 131, 179, 296,

350. 353. 387.
QMartan Agues, 64, 203,

281, 295, 311.
Quotidian Agues, 131, 167.
(iuinfy, 88, 124, 132, 204,

2J7. 275) S"), 381, 383.
Rheum, 131, 132,179, 207,

212, 217, 242, 246, 266
Reins,6i,66, 167,172,175,

216, 221, 238, 291, 297,

32°. 325, 327. 32S, 340,

367. 374> 381.
Reds, 64, 319.
Rickets, 158, 345
Ringworms, 90, 92, 109,

116, 153, 200, 205, 224,

268, 327, 340.
Ruptures, 69, 92, 106, 124,

12S, 131, 151, 165, 172,

187, 20S, 218, 238, 275,

317. 328, 336, 337, 367
Sadnefs. See Melancholy.
Scabby-heads, 68, 88, 118,

1S2, 223, 266, 374.
Scabs, 54, 57, 72, 75, 97,

loi, 123, 135, 154, 182,

1S9, 212, 221, 246, 266,

26S, 354, 3S4.
Scars, 106, 135, 322.
Sciatica, 64, 66, 75, 124,

'34. 153, 175, 211, 212,

236, 258, 289, 292, 312,

349. 333-.
Serpents biting, 52,56,216,

293, 376.
Scurvy, 95, 136, 212, 240,

3i2> 3'S.
Seed, toincreafe, 124, 167.
Shingles, 124, 282, 293.
Sinews, 68, 75, 101, 123,

'57> '75, '94i 241, 255,

272, 342, 385-
Skin, 13S, 1S9, 289, 345.
Small Pox, 51, 86, 242,318,

330-
Sinell loft, helpeth, 63.
Sneezing, 59, 241, 284.
Sores, 52,88, loi, 109, 197,

246, 292, 334, 340, 343,

352, 374. 383-
Speech loU, 223.
Spleen, 50,64, 95,135, 155,

165, 167, 172, 212, 236,

23S, 249, 275, 295, 343,

366, 374, 385-
Splinters, 54,64, 153, 167,

'98, 379-
Stitches, 68, 8 1,96, 1 08, 1 65,

187. 334-

Stomach, 59, 73, Si, 121,
138, 165, 187, 205, 209,
21 2, 2*6, 240, 246, 2S3,
3'9. 322. 352. 374-

Stoppings, 57, 66, 156.

Stone, 68, 77, 83, 94, lOi,
124, 173, 187, 193, 212,
221, 242, 251, 272, 2S0,
291, 318, 325, 347, 372.

Stranguary, 56,59,2 16,2 24,
246, 280, 318, 349, 367,1

Sun-biirning, Jo, 133, ijS.

Surfeits, t»i, 224, 197.

Swellings,94, ,07,13, .i^r,
'53. ">5> 211, 223, 242,
246, 292, 3,5, 330, 337,
341. 350, 373. 381, 3S7.

Swoomiii^s, 69, 90, ,37, 252.

Teeth, 58, 175,236,284,351.

Tenefuius, 132.

Terms, to provoke, 59, 62,
63.94.09, 117, 153, 166,
172. 1S3, 212, 236, 240,
266, 275, 340, 372, 382.

to (lop, 59, 86, , 15,

124. 134, 193, 198, 209,
224, 254, 268, 283, 301,
337. 347. 366, 374.

Tendons, 286.

Tetters, 81, 109, 200, 206,
246, 293, 328, 340, 347.

Teliicles, 254.

Thirft, 222, 293, 347. 3«i-

Throat, 63, 90, 109, 138,
154. 217, 381.

Tliruds, 52.

Tlioras, 53, 115, 125, i6g.

Tooth-ach, 51, 180, 204,
258, 297, 317, 366, 383.

Travail in Women, 192.

Treirrbling, 133, 155, 220.

Tumours. See Swellings.

Venom, 340, 372.

Vernnn, 72.

Veins broken, 216, 334.

Vencry, 77, 222, 268, 318.

Vertigo, 49, 50,75,78,109,

Vomiting, 52,66,153, 2,8,
246, 251, 312, 320, 336,

374. 385-
Ulcers, 50, 53, 55, 59, 64,

91,99,106,1,5,118,123,
'3', 'S'. '53. '57. i65t
'72, '75. '77, '80. 190,
199, 203, 207, 242, 249,
266, 291, 293, 311, 319,
328, 335, 340, 345, 346,
352, 366,373, 379.

Uvula, 217, 255, 258, 266.

Warts and Wens, 176,210,
2S0, 370.

Watchings, 152, 199, 202,
209, 222.

Wearinefs, 78, 81, 206, 266.

Wheals, 92, 179, 296,349.

Whcezings, 99, 174, 204,
25S, 3'8, 348, 379-

Whitloes, 92, 260.

Whites, 5 2, 65, 89, 2 24,311.

Wind, breaking, 57, 119,
'54. '72. 176, 266, 354.

Womb, 63, 92, 132, 175,
241, 266, 367.

Worms, SI, 54, 64, 121,
156, 179, 212, 221, 266,
334, 347, 370-

Wounds, 64, 81, 88, 96,99,
13,, 183, 225, 242, 252,
272, 283, 291, 328, 342,

367, 374. 379' 384-

Wrinkles, 133.

Yellow Jaundice, 92, 95,
loi, 167, 177, 1S7, 204,
224, 237, 246, 322, 330,
3461 35i> 374> 387,

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//.-.M/A/i/i ^1

CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

CONTAINING THE

MEDICAL PART.

A PHYSICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL DESCRIPTION of MAN.

GOD, the omnipotent and wife Creator, having made all things out of no-
thing, and from a crude and undigefted mafs, according to his will, and by
his word, brought all things into a decent frame and majeftic ftni(flure : out of a
confufed chaos made the heavens and the earth ; out of that which was dark and
void he created light, he feparated the waters from the earth, and gave bounds
to the unruly waves; and indued the dry and barren earth with prolific virtue,
richly adorning it with grafs, herbs, and fruit-trees j he made the fun, moon, and
ftars, to divide the light from the darknefs, to enlighten and rule both day and
night, to be forfigns, and to diftinguifh feafons, days, and years; by his word he
created every living thing that moveth.

Having thus far proceeded in his fo excellent and admirable workmanfhip of crea-
tion, he made man a fummary of the world's fabric, a fmall draught of the divine
nature: he was made after all other creatures, not only as the moft perfed, but as
the fuperintendant and mafter, of all things : created ^d dominetur in pijcis maris,
el ill volucres cali, et in pecudes, et in univerfam terrain, atqiie in omnia reptilia rep-
tantiajitper terrain : " To rule over the fiih in the fea, and over the fowls of the
air, and over cattle, and over the earth, and over every thing."

No, 26. B 111

a CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

In man he ended h'S workj on man he (lamped his feal ar.d lign 0*" his power, on
him he has imprinted his own image and fuperfcription, his arms and his portrai-
ture. D:xii Detis, faciamus homlnum ad imagincm ticjlram, Jecundum f:militu Tnem
nofiram : " God faid, let us make man in our image, after our likenefs." In the
creation of man, God feemed to deliberate and take council with himfelf, how to
epitomize and gather together all his works in fo fmall a compafs, to contrad his
book of creation into fo fmall a volume. Hence he is called the microcofm, or lit-
tle world, the recapitulation of all things, the ligament of angels and beafts, hea-
venly and earthly, fpirltual and corporeal, the perfeflion of the whole work, the ho-
nour and miracle of nature. He created him naked, being a pure, neat, and de-
licate, creature, made up of thin, fub tie, well tempered and feafoned, humours, in-
nocent and far more beautiful than the reft.

He was created upright, but little touching the earth, quite oppofite to the vegeta-
able plant, whofe root is therein fixed ; far different alfo from the beaft, who is a mean
between a plant and himfelf, and goeth downward, his two extremes tending to the
bounds of the horizon : this upright gait belonging only unto the human fpecies, as
the holieft and mofl divine creature, his head tending to the heavens, on which he
looks, and contemplates with grateful adoration the omnipotence of his Creator.

His body being thus formed of pure fubtile earth, as a houfe and habitation for
the foul, God breathed into him the breath of life, and he became a living creature ;
fo, in the ordinary generation and formation, which is made of the feed in the womb,
nature obferveth the fclf-fame order: the body is firfl; formed, as well by the ele-
mentary force, which is in the feed and the heat of the matrix, as by the celeftial in-
fluence of the fun ; according to the adage, Sol et homo generant hominem . " The
fun and man do engender nianj" which is done, according to the opinion of the
mofl eminent naturalifls and phyficians, in fuch order that the firft {zvzn. days the feed
of the man and the ova of the woman mingle and curdle like cream, which is the
beginning of conception ; the fecond {tvtw days, the feed is changed into a formlefs
bloody fubftance, and concofted into a thick and undigefted mafs of flefh, the proper
matter of the child ; the next feven days, from this mafs is produced and fafhioned
a grofs body, with the three moft noble parts, viz. the liver, heart, and brain ; the
fourth {^w^n. day», or near thirty, the whole body is perfefted, jointed, and organi-
zed, and is fit to entertain the foul, which invefts itfelf into the body (according to
the beft authority) about the feven-and-thirtieth or fortieth day : at the third month,
or thereabout, the infant has motion and fenfe \ and at the ninth month is brought
forth. Thefe times cannot be fo exadtiy prefixed, but that by the ftrength or de-
bility of the feed or matrix they may be either haftened or prolonged. But I Ihail

not

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 3

not enter minutely upon this fubjed now, but give a more particular defcription of
it hereafter.

The body of man confifts of a number of bones and cartilages, which are the bafis
and upholding pillars of the whole fabric; the joints are compadled with many liga-
ments, and are covered with innumerable membranes; the members are fupplied with
above thirty pair of fenfitive nerves, as with little cords; and all filled with as many
arteries, like water-pipes, conveying vital fpirits to all parts ; the empty places are
filled up with above four hundred mufcles of different forts, all covered with a fkin.

Man, for whom all th ngs were made, is nourifhed by the balfamic fpirits of ve-
getables, and therefore doth confift of all thefe faculties, that fpring up as a token of
health or ficknefs. 1 he celeftial planets have alfo great influence over him ; the
moii^ening power of the Moon is reprefented by the marrow which flows from the
bra'n ; in t^e genital part is Venus feared ; eloquence and comelinefs are the effevfls
of nimble- witted Mtrcury ; the Sun hath a near affinity to the heart; benevolent
Jupiter hath his feat in the liver, the fountain of nutritive blood ; the fiery fury of
Mars is lodged in the gall ; the fpungy and hollow melt, the feat and receptacle of
melancholic humours, is a perfedt reprefentation of the cold planet Saturn, indeed,
the fpirits of the body do manifeft and hold forth the quinte/Tence of all things. The
four humours in man anfwer to the four elements: as the bile, which is hot and dry,
reprefentcth the fire; hot and moift blood, the air; phlegm, cold and moift, the wa-
ter ; cold and dry melancholy, the earth. Man is an admirable creature, the univerfe
and epitome of the world, and the horizon of corporeal and incorporeal things. I
fhall conclude this part with the faying of Zoryaftes : " O man ! the workmanfhip
of moft powerful nature, for it is the moft artificial mafter-piece of God's hands i"

A DESCRIPTION of the HEAD.

THE head of man pofl*efles the higheft place in the body, and reprefents the
uppermoft and angelical region: it is the fort of man's mind, thefeat of reafon, the
habitation of wifdom, the place of memory, judgment, and cogitation ; it containeth
the brain, cold and fpungious by nature, inclofed with two fkins, the one, more
hard and thick, joirng itfclf to tht dura mater ; the other more thin and cafy,
wherein lieth the brain inclofed, called pia mater ; it Is foft and tender to the brain,
and nourilheth if, as a loving mother doth her young and tender babe; from ths pia
mater iflue the finews and marrow that defcen€eth and falleth down through the
•vertebra of the back to the reins. In the brain is the feat and throne of the rational
foul, in which are a very great number of veins and arteries running through all the

fubftancr

4 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

fu'jftance thereof, adminiftering to the brain both fpirit and life, vital and nutrt-
mental nourifhment, which comes from the heart and liver by very minute or
fniall veins and arteries ; and concofted and re-concofted, elaborateJ, and made
very fiibtile, pulTing through thofe woven and interlaced, turning and winding, in
which labyrinth the vital fpirit, often paffing and re-paffing, is perfecT;ed and re-
fined, and becomes animal.

The pia mafer divides the fubflance of the brain into three certain cells and divi-
sions, the foremoft part of which contains the moft, the middle part lefs, and the
hindmoft part the Icaft. In the foremoft part of the brain imagination is feated ; in
the mitMle, judgment i in the hindmoft part, memory, imagination is hot and dry in
quality, quick and adive, from whence it cometh that frantic men, and fuch as arc
fick, of hot maladies, are excellent in that which belongs to imagination j many, up-
on fuch a diftemper, have been excellent in poetry and divination ; it never flsepeth,
but is always working, whether the man be fteeping or waking ; and, by the va-
pours that arife from the heart, form variety of cogitations, which, wanting the re-
gulation of judgment, ivhen man Jleepeth , becomes a dream.

Hence it appears that fubtilty, promptitude, and that which they commonly call
rait, belongeth to a hot imaginarion : it is adive, ftirring, undertaketh all, and fets
all the reft to work j it gathers the kinds of figures of things, both prefent, by the
ufe of the five fenfes, and abfent, by the common fenfe.

Judgment is feated in the midft of the brain, there to bear rule over the other
faculties, it is the feat of the rational foul, and the judge of men's atflions: if you
would know the mean whereby it knoweth and judgeth of things, fome authors have
been of opinion, that the fpirit knoweth by the help of the fenfes, and that the un-
derftanding without the fenfes is but as white paper. A'// eft in intelkolu, qmdnon
fuerit prius injenju: " There is notliing in the underftanding which was not firft in
fenfe." But this opinion is falfe, becaufe the feeds of fcience and virtue are infinuated
into our fpirits, elfe is the ftate of the reafonable foul worfe than the vegetative or
fenfitive, which of themfelves are able to exercife their funftions. It were abfurd
to think that fo noble and divine a niculty fhould beg aftiftance of fo vile and cor-
ruptible a one as the fenfes, which apprehend only the fimple accidents, not the na-
tures or eflence, of things : and, were it fo, it muft follow, that they who have their
fenfes moft perfed ftiould be moft witty, whereas we fee many times the contrary.
Yet let no one think that thefpirit hath no ftrvice from the fenfes ; for, in the begin-
ning or difcovery and invention of things, the fenfes do much fervice to the fpirit>
but the fpirit dependeth not upon the fenfes. Some are of opinion, that it is hot and
aioift in quality ; others fay, that a dry temperature is proper to the underftanding,

whereby

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 5

whereby it comes to pafs that aged perfons excel thofe in underftanding that arc
young, becaufc, as years increafe, moifture doth decreafe in the brain ; hence it fol-
loweth, that melancholy perfons, that are afflicfled with want, and faft much, are
wife and ingenious, for heavlnefs and failing are great driers: Splendor ficcus, animus
Jafientiffimus^ vcxatio dat tnlelleSfum ; " Heat and draught refine the wit, affliiflion
giveth underftandingj" and that is the reafon that great perfons, who feci high,
and take little or no care, that have nothing to vex them, are for the moft part not
very wife.

Bc.^fts that are of a dry temperature, as ants, bees, elephants, &c. are cunning
and ingenious; on the contrary, they that are of a moift conftitution are ftupid and
without fpirit. Memory is feated in the hinder cell of the brain, as the grand ac-
countant or regifterj fomefay its temperature is cold and dry, and that is thought
to be the reafon why melancholic people have good memories; others are of opinion
that it is moift, becaufe children have better memories than old men: men are more
apt for memory in the morning, by reafon of the moifture gained by fleep in the
night; but, let it be as it may, it is moft certain that thofe who have a good memory
are not in general very wife.

It is true, that many have been excellent in this faculty. Seneca repeated two thou-
fand names as they v/ere firft fpoken ; he alfo, hearing two hundred verfes, rehearfed
them, and began at the laft. Cyrus and Sclpio knew every foldier's name in their
armies. Mithridates learned the languages of two-and-tvventy nations, Efdras the
prieft had the whole Jewifti dodlrine by heart. Julius Ca;far would dicflate to fouf
at the fame time; and, that which is more ftrange, Pliny would dit5late to one, hear
another, and read at the fame inftant. As thefe were fo excellent and acute in me-
mory, others were as dull: Attlcus could never learn the letters of the alphabet by
heart; others could not count above four. It is faid, that Theodore Beza, two
years before he died, as he languiftied, his mind grew fo feeble that he forgot things
prefent, yet he held thofe things which were printed in his mind before-time, when
his underftanding and memory were good. What fhall we fay of Mefialla Cornivus,
who forgot his own name? or Francifcus Barbarus, of Athens, a very learned man
in the Greek tongue, who having received a blow on the head with a ftone, forgot
his learning, which he had fpent the greatcft part of his life-time upon,//et remem-
bered all things elfe ? Thefe things are brought to pafa either by the ftrength or
debility of men's genitures, and from diredions and accidents thence proceeding.
Wit and underftanding, and all the faculties of the foul, depend on a certain tem-
perament; and hence it comes to pafs that thofe Vrho are acute and wife in fome
things are ftupid and dull in others.

27. C Of

6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Of the interior PARTS of the HEAD.

The fenfitive faculty has its refidcnce in the pi a mater; it is that which gives
virtue to all the particular fenfes, and keeps a harmony amongft them : they are
five in number, viz. feeing, hearing, fmelling, tafting, and feeling ; although thefe
are all united in one in the brain, yet operatively they are diftinguiflied in their fe-
veral feats and places of refidence.

The SIGHT refides in the eyes, and particularly in the chryftalline humour; they
are two in number, and collateral, planted in the higheft ftage, as centinels; they
are the luminaries of the microcofm ; Galen fays, the brain and head were made for
the eye, that they might be in the higheft, as a beholder in a tower ; they are next
in nature unto the foul ; for in the eye is feen and known the difturbances and griefs,
gladnefs and joys, of the foul, as love, wrath, and other paflions; they are com-
pounded and made of feven tunicles, or coats, and three humours ; they proceed
out of the fubftance, they take a panicle to defend It from annoyance. They meet
and are united into one finew about half an inch in length before they enter the
fkuU, and after divided into two, each goeth into one eye ; they are called nervi opi-
ci, the optic nerves, and through thefe are brought the vifible fpirits to the eye.

Thefe are the moft noble outward parts of the body, in beauty, utility, mobility,
and adivity. They are to the vifage that which the vifage is to the bodyj they are
the face of the face; and, becaufe they are tender, delicate, and precious, they are
fenced on all fides with fkins, lids, brows, and hair. The objedt of the eye or fight
is colour (according to the common opinion), which is an adherent quality in bodies,
whereof there are fix fimples, as white, yellow, red, purple, green, and blue : the
compounds are infinite; to fpeak more fully, the true objed is light, which is ne-
ver without colour, and without which the colours are invifible.

The fenfe of feeing cxcelleth all the reft in many things; it apprehendeth farther
ofF, and extendeth itfelf even to the ftars. It is certainly reported, that Strabo
had fuch a:ute eyes, that from Liiiba;um he could difcern fhips going forth of the
Carthaginian haven, and could number them; the diftance was one hundred and
thirty-five miles. It hath more variety of objefts; for to all things, and gene-
rally in all, there is a light and colour, the cbjedbs of the eyes, as I hinted before.
It is moft exquifite, for it is moft exacft, in the leaft and fineft thing that prefents
itfelf. It is more prompt and fudden; for it apprehendeth even in a moment, and
without motion, when the other fenfes require motion and time. It enjoyeth a
liberty incomparable to others; the eye feeth, or feeth not, and therefore hath lids
3 to

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 7

to open or fhut : it is aiSlive; all the reft purely pafTive. But that which is moft
noble in this fenfe is, that the privation of the objecft thereof, which is darknefs,
brings fear, and th.it naturally, bccauie then a man findeth himfelf robbed of fo
excellent a guide; the fight in the light is inikad of company, wherein man much
delighteth.

Hearing is the next fenfe to be confidcrcd, whofe refidence is in the cars /it
is in quality cold and dry, under the dominion of Saturn. They are placed on the
outfide of the hc'id, in the felf- fame height as the eyes are, as the fcouts of the
body, porters of the fpirit, the receivers and judges of the founds, which always
afcend. They have their entrance oblique and crooked, that fo the found may not
enter all at once, whereby the fenfe of hearing might be hindered, and not fo well
able to judge; and again, that the founds, being fugitive, might there lurk, and
abide under his fhadow, till the inftruments of hearing have gotten pofleiTion
thereof. The finews, that are the organs of hearing, fpring each from the brain,
and, when they come to the hole of the ear, they are wreathed together; the end is
like a worm, or little teat, into which is received the found, and from thence
carried to the common wits, to diftinguifh. The objeift of the ear, or hearing, is
a found or noifc proceeding from the encounter of two bodies; a pleafant and
melodious found fwceteneth and appeafeth the fpirit, confequently the body too,
and drives maladies from them both ; the fharp and penetrant doth trouble and
wound the fpirit. This fenfe hath many fingularities ; for the fervice of the body,
the fight is moft neceflary, but, for the fpirit, hearing hath the fuperiority; it is
fpiritual, the agent of underftanding; many that have been blind have been great
and wife philofophers, but never any that were deaf. In brief, fcience, truth, and
virtue, have no entrance into the foul but by the ear. Chriflianity teaches, that
faith cometh by hearing, which the fight doth rather hurt than help. Faith is the
belief of thofe things which are not feen, which belief is acquired by hearing. For
all thefe reafons, and many more that might be inferted, the wifeft have fo much
cortimended hearing, the pure guardian from all corruption, the health of the in-
ward man.

Smelling is feated in the nofe, governed by Mars, and is hot and dry in quali-
ty ; and therefore martial creatures, or fuch as are hot and dry of conftitution, excel
in this faculty, as dogs, &c. From the brain cometh two finews to the holes of the
brain-pan, where beginneth the concavity of the nofe, and thefe two are the pro-
per organs or inftruments of fmelling; they have heads like paps, into which is
received the virtue of fmelling, and prefenting it to the common fenfe. Over thefe
two organs is placed collatoritim, or the noftrils, which concavity or ditch was made

for

8 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

for two caufes : Firft, that the air, that bringeth the fpirit of fmelling might reft
therein, till it was received by its proper organs. Secondly, that the excrement of
the brain might be hidden under it till it be fit to be ejeded. From this concavity
go two holes into the mouth, of which we may take notice of three conveniencies ;
firft, that when a man's mouth is clofed, either by eating or fleeping, air might
come through them to the lungs, or he would be forced to keep his mouth open al-
ways. Secondly, they are helpful to a man's fpeech; for, when one or both of thofe
paflages are ftopped, a man fpeaketh in the nofe, as we commonly fay. Thirdly,
they are ufeful in cleanfing the concavities of the nofe, either by fnuffing, or drawing
it through the mouth. The objedt of fmell is an odour, or f:ent, which is a fume
rifing from an odoriferous objeft, afcending through the nofe to the ventricles of
the brain; the ftrong and violent hurteth the brain, the temperate and good doth
rejoice, delight, and comfort. This fenfe is oftentimes very ufeful in difcovering
meats and drinks of an evil odour, which otherwife would much prejudice the fto-
mach, and work evil efFe(5ls in the body of the man.

The TASTE is hot and moift, and under the influence of Jupiter : this {enk hath
its refidence in the palate of the mouth and tongue. Its office is to choole what
food is congruous to the ftomach, and what not. The fkin of the palate of the
mouth is the fame with the inward part of the ftomach, and the fame with the way
of the meat to the ftomach; and hence it cometh to pafs, that, when a man is touched
upon the palate of the mouth, it tickleth the ftomach; and, fo much the nearer to
the throat, fo much more the ftomach abhorreth. The obje6l of tafting is a favour
or fmack, whereof there are fix fimple kinds, as fweet, four, fharp, tart, fait,
bitter; the compounds r.re many. And, being led to the mouth, it is not amifs
if I fpeak a few words of the compofition thereof. In the mouth are five parts to be
confidcred, the lips, the teeth, the tongue, the uvula, and the palate of the mouth,
of which I have already fpoken. The lips are made of a mufculous flefn : their office
is, firft, as the door to the houfe, to keep the mouth clofe till the meat be chewed ;
fecondly, they help to pronounce the fpeech. The teeth, the hardeft members, are
fafcened into the mandible: their office is, firft, to grind the meat bsfore it goeth into
the ftomach, that fo it may the better digeft; fecondly, that it might be a help to
the fpeech, for they that want any of their teeth are dcfedive therein. The number
is uncertain, fome have more, fome have lefs, they who have their full number have
thirty-two. The tongue is a carnous member, compound, and made of many nerves,
ligaments, veins, and arteries, ordained principally for three purpofes: firft, that
when a man eateth, the tongue might turn the meat in the mouth till it be chewed ;
fecondly, by the tongue, and the palate of the mouth, near the root of the tongue, is re-
ceived

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 9

ceived the talle of fweet or four, and thence prefented to common fenfts to pafs judg-
ment thereof: thirdly, and principally, the tongue is ordained for the pronunciation
of fpeech, of which faculty I muft crave leave to infift on, and that as briefly as may
be. Speech is an excellent prefent, and very neceffary, given only unto man, aninii
index l^ fpeculum ; it is the interpreter and image of the foul ; the heart's meflenger:
the gate through which doth pafs all that lieth within the dark and hidden corners
of man: by this the fpirit becomes vifible. Of all the external and vifible parts of
the body, that which cometh neareft to the heart is the root thereof, and that which
Cometh neareft the thoughts is fpeech: " Out of the abundance of the heart the
mouth fpeaketh." It is a powerful mafter, an imperious commander; it ftirreth up,
animateth, exafperateth, appeafcth, maketh fad, merry ; it imprinteth whatever
pafllon it handleth; feedeth the foul of the hearer; it maketh him bluHi, wax pale,
laugh, cry, tremble, mad with choler, leap for joy, what not ? It is the agent of all
our concerns ; by it we traffic, peace is handled, affairs are managed, it is the band
of human fociety: hearing and fpeech anfwer and are accommodated the one to the
other; by thefe two the fouls are poured the one into the other; fo that, if thefe two
gates be fhut (as it is in thofe that are deaf and dumb), the fpirit remaineth folitary
and miferable. Hearing is the gate to enter, by it the fpirit receiveth all things
from without. Speech is the gate to go out, through it the fpirit fendeth forth that
■which was within. From the communication of thefe two, as from the ftroke of two
flints, there cometh forth the fire of truth; and fo by the polifliing and rubbing of
thefe two, knowledge cometh to perfedion ; but hearing is the firft and principal,
for there can nothing come forth which did not firft eater ; and there.MDre he that is
deaf altogether by nature is alfo dumb.

I might enlarge a great deal more in the defcription of the head, but, my purpofe
being to declare nothing but what may be pertinent in the manifeftation of the hu-
man faculties and virtues, I fliall conclude this diicourfe with a word or two of the
fenfe of feeling, which is of no particular quality, but of all, hot, cold, dry, and
xtioift ; it is deputed to no particular organ, but is fpread abroad over the whole bodyj
it is the index of all tangible things, its objed: then muft be heat or cold, drought or
moifture, things pleafant and polite, fharp and fmarting, motion, reft, tickling. It
is known that man and other creatures may live without fome particular fcnfe ; it is
the opinion of moft, that a man caruiot live without this {^i\(c of feeling, being only
neceflary unto life; yet Auguftine proveth the contrary, in the fourteenth book, Dt
Civitate Dei, by example of a prefbyter, that lay as though he were dead, and did not
feel thofe that pulled him, nor would he ftir though they burned him with fire; yet
confefled that he could then hear men fpeak (if they f^oke aloud) as though they

27. -^ WCiC

lo CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

were far from him, by which it appears, that this he did, not by refifting, but for want
of the fenfe of feeling, which afterwards was reRored to him again. I fhall pafs by
what the Englifh hiftory relates of one Elizabeth Barton, a maid of Canterbury,
who oftentimes was deprived of her fenfes by reafon of a difeafe fhe had.

I fiiall alfo wave difputes concerning the number of the fenfes, fome fuppofing
there are no more in nature than are apparent in us. There may very well be more,
yet greatly to be doubted that there are; it is impoflible for us to know them, to
affirm them, or to deny them, becaufe a man fhall never know the want of that fenfe
which he never had: one fenfe cannot difcover another j and, if a man want one by
nature, yet he knows not which way to affirm it. A man that is born blind, and
hath not heard what fight is, cannot conceive that he feeth not, nor defire to fee. So
man, btinf not able to imagine more than the five that he hath, cannot know how
to judge whether there be more in nature : who knoweth whether the difficulties that
we find in mahy of the works of nature, and the effecfts of many creatures which we
cannot undenland, do proceed from the want of fome fenfe that we have not ? There
are hidden properties which we fee in many things, and a man may fay that there
are fenfible faculties in nature, proper to judge and apprehend them, yet mull con-
clude we have them not j who knoweth whether it be fome particular fenfe that dif-
covereth the hour of midnight to the cock, and moves him to crow, or how beafts are
taught to chufe certain herbs for their cure, and many fuch-like wonders ?

Of the stomach.

THE STOMACH is a member compound and fpermatic, finewy and fenfible,
wherein is made the firft perfect digefl:ion of chyle : it is a neceflary member to the
body, for, if it fails in its operations, the whole fabric is corrupted. It is in the little
world the fame as the terreftrial globe is in the great world ; in it is expreffed the
fublunary part of the world; in it are contained the parts that ferve for nutrition,
conco(5tion, and procreation. And this leads me to difcourfe of the adminillering
virtues in man, which are here feated, and to wind up all with a touch of the office
of the microcofmical ftars with as much brevity as may be. The fiomach is framed
of two panicles, the outer is carnous, the inner nervous, from which is ftretched to
the mouth ^fophagus, or the way of the meat, by which the fl:omach draweth to itfelf
meat and drink as with hands. By the virtue oF the fubtile will, which is in this
mujcus longitudinalls, is made the attracftive virtue, which is hot and dry, by a quality
a(5>ive, or principal, which appears by the fun, the fountain of all he.\i, which is of
an attradivc quality, which is evident by his attrading and exhaling the humidity

from

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ii

from this infericr glohe into the airy region, as into the neck or higher part of an
cUmhic; and, being refolved into water, (by reafon of their weight,) fall down again
upon the earth, which is the veflel receiving: fo, through contmued diftillations, by
fublimation of the water, by cohabation, by drawing off the liquor (being often
poured on), and fortified by the influence' of the celeftial and central fun, the body
becomes endued with a concoiftive, nutritive, and procreative, virtue. So in the fto-
niach, by the adive quality of the microcofmical fun, his benevolent rays, and
friendly heat, meat and drink arc defired, and attraded into the ftomach, for the
nourifhment of the whole body.

In the ftomach is a tranfverfe mufcle, to withhold or make retention; by this re-
tentive virtue, thofe things that are brought into the ftomach are kept and with-
holden until nature hath wrought her end, and every faculty hath executed its office.
It is in quality cold and dry : cold, becauie the nature of cold is to comprefs or hold
together, as you may fee in ice; dry, becaufe it is the nature of drinefs to keep and
hold what is comprefTed. It is under the influence of Saturn, and that is the reafon
why, for the moft part, men that are cold and dry of temperature, or, as aftronomers
fay, Saturnine people, are covetous and tenacious; and that is the reafon that old
men are naturally covetous, becaufe Saturn rulcth old age, and, by the decay of
nature, the temperature becomes cold and dry. It hath the fpleen, the reprefentative
of Saturn, lying toward the left fide, and furniftieth the ftomach with humours ne-
ceifary to fortify the retentive virtue.

The digeftive faculty, which is the chief and moft principal, (the others like hand-
maids attending it,) is hot and moift, nature's cook and principal workman, the
archa;us and central fire which in this philofophical veflel, viz. the ftomach, digeft-
eth the viduals into a chaos, or confufed mafs, that fo a natural feparation may be
made. It is under the influence of Jupiter, who furniflieth it with friendly heat and
moifture, by the liver, (the microcofmical Jupiter,) chafing and heating the right
fide of the ftomach.

The ftomach hath alfo a latitudinal mufcle, or will, which makes the expulfive
faculty; it is naturally cold and moift; cold, to comprefs the fuperfluity; moift,
to make the matter flippery and fit for ejedion, alfo to work a fuitabledifpofition in
the body. It is a neceflary operation by it, after the feparation of the pure from the
impure, the elements from the cafut mortuiun, or rather/.jffw, is removed and carried
away, all that Is needlefs or prejudicial to nature. It is under the dominion of the
Moon, (with whom you may join Venus, being of the fame nature,) whofe epitome
or microcofmical fubftitute, viz. the brain, fendeth a branch of nerves to the ftomach,
and thereby furnlftieth it with humours, cold and moift, fit for expulfion.

0»

12 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

OftheHEART.

THE HEART hath two ventricles or concavities, and the left is higher than
the right; the caufe of its hoUownefs is to keep the blood for his nourifiiing, and
the air to abate and temper the great heat Vv'hich is included and fhut up in the con-
cavities.

As he IS fol corporis, and center of the reft of the members and ruler of the familv,
he communicates to them life and motion, yet by his heat he attracts what is need-
ful for himfeif from the other members, as a fubfidy or tax impofed upon his fub-
jefts. And therefore to the right ventricle of the heart cometh a vein from the
great vein, which receiveth all the fubftance of the blood from the liver j this vein
pafleth to the right ventricle of the heart, and bringeth a great portion of the thick-
eft and pureft blood to nourifti the heart. The refidue that is left of this is made
more fubtile through the virtue and heat of the heart, and then fent into a concavity
or pit, in the midft of the heart, between the two ventricles; therein it is made hot
and pure, and from thence it pafieth to the left ventricle, and there is engendered in
a fpirit that is clearer, brighter, and fubtiler, thaii any corporeal or bodily thing
which is engendered of the four elements, for it is a mean between the body and
the foul ; wherefore, of the philofophers, it is likened more to heavenly than earth-
ly things.

From the left ventricle of the heart fpring two arteries, the one having but one
coat, and therefore is called arteria venalis, which carries blood from the heirt to
the lungs, which blood is vaporous and fit for its nourifhment, and carrieth back
air from the lungs to refre/h the heart.

The other artery hath two coats : it is called, vena arterialis, or the great artery,
of which fpringeth all the other arteries, that fpread to every member of the body,
which carry the fpirits, which are the treafures of the foul's virtue ; thus it pafTeth till
it come to the brain, and be made an animal fpirit ; at the liver it is made nutri-
mental, and at the tefticles generative. Thus by the heart is made a fpirit of every
kind, and (like the fun in the heavens) by his royal prefence he doth confer life and
liberty to his fuppliants.

The motion of the heart is wonderful; it continues to the utmoft period of life,
day and night, without a fingle moment's interruption or intermiflion ; and is per-
formed more than an hundred thoufand times every day. Here is, indeed, fome-
thing like what the mechanifts want, under the name of a perpetual motion; and
the ftupendous wifdom of the Creator is in nothing exprefled more glorioufly.

Of

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 33

Of the lungs, LIVER, &c.

THE LUNGS are made of a fubftance very foft and fpongious; fuppleto draw
and inforce from, like a pair of bellows; they are an inftrumentof refpiration, where-
by the heart is refrefhed, drawing unto it the blood, the fpirits, and the air, and difbur-
thening itfelf of thofe fumes and excrements which opprefs it. They are naturally
cold and dry, accidentally cold and moift; naturally cold and dry, waving about the
heart, abating its heat by a refrefhing blaft; they are accidentally moift, by reafon of
catarrhs and rheums, which they receive from the brain.

There are three principal parts in the lungs confiderable. One is a vein coming
from the liver, which bringeth with it the crude and undigefted part of the chyle to
feed the lungs. Another is arteria venalis, coming from the heart, bringing the fpi-
rit of life to nourifh the lungs. The third is tracbia arteria, that bringeth air to the
lungs J and it pafleth through all the left part of them to do its office.

The lungs are divided into five portions or pellicles, three on the right fide and
two on the left fide ; that, in cafe any impediment or hurt fhould happen in any
one part, the other fhould be ready to fupply the office.

But I fliall give no further defcription of the lungs, but defcribe the liver, which
is a principal member in the little world, reprefenting the planet Jupiter, quafijuvans
pater, hot and moift, inclining towards the right fide, under the fhort ribs. The
form of the liver is gibbous, or bunchy, on the back-fide j on the other fiie hollow,
like the infide of an hand, that it might be pliable to the ftomach, (as a man's hand
is to an apple, or any thing that is round,) to further its digeftion ; for his heat is to
the ftomach as the heat of a fire is to the pot which hangeth over it. It is the ftore-
houfe of the blood, the fountain of the veins, the feat of the natural nourishing fa-
culty, or vegetative foul, engendered of the blood of that chyle which it drawetli
from the meferaique veins, and receiveth by the vena porta, which entereth into the
concavities thereof, and afterwards is fent and diftributed through the whole body
by the help of vena cava, which arife from the bunch or branches thereof, which
are in great numbers, as the rivers from the ocean.

The natural and nutrimental faculty hath its rcfidcnce in the liver, and is difper-
fed through the whole body with the veins, from which are bred four particular hu-
mours, viz. blood, choler, phlegm, and melancholy.

Blood is made of meat perfedly concodted, in quality hot and moift, Jupiter's
darling, the moft perfecft and necefiary humour (the other three being fuperfluities,
yet neceflary too). The blood thus concodlcd is drawn out by the vena cava, whofe
branches, ramifying upwards and downwards, carry and convey it to all the

2y. E other

t4 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

other members of the body for their nourifliment, where, by a third digeftion, it is
traufmuted into the fielh.

Cholcr, or bile, is made of meat more than perfcdly concofted; it is the fpume
or froth of biood ; it clarifieth all the humours, heats the body, and nourifheth the
apprcheniion. It is in quality hot and dry; it fortifieth the attraflive faculty as blood
doth the digeflive; it moveth man to aflivity and valour: it is under the planet
Mars, ■vvhofe refidence is in the gall, which is an official member, a purfe or particular
vefiicle placed in the hollownefs of the liver, whofe office is to receive the choleric
fiiperfluities, which are engendered in the liver as aforefaid. Which purfe, or bag,
hath three holes or necks. By the firft it draweth to itfelf the choler from the liver,
that fo the blood be not hurt by the bile, or choler. By the fecond it fendeth cho-
ler to the bottom of the ftomach, to fortify the attradive faculty. And, laftly, it
fendeth choler regularly to every gut, from one gut to another, to cleanfe them from
fuperfluities and drofs.

Phlegm is made of meat not perfedbly digefted: it 'fortifieth the virtue expulfive,
and maketh the body fit for ejection ; it is kind to, and fortifieth, the brain by its
confimilitude with it; it is antipathetical to the apprehenfion, and doth much iiijure
it, therefore phlegmatic perfons have but weak apprehenfions ; it is cold and moift
in quality, its receptacle is in the lungs, it is governed by the Moon and Venus ;
therefore it qualifies the bile, cools and moiftens the heart, thereby fuftaining it and
the whole body from the fiery efFefts which continual motion would produce.

Melancholy is the fediment of blood: it is cold and dry in quality ; it maketh men
fober, folid, and ftaid, fit for ftudy, or any ferious employm.ents; it curbs the un-
bridled paffions incident to the fanguine complexion: it fl:ayeth wandering and idle
thoughts, and reduces them home to the centre; it is like a grave counfellor to the
whole body. It is governed by the planet Saturn, it ftrengtheneth the retentive
faculty, and its receptacle is in the fpleen; which in the body is placed on the left
fide, tranfverfely linked to the ftomach.

Of the reins and KIDNEYS.

THE REINS and KIDNEYS are placed within the region of the nutrites
backwards, and they are ordained to cleanfe the blood from the watery fuperfluities.
They have two paflages : by the one is drawn the water from the venakelis by two
veins, which are called ven^e emulgentes, the emulgent veins ; and by the other is fent
the fame water to the bladder, and this is called pros urithedes.

The kidneys are made of a hard fubftance, and full of hard concavities, and there-
fore the fores of them are hard to cure; they are harder in fubftance than any other

flefhy

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 15

flefliy member, and that for two catiics; the firft is, that they be not much hurt by
the iliarpnclli of the urine; the other is, tliat the urine that paflcth from them might
be the better cleanfed. The heart fendeth an artery to convey to them blood, heat,
fpiiit, and life. And from the liver there cometh a vein, which bringeth nutrimcntal
blood. Their fatnefs is, as of other members, made of thin blood congealed by cold j
there is the greater quantify in this place, becaufe it fhould temper the heat of the
kidneys, which they have from the biting fharpnefs of the urine.

The next thing is the bladder, which is compounded of two nervous panicles ; in
complexion it is cold and dry, whofe neck is carnous, and hath two mufcles to with-
hold and to let it go; in man it is long, and is contained with the yard, pafling
through the peritoneum; but in women it is fliorter, and is contained with the. vulva.
The place of the bladder is between the (hare- bone and lungaon. In women it is be-
tween the aforcfaid bone and the matrix. In the bladder are implanted the ureters,
which bring the urine or water from the kidneys thither, and enter into the holes
and panicles thereof, which is done by a natural motion between tunicle and tunicle,
till the urine findeth the hole of the nether tunicle, where itentereth privily into the
concavity. And the more the bladder is filled with urine, the ftraiter are the pani-
cles comprefled together ; the holes are not fet one againft the other, fo that, if the
bladder be never fo full, none can go back again.

This is the microcofmical ocean, into which all the rivers of the body difcharge
themfclves. There muft needs be more than a watery fubftance in it, for many times,
in difeaffs, it is plentifully made, though the patient drinketh little or nothing; and
it is obferved that creatures that drink nothing will make water. Phyficians often-
times foretel many.things by its colour, thinnefs, and thicknefs. Salt you know is
hid in meats, and that plants have very much fait in them you may find by diftilling
them; and it is very well known, that by the chymical art many kinds of fait may
be fetched out of urine. The artificial cryjocolla is made of urine. Nitre is made of
earth moiilened with the urine and duncr of living creatures.

3

Of the generative PARTS.

THE inftruments of generation are of two forts, male and female; their ufe is
the procreation of mankind, the operation is by adion and paffion, the agent is the
feed, the patient the blood. Although this cometh to be fpoken of in the laft place,
yet it might have defervedly been put in the firft; for nature regards not only the con-
fervation of itfelf, but to beget its like and conceive its fpecies. Venus hath the
principal goverament of the members of generation, in which members there are
many parts deferving our attention,

Firft;

i6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Firft ; of the genitals of men -.—-The firfl: thing to be confidered is, that which
anatomifts call vaja preparentia, or preparing vefTels, which bring blood and vital
fpiritstothe tefticles; they are four in number, and before they come to the tefticles
they make a curious implication, intertexture, or twifting, the one with the other,
the arteries into the veins, and the veins into the arteries, which phyficians call cor-
fus varicojum; fome call it pompiniformi s : this interweaving reacheth down even into
■the fubftance of them; their ufe is to mix the blood and vital Ipirit together, that
fo they may have a fit matter to work on.

The tefticles are of a white, foft, fpongy, fubftance, full of fmall veins and arte-
ries; or elfe, when humours flow to them, they could not fwell to fuch a bignefs :
their form is oval ; of their bignefs few are ignorant. Each tefticle hath a mufcle,
which the learned call cremafter, which ferveth to pull them up in the ad of genera-
tion, as its name in the Greek fignifieth, that fo the vefTels, being flackened, may
better void the feed.

The feed being thoroughly concoifled by the tefticles, there are two other fmall
pipes called vaJa defer entia: they are alfo called fpermatic pores: their office is to
carry the feed to the feminary vefTels, which are to keep it till need requireth itsex-
pulfion. From the ftones they arife very near to the p-eparing vefTels into the cavi-
ty of the belly ; then, going back again, they turn to the back fide of the bladder,
between it and the right gut, where they are joined to the feminal veflels, which are
foft and fpongy, fomewhat like kernels, through which pafTeth the urethra, or com-]
mon pafTage in the yard both for feed and urine.

Hiftories make mention, and experience evinces, that fome are born without tef-
ticles, fome with one. Philip, Landgrave of Heffia, had three ; he was fo full of
feed, and prone to venerous aftions, tliat his vv'ife could not fufFer him fo often as
neceftity urged him to it, he otherwife being chaile and honeft; he, relating his
•inind to the priefts, with the confent of his wife, took a concubine.

It is unnecefTary for me here to defcribe the yard, and all the parts thereof, as
their form, office, texture, fympathy, &c. will hereafter be more particularly treated
of in the anatomical analyfis, in this place therefore I only mean to give a brief
touch of the moft confiderable parts. A

I now come to the generative parts of women ; and firft of the cly torts, which is a
fmewy and hard body, much Hke the yard of a man, and fufFers eredion andfallino-,
•caufeth luft in women, apd giveth delight in copulation: Avicenna calleth it the
wand, or albathara; and Albucafis calleth it tentigo; and Fallopius faith, that
this hath fometimes grown fo big, that women would copulate with others like men.
Xbis obferve, that the pafTage of the urine is not through the neck of the womb;

I near

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. tj

near the paflage of the urine are four caruncles or flefhy knobs, they are called myr-
tiformes, becaufe they refemble myrtle berries ; the uppermoft of them is Lirgeft and
forked, to receive the neck of the paflage of the urine ; the orhers lie below this on
the fides, and are to keep back the air of any hurtful thing from the womb. In vir-
gins thefe knobs are joined together by a thin fkin, interlarded with fmall veins, with
a hole in the middle about the bignefs of one's little finger, thrcigh which p fleth the
menftruous blood: this rtcin is a note of virginity, for the firft ad of copulation
breaketh it. I believe that this was that note of virginity which God gave to the
Hebrews. Thefe knobs joined together do much refemble a rofe not quite blown,
therefore called a flower, whence came the word to deflower a virgin. If I fliould
take upon me to declare the opinions of authors, it would prove (almofl:) an cndlefs
taflc; this I fliall add, that I conceive it not a certain note of virginity, becaufe it
may be broken without the ad of copulation j as, namely, by applying peflaries to
provoke the menftrues, or by a defluxion of fliarp humours, &c. but it is probable
that the Jewilh virgins were more careful of it, their reputations depending thereon.

The womb in figure is almoft perfedly round, in virgins about the bignefs of a
walnut, yet, when a womanhas conceived withchild, it dilates itfelf to fuch a capacity,
that it is able to contain the child ; the mouth of it is no bigger than to receive the
glans of the yard, yet at the delivery makes room for the child to come out, be it
ever fo big : this made Galen admire, and it may be a great admiration to all, if we
confider the wonderful works of God in the creation of man : he who knows him-
felf may know there is an all powerful God! and therefore it was engraven with
letters of gold over the porch of the temple of Apollo, the god (according to the
Panims) of knowledge and wifdom, this fentence— -Xwcw thyjelf-—2i% a falutation
unto all ; fignifying, that he who would have accefs unto that divinity, and entrance
into that temple, mutt firft know himfelf.

The womb before conception is fmall, becaufe the feed, being but little in quan-
tity, might be clofe embraced and cheriflied. Women have tefl:icles or fl:ones as
men have, but they diflfer from men's in thefe particulars: they are within the belly
fti women, in men without; they are not fo fmooth in women as in men; they are
lefs than the ftones of men; they are not fl:aid by mufcles, but by ligaments; as
men's are oval, they are flattidi; they have but one flcin, men's have four, becaufe
they are without the body, and expoied to the cold ; they arc more foft and cold
than men's are. But they are ordained both in men and women for the fame ufe
viz. to concod feed; and, though Ariftotle denied feed in women, yet Hippocrates,
one of the ancients of phyfic, was of this judgment; and reafon and experience
confirm it,

27. F * The

I? CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

The vaja freparentiay the preparing veflels, and vaja deferential carrying vefiels,
are of the fame nature and office as they are in men ; they differ only in this, that they
are fomewhat fhorter, having a fhorter way to go, the tefticles being within the belly
in women; but, left the fhortnefs of the pafTage fhould hinder their operation, God
and nature have fo provided, that they are more twifted and interwoven than they
are in men, that they may the better mingle the blood and vital fpirit.

Thus have I given you a fhort defcription of man, the mafter-piece of God's
workmanfhip: and in whom is compryed a fmall draught of all things in the uni-
verfe. In man, as in a perfpci-Tiive glafs, may our mother-earth with her innumera-
ble offspring be difcovered; in him may the unruly and reftlefs waves of the ocean
be delineated; nor doth he only epitomize the elemental world, but alfo the celef-
tialj in him are difcovered the prudent, majeftical, fumptuous, magnificent, honour-
able, affable, and humane, folar quality : the unfteadfaft, timorous, foon-daunted, oft-
changing, and fliifring, temper, among men, anfwers to the various motions of the
low and oft-changing Luna. Others in profundity of imagination, refervednefs of
words, aufterity of actions, &c. are a fit portrait of the melancholy planet Saturn.
There are yet a few in the world who are faithful lovers of fair dealing, beneficent
to all men, doing glorious, honourable, and religious, adions; juft, wife, prudent,
virtuous, &c. of the temper of benevolent Jupiter. There are (in our apprehen-
fions) too many of the Martial temper, who are valiant, lovers of wars, frays, and
commotions, fubjcct to no reafon, bold, confident, willingly obeying nobody, &c.
Nor is Venus excluded thofe people's affedtions who love mirth in words and
aiflions, mufical, delighting in venery, drinking, and merry-meetings, who trouble
not themfelves with ftate-aff;iirs, nor are inquifitive after armies or navies. Nor is
Mercury without his pai ty among us, who are fubtile and politic, excellent difpu-
tants and logicians, fharp-witted, and able to learn any thing/ men of unwearied
fancies, and fit for any employment, yet unconftant. The planetary influence in the
good or ill difpofition of the air is lively reprefented in man. A healthy fanguine
conftitution, or a delicate compofure of heat and moifture, anfwers to a ferene and
temperate air, with feafonable moiftening dews and fliowers, which are the fweet
influence of the Sun, Jupiter, and Venus. The feverifh, hot, and parching, diftem-
pers of the body, anfwer to the hot and fcorching weather occafioned by the fiery
beams of Mars. Nor is the cold, chilly, melancholy, weeping, and lamenting, dif-
pofition of many people, lefs reprefented by the melancholy, dark, cold, and wet,
weather, proceeding from Saturn's influx. The intellectual world hath alfo in man
its porfjraiturc ; witnefs the foaring contemplations of the foul of man, which cannot
(like the body) be confined to any place, but in a moment furrounds this terreftrial

globe J

/>r,/.//Jr/i»

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 19

globe; nor there content, but as foon mounts itfelf to the heavens, and fearcheth
their fecrct corncrsj nor there fatisfiedtill he conies to the higheft, for by his con-
templations (having his original from the uncreated light) he refleds thither, viz.
to the divine Majtily of heaven !

ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS of the HUMAN FRAME.

Of the skin.

THE SKIN is a membranous coverlhg of the body, fimilar, fpermatic, having
blood mixed with it, reddifli, white, loofe, and the inftrument of feeling. It hath
cutaneous veins and arteries, as alfo nerves j from the laft of which, it receives its
qulcknefs of fcnfe. From the capillary veins and arteries it receives blood for
nourifhnient and vital fpirit for quickening. Its temperature is cold and dry, or
rather exquifitely temperate, yet fo that it may be the judge of feeling. The fkfn
on the top of the head is thickeft, that on the fides thin, that on the face and palms
of the hands thinner, that on the lips thinneft of all ; that on the tops of the fingers
is mean, fo that the fenfe of touching may be the more perfecft : its texture is flight,
and very full of fmall holes or pores, for the infenfible tranfpiration of fumes, va-
pours, and fweat. It takes its colour from the predominant humour, unlefs it be
fiich from the birth, as in Ethiopia. It has a double fubftance: the one is exter-
nal, called cuticula, or the fcarffkin, becaufe it is placed upon the (kin, as a cover
or defence, every where perforated with pores, without blood and without feeling:
its connexion is to the true flcin, from whence it has its figure and colour; but, in
blackmoors, the cuticula being pulled ofF, the flcin itfelf is white. It has no adion
only ufe, which is to (but up the pores of the ikin, that the ichorous fubftance may not
ifllic from the veins and arteries; to defend the fkin from immoderate heat or cold;
and to make it fmooth, beautiful, polifhed, and even. It is generated of a vifcous
and oleaginous vapour of the blood. The other is the true /l<in, of which we have
firft fpoken, which is fix times thicker than the fcarf-flcin; its pores will appear in
winter-time, if it be made bare and expofed to the cold: for, where they are, the
cuticula will appear like a goofe-fliin. The flcin receives two cutaneous veins,
through t!ie head and neck, from the jugulars: two through the arms, breifl:, and ■
back, from the axillaries: two through the lower belly, loins, and legs, from the
groins, which are confpicuous in women after hard labour, and in fuch as have the
varices in many branches. It has a few arteries, and thofe very fmall, in the temples
nnd forehead, fingers, fcrotum, and yard.

I O?

CO CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

OftheFLESH.

THE FLESH is a fimihr, {oft, thick, fubftance, well compacted, made of
blood alone, if it be red; but of blood and feed, if it be white. It is four-fold,
viz. mufcuious, vifcerous, membranous, and glandulous; of which the two firft
are very red, but the two latter white. Mufcuious flefli is foft and red, and that
■which is pr..perly termed flelh. Vifcerous fle(h is that of the bowels, which is the
proper fubftance of the lungs, heart, liver, fpleen, and kidneys ; it is red, hard,
fitted to prop up the veflels, and to affift them in their particular and various opera-
tions. Membranous flefh is the flefhy fubflance of every membranous part, as in
the gullet, ftomach, guts, womb, bladder. Glandulous flefh is the flefh of kernels ;
it is white, thick, and fpongy, formed of feed (and therefore cannot properly be
called flelh), of which fome anatomills make many diverfities ^ but the true fearcher
may find that the glandules differ not fo much in fubftance as in their ufe and hu-
mour; which are, firft, to fupport the divifions of the veflels ; fecondly, to drink up
fuperfluous humours, becaufe they are of a hollow fpongy fubftance, and are there-
fore vulgarly termed emunSlcries, or cleanfers of the noble parts, thofe in the neck
being accounted cleanfers of the head, thofe in the arm-pits of the heart, and thofe
in the groin of the liver ; thirdly, to moiften the parts for their more eafy motion,
or to prohibit drinefs, fuch are thofe which are fituated by the tongue, larynx, eye-
corners, &c.

Of the MEMBRANES.

A MEMBRANE is a fimilar, fpermatic, part; broad, foft, dilatable, white, con-
taining and inverting the parts, and carrying fenfe to them. If, being a hollow
body, it receives fomething, as the ftomach, bladder, gall, eye, it is called tunica, a
coat; but, if it embraces and covers a folid body, it is called membrana, a covering :
and thofe which cover the brain are called meninges. It is indued with fenfe from it-
felf. Membranes are the only true organs of feeling, ferving the animal fpirits to
th's purpofe. Its ufe is, to inveft the parts of the body, to defend it from injuries
by reafon of its hardnefs and compadtnefs, to give them the i'in'iQ of feeling, to
ftrengthen them, to join parts to parts, and to keep them united ; to feparate alio
the parts, and to ciofe the mouths of the velfels. Some membranes are thin, fome
thick : the thin membranes alfo differ; for the perioJiioH of tne ribs is thinner than
the pleura ; the fericftion of the head is thinner than the pericranium ; the pia
mater is thiiuier than the dura mater. The proper membrane of the mufcles

is

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ai

is thin, and is knit unto the mufcles by moft thin filaments. Its ufe is to clothe the
inufcles, an^ to feparate them one from another j and to impart to them fenfe and
feeling. The thick membrane is called by fome a membranous mufcle, by others
a nervous or fatty coat ; it is called flefliy, becaufe in fome places, as about the loins,
neck, ears, forehead, &c. it retains a flefhy fubftance; but, in the abdomen of a
man ripe in years, it has no flefhy appearance at all. Its temperature is hot and
moift, having its origin from blood : it is fituated under the fat, and ftretched out
over the whole body univerfally, and is the fourth covering of the body, (but in
beafts it is next to the fkin:) it has no figure but that of the body which it covers :
its colour is various in divers places : in the neck, forehead, and privities, it is red-
der than elfewhere : in fome places it is joined to the fat infeparabiy, in other places
it may be feparated ; and it communicates with the principal parts by the extremities
of the veins, arteries, and nerves. It is very fenfible, fo that the rigour and trem-
bling of the body depend thereupon: its ufe is to give foundation to the colledino-
and generating the fat, and to keep the fat in its due place, as alfo to divide one
mufcle from another, and all of them from the other flefh; to clothe the body, cherilh
the internal heat, and to defend it from external injuries : it flicks clofe to the fat
to the mufcles, and to the ligaments of the bones, and is firmly joined to the back
in fafhion of a membrane, from whence it is faid to arifej it is fo clofely joined to
the mujculus latus, that in the neck and forehead it can fcarcely be feparated from it
■whereby it is thought to conftitute the fame : to the fkin it fticks by very many
veins, fome few arteries, branches of nerves, and an innumerable quantity of
membranous fibres.

Of a fibre.

A FIBRE is a fimilar fpermatic part, difperfed through the fkin, flefh, and
membranes, to make them the more firm, and, being naturally dlftended, to con-
traft again in the fame manner. By reafon of the various fituations thereof, it is
faid to be either right, oblique, tranfverfe, or round, whereby it may not only help
the membrane, but ftrengthen it, as alfo the fkin and flefh of mufcles ; and, when
dilated, reduce them to their natural ftate. Each fort of fibre is faid to perform a fe-
veral adion: as, the right to attradl or draw to ; the oblique to expel or thrufl foi t
the tranfverfe to retain or hold j and the round to conftrain or bind. But thefe
aftions of the fibres are not made fo much by their own Angular virtue as by the
virtue of the member which they ferve, or belong unto, from which they have their
fenfe and nourifhment ; for of themfclves they are fenfelefs.

a8. <j Of

44 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

OfaLIGAMENT.

A LIGAMENT, or band, is a fimilar, fpermatic, dry, part, adhering firmly to
the bones, tying the parts of the body mutually together. Its fubftance is folid,
■white, bloodlefs, fbfter than a griltle, and harder than nerves and membranes; being
of a middle fubftance between them. It is without cavity, fenfe, or motion: their
fubftance is in fome places fofter and more membranous than others, as in all liga-
ments which go about the joints. Their ufe is hlce a cord to connect or bind the
parts of the body one to another, chiefly the bones, and to keep them fo together,
that they may not be luxated or disjointed. As to fituation, fome are within or
among the bones, as the griftly ligaments, which are thick and round : fome are ex-
ternally wound about the bones, which are thin and membranous. As to figure,
fome are broad, which are called membranous ; others round and nervous : but
they are called membranous and nervous only in refpe(5t to their external form or
refemblance, not to their internal eflence; for they are all void of fenfe, which they
would not be were they compofed of the true fubftance of a nerve or mem-
brane. All the ligaments are folid, none hollow, except the flender ligaments of
the womb.

Of a CARTILAGE or GRISTLE.

A GRISTLE is a fimilar, fpermatic, part, drier and harder than a ligament, but
nioifter and fofter than a bone, rendering the articulation the more pliable, and de-
fending feveral parts from external injuries. Some are fofter, efpeclally about the
joints J others harder, and not much differing from the nature of a bone; and fome
are in procefs of time turned into bones, efpecially in aged people. It is without
marrow, cavities, or {en{e, being endowed neither with nerves nor membranes. Its
matter is the fame with that of the bones, being a moift earthy part of the feed,
partly clammy and gluey, and partly fat, but more vifcous than fat : its ufe is to
facilitate motion, that the bones rubbing one againft another ftiould not wear and
fret; to defend fome parts from external injuries, itfelf being fcarcely fubjefl to any :
to fhape parts prominent or hollow, as in the ears, larynx, &c. to fill up hollownefs
in the joints, as in the knees ; to ferve for a cover, as in the epiglottis ; to fuftain or
underprop fomewhat, as the griftles of the eye-lids to bear the hairs; and to make a
connecflion or joining of the bones. Their fituation, magnitude, and figure, are
various, according to the bones they are joined with; their fubftance is fometimes
harder, as thofe which in time become boney ; fometimes fofter, refembling a liga-
ment.

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0

x?:i(>

'/ •

ly

j^(/.. j^

I

y/jc JW//'i p/ /A' y/ffF/fff// /j(>(/v.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 23

ment, and arc therefore called griftly ligaments; yet, though hard, they are flexi-
ble and tough, becaufe encompaflcd with vifcous flimy matter. As to their con-
nciflion, fome conftitute parts in themfelves, as that of thenofe; others grow to
the bones wliich knit them together, without any other medium, as in the fhare or
breafl: bones; or by common ligaments coming between, as in that joining called
loofe articulation.

Of a tendon.

A TENDON is a fimilar, fpermatic, foiid, part, cold and dry, having a peculiar
fubftance, continued from the beginning to the end of a mufcle, and the chiefeft
part thereof upon which the adion of the mufcle depends, and no where to be found
out of a mufcle. It has a nervous-like fubftance, yet extremely differing from a
nerve; white, thick, hard, fmooth, and extended according to the length of the
mufcle, being ten times bigger than a nerve. Its figure is either foHd and round,
as in the mttjculus biceps; or plain and membranous, as in the mufcles of the abdo-
men, being alfo either fhort or long, and of a uniform fubflance in all its parts ; fo
that, if it is nervous at the beginning, fo it is at the end ; butfometimes it is nervous
at the end, when the head of it is flefhy ; and, if its beginning is like fmall firings,
they are united to form the tendon afterwards. The hard and fliff tendons have
much fit about them, to foften them, that they may be the more p'.eafandy moved;
and therefore thofe fibres difperfed among the flefh are nothing elfe but the tendon
divided, and the tendon nothing elfe but fibres united ; and therefore a tei-.d )n is
either folid, compacft, and united, or elfe difgregated, fevered, and dividtd into
fibres. United is, where the whole tendinous part appears white, and hard, either
in the beginning, end, or middle, or in all thofe parts. Severed or divided, v\hen
produced into innumerable fmall fibres, fcarcely difcernible to the fight j beinw
compaffed about with flefh.

Of t h £ FAT.

FAT is a fimilar, foft, oily, white, infenfiblc, part: made to preferve the natural
heat, to helpchylification, to facilitate motion, to moiften other parts, and to nourifh
the body in famijie, Its fubftance is two-fold, viz. greafe and fuet, which, although
it is fomewhat folid, yet is foft and oily, as may be perceived by handling: greafe
or axungia is eafily melted, but not fo eafily congealed ; J^viitn or fuet is not fo
eafily melted, but more eafily hardened. Its origin is from the thinner parts of
the blood, fweating through the veins like dew, and congealing about the flefh :
this is the cftential matter of fat; its eflicient caufe is a moift and temperate heat,
(which is alfo the (.quality thereof;) the caufe of its congealing is the coldnefs of the

membranes

24 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

membranes from whence it has its white colour: but this coldnefs is not fimple,
but refpeflive to other parts. Melted lead or wax will congeal in hot places, if the
heat be lefs than that heat which will melt them: hence Galen determines fat to
proceed from coldnefs ; fo that the fat, thin, and light, part,of the blood, in colder
conftitutions is referved ; whilft in hotter bodies it turned to ntrtriment, fo that hot
and dry bodies are hardly ever fat. Its fituation is immediately under the fkin,
univerfally over the whole body, the forehead, eyelids, and privities, excepted :
whence it is, that the fatty membrane is as large as the fkin, and fticks firmly to it,
neither can it be divided from it without fcraping ; and fo alfo it fticks to the flefhy
membrane. It cannot communicate with the principal parts, becaufe it is not truly
nourifhed ; nor yet lives, unlefs by oppofition, as ftones do, nor is it indeed fen-
fible^ therefore it v.ants both veins, arteries, and nerves, yet all three of them pafs
through it to the (km. Tlie fat of the belly has three veins: the external mammil-
lary, defcending from above; the vena epigafirica, arifing from beneath, or out of
the crural vein, through the groin; and that coming out of the loins, haying many
veins accompanied with arteries; through thefe, and the veflels of the fkin, cup-
ping-glafles, and fcarifications, draw humours out of the inward parts. It has a
great number of kernels, which receive excrements out of the body into themfelves j
and they are more numerous in fickly perfons, and fuch as abound with excre-
mentitious moifture. Its ufes are to cherifh the natural heat : to help the concoc-
tion of the ftomach ; to moiften hot and dry parts, fuch as the heart; to facilitate
motion in the principal parts, as in the griftles and jointings of the greater bones,
and about certain ligaments, as alfo in the focket of the eye, left by its continual
motion it ftiould become dry and withered; to ferve as a pillow or bulwark againft
blows, bruifes, and contufions, and therefore the palms of the hands, buttocks, and
foles of the feet, have plenty of fat; to nourifh the body in time of long fafting;
to fill up the empty places in the mufcles, and to underprop the veflels, that they
may pafs fafely ; and laftly, to fill up all the vacuities of the other parts, veflels, and
fKin, that the body may be rendered fmooth, white, foft, fair, and beautiful.

Hitherto we have treated of parts abfolutely fimilar ; thole which are fo only in
appearance or to fenfe are i» number five, viz. veins, arteries, nerves, mufcles, and
bones ; of all which we fhall now treat in order.

Of V E I N S.

A VEIN is a fimilar, fpermatie, membranous, round, long, hollow, part, every
wherejoined by anaftomofes to the arteries ; allotted to receive and contain the blood
from them, to be farther concoded, and to be carried to the heart and liver, and to

2 diftribute

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 25

diftribute it over the whole body. The original of their difpenfation, or place from
whence they rife, is the liver, where blood is made ; and that the firft fanguification
is made there, and not in the heart, is apparent, becaufe there are no paflages to con-
vey the ch)lus to the heart, nor any receptacles for the excrements of the firft con-
coiftion placed- by the heart} all which requifites are found in the liver. More-
over blood is carried from the liver to the heart, but not from the heart to the
liver: for it cannot go out of the heart into the liver, becaufe of the valves, though
mediately, when it runs back out of the arteries, it may be carried thither. Alfo the
vena cava and porta enter not into the heart, but the liver ; and, in a child in the
womb, the navel-vein with blood (which nourifhes the child) goes not into the heart,
but into the liver; nor is fanguification ever hurt but when the liver is hurt. The
veins have only one tunicle, with many valves within, efpecially in the external
jointsj they are nourifiied with blood, not with that contained within themfelves,
but with that from the little arteries; for their conne(f}ion is fuch with the arteries,
that every vein is for the moft part attended with an arter)-, over which it lies, and
which it touches. Galen faith, a vein is feldom found without arteries : but no ar-
tery is ever found without a vein. Their form is that of a conduit-pipe: their mag-
nitude according to their place: in the liver, and their original, they are great, be-
caufe they are hot, foft, and in perpetual motion, and becaufe all the blooJ in the
body paflcs this way, out of the right into the left ventricle of the heart : in the
heart they are great, by reafon of its heat, and becaufe it is to furnifh the whole body
■with arterial blood, received in, and fent out, by continual pulfations. The emul-
gent veins are great, becaufe of the plent)' of blood, and ferofities, brought back
from the k.idne)s to the vena cava : but, where the fubftance of the part is lafting,
and the heat fmall, the veins are lefs, as in the brain, bones, &c. and in all parts
towards their ends they are very fmall, and called capillary veins, being divided
minutely, fprinkled into, and for the moft part confounded v>'ith, the flefb ; by this
way the arterial blood is mediately pafled through the porous flcftr to the veins;
end, by the fame way alfo, blood made of chyle in the liver is infufcd into the little
branches of the vena cava. The veins and arteries confpire together, and the
veins receive out of the arteries fpirit and blood; and this is apparent, becaufe, if
the veins be quite emptied, the arteries are empty alfo ; moreover, by a vein opened
in the arm or hand, all the blood in the body may be drawn out; alfo it is neceflarv
in refped: of the circular motion of the blood ; and in many places it may be de-
monftrated to the eye-fight, where theconjun<ftions of the veins with the arteries
are vifible. The veins are endowed with feeling both from the nerves that are near
them, and from their own membrane, which is one only, where they are inferted
into fome bowel; otherwife they are befides invelled with a common membrane, or
2b. li fome

o6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Tome external thick one, borrowed from the neighbouring parts, when either they
are fufpended and carried a long way without the bowels and mufcles, or when
they reft upon hard bodies. This happens in the abdomen to the veins and arteries
from the peritajieam i and in the cheft from the pleura. Their uH; is to receive the
blood not fufficiently elaborated from the arteries, and to return it to the liv-er and
heart, there to be more perfeftly concofted. For neither is the venal blood, nor do
the veins carry any thing, ufeful for nutrition; but they bring back all the blood to
the heart, only by circulation, either mediately by the liver, as themefaraic veins; or
immediately, as the cava; and that eitlier from the whole body, from the fmaileft
branches to the greateft, by the upper and lower branch, or, from the liver, whe-
ther it be there generated, or is derived from the mefaraics and arteries. Hence it
appears, that the veins carry and re-carry the blood to the Jiver ; and to this end
the valves of the veins do confpire, which are fo contrived, that they ftand all wide
open towards the heart, and aftbrd an eafy pafTage from the fmaileft veins to the
greateft, and from thence to the heart; but, from the heart and great veins being
fhut, they fufter nothing to go back. The liver fends only to the heart, the heart
only to the lungs and all the arteries. Seeing therefore the blood is thus fent into
all parts, and cannot now be inftantly repaired by diet, nor return back to the heart
by the mitre-faftiioned valves of the aorfa ; nor abide ftill in the arteries, which are
continually moving forward the fame; nor laftly, that there can be fo much fpent
by the parts to be nourlfhed : it necefiarily follows, that what remains over and
above is brought back again to the heart, and enters the veins by circulation. The
fubftance of the veins is membranous, that they may the more eafily ftretch and
fhrink in again: they have only one tunicle which is proper to them, which is thin
and rare: it is fo thin, that through it the blood may be received after the parts are
nourifhed, and fo be re-carried to the heart, to be there again perfefted. The valves
of the veins are little foldings, or gates: they are made of moft thin little mem-
branes in the inner cavities of the veins, and certain particles as it were of the
coats of the veins : they are fituated in the cavities of the veins chiefly of the
limbs, viz. of the arms and legs, after the glandules of the arm-holes and groins,
beginning prefently after the rifes of the branches, but not in the rifes themfelves j
nor is there any of them in the external fmall veins, becaufe they need them not ;
nor in the jugulars (except two in the inner orifice, looking from above downwards),
becaufe the blood doth hardly defcend upwards ; nor in the vena cava, becaufe the
valves In the divarications do fufficiently hinder the regrefs of the blood : they are
are alfo found in the emulgents, and the branches of the mefentery, looking towards
the vena cava and porta, as alfo in the milky veins. They all of them look the
fume way, one after another, towards the heart ; and are placed at convenient dif-

tancesj

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 27

tances, as two, three, four, or five, fingers between each, according to the length of
the veflel. As to their magnitude, they are greater where the plenty and recoiirfe of
the blood is moft vehement, being in form like the nail on a man's finger, or the
horned moon, ss the figma-fhaped valves of the heart; and in their fubftance ex-
ceeding thin, but very compad:, left they fiiould break by a ftrong intercourfe of
the blood. The ufes of the valves are, i. To ftrengthen the veins, whereas the ar-
teries are otherwife made ftrong by the double coats. 2. To flop the too violent
motion of the blood, left it fhould move violently out of the great veins into the
little ones, and tear them. 3. To hinder the blood from regurgitating, or going
backwards. Hence the caufe of a varix is apparent, becaufe thick heavy blood long
retained againft the valves makes a dilatation ; for without the valves the veins
would fwell uniformly and all of an equal bignefs, and not in the manner of varices.
The chief veins of the whole body are of three kinds : firft, the vena cava; fecond-
]y vena porta; thirdly, ve»<£ lacle^e ; from which feverai other eminent veins arife,
having particular denominations. The vena cava or magna is fo called becaufe of
its largencfs, being the greateft in the whole body, and the original of all other veins
which do not proceed from the vena porta. It takes its beginning from the liver,
•where, having fpread many veins through the upper parts thereof, they are about
the top collcifled into one trunk, which is prefently divided into two parts, viz. the
upper or afcending trunk, and the lower or defcending trunk.

The afcending trunk of the vena cava, which is the greater, perforatestht ciiapbrag-
ma or midriff, and is fpread through the breaft, neck, head, and arms. It is carried
undivided as far as thejugiihim, and has four branches; viz. i. Phrenica vena dia-
phragmatica; the midriff veins, on each fide one, which fend their branches to the
pericardium and diaphragma. 2. The vena corcnaria, which is fometimes double, encom-
pafling the bafis of the heart, at whofe rife a httle valve is placed to hinder the blood
returning to the trunk; and with a continued pafTage it is joined to the artery, that
it may therefrom receive the blood, which is to return to the cava. 3. Azygos fine
pari, the folitary vein, fends chief intercoftal branches to the eight lower ribs arifino-
about the fifth vertebra of the breaft, from the hinder part of the vena cava; then,
about the flefhy appendices of the diaphragma, it enters the cavity of the abdomen,
where on the left fide it is inferted in the emulgent vein ; on the right fide into the
trunk of the cava. 4. Subclavii, or branches of the cava by the channel- bones, are
divided into only two branches, one on er.ch fide ; each of which is divided into
two others, called the Jiibclavii and axillaris. From the Jubclavii come forth two
feverai branches, a fuperior and inferior. From the fuperior proceeds, firft, the
mufculajuperior, fpread out into the fkin and mufcles of the hinder part of the neck :
fecoiidly, the jugular veins, by the fides of the neck; and they are either external or

internal.

o8 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

internal. The external jugular creeps up to the neck, chin, head, and face: under
the root of the ear it is divided into internal and external branches : the internal goes
to the mufcles of the mouth, fauces, hyoides, &c. from this branch fpring the veins
which are opened under the tongue. The external is propped with kernels, and is
divided into two parts : the one is carried to the fore-parts of the face, cheek, and
nofe ; and in the middle of the forehead, being joined with a branch of the other
fide, it makes the vein of the forehead ; the other is carried through the fides, the
temples, and the occiput. The internal jugular is called apopleBa, and afcends to
the Jide of trachea to which it fends branches : and, going to the bafis of the fkuU
in its hinder part, it is divided into two branches : the greater of which is carried
backward through the hole of the os cccipitus, and enters into the cavity of the dura
mater or thick meninx of the brain : the laft enters in at the hole ovftnus of the third
and fourth pair, and is carried alfo to the dura mater. From the inferior branch,
proceed five veins, the mamniaria, intercojialis Juperior^ rnediaflina, cervicalis, and
mujcula inferior.

The vetia axillaris, or arm-vein, when it comes to the arm-pit, is divided into
two veins, viz. the vena cephalica, or upper branch ; and the vena bafilica, or lower
branch, to which is added the mediana. The cephalica, or head-vein, is carried in
the furface of the body between the flefhy membranes and coat of the mufcles.
The bafilica, or liver- vein, is placed near a nerve of the third and fourth pair ;
and therefore furgeons in opening of it ought to be careful, left they wound it,
from whence follow great pain, fever, convulfion, and death. From the bafilica,
or lower branch, arife two veins: firft, thoracicafuperior, which goes into the muf-
cles of the cheft, and into women's breafts : fecondly, thoracica inferior, which
fometimes grows out of the fuperior, creeping all over the fide of the cheft ; its
branches are- joined by anaftomofis with the branches of the czj^w, which proceed
out of the cheft. The hafilica is divided (under the tendon of the pedtoral mufcle)
into three branches : the firft goes with the nerve of the arm, the fecond is divided
into an external, which fends veins to the thumb, fore and middle fingers; and an
internal, running along the middle bone of the cubit, fending branches along the
fingers to the internal mufcle of the hand ; the third, z'AXtdifubcutaneus, at the in-
ner fwelling of the arm, is the inner branch of the cephalica, which conftitutes \\\
part the mediana.

The defcending trunk of the vena cava, which is fmaller and narrower, pro-
ceeds undivided as far as the fourth vertebra of the loins j and fends forth the
four following branches. i. Vence adipofx, which furnifh the coats of the
kidneys, and their fat, thefinifter being commonly higher than the dexter. 2. The
emulgens, or emulgent veins, defcending to the kidneys by a fhort and crooked

3 paffage.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 29

paflage, bringing back the blood, being purified, from the kidneys to the vena cava.
3. The fpermatic^, or fpermatic veins, the right arifing a little below the rife of the
emulgentj and the left arifing from the emulgent, feldom from the cava, fometimes
from both. 5. Lumbares, or loin- veins, fometimes two, three, or four, which are
carried between the four vertebra of the loins. 6. After thefe branches the trunk
goes towards the osfacrum, and at the fourth vertebra of the loins it goes under the
aorta, and is divided into two branches, called ramiilii oviliaci, becaufe they go over
the OS ilii and os pubis, to the thigh: the iliac branches, as foon as they have left the
cavity of the belly, are called vena criirales, or the leg-veins.

From the rami ilii arife two veins: firft, mufcula fuperior, which fends veins to the
perito7ieum, and mufcles of the loins and belly j fecondly, venajacra, which is fome-
times fingle, fometimes double, for the marrow of the osfacrum. From thence the
ramus iliacus is forked out on each fide into the external greater and internal fmal-
ler. From the internal fmaller proceed two veins: firft, mn/cula media without,
which fends veins to the mufcles on the outfide of the hip, and (kin of the buttocks;
fecondly, hypogajirica, which is lometimes double, fending veins to many parts of
the hypogajlricum, as to the bladder and its neck, to the penis or yard, to the muf-
cles of the intejiiyium return, whence are the hemorrhoides externa, and to the lower
fide and neck of the womb, whence are thofe veins by which the courfes flow in
maidens and women with child ; but, when the courfes are naturally voided, they
flow from the arteries, as appears from their excellent colour and the common office
of the arteries. From the external greater proceed three veins : i. Epigajirica,
which fends branches to the peritoneum and mufcles of the abdomen ; the princi-
pal parts afcend under the right mufcles to the mammaria, with whom they arc
often joined about the navel. 1. Pudeyida, which fends to the privities in men and
women, and goes acrofs to the middle of the os pubis. 3. Mujcula inferior, which,
paffing over the hip, ferves the mufcle and fkin of the part; from hence downwards
the iliac branches, as foon as they have left the belly, are called crurals.

The crural veins are interwoven with little glandules in the bending of the thigh,
and from them proceed fix branches, i. The ifchias ox ifchiatica minor, which is
oppofite to the fapbaiia, and ferves the fkin and mufcles of the hip. 2. Ifchias or
ifchiatica major fends branches to the hip, and a part of the mufcles of the calf, and
then divides itfclf into ten branches, beftowing a couple upon each toe. 3. Poplitea,
the ham-vein, made of a dculle crural branch, mixed together : it runs ftrait un-
der the fkin behind, through the midft of the bending of the ham to the heel, and
fometimes to the fltln of the external ancle. 4. Suralis, a great vein, and is divi-
ded into the external and fmaller and internal and greater ; and each of them again

a8. J into

30 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

into exterior and interior: all which fend veins to the mvifcles of the calves of the
legs. Thofe on the back of the foot, being mixed with the popii tea, make the fame
various texture of veins, which are feen under the fkin. 5. Sep^ena, (fo termed
from its apparency,) or vena mcleoli, the ancle-vein, is long and large, carried on
through the infide of the thigh, between the flcln and membrana carmja, to the knee ;
and from thence, by the inner part of the leg, it runs to the inner ancle, and to the
upper part of the foot and toes. 6. The mujcida, a vein arifing from the trunk,
or branch hidden among the mufcles : it is double, and remarkable, giving veins
to the mufcles of the thigh. As to the veins of both arms and legs, it is to be
noted ; firft, that their various branches fend diverfe twigs outward to the Ikin,
called cutaneous veins: fecondly, that even the grand branches are varioufly diftri-
buted in every perfon, being feldom in one man as they are in another: and that
the right arms or legs rarely agree with the left. Jn opening the veins of the foot,
you may indiiferently make choice of any, feeing they are all derived from one and
and the fame trunk.

The vena porta, or gate-vein, is the next great vein to the cava ; its prime ori-
ginal is the vena iimhilicalis, or navel-vein, the firft of all the veins arifing from
feed, and that by which the child is nouriftied in the womb ; afterwards it rifes
out of the hollow part of the liver, where with many roots it is inferted. The
trunk, before it is divided into lower branches, fends two fmall veins to the gall-
bladder, called ven^e cyfticce ; and another vein to the ftomach, called gajirica
dextra, which is divided about the lower orifice of the ftomach. Afterwards the
trunk is divided into two eminent lower branches, viz. the fplenetic, and the me-
fenteric. Ramus Jpkneticus goes into the fpleen. Before it is divided, it fends from
itfelf two upper branches to the ftomach, ^r^ gajirica finijlr a, or major, (thelargeft
of all the ftomach veins,) which afterwards conftitute the coronaria ; then it fends
lower branches, one to the omentum or caul, and one to the pancreas. Afterwards
the trunk of the ramus Jplenicus is divided into the upper and lower branches : the
former produces the vas breve and other little branches carried into the fpleen :
the latter produce, i. Gajiroepiploica ftnijira, which runs out upon the bottom of
the ftomach, and gives many branches both to the ftomach itfelf and to the
omentum. 2. Vena epiplois, which runs out upon the fame parts j and a multitude
of other fmall branches, v/hich are fent up and down all over the fpleen. The
mefenteric branches of the vena porta, called ramus dexter, whofe principal part
goes into the mefentery, fends forth two veins ; one to the middle of the duodenum^
from whence certain capillary twigs go through the pancreas and omentum upwards;
and another to the right fide of the ftomach and omentum. Afterwards the trunk

of

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 31

o^ the ramus mefenterJcus is (^'wldei into tv.'o parts, the right nnd the left. The
right-hand branch Is two-fold: i. Gajfrc^piploicn dextra, which runs to the bottom
of the ftomach, and joins with the gdjlrcepiplcica fniijtr a, lending branches thiougb
the omentum and ftomach. 2. The right mefcnteric branch itlclf, which is divi-
ded into fourteen namelefs little branches, and thofc again into innumerable other
little veins, which are called meferaic veins, and are difperfcd into thejejunutn, ileon,
J,ccum, and part of the colon. The left-hand mefenteric branch, firft, fends out the
vena burmorrhoidalis interna, which diffufes itfelf through the mefentery, and fends
forth branches to the fpleen, womb, antl inteftinuin reSlum, which is the internal
heemorrhoidal vein: hence appears a communion between the womb and. the hcemor-
rhoidal of the anus, and that poflibly the courfes or terms may be conveyed . alfo
this way. Afterwards this left mefenteric branch fpreads itfdf abroad into the left
and centrical part of the mefentery, whence come vena ctccalis, which goes to the
blind gut ; and ramus mcjocolicus, which from the left fide of the ftomach goes to
the colon. Vena cava firft receives the cruder blood from the arteries, and remits
it to the heart : the vena porta takes the blood not fufficiently elaborated froru.
the arteries, and carries it to the liver, for the more perfed concoction and fepara-
tion of the choler.

The hasmorrhoidal veins are fituate in the fundament or intejlininn reHum, and
are of two kinds, either internal or external. The internal proceed from the vena
porta ; the external from the vena cava, with which the hasmorrhoidal arteries are
affociated, and through which the humours to be evacuated are carried off. In
their evacuation, the internal have a flux, not very plentiful, attended with a great
deal of pain; the external emit a flux fo large as naay fomctimcs caufe death, or
fome grievous difeafe, but without any pain at all. The internal defcend alone, not
affociated with arteries ; however, the arteries are either hidden, or they depend on
arteries not far off: the external defcend with arteries to the mufcles of the anus j
and therefore the external hasrhorrhoids may more properly be called vaja hamor-
rhoidalia, whereby the arteries are included with the veins.

The vena laElce, or milky veins, are peculiar paflages, much differing from
the meferaics : they are called laSlea from milk, which they refemble in whitenefs,
foftnefs, and fatnefs. Their fituation is in the abdomen, where they are for the moft
part accompanied with fat, to cherifli the natural heat for the attracflion and con-
co(5lion of the chylus. The great laftean vein, lying between the artcria aorta and
the vertebrae of the loins, covered with fat, runs upward, and, above the heart, af-
cends by the gullet to the left fubclavian vein, where it ends in one, two, or three,
branches : here a moft thin valve occurs at the very end of the vein, looking

inwardly J

31 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

inwardly, that the chyle might not run back again, or run farther into the arm: out
of this fubclavial they defcend by the afcending trunk of the vena cava into the right
ventricle of the heart, that there, by the help of the heat and the natural facult\-,
tLey may be changed into blood. Their fubftance is tne fame with that of a vein
itfelfj which it refembles in all things, the milky juice only excepted : having but
a fingle membrane, though in the mefentery they receive from it another external
coat. They grow continually one to another, of an unequal magnitude; being for the
moft part fmall, left the thick and unprofitable parts of the chyle fhould go into
them ; or left they fliould make a diftribution thereof too fuddenly : they are alfo
infinite in number, difperfed through the liver, mefentery, pancreas, and bowels.
They are colder and moifter than the ordinary veins ; very thin, exceeding fubtil,
(where they enter into the body of the liver,) tender, fmooth outwardly, rare, but
rough by reafon of the fibres within them. Their adtion and ufe are, i . To carry or
convey the chyle to the liver. 2. To digeft and better concoft the chyle, to make it
more fit to receive the form of blood in the liver : for the chyle is not changed at all
till it comes into the liver, where it grows red by little and little. 3. To Ihew a
ready way for the diftribution of the chyle: that the blood is made in the liver, not
in the veins ; and that the fucking of the veins is no caufe of hunger, becaufe none
are carried to the fiomach. To fhew the caufes of fome difeafes, before obfcure: as,
of the chylous flux; of hypochondriac melancholy; of an atrophia, or pining away of
the body for want of nouriftiment, by reafonof the glandules of the mefentery being
filled with fchirrhous fwellings ; of intermitting agues quartered in thtmefartfum, ^c.
The beft method of tracing the general courfe of the veins, is to begin with the
main trunks, or primary veins, and end with their ramifications and capillary extre-
mities, according to their feveral divifions and fubdivifions. In this manner they
are traced in the annexed plate, where fig. i . reprefents the veins as attached to the
body ; fig. 2, the veins abftraded from the body ; and fig. 3, the pulmonary vein :
of each of which the following is an explanation.

Auxiliary veins
Cephalic veins
Bafilic vein*
Vena mediana

Diaphragmatic, hepatic, and re-
nal or emulgent, veins

Spermatic and iliac veins
Hypogaftric, epigaftric, and cru-
eins.

Fig.

I.

Vena cava, (fig i and a)

10. 10.

a.

Cava defcend ens

II. II.

3-

Cava afcendens

12. 12.

4-

Vena azygos

»3- 13-

5-

5. Subclavian veins

14. 14.

6.

6. Jugular veins external

nal or

7-

7. Jugular veins internal

15. 15.

8.

The intercoftals

16. 16.

9-

9. The mammary veins

ral, V

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 33

Fig. 3. reprefents the pulmonary vein in the time of expiration; ahc'mg itr, trunk,
cut clofe to the bafe of the heart j I?, if, its divifions to the right and left lol)e of the
lungs ; c, thecanalis arteriofus; d, d, the extremities of the arteries freed from t!;e
vcflicles of the lungs, and their inofculations with the pulmonary veins.

Of the arteries.

AN ARTERY is a fimilar, fpermatic, membranous, long, round, hollow, part,
a common pipe-like organ, coiififling of a double coat proceeding from the heart,
joined every where to the veins, by the affiftance of many ofculations, containing
and carrying the nutritious blood and vital fpirits to all parts of the body. It is
called arteria, from its containing and preferving air or fpirit, and therefore the an-
cients, as, Hippocrates, Plato, and AYiR.ot\c, Cdll the v/'md-pipe arteria magna: but
Galen makes a diftindion, and calls the wind -pipe afpera arteria, the rough artery,
and thofe of which we here fpeak arterite leves, the fmooth arteries, which Ariftotle
calls fometimes venam aortam, and fometimes fimply aorta. Their matter is a cold
clammy part of the feed : the original of their difpcnfation is the heart, and they
proceed out of the left ventricle thereof, and not the middle (as Ariftotle would
have it); and therefore the aorta, or arteria magna, proceeds particularly from the
left ventricle; but the pulmofiiac arteria (falfely called by the ancients vena arterioja)
from the right ventricle. Their ufe is, firft, to carry the vital blood and fpirits,
made in the heart, to all parts of the body : fecondly, to breed animal fpirits in the
noble ventricle of the marrow, (to wit) the brain : thirdly, for the nourifhment of
the body, and all its parts, which are only nourifhed by the arterial blood, and not
by the venal : fourthly, to carry the excrements of the body and blood, either to the
outward parts of the body, or to the kidneys, or mefentery or womb, or hasmor-
rhoidal veins, &c. The arteries flow only by pulfation : whereby, firft, the heat
of the parts is cooled and tempered: fecondly, the nourifhing arterial blood is caft
continually into the fmalleft and moft remote arteries : which is proved by the
continual pulfation of the heart, which drives the blood into the greater arteries :
thirdly, the ftagnation of the venal blood is hereby prevented : for the pulfation
keeps it always in motion, by forcibly cafting the more than neceffary arterial blood
for nourifhment into the veins, which convey it to the heart for fupply, left it
fhould be deftitute of its fanguine humour by its continual expulfion. The caufe
of the pulfation, or pulfe, is, according to Bartholine, froni both the blood filling,
and the faculty of the arteries direfting. But I judge the caufe to be from fpirit,
wind, air, or breath : for, if you blow with a reed or pipe being put into water, it

28. K will

j4 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

v^iil make an apparent pulfation, or bubbling, much more if the water was con-
tained in long narrow vefiels with valves, that it might not return back ; but, if you
fuck with the pipe, then it runs fmoothly, without pulfation or leaping: therefore
the blood in the arteries flows with pulfation, from the expulfive faculty of the
heart, caufed by its fpirits ; but it flows in the veins fmoothly, or without pulfation,
becaufe it is fucked or drawn back again by the attradtive faculty, caufed by want
of fpirits, or blood, or by their being wafted by the heart's perpetual expulfation. .
The fituation of the arteries is deep, always under the veins both in the external and
internal parts, the abdomen, a little below the kidneys, only excepted j for, after
that the vena cava and aorta defcending from the diaphragma have pafTed the region
of the kidneys, the cava hides itfelf under the aorta, through all that region, till
they pafs out of the abdomen ; and then the artery again hides itfelf under the cava.
The magnitude of the aorta is very great, but the defcendant part is greater than
the afcendant, becaufe the number of the internal parts is greater than of the exter-
nal. The number of arteries is lefs than of veins, becaufe thepafTage of the blood
is quick through the arteries, but flow through the veins j but there are more ar-
teries than we can well difcern, becaufe the capillary arteries are very much like
the veins. Their fubftance is membranous, fo that they can be both diftended and
contrafted more than the veins; and it confiftsof two peculiar tunicles; the exte-
rior is thin, foft, and rare, like the tunicle of a vein; the interior is compad, hard,
and very thick, five times thicker than the tunicle of the veins ; that thereby the
arteries may be ftrong to endure their perpetual motion, and to keep in their thin
and fpirituous blood, which would foon vanifh and fly away.

T he arteria magna, or aorta, the great and chiefeft artery, comes from the left
ventricle of the heart, with a wide orifice; it has a double tunicle, the innermoft of
which is five times thicker, left, by continual pulfation about the hard and folid
parts, it might incur an incurable rupture. From the ventricle of the heart, before
it perforates the pericardium, it fends forth to the heart itfelf the coronary artery,
which compafTes the bafis of the heart, fometimes fingle, fometimes double. Af-
terwards coming through the pericardium or heart- bag, it is divided into two
trunks, the fmaller afcending and the greater defcending.

The fmaller or afcending trunk of the aorta, or arteria magna, refting upon the
wind-pipe, provides for all the parts about the heart, and is divided into two fub-
clavial branches, the latter rifing lower, and going more obliquely to the arm ; tht
others, before they go out of the thorax, (for afterwards they are called ^JXiY/arw, J
produce the intercoftales Juperiores, proper to three or four upper ribs ; from their
upper part arife four arteries: i.mammar(ie,vfhkh go to the paps j 2. cervicaks,

which

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 5-5-

which go to the mufcles of the neck; 3. arteria mu/cuU, which are approximate to
the jugular veins; 4. the caro/zV/fj-, or fleep-arteries, which are two, unequal, and.
afcend upwards to the head by the fides of the wind-pipe, being knit to the inter-
nal jugulars: when they come to the fauces, before they enter the fcull, they give
branches to the larynx and tongue, and then they divide themfclves into the carotis
externa and carotis interna. The carotis externa, being the fmaller, furnifhes the
cheeks and mufcles of the face : at the root of the ears it is divided into two
branches : the firft is fent to the hinder part of the ear, whence arife two other
branches, which go to the lower jaw, and the root of all the lower teeth ; the fe-
cond goes to the temples, the forehead, and mufcles of the face. The carotis rnter-
va at the faddleof the cs Jphanoides, under the dura mater, makes ther^/^ mirabile,
then pafles through the dura mater, and fends forth two branches: the firft, which
is the fmaller, goes with the optic nerve to the eyes : the fecond, which is the
greater, afcends to the fide of the glandula ptuitariOt and is diftributed through the
j)/rt mater and the fubftance of the brain.

When the fubclavial branches have left the breaft or thorax, they are called axil-
lares, ajid carry nourifhment to the outward part of the breaft, and to the whole arm.
From the axillares arife the tboracicajuperior, or upper breaft-artery ; thoracica in-
ferior, or lower breaft-artery ; (hcjcapularis, or ftioulder-blade artery. From the
upper part of the axillares arifes the humcraria : the remainder goes from the axil-
lary on each fide to the arm ; where it is carried along through the arm, defcending
between the mufcle, with a vein and nerve of the arm. Under the bending of the
elbow, it is divided into two branches, the upper and the lower, which accompany
the branches of the vena cava, and are called by the fame names. The upper goes
right forwards through the middle to the wrift, where the pulfe is commonly felt :
from thence, proceeding under the ring-fhaped ligament, it beftows branches upon
the thumb, fore-finger, and middle-finger. The lower branch runs through the
uina to the wrift, and fends twigs to the ring or little finger, and fo proceeds to the
wrift beneath, where the pulfe may alfo be felt, efpecially in fuch as are lean, and
have a ftrong pulfe; but the beating of the pulfe is much better felt in the upper
branch, that being lefs covered or hid by the tendon.

The defcending trunk of the aorta fends out branches from itfelf unto the thorax,
abdomen, and thighs. From the thorax it fends forth two arteries : i . the intercof-
tales inferiores, which runs to the intervals of the eight lower ribs, and the neigh-
bouring mufcles ; 2. the phrenica, which fends to the diaphragma or midriff, and
pericardium or heart- bag. The reft of the trunk pierces through the clift of the

a feptum.

36 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Jeftum, and fends ramifications through the abdomen j feme of which go along with
branches of the vena porta ; others the branches of the vena cava.

Afterwards th.Q arteria magna, or aorta, haftens the beginning of the os facruni, ,
where it goes above the vena cava, and no longer under, left, by reafon of its con-
tinual motion, it fhould be hurt againft fome bone ; and here it is called the iliac
artery. It is divided like the vena cava into two iliac trunks, and each trunk into
an inner and kfs branch-, and into an outward and greater, which go to the thigh.
Thefe trunks fend out on each fide fix branches : i . the Jacra, immediately after
the bipartition: 2. mujcula inferior: 3. hypogafirica: 4. umbilicalis: which laft
three come from the inner trunk : 5. epigaflrica: 6. pudenda: which two laft come
from the exterior trunk.

The reft of the artery (out of the abdomen), being carried to the thigh, changes
its name, and there makes the crural arteries j from whence on each fide fpring
branches above and under the ham. Above the ham, from the outward part of the
trunk : i . mujcula cruralis externa, to the foremoft mufcles of the thighs, from the
inner; 2. mujcula cruralis interna, which go to the inner mufcles of the thigh j and
this is mixed at the knee with a little twig of the hypogajlrica. Under the ham arife,
I. popliteus, which goes to the hinder mufcle of the thigh : 2. furalis, which is divi-
ded into, fir^,tibicus exterior; kcond, pojlerior altus; third, pojierior bumilis, for the
mufcles of the leg: 3. the laft of them is fent to the foot and toes, all along accom-
panied with the veins, from which they borrow their names. To enter into a more
minute detail of their fubdivifions would be ufelefs j the arteries being all delineated
on the annexed plate, with references to their feveral names, as follows :

I. Aorta, cut from its origin, at the left ventricle of the heart. 2. 2. Trunks of
the coronal arteries. 3. The three femilunar valves. 4. 4. Subclavian arteries.
5. 5. Carotid arteries. 6. 6. Vertebral arteries. 7. 7. Arteries of the tongue, &c.
8. 8. Temporal arteries. 11. 11. Occipital arteries. 13. 13. Contorfions of the
carotides. 15. 15. Ophthalmic arteries. 16. 16. Arteries of the cerebellum. 18.18.
Ramifications of the arteries within the fcull. 19. 19. Arteries of the larynx.
21. 21. Mammery arteries. 23. 24. 25. 26. Arteries of the arm. 27. Arteries of the
hand and fingers. 2S. 28. Defcending trunk of the aorta. 29. Bronchial artery.
31. 31. Intercoftal arteries. 32. Trunk of the ccsliac artery, j^- 3 3- 33- Hepatic
arteries. 34. Arteria cyftica. 35. 26. 37. 38. 39. Arteries of the ftomach, pylorus,
and epiplois. 40. 40. Phrenic arteries. 41. Trunk of the fplenic artery. 43. 44.
45. 46. 47. Mefenteric arteries. 49. 49. Emulgent arteries. 51.51. Spermatic arte-
ries. 5 2, Arteria facrn. 53. 53. Iliac arteries. 54. 54. 58. 58. Iliaci externi. 55. 55.

S9-

AND FAMILY D I S iM- N S A T O R Y. 37

£g. 59. Iliaci interni. 56. 56. Umbilical arteries. 57. 57. I'.pigaltric arteitss. Co.
62. Arteries of the penis and pudendum. 61. 61. Arteries ot" the bladder. 69. 69.
70. 70. Crural arteries. 7:. Arteries of the leg. 73. Arteries of the foot.

Of the nerves.

A NERVE or finew is a fimilar, fperniatic, membranous, long, and white, ho!«
low, part: a common organ, ferving to carry the animal fpirits into all parts of the
body for fenfe and motion. Its efficient caufe is the vis tiervifca, the nerve-making
power or fiiculty : its matter is a cold and clammy part of the feed. The original
difpcnfation is from the -rnedulla oblongata, partly as it Is within the fl<.ull, and
partly as it is in the back-bone. Their end and ufe is to carry the animal faculty
with the animal fpirits from the brain, for the fenfe and motion of the whole
body. And therefore the nerves infcrtcd into the parts give either {cn^o. alone, or
both fenfe and motion, there being neither without help of a nerve : for, a nerve
being cut, the fenfe and motion of the part is loft. But this fenfe or motion is ac-
cording to the parts where they are difleminated, becaufc the nerves of themfelves
are neither fenfitive nor motive j if they are inferted into mufcles, (the organs of
motion,)they are ttrmtd nervi Kiotorii, motive nerves: if Into the inftrument of fenfe,
nervijcntientid, t-be fenfitive. Their fituation is, for fecurity, deeper tiian that of an
artery : their magnitude is variouSj according to the nature of the organ, and
dignity of the adlion. Thofe of the eyes are great, becaufe of the acflion : thofe
of the limbs, very great and thick, becaufe of their diftance and magnitude : thofe
of the fenfory parts are in a middle proportion ; thofe of the neareft parts, as in
the mufcles of the face, are the fmalleft of all. The number of the nerves ar«
taken from their conjugations or pairs, and are fo called, from their coupling or
being double, for that they fprout out on both fides, except the laft or loweft, pro-
ceeding from the fpinal marrow. The form or figure of the nerve is long, round,
and fmooth, like conduit pipes: folid to appearance, having no fuch hollownefs as
the veins and arteries have; but they have cavities or pores, for the carrying off tli«
animal fpirits, though not perceptible to the eyes. The fubftance of all the nwves
is compofed of many nervous fibres, which grow mutually together by little mem-
branes ; and this fubftance is thought to be tljreefold : i . the internal white and
marrowifh, from the marrow of the brain, but more compaeT: and thickened : a,
an inner coat, from the^/<j mater; 3. an outward coat, from the dura niater; but
.thefe things fenfe cannot difcover. The fubftancc of the nerves is alfo either
harder or fofter: the harder are fuch as either go a great way, or through fomt
hard body, or by a crooked way, or are ordained for motion, which requires flrengthj

29. L and

33 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

and all parts which have voluntary motion have hard nerves, for that which is
hard is fitted to aft, that which is foft to fufFer: the fofter nerves arc fuch as are
the fliorteft, and which belong to the organs of the fenfes, as the feeing, tailing,
hearing, and fmelling, which laft are the fofteft of all; and thefe require foft nerves,
as being the objefts of fuffering. As their ufe is to carry the animal fpirits and
faculties into all parts for fenfe and motion; fo, if they be obftrufted in their ori-
ginal, or beginning, or totally, they both perifli, and an apoplexy is caufed : if the
obftruftion be but in part, then one part is deprived of fenfe and motion : if they
are cut afunder^ the motion of the part into which they are inferted is loft : more-
over, the nerves diffufe animal light into the parts, by which they are direfted in
their operations. Hence it appears how neceflary it is for a phyfician to know the
nerves, their original, difFerences, and diftribution, that he may underftand to what
part of the fpina dorfi topic medicaments are to be applied, when fenfe or motion is
hurt in the face, neck, arms, hands, mufcles of the belly, womb, bladder, anus,
yard, thighs, legs, or feet. Moreover the caufe of the gout feems chiefly to be the
extravafating of the nervous juice; for the nervous juice, being over-heated or rari-
fied by too much heat, cannot be contained in Its proper place; but feeking more
room flies out of the folid capacity of the nerve (Its proper domicil) into the hol-
low of the nerve, the channel of the animal fpirits, thereby interfering with them,
caufing an extehfion of the nerve, oppofitlon, and confequently pain. In the an-
nexed plate all the nerves are delineated, agreeable to the following defcription and
arrangement.

The nerves of the brain are nine pair. i. The olfaftofy pair, (fig. 2.) aa, which,
paffing through the os cribrofum, are fpread over the membrane of the noftrlls.
2. The optic pair, hb, which by their expanfion form the retina of the eye. 3. The
motary pair of the eyes, cc, each of which is divided, near the orbit, into fix parts,
or branches ; of which, in human fubjefts, the firft branch goes to the elevator
palpebrse ; the fecond, to the elevator of the eye; the third, to the depreflbr ; the
fourth, to the adducent ; the fifth to the inferior oblique mufcle ; and the fixth
into the tunics of the eye ; but, in other animals, they are divided much otherwife.
4. The pathetic pair, dd, which are very fmall, and run to the trochlear mufcle of
the eve. 5. The guftatory pair, which are very large, and divided within the cra-
nium into three branches,//, immediately under the dura mater: of thefe the firft
branch, called the ophthalmic, runs to various parts of and about the eye, the eye-
lids, the mufcles of the forehead and nofe, and the integuments of the face. The
fecond branch may be called the fwperior maxillary one, as being finally diftributed
through all parts of the upper jaw, the lips, nofe, palate, uvula, gums, teeth : a

branch

AND FAMILY D I S P K N S A T O R Y. sg

branch of it alfo runs to the ear, and, joining with a branch of the fjventh pair,
forms the chorJa tympaiii. The third branch may be called the maxiliaris inferior,
as being diftributcd over the feveral parts of the lower jaw, the tongue, and other
parts of the mouth; whence the whole pair of nerves has obtained the name o{ par
guftatorium ; though a great part of them fervcs to very different piirpofcs, and is
carried to parts that have nothing to do with tafting. 6. The abducent pair, gg,
except a branch for the formation of the intercoflul nerve, is wholly carried to the
abducent mufcle of the eye; whence its name. The intercoftal nerve (fig. i. and
2), iiiy 11, m, &c. is formed either of ramifications of the two preceding nerves,
or only of thofe of the fixth pair. It makes its way out of the cranium by the
paflage of the internal carotid, and defcends near the eighth pair through the neck;
and thence through the breaft and abdomen, even to the pelvis ; and, in its way,
makes various plcxufes and ganglia, and fends branches to almoft all the parts con-
tained in the breaft and abdomen, 7. The ruditory pair, hb, arife with two trunks -,
the one of which is called the portio dura, or hard portion ; the other the portio
mollis, or foft portion. The laft enters the foramen of the os petrofum, and
thence through various li'.tle apertures gets into the labyrinth of the ear, where it is
expanded over all its parts, and conftitutes the primary organ of hearing. The
harder portion, paffing the aqua?du<5t of Fallopius, fends back one branch inta the
cavity of the cranium ; it alfo fends ofF another branch, which helps to form the
(horda tympaai; and others to the mufcles of the tympanum. The reft of this
pair goes to the external ear ; the pericranium, the mufcles of the os hyoides, the
lips, the eye-lids, and the parotids. 8. The par vagum, kkk, with the accefforius
of "Willis, pafs out near the lateral finufes of the dura mater; and, defcending
through the neck and thorax to the abdomen, fend out branches by the way to the
hirynx, the pharynx, the heart, the lungs, and efpecially to the ftomach. It alfo
fends oflf from the upper part of the thorax large branches, which are varioufly im-
plicated in the neck, thorax, and abdomen, with the Unguals, the cervicals, and the
intercoftals. 9. The lingualpair go immediately to the tongue, and are called by
fome the motory nerves df the tongue; but, by others, with more juftice, theguf-
tatory nerves.

We are toobferve, fays Heifter, that the pair of nerves, which the generality of
writers have called the tenth pair of the head, are, for many unanfwerable reafon?,
to be properly called the firft pair of nerves of the neck. Of the nerves which
arife from the fpinal marrow there arc properly thirty-two pair. Thofe of the
neck are no lefs than eight pair ; and from them there are innumerable branches
diftributcd through the mufcle of the head, the neck, the fcapula, and the hu-
merus.

fi'^irl \0 : ■■ ;il.,f 111 O.'l*

40 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

mcrus, marked A, B, C, D, &c. to O O, the eighth and laft pair: from the third,
fourth, and fifth, pair, arc formed the nerves of the diaphragm ; and the fixth,
feventh, and eighth, pair, together with i* P, the firfl: pair of the hack, form the fix
robuft nerves of the arm and hands. To this divifion is the accelfory fpinal nerve
of Willis to be referred, which arifes about the origin of the third or fourth pair.

The nerves of the back are twelve pair, marked P P, QC) , R, S, &c. to Z, and
a, (3, &:c. which, befidcs the branch they give to the brachial nerves, run entirely in
the fame furrow along the courfe of the ribs, and are difperfed over the pleura, the
intcrcoftal,pec'l:oral, and abdominal, mufcles, the bread, and other parts of the thorax.

The nerves of the loins are five pair, marked r, f , ■», r, © ; with their branches ", x, v,
dec. Thefe are in general difperfed over the loins, the peritoneum, and the integu-
ments and nuifcles of the abdomen : and, befides this, their firft pair often gives,
on each fide, a branch of the diaphragm. The fecond pair, after inofculating with
the branches of the firft, third, and fourth, pair, forms the crural nerves, 66, 77,
8 8, &c. which are difi:ributed over the anterior part of the thigh: and, in the fame
manner, a branch is formed of the conjundions of the fecond, third, and fourth,
pair, which pafleth through the great foramen of the os pubis to the fcrotum, the
tefticles, and the adjoining parts. The fourth and fifth pair of the nerves of the
loins, joining with the firft, fecond, third, and fourth, pair of the os facrum, com-
pofe the nerve called ifchiatic, which is the largeft in the body, being marked j 3,
in fig. 2. It defcends along the hinder part of the thigh, and its branches are diftri-
buted over the whole leg, the foot, and toes; being marked 15, 17, 18, &c.

The nerves of the facrum form five or fix pair, though not always determinately
and regularly fo : they pafs through the foramina of this bone, and the fuperior
ones of them, as already obferved, compofe the ifchiatic nerve; and what remains is
difperfed, in a multitude of ramifications, over the parts contained in the pelvis, the
inteftlnum rectum, the bladder, the parts of generation, and the parts adjacent.
They are marked, in the figure, a, h, n, s^ &c.

We fhall only add, that i, i, fig. 2. reprefent the brachial nerves ; 2, 2, &c. the
communications of the vertebral nerves with the intercoftals ; //, remarkable com-
munications between the phrenic nerves and the intercoftals ; /, a, u, &c. the ac-
ceflbry nerve of the eighth pair; x x, the phrenic nerves; and zz, the nerves which
go to the teftes, uterus, &c.

Of THE MUSCLES.
A MUSCLE is a fimilar, fpermatic, fanguinous, membranous, flefhy, fibrous,
part, and the inftrument of voluntary or free motion. It is compofed of fibres, for
he intention of the motion: of fielh, for the fubftance; of tendons, which perform

the

:v^[}^

T//('^ "^r/rr-t /'t'///( /fr/^f/^mBo^h'

%

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 41

the adtion: of arteries, by which it is nourlfhed; of veins, which carry back the
fuperfluous nourifliment; of nerves, which give fenfe, and convey the motive fa-
culty to the brain ; of membranes, which encompafs and keep the mufcles together ;
of fat, which moiftens them and keeps them from being dried by too much mo-
tion. The fibres and flcfh are only extended according to tlie ftraight pofidon of
the fibres ; the tendon is in the beginning and end i the arteries and veins riln
through the fubftance of the mufcle; the nerve, as foon as It Is entered into the fub-
ftance, is difperfed into a great number of twigs, which end in it, and become in-
confpicuous ; the membrane is proper to the mufcle only, and fprings cither from
the tendons, or is framed by nature in the firft conformation of the ]>arts; the fat
lies in void fpaces to prevent a vacuum or emptinefs. The adion of a mufcle is
voluntary or free motion. This aflion or motion is three- fold: firft, when the
mufcle is contratfted towards Its head within itfelf, thereby relaxing. the oppofite
mufcle: fecondly, when the motion is tonic, Co that being contradted it remains fo ;
thefe two motions are primzry, per fe, and not accidental: thirdly, when (after con-
traction) it is relaxed, or reftored to its former pofition, which motion is acciden-
tal, and proceeds from another; and therefore mufcles are always placed one againft
another as antagonlfts. The manner of this adion or motion varies according to the
variety of parts ; for, in the throat, it is fwallowing ; in the arm, bending and
ftretching forth; in the anus, expulfion and retention; &c. This motion is vo-
luntary or free; for we can haften or flacken, make or flop, this motion, as v.e
pleafe: but there are fome fingular mufcles, as of the infide of the ear, the midrifF,
the mufcles of the cheft, and of the eye-lids, whofe motion is partly voluntary,
partly natural, bccaufe they often perform their aftlons when we have no thought
or will thereto. Thofe mufcles which only perform continual or ftrong motions,
which are all fuch as are appointed for moving the bones, have tendons ; but thofe
which move other parts, as the tongue, lips, forehead, face, bladder, anus, &c.
feldom have any ; for the mufcles move themfelves only, as thofe of the anus and
bladder; or they move with themfelves and the fkin alfo, as in the lips, forehead,
and face ; or they move a bone, and fuch, by reafon of the ftrong motion, require
tendons. The diverfity of this motion comes from the diverfity of the fituation :
fo a ftraight mufcle has a ftraight motion ; a tranfverfe, a tranfverfe motion ; an
oblique, an oblique motion ; and that which compafles a part has an orbicular
motion, as the fphlnfters. The efficient caufe of thefe adllons, or motions, is the
foul of the creature, inclined thereto by the appetite or will : now the foul ufes
three inftruments to perform the aftion: firft, the brain, to receive the charge ;
fecondly, the nerve, to carry it to the mufcle ; thirdly, the mufcle, to perform the
29- ^^^ acflion

41 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN;

z6tion itfelf. The differences of nlufcles are various : firft, from their fubftancc ;
fome are flefhy, as feveral of the tongue and larynx; fome membranous, as the con-
llridores of the nofe ; fome partly fleftiy, partly nervous, as the temporal mufcles :
fecondly, from their quantity ; the greateft of all is the firft of thofe which extend
over the breaft; for it afcends from the end of the os facrum, to the firft vertebra
of the thorax: the leaft of all is the internal mufcle of the ear: thirdly, from their
fituatlon, fourthly, from their figure, or form, or number, as the mufcle del-
toides; the mufcle bicipites, having two heads; alfo fome have two tails: fifthly,
from their beginnings; fome proceed from bones, fome from cartilages, as thofe
of the larynx ; fome from tendons, as the lumbricales ; fixthly, from the adion ;
fome move by fympathy, as the fraterni, or cottgeneres ; or by antipathy, as the
iintagonijlce; fome move themfelves only, as the fphindlers ; fome move other parts j
fome have only one motion, as moft of the mufcles ; fome have more than one, as
the mafleter and trapefius ; fome art flexor es, fome extenfores, fome rotator es, fome
Jiipnatores. As to its being a fimilar part, it is only faid to be fo according to feiife
or appearance ; and that it is fuch, it appears, forafmuch as it forms not of itfelf
alone the moft fimple organical part, as a finger or toe, &c, but they take into
their compofition, with a mufcle, feveral other fimilar parts, as bones, cartilages,
membranes, fkin, &c. Moreover a truly diflimilar or organical part is only found
in itfelf, not in other parts : but a mufcle, as it is but a part of all diflimilar parts,
fo it goes univerfally or every where to the conftitution of all organical parts, which
even the moft fimple organical parts do not.

The mufcles of the head are either proper, from which comes the primary mo-
tion upon the firft vertebra, to which it is immediately and clofely joined, being
bent forward and backward, or turned round ; and they are in number eighteen
fingle, or nine pair : or common, which are thofe, which together with the head
•move the neck, and thefe are the mufcles of the neck, of which in their proper place.
The firft pair is C3[\tdi fplenius or Jplenicus, or triangularis; it proceeds from the
firft vertebra of the breaft, is fpread out on each fide upon the vertebra, reaching to
the third vertebra of the neck, from whence it is carried to the middle of the occi-
put; its ufe is to draw the head direftly backwards : but, if only one of the mufcles
a(5t, the motion is circular to one fide. The fecond pair is called complexus or tri'
geminus : it is a large mufcle aflifting the other. It has divers beginnings at the
feventh vertebra of the neck, and at the firft, third, and fourth, of the breaft, and is
after a different manner terminated in the occuput. The third pair is called /«^
/ecundOi a"d inferted into the hindermoft root of the procejfus vjammillari^ : its ufe is
lightly to bring the head backwards -, or backwards to one fide, if but one muf-
fle

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY, 45

cle ads. The fourth pair, called reHi majores, are rmall, flefhy, and lean, and fpring
from the edge of the fecond fpondil or vertebra of the neck, ending in the middle of
the occiput. The fifth pair, called reifi minores, lie concealed under the former
proceeding from the back part of the firft fpondil, or vertebra of the neck, ajid is
inferted into the occiput ; its ufe is the fame with the third and fourth pair. The
fixth pair Is called obliqtii majores ; it lies beneath and fprings from the procefs of the
firft vertebra, and ends in the occiput, by theoutfideof therj?<f?j. The feventh pair
is called ohliqui minores ; it arifes from the fecond vertebra of the neck, is inferted
into the tranfverfe procefs of the firft vertebra, and terminates in the occiput: the ufe
of thefe two oblique pair is to bring the head about to the fides. The eio-hth pair
called majioides, is placed in the forepart; they arife for the moftpart double, lone
and round, in the forepart of the neck, from the upper part of xhsjlernum or breaft-
bone, and midft of the davicula, and is obliquely inferted into the mamillary
procefs, which it embraces ; its ufe is to turn the head. The ninth pair, called
fallopiani, lies under the throat in the forepart of the neck, and near the firft pair of
the neck; it arifes nervous from the ligaments of the vertebra of the neck and is
inferted into the bafis of the head, which it turns in like manner as the former.

The mufdes of the forehead have their original from the upper parts of the fore-
head and fkull, near the coronal future, and, being fpread out upon the bone there-
of, they end at the eye-brows, that they might lift them up, being fevered in the
midft of the forehead, right above the nofe; but knit at the fides to the temporal
mufcles.

The mufcles of the occiput, or hind part of the head, are rather membranes, which,
draw backwards the fkin of the head, in fuch perfons as have the fkin moveable.

The two eye-lids are moved by four mufcles : the firft is the. frontalis, which is
ftraight, belonging to the upper eye-lid, to lift up the brow, l^he fecond is the
mujculus ciliaris primus, which compafles about each of the eye-lids. The third Is
the mujculus ciliaris fecundus, which is drawn out under the eye-lids, and arifing from
the circumference of the orbita, or focket of the eye ; the ufe of thefe ciliaris is to
fliut the eye-lids. The fourth is orbicularis major; it is of a finger's breadth, en-
compafles the furface of the orbiia, or focket, and being placed under each eye-lid
and reaching as far as the eye-brow, it clofely ftiuts the eye-lids, by lifting up the
lower, and drawing down the eye-brow.

The eye hath fix mufcles, of which four are ftraight, and two oblique or circu-
lar; they are all feated within the cavity of the fkull, and accompany the optic
nerve. The firft mufcle is called attolkns or Juperbus -, it is the upper and thicker,
and is the lifter up of the eye, being the proud or fcornful mufcle. The fecond is

called

^ CULPr.PE.R'3 ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.'

called deprimens (the deprefler) and mtifculus humilis ; it is placed oppofite to th
other, and draws the eyes downwards towards the cheeks. The third is called ad-
dticens, the drawer to ; alfo lecfcrius^ the reading miifcle, becaufe it moves the eye in-
wards towards the nofe. The fourth is called abducens., the drawer from, becaufe it
draws the eye to the outward corner; it is alfo termed the indignatorius, as being the
mufcle of indignation. All thefe four mufcles have the fame original, progrefs, and
end i the beginning of them all is acute, near the hole where the optic nerve enters
into the focket of the e)'e, from the membrane whereof they arife ; their belly is flefliy
and round, and their end a very fmalj tendon : by all thefe four afling together, the
eye is kept from ftirring. The fifth mufcle, called obliquus major, or fnperior,
arifes from a common beginning with the firft four, is carried right out to the inner
corner of the eye, where it pafTes out and afcends in a right angle to the upper fide
of the cornea: this mufcle is the fmallefl: of all, and has the longefl: tendon, by
which it wheels the eye about unto the inner corner. The fixth mufcle, called obli-
quus irtternus minor et inferior. Is a fhort, lean, round, and oblique, mufcle, feated
between the eyes and tendons of the fecond and third mufcle ; it fprings from the
lower and almofl: outward part of the orbit of the eye, and, afcending by the out-
ward corner to the upper part of the eye, Is inferted into the cornea by the region of
the iris. It whirls about the eye obliquely downwards to its external or outward
corner.

The mufcles of the external part of the ear are four pair : of the internal part,
two pair ; but in moft people the ears are immoveable, becaufe of the fmallnefs of
the mufcles and little need of their motion. Of the four firft mufcles, three are
comm.on with other parts; the fourth is proper to itfelf. The firft mufcle is called
deprimens, common to the ear and each lip, and is a part of the firft mufcle which
moves the cheeks and ficin of the face, and is called quadratus, the fquare mufcle,
very thin and broad, and Is implanted into the root of the ear, and pulls it down.
The fecond is called antrorjum ducens, or the drawer forwards ; It is a part of the
frontal mufcle, which Is carried above the temporal mufcle, and is inferted into the
upper part of the ear. The third mufcle is called retrorjum ducens, or abducens ad
pofteriora, the drawer back, and nrifes from a part of the occipital mufcle, above the
procejfus mammillaris , with a narrow beginning, from whence, growing broader, it is
carried downwards tranfverfely, and inferted into the hinder part of the ear. The
fourth mufcle Is called triparittis, or attolens, the lifter up; it arifes from the prccejfus
mammillaris, and being broad it grows narrow by little and little, till at laft it ends
in a tendon, and is inferted into the root of the ear. This is the only proper mufcle
to the ear, and is rather three-fold, becaufe it has three infertions, though all fpring
2 ■♦ from

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 4^

from one place. The fifth mufcle which belongs to the internal part of the ear is
■ called ex/ertjus ; it is very fmall, fpringing from the fkin and membrane which cover
the paflageof the ear; then, becoming flefhy, it paflcth by a fliort tendon to the out-
wnrd part of the tympanum, and is inferted about the centre of it. The fixth mulib
which belongs to the internal part of the ear, is called internus, it is fmall, and placed
within the os petrofum-, with a double tendon, one part of which is fixed to the higher
procefs of the malleolus or hammer, the other to its neck. It arifes from the bafis of
the wedge-like bone, then becomes fomewhat flefhy, afterwards narrower, and ends
in a double tendon. Its ufe is to draw the head of the hammer obliquely inward. 1 1

The nofe has eight mufcles, or four pair, efpecially in large-nofed people, but they
are fmall, becaufe the motion of the nofe is little. The firft pair are called openers
or wideners ; they are flefhy, arife from the cheek-bone near the mufcle of the lips
and fides of the nofe ; they are inferted partly into a part of the upper lip, partly
into the lower wing, and end in the top of the nofe. The fecond pair are called
ereBores or aperientes, openers : they are moftly triangular, and with afharp and flefhy
beginning fpring from the future of the forehead by tht foramen lachrymale, under
the tear- glandule, and, cleaving to the bone, are outwardly inferted and carried to the
finna, wings, or fides of the nofe. The third pair are called conjiringentes, or pulling
-together : they are little, arife flefhy about the roots of thc^pinna, are carried along
tranfverfely, and inferted into the corners of the wings: their ufe is a little to fhut
■the noftrils. The fourth pair are called deprimentes : thefe are exceeding firm, and
membranous, lie hid under the coat of the noftrils in the inner part : they arife from
the extremity of the os na/t, and are implanted into the pinna or wings ; their ufe is
to deprefs the nofe, or pull it downwards.

The mufcles common to both cheeks and lips are, i. Zigomaticus, or quadratus
detrahens : it is a thin mufcle like a membrane, interlaced with flefhy fibres. It
arifes from \}n^vertebra of the neck, in the outward fide, and afcendiiig up by the
oblique fibres to the face is implanted in the chin, and terminated in the meeting
of the two lips : this pair draws the lips backwards. 2. Buccinator, the trumpeter,
' or check driver or mover: this pair lieth under the former in the upper part of it ;
and makes up all that part of the cheek which is blown up when a trumpet -is
founded. It arifes from the top of the gums near the fartheft grinders, and ends
in each lip. The mufcles proper to the lips, are either proper to each lip, or
common to both. The upper lip has two pair of mufcles proper to it j the
lower has but one. The fiift pair is attolens furfum trahcns, which draws the
lip upwards: it fprings from the corner between the eyes knd the nofe, and -is
inferted into the fubftance of the upper lip. Ihe fecond piair, called deorjum movens

2^. ^ arifes

46 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

arifes from the upper jaw-bone, juft in the cavity of the cheeks, under the fockct
of the eye, thin, but broad and flefhy. The third pair, called deorjum trahem,
proper to the lower lip only, arifes from the middle of the chin, with a broad
beginning, and afcends diredlly to the middle of the lower lip, which it moves
upwards. The mufcle alfo common or belonging to both lips are alfo three pair:
Firft, Obliqug Jnrjum trahens, that which obliquely draws upwards. The fecond pair
common is oblique deorjum trahens, or deprimens, moving the lips obliquely dowr^^
wards. The third common to both lips is circular, encompafTrng and conftituting
the whole mouth, making the proper fubftance of the lips : by help whereof, the
mouth is purfed up, or drawn together.

The mufcks of the lower jaw are in number twelve, viz. fix pair, being fix ,on
either fide. i. Temporalis^ erotapbiUs, the temporal mufcle, fo called from its fitua-
tion, becaufe it poflefles the cavities of the temples : it is the greateft of all the jaw-
mufcles, being very firm and ftrong, it runs along under the os zigcma, and is by a
very ftrong and nervous tendon inferted into the (harp procefs of the jaw-bone. Its
ufe is forcibly to pull up the lower jaw, and to fhut the mouth. 2, Majpter, the
ehewing-mufcle, or firft chewer: it is placed in the cheeks, and arifes from a double
head. It is inferted into the inferior jaw-bone, by a very broad and ftrong. connec-
tion. 3. y^lare externum, the outward wing mufcle. It arifes from the osfphxnoides
and the external procejfus alaris, with a beginning partly nervous and partly fleftiy,
and is inferted into the neck of the lower jaw-bone, and in the ini>er feat of the head.
Its ufe is to move forwards and thruft out- 4. Majfeter internus, the other chewer,,is
thick and fhort,. and is implanted into the inner and hinder part of the jaw, with
a broad and ftrong tendon. Its ufe is to aflift the temporal mufcle. 5. Mujeulus laius^
the double-bellied mufcle, or broad mufcle. It is nervous in the middle, and fleihy
at the ends, and is inferted into the chin, under the bending of the jaw, faftened to
a ligament, left it (hould go too far back. Its ufe is to draw the jaw downwards to
open the mouth. 6. Mujeulus latus, the broad or broadeft mufcle. It arifes from
the upper part of thejierrtum, the clavicula, and fhoulder-point, and,, covering the
whole neck and face, it cleaves firmly to the inferior jaw, and is fixed in the middle
,^f the chin. The fourlaft mufclesdraw the jaw upwards, and are exceeding ftrongi
-the kft two only draw it downwards, becaufe it would be apt to deprefs itfelf.

The mufcles of the os i^oides or tongue-bone, which is foundation of the

tongue, are in number fou* pair, i . Sterno-hyoides : it arifes from the inner but upper

part of the Jiernum, and refting upon the windpipe lies concealed in the fore part

under the fltiH; a. GeniC'bycides, which arifes from the inner part of the chin, fle/hy,

Ji broad*

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 47

broad, fhort, and is inferted into the middle or hollow of the os byoides. j.Sty^o-
cerato-hyoides: it arifes from the root of the procejfus Jlyloides , being lean, round, and
feated under thechij*,' 4. Ceraca byoides : it arifes at the firft, fmall, lean, and long,
from the upper fide of the frapula, becomes flefliy about the neck, and, parting under
the levator of the fhoulder- blade, is inferted into the point of the byoides. This pair
is long, and has two bdlics, being extenuated' in the middle like a tendon.

The mufcles moving the tongue are in number five pair: i. Stylogloffum, arifing
from the outfide of the appendix ftyloides , and ending with tranfverfe fibres, in both
fides of the tongue; it moves the tongue inwards; and by reafon of the interwoven
fibres, they lift the tongue upwards, if they ad both together ; or upwards only on
one fide, if only one afts. 2. Myloglojfumy arifing from the fides of the lower jaw,
at the roots of the grinding teeth, and ending under the bafis of the tongue in the
ligament : when both ad, they move the tongue to the palate and upper teeth ;
but when one ads the tongue is moved obliquely upwardsi 3. Genioglojfum, arifing
inwardly from the middle of the chin, and tcrmitiating alinoft in the middle of the
tongue inwardly. Its ufe is to thruft the tongue out of the mouth, and alfo to druw
it in again, fo that it feems to perform contrary adions. 4. Hypftlogkjfumy arifing
flefhy out of the upper and middle region of the os byoides, runs a!ong according
to the length of the tongue ; and is terminated into the middle of it : this pair
draws the tongue inward, 5. Ceratoglojfum, which arifes from the upper horns of
the byoides, and is obliquely inferted into the fides of the tongue, near the root
thereof. It moves the tongue downward toward the inward parts, when both ad ;
but to the right or left fi^de,. if only one be contraded.

The mufcles ofthe larynx, or wind-pipe, are either common or proper; the com-
mon are two pzn,JIernotbyrcides and byotbyroides. i . Sternotbyroides arifes from the
inner fide of thcjiernum, runs along by the larynx, and Is inferted beneath into the
fides of the fcutiformis, or (hield- fattened griftle. This ftraightens the chink ofthe
larynx, by drawing down the fcutif or mis. Hyotbyroides, arifes from the lower fide
©f the OS byoides, being broad and flefhy, and touches the /cutifor mis, and is inferted-
into its bafis. It widens the chink, by lifting up the f cutifor mis. Thefe common
mufcles are implanted into the larynx; but do not arife therefrom. The proper
mufcles are five pair : 1 . Tbyrocrycosdes, arifes from the loweft part of the fcud/ormis,
and ends at the annularis, and is inferted into the lateral parts of the tbyroides. 1.
Cry cothyr aides rifes from the hinder fide ofthe annularis, flefhy ; and is inferted into
the lower part ofthe glot talis, with a nervous end, opening the larynx by drawing
afunder the two griftlcs called arytenoides. 3. Crycearytbenoides later ale, fprings above
from the fide of the annularis, and is implanted at the fides of the glottalis into the

join^,.

48 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

joint, and opens the larynx with the fame oblique motion of the griftles. 4. 'Thyroary-
tencides, or glottcides ; this helps the former, and, fpringing from the inner and
forepart of the thyroides, is terminated into the lateral part or fides of the glottalis,
or arytenoidesy which (huts the larynx by a ftraight paflage j if this pair is inflamed
in a quinfey, it is mortal, becaufe it exaftly /huts the chink. 5. Arytenoides is a round
mufcle, compaffing the ewer- like cartilage : it arifes from the hinder line of the
guttalis, za^, being carried along with tranfverfe fibres, is inferted into the fides
thereof.

The uvula has two pair of mufcles, two on either fide, viz. an external and inter-
nal pair. I. Ptdry-Jlaphylinus externus rifes from the upper jaw, and under the laft
grinding tooth, ends in a fraall tendon, which pafles through a chink on the upper
fide of the plerygoides. 1. Ptery-ftaphylinus internus proceeds from the lower part of
the internaJ wing of the pterigoides, and afcending according to the longitude of the
wing is inferted in like manner into the uvula.

The pharynx or throat, which is the beginning o^ the cefophagus or gullet, has fe"-
Ven mufcles belonging to it, viz. three pair, and one without a fellow, i. Spb^-
ropbaringa;us, vfh'ich fprings from tlie iha.rppo'mt.o{ the/pb^nuidej, and,pafling down-
wards, is inferted into the lateral parts of the pharynx, or throat, to pull up the
mouth of the ftomach, that it may receive the meat. 2. Chepbalepharyngieus , which
fprings from the part where the head is joined to the neck, and, running down, is
fpread about th&pbarynx or cefophagus, feeming to make the membrane of it. j. Sty-
lopharingceus, which fprings from thtftyloidesprocefs, and is inferted into the fides of
the pharynx, both to dilate and amplify it. 4. CE/ophagus, the mufcle without a
fellow, being only a fpinder-like mufcle, encompafling the gullet. It fprings from
one (ideoi the thyroides, and circularly encompafiing the hinder "paxtoi the pharynx
is tied to both the fides of the thyroides, to contrad the mouth of the ftomach as
the fpinSier doth the anus.

The mufcles of the neck are f6ur pair. The two firft pair, to wit, mnjculus longiis
and mujculus /C(ileHus,hei-\6. the neck j the two latter pair, viz. mujeulus tranjverjalis
and mujculusjpnatus, extend it. 1 . Longus, lies under the cefophagus or gullet, fpr.n.'s
from t-he fifth vertebra of the breaft, with a beginning flefliy and fharp, afcends la-
terally, annexed to all the bodies of the vertebree, terminating in the extubei ant pro-
cefs of the vertebra, with an acute tendon, and fometimes is inferted into the ocapuL
near its great hole; i.Jcalenus, It arifes fiefhy, at the fide of the neck, from the firft rib,
and is inferted inwardly, by oblique fibres, into all the tranfverfe procefies of the
vertebra of the neck ; through this pair, the veins and arteries enter into the arm,
i^fTranJverJalis, arifing from the tranfverfe eminences or procefles of the fix upper'-

moft

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 49

moft vertebra of the breaft, and is inferted into all the external tranfverfe eminences
of the neck. 4. Spinatas, arifing from the roots of the feven uppermoft vertebra of
the breaft, five of the neck, and is inferted into the fpine or point of the fecond ver-
tebra of the neck.

The niufcles of the breaft or thorax are in number fixteen, viz. eight on either
fide, of which the firft five widen or lift up the breaft: the laft three contradt it j to
thefe add, as a ninth, one peculiar mufcle, called diaphragma or the midriff. i.Sub-
clavitis, it arifes from the inner part of the clavicula, is of a flelhy fubftance, and is
drawn upwards and outwards, and inferted into the upper part of the firft rib, 2. Ser.
ratus major, the greater faw-like mufcle ; it reaches from the inner bafis of thQfcaj>tila
unto fix and fometimes feven of the ribs. " 3. Serrattis pojiicusfuperior, which grows
out of the ftiarp points or fpines of the three lower vertebra of the neck, and the firft
of the back, and inferted into the three upper ribs, and fometimes into the fourth.
4. Mufculi i liter cojlales externi, thefe are eleven pair in number, but perform the office
of one mufcle only ; are interwoven, totally flefliy, and arife from the lower parts
of the upper ribs, and, defcending obliquely towards the back parts, are inferted
into the upper parts of the lower ribs, terminating on the cartilages. 5. Triangula-
ris, it is fmall and thin in lean perfons, fprings out of the inner and lower part of the
fternunty and is inferted into the cartilages of the lower ribs, as far as the third or
fourth of the baftard ribs. d.Sacrolumbus, which fprings from the osjacrum, and the
fpinous procefl"es of the loins, and is inferted into the upper ribs near their roots,
beftowing upon each rib a double tendon, one external, the other internal. 7. Ser^
ratus pojiiciis inferior, it is oppofite to the fuperior; and both of them, by a broad
and membranous tendon, fo grow together, that they ferve inftead of a band to
keep the hinder mufcle of the back-bone together: it grows out of the fpines or
proceffes of the three loweft vertebra of the back, and firft of the loins, is terminated
into three or four of the lower ribs. 8 . Mufculi inter cojiales interni, thefe arc the fame
in number and place with the externi, and lie diredly under them; they are carried
obliquely from the nether rib to the uppermoft, and have fibres contrary to thofe
of the external, crofl'wife interfered. 9. Diaphragma or midriff, called -A^o precor-
dia, becaufe it is ftretchedout before the heart; ■iSi^phrcnes, becaufe, being affecfbed,
the mind and fenfes are difturbed, by reafonof the confent it has with the brain : fo
that, when the midriff is inflamed, a phrenzy is caufed. It is one in number, an in-
ftrument of free motion, and an admirable kind of mufcle, both in regard of its
compofition and continual aftion or motion, ferving alfo as a wall of partition to
fever the vital and natural parts one from another. The head of it is in the nervous
centre, but the tail in the circumference of the lower fhort ribs, from whence it
09. O arifes*

50 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

arifes, and through which it is obliquely drawn about, as far as to the vertebra of
the loins. It has a double membrane for ftrength fake: the upper is from the p/eura,
to which the pericardium is firmly faftened, and fometimes alfo the lobes of the lungs ;
the lower is from the peritonaeum.

The mufcles of the back and loins are four pair; the firft pair is quadratum, ad-
hering to the tranfverfe procefles of the vertebra of the loins, arifing inwardly from
the OS ilium and os facrum, broad and flefhy. Its ufe is to bend the vertebra of the
loins. 2. Longijfimum, arifes with an acute and ftrong tendon from the extremity of
the OS Jacrum, the vertebra of the loins, and os ilii, having the fame beginning with
the/acrohimbus i to the vertebra of the back it gives tendons likeclafps, terminating
fometimes in the firft vertebra of the breaft, and fometimes at the mamillary procejes.
2- Sacrum arifes from the os facrum behind, being flefhy, and terminates in the twelfth
vertebra of the breaft. 4. Semifpinatumy which arifes where the former ends, and em-
bracing all the fpines of the vertebra of the breaft, and giving them tendons, it ter-
minates in the fpine of the firft vertebra of the breaft. The ufes of thefe three laft
are to extend the breaft, loins, and their vertebra : if all the eight mufcles a6l, they
hold the back ftraight, and as it were uphold a man.

The mufcles of the abdomen or belly cover the lower belly, and have their names
partly from their fituation and rife, and partly from their figure. They are in
number ten, or five pair, whofe principal ufes are to impel the internal parts, and
to move the os facrum and ilium: or to make a proper retention and compreffion of
the parts in the belly : to provoke voiding the excrements, or help the expulfive
faculty of the womb and bladder. Their temperament is hot and moift, to cherifti
natural heat and concoftion: they are moderately thick, to defend the parts, and,
when very flefhy, they add much to the comelinefs of the body. The firft pair is
oMiquus defcendens, fo called by reafon of its fibres, which defcend obliquely. It
rifes in the breaft from the lower part of the fixth, feventh, and eighth, ribs, and
terminates in the white line by a broad tendon. 1. Obliquus afcendens is fituated
next the former, in a triangular figure, rifing fleftiy from the rib of the os ilii, but
membranous from the fharp procefles of the vertebra of the loins, and from the
fharp points of the os facrum : it afcends obliquely, and terminates in a double
tendon embracing the mufculus reSlus like a flieath; but the duplicity appears only
above the navel, for below it it is united infeparably. 3. Mufculus reSlus ; its ori-
ginal is flefliy, from thtfiermmi, on each fide the fword-like cartilage, and from the
cartilages of the four baftard ribs : it has three nervous infertions which ftrength-
en it i and veins which run along the longitude of it, viz. the mammaria defcenden-
Us from the breafts, and the epigafirica aftendentes from the womb in women, but

from

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ji

from thtvefia cava in men; which meet about the middle of this mufcle, extend-
ing as far as the region of the navel, and are there terminated. Thefe two veins are
joined By anajlotnafis, from whence the confent of the womb with the breads is
caufed ; which, being handled, excites women to venery. 4. MuJmlipiramidaleSy the
pyramidal mufcles, lie upon the extremities of the mujculi reEli, and rife with a flefhy
beginning from the external fliare bone, where all the nerves enter; and, growing
narrower by degrees, they terminate with a fliarp point in the tendon of the tranf-
verfe mufcle. Their office is to comprefs the bladder, and therefore they fend their
tendons, between the mujculi reStiy into that part of the peritonicum which includes
the bladder. 5. Mujculi tranfverfi, the crofs mufcle, arifing from a certain ligament
which fprings out of the osjacrum; and, terminating by a broad membranous ten-
don in the linea alba, ftick extremely faft to the peritonaeum every where except about
the pubis. Its proper ufe is to comprefs the colon.

The mufcles of the os. ilium znd/acrum are moved forward in coition by the mujcu-
li reUi and obliqui dejcendenles of the belly, the breaft refting and the thigh remaining
unmoved. They are moved backwards by the mujculus Jacer 2in6i Jemijpinatus, which
arife from the vertebra of the back, &c.

The mufcles oi t\\Qpems or yard are two pair ; the firft pair is called ereSlor, or
dir Color; the latter, accelerator, i. Er color, or penem erigens, is a fhort and thick pair,
arifing nervous under the beginning of the yard, from the innermoft bunching out
of the ijchium, and, being knit unto the ligament of the yard, growing flefhy, it
reaches fide-ways as far as the middle of the body thereof: their ufes are to eredt
and keep up the yard in coition. 2. Mujculi accekratores, or par urethrain dilatans,
are longer than the former, but thinner or leaner; they arife both from th&Jphin^er
of the anus and internal tuberofity of the ijchium or huckle-bone, are fpread out
under the urethra, carried beneath, and inferted into the fides thereof, about its mid-
dle: its ufe is to dilate or widen the urethra both for the paflage of the urine and
for the feed in coition. Thefe are the mufcles where an appertion is commonly
made in cutting for the ftone.

The mufcles of the clitoris, proper to female fubjetfts, are like thofe in a man's
yard, the fame in number, and to the fame intent. The two uppermoft, being round,
rife from the internal knob of the ijchium, and, being placed by the lateral ligaments,
caufe the eredion of it. The two lower are broad and fmooth, and proceed from
^'iJphinSfer of the anus.

The mufcles of the tefticles are either proper or common. The proper mufcles
are only the pair called cremajler, arifing from a ftrong ligament in the as pubisy
where the tranfverfe mufcles of the belly end, of which they feem to be parts; they

pafs-

52 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.

pafs through the produdion of the peritonaeum, which theycompafs nearly about, and
pafs with the fpermatic veffels to the ftoiies ; they are (horter in women than ia men,
and are placed above the produdtion of the peritcKceum : their ufe is to fuftain or hold
up the ftones. The common mufcle is the membrane of the /erotum called Jartos,
being a continuation of the flefliy membrane ; and this mufculous membrane fuf-
pends both tefticles.

The bladder has but one mufcle, called ^^/«t7^r, which encompafles the neck of
the bladder, in an orbicular form, as alfo are the fibres. It is flefhy, drawn back
over the projlata or auxiliary tefticles } it ejaculates the feed in coition. In women
it reaches to the hole by which the urine pafles, and it feems to form it.

The mufcles of the anus, or fundament, are either the fphin£ler or the levatoresi
the fphw5fer mufcle, called ani conJlriHor, the fhutter or contradlor, is flefhy, (and
without the ftraight gut two inches broad j) arifes from the lower vertebra of the
osjacrum ; and is encompafTed with the tranfverfe fibres all along the anus : it is fafl-
ened on the fore part to the pafTage of the bladder by fibrous couplings ; to the yard,
to whofe mufcles it gives beginning; and to the neck of the womb: on the hinder
part it is inferted into the coccyx or crupper-bone, and at the fides it is faftened into
the OS cox(s. The mujculi levatores are four, or two pair-; one pair of which are broad,
and one narrow. Mujculi levatores lati, arife from the osjacrum and os ilium, and are
inferted into the larger Jphin^er. Mujculi levatores tenues, the narrow mufcles : of
which the foremoft arifes from the tranfverfe ligament ; the hindermoft from the
coccyx, whereunto they are terminated.

The mufcles of the fhoulder-blade, or Jcapula, are four, according to the number
of its motions, viz. forward and backward, upward and downward: i.Jerratus minor,
the fmaller faw-like mufcle, arifing from the four upper ribs, and afcending ob-
liquely upwards, with an end partly flefhy, partly tendinous, and is inferted into the
Jcapula; its ufe is to draw forwards into the breafl; : 2. trapezius, cuculares, arifes flefhy
from the hinder part of the head towards the ear, from whence it defcends to the
eighth vertebraoi the breaft, and, from thence growing fmall by degrees, it is inferted
into the back-bone, top of the fhoulder, and clavicula; it moves thejcapula varioufly,
according to its oblique fibres: 3. rhomboides, or diamond-like mufcle, fituate under
the cucularis, thin and broad, arife from the three lower vertebra of the neck and the
three \x'^'^er vertebra of the breaft, and in the fame breadth are inferted into the ex-
ternal bafis of thejcapula; it draws back a little obliquely upwards: 4. levator muj-
(ulus patientia, arifes from the tranfverfe apophyfes of the fecond, third, and fourth,
vertebra of the neck, and is inferted into the higher and lower corners of thejcapula;
its ufe is to lift the fhoulder up.

The

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. £3

The arm is varioufly moved, therefore has it many mufcles, to wit, nine in num-
ber. I. Pe£loralis is greatand flefliy, arifing from the whole breaft-bone, andgriftle
thereof, thejernum, and above half the clavicula, and is by a Iharp tendon inferted
into the flioulder-bone, between the deltoides and the biceps. 2. Delioides, from
likenefs to the letter a, fprings from the middle of the tlavicula, and the acroinium,
and is inferted into the middle of the arm or fhoulder bone. 3. LatiJJimuSi fprings
from the vertebra of the loins, and of nine vertebra; of the back, and is inferted
into a part of the arm, between the peroral and round mufcle, with a ftrong,
iliort, and broad, tendon: this with its fellow of the other arm covers almofl the
whole back : it is called anijcalptor, becaufc it draws the arm backwards and down-
wards. 4. RctunJits major is Aefliy, thicker, and rounder, than the reft, obliquely
feated behind under the axilla, V^ arifes from the lower rib of thtfcapula, which,
afcending aJjttle with its tendon, fhort, broad, and ftrong, is inferted (with the
peroral mufcle) into the middle of the arm. 5. Rotundas minor, is fhort, round,
<juite flefliy, and arifes with.afliarp beginning out of the lower corner oi thzjcapulai
terminating with an acute end in that ligament, with which thfe head of the fhoulder
is involved. 9. Infra Jpinat us, arifes in the middle between the fmaller round mufcle
andthefpina, covers the whole external bunching part oi t\^c Jcapula; then, becom-
ing more narrow, it is inferted into the neck of the arm, or flioulder. 7. Supra-
Jpinatiis is flefliy, and arifes out of the fpine of the upper rib of ihcfcapula, then,
.bting conveyed under the acrcmium, it is inferted with a broad and flirong tendon
into the neck of the arm, it the ligament of the joint. 8. Subfcapularis, or immerjus^
is very flefliy, and pafles between xSss. Jca-pula and ribs, pofl^eirmg the hollow and
inward part of the flioulder- blade, then is carried out, and inferted, with a broad
tendon, internally into the fecond ligament of the humerus. Coracoides, is inferted
into the inner part of the flioulder, about the middle of the arm, by the tendon of
■the deltoides. Its beginning is nervous and fhort: and its belly has an hole in
it (whence its name) to give a paflage to the nerves running to the mufcles of the
cubit. #

The cubit or elbow has two bones, the ulna and radius: the ulna ferves for flexion
and extenfion; but the radius for pronation and fupination. The ulna is bended
by two mufcles, the biceps and brachieus /«/^r«aj, and extended by four, viz. longus,
brevis, cubit alis, and brachieus externus. i . Biceps, arifes from the/capula, round and
tendinous, which is inferted into the inner part of the radius. 1. Brachieus internus
is placed beneath the biceps, fmaller than the former, and arifing from the middle
of the cs brachii, and is inferted before into the common beginiringof the radius and
ulna. 3. Longus, or extendens primus, arifes from the lower rib of the fluoulder- blade,

30 J* iiear

54 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

near the neck, with a double beginning, and is terminated in the elbow. 4, Brevis
cxicndens fccundiis, fyrrngs from the hinder neck of the arm, mixed with the forego-
ing mufclc, clothes the humeri, and terminates on the outfide of the elbow. 5. An-
coneus extendens tertius, it Is fituate in the bending of the cubit, on the hinder fide ; it
arifes out of the lower and hinder part of the arm, between the ulna and radius, and
is inferted by a nervous tendon into the fide of the cubit. 6. Brachieus externus,
being fpread out upon the outfide of the brachiiim: it is a flefhy lump, made of the
two former, and is placed under them, being inferted info the fame place.

The radius has four mufcles, two of which zre pronatores or pullers down; and
tv!o fupinatcres or ^uWzrs up. i. Pronator Juperior arifes from the inny apophyfis
of the arm, by a ftrong and flefliy beginning, and ends with a membranous tendon,
obliquely running into the middle of the radius. 2. Pro::ator mferioj-, from the
lower part of the cubit ulna, unto the lower part of the radius, and Is rfiere inferted.
3. Supinator longicr, froni the top of the brachium, above the external knob, and,
being drawn out upon the radius, is inferted on the inOde of the lower epiphyfis
thereof. 4. Supinator hrevior, fprings from the outward apophyfis of the arm, flefhy
within, membranous without, and is inferted nearly into the middle of the radius.

To the wrift belong four mufcles, of which the firft two bend it and the latter
two extend it. i . Cubitcus iniernus, the firft bender, arifes from the Internal apophy-
fis of the arm, and, being ftretched over the elbow, is inferted with a thick tendon
into the fourth bone of the wrift. 2. Radieus internus, the fecond bender, is drawn
along the radius, arifes from the beginning with the former, and terminates in the
firft bone of the metacarpium, under the fore- finger. 3. Radieus externus, arifes
with a broad beginning, from the external apophyfis of the arm, and terminates In
a double tendon at the firft and fecond bones of the os metacarpi. 4. Cubiteus exter-
nus, arifes from the fame beginning, through the length of the cubit; when it comes
to the wrift, it becomes a ftrong, round, tendon, and is inferted into the upper part
of the fourth bone of the metacordus, under the little finger.

In the palm or hollow of the hand are two mufcles, c^W^ pahnares, of which the
one is long, the other fhort. 1. Palmaris longus, arifes from the Inward apophyfis
of the arm, with a round and tendinous beginning, is fpread into the hollow of the
hand, cleaving exceeding faft to thefkin, where, under the fkin. In the hollow of the
palm, is a broad tendon, giving exquifite fenfe to that part; it is terminated into
the firft intervals between the joints of the fingers. 2. Palmaris brsvis, is a certain
four-fquare fleftiy fubftance, fpringing from the membrana carnofa, from whence It
Is carried under the former mufcle, to the middle of the palm of the hand, and is in-
ferted Into the outfide of that tendon, which bears the little finger from the reft.

The

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ^^

The thumb is bent by two mufcles; extended by two; and drawn fide-ways by
fix. Flexor primus, arifing from the upper part of the radius, is inferted into one of
thejoints. 2. Flexor Jecutidus, arifing from the wrift-bone, is inferted into the middle
of the thumb, and lies wholly under the former, j. Extenjor primus, arifing out of
the upper and outward fide of the cubit, runs along the radius, is carried beyond the
wrift, and is inferted into the firft and fecond joint of the thumb, by a double and
fometimes triple tendon. 4. Extevjor alter, arifcs from the fame part of the cubit,
but lower near the wrift, and is inferted. into the third joint of the thumb. 5. Addu-
cens primus, is joined unto and feated beneath the thenar, arifing out of the three
Jowcr bones of the metacarpium, and is inferted into the fecond joint of the thumb ;
this draws the thumb to the fore-finger. 6. Adducens Jccundits, the fecond drawer of
the thumb to the fore-finger; it arifes out of the metacarpium, and is inferted as the
other. 7. Adducens tertius, drawing alfo the thumb of the fore-finger, arifes out of
the external fide of the metacarpium, which fuftains the thumb, and is inferted into
the firfl: joint. 8. Ahduceris primus, ox thenar, the firft drawer away, arifes from the
infide of the wrift, and is inferted into the fecond joint of the thumb, to draw it
from the fingers. 9, 10. Abducens Jecundus and tertius, they arife and are inferted
as the former, to draw the thumb alfo from the fore -finger.

The fingers are bent, extended, and moved laterally, for the performance of
which are feventeen mufcles ; they are as follows : SuhUmis or perforatus, it arifes
from the inner apophyfis of the arm, it is divided into four tendons inclofed in a
ligament, as it were in a ring, which are inferted into the fecond jointing of the
fingers, a cleft being firft made, through which the tendons of the following muf-
cles pafs. Profundus ox perforansy is fpread out under the former, and is inferted
through the clifts of the former tendons, into the third jointings of the fingers ; it
arifes from the upper parts of the ulna or radius under the joint, and is divided into
four tendons. Hypothenardigiturminimi,proprius auricularis, themufcle proper to the
little finger, it arifes in the hollow of the hand, from the third and fourth wrift-bones
of the fecond rank, and is inferted externally into the fide of the firft joint of the faid
finger. Extenjtr magnus, arifes from the exterior apophyfis of the arm, about the
wrift, and the ring-faftiioned ligament; is divided into four tendons, which end in
the lowermoft joints of thefingers. Indicator indicis extenjor, it arifes from the middle
and external part of the cubit or ulna, and is terminated with a double tendon into
the fecond interjointure of the fore-finger. Auricularis, the extenfor of the little fin-
ger, it arifes from the upper part of the radius, and, being carried along with the
ulna and radius, is externally inferted into the little finger with a double tendon.
Lumhricaks, adducens primus, Jecundus, tertius, quart us, the four worm-like mufcles ;

thev

56 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,
they arife from the tendons of the mufculus profundus by the wrill ; and, being
<lrawn out along the fides of the fingers, are obliquely carried and inferted into the
^liird joint of every finger. Ahdu5fores intercffci externi and interni, the drawers from
the thumb ; they arife from the upper parts of the bones of the metacarpium near the
wrift, and in the firft internodum or fpace between the joints, with a very fmall ten-
don, which, joining with the vermiculares, run along the fides of the fingers, over
the three bones, till they come to the roots of the nails; in the former and upper
part whereof, the tendons, being firft united, are terminated. Abdu^or indicis, it
arifes from the firft interjointing of the thumb, and is inferted into the bones of the
fore-finger, by which it is drawn from the reft of the fingers towards the thumb.

The thighs are capable of being bent, extended, drawn to or wheeled inward,
or turned 'about outwards; for the performance of which, they have the follow-
ing fixteen mufcles. i. FJoas primus lumbar us, the firft loin mufcle; it arifes from
the vertebras of the loins, and is inferted into the fore part of the fmall trochanter,
with a round and ftrong tendon. 2. PJoas minor, it is fometimes fpread over, fome-
times under, the former; its beginning is fleftiy, fometimes one, two, or three, fin-
gers broad in its middle; its original, witli a fmall and flat tendon, being carried
over or under the pfoas, comes to the iliac, and with a very broad and ftrong tendon
is inferted into the upper brim of the os ilii. 3. Iliacus mufculus, rifes out of the
internal cavity of the os ilium, is joined by its tendon with the lumbal mufcle, and
is terminated between the great and little trochanter. 4. AIuJculus peSfineus, the comb
mufcle, fprings out of the upper part of the os pubis, and is inferted with a fhort ten-
don into the inner fide of the thigh. 5. Triceps primus, arifes' from the upper jointing
of the OS pubis, and, pafling by the inner head of the thigh-bone, is inferted into the
middle of the thigh. 6. '■Tricep>sjecundus, arifes from the loweft jointing of the os pu-
bis, and, pafling by the inner head of the thigh, runs along to the end of the thigh.
7. Triceps tertius, arifes from the middle of the os pubis, and is inferted juft below the
neck of the thigh-bone. Thefe three mufcles many reckon but one, and call it tri~
ceus, from its threefold beginning, but fo accounted it is the greateft of all the
mufcles of the body : and often ends in. one mufculous tendon, inferted into the
hinder part of the bone. Z.Glouteus major, arifes from the coccyx or crupper, (the
fpine of the ilii and os facrum,) and is inferted into the os femeris, under the great
trochanter. 9. Glouteus medius, the middlemoft both in fituation and magnitude,
arifes from the inner fide of the fpine of the os ilii, and is inferted into the great tro-
chanter, with a broad and ftrong tendon. 10. Glouteus minimus internus, fprings from
"the back of the os ilii, near the acetabulum, with a broad and flrong tendon, and is
inferted into the great trochanter: thefe Jaft three make up the flelhy fubftauce of
a the

A N I> F A M I L Y DISPENSATORY. 57

the buttocks. 1 1, ^(adrigemimis primus, it arifes from the lower part of the os fa-
cium, and is placed upon the articulation of the thigh, in the hinder part thereof.
I :. ^(adrigeminusfecundt'.s, arifes from the tuberofity of the huckle-bone, and covers
the articulation of the thigh, asaforefaid. 13. ^adrigeminus tertius, is contiguous
to the former, and arifes from the fame part; thefe three are laft inferted into the ca-
vity of the great trochanter. 14. ^adrigemiiwrum quartus, is broader and more
flertiy than the other three, being diftant from the third of the quadrigemini two
fingers breadth; it fprings from the inner fide of the apophyfis of the ifchium, or
huckle-bone, and is inferted into the external part of the great trochanter. 15. Ob-
turator externus takes up the wide hole between the os pubis and os ifchii, and arifes
from the outward circle of the os pubis, is circumducted through the neck of the
thigh, and carried into the cavity of the great trochanter, under the fourth quadrige-
minal mufcle. 16. Obturator interims rifes from the inward circle of the os pubis,
and by a tripartite tendon is inferted into the cavity of the great trochanter.

To the legs belong eleven mufcles, viz. i , Biceps, having two heads ; the firft
fprings from the joining of the os pubis, the fecond from the outward part of the
thigh; both of them are inferted with one tendon into the hinder or inward part of
the leg. 2. Semimemhranojus, arifes from the fwelling in the ifchium, and is inferted
into the inner fide of the leg backwards. 3. Seminervofus, has the fame original and
infertion with the former, only in the hinder part is carried a little forwards oblique-
ly, before it terminates at the infide of the leg. 6. Gracilis and gracilis pojiicus, rifes
from that line where the hip-bone and Aiare-bones join together, and, defcending
along the infide of the thigh is inferted into the inner part of the leg. 5. Reif us graci-
lis fprings with an acute tendon out of the outward and lower fpine of the os ilium,
is carried along the thigh, and terminates in the fore -part of the leg. 6. Fajlus ex-
ternus borders upon the reftus gracilis, and arifes outof the great trochanter, and is
inferted into the leg, a little below the patella on the outfide. 7. Vaftus irdernus, bor-
ders as the former on the reftus gracilis, and arifes out of the root of the fmall tro-
chanter, and falls into the inner fide of the leg, a little below the patella. 8. Crureus,
arifes, out of the thigh-bone between the two trochanters, and, cleaving to the thigh,
produces its tendon over the epigonatis, unto the fore-part of the leg; the four lafl:
mufcles are inferted all into one tendon, which terminate in the beginning of the leg.
9. Alufculus longus, it is nearly the longeft of all the mufcles ; arifes from the former
fpine of the os ilii, and defcends obliquely into the inner and fore part of the leg. 10.
Poplitjeus, it arifes from the lower and exterior tubercle of the thigh, and is inferted
four-fquare into the inner and upper part of the leg, obliquely. 11. Membranofus faf-
cia lata, rifes from the fpine of the os ilii, runs obliquely into the outward part of the
leg, and, with a broad and long tendon, inverts almoft all the mufcles of the thigh.

No, 30. ^ The

58 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSfCIAN,

'I'he foot, or inftep, has eight mufcles. i. Tibiaus o.nticus^ it is faftened to the leg,
nnd arifes near the fibula, and, cleaving to the tibia all along, it degenerates into a
tendon, which beneath the ring-like ligament of the foot is divided into two tendons.
■2. Pcroneus anticus, joined to the peroneus pofticus, and has its rife with two heads,
one from the middle and external part of the perone or fmaller focile; the other from
the upper epiphy fis of the fibula : thefe, being carried through the chink of the ancle,
terminate in a double tendon, the fmaller of which is carried into the bone of the
little toe; the Greater running obliquely under the fole of the foot. 3. Gemellus exter-
nus; this has two heads; they both arife from under the ham, the one from the in-
ner, the other from the outward, parts of the end of the thigh-bone, and pafs down
the back part of the leg, then become tendinous, and, being united, make one
ftrong, broad, and nervous, tendon, which is inferted into the heel. 4. Gemellus inter-
nus, this with the other conftitutes the ancle, and lies under the former, of a livid
colour ; it arifes under the ham, by a ftrong nervous fubftance j having pafled the
middle of the tibia, it becomes narrower and tendinous : it is inferted into the heel.
Thefe make the belly or calf of the leg. 5. Soleus, it is a broad and thick mufcle
arifing from the upper and hindermore appendix of the fibula, and is inferted by a
tendon into the heel. 6. Tibiaus pofticus adducens pedem^ it arifes from the upper part
of the tibia, or greater and fmaller focile, and from the ligament which ties them to-
gether, runs along the tibia, and through the cleft of the ancle-bone, where it pro-
duces two tendons. 7. Peroneus poflicuSi it arifes from t-he upper but hinder part of
the fmall focile, by a nervous and ftrong beginning, and, cleaving to the outfide of
the perone, it runs down round and fleftiy : it is inferted under the fole of the foot,
into the bone fet before the great toe. 8. Plant aris covers the whole fole of the foot;
and, fpringing from the outer part of the thigh-bone under the ham, by a round
and fleftiy beginning, pafling within the \t^, between the gemelli, it goes thence to
the fole, and is inferted into the five toes.

The great toe has five mufcles. i. Primus, or flexor pollicis, arifes from the upper
part of the fibula, and is inferted into the third joint of the great toe. 2. Secundus, or
extenjcr pollicis, arifes from the middle of the fibula, or from the outfide of the tibia,
where it is feparate from the fibula, creeps along the furface of the foot, and ends in
two tendons, the one of which is inferted into the upper fide, the other into the
tower fide, of the great toe. 3. T^ertius pollicis, adduHor primus, that which draws the
toe inward, and fprings from the ligament which ties the heel-bone and the taulis, is
faftened inwardly to the bone fet before the great toe, and by a round tendoji is in-
ferted into the firft joint of the fame. 4. ^lartus pollicis, adduBor Jecundus, it arifes
from the ligament of the firft interjundure of the little toe, then, becoming fieftiy,

runa

J?.;:

T/je J///,rr/<^,f o/'f/^r Jlf/^/nr/f Bex/?/.

PLlte- I.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 55

runs over the firft joint of the toes, and with a fhort and broad tendon is infcrted a
little inwards into the firll joint of the great toe, 5, ^inliu poUicis, abdutlor ejiij-
dem, it arifes flefhy, from the inner part of the heel, and isinferted extrinfically into
the firft bone of the great toe.

The mufcles of the four little toes are eighteen, having tendons comprehended
with a circular and tranfverfe ligament, which encompafles them beneath the ancles,
juftas in the wrift. MuJchIus majoVy arifing from the upper apophyhs of the tibia
under the ham, by a long and flefhy beginning, pafles under the inner ancle, and
by the hollownefs of the heel goes to the fole of the foot, where it is divided into
four tendons, inferted into the third and lafl joint of the four toes. h'Uxor minory
lies in the midft of the fole of the foot, arifing from the inner part of the heel- bone,
and is divided into four round tendons, which are carried and inferted into the fe-
cond articulation of the four toes. Extenjor lofigus, arifes with a nervous and fhort
beginning from the upper appendix of the tibia, and, cleaving to the ligament wlxich
unites the focils, runs down to the foot, pafling firft under the tranfverfe ligament;
then, being divided into four tendons, they are inferted into the fecond and third
joints of the four toes. Extenjor brevis, lies under the former, arifes from the tran-
verfe ligament, flefhy and broad, and is by four tendons inferted into the firft joints
of the four toes. Lumbricalis quatuor, they arife from the tendons of the perfo-
rans, fmall and round, and are inferted by fo many fmall tendons into the fides of
the firft joints of the four toeSS InteroJJei decern., they arife from the bones of the pe-
dium, and are placed between the bones of the foot, filling the void fpaces of the
metapedium, being ten in number, five external and five internal. They arife by
the fides of the bones of the inftep, the former to the firft interjolntings ; the ninth
of the interoffei is the abducftor of the great toe, the tenth a:id laft is the fpecial ab-
ducftor of the little toe.

As to the number of the mufcles in the human body, authors are ftrangely difa-
oreed about it: however they are certainly more than five hundred j the principal,
ones whereof are reprefented in the two annexed plates ; thofe confpicuous in the
fore-part of the human body being exprefled in plate I. where 1. i. are the frontal
mufcles; 2. 2. the orbiculares palbebrarum; 3. the attollens auriculam; 4. the
temporalis ; 5. the mafTeter ; 6. reprefents the mufcle called conftridlor, or dc-
preflbr pinnse narium; 7. the dilatator alas nafi; 8. the zigomaticus; 9. the place of
the elevator labiorum communis, called by Lancifi, gracilis; 10. the elevator Jabii
tuperioris proprius ; 11. 11. the conftridor, or fphinder labiorum, or orbicularis
labiorum; by fonie called ofculatorius; 12. the buccinator; 13. 13. the nvjrculi
maftoidei; 14. 14. the fternohyoidei; 15. 15. thofe parts of the mufcles which arife
2 from

6o CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

from the clavicle; i6. 16. the caracohyoidei ; 17. thefcaleni; 18. reprefents part of
the cucuUan's «n the right fide ; 1 8. on the left fide, is the levator, or elevator fcapu-
lae, otherwife called mufculus patientias ; 1 9. 1 9. the place where the fibres of the pec-
toralis unite in fome meafure with thofeof the deltoides; 20. 20. the deltoides; 21.
the place in the carpus where the palmaris longus pafles through a ring in the annu-
lar ligamentj 22, a remarkable union of the tendons of the extenfors of the three
kft fingers; 2j. 23. the produi5lions of the peritonaeum, which, perforating the
mufcles of the abdomen at the rings, defcend to the fcrotum; 24. 24. the place
where the three tendons of the fartorius, gracilis, and feminervofus, are inferted
into the interior part of the tibia, juft under the knee; 25. 25. the tendons of the
extenfors of the toes, which are fecured by a ligament at the ancle, as appears on
both fides; but on the right fide, internally, another ligament is reprefented, which
fixes the tendons of the extenfor longus digirorum, the tibiasus pofticus, and the
flexor pollicis; 26. 26. the mufculus pedloralis; 27. the triceps extenfor cubiti on
the right fide; 28. and 30. the biceps on the left fide, according to Lancifi's expli-
cation ; 29. part of the triceps extenfor on the left fide; 30. the biceps on the right
fide; 31. the branchissus internus; 32. the ancona:"us; 23- the prenator rotundus ;
34. 34. the fupinator longus ; 35.35. the radius externus, according to Lancifi; ^6.
the extenfor carpi ulnaris; 37. 37. the cubitseus internus, according to Lancifi; 38,
the radius internus, according to Lancifi ; 39. the palmaris with its tendinous ex-
panfion; 40. 40. the tendons of the mufcles of the mumb ; 41. the tendon of the
addu(5tor pollicis; 42. the extenfor magnus digitorum; 43. ligamentum carpi ; 44.
44. the tendons of the iliaci interni; 45. the pedtinasus; 46. one of the heads of the
triceps ; 47. 47. the redus femoris on each fide; 48. 48. the vaftus externus on each
fide; 49. 49. the vaftus internus on each fide; 50. the gracilis; 51. the feminervo-
fus; 52. the fartorius on each fide; 53. a part of the origin of the vaftus externus ;
54. 54. themembranofus: 55. the tibialis anticus; 56. thegemelli; 57. 57. thefoijei;
58. the tendon Achilles; 59. according to Lancifi, is the extenfor digitorum longus j
60. the tendons of the extenfors of the toes; 61. the tendons of the extenfor lonf^us,
tibisus pofticus, and flexor pollicis: A. A. portions of the latiffimus dorfi on each
fide ; B, B. the indentations of the ferratus major anticus; C. C. the fternum.

The fecond plate reprefents the mufcles of the back part of the human body ; where
I.I. exprefs the two mufcles upon the occiput, called by Euftachius, quadrati; 2. the
mufculus cucuUaris; 3.thefplenius; 4. the mufculus maftoideus; 5. the mufculus pati»
entise, or levator fcapulasproprius; 6. therhomboides; 7. the articulation of the clavi-
cle with the fcapula on the right fide; 8. the deltoides; 9. the teres minor; 10. the
teres major; 11. 11. tlje latiflimus dorfi on each fidej 12. the glutasus major; 13. the

glutaeus

yi.r^./

/7/,'Jl/4M /(',}' (f /A' ////7///r7/ Bi>ni/.

riate2

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 6i

glutasus medius; 14. the mufculus pyriformis; i£. the quadratus femoris j 16.
the biceps femoris ; 17. the femimembranofus ; 18. the membraiiofus, according
to Lancifi ; 19. 19. the vafi externii 20. the gaftrocnemii ; 21. the foleus-; 22,
the plantaris.

Of the bones, or HUMAN SKELETON.

A BONE is a fimllar, fpermatic, part, cold and dry, endowed with hardnefs,
ftrength, and folidity, that it might give force to the body, fuftain it, and help its
motion. Its fubftance is naturally hard and folid, covered with a membrane, called
periojliotiy white, with fome rednefs; hollow in the middle, (except the ribs, &c.)
fmoothj covered in its extremities with a cartilage, and moiftcned with a fat humour,
called medulla, or marrow. Some bones are perfedly generated in the womb, as
thofe in the ear, being the fmalleft in the whole body ; they are nourifhed by arterial
blood, as may appear in the bones of young animals, whofe marrow is yet bloody,
as alfo by blood contained in the marrow : but the proximate and immediate nutri-
ment of hollow bones is the marrow ; but of bones not hollowed, thick blood fent
in through the pores. The proper matter therefore of a bone is feed, which confifts
of humours and fpirlts. The efficient caufe is the vis offijica, or aji innate faculty
ading by the aHiftance of heat.

The bones are joined together, either hy fimphyfiSy for firmnefs and union ; or by
crihroftSt articulation or joinling. Natural union or growing together, is when the
connexion or joining of bones is without motion: and this is wich, or without, a
medium. Shnpkyfis without a medium is three-fold, viz. hy futura, harmonia, and
gcmphofis. Sutiira, a future, is the joining of bones by indenture, as if the teeth of
two faws were thruft one into another, as in the bones of the cranium or fkull.
Harmonia, is the joining of bones by a fingle line, whether ftrait, oblique, or circu-
lar, as in the bones of the nofe and upper-jaw, and fo all epiphyfes in a manner are
joined. GomphofiSi or nailing, when one bone is fattened into another, as a nail in a.
poft, fo the teeth are fattened in the jaw-bones.

The whole ftrudlure of the bones of the head is called cranium, the /kull, becaufe
it is as it were an helmet; it is alfo called r^/i'^ and calvaria: its fubftance is boney,
10 fecure the brain; but, in new-born children, it is fofter than ordinary.

The bones of the head are either proper or common; the proper are in number
fix: 1. osfrontis; i. 2- offa fincipitis \ \.occipiti5; 5. 6. ojfatemporum. Thecommon
bones are only two in number: os fph^noides, andoj ethmoides. Osfrontis, the fore-
head-bone, called alfo coronaie, is bounded before by the coronal and firft commoa
future, and in the fides by the temporal bones ; it is but one in thofe of ripe age,
but in children it is double, being divided by a future parting from the coronal to

30. R the

fi COLPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

the nofe; it alfo has a two-fold table, an internal and an external: on each fide of
this bone, abov^ the eye-brows, there are large cavities, commonly two in number,
between the two tables, clothed fometimes with a green membrane, and containing
a foft, clammy, and marrowifh, fiibftance ; from whence two holes pafs into the
•wide fpaces of the noftrils ; and another, which ends into the fkuU above the/eptum
of the OS ethmoides, to diftinguifh the organs of fmelling.

Offa ftndpitis, the bones of the fore-part of the head : thefe cover the moifteft
part of the brain, are in fhape four-fquare and unequal, and of a more rare or fpongy
fubflance than the other bones, whence the wounds oi xSxt finciput are deadly: they
are joined before with the bones of the forehead, with the coronal Juture-, to the os
occipitis, by the lambdoide luture ; and to the offa temporum, by xhzjutiirsjquamofa :
without they are fmooth, but within unequal, by reafon of the prints which the
jugular veins of the dura mater leave behind them.

Os occipitis, the bone of the hinder part of the head, conftitutes almoft all the hin-
der part of the fkull j and is in children three or four bones, but in grown perfons
but one. Its form is that of a fpherical triangle, and is joined to the crown-bones
by the future lawbdoides. It is the thickeft and moft compacfl of all the bones of the
head, chiefly at the bafis of the fkull ; (becaufe there the noble ventricle is feated,
and from thence the nerves arife as from a fountain;) but at the edges it is the
thinneft of all. It is fmooth without, but within it has many finuofities to receive
tht mennings fafely. It has five holes, through the gr^teft whereof the^/««//j me-
dulla pafles to the back- bone. The fmaller ferve for the going forth of the nerves,
and entrance of veins and arteries. It has nine cavities, feven within and two with-
out ; and two broad procefles at the bafis, covered with a griftle, which is more
eminent, and inferted into the cavities of thefirft vertebra for the motion of the head ;
as alfo another fmall procefs behind joined to the firft vertebra. OJfa temporum^ the
bones of the temple. Their form is uneven, almoft circular, bepaufe of their va-
rious fiibftance, which is like rocks and craggy cliffs, for which caufe they are alfo
called cjfa petroja, the ftoney or rocky bones. In their upper part they are attenu-
ated like a fcale, fo as to be tranfparent, and are joined to the bones of the ftnciput
like fcales ; before they are joined to the firft bone pf the upper jaw, by its firft pro-
cefs J and to the os occipitis, by the baftard future : they have fix holes without, twp
within : the firft external hole is large, viz. the auditory pafTage; the other five are
fmall, for vefTels to pafs through. They have two cavities, an outer, covered with
a,griftle, which receives the lower jaw-bone; and an inner, which is rather long,
and common to the os occipitis. The auricularis is internal, with a long protuberan-
cy, wherein there is a three-fold cavity, viz. the drum, the labyrinth, and the cochlea.

The

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ^j

The tympanum or drumy called alfo pelvis, which contains the internal or inbred air,
and the four bones, called malleolus, incus, ftapes, and orbicularc; as alfo 2. ligament,
t\J0 fenejlrte, or windows, (which are little holes in the cavity,) and a water paflagCi
from this cavity goes a channel into the palate of the mouth. The labyrinthus, caU
led a\(ofodina, is a cavity full of cr«oked and manifold turnings ; the entrance
hereinto is the oval feneftra, and joins itfelf to the following cavity ; it has four holes
befides the oval, and a fifth, which is terminated in the cochlea or third cavity. The
cochlea has three or four windings, (with a wreathed or fnail-iike figure,) the wind-
ings mutually receiving one another : thofe that are thick of hearing have only one
or two of thofe windings; this cavity is clothed with an exceeding thin and foft
membrane, and adorned with multitudes of little veins, which turn themfelves about
the wreathings of the cochlea, and by many branghes creep into the fecret turnings
of the labyrinth.

Os fphenoides, or the wedge- fafhioned bone, becaufe it is feated as a wedge in
the middle of the bones of the ikull ; at the fides it goes along with the os petro-
fum, from whence it is feparated by a rough chink ; above it touches the firft,
fourth, and fixth, bones, of the upper jaw; below it touches the bones of the palate
of the mouth, and is placed under the brain, as a foundation, fo that it touches al-
moft all the bones of the head and upper jaw : in children it is made of four bones,
but in grown perfons it is but one. It is folid, and the thickeft of all the bones of
the head, where it makes the ftifis of the fkull. In the external table are two re-
markable apophyjes, near the fides of the holes of the nofe, formed like the wiiigs of
a bat. In the internal table are four little procefTes, in (hape of a Turkilh faddle,
called /^//^ Turcica, full of little holes, whofe ufes are to elaborate the in-breathed
air, to make fplrits, and to pafs out pituitaus excrements through the funnel, out of
the ventricles of the brain. It has fundry perforations, by which the optic and mo-
tory nerve« of the eye, and other nerves for the motion of other parts, as alfo veins
and arteries for nourifhment, pafs.

Os ethmoides, the fponge or fieve-fafhioned bone, having in it many holes, (by
which fmells pafs to the brain,) efpecially in the inner fide of it, where it joirs the
head, and this part is properly called cribroja: from this within the fkull arifes a
fliarp apcphyfis, refembling a cock's;Comb, by which the ethmoides is divided into
two parts ; from this procefs is cppofed another, without the noftrils, and diilin-
guifhing them, calledthe divider of the noftrils, as alfo Jeptum nafi. The chief ufe
of the ethmoides is to alter the air drawn in with fmells, that the fpecies of odours
may, with the air, be carried to the organs of fmelling, which end in thefe holes ;
a;id ther^ore in a ioryza^ this bpne being obftrufted, the fmelling is loft: alfo here-

by

64 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

by the brain is purgeJ, for phlegm is not only evacuated by the glandtda pituitaria
into the palate, butalfo by the os cribrojum into the noftrils.

Tlie bones in the upper jaw are in number eleven, five on either fide, and one
without a fellow: firft pair, ojfa zygomatica, the yoke bones, is in a manner trian-
gular, and conftitutes the greateft part of the cs zygomatis or jugale, and a great
part of the orhita and outward angles of the eye, on the lower (ide. Second pair,
OS lachrymale, is a round, little, and thin, bone, in the inner corner of the eye: by
this a branch of the fifth pair of nerves of the brain pafs to the inner membrane of
the nofe. Third pair, os maxillare, the cheek-bone, the greateft and thickeft of them
all; it contains all the upper teeth, and makes up the holes of the nofe, and moft of
thefe bones which belong to the upper part of the face : it has large cavities on both
fides very remarkable, both that it might be lefs ponderous, and that it might Con-
tain marrow to nourlfli the bones and upper teeth. Fourth pair, os nafi, the bone
that conftitutes the external and prominent boney part of the nofe j it is thin, hard,
folid, and quadrangular : thefe two bones are joined with a future j within they are
rough, that the griftles of the nofe may be the better fattened. Fifth pair, os palatiy
feated at the end of the palate, where the holes of the noftrils go into the fauces or
throat J they are thin, folid, and broad, and conftitute the hinder part of the cavity
of the palate and noftrils. Sixth, vomer, the bone without a fellow, like a plough j
it is in the inmoft and middlemoft under (he.Jphce>ioides, and above the palate : it
holds up the bridge of the nofe like a partition wallf^^to which it is joined by the fu-
ture harmonia. Six bones conftitute the orbit of the eye: i. the frontak, which
makes the upper vaulted part: 2. Sjygomaiictm, that on the outfide, where the fmal-
ler corner is, and a portion of the os Jpbcsnoides : 3. another on the outfide, concur-
ring with the former part of the os Jphcenotdes: 4. maxillare, and 5. lachrymale, which
conftitute the inner part: 6. the fcaley table of the os ethmoides, which makes up the
lower fide, all united partly by common, partly by proper, futures.

In children, till about feven years of age, the lower jaw confifts of two bones,
-which are joined together by Jyncondroofis ; but in grown perfons it is but one. The
arched part of this bone is the chin; at each end of the fhanks are two protefTes,
whereof one is fharp, called corone, going forward, into which the tendon of the
temporal mufcle is implanted ; tha other arikuhris, becaufe it ferves for articula-
tion with the temple bones, which articulation is covered with a common mem-
branous ligament. Its fubftance is exceeding hard and ftrong, that it may hold out
in biting and chewing; within it, there is a long cavity, where marrov/ is contained
to nourlfti the teeth, and by which a branch of our fifth pair of nerves of the brain
runs unto the roots of the teeth with a little vein and artery : this cavity goes
^ite through the jaw-bone like a pipe, fo that a copper wire, put in at one end,
a will

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 6^

xvill cdme out at the other. It is moveable, and contains fockets for the teeili; and
in old age, when the teeth fall out, the fockets draw together, and become fharp.

The teeth are bones properly fo called, white, fmooth, hard, and folid, being
indeed harder than other bones, that they might bite and chew hard things, not
much inferior in hardnefs to ftones. They are naked, without any perioftion, yet
endowed with a kind of fenfe, as may be perceived by cold drink, or when fet on
edge ; which fenfe is lodged in the inner, fofter, and more nervous, part. They
receive into their cavities nerves, which other bones do not, and by which they are
tied to the mandible with a finneurofis. The teeth continually grow, all a man's
life, becaufe they are daily worn by biting and grinding. The cavities of the teeth
are clothed with a little membrane of exquifite fenfe, whence it is that pains of the
teeth are fo exceeding vehement : they have five little nerves from our firft pair,
which are fpread abroad within, and by fmall twigs mixed with the mucilaginous
fubftance in the middle of the teeth; as alfo little arteries to give natural heat and
nourifhment, and little veins to carry back the blood after nutrition.

The tongue-bones are feated under the lower -jaw, and in the uppermoft part of
the larynx. They are commonly accounted but one bone, though made up of three.
The ufe of thcfe bones is to keep the throat open both for the paflage of the food,
and for receiving in of air in fpeaking or breathing.

The bones of the ears ai^the leaft of all, being the bones fubfervient to hearing;
and are four on each fide. They are all placed in the firft cavity ; their fubftance
is hard and denfe, but hollow within, that they might be lighter, and contain marrow
for their nouriftiment ; they are as big in new-born babes as in men, but not fia
hard. The principal of thefe bones are q^Ued malleus, the hammer ; i/icus, the anvil ;
Jlapes, the ftirrup; and os orbiculare, which is round and fmall, joined by a fmall li-
gament to the ftirrup fide, where it is joined to the anvil. The ufes of thefe bones
are to ferve the fenfe of hearing, and to make a pafiage for the excrements of the
ears ; for the ftirrup, fhutting the oval, is moved by the anvil, and the anvil being
fmitten by the hammer, and the hammer by the membrane of the drum, throuo-h
the impulfeof the external air, the membrane of the drum is in the mean while
driven inwards, whereby the inbred air is afFeded, which, paffing through the
cochlea, caufes the branches of the auditory nerve to receive the fpecies of founds,
and to communicate the fame to the brain.

The bones of the neck, and the whole vertebrae of the back, from the cranium

or flcull to the os coccygis or crupper-bone, are termed ^/}5/«rt, the thorn, becaufe the

hinder part of it is Iharp-pointed like a thorn-branch. The parts of the fpine are

called w?-/^^r«f, whirl-bones, becawfc by their means the body is turned feveral ways.

30. S AH

66 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

All thefe vertebra are hollowed to contain the fpinal marrow; they are many, for
the conveniency of motion. The figure is fometimes inclining inwards, as the ver-
tebra of the neck, to fuftain the gullet; and afpera arteria; and the vertebrae of the
loins, to uphold the trunks of the aorta, and cavadefcending: fometimes outwards,
as the vertebrae of the back, and a little of the os facrum, that there may be a larger
fpace for the heart, lungs, bladder, anus, womb, &c. The figure of each vertebras,
above and below, is plain and broad, that luxation may not eafily be made : round
within, convex, and bunching out ; but in the neck broader, and more even.

The vertebra of the back are in number twelve, to which as many ribs anfwer.
Thefe vertebrae are round on the fore-part, but behind fomewhat hollow. They
are thicker than thofe of the neckj lefs folid, and full of little holes for the paflage
of the nourifhing veflels.

The vertebra of the loins are five in number; and belong to the abdomen or
lower belly : they are thicker and greater than thofe of the breaft, becaufe they
uphold them, and the lowermoft are biggeft. Their figure is long and femi-circu-
lar J their fubftance fpongy, and full of holes to give pafTage to the veins ; their
connexion is loofer than that of the back, that we might the more eafily ftoop to
the ground.

The OS Jacruni is broad and immovable, being the bafis or foundation of the back^
upholding the whole frame of the vertebrse. In infants^lis commonly compofed of
fix bones united by a cartilage, but in men of ripe years it feems but one bone at
the firft view, yet, being boiled a long time in oil, it is divided for the moft part
into fix feveral vertebrje; for each of them has a body, and proceffes, and has a
large hole to receive the fpinalis medulla. ,But in this they differ from the other
vertebrse, becaufe in thofe the lower parts is the bigger, but in thefe the fmaller ;
wherefore, the uppermoft is the biggeft, and the lowed the leaft. Its figure is almoft
triangular ; in its fore-part hollow, fmooth, and even ; in its hinder-part, bunching
and rough, with little holes to fend out nerves.

The OS coccygis, the crupper or rump-bone, is under the former, confiding of
three bones and two griftles, and is called os coccygis, the cuckoo's bill, from the
likenefs thereof. It is joined by a cartilage; for the firft bone of it has a fmall hol-
lownefs which receives the laft vertebras of the os facrum. Of thefe three bones,
the lower is ftill the fmaller : and, in men, they are bent inwards to ftay the great
gut and the fphinder mufcle which are tied to it ; -but in women they bend outward
to give way to the womb in the time of travail, Thefe bones are of a fpungy and
foft fubftance, and have neither procefs nor any hollownefs. Their union with the os
facrum is loofe, to give way for the exclufiwi of large excrements ; for otherwife a

luxation

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ^1

luxation might happen, caufing exceeding great pains; as in hard labour it nov^
•fometimes happens.

The OS inmminatum, the hoop-bone, or flank-bone, confifts of three bones, viz.
OS ilium, OS ijcbitim, and cs pubis, all which are joined together by griflles till about
the feventh year: afterwards, efpecially in thofe of ripe years, the cartilages being
dried, they feem to be but one bone. Thefe three bones, together with the os facrum,
make that cavity which is called pelvis, the bafon or bowl, which is bigger in a wo-
man than in a man, that the womb of a woman with child may the better reft upon it.
In hard labour the fliarc-bone, or os pubis, and the os facrum, will part, the carti-
lages and ligaments (being bedewed with fuperfluous humidity) giving; way. i. Os
ilium, the huckle-bone, fo called becaufe it contains, the gut ilium, is the firft part,
the higheft, the broadeft, and the greateft, in figure femi-circular, arched without
and hollow within: the femi- circle is cdW^A Jpind, the arched part dorjum, and the
hollow part cojla. i. Qs pubis^ the fhare-bone, is feated in the fore-part j and is
parted in the middle by a cartilage not very hard: it is joined to the bone of the
other fide by fynchondrofis, which in women is twice as thick and as wide as in men,
that thefe bones in child-bearing may not be luxated or disjointed, but only loofened
and made wide for the coming forth of the child. 3. Os ifchium, the hip-bone, is the
lower and more outward part, wherein is a large and deep cavity, called acetabulunty
the faucer, or pixis, the box, which receives the large head of the thigh-bone : the
cartilaginous procefs of this cavity, is'caWed /upercillum, the brow. Thzcoxendix is
placed between the huckle and fhare bones, and is knit to the os facrum by a double
ligament; the one is inferted into the fharp procefs of the hip ; the other behind in-
to its appendix, that the inteftinum redumJi^id its mufcles may befufl:ained.

The cofice, or ribs, in figure refemble a bb'w, or fegment of a circle ; their original
from the vertebrae is narrower and rounder, growing broader as they come to the
breaft: in their upper fides they are blunt and thick; in their under part fharp and
thin : the uppermoft ribs are more crooked and fhorter; the middlemoft are longer
and broader ; the lower are cut again fhorter. Their fubflance is partly cartilaginous,
and partly boney, the boney part being towards the vertebr/e; where they are fur-
nifhed with two little apophyfes or knobs: the firft of which is articulated with tb€
hollow of the vertebra: the fecond is joined to the tranfverfe procefs of the vertebra:
but the five lower ribs by a fimple knob. The number of the ribs are twelve on
each fide: feldom thirteen, more rarely eleven : and, when they are fo found, you
may count their numbers either fupernumerary or deficient. They arc two- fold,
viz. either legitimate and true, or illegitimate and falfe. The true or legitimate are
the feven upper ribs, becaufe they touch the breaft-bone by their length) and make

as

68 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

as it were a circle : they alfo make a perfeft articulation with the bread- bone. The
illegitimate or baftard ribs are the five lower ribs, which are fhorter, fmaller, and
foftcr, not reaching to the breaft-bone: they are femi-circular and arched without,
hollow within: they terminate into longer griftles than the true ribs, which, being
turned back upwards, ftick one to another, the laft excepted, which is the lead, and
fticks to none. The eleventh rib, and fometimes the twelfth, are tied to the fep-
tum tranfverfum; and fometimes the laft grows to the oblique defcendent mufcles
of the belly, without the midriff; or has the circumfcriptioii of its proper mufcle.
The ufe of the ribs is to defend the breaft, and the heart, lungs, and other bowels,
therein contained; as alfo to help the motion of the breaft and parts adjacent, in
fuftaining the mufcles and fleftiy parts thereof.

The fiernumy or breaft-bone, is placed upon -the fore-part of the cheft, and refts
upon the ribs : its fubftance is partly boney,. but fpungy and red; partly griftly ;
its figure is convex, broad, and long. It is compofed of three bones, as may be
feen in young people ; but in old meti it commonly appears but one : they are di-
ftinguiftied by tranfverfe lines, and are knit together by the fynchondrofis, for
griftles are interpofed like ligaments. Under this is the pit of the ftomach, where
the upper and left orifice is, czWeA Jcrobiculus cordis. The ufe of the fternum is,
firft, to defend the heart (like a fhield.) from outward dangers : fecondly, to up-
hold the mediaftinum : thirdly, to colled: and faftet^jhe ribs.

The collar-bones, being in number two, ar'e called clavicidie, keys, becaufe they
fliut up the breaft or thorax; and as it were lock the fcapula, ar fhoulder- blades, to
the fternum. They are fituated crofs-wife, under the lower part of the neck, on the
top of the thorax on each fide: externally, they are convex, on the infide a little
concave: their fubftance is thick, but fiftulous and fpungy, and therefore eafiiy
broken; their fuperficies are rough and uneven. Their ufe is to aftift in the various
motions of the arms ; as alfo to uphold the ihoulder-blades, that they ftiould not
fall upon the breaft, together with the ftioulder-bone ; moreover the bone of the
arm refts upon this bone, as upon a prop, that it may be the' more eafiiy moved
upwards and backwards. Hence brutes have no collar-bone, the ape, fquirrel,
kedge-hog, and moufe, excepted.

The ftioulder-blade is a broad and thin bone, refting upon the upper ribs behind,
like a fiiield. Its fubftance is hard and folid; its figure almoft triangular, the out-
fide fomewhat arched, but the infide hollow; it has alfo a fpine or fharp point,
looking both above and beneath the cavities, called interjcapulia. In the infide of
this bone, about the middle, there is a hole, by which a vein doth pafs for its
Houri/hment. It has five epiphyfes, three at the infide, and two at the bafis: it has

alfo

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 69

alio ligaments, which join its head to thc'/jumerus and the acromion, or fhoulder to
the c/avicula : and common, thin, and membranous, ligaments, which compafs the
joint of the fhoulder-blade and arm. Its ufes are, i. to ftrengthen the ribs : 2. for
the articulation of the humerus and clavkula: 3. for the infcrtion of the mufdos :
4. to cover the heart, and defend the back from being hurt.

Os hrachiii or bone of the arm, called alfo the fhoulder-bone, is but one, great,
ftrong, long, roundifli, and uneven. Its fubftance is hard and folid j it is hollow all
along within, containing marrow, but at the two ends more broad, and a little fpun-
g\'. In its upper part it has an appendix, epiphyfis, or great head, growing to it ;
which is round, covered with a griftlej and articulated with the Jcapula or diar-
throfis. In the top of it is alfo a long chink, through which the nervous head of
the mujciilus biceps doth pafs. The longer part is articulated to the ulna and radius,
where there are two apophyfes ; an external, which is lefs, and crufted with a griftle ;
and an internal, having two cavities, reprefenting a pulley, with which the cubit is
joined by ginglymus, fo that it may be bent to a moft acute angle, but not ex-
tended beyond a right line.

The bones of the cubit, or elbow, are two: the fmaller above, called radius, and
a larger below, called k/w*?. They are fliorter than the ftioulder, have epiphyfes on
either fide, and, refting mutually one upon another, are joined by a membranous
ligament : above, the idna receives the radius-, but below, the radius receives it.
Their fubftance is firm and folid ; they are long, and contain a marrowy fubftance ;
but their furface is fomewhat rough, by reafon of the lines appointed for the
mufcles.

Carpus, the wrift, hath eight diftinft bones, all of them unequal, and differing in
Ihape and magnitude. At firft they are griftles, afterwards fpungy bones, covered
with very ftrong griftly ligaments, which faften them together as if they were but
one bone : thefe ligaments, nrifing from the lower procefl'es of the ulna and radius,
ferve for articulation : but there are angular or ring-fhaped ligaments, which are
tranfverfe, and compafs the wrift, to comprehend, ftrengthen, and fafely carry, the
tendons, which pafs through the carpus ; thefe are many, though they feem to be
but one ligament, the internal comprehend the tendons of the mufcles which bend
the fingers ; the external the tendons of the mufcles which extend them.

The metacarpus, or palm of the hand, has four bones, of a hard and folid fub-
ftance, and hollow, containing marrow ; they are round, and bigger th'an thofe of
■ the fingers ; that which anfwers to the fore-finger is biggeft, and {o ftill the lower-
moft are fmaller. Between each bone a diftance is left for the mnjctdi interojl^i of
the fingers : and in the palm there is a tranfverfe ligament, "which ties the bones of
31. r ' ' the

70 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

the fingers to the tnetacarpium. Above and beneath they have epiphyfes t by the
upper, they nre joined to the carpus, or wrift j by the lower, they enter into the
hollownefs of th^e fingers.

The bones of the fingers are in number fifteen, each of them having three bones,
and anfwering the bones of the metacarpus, the thumb excepted. The thumb has no
connci^^ion with the bones of the metacarpiuin, becaufe it is articulate with the wrift,
with a manifcft motion j whereas the bones of the palm are joined to the wrift with-
out manifeft motion; as alfo becaufe the upper joint of the thumb is fhorter thait
the bones of the metacarpium, and not anfwerable to them. Each finger has liga-
ments on their infides, according to their length, like channels,, whereby they are
faftened one to another.

The thigh has but one bone, which is the greateft and longeft in the whole body.
In its fuperior extremity, the head is round, to which a flender part is added, called
the neck ; from the neck are two apophyjes produced;^ to which the mufcles, called
rotatoreSy are faftened, and therefore they are called trochanters. The lower part of
the thigh has two lov/ prominences or heads, called condyli, a cavity being left be-
tween of a thumb's breadth, through which the veflels pafs, with a nerve of the
fourth pair, which cavity alfo admits the middle and eminent apophyfis of the tibia
or leg : in like manner the condyli are received by the cavities of the leg, by a loofe
articulation, Z2^\t^ ginglymus : the inner of thefe heads is more thick, the outer more
broad and flat. The upper part of this articulation is called the knee, the hinder-
moft the ham.

The patella, or knee-pan, is fomewhat round, about two inches broad; plain,
without having many holes, but within bunched, and there covered with a carti-
lage*: Its fubftance in young children is cartilaginous, but in grown perfons boney ;
its figure is almoftlike a buckler or fnield; its fituation is upon the jointing of the
thigh and leg, where the knee is encompafled with a membranous ligament, the
patella excepted. It grows to, and is faftened by, certain thick tendons of fome
mufcles of the thigh ; as the fecond, third, and fourth, mufcles, which extend the
til>ia, and pafs by the knee to it, and are inferted into the fore- knob of it : its ule
is taken from its fituation, being fet before the thigh-bone and tii>ia, to ftrengthen
the articulation, left the thigh-bone, in going down any hill, ftiould flip out for-
wards ; as alfo to defend the tendons of the mufcles.

The fhank, or leg, is compofed of two bones; the one, being the inner and the
greater, is called tibia ; the othzt fibula. 'Tibia, the fhank-bone, has in its upper
part a procefs in the middle, which is received by the cavity of the thigh-bone. It
is joined to the thigh-bone by ginglymus : the Ji^ula only cleaves to the tibia, and

touches

AND FAMILY D I S P E N S A T O R T. 7*'

touches not the thigh-bone. In the lower part there is an apophyfis void of flefh,
flicking out with a bunch near the foot, which is called mallcclus ititeniusy the inner
ancle-bone: as the procefs of the fibula is called malleolus externus, the outward
ancle- bone. Fibula, the button, (becaufe it feems to button together the mufcles
of the Ihank,) which is alfo called fura, the calf, is a firm bone, Jbeing drawn along:
before the tibia without, as the radius before the cubit. The up^ser end with its
round head fubfifls beneath the knee ; but, with its hollowsefs, it receives the la-
teral knob, which is under the epiph\Tis in the upper end of the tibia. In the mid-
dle there is a diltaiice between the tibia and fibula ; in which fpace is a thin broad
ligament, joining thefe bones in longitude, and where alfo the mufcles of the feet
are placed.

The bones of the tar/us, or Inftep, are feven. Afiragalos, the game bone, to
which are joined the great and fmall focile. Plerna, the fpur of the foot, or heel-
bone, into which the greatcft and ftrongeft chord or tendon in the whole body is
inferted. Os naviculare, from its likenefs to a boat; it is long, bunched without,
and hollow within, and covered with a cartilage. Os tejfe}\e, or die-fliaped bone,
becaufe it hath fix fides ; it is greater than the reft, and placed before the heel, joined
to the fourth and fifth bone of the metatarfus : in the hinder with the heel-bone : the
other fides are joined to no bones. Cuneiformia, calcoidea, the wedge-like bones,
or bones of the foot, and are articulated with the fcaphoides, or os naviculare : be-
ing joined, they reprefent a vault: for above they are convex, beneath hollow, to
receive the tendons and mufcles.

The metatarfus, orfole of the foot, has five bones, which are folid withctit, hol-
low within, longer than the bones on the back of hand, and knit to the bones of
the tarfus. That which ftays the great toe is the thickeft, that which ftays the next
toe is the longeft, the next is ftiorter, and the reft each ftiorter in order. The lower
end of that which ftays the great toe, is received by the cuneiforme majus : the fe-
cond, by the cuneiforme minus : the third, by the third wedge-like bone: the other
two, by the two tops of the os cubiforme.

The bones of the toes are in number fourteen: the great toe has only two, the reft
three apiece. They are folid without, hollow v/ithin; and have three joints and two
procefles, anfwering in all things to the bones of the hand. The lowermoft joints
have two knobs, received by the ends of the middlemoft joints, but the uppermoft
receiveth : the uppermoft joints have alfo a deep hollownefs, becaufe they receive
the ends of the bones of the foot.

I. There are certain little bones called /^^»2/;;/« ox Jejamoidea, being almoft like
feeds, both in form and magnitude, being for the molt part in number fifty -eight.

hey

74 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,
They are round and a little flat, and lefs in the feet than in the hands, excepting
rhofe in the preat toe, 2. They are mofl: commonly twelve in each hand, or twen-
ty-four in both hands, and fo many in each foot. They grow to the tendons of the
mufcles which move the fingers and toes, under which they lie, wrapped up in the
lio-aments, and come away in cleanfing the bones, unlefs great care be ufed. The
ufes of thdt /efamcidean bones are to defend the tendons; to ftrengthen the joints,
and preferve them from luxation.

The annexed plate demonftrateth the feeleton, or bones, of the human body,
which confifts of 239, exclufive of the Jefamoideans, os hyoides, and bones of the
cars; which, being added, would make the total number 308.

1. Os frontis, or frontal bone; 2. futura coronalis, or coronal future; 3. vertex
finifter; 4. fatura fquamofa ; 5. procefllis oflis fphenoides; 6. os temporis, or tem-
poral bone; 7. procefTus maftoideus; 8. os maii; 9. ofla nafi, or bones of thenofej
10. II. the fuperior and inferior maxillary bones ; a. vertebrae of the neck; b. ver-
tebrae of the back ; c. vertebree of the loins; 12. os facrum; 13. the fternum, or
breaft-bone; +. the coft«; 14. the clavicula, or clavicles; 15. thefcapulaj 16.
the humerus, or arm-bones ; 17. the ulna; 18. the radius; 19. the carpus, or wrift ;
d. the metacarpus; e. the pollex; i. ofia digitorum manus; 20. the os ilium; 0. the
OS ifchium ; 22. the OS pubis; 23. tuber ifchii; 24. foramen magnum; 25.0s femo-
rls; r. coUum oflis femoiis; s. caput oflis femoris; 26. the trochanter major; 27.
the trochanter minor; /. the patella; 28. the tibia; 29. the fibula; u. the talus; 30.
the calcaneus i 31. themetatarfusj z. ofia digitorum pedes.

Of the abdomen, or BELLY in GENERAL.

THE abdomen is all that part, diftinguifiied within (by the midriff) from the cheft
to the OS fuhis. It is bounded by the cartilago mucronata, vertebrae of the loins, os
Jflcrum, hip-bones, os pukis, and the baftard ribs on either fide. It is divided into
three regions or parts : firft, the uppermoft, called epigajlrium, each fide of which
}S called hypochondrium, lyiiig under the griftles of the fhort ribs : it is bounded be-
tween the cartilago mucronata : fecondly, the middle part, called regio umbilicalis,
which extfnds from three inches above the navel to three inches below it : the
lower part, called hypogajlrimn ; the lateral parts are called inguinay the groins ; in the
light fides of which, are parts of colon and ccecum, which are tied together ; in the
left, a great part of the colon and intejlinum reSfmn ; the fore part of it is called
fyqualiculus, and the lower pari, which is covered with hair, is called pubes, the
^are ; the hair begins to appear here in girls about the twelfth year, but in boys
p.oout the fourteenth year, of age. Under this region in women are contained the
bladder, matrix, and iriteftmim return.

1 The

il?J5

T/j<'Bo7f/\i\ Of /[/////^fn . '

-■' o

s.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY, yj

The peritoticsum is Co called from ftretching and fpreading about, being drawn
over all the parts between the midriff and thighs. Its original is from the firft for-
mation, at the third vertebra of the loins, where it is thicker, fo that it cannot, in that
place, be feparated without breaking. The mufcles of the belly being taken away,
the peritoneum comes in view : it is tied above to the midriff; below to the fliare
and flank bones; in the fcre-part firmly to the tranfverfc mufcles, but chiefly to their
tendons about the linea alba; behind to the flcfliy heads of thefe mufcles. It is fper-
niatical, cokl and dry by nature, and of a fubfl;ance not fimple and uniform, but
double, aiid unequal in thicknefs. It is a membrane double in all places, but it is
nioft apparent about the vertebr.T of the loins, where, between the duplications, lie
the vena cava, the aorta, and the kidneys. Its ufe is to fend connections to all the
parts ; to bcftow coats upon all the bowels of the abdomen : to give a covering to
the diaphragm, liver, and fplcen; to produce the ligament which upholds the liver;
to make a communion with all the principal parts by veins, arteries, and nerves; to
produce the omentum; and, by its reduplication, the mefentery.

The omextum, or caul, fo called, becaufe it floats or fwims upon the guts: it lies
under the peritoneum, and is fituated at the liver, fpleen, and bottom of the flomach:
in fome it ceafes at the navel, in others it falls below the navel, and fometimes it
teaches to the os pubis, where it is inferted. It is a thin membrane, endowed wirh
much fat, double, and disjoined. In men,, when it defcends into the fcrotum, it
caufes the rupture epiploceie, which happens mofi: commonly on the left fide, becaufe
it is extended rather to the left than to the right fide. Its fubftance is membranous,
that it might admit dilatation and extenfion ; it is compaft, to hindervthe diffipation
of the internal heat, and to repel the external cold : it is tied to the fl:omach, being
a middle part between the colon and the fpleen. Its ufes are. to cherifli and ftrengthen
the internal heat of the flomach and inteflines ; to give nourifliment to the parts
in time of famine; to contain the humours flowing from the intertines, which the
glandulus cannot receive wholly at one time; to prop up the branches of the veins
and arteries of the flomach, duodenum, colon, and fpleen; and to generate the fat.

The ftomach, called ventricidus, from its cavity, is fituated in the epigaflrium, a
place encompaffed with no hones, that it might flretch the more eafily, inunediatcly
under the midriff, which it toucheth, fo that, if it be too full, it caufeth a difficulty
of breathing, by hindering the motion of it. In the fore-part and on the right fide,
it is covered with the hollow of the liver; in the left by the fpleen ; fo that the fto-
mach is as it were between twofires, bending a little towards the left hypochondrium,
and towards the back part it leans on the aorta, the cava, and the pancreas, which
helps its heat. It is lefs in women than in men, to give way to the diftenfion of the

3 1- ^ matrix,.

74 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

matrix, and it is compofed of three tunldes j the outvv'aidmoft is common from the
pcritoiixum, and is thethickeft; the middlemoft is proper to itfelf, and flefhy; the
innermoft is from the dura meninx, and wrinkled, as alfo hairy like a piece of filk :
this is continued with the tunicle of the c3efophagus, mouth, and lips, that nothing may-
be received in which is ungrateful to the ftomach : hence it is, that, when choler is in
the ftomach, the tongue is bitter and yellow. It is fpungy, and "has paflages like
ihort fibres, from this inner furface to the outward, that the thinner chylus may be
the better detained. The inmoft coat ferves chiefly for fenfe j the middlemoft for
the office of motion ; and the third, that it might be as a covering for the whole.
The ftomach has two orifices, and both of them in the upper region thereof; the
left is called os Jlomachi, the right the pylorus, or porter : the os Jtcmachi, or left ori-
fice, has orbicular fibres, that, the meat and drink being once received within the ca-
pacity of the ftomach, it may, by a natural inftinft, exadlly fhut up the mouth of the
ftomach, left the fumes and heat fhould break out, which might not only go into
the brain and breed difeafes there, but alfo hinder concodtion. The right orifice is
of equal height with the other; left the meat and drink fhould flip through before
they ar« digefted. It is not wide like the former, becaufe it is to tranfmit the elabo-
rated chyle, which is done by the ftrength of the ftomach, in contradting itfelf.
Wherefore the. pylorus, befides its tranfverfe fibres, has a thick and compad circle,
reprefenting the fpinder mufcle, that it might the more eafily fhut and open. The
ftomach has arteries from the ramus ccsliacus, which accompany every vein, that
blood may be fupplied from the heart for nourifhment of the part : it has likewife
many nerves; viz. two in its orifice from the ftomach-branches, which being pro-
duced, after thay.have run back in the thorax, and furnifhed the lungs and pericar-
dium, are covered with ftrong membranes. Thefe fo crofs one another, that they
are carried obliquely, and without doubt with greater fafety. The right branch
compafTes the fore and left part of the mouth of the ftomach j the left branch, the
hinder and right part of the fame : from thefe branches of nerves are fent down-
wards, to the very bottom; a branch goes from the left nerve, along the upper part
of the ftomach, to the pylorus, which it infolds with certain branches, and goes to
the hollow of the liver : other two nerves alfo go to the bottom of the ftomach,
from the branches which run along by the roots of the ribs. Hence it is, that, when
the brain is hurt, the ftomach is fick, and falls a vomiting, as in a vertigo hemicrania,
&c. alfo, when the ftomach is affefted, the head and brain are ill, or afflidted with
pain ; and by reafon that the orifice of the ftomach is fo compafTed with nerves, as
if it were altogether made of nerves, it becomes of a moft exquifite fenfe ; and hence
it is that vomiting fo often fucceeds in many difeafes, where there is a confent of

parts

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 75

parts with the ftomach. The ftomach is the feat of hunger, and does the firfl of all
parts feel the want of food; (afterwards the other parts by faintnefs and uiiiverfal
debilityi) for, the blood being fpent upon the nourifliment of the body, the fibres
of the internal membrane of the ftomach are contrafted, and fo this pain, which is
called hunger and thirft, is caufed.

The intejiims, or guts, begin at the pylorus and end in the anus or fundament.
They are called intcftina, or inwards, bccaufe they are in the inmofl: feat of the body.
They are of a round figure, that they might the better contain the nourifliment; of
a membranous fubftance, the better to have conftridlion and dilatation ; and indeed
their fubftance is almoft the fame with the ftomach, having three coats, one com-
mon and external, being bred immediately from the mefenterium, but mediately
from the peritonaeum. The fecond, which is the middlemoft, is proper, being mem-
branous, ftrong, and furniftied with flefhy fibres. The third, which is the inner-
moft, is alfo proper, nervous, and lined with a crufty fubftance, framed of the ex-
crements of the third conco(5tion of the guts, glazed as it were with a mucus or
phlegmatic fubftance, bred in the firft concoftion, by which excoriation is not only
hindered, when ftiarp humours pafs through the guts, but alfo by its aftiftance the
expulfion of the foeces is furthered. This internal membrane has fuch a crufty
fubftance, that the mouths of the meferaic veins might not be flopped ; and that
neither they nor the coat itfelf might be made callous by the continual thoroughfare
of the chyle. The fibres of the internal membrane of the fmall guts are oblique,
but of the external coat tranfverfej becaufe thefe are appointed for the retention
and expulfion of the chyle ; but, in the thick guts, the inner coat has tranfverfe
fibres, the outward has oblique and ftraight, becaufe they are appointed for the ex-
pulfion of the excrements: the inner membrane alfo of the fmail guts is full of
•wrinkles to ftay the chylus from pafling too foon. As to the length of the inteftines,
they are in general fix times as long as the whole body : it is wonderful that the
guts (of fo great a length) ftiould be comprehended in fo fmall a compafs, fo as that
they are not above a fpan diftant from the centre. They have a motion, which is
periftaltic, or the worm-like motion, by which they move themfelves all over by a
contradlion from the upper parts downwards ; moreover they have many turnings
and windings, or bendings, which ferve to keep the nutriment, till the concodlion is
perfedly finifhed, and chyle diftributed.

The mejentery is fo called, becaufe it is the middle of the guts. It is one In

number, but divided into two parts, the mejareum and mejocohn. By the mejareum^

the fmall guts are knit togethepi by xhettiejocolon, the thick guts are tied together.

The fubftance of the mefentery is a double membrane, one above another. Its fitua-

3 tion

76 C U L P E P E R 's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

tion is in the middle of the abdomen, flicking to the tranfverfe proce/Tes of the ver-
tebra by ligaments, whence is its original : for it arifes from the firft and third ver-
tebra of the loins, where membranous fibres are produced from the peritoneum,
which turn into ftrong membranes. The vefTels of the mefentery are veins, arteries,
and nerves, which pafs to and from the guts, between the membranes. The veins
are called rncjercide-, and they are tworfold, viz. Janguinece and laElea, both which are
almoft innumerable. The ven^-ejangidiue, or mejcraicce, receive the blood from the
arteries, after nourifhing of the parts, and fo convey it back again to the liver.
The verij: la£fe<e, afcending from the guts, and carrying the chyle, do centre in the
glandules, or receptacles of the chyle. Thefe glandules of the mefentery, are to prop
up and fupport fundry diftributions of the branches to the vena porta and arteria
magna; and hence it is, that about the centre of the mefentery are the greateft ker-
nels, becaufe there is the diftribution of the greater and more colleded veflels : if
thofe become fchirrhous, an atrophy, or extenuation of the whole body, viz. a wafting,
leanncfs, and pining, follow, becaufe the paffing of the chyle is hindered, where-
by the nourifhmentof the body is loft. Their fubftance in men is glandulous and
folid, like other glands of the mefentery, watered as it were with the ven,e laEiexy
yet capable of chyle in their leafl: corners. Their connection is in the hinder part
'vertelrce lumhares : in the fore part they are joined to the mefentery by fmall milky
branches, which carry the chyle to thefe fountains or receptacles. Theufe of thele
milky gteidules is to receive and contain the chyle coming from the vena laStea of
the meiCT?tery : as alfo to digeft and prepare it by the help of the neighbouring hot
veflelsj viz. -the artery and vein, and then, being prepared, to thruft it out into the
thoraices, ahd other parts, as the liver, which is eafily proved by ligature; for, if thefe
laSle<e, whether in the thorax or going to the liver, be bound, they always fwell on
that fide next to the glandules or mefentery, and grow empty on the other fide :
they alfo fqueeze out the ferum, being feparated from the chyle in that light prepa--
ration, and expel it either into the veins adjacent to them j or into the ernulgent ar-
teries, to which they fend branches; or into the capfuloe atribilarije, appointed for
melancholy ; or, laftly, into the doubling of the peritoneum, in which they abide,
which is fometimes the caufe of the dropfy afeites : and herein we have reafon why
a dropfy is many times ended by diuretics and diflblved by urine j and how thofe,
who are extreme drinkers, do fo immediately evacuate what they have drunk ; for
that the ordinary way through the liver, heart, arteries, emulgent veins, ureters,
and bladder, is vaftly longer, and more tedious : hence alfo the caufe is feen, why, in
a real diabetes, the drink is fo voided through the bladder in a very fhort fpace, as
ft is received, without change ofconfiftency, colour, tafte, orfmellj hence too ap-
pears.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 77

pears the reafon of an atrophia of the parts, efpecially thofe of the thorax, which
draw the chyle out of the milky receptacles ; for that they are fometimcs prertcd to-
gether, whereby the diftribution of the chyle is obArufled: fometimes alfo they arc
inflamed, tumified, and affli>5led with a fchinhus. Hence it is that lithontriptic or ne-
phritic medicaments do prefently eafe fuch as have a pain in their reins: as likewife
cantharides, and fuch as incite to luft, do immediately, without flopping the pafTage,
come to the arteries emulgent and fpermatic; becaufe that, in the accuftomcd jour-
ney, (much the longer way,) the virtues of the medicaments would eafily be ener-
vated. And here the reafon is obvious why diuretic and nephritic medicaments
make fuch an impreflion of fmell and colour in urine, as is manifeft in caffia, turpen-
tine, juniper, afparagus, and other like things. Many of the latfleac of the mefen-
tery, coming through the greater glandules, and the fides of the porta;, are grafted
into the liver. Their entrance is about the third lobe, to which many of the lad:c£
from the mefentery and appendices of the ftomach do come. From the upper part of
the milky glandules, immediately under the diaphragm, there arife as many milky
branches as there are glandules, which, through the middle of the fpine pierce the
diaphragm, and, by mutual infertion, two of them are joined about the firft verte-
bra of the loins; another branch, coming out of the fecond glandule, abou: the
twelfth vertebra of the back, enters a little above the other infertion ; but the third,
rifing from the third glandule, is to be feen near the eleventh vertebra, from whence
it arifes as a folitary branch, through the middle of the back, by the fide of the aorta,
and the vein azygcs, between both, under the ccjo-phagus, to which it is firmly knit
by its membranes. Thefe milky thoracics, departing from the fpinal (about the
third or fifth vertebraof the back), through the midft of which they crept all this way,
turn a little to the left, and creeping up under the cefophagus and aortas and under the
fubdavial artery and the glandules o(th^ thymus, they go forward to the left davicula
and left axillary vein; they enter the vein juft where the outward jugular po;irs it-
felf forth into the axillary afore-m.entioned. From hence we learn, that thefe iliora-
cics carry the chyle out of the milky glandules or receptacles of the mefentery to the
fubclavials; but the la£leamejeraica carry the chyle from the intcftines either to rhc
receptacle or to the liver: alfo that the chyle goes not ^o the head nor to the joints,
but is carried to the heart with the blood that runs down in circulation, where it i.>
changed into the fanguineous humour : and hence the laiftcte of the thorax receive
their reflx)rative force from nutriment, cordials, and medicaments, out of the ilo-
mach or a-fcphagus, by the glanduLc lalfe.e, and carry them flraitway to the heart :
whence it is, that drinking vinegar, wine, cordials, and other like things, fo imaiedi-
ately caufes the ftrcngth to be reftored ; and prefently at meat a man is ftrcngthencd,
31. X and

78 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

and his hunger flayed : this virtue is conveyed by the milky branch which is
near the oefophagus, and the fhort paflage of the reft of the la6teae to the heart :
alfo vuh:eraty potions and peroral drinks come a fhorter and furer way to
the heart and lungs, to which, by the long way about through the bowels and
veins, they could not come fo fafely and fecureiy ; and by the fame reafoii poi-
fons as fwiftly overcome the heart, infetfl the vital fpirits, and deftroy their
harmony.

The liver is an organic part, and an inftrument of the blood, (both for generating
and perfecting it,) feated in the abdomen, jufl: under the diaphragma or midriff, in
the right hypchondritm, about a finger's breadth diftance therefrom ; it is covered
by the ribs for fafety, but covers, or lightly r^fts upon, a great part of the ftomach.
It is divided as it were into two parts by the umbilical vein, which, after the birth,
ferves it for a ligament. It is faid to be the original or beginning of the veins, be-
caufe therein the roots of the two greateft veins appear difperfed, viz. of the cava
und porta, as roots implanted in the earth j alfo here are to be feen inferted, trunks
and branches of the ve/;a laSieif, arifing from the pancreas mefenterii. It is a great,
thick, and hard, body ; of a red colour, confifting of a fubftance proper to itfeif,
fitted and ordained for that end. It diflfers from the livers of beafts, in that it has
feldom any lobes, yet the hollow part of it has a fiflure or chink, where the umbili-
cal vein is implanted. Its magnitude is exceeding great, beyond all the other vi/tera;
and bigger in man than in any other living creature, the proportion of body being
confidered ; and this feems to be neceflary, confidering the noble ufes and functions
to which it is ordained. The aftion of the liver is fanguification; for the chyle, be-
ing conveyed to the liver by the vena laSfea, is there fanguified, or made chymus; for
the fubftance of the liver doth not only fuftain the veins, but is alfo the efficient of
fanguification, and of perfefting the blood by its circular motionj and, together
with the blood, it generates natural fpirits.

The gall -bladder and choler-channel are fituated on the right fide of the liver, in
the under or hollow part thereof. The branches of both thefe, together with the
branches of the vena port te, are comprehended in a common bladder, called capfula.
Thefe branches of the vefica fellis, and du£fus choledochus, or bitiarius, being detained
in the liver, are difperfed through its \sY.o\q parenchyma^ every where included in the
afore- named capfula, which is red, about the thicknefs of an artery, and takes its ori-
ginal from the peritona;um. The gall-bladder is a veflel long and round, much tike
a pear, hollow, furnilhed with a double membrane. Its magnitude is fmall, com-
pared to the fpleen or kidneys, being about two inches in length, and in fome perfons
nearly three inches. The ufe of the gall is, i. to caufe a new and moreperfefl fer-
mentation

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY, 79

mentation of the chyle: 2. to prick the guts by its fliarpnefs, to ftir up their peri-
ftaltic motion, that they may drive down the chyle, and expel the excrements: 3. to
mix with the chyle in fuch proportion, that being converted into blood, the blood
might thereby be kept from congelation.

I'o illuftrate this fubjed more amply, we have fuhjoincd a reprefentation of the
liver of a new-born child, where A A A A reprefents the circumference of the liver j
B B B 6, the lower part of the [iver, in which there are feveral irregularities; C, the
gall-bladder; D, the umbilical vein, running wi:h a fingle trunk from the navel to
the liver; EE EE, the finufes of the vena portae, into which alone the umbilical
vein inferts itfelf, with a fingle trunk; F, the trunk of the vena ports; cut off;
G G G G, the principal branches of the finus of the vena portae diftributed through
the liver, which become confpicuous when a fmall part of thefuperficies of the liver
is abraded off; H, the trunk of the vena cava; 1 1, the canalis venofus, or duilus
venofus, arifing from the fuius of the vena portae, over againft the in^refs of the
umbilical vein, and inferting itfelf into the vena cava: this, in the uterus, carries a
great part, and probably the greater part, of the blood, carried through the umbi-
lical vein to the liver of the foetus, by a large paflage to the vena cava and the heart;
but this, after the birth of the foetus, gradually grows narrower and clofes ; K, the
entrance of the umbilical vein into the finus of the vena portje. To this defcrip-
tion of the external part of the liver, it may not be improper to add that of its blood-
veflels, together with their numerous ramifications, freed from the parenchymatous
fubftance. Fig. 1. reprefents the under fide of thefe veflels; A being that part of
the liver which lies next to the back; B, its right fide ; C, its anterior edge; D, its
left fide; E, the vena cava, where it pafles through the diaphragm; E i, E 2, E3,
its three principal branches, diftributed almoft through the whole liver ; F, the vena
portas turned upwards, that other vefiels may be more eafily feai; F i, F 2, F 3,
F 4, four branches of the vena portas diftributed to feveral quarters of the flat part
of the liver, but the fifth branch is not obferved on this fide; G, the gall-bladder ;
H, H, the vena umbilicalis become a ligament; I, the duiflus communis choledo-
chus ; K, the canalis venofus, now performing the office of a ligament ; L, the trunk
of the vena cava defcendens; a, a fmall portion of the membrane invefting the fi-
ver: bt that part of the diaphragm which furrounds the vena cava; c, the biliary
duft; dy the cyftic dudl; e, the place where thefe veffels meet ; /, the hepatic arte-
ry ; 0, Oy the hepatic nerves; />, />, /', f, the common capfula laid open ; q, y, the
lymphaeduds; w, w, /«, &c. the fmaller branches of the vena ports; n, ?z, «, tlie
fmall branches of the vena cava.

3 The

8o CULPEPER'3 ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Tht Jpteen, or milt, is fituated in the left fide under the fliort ribs, over againil
the liver, and under the midriff, between the ribs and the ftomach, near to the back
p?.rt. Its colour in new-bcrn infants is red, becaufe they have been fed with elabo-
rate blood ; but in thofe of ripe age it is of a darkifh red colour, and fometlmcs al-
niofl blackifh. It is connefted by thin membranes arifing from the peritonaeum, to
the peritonaeum itfelf, caul, and to the left kidney, and fometimes alfo to tht Jeptum,
or diafhragma. The action and office of the fpleen is not to be either the receptacle or
the place of the generation of melancholy, (as feveral learned men have thought,)
vrox to make blood, (as many others have imagined,) but to highly perfed the blood
already made, that it may ferve as a fermentum, both to the daily generated chyle
and all the reft of the blood in the body : the excrementitious blood which cannot
be feparated from the fpleen, if it be thin and watery, is purged out, firft, by the
arteries, not only to the guts, but alfo to the kidneys, by the emulgent veins; hence,
in difeafes of the fpleen, the urine is many times black, in which cafe we commonly
adminiftcr diuretics. Secondiv, by the ftomach; whence, in thefcurvyand aquar-
ian ague, the fick fplts exceedingly \ but, if this excrementitious blood be thick and
earthy, it is voided directly by the anus by proper arteries going to the guts, by which
means the ordure is black, as alfo by the internal hasmorrhoidal veins, as the great
Hippocrates has often fhewn.

The reins t or kidney s^ are fituated under the liver and fpleen, by the loins, between
the two coats of the peritonaeum, at the fides of the cava and aorta, under which very
great nerves lie hid, and reft upon the mufcles of the thigh: whence it is, that,aftone
being in the kidneys, a numbnefs is felt in the thigh and leg of that fide. The left
kidney is for the moft part higheft; the right is loweft to give way to the liver,
reaching by its end the third vertebra of the loins. They confift of a fubftance folid,
ftcftiy, thick, hard, and compaft, almoft as the heart, but not fo fibrous. They are
conneded by an external membrane from the peritonasum to the loins anddi^pbrtigma;
by the emulgent veflels to the cava and aorta; and by the ureters to the bladder.
The riffht kidney is tied to the ccecum, fometimes alfo to the liver: the left to the
fpleen and colon ; hence pains of the reins are exafperated by plenty of wind and ex-
crements. The colour of the flefh of the kidneys is red ; and through their hollow-
ed fides are carried the emulgent veins and arteries, proceeding from the trunks of
the cava and aorta: they have alfo emulgent arteries, which are large, and derived
from fhe trunk of the aorta, which carry blood for nouriftiment, and that therefrom
the ferum (which is plentiful in the arterial blood) may be feparated : they have alfo
one very fmall nerve on each fide, which fprings from the ramus ftomachicus proceed-
ing from the par vagum, and is inferted into the proper membrane of the kidney ;

whence

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. Zi

whence r^rifes the fympathy between the ftomr.ch and reins; and that they who art:
difeafed in the kidneys, by the ftone or fome other diftemper, are for the moft part
fick at ftomach, and troubled with vomiting. The ufe of !he kidneys is to attrad:
the fanguineous fcrofity by the emulgent arteries, that fo the mafs of blood mav be
cleanfcd: which blood, going through thefe vcfTels, is always carried through the
branches of the emulgents, diffeniinated abroad through the whoit parenchyma cf the
kidneys, and runs at length into very fmall piiffagcs, fo that at laft the v.heyiih hu-
mour is thruft quite out into the flefti of the kidneys, the good blood rcmaiiiin')
partly to nourifli them, and partly to return by the little emulgent veins, which are
open into the cava, and fo to the heart. The ferous part is ftrained through the pa*
pillary caruncles, which have holes into the branches of the ureters, and after grow
together into one cavity or cxpanfion of the ureter, into which the ferum is emptied :
tlirough the ureters it pafTcs into the bladder, where it becomes urine.

The depuij kidneys, or black choler cafes, are fo feated, that they reft upon the
upper part of the kidneys, on the outfide, where they look towards the vena cava,
being covered with fat membranes. In figure and fubftance they for the mort part
refemble the kidneys, fave that their flefh is a little loofer : fo that they feem like
little kidneys refting upon the great ones. They have an apparent internal cavity
furnifhed with a dreggy and black humour j and are ftrongly conneded, wlierc
they reft, to the external membrane of the reins, and to the Jeptiun tranjverjum, ta
which they commonly ftick in diffedlion.

The ureters are white veftels, like veins, but thicker, whiter, and more nervous j
conftfting of a fingle membranous fubftance, inclofed in a duplication of the perito-
naeum. They are as long as between the kidneys and bladder, and commonly as
diick or wide as goofe-quills : but, in difteftion of perfons troubled with the ftone,
they have been fo wide as to admit of two fingers. Their original is in the kidneys,
within whofe cavities they are divided into nine or ten little pipes or channels,
which are fitted to the little fleftiy teats or caruncuh papillares, that they may diftif
•die ferum iiito the pelvis, or bafon, or large cavities of the ureters within the kid-
neys. The ureters dcfcending within the duplicature of the peritorueum, upon the
mufcles of the loins, to the bladder, are inferted obliquely into its neck ; then, af-
cending upwards between its membranes, they perforate the innermoft coat toge-
ther, and through the fame hole they both enter the bladder : in the implantation
of the ureters, two little membranes or valves are placed, like the valves in bellows,
(hutting up the paflages of the ureters, fo that the urine cannot go back. They re-
ceive fmall veins and arteries from the neighbouring parts, and nerves from the/ar
vagum, and marrow of the loins. Their ufe is to convey tlie urine from the kidneys
into the bladder.

21, r The

Ea CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

The bladder ) or receptacle of urine, isfeated between the duplicature of the peri-
tonarum, in the cavity of the hypogaftrium, which is called pelvis, or the bafon j
which in a man lies between the os pubis and inteftimtm return; in a woman, between
the cs pubis and the neck of the womb. Its figure is oval or globical, that it might
hold the more ; from the bottom it is by little and little ftraightened into a narrow
neck. Its magnitude is various ; and, according to the greatnefs of the lungs, fuch
is the greatnefs of the bladder j and fuch animals as have no lungs have no bladder ^
man, according to his magnitude, has of all living creatures the greateft bladder. Its
fubftance is partly membranous, for ftrength fake, as alfo that it might extend and
wrinkle together. It has two membranes and one mufcle, which mod anatomifts'
make to be a third membrane, and not a mufcle. The bottom is faftened to the
pcritonjeum, and to the navel by a middle ligament called urachus, and the two navel
arteries dried up. The neck of the bladder is tied in men to the inteftinum reilum j
but in women to the vagina uteri, or neck of the womb, and to the neighbouring
hip-bones. The bladder has three holes j two a little before the neck, where the
ureters are inferted, and a third in the neck, through which the urine is voided-
The neck is flefhy and fibrous, furnifhed with a fphinfter mufcle to purfe it up, that
the urine may not pafs out againft our will ; in men this neck is long, narrow, and
"Wreathed, becaufe, being placed under the bodies which eonftitute the yard, it runs-
upwards under the fhare-bones, from the fundament to the origin of the yard. \w
women it is fhort and broad, ftretched forth downwards, and implanted above inta
the neck of the womb. The bladder has arteries from the hypogaftrica in men, and
from thofe which go from the neck of the womb in women j by thefe it is nourifh-
cd ; it has veins alfo from the vena hypogaftrica implanted into the fides of its neck,,
variouily difleminated through the bladder, which are mutually conjoined one with-
another and with the arteries by open holes, that nutritive blood may return j and it.
has nerves from 'Cos. par vagmn, and from the medtdla of the osjacrum.

The fpermatic vefiels, in men called vafa preparantia, are two-fold, viz. the two-
Ipermatic veins, and the two fpermat-ic arteries. The right-fide vein fprings from
the trunk of the vena cava, a little below the rife of the emulgent, otherwife it muft
go over the aorta, and then there would be danger of breaking ; or, at leaft, by
reafon of the pulfation of the artery, the venal blood might be hindered. Both the
feminal arteries arife from the trunk of the aorta, about two inches diftant from the
eraulgents; thefe vefiels, being a little diftant one from another, are tied together
by a thin membrane from the peritonaeum. Thefe fpermatic preparers are greater
in men than in women, and the arteries are greater than the veins, becaufe very
much heat, vital fpirit, and arterial blood, are requifite to make feed. Thefe y^H^da/

are

AND FAMILY D I S P E N S A T O I^ Y. J j;

stre carried obliquely above the gretcrs to the groins ; but in their progrefs they are
joined by infinite anaftomofes or inofculations : fo that the arteries are To coupled
within the coats of the veins, as if they were butone vefTei, and they arc knit toge-
gether by a membrane arifing from the peritonaeum, and afterwards carried to the
beginning of the tefticles, like a tendril of a vine, being fo interwoven that a curious-
eye cannot diftinguifh a vein from an artery. This intertextu-re of veins and arteries
being the twiftings of the vafa preparantia, makes a long, thick, glanduloiis, but:
hard, cord, called corpus varicojian., which is without any remarkable cavity. Thcfc
vclTels do not pafs through the peritonccum, as in dogs, but are carried between its
double coat, with a ftnall nerve from thenar vagutii and the mufde cremajier, and,
pafllng to the bottom of the tefticle, end at the vas deferens. Thefe arteries carry-
blood anji fpirits (in whofe admirable windings they are more elaborated) to the-
tefticles, from whom they have a virtue feminal : with this blood the ftones are nou-
riflied, and part of it becomes feed : the veins are clofely interwoven with the arte-
ries about the tefticle, and joined to them by mutual auaftomofe j~that they may carry
back the bbod which remains unto the left emulgent, or to the vena cava on the
righi fide, from whence the fpermatic vein commonly fprings. If one or both the
fpermatic arteries be injured, or wanting, as they are fometimes, fuchperfons doubt-
lefs cannot get children, but muft neceflarily be barren.

The tefticles in men, are glajidulous bodies, flaggy, fpungy, foft, and white, with-
out any cavity, full of fmall veins and arteries, fuch as are not in any other part of
the body,. Their figure is oval, but it fometimes varies, according to the turgency
of any of the neighbouring veflels. The right tefticle is hotter, and better concodts-
the feed, than the lett : becaufe the former receives the arterial blood immediately
from the aorta, the latter from the emulgent. They are feated externally without
the abdomen, under the belly, at the root of the yard, in the fcrotum or coverin
being commonly in men anfwerable to the bignefs of a fmall hen's egg. The mem
branes being taken away, the fubftance of the tefticle comes in fight, upon which,
athwart, is placed a fmall body, called corpus vermiforme, to the one end whereof
cleaves the vas Jpsrmaticum deferens, the carrying fpermatic veflel, which enters into
the fubftance of the tefticle, and empties the feminal matter thereinto: from the
other end arifes the vas ejacidatorium, which in the beginning is full of turnings and
windings, and cleaves firmly to the tefticle, by its ends, being loofe, and feparatein-
its middle. They have velTcIs of all forts, veins and arteries from the feminal vef-
fcls, .and a large nerve {torn XhQ par vagum : fometimes alfo they have two nerves from
the twenty-firft pair of the fpinal marrow, which, being conjoined with the fperma-
tic vcffels, are carried with tJiem through the produdion of the peritonajum, and

cifleminated

g:

<84. CUt^PEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

difieminated into the tiinicles. They have on each fide one proper mufcle, called
^reinn/ier ov fufp^njor : and a comnx);i itn-.fcle, from the membrane of the fcrotum,
called dartos. The teft'icles have alfo fevexal tiinicks, coats, or coverings; of which
ttwo are common : -three proper to themfclves only. The firft common coat (which
js to defend the part) is conftituted of the flcin and fcarf-fl<;in, and is called fcrotum
or hurpjcroti, becatife it is like a purfe or bag: it is foft, wrinkled, and void of fat:
having in its lower part a line, according to the length thereof; which divides into
a right and left j^art, and is called /;i/«r^, or a Team. The fecond common coat
.■confjfts of a flefhy membrane, fpringing from the memhrana carnoja, which is here
thin;ier than in other places, and full of veins and arteries, and is called dartus: this
\yf many is comprehended under the term fcrotum. The firft proper coat is called
'vagitmlis, the fcabbard coat ; and elicoides, from its thinnefs, which is yet ftrong and
full of yeiii-s, arifing from the proccfles of the peritonasurn, and cleaving to the
dartos by many membranous fibres, whence its exterior part is rough, its interior
fmooth. The fecond proper coat is called erytkrcides, becaufe of its rednefs : it has
Tome iicfhy fibres from the cremafler, from which it is propagated, and is fpread over
the vaginalis. The third and innermoft, called aibiginea, arifing from the coat of the
iixTmatic vefTels, immediatelv encompafles the fubftance of the ftones, and as it
were binds the fame, being white, thick, and ftrong. The ufe of the tefticles is to
elaborate the feed, and to make it, by their heat and inbred faculty : for the efficient
caufe of the feed is the proper parenchyma of the tefticles, both in regard of their
hot and moift temper, and of their fpecific property j for, the blood being prepared,
they convert it into feed 5 what remains over and above ferves for nourifhment of
the part, and the remiiinder is conveyed back, by the fpermatic veins, to the
heart.

The vaja deferentta are the veflels carrying away the feed; and thefe begin at the
tefticles, and end at the root of the yard, whither they carry and ejaculate the fe-
ininal humour; being in number two, on each fide one. Now thefe vaja deferential
called alfo meatus Jeminalest are divided into three parts ; the beginning, middle,
and end : under which are comprehended, the farajirate, the vaJa ejacidaloria, the
iveficuhc Jeminales, and \hs.froftatx. The parajiratie, or aftiftants, are the beginnings
of the va/a deferentia. Their fubftance is of the middle nature, between that of
the tefticles and that of the vafa ejaculatoria, being within glandulous and fpungy,
but without membranous. They have their origin in the ftones, making many
anaftojnofes there, with the vafa freparantia, by means of innumerable fmall pipes,
jOr white fibres. The ufe of the paraflratct is to perfed and finifti the feed, by a
virtue which they receive from the tefticles, and, while the feed is lodged in them,

I ' frequent

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 85

frequent luft is not provoked. The vaja ejaculatoria are the midtlle of the vafa de-
fcjrenti.i, properly fo called ; thefe convey the feed from the paraftatas or corpora
varicoia to the veficula; feminales. Their fubftance is white and nervous : their figure
long and round, with an obfcure cavity or hollownefs : their fituation is partly in the
tefticles, partly in the cavity of the abdomen, above the cs pubis or Hiare bone ;
for they run upwards and are knit to the vafa preparantia by a thin membrane, and
fo are carried along to the flanks and fhare-bone, which for that purpofe have a
flight cavity. After being turned back downwards, they pafs above the ureters,
and under the hinder part of the bladder i above the intefiinmn re£lum, at the neck of
the bladder, they are on each fide widened, and there conftitute the feminal blad-
ders. Veftcula feminales, the feminal bladders, are the end or termination of the vafa
deferentia: after the conftitution of thefe bladders, thefe carrying veflels are united
into one fmall paflage, and are inferted into the proftata?. Thefe bladders are many
in number like little cells, and feem to make on each fide one remarkable great and
winding one, for that they go one into another, much refembling a bunch of grapes.
Their fubftance is nervous, aod they are feated between the ligaments of the blad-
der and the re»ftum, by the fides of the vafa ejaculatoria a little before the faid veflels
grow thick and unite. Their ufe is to contain the feed being perfedVed, and to re-
ferve the fame till the time of coition, that fo there may be a fufficiency for genera-
tion. The froftat,e, ftanders before, ftoppers, or conduftors, are two certain carun-
cles (in which the vafa deferentia terminate) manifeftly differing from the veficulae
feminale in ufe, form, fituation, and magnitude. Their fituation is at the root of the
yard, above the fphinfter of the bladder, on each fide at the neck thereof. Their
fubftance is fpungy, yet harder and whiter than any other kernels, and they are alfo
covered with a thicker membrane, being of exquifite fenfe, that they might caufe
pleafurein coition. They are flat before and behind, but round on the fides : their
magnitude Is ufually as big as a walnut, and they are open by certain pores into the
urethra or urinal paflage, which is evidently apparent in fuch as have died of a go-
norrhoea, where they have been dilated, and in whom the feat of that difeafe did
lodge. Their ufe is to contain a vifcous and flippery humour, to moiften the ure-
thra, for the more eafy and fpeedy paflage of the feed ; and they alfo ferve to flay
the involuntary efFufion of the feed, and to hinder its regurgitation being once e-
mitted. They terminate in a fmall caruncle upon the urethra, which as a valve ferves.
to hinder the coming of urine into them : under and by this caruncle, on each fide,
there are inconfpicuous holes, or pores, through which the feed pafles into the u-
rethra, juft as quickfilver pafles through leather, which it does by virtue of its
being replete with a vafl: quantity of fubtil and penetrating fpirits. In thefe pores.
J2. Z of

%g CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

of tht proftatae, and in the femlnal bladders, the feat of a virulent gonorrhoea
lies i and therefore, if they be broken, hurt, or dilated, either by a catheter put-
ting into the bladder, or by any other means, there follows immediately an incur-
rable gonorrhoea. The diftance between the root of the fcrotum and the podex is
called periridcum : this, as well as the p'ubes and fcrotum, is furnifhed with hair,
becaufe glandules are placed here which abound with plenty of humidity, a part
of which they fend to the flcin for the generating thereof.

The penis, or yard, is an organical pai-t, long, and roundifh, but broader on
the upper fide than where the urethra is, being the male inftrument of generation,
and appointed for the evacuation of the feed and urine. It Is feated under the os
pubis, exaflly in the middle, becaufe it is only one in number. Its magnitude is
extremely various in different fubjefts, being for the moft part larger than ordinary
in little men ; alfo in fuch as have large nofes, for the proportion of the yard very
much anfwers that of the nofe J in fuch as have thick, full, large, beards; and in
Ethiopians, or blackamoors. It confifts of a fcarf-fkin, flefhy membrane, and a
proper fubftance of its own ; but is void of fat even in the fatteft men, left thereby
its moft cxquifite fenfe /hould be dulled. Its proper fubftance is four-fo ld:firft,
the urethra ; fecondly, the glans ; thirdly and fourthly, the two nervous bodies,
one on each fide. The urethra, or paflage of the urine and feed, is a pipe of a
nervous fubftance, of the fame bignefs from the neck of the bladder (to which it
is joined) to the end of the yard, or beginning of the glans, for in the middle of the
glans it has a greater hollownefs. Its fubftance alfo is thick, loofe, and foft, like that
of the twolateral ligaments or nervous bodies. This urethra has alfo two membranes,
and a fubftance proper to itfelf. The one membrane is internal, thin, and of exquifite
fenfe, with which alfo the glans is covered; this fprings from the thin membrane
which clothes the nerves of the yard : the other is external, more thick and fleftiy,
and furniftied with nerves: the middle part, which is its proper fubftance, is loofe,
fpungy, and black, that it may be diftended or contrafted with the other parts. In
the beginning of its channel are thefe pores through which the feed is ejaculated, as
alfo a little membrane or caruncle like a valve ftretched before it, to keep the feed
and urine from returning into the fpermatic veflels : if it be broken or eroded by
fharp humours, or the uufkilful ufe of a catheter, there follows an incurable go-
norrhcea. Its ufe is to be the common pafiage of the urine and feed. Ealanus, glans,
the head or nut of the yard, is an hollowed kernel, wider in the middle than at the
external orifice: of a globular form, even, and compafled with a circle or crown. Its
fubftance is flefti, more folid than the reft of the yard, of a moft exquifite fenfe, and
covered with an exceeding thin membrane, foft and red. It is covered with the redu-

- plication

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. Bj

plication of the external ikln of the yard calkd prepu/iuw, (jnfutandn, from cutting
off,) the forefkin: this is that which the Jews cut off in circumcifing. This fkin is
tied at the root of the glans, by a certain ligament, called franum, the bridle, arifino-
from a combination of the tendons of the mufcles of the yard and a nerve, termina-
ting in the extreme hollownefs of the nut. The two' nervous bodies, or hollow litra-
nients, one on each fide, conftitute the remaining and greateft part of the yard; tha
whole fubftance whereof being like a thick fpungy artery, fluffed with flefti. Their
external fubftance is long, thick, compadl, hard, and nervous ; their internal fubftance
is fpungy, tliin, hollow, of a net-like texture, framed of innumerable twigs of veins
and arteries, of a dark-red colour, inclining to black, and filled with a great abundance
of black blood, very full of fpirits, which, waxing hot, caufes a diftention and erection
of the yard. Thefe two bodies (where they are thick and round) fpring from the
lower parts of the fhare-bone, or hip-bones, to which they are ftrongly tied with two
ligaments. In their beginnings they keep fome diftance, being feparate one from an-
other, almoft like a Y, that the urethra may pafs between them; but, when they
ceafe to remain perfeflly feparate, viz. when they come to the joining at the fliare-
bone, they lofe near a third part of their nervous fubftance; yet they ftill remain dif-
tinifl by the coming between of a fingle membranous partition, czlkd fept Ufii lucidun:.
This membrane is white, thin, tranfparent, and full of nervous fibres; it arifes
from the upper part of the commiflure of the os pubis, and upholds the faid two la-
teral ligaments, and the urethra, as a ftay, the like of which is alfo found in women.
The yard has all forts of veficls, as veins, i. external, running up and down in the
ikin, from the pudenda; 2. internal ones, from the venae hypogaftricas, which arc
fpread through its whole body. It has arteries, two internal remarkable ones, ari-
iing from the hypogaftrica, which are inferted into the beginning of the growing to-
gether of the two nervous bodies, which are fcattered up and down according to the
length of the part : but in the middle, where the feptum lucidum is thinneft, they
fend branches through the fpaces of the fibres, the right artery, into the left nervous
body, and the left into the right, carrying fpirits and blood to fill up, ereft, and
nourifti, the yard. It has two nerves from the marrow of the osfacrnm, which dif-
feminate themfelves through all parts of the yard, both internal and external ; afcen-
ding through the middle of the forked divifion, they fpread themfelves into the
mufcles, the whole body of the yard, and the glans, that there might be an exquifite
fenfe and deleftation. It has alfo four mufcles, two eredlors, and two accelerators
or ejaculators, under which mufcles lie hid the two nervous bodies.

The fpermatic veiTels in women are the fame with thofe in men, and agree in
their number, nature, original, and office; but they differ from thofe in men in the

following

U CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

following things: firft, they differ in their longitude 5 in women they are fhorter,
by reafon of the fhortnefs of the pafTage, but they have more wreathings, windings,
and turnings, where they make the corpus varicofum about the tefticle, that the
feed may have a fufficient ftay for its due preparation j fecondly, in their infertion j
in women they pafs not whole to the tefticles, as in a man, but are divided in the
midway : whence the greater part goes to the tefticles to form the corpus varico-
fum ; the fmaller part to the womb, into whofe fides it is diffeminated, efpeclally to
the upper part of the bottom, tonourifh the womb, and the child therein; and that
by thofe veffels fome part of the menftrual blood may be purged forth in fuch as are
not with child. This fmaller part is tripartite, being divided below the tefticle
into three branches, of which one runs out into the womb, as aforefaid : the fecond
is diftributed to the vas deferens, or trumpet of the womb, and to the round liga»
ment: the third creeps along the fides of the womb, infinuating itfelf among the
renae hypogaftricse, with which and the arteries they are joined by anaftomofes :
thirdly, the fpermatic veins receive the hypogaftric arteries as they pafs by the fides
of the uterus, that the blood might be the better elaborated ; and they are inter-
mixed with many wonderful anaftomofes for the preparation of feed.

The tefticles in women differ from thofe in men in thefe following things : i. in
fituatiou, for thefe are placed within the hypogaftrium, about two inches above the
bottom of the matrix, in fuch women as are not with child, being tied by certain li-
gaments : 2. in magnitude, for thefe arelefs than the tefticles in men; for by reafon
of their heat they are contracted after the woman is fourteen years of age; whereas,
before that age, they are more large, being full of white juice : 3. in their furface,
for thefe are more uneven than thofe of a man : 4. in their figure, for thefe are more
broad and flat on the fore and hinder parts; they are alfo more hollow, and fuller
of fpermatic moifture : 5. in their fubftance, being fofter, and, if you take off the
jmembrane, you will find them conglomerated or knobbed together of divers little
kernels or bladders, five or fix, or more, which contain the thick feed : 6. in their
membranes or coats, for, whereas men's have four tunicles, thefe have but one, be-
caufe they are in a clofer and warmer place j this fingle coat is called by Galen dar-
tos ; but, where they receive the feminal veffels, they are half covered over with the
peritonaeum: 7. in their conneftion, for they are knit to the fides of the uterus by
two manifeft paffages, viz. by the two upper ligaments, which are loofe and mem-
branous, and out of which, in the time of coition, the feed is caft : 8. in their ap-
pendices, thefe having no paraftatse, nor any cremafters ; but are flayed by the broad
lateral ligaments, called the bat's wings. Their ufe is, the fame as in man, to make,
elaborate, and perfeft, the feed.

a- Th«

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 89

The vaja dcferentia, in women, f^ ring from the lower part of the tefticles, and are
'either inferted with a very fl-ort pailige into the bottom of the womb, or diHemi-
rated at the trumpets of the womb, with fundry exceeding fmall fprigs, not much
unlike the vena laflas, arifing from the vafi pra;parentia, and continued with them,
though here changing their name and ufe. Their fubftance is firm, white, and
nervous. They pafs by the membranous hgaments to the matrix, nor ftraight, but
wreathed or twining, with a multitude of windings; that the fhortnefs of the way
might be recompenfed Iiy luch a labyrinth. Near the tefticles they are broad, after-
wards they become narrower, and fmaller, and about the womb they become broad
again, and are inferted into the cornua, and capacity of it. Their ufe is partly to carry
the feed to the trumpets of the womb, to be there farther perfcded, and better ela-
borated, and to be kept for ufe: and partly to carry it to the bottom of the womb,
where another branch runs into the neck, by which way alfo the feed is voided,
caufing (by reafon of the length of the way) the greater delectation. The iub^s
fallopiana (fo called from their likenefs to a trumpet of war) are two in number,
one on each fide, of a nervous, white, thick, and hard, fubftance ; and of a figure
long, round, and hollow. Thefe Spigelius calls vafa ccsca, becaufe they have but
one orifice. They arife from the bottom of the womb, at one end ; and, when they
have gone a little therefrom, they grow broader by little and littlej crifping them-
felves like the tendrils of a vine, till they come towards their ends. Then, difmifTing,
their wrinkled crifpations, and becoming very broad, they end in a certain extremity
which feems membranous and flefhy by reafon ot their red colour, and at laft become
-very torn and jagged, having large holes which lie always fhut, thofe jagged ends
ever falling in upon them, which notwithftanding, if they be opened and widened,
reprefent the broad end of a brazen trumpet. They pafs obliquely from the cornua,
over againft the tefticles, being carried by the membranous ligament, and (as it
were) half compafs the tefticles, but are diftant from them every where about half at>
inch, thev neither proceeding from the ftones nor being inferted into them ; and, as ia
their beginnings they are open, fo in their endings they are fliut up and blind, not
reaching to or being inferted into any other part. They are commonly faftened by
very thin membranes, notmuch unlikethe wings of bats or flitter-mice, throughwhicii
many veins and arteries are difteminated from the tefticles into their hollownefiTes >
by which the feed is conveyed from the tefticles into thefe tubae or trumpets. Their
infertion at the bottom of the womb is large, whence fprings a nervous pipe,
ftretched out nearly to the middle of the trumpet, that by it the feed may be fent
into the bottom of the womb: their middle is capacious, with certain little cells oc
bladders, containing white feedj after which they are wreathed and cnfped ; their

J 2, A a end

90 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

q^iid is narrower again, and blind as aforefaid. Now, what the vefic£ Jeminales are In
men to preferve the feed, fuch are thefe blind paflages in women : for they are an-
nexed to the tefticles by the aforefaid little ipembranes, through which many little
veins pafs, and by which the coacoded feed is carried, and here laid up as in a ftore-
houfe, where alfo., by the irradiation of the virtue of the tefticles, it is yet better di-
gefted, and made more perfedj from whence, in the time of coition, it is by the
cornua fent into the cavity of the womb.

The uterus matrix, or womb, is an organical part, the receptacle both of the feed
and of the child : and it is fituate in the middle of the hypogajirium, called pelvis, the
bafon, by the os facrum and flank-bones, between the inteftinum reSium and the
bladder. Its magnitude, even in virgins of big ftature, exceeds not the bignefs of a
walnut: but in women with child it dilates itfelf into fuch a capacity as to contain
the child: nature made it at firft fmall, that it might embrace the yard, and cherifh
the feed, becaufe it is but little in quantity. Its figure is faid to referable a pear :
but the neck thereof refembles an oblong and round pipe or channel. Its connec-
tion is either by the neck or the bottom: the neck is knit by its own fubftance, and
by membranes -, but the bottom by peculiar ligaments. On the fore fide the neck
is joined to the veftca and the os pubis, by membranes from the peritonaum ; on the
hind fide, to the os facrum and inteftiraim reSlum; but about the vulva it grows to-
gether with the ajius; on the fides it is loofely joined by membranes to ths peritonaeum.
The fundus or bottom is not tied by its fubftance, but is freej but in its fides it is
fattened by two pair of ligaments, which keep the womb fufpended or hanging loofe.
The upper pair is broad and membranous, which are joined to the os ilium, and end
in the bottom, near the cornua : they are foft and loofe, that they may diftend or con-
trad; ; and by Aret^us they are likened to the wings of bats: if thefe ligaments or
mufcles be loofened or broken, by difficult labour or other violence, It may caufe
the falling down of the womb. The two lower ligaments are red like mufcles, and
round like earth-worms, and pervious to the clitoris, from whence, (like a goofe's
foot,) deftitute altogether of their hollownefs, they fpread themfelves upon the fore
part of the thigh. Thefe arife from the fides of the bottom of the womb, touch-
ing at their beginning the vafa deferentia; then, afcending to the groins, they pafs
through the produftlons of the peritoneum and the tendons of the oblique defcend-
ant mufcles of the belly, and are partly obliterated In the membranes of the bones
near the clitoris, where they are joined, degenerating Into a broad nervous thinnefs,
almoft like a goofe's foot, as aforefaid; and partly run through the inner part of the
thigh to the knee : hence It Is that women in their firft months going with child
complain of a pain in the infide of their' thighs. The fubftance of the womb is
2 membranous,

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 91

membranous, that it may be diftended or contraifled as need fliall require : it is full
of wrinkles, which in women impregnated are extended to widen the womb, which
after exclufion of the child, as alfo in age, are again contracted. The membranes
of the womb are two, one common, the other proper. The common is doubled,
and grows to the fides on each hand : it arifes from the peritonasum, and is exceed-
ing thick, firm, ftrong, fmooth every where except where the fpermatic vefTels en-
ter, or the ligaments go out. The proper and internal membrane is alfo doubfe,
between both which there are flefliy fibres, fuch as are found in the ftomach, with
alfo here and there a kind of fpungy fubftance. The womb has veins and arteries
accompanying one another, which are carried between the tunicles or coats thereof,
and caft out their blood into its membranous pipes, but not into its innermoft ca-
vity : thefe veflels arife from above and beneath, viz. from the upper and lower
parts of the body j for the blood ought to come from the whole body, that the
whole may by the monthly terms be purged, and that, in the time when a woman is
impregnated, the child might be nourifhcd. Thofe which defcend from above run
all the womb over, efpecially in the fundus or bottom, being derived from the fper-
matic veffels, or thofe by which the vafa praeparentia are conftituted, as alfo from
the hasmorrhoidal branch, whence is the great confent between the womb and the
fpleen : the left ends alfo of the veins and arteries are joined with the right ends, that
the right fide may be fupplied with plenty of blood. Through the arteries (in wo-
men not with child) the menftrual blood always flows : what is not thus evacuated
returns back again to the heart by the veins, which are joined to the arteries by
many anaftomofes. The veins and arteries that come from beneath, which are
larger than the former, fpring from the ramus hypogajlricus of the cava and aorta^
and, running through the neck of the womb and lower part of the bottom, are every
where joined with the fuperior ones by manifold anaftomofes. The mouths of thefe
veffels enter into the cavity of the fundus, which, in the time of the flowing of the
terms, are opened, and gape, and, becaufe they refemble cups or faucers, are called
acetabula or cotylidoms: to thefe, when a woman is with child, ths placenta is joined,
which receives the blood for nourifhment thereof And, becaufe thefe branches arfe
carried to the neck of the womb, by them women which are with child fometimes
alfo void their courfes. It is furnifhed with many nerves from the par vagum, and
the nerves of the os facrum, which run to the os uteri and parts about the vulva for
delegation fake, and to the lower part of the fundus, as alfo to the upper part thereof,
where they are interwoven like a net; hence arifes the great fympathy between the
womb and the brain. The ufe of the womb is to attrad, receive, retain, preferve,
aiid clxrifh, the feed, in order to conception : and after conception to contain and

nourish

92 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

nourl/h the fcetus till the time of birth. The ftiort neck of the womb, which is its
inner neck, is that which contains the orifice, leading immediately into the cavity of
the womb; this orifice is a hole not large, but fuch as may admit a probe or large
quill, and like a mouth may be dilated or purfed in; this entrance is but a tranfverfe
line, which when it is exactly opened becometh round: this hole after conception is
fo clofely fhut, that it will not admit the point of a bodkin ; but at the time of de-
livery, it opens itfelf wide according to the magnitude of the infant, be. it ever fo
great. The cavity of the neck is rough, arifing from wrinkles, whofe edges tend
inwards, left the feed which has been caft in fhould flow out again, as is feen in fuch
barren women as have the flipperinefs of the womb. The fundus, or bottom, is the
moft capacious part of the womb, feated above. the os pubis, that it may be there
diftended. The external furface of the womb is fmooth and even, covered as it
were with a kind of humidity : its inner furface is full of porofities, which ars
mouths through which, in time of a woman's breeding, blood pafles out of the vef-
fels of the womb, to nourifh the child. Within the orifice of the inner neck grows
a caruncle, which exadtly fhuts the hole ; in which caruncle are to be feen pores
which feem to be at the end of the vafa deferentia, terminating at the neck. This
neck of the womb is opened in fuperfoetation, in an abortion, in an ejeftion of a
falfe conception, but efpecially after a wonderful manner at the time of child-birth,
when it is widened according to the magnitude of the child : at this (fiith Galen) we
may wonder, but we cannot underftand it: therefore it is our duty to acknowledge
the wifdom and power of him that made us. The external or greater neck of the
■womb, called7?«z^j fudcris, is a long channel, hollow, (even while the child is in the
womb,) and fituate between the vulva and internal orifice of the womb, being that
pafil:ge which receives the penis in coition. Its figure is long, (nearly feven inches,)
hollow, (large enough to entertain the penis,) and wrinkled within: but its length
and widenefs are hardly determinable; fome fa-y it is as wide as the inteftinum rec-
tum, but it is longer or fhorter, wider or narrower, according to the luft of the wo-
man, the penis being always in coition clofely embraced by it. Its fubllance is a hard
and nervous kind of flefli, and a little fpungy like the yard, wrinkled within (chiefly
in its upper part) that it might be occafionaily dilated. Laftly, towards the middle
or external part of this greater neck, in the fore and upper part, near the vulva, is
the infertion of the bladder into fight, that from thence the urine may be voided
by the meatus urinarius, which is fhort and flraight, but dilatable ; it is without
covered with a flefliy fphinder, but within black, and of the fame fubftance with the
urethra in men.

The membrane called the hymen is the fign or flower of virginity, becaufe it
can be found in none but virgins : it is called the flower of virginity from the

blood

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 93

blood which flows in the firft :iS: of coition. That there is fuch a thing is not to
be doubted; it was the legal fign of a virgin among the ancient Hebre-vs, as
Mofes has at large declared, Deut. 22. Secondly, it was a received and known thing
in all the eaftern countries, as Leo Africanus affirms; and the greatcft anatomiHs
conclude, that in virgins who have ufed no violence to the part, nor have it fretted,
eaten, or broken, bv any dcfluxion of {harp humours, it is never wanting. What
it is, we now come to enquire into. Firft, fome fay, it is a tranfverfe membrane, and
they are indeed in the right: but they who would have holes in it, like a fieve, are
deceived. Secondly, others fiy, it is a tranfverfe membrane, going acrofs the neck
of the womb, a little above the neck of the bladder, which refifts the firft entrance
of the penis. Thirdly, Scbizius fait-h, that, if this membrane is abfent, we muft reft
in the ftraightnefs of the neck and other marks, which being widened in the firft
coition, pain and efl-'ufion of blood follow, by reafon of the folution of the continuity.
Fourthly, Severinus Pinaeus (whofe opinion is the neweft of all) faith, that the four
myrtle- (haped caruncles, tied together by a fmall membrane, placed in the outer
part of the neck of the womb, are the true hymen fo much fought after; and without
doubt Pinacusis in the right: to this Bauhinus agrees; and Bartholinus faith, that
he could find no other in a young girl carefully difleifted. It is fituate in the neck
of the womb, juft behind the infertion of the neck of the bladder, or a little more
inwards: but its fituation does now and then vary a little : there this membrane
goes acrofs the cavity, much like the diaphragma, or midriff. As to its figure, it
has an hole in its middle, big enough to receive a pea, by which the menftrual
blood paffes : if it be without any hole, fo that the courfes caimot flow, thence
come difeafcs, and (if it be not opened) at laft death. It is connedted orbicularly
to the neck of the womb, as if it grew out of the fame, where it is thicker
than in the middle : its fubftance is partly membranous, partly flefhy, yet not
verv thick : it is interlaced with many little veins, which being broken in the
firft coition, pain and bloodshed follow, even as they do in fome men, where the
frasnum or bridle of the penis (being exceeding fliort and ftraight) is torn or rent
afunder. Its ufe is to defend the internal parts from injury ; as alfo to be the fign
of virginity.

The vulva is the external privity, which is that which cflFers itfelf to fight before
difledion, being located under the fore-region of the os pubis. The more principal
internal parts are the wrinkled chinks, the four myrtle-fhaped caruncles, the orifice
of the urinal paflage, and the clitoris : the more external parts are the wings, the
lips, the great chink, and the pubes, or hairy part. The wrinkled and inward chink
is the immediate mouth of the larger neck of the womb, lying behind the myrtle-

32. B ^ fhaped

54 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

fhaped caruncles: it is of a reafonable largenefs, and framed by nature to flay the
feed caft into the neck from too quickly flipping out. The myrtle- fliaped carun-
cles are placed fo as to appear in a quadrangular form, one at each corner: one of
them is placed before or above in the circumference of the hole of the urinary paflage
to fliut the fame, it being largeft and forked, that it might receive the end of the
meacus urinarius, and hinder external things from entering: the fecond is oppofite
to the former, and is fituate below: the two remaining ones are placed collaterally :
their figure refembles a myrtle-berry: their magnitude is various in different fub-
je6ts ; their fubftance is framed of the reduplication of the flefhy neck of the womb,
being partly flefhy, partly membranous : they are conneded with membranes or
valves :. their ufes are for titillation in the time of coition, and alfo immediately to
fliiUt the orifice of the neck, that air, dufl, nor any other matter, may enter. The
orifice of the urinal pafTage, is a hole under the clitoris above the neck : through
this women make water, and it feems to be fhut with a kind of flefhy valve. The
clitoris is called by fome iiympha, by others tentigo, by others the woman's yard, be-
caufe it refembles a man's yard in figure, fubftance, compofition, repletion with fpi-
rits, ereftion, and fituation. Its figure is fomewhat like the glans and pr^putium
of the penis ; but it is commonly fmall, being feated in the middle o{ the os pubis in
the upper and former end of the fofla magna, where the alas or nymphas meet; but
in its beginning for the moft part it lies hid under the nympha?, and afterwards flicks
out a little. Its fubftance is like that of a man's yard, confiding of two nervous bodies,
hard and thick, but within full of a black fpungious matter, as in the lateral liga-
ments of the yard. The two lateral ligaments arife from the internal knob of the
ifchium : the third is between thefe, fpringingfrom the joining of the os pubis. Its
mufcles are the fame in nature and number with thofe in a man. Its extremity is
the glans, which has a fuperficial hollownefs, but not bored through ; this is co-
vered with a very thin fkin as a preputium, which fprings from the joining of the
nymphae. It has veins and arteries, common to it and the privity, and a nerve from
the par vagum, larger than its body might feem to rqquire, to give it an exquifite
fenfe, and caufe eredlion. In this is the feat of delegation and luft. The al^ or
nytnphd'y commonly called wings, appear when the two lips are fevered, being two
produdtions made of a foft and fpungy flefh, and the reduplication of the cutis, and
fituatedatthe fides of the neck between the two lips: being joined above, theycompafs
the clitoris: they are in number two; in colour red like a cock's gills; in figure almoft
triangular, but much refemble a cock's comb; in fubftance partly membranous,
partly flefhy. Their ufe is the f^ime with the caruncles, as alfo to convey the urine
ftrait out, that it might not wet the lips. The labia, or lips, are two in number, by

which

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ^5

■which the internal parts are covered: they are conftituted to the common teguments
of the body, and a great deal of fpungious fat: the lower joining of thefe lips is in
virgins foniewhat ftraight, and feems of a ligamentous fubftan'ce for firmnefs, but in
married women it is loofe, and in fuch as have had a child ftill loofer. The/c^ or
rima magna, begins at the os pubis, and is not much above an inch diftant from the
anus, which being much larger than the inner chink, or cavity of the neck of the
womb, this is (een as foon as ever the lips are drawn afide : in the fofla the lips being
opened, two holes appear, (butfcarcely vifible,) out of which a whitifh or wheyifh
juice ifllics. In this fofla, are alfo two collateral chinks, the right and left, which are
between the lips and the wings. Tbs pul/es, called alfo monticuli veneris, h the part
where the hair grows, and is properly termed the privity : being longilh hillocks,
foft, and of a fubftance the like whereof is not to be found again in the whole body,
being partly fkin, partly fpungy flefh, placed upon a portion of hard fat.

The membranes infolding the child in the womb, are the firft things which are
bred in the womb after conception, to defend the more excellent part of the feed :
their efficient caufe is the formative faculty, joined with the heat of the womb: thefe
in human kind are in number only two, viz. the amnios and the chorion, to which lat-
ter belongs thtflacenta or womb-cake. All thefe together make that which we call
fecundine, or after-birth. It is fo called, becaufe it is the fecond habitation of the
child next the womb; and alfo becaufe it comes away by a fecond birth, after the child
or firft birth. Amnios (from its foftnefs and thinnefs) is the firft membrane; it is the
thinneft of the tunicles, white, foft, tranfparent, and furniftied with fome few fmall
veins and arteries, which are difperfed within its foldings. It compafles the child im-
mediately, and cleaves almoft every where to the chorion, efpecialiy at the ends; and
is united in the middle thereof, about the placenta, where the vjfa umbilicalia come
forth, but is eafily feparated from the chorion. It contains within it plenty of hu-
midity and humours, in which the child does as it were fwim, that fo, i. the child,
floating therein, may be the higher, and lefs burthenfome to the mother. 2. That
the child may not ftrikeagainft any of the neighbouring hard parts. 3. That the
membranes being broke, and this humour running out at time of birth, makes the
child's way, through the neck of the womb, fmooth,flippery and eafy. This humour,
thus falling, is what midwives call the breaking of the water. Part of the amnios,
does now and then hang about the head of the child, and then the infant is faid to be
born with a caul :. fome take this for a prefage of good, fome of evil, fome of fhort
life, fome of long, but it has relation to none of thefe things, for it has been found on
the heads of both happy and miferable, and of both fhort and long lived, perfons.
Chorion is the fecond membrane, and compafTes the child like a circle : this imme-
diately

«

«6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

diatel)' compafles the former, and lies beneath it, whofe inner and hollow part it
invelopes, extending itfelf according to the magnitude thereof: it is with fome dif-
ficulty feparated from the amnios, and ftrongly bears and unites the vefiels to the
placenta. That fide next to the child is fmooth and fiippery ; the other fide is fixed
immediately to the womb by the faid placenta, which is commonly on the upper and
fore fide : it does not encompafs the whole child, being conftituted of an innumera-
ble company of veins and arteries, between which blood out of the vefiels feems to
be Hied. The placenta uteri, or womb-cake, (becaufe of its fliape,) is a round mafs
of flefh, furnifiied with divers vefiels, through which the child receives its nutri-
ment. Its fubfi:nnce feems to be conftituted of an infinite number of little fibres, with
congealed blood interpofed. It has veins and arteries running through it from the
umbilical vefiels, which are at length lofl: about the edges of the placenta, makino-
wonderful contextures, and clofely knit to the fubflrance thereof, being joined toge-
ther by various anaftomofes, through which the blood in the child runs back out of
the arteries into the veins. It is, firfl:, to be a fupport to the navel vefiels under which
it lies : fecondly, to prepare blood to nourifii the child, as the true liver does in
grown perfons. This blood it fucks out of the veins of the womb, and, preparing
it for ufe, fends it through the greater umbilical vein to the fiver of the child, that
fo it may be carried to the heart, out of which it is fent by the arteries into the whole
body of the child for nourifiiment.

The umbilical or navel vefiels (fo called, becaufe, the child being excluded, they
are all found to centre in its navel) are in number four, viz. one vein, two arte-
ries, and the urachus; all which are covered with one common membrane or coat,
which both inclofes all thofe vefiels, and diftinguifiies them one from another, that
they might neither be entangled or broken. The navel vein, pafling through the
two coats of the peritoneum, is inferted into the liver by a cleft, going through the
navel, fometimes fingle and fometimes double. It is about five feet and a half iii
length, being meafured to the placenta : it is varioufiy rolled or twifted about, that
its length might not prove troublefome : from the navel it goes over the breafl:,
from whence it is obliquely carried over the right and left fides of the throat and
neck, turning itfelf back at the hinder part of the head, and fo over the middle of
the forehead to the placenta : fometimes alfo it encompafies the neck like a chain,
all which you are to underfl:and of the whole cord or navel-ftring, with the reft of
the vefTels contained therein. Its ufe is to convey the maternal blood from the pla-
centa, through the navel, to the child, for its nourifiiment. In this navel-ftring
there are knots tranfparent in the veins, but not in the arteries, which are nothing
but a more thick and flefliy conftitution of the membrana carnofa in thofe parts

2 from

Zrr^T-ofa r/^'w-Oomr/n/f/ .

Jj/ood/Yrpr/.f oj'f/ie Zr/'cr.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 97

from the number of thefo knots niidwives pretend to foretcl how many children a
woman fhall have; but thefe are vain divinations, for there are often more knots in
the navel of the laft child than of the firft. It is about five feet and a half or fix feet
long, and about the thicknefs of a man's finger: when it is dry it becomes fmaller,
and is kept as a precious thing to haften the birth in other perfons. The child being
born, this navel ftring muft be tied with a ftrong thread v/ound often about, the
diftancc of two or three inches from the belly of the infant, and about three inches
from the binding it muft be cut oflF: afterwards the navel is to be carefully looked
to till it is dry, and falls off of its own accord. Thefe veflels, after the child is
born, do, within the abdomen, degenerate into ligaments: the veinto aligam^ehtof
the liver, and the arteries into lateral ligaments of the bladder, becaufe their ufe is
now abolifhed, there being no longer any pafTage of the mother's blood. The tira-
cbus is a little cord or ligament, by which the bladder is fuftained and faftened to
the peritoneum, that, being diftended with urine, its neck might not be comprefled,
which thing alfo is done by the arteries. Hence it appears, that the urine of a
child in the womb is certainly voided by its yard into the membrane amnios,
(whence it is that it is fo full of water,) a great part of it yet remaining in the blad-
der, which is the caufe that always new-born children are for the firft days continu-
ally making water. If the urine were not in part thus voided, the bladder would
not only be over-ftretched, but broken.

To illuftrate what has been faid, the annexed place exhibits the kidneys, bladder,
and organs of generation, of the human fpecies, both male and female. Fig. i.
reprefents the male, A A. are the kidneys ; B B. the glandule fuccenturiatas ; C C.
the emulgent veflels, together with thofe diftributed over the membranes of the
kidneys j D D. the hypogaftric veflels, which, branching off from the iliacs, are
diftributed in the urinary bladder and penis ; E E. the courfe of theuterers; F F.
the courfe of the fpermatic veflels, in which feveral appear cut ofl^, being thofe
diftributed in the peritonasum j G. the urinary bladder; H H. the vafa deferen-
tia ; 1 1, the teftides ; K. the urachus cut ofF; L. the penis ereded or diftended i
M M. the ereftor mufcles.

Fig. 2. reprefents the female; in which A. B. denotes the capfulx atribiliarias j
C C. the kidneys; D D. right emulgent veins; E E, right emulgent arteries;
iT jp". vena cava, divided into the iliac branches ; G. left emulgent vein ; H. left
emuleeni arteries ; I I. right fpermatic vein ; K, right fpermatic artery ; L. left
fpermatic artcT^.; M. left fpermatic vein ; N N. aorta, divided into its iliac bran-
ches • O O womci- '"* tefticles ; P P. a part of the broad ligament, or bat's wings j
O Q. the trumpets Oi ■ womb on both fides i R R. bottom of t!ie womb, fliew-

32. ^'^ ing

58 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

ing the placenta formed, and the embryo perfeifled; S S round ligaments of the
womb cut off at the fhare; T T. neck of the womb; V V. venae hypogaftricae ;
y y. the paffage of the womb; Z. the clitoris and prreputium ; a a. a portion of
the ureters cut off; b b. a portion of the ureters defcending cut off; c c. vafa prE-
parentia dilated; d d. vafa deferentia; e e. the nymphas; f. the meatus urinarius ;
g g g. the vagina laid open, with its plicae ; h h. the uterus, as ftretched in the third
month of pregnancy, with the placenta adhering to the fundus.

Of the thorax.

THE thorax, cheft, or breaft, is that which is called the middle ventricle, being
circumfcribed above by the claviculae ; beneath by the diaphragma ; on the fore fide
by the fternum ; on the hinder part by the back bones ; and on each fide by the
coftse or ribs. Its fituation is between the upper ventricle or head, and the abdomen,
being the feat of the vital fpirits, and confifting of the parts appointed for cherifii-
ing the natural heat. Its figure is almoft oval, fomewhat flat before and behind,
whereas in beafts it is fomewhat fliarp, fo that mankind only lies on the back. Its
fubftance is partly boney, partly flefhy; boney, becaufe it contains not any parts
much to be diftended ; flefhy, becaufe it contains parts which ought to be moved,
as the heart and lungs.

The breafts, or dugs, are common to both fexes ; in men they are framed of the
cutis, the membrana carnofa, fat, and the nipple, and are called mammilla. The
dugs in women have befides many remarkable veffels, glandules, and pipes, to make
and contain milk. The nipple or teat, called papilla, is fpungy, like the glans of a
man's yard, and perforated through the middle with many fmall holes for the milk
to pafs through. It is rougher than the other parts, that the infant may the more
firmly hold it, and of an exquifite fenfe, that the nurfe fliould find pleafure when /he
gives fuck: round about it there is a circle, called areola; in virgins it is pale and
knotty ; in nurfes, brown; and in old women, black. The veins are two-fold, viz.
external and internal: the external arife from the axillary, and are placed under the
Jkin which moves the dugs, and are called thoracide Juferiores, the upper breaft-
veins : thefe, in women with child and fuch as give fuck, are often izzw very
blue. The internal arife or defcend from the trunk of the axillary vein, or ra/,.us
fubclavius; and are called »zflW7W<2r/> x'f«^, or dug- veins: thefe are met by other
afcendant veins from the womb, and therefore, the child being bon-j^ "j-j^g 5lood is
carried no longer to the womb, but to the breafts ; and henf. It is that women
which give fuck feldom have their courfes. How milk is lerated and made, the
opinions of men are various : fome think it to be made of the venal blood, but they
are abfolutely deceived : fome think it to be made or iy of arterial blood, and thefe
3 err

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 99

err alfo from the truth : others fay, it is made of blood and chyle : but our opinion
is, that it proceeds from, and is generated of, the chylous juice, and a ferous part of
the arterial blood: for that the ferofity of the arterial blood (and not the fubftance
of the blood itfelf) does help to generate and conftitute the milk, we are induced to
believe, not only from the foregoing reafon, but becaufe no anaftomofes of the arte-
ries with the ladleal pipes of the dugs could ever yet be found out: and truly this
opinion Bartholine feems to favour, where he faith, that all the blood which is pour-
ed out of the arteries into the breads, is not turned into milk, but only the more
ferous or wheyifli part thereof j the reft (that which ferves for nourifliment ex-
cepted) running back again, by the veins, into the heart.

The membrane, called pleura, or inner covering of the ribsy is a membrane white,
thin, hard, and refembling the peritoneum, but thicker and ftrongcr. Itarifes from
the tunicles which cover the intercoftal nerves proceeding from the back- bone, by
means of which it is continued with the coats of the brain: and therefore it is
thicker in the back, to whofe vertebras it cleaves as it were infeparably. It is every
where double, that the veflels may be carried within the foldings thereof: the in-
ner part, looking towards the lungs and inwards, is thickeft, fmootheft, and as it
were bedewed with a waterifli humour, that it fliould not hurt the lungs by any
roughnefs ; the outer part is thinner and rougher, that it might cleave the more
firmly to the ribs : between thefe the matter of the pleurify is many times colle-iled,
and not only between the pleura and muftles. As to its figure, it is arched without,
hollow within ; above it is narrower, below broader, principally towards the fides.
From it arife fome nervous fibres, by which the lungs are tied to it ; if thefe be too
ftraight, the motion of the lungs is hindered, which caufes an incurable difficulty of
breathing. Its ufes are to cover the whole cavity of the thorax, and render it fmooth,
that the lungs might not be hurt; and to wrap in all the vital parts, and to defend
them from all external injuries. The medaftinum is a membrane ftanding in the mid-
dle of the breaft, dividing the right fide from the left. It arifes from the pleura, be-
ing a double membrane. Its Uibftance is membranous, yet fofter than iht pleura ;
its exterior part is rougher, becaufe of the fibre?; by which it is knit to the pleura i
but its inner fide, towards the lungs, is fnr.ooth; and about the vefiels it is common-
ly full of fat like the caul. The ufes of the medaftinum are, firft, to divide the
thorrtJ* into two parts, that, the breaft and lungs being hurt or wounded on one fide,
the other mi'r.bt be fafe: fecondly, to hold up the pericardium firmly, wherein the
heart is contained, that it uld not reft upon the back-bone, when we lie upon our
back; or that it ftiould fal^ ipon the breaft- bone, when we bend ourfelves towards
the ground; nor touch the ribs when we lie upon our fides : thirdly, to give a fafe
paflage to the veflels which run througn it, as alfo to fuftain the midriff, left it
fliould, by the weight of the bowels, be drawn too much downwards. The

,oo CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

The pericardium, or cyjlis of the heart, is a membrane encompafling the whole
heart, vvhofe pyramidal figure it hath. It is fo far diftant from the heart as is fuffi-
cietit to give wav for the motion of the fame, and to contain the waterifli humour.
It has two membranes, one exterior from the mediaftinum, tied before and behind
to \.\\Q pleura, and is fibrous; and one interior, from the external tunicles of the vef-
fels of the heart ; for within the pericardium, the veflels want their common tunicle,
it having been fpent upon the pericardium, Theoriginal therefore of the pericardium
is at the bafis 'from the tunicles which compafs the veflels of the heart, which pro-
ceed from the pleura. It is connefted circularly to the mediaftinum, and the neigh-
bouring parts, with many fibres ; but efpecially to the nervous circle of the dia-
phragma, to which it cleaves fo exceeding faft, that it cannot be feparated from it
without rending : whereby the motion of the heart is direfted. Within this pericar-
dium (befides the heart) is contained a ferous or watery humour, tranfparently clear,
and in fome like M'ater wherein flefH has been wafhed : in tafte it is neither fharp,
fait, nor acid. It proceeds out of the veflels of the heart, being a watery part of
the blood, as lympha, and other juices, which go to their proper receptacles. The
ufe of the juice is to cool and moiften the heart, and to make it flippery, thereby to
facilitate its motion : alfo, that the heart, by fwimming therein, may be lefs ponde-
rous, and not ftrike againft any part. Thofe who have this humour confumed have
their hearts dry ; if it be in too great a quantity, it caufes a palpitation of the heart
and fuffocation, and death follows therefrom j if it be quite confumed, a confump-
tion of the body happens.

The heart is a mufcular body, included in the pericardium, and fituated nearly in
the middle of the breaft, between the lobes of the lungs ; being the primary organ of
the circulation of the blood, and confequently of life. Its figure is nearly conic,
the larger end being called its bafe, and the fmaller end its apex. Its lower part is
plane, and the upper part convex. It is fituation is nearly tranfverfe or horizontal •
fo that its bafe is in the right, and its apex, with the greatefl: part of its bulk, is in
the left fide of the thorax : and confequently it is there that the pulfation is felt.
The plane furface of the heart lies on the diaphragm j the convex one is turned up-
wards. The heart is connefted, ift, by the intervention of the pericardium with the
mediaftinum, and with a large part of the middle of the diaphragm ^ this is contrived
by nature, to prevent its being difplaced, inverted, or turned too rudely -jjoout
in confequence of the various motions of the body. i. Its bafe is coj;,ned;ed to its
common veflels : but its apex is free, and is received in a kind of -cavity in the left
lobe of the lungs. The length of the human heart is about fix fingers breadth •
its breadth at the bafe is about five fingers j and its circumference about thirteen.

It

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. loi

It is, both externally and internally, furrounded with a fmooth membrane. There
is a quantity of fat about it, which covers its bafe and its apex, and ferves for lu-
bricating it, and for facilitating its motion. Its blood- vefiels are of two kinds,
common and proper ; its common or peculiar veflels being the coronary arteries
and veins. The common vefiels of the heart are two veins, called the vena cava,
•nd the vena fulmotialis ; and two arteries, the pulmonary one and aorta. The nerves
of the heart are Imall, and arife from the par vagum and intercoftals: the auricles are
two. There are alfo two cavities in the heart, called its ventricles : of thefe the
right is thinner and weaker in its circumference, but uPaally much more capacious,
than the left: it receives the blood from the vena cava and the right auricle, and
delivers it into the pulmonary artery, to be carried to the lungs. The left ventricle
is much ftronger and thicker in its fides j but it is narrower and fmaller than the
right : it receives the blood from the pulmonary vein, and the left auricle, and ex-
trudes it very forcibly into the aorta. The right ventricle is in the anterior part of
the thorax; fo that they might be called the anterior and poft:erior ventricles, much
more properly than the right and left. There are in the fides of both the ventricles
of the heart, and of both its auricles, feveral columnie caniea, or lacertuli, with fur-
rows between them, feeming fo many fmall and diftind mufcles ; and, from the
concourfc of the tendinous fibres of thefe in the heart, there are formed peculiar
membranes fituated at the oritices of the auricles of the heart : and there are alfo
other columns of this kind, which run tranfverfely from one fide of the ventricles
to the other : thefe ferve partly to affift the contradtion of the heart in its fyftole,
and partly to prevent its too great dilatation in its dfaftole. The valvule of the
heart are of three kinds, i. The tricufpidahs ; thefe are three in number, and are
fituated at the ingrefs of the vena cava in the right ventricle. 2, The mitrales -,
thefe are two, and are fituated in the left ventricle at the ingrefs of the pulmonary
vein : thefe ferve to hinder the ingrefs of the blood from the heart into the veins
again, while they are conftrifted. 3. The. femilunar ones; thefe are three, and are
fituated at the organ of the aorta and pulmonary artery, and ferve to prevent the
reflux of the blood from them into the heart : thefe, for the fake of ftrength, are
furnifhed with a number of flefhy fibres and fpheroidal coipufcles. The orifices of
the veins of Thebefius and Verhey en, in the hollows of the heart, are for carrying back
the blood from the fubftance of the heart to its cavities. The fibres of the heart
are of a mufcular fubftance, and of a moft amazing fabric. They are of two kinds,
I. ftraightones in the left ventricle; and, 2. fpiral ones, common to both ventricles,
and of two orders. The exterior ones run to the left, from the bafe of the heart :
the interior ones run to the right, and interfeft the others ; and, when they aft,
they dofely conftringe the cavities oi the heart, and drive out the blood from them.
;^2,' ^ '^ According

,o2 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

According to the fabric, the heart may be refolved into two mufcles, each of which'-
conftitutes one of its ventricles. The ufe of the heart is for the circulation of the
blood : it receives the blood from the veins, running from all parts of the body ;
and propels it again, by its own motion, to all thofe parts, through the arteries. On
this depend life itfelf, the prefervation of the frame, and the motions and aftions of
all its parts. But, that the reader may have as diftind an idea as poflible of this pri-
rnary organ of life, we fhall lay before him feveral views of it in the plate annexed ;
where No. i. reprefents the human heart ken m its convex part, and in its natural
fituationj B marks the branches of the coronary vein; C, the coronary artery -,
D, the right auriclej E, branches of veins going from the right auricle ; G, the
trunk of the aorta ; H, the trunk of the pulmonary artery ; I, the afcending trunk,
of the vena cava, L, L, &c. branches of the aorta, rifing upwards; M, one of the
branches of the pulmonary artery; N, N, &c. branches of the pulmonary vein.
No. 2. reprefents the heart opened, to fhew the ftrudure and form of its ventricles;,
where A exprefles the mufcular feptum, or partition, which divides the ventricles-;
B, the right ventricle opening into the right auricle, and into the trunk of the pul-
monary artery ; C, the left ventricle, opening inta the left auricle, and into the-
great trunk of the aorta. No. 3. and No. 4. reprefent the heart in different pofi-
tions; where A marks the afcending trunk of the vena cava; B, the trunk of the
aorta; C, branches of the pulmonary vein; D, the defcending trunk of the vena
cava ; and E, part of the right auricle, cut away, to fhew the different arrangement
of the internal fibres and venous dudts.

The lungs, or lights, are the inftruments of breathing, and are the largeft vifcus
of the thorax : they are fituated in the two fides of it, with the heart, as it were, be-
tween them: and are connefted, by means of the mediaftinum, with the flernum and,
vertebras; with the heart, by means of the pulmonary vefTels, and immediately
with the afpera arteria. The colour of the lungs, in infants, is a fine florid red ; in
adults, it is darker; and in old people, livid, or variegated with black and white.
When inflated, they have fome refemblance to the hoof of an ox; and are convex
on the upper fide, and concave underneath. They are divided into two large lobes,
the right and left ; the left, which is the fmaller, is divided again into two ; and
the right, which is larger, into three fmall ones. The membrane with which the
lungs are furrounded is continuous with the pleura. The fubftance of the lungs is
fpcngious, or veficulous, and they feem, indeed, entirely compofed of a number of
fmall veficles of a flefhy texture, and of a variety of vefTels. The vefTels of the
lungs are the bronchia, the bronchial artery and vein,"the nerves, and the lymphatics.
The ufes of the lungs are, i. To perform the office of refpiration, by which the,
blood is attenuated in the plexus of the arteries called the rete vajculojmn. 2. To be
3 afTiftant

I'

li

.V'4

a:'3.

Ti>('IlNfn(r// Hr''^"^ ■

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 103

aflTflant to the voice in fpc:iking, and to the fenfe of fmelling. They are alfo
emunflories of the blood, and are of many other important ferviccs. The prin-
cipal difeafes to which the lungs are fubjed, are the afthma,. confumption, perip-
fieumcny, &c^

Of the generation A>f d CIRCULATION of the BLOOD.

THE origin of the blood is in the chyle, which, pafTing the lafleals, is delivered
fnto the fubclavian ; where, mixing with the blood, they proceed together to the
right ventricle of the heart ; and there, being yet more intimately mixed, they cir-
culate together through the whole body : till, after feveral circulations, and fecre-
tions at the feveral drainers of the body, tliey are afllmilated, fo as to make one uni-
form compound mafs, whic1i*appears to be nothing elfc but chyli altered by the
artifice of nature, and exalted into blood ; there being no app-arance of : ny ihing
extraneous mixed with the liquor circulating in the blood-vefTels, but chyle } ex-
cepting what had been before feparated from it for fome particular purpofes, which,
being once ferved, it is returned to it again : unlefs, perhaps, it may receive fome
portion of air in the lungs.

The blood, while in its velTels, appears to the naked eye uniform and homoge-
neous j but, when let out and cold, it fcparates fpontancoufly into two different parts,
the one red and fibrous, which coheres into a ma's, and is called the Cfuor; the other
thin and tranfparent, which retains fluidity when colJ, and, being fuppofed fpe-
cificially heavier than the other, fuflrains and bears it up, and is called the fa-urn. If
the red pait of the blood bears too great a pre portion to the ferum, which is the cafe
of nthitrtic pc'fona, and others who do not take a fufhcicnt quantity of drink with
their m^ at, the fault may be correded by lefiening the meat, or by increafing their
drink. In the beginning of fevers, the proportion of the red part of the blood to the
ferum is greater, and at the end of them le.s, than it is in health. The change of this
proportion is owing to perfons under this diforder living wholly on drink and liquid
nourifhmcnt; and bodies loaded with ferous moifture, being an argument of too
fmall a proportion of the red patt of the blood to the f-rum, have been freed from
their load by abftaining wholly from drink. There are other caufes befides the bare-
quantities of meat and crink, which vary the proportion of the red part of the blood
to the ferum; for this proportion is greater in country-people than in citizens, in
perfons who ufe exercifc than in perfons who are inadtive, and in perfons who live
upon fleOi meats and fermented liquors than in perfons who live upon vegetables
and water. In fhort, this proportion is increufed by things which dry -the body and
ftrengthen the fibres j and leflcned by things of a contrary nature. Too great a pro-
portion of the red part of the blood to the ferum renders bodies fubjedl to inflam-
matory.

104 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

matory fevers on taking cold. The blood is found to confift cliiefly of phlegm, as
the bafis or vehicle j for from the bed: experiments it appears, that in feven ounces
of human blood there are five ounces two drachms of phlegm, three drachms of a
fubtile fpirituous oil, a fmall quantity of a thicker oil, two drachms of fait, and about
two of earth. From thefe conftituent parts of the blood, varioufly combined and
diftribuJed by the circulatory motion imprefled by the heart, and by the ofcillatory
expanfive motion of the interfperfed air, and the re-adion of the contradile veflels,
flow all the properties and operations of the blood. From this mixture of elements,
and their lax compofition, it becomes fufceptible of various alterations and impref-
fions ; the principal whereof are, coagulation, which ufually attends it out of the
body, fometimes in it, and fcarcely ever without an artificial procurement, but always
mortal j and diflblution, which is juft oppofite to the former, and confifts in fuch a
communition of the fibrous parts of the blood as indifpofcs it for the feparation of the
cruor from the ferum. This is frequently the confequence of malignant and pefti-
lential fevers, &c. and Is likewife occafioned by fome kinds of poifons.

The circulation of the vital blood is performed through the arteries : and its courfe
is from the heart towards the extremes of the body : and this from every part of
the body, internal and external j ftill out of a wider part into a narrower, out of the
trunk into the branches. And it is on this principle alone, that all the blood
may be derived into an artery, and evacuated at it. For it is evident, that all the
arteries of the body are continually bringing the blood from the left part of the
heart, through the trunks of the arteries, into the branches ; and on the contrary
that all the veins, excepting the porta, are perpetually bringing back the blood from
the extreme parts into the heart. The blood being arrived here, its motion or cir-
culation is continued as follows. The auricles of the heart, being large hollow muf-
cles, are furnifKed with a double feries of ftrong fibres proceeding with a contrary
dire(5tion to two oppofite tendons, the one adhering to the right ventricle, the other
to the finus venofus : as alfo with innumerable veins and arteries; by the contraftilc
force of thefe auricles, the blood is vigoroufly exprefied, and driven into the right
ventricle ; which, upon this contradion, is rendered flaccid, empty, and difpofed
to admit it. If now the right ventricle, thus full of blood, by thecontraalon of its
fibres prefles the blood towards the aperture again, venous blood, at the fame time
pouring in, will drive it back again into the cavity and mix it more intimately ; till
rifing up againft the parietes, it raifes the valvulas trlcufpides, which are fo conned-
ed to the flefliy columns extended on the oppofite fide, as that when laid quite down
they cannot clofe the parietes of the right ventricle : thefe it thrufts towards the right
auricle, till being there joined they flop the paflage very clofely, and prevent any
return. By the fame means the fame blood rifes up into the three femilunar valves,

placed

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ^105

- placed in the extremity of the other mouth, and lying open to the pulmonary ar-
tery : thefe it (huts clofe againfl the fides of the artery, and leaves a paflage into the
artery alone. The venous blood, therefore, that is, the blood of the whole body,
continually moves out of the ftmiSj or trunk of the vena cava, through the right
auricle and right ventricle, into the pulmonary artery, in a continued and forcible
flream. The blood carried by this artery into the lungs, and diftributed by its
branches through the whole fubftance thereof, is firfl: admitted into the extremities
of the pulmonary vein, called arteria venoja ; whence, paffing into four large ve/Tels,
which unite together, it is brought to the Mt/mus venofus, or trunk, of the pulmonary
vein } by the force of whofe mufculous ftrufture it is driven into the left ventricle,
which on this occafion is relaxed, and by that means prepared to receive it. Hence,
as before, it is driven Into the left ventricle, which is relaxed by the fame means ;
and the valvule milraks, opening, admit it into the left ventricle, and hinder its re-
flux into the pulmonary vein. From hence it is forced into the aorta -, at whofe
orifice there are three femilunar valves, which alfo prevent a reflux by clofing the
fame. And thus is circulation effeded ; all the blood fent into the lungs, and re-
ceived in the arteria vemfa,ftnus venojus, left auricle and ventricle, being here con-
tinually propelled into the aorta, whofe ramifications are fpread throughout all the
reft of the body, with a violent motion. Thus is all the blood, in its return from
every part of the body, internal and external, and from every part of the heart and
its auricles, impelled into the right ventricle j out of that into the lungs j thence
into the left ventricle, and thence through the whole extent of the body ; and thence
again brought back to the heart.

In a fa-ttis, the apparatus for the circulation is fomevvhat different from that
above defcribed. The Jeptum, which feparates the two auricles of the heart, is
pierced through with an aperture, called the foramen ovale ; and the trunk of the
pulmonary artery, a little after it has left the heart, fends out a tube in the defcending
aorta, called the communicating canal. The blood in the lungs of the fxtus has
none of the advantages of air or refpiration ; which yet being necefiary, nature, it
is fuppofed, takes care that it receives a portion of air, mixed together with its mo-
ther's blood, and tranfmitted to it by the umbilical veflels, to be diffufed through
the body. This is confirmed hence; that, by conftringing the navel-ftring very
tight, the child dies like a man ftrangled ; which appears to be owing to nothing
but the want of air. Add to this, that, as foon as the mother ceafes to refpire, the
fxtus expires.

As to the velocity of the circulating blood, and the time wherein the circulation
is completed, feveral computations have been made. By Dr. KelU's account, the
blood is driven out of the heart into the aorta, with a velocity which would carry it

o3. ^^ fifty-

io6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

fifty-two feet in a minute ; but this velocity is continually abated in the progrefs of
the blood through the numerous fecftions, or branches, of the arteries ; (o that, before
it arrives at the extremities of the body, its motion is infinitely diminifhed. The
foace of time wherein the whole mafs of blood may ordinarily circulate, isvarioufly
determined. Some of the lateft writers flate it thus t^fuppofing the heart to make
200 pulfes in an hour, and that at every pulfe there is expelled an ounce of blood ;
as the whole mafs is not ordinarily computed to exceed 24 pounds, it muft be cir-
culated feven or eight times over in the fpace of an hour. The impetus, occafioning
the circulation, is great enough in fome animals to raife the blood, fix, feven, or
eiglit, feet high from the orifice it fpins out at; which, hov/ever, is far exceeded by
that of the fap of a vine in bleeding-time, which will fometim.es rife upwards of
forty feet high. The heat and motion of the blood are always greater, from a greater
aftivity in the foul, in the day than in the night ; and they are likewife ever greater
from the food taken in the day-time : for the .pulfe is always quicker after eating
than before it ; after a full meal than after a fpare one ; and after a meal of drier
and ftronger food, than after a meal of food that is moifter and weaker.

Of the pulses.

THE^w^ is that reciprocal motion of the heart and arteries, whereby the warm
blood, thrown out of the left ventricle of the heart, is fo impelled into the arteries,
and fo diftributed throughout the whole body, as to be perceived by the finger. It
is certain, that life, health, and the due order of the whole body, depend upon a
proper and equable circulation of the blood, and humours through the folid parts ;
fo that, the better regulated and the more equable the circulation is, the more per-
feftly nature preferves herfelf, and cures the difeafes incident to her ; and, on the
contrary, the more this circulation recedes from a due and equable ftate, the weaker
nature is found to be, and the more fubjed: to misfortunes and difeafes. Now every
one muft own, that the circulation of the blood cannot be better inveftigated than
by feeling the pulfe, not in a fupeificial manner, but for a fufficient time : for the
pulfe not only difcovers the imperfeftions and ftrength of the whole body, but alfo
the nature of the blood, and ftate of the various fecretions. And, as a pendulum of
a clock, by its equable and regular vibrations, manifefts the worth of the clock, fo
the pulfe difcovers the habit of the patient, and the vigour qr deprivation of all
the funcftions.

A moderate, conftant, and equal, pulfe, is the rule and meafure by which we are to
judge of the reft. A moderate pulfe, is that which is large, but neither quick nor
flovy, hard nor unequal : this is the pulfe with which all others ought to be com-
pared, and whi«h denotes the beft ftate of health, the abfence of all preternatural

and

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 107

and foreign things, and a due and temperate degree of heat : for, when fiich a pulfe
is prefcnt, the fluids are duly fpirituous, the fibres poflefTed of their natural tone,
the blood temperate and fluid, and confcquently the tranfpiration free, the nutrition
good, the animal fundions vigorous, the fecretions duly carried on, and the patient
in a ftate of good health. But, when the pulfe is quicker, and confequcntly more
frequent than ufual, it indicates a preternatural irritation of the heart, as the ancients
exprefs it, unlefs it proceeds from external caufes. But, if fuch a pulfe continues
long, it infallibly denotes a diforder accompanied with an increafe, and even a fever.
It is generally produced by an inteftine motion of the blood, and a change induced
on the crafis of the fpirits, by an admixture of heterogeneous and often cauftic par-
ticles. When the pulfe is vehement, and at the fame time quick, it indicates a fe-
verifti intemperature, an admixture of fomething heterogeneous with the blood,
lymph, and fpirits; but at the fame time a large quantity of health and fpirits. If a
vehement and quick pulfe is alfo large, the circulation of the blood is brifk, the heat
and thirfl: great, and the whole habit red and turgid. Where the pulfe is fmall, and
little blood is conveyed from the heart to the arteries, and fromthe veins to the heart,
the circulation of the blood is faint and languid. Hence the tranfpiration and fecre-
tions are but fmall, and the ftrength little : but, if a fmall pulfe is at the fame time
weak, frequent, and quick, it denotes a great languor of the rtrength, a preternatu-
ral intefliine motion, and a weak circulation of the blood ; and, if this fpecies of pulfe
continues long, it indicates malignity and great danger.

A flow pulfe generally denotes a vifcidity, thicknefs, and weak circulation, of the
blood, together with a languor of the fecretions ; but, if it is at the fame time weak,
it is dangerous, and raifes a fufpicion of a total lofs of flrength. But a pulfe which
is flow and large denotes fufficient remains of flrength, tenfion, and thicknefs of the
fibres of the heart and arteries; and a vifcid and tenacious blood. All unequal
pulfes are very bad, fince they denote that there is neither a due influx of the
fpirits, nor a proper and equal mixture of the blood ; but particularly fuch pulfes
always prognofticate unlucky events, when they are weak. Intermittent pulfes are
alfo of a bad kind, or generally accounted the prefages of death. But it is not uni-
verfally fo ; for an intermittent pulfe frequently happens without danger, where,
for inftance, the fymptoms are of a bad kind, and the patient's ftrength ftill entire.
Hence this fpecies of pulfe frequently happens in hypochondriac and melancholic
patients, where the inteftine motion of the blood is diminifhed by its thicknefs.
But, when the pulfe is weak and quick at the fame time, it generally prognofticates
death. An hard pulfe generally indicates pains, fpafms, and convulsions, becaufe
the fibr.es of the heart and arteries are fpafmodically conftrided. The irregular,

caprizating,

io8 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,
caprizating, and difcontinued, pulfes, denote a very bad ftate of the body, both with
refpedt to the fluid and folid parts.

It is carefully to be obferved, that one kind of pulfe is not found in all perfons ;
for the pulfe depends on the tone of the mufcular fibres, on the influx of the fpirits,
and the nature and temperament of the blood ; and, as all thefe are furprifingly va-
rious in human bodies, with refped to age, fex, the feafon of the year, the climate,
the.method of life, the fleep, and the paifions of the mind, fo alfo the pulfes vary
from each other according as thefe circumftances differ. Thus men generally have
a large and vehement puli'e, and women one of a more -flow and weak kind ; for the
former have fl:ronger fibres and a hotter blood than the Letter. For this reafon alfo,
the circulation of the blood is brifker in men than in women; and the former do
not generate fuch .loads of redundant blood and humours as women, who are gene-
rally weaker, and more fubjeft to difeafes. Choleric perfons, and thofe of fangui-
neo-cholericxonftitutions, have a larger, quicker, and more vehement, pulfe, than
phlegmatic and melancholic perfons ; for which reafon the fluids move more quick-
ly, the excretions are made more expeditioufly, and the blood is more fluid, in the
former than in the latter ; for the blood of the former is impregnated with a larger
quantity of oleo.us and fulphureous parts, which are the fource and matrix of heat
and fpirituous quantity. Thus alfo, thofe of a flender habit, who have fl:rong fibres,
and large vefTels, have a larger and fl:ronger pulfe than thofe who are fat, have lax
fibres, and narrow vefTels. Hence they are alfo founder, more robufl, and more
capable of enduring fatigue. This is alfo the reafon why thofe who are naturally
thick and fat are more readily feized with ficknefs, and deftroyed by it, than thofe
of flender habits. In infants and children, the pulfe is frequent and foft; whereas,
in old perfons, it is flow and large, whilft in young perfons, and thofe full grown,
it is large and vehement; for generally infants and children generate a larger quan-
tity of humours (which are neceffary to their growth), and colled: a great deal of
fordes, which is the reafon why infants and children are more generally feized with
ficknefs, and more readily die of it, than youths and adults. Old perfons have thick
blood, but rigid fibres ; for which reafon their pulfe is hard, and makes a forcible
imprefTion on the touch; but in infants and children the pulfe is foft, on account of
the tenderneis and laxity of the fibres. The pulfe is alfo changed by the feafon of the
year, the exercife of the body, the aliments, and the affedions of the mind. In the
riiiddle of the ipring, the pulfe is large and vehement ; at this feafon alfo the flrength
is greatefl ; for which reafon perfons are at that time mofl rarely fick, and recover
mofl: eafily: in the middle of the fummer the pulfe is quicker and weaker, becaufe
by the intenfe heat the flrength is impaired, while the inteftine motion of the fluids
is greater than it ufually is. In autumn the pulfe is flower, fofter, and weaker, than

3 at

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. . 109

at the middle of the fummer, tliofe vfhich are cold to the winter, and fuch as arc
temperate to the fpriiig.

Exercife increafes the pulfe, and confequently the circulation of the blood, whilft
ari idle and inad:ive ftatc renders the pulfe flow, weak, and languid, and diminifhes
thel circulation of the fluids. Spirituous aliments render the pulfe large, vehe-
ment, and frequent. The pulfe of fuch as are afleep is flow, fmall, and languid ;
but, as foon as they awake, it forthwith becomes large, quicker, and ftronger ; the
pulfe of thofe who are angry is large, vehement, and quick ; that of fuch as are
frightened, frequent, fmall, and inadive ; and of thofe who arc foi 'owful fmall, lan-
guid, and flow; hence the common and ordinary afFecflions of the body change the
pulfe, fo that, without duly adverting to thcfe afFeftions, the pulfe cannot be cer-
tainly underfl;ood, nor can it be determined how far it recedes from a natural fl:ale
in confequence of difeafes.

The natural pulfe is therefore to be felt and to be obferved, not immediately after
exercife, bathing, immoderate eating, drinking wine, or other caufes which exagitate
the heart and fpirits ; for we are to determine nothing about the pulfe till the force
of external caufes has ceafcd, and all perturbations of the body are allayed ; for
the pulfe is the mofl: certain fign and criterion for judging of the motion of the heart
and blood; but, if the pulfe alone is obferved, without paying a due regard to other
circumftances, it may lay a foundation for forming a falfe judgment ; fince the
pulfe may be difturbed by a thoufand abfliradl: caufes.

All authors, both ancient and modern, agree, that a frequent pulfe, in every fpecies
of fever, whether continual or intermittent, whether benign or malignant, whether
in its beginning or at its height, proves fuch a fever to be prefent ; hence the quick
or frequent pulfe is confidered as the true efl"ential flgn of fevers ; but this
frequency is either greater or lefs, and aflbciates itfelf with the great or vehement,
or with the fmall and weak, according to the diverfity of fevers, and the times of the
difeafc. A frequent pulfe when weak and fmall, is fcarcely ever good; fince it de-
notes, a languid and flow circulation of the blood; but a frequent, large, and vehe-
ment, pulfe, fuch as is gener.illy obferved in the height of continual fevers, denotes
a briflc circulation of the blood, and an increafed heat of the body, hi inveftigating
the caufe of a frequent pulfe, which is generally preternatural, and accompanies
feveral diforders, we fliall follow the accurate Bellini, who accounts for the motion
of the heart from the influx of the blood through the coronary arteries, and of the
nervous fluid through the nerves, into the fibres of the heart; whence he concludes,
that the mufcles of the heart are moft frequently moved when the nervous fluid is
moft frequently conveyed into them, which happens when it is forced into them
by a fuflicient quantity of blood flowing forcibly into the brain. • Now by a fre-

33' Pf quent

no CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSIClAIsT.
qucnt contradlion of the heart a frequent pulfe is produced, which indicates that a-
proper quantity of blood is conveyed to the brain, and that ths brain is forcibly preflecJ,
which will happen, either when the blood ftagnates therein, in confequence of an ob-
llruiflion of its veins, or when the blood contained in thefe veins cannot flow in other
parts, or in the lungs ; or when the blood is thrown into a ftate of effervefcence, by which
it afTumes a tendency to move in-every dircdion with a greater impetus, and by that
means prefibs the brain more powerfully ; the mnfcles of the heart alfo move more
frequently when irritated by any ftimulus. If, therefore, the blood is too acid or hot,
fo as to ftimulate the finufes of the heart, the heart will be more frequently contra<5l:-
ed, and the frequency of the pulfe will indicate a ftimulating quality in the blood.

Since from the pulfe we thus form a judgment not only of the circulation and
temperature of the Wood, bat alfo of the motion of the fpirits, and the ftrength
of the patient, fo the knowledge of the pulfe, and a due attention- to it, become of
fingular fervice, not only in inveftigating the nature of diforders, and forming a
right judgment concerning them, but alfo in prefcribing medicines for their cure.
But they muft be carefully, not fuperficially, confulted. The phyficians of China
are far more careful in this refpeft than thofe of Europe j for the Chinefe often fpend
a whole hour in feeling the pulfe, whilft the Englifli phyficians have hardly patience
to feel above two pulfations ; a pradice highly culpable, fince, after ten ftrokes of
the artery, an inequality or intermiffion often occurs, which happens when the un-
equally-mixed blood pafles through the heart. The pulfe is alfo to be felt in both
■wrifts, in the neck, and in the temples ; fince it is certain from experience, that the
-pulfe in the wrifts frequently varies, and may be more commodioufly felt in one than
another. We ought alfo to advert to the pulfes of other parts j thus, fometimes hy-
pochondriac patients perceive a large pulfe under the ribs on the left fWe, which
happens when a quick and vifcid blood, exagitated by heat, or any other caufe, en-
deavours to procure a quick paflage through the pancreas and fpleen, but, flopping
in their narrow veflTels, produces a pulfation, and a kind of pricking pain.

In continual and malignant fevers a large internal pulfation in the veins of the head
generally denotes a fubfequent delirium ; fince it is a fign that the blood there con-
gefted circulates flowly, till at laft, becoming ftagnant, it produces a violent inflam-
mation of the meninges. If a large pulfe arifes from an exceffive ebullition of the
blood, fo that in fevers the veins of the temples beat, and the face is turgid, with-
out a foftnefs of the prascordia, there is reafoii to fufpedt that the difeafe will be
long, and that It will not terminate without a large hasmorrhage from the nofe, an
hiccough, convuHions, or fciatic pains. The reafon of this is, that the redundant
blood feeks for an outlet either by the nofe or the hasmorrhoidal veins ; and, th^c
fooner this happens, the fooner the patient is free from his diforder.

When

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. iii

■When a pulfation is obferved in any part of the body, where at other times it is
not felt, we may certainly conclude, that the part is inflamed and difpofcd to a fup-
puration, -efpecially when it is accompanied with tumour and pain. An hard pulfe
is ahnoft an infallible fign in the membranous parts ; for this hardnefs of the pulfe,
or excedive tcnfion and vibration ef the artery, indicates fomething of a fpafmodic
nature, arifing from the confcnt of the parts, and produced by the inflammation and
pain. The pulfe of perfons labouring under difordcrs of the breaft, or a palpitation,
of the heart, is frequent, unequal, and languid ; butfuch a pulfe, unlefs when vehe-
ment, is accompanied with no preternatural heat, and happens becaufe the blood
does not pafs through the finufts of tlie heart and the lobes of the lungs. In weak-
nefs, and a difpofition of fyncopes, the pulfe is generally fmall, rare, and languid;
but> if the pulfe is abfolutely imperceptible, the body covered with a cold fweat,
and the fundions of the mind are not totally deftroyed, I have obferved, that the
patient infallibly dies in fix hours : and fuch a fituation I have (cen produced by
corroilve poifon. It is to be obferved, that about the critical times in fevers, whea
nature endeavours to throw off the fuperfluous and peccant matter by ftool or fweat,
the pulfe, though languid, is yet more regular and Icfs frequent, which- is a certain
fign of recovery. But, if the pulfe is foft and undulating, it is a fign that a falutar/
and critical fweat is juft coming on.

It is alfo to be obferved, that the pulfe is changed by medicines. Thus, after dra.C-
tic purgatives, which procure too many ftools, the pulfe is generally preternaturall/
quick. After vena;fe(ftion, efpecially in plethoric habits, the pulfe becomes quicker,
a fign that the circulation of the blood, in confequence of its having a larger fpaccj
is^ happily increafed, fince by this means a fupprefTion of the menfesor haemorrhoids
is generally removed. It is certain, not only from the authority of Sydenham,
but alfo from experience, that, after the ufeof chalybeats, the pulfe is quicker, ths
face redder, and the heat greater. Strong fudorifics, compofed of volatile oleous
fubftances, greatly increafe the pulfation of the heart and arteries ; on the contrary,
anodynes, opiates, preparations of nitre, precipitating powders, acids, and fuch things
as diminifh the inteftine motion of the blood and fix its fulphur, render the pulfe
calm and moderate in pains, inflammations, and febrile intemperature. Some very
ufeful and important rules for the exhibition of medicines are drawn from the ftate
of the pulfe : thus purging and vomiting are contra-indicated by a too quick and
vehement pulfe; for, when the blood is in a violent motion and ebullition, the fe-
cretions are generally very lariguid. If the ftrength is defaftive, which may be
known by the languid ftate of the pulfe, emetics and purgatives diminifh the ftrength.
flUl more ; fo that the phyfician ought to confult the pulfe before he exhibits them.
For when the pulfe is ftrong, and the motion of the blood regular, thefe artificial

evacuations

112 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

evacuations are moft beneficial, and fucceed beft. The fame caution is nece/Tary in
the exhibition of fudorifics and ail analeptics, which convey heat and motion to the
blood; for, if the pulfe is ftrong and frequent, fuch fpirituous fubftances do more
injury than good ; they rarefy the blood too much, and accelerate its inteftine mo-
tion ; bv which means a delirium and other inflamrhations are frequently brought
oh. Great cir^rumfpedion and attention to the pulfe are alfo requifite in the exhibi-
tion of narcotics or opiates; for, as thefe are poflefled of a power of flopping the
motion of the blood and fpirits, and confequently of impairing ftrength, fo they
ought never to be exhibited when the pulfe is weak, languid, and fmall, but are to
be avoided like poifon.

Of diseases in GENERAL, their PREVENTION, and CURE. .

DISEASE introduced the art of Medicine, which, in a primitive fenfe, commu-
nicates the means of preferving health when prefent, and of reftoring it when loft. If
we look back into the origin of the medical art, we fhall find its firft foundation to
be owing to accidental events, and natural inftind. In the early ages, the fick
were placed in crofs ways, and other public places, to receive the advice of fuch
paflengers as knew a remedy fuitable to their complaints ; and, the better to pre-
ferve the memory of every remarkable cure, both the difeafe and the remedy were
engraved on pillars, that patients in the like cafes might refort to them for inftruc-
tion and relief. Hence an infight into the virtues of herbs and plants, of metals and
minerals, was originally acquired.

As to the part which reafon has afled in the improvement of medicine, it feems to
have confided In obferving, i. That difeafes attended with particular circumftances,
called fymptoms, were fometlmes cured without the affifl:anceofart, by fpontaneous
evacuations, as ha?morrhages, diarrhceas, vomitings, or fweats ; whence bleeding,
purges, and vomits, took their rife. 2. That the patients were often relieved by the
breaking out of various tumours ; whence arofe the application of topical remedies.
And, indeed, it is the beft method of Improving phyfic, to obferve carefully what
means nature, unaffifted by art, employs to free the conftitutlon from diftempers ;
fmce many important hints may be thence taken, for the relief of other patients un-
der the like circumftances. He, who would advance the healing art, ought to colle<5t
a feled treafure of pradical obfervations, reft fatisfied with a few but well-chofeii
medicines, be thoroughly acquainted with their virtues and efficacy in diflFerent con-
ftitutions and difeafes, defptfe the cumberfome load of recipes with which pradtical
writers of an Inferior rank abound, rejed the fo much extolled medicines of the che-
jiufts, and attempt the relief of patients by a proper diet and exerclfe, and fuch me-

I dicines

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORV. iij

dlcines as obfervatioii and found philofophy recommend : for to the improvement of
anatomy and natural philofophy is much of the fucccfs of phyfic to be attributed.
The knowledge of medicines, or fuitable remedies, is alfo highly neceflary in thofe,
who, in order to moderate the impetus in acute diforders, make evacuations, b'unt
acrimony, dilute too thick fluids, condenfe thofe that are too thin, brace up too lax
parts, and relax fuch as are too much conftridted j they alfo drive the humours to
parts where they will be lead prejudicial, upon occafion mitigate pain, and in lan-
guors ufe ftimulating medicines. Wine, vinegar, barley, nitre, honey, rhubarb,
opium, and other fimples, are found both fafe and powerful medicines. Sydenham
tells us, that all manner of difeafes may be cured by bleeding, purging, with a fub-
fequent opiate, and proper regimen. In chronical difeafes mineral waters, falts, dia-
phoretics, foap, mercury, fteel, with a few vegetables, and proper exerclfe, will ge-
nerally effeiSl the cure. In a word, what is there in the moft elaborate preparation,
that is worth half the pains taken about it ? Mercury, opium, the Peruvian bark, and
other fimples, with fire and water, are acknowledged as the fureft remedies by the
ableft mafters of the art ; and thefe are found to be more efficacious in that crude
ftate, in which bountiful nature has imparted them to us, than after the moft ope-
rofe and artificial preparations. We can defpair of nothing, while we follow fim-
pliclty ; but the event of intricate labour is fallacious.

Difeafes, in this and other countries, often flow from local circumftances ; whence
they admit of great mitigation, and fometlmes of being entirely prevented, particu-
larly if proper and timely means be taken for that purpofe. DIfeafed parents, un-
wholefome food, confined air, and uncommonly wet, cold, damp, or hot, feafons, are
the forerunners of various diforders; and, as thefe are generally forefeen and known,
it ftiould be the duty of every individual to guard agalnft them.

Men are alfo expofed to particular difeafes from the occupations which they fol-
low. Chymifts, founders, glafs-makers, and feveral other artifts, are hurt by the
unwholefome air which they are obliged to breathe. This air is not only loaded with
the noxious exhalations arifing from metals and mlixerals, but is fo charged with
phlogifton as to be rendered unfit for expanding the lungs fufficiently, and anfwer-
ing the other important purpofes of refpiration. Hence proceed afthmas, coughs,
and confumptlons of the lungs, fo incident to perfons who follow thefe employ ments^
Such artifts ought never to continue too long at work ; and w hen they give over they
fhould fuflfer themfelves to cool gradually. They ought never to drink large quan-
tities of cold, weak, or watery, liquors, while the bodies are hot, nor to indulge in
any thing that is cold on the ftomach.

Miners, and all who work under ground, are likewife hurt by unwholefome air.
The air, by its ftagnation in deep mines., not only lofes its proper fpring and other

33' Gg qualities

114 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,
qualities nece/Tary for refpiratiorij but is often loaded with fuch noxious exhalations
as to become a moft deadly poifon. Miners are not only hurt by unwholefome air,
but likewife by the particles of metal which adhere to their fkin, clothes, &c. Thefe
are abforbed, or taken up into the body, and occafion palfies, vertigoes, and other
nervous affedions, which often prove fatal. Fallopius obferves, that thofe who
work in mines of mercury feldom live above three or four years. Lead, and feveral
other metals, are likewife very pernicious to the health.

All who work in mines or metals ought to wafh carefully, and to change their
clothes as foon as they give over working. Nothing would tend more to preferve
the health of fuch people than a ftri<5t and almoft religious regard to cleanlinefs.
Plumbers, painters, gilders, fmelters, makers of white lead, and many others who
work in metals, are liable to the fame difeafes as miners, and ought to obferve the
fame diredions for avoiding them. Tallow-chandlers, boilers of oil, and all who
work in putrid animal fubftances, are likewife liable to fuffer from the unwholefome
fmells or effluvia of thefe bodies. They ought to pay the fame regard to cleanlinefs
as miners: and when they are troubled with naufea, ficknefs, or indigeflion, they
fhould take a gentle purge.

Thofe who follow laborious employments are in general the moft healthy of man-
kind; yet the nature of their occupations, and the places where they are carried on,
cxpofe them to fome particular difeafes. Hufbandmen, for example, are expofed to
all the viciffitudes of the weather, which, in this country, are often very great and
fuddeh, and occafion colds, coughs, quinfies, rheumatifms, fevers, and other acute
diforders. They are likewife forced to work hard, and often carry burdens above
their ftrength, which, by overftraining the veflels, occafions afthmas, ruptures, &c.

Such as bear heavy burdens, as porters, labourers, &c. are obliged to drraw the
air with much greater force, and alio to keep their lungs diftended with more vio-
lence, than is necefiary for common refpiration : by this means the tender veflels
of the lungs are overflretched, and often burft, infomuch that a fpitting of blood or
fever enfues. Hippocrates mentions an inftance to this purpofe, of a man, who.,"'
upon a wager, carried an afs ; but was foon after feized with a fever, a vomiting of
blood, and a rupture. Carrying heavy burdens is generally the effed of mere lazi-
nefs, which prompts people to do at once what fhould be done at twice. Sometimes
it proceeds from vanity or emulation. Hence it is, that the ftrongeft men are mofl:
commonly hurt by heavy burdens, hard labour, or feats of adivity. It is rare to
find one who boafts of his ftrength without a rupture, a fpitting of blood, or fome
difeafe, which he reaps as the fruit of his folly. When the mufcles are violently
flrained, frequent reft is neceffary, in order that they may recover their tone; with-
out this, the ftrength and conftitution will foon be worn out, and a premature old age
brought on. Labourers

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. rr^

Labourers in the hot feafon are apt to lie down and fleep in the fun. This prac-
tice is fo dangerous, tliat they often wake in a burning fever. Thofe ardent fevers,
which prove fo fatal about the end of fummer and beginning of autumn, are fre-
quently occafioned by this means. Fevers of a very bad kind are often occafioned
among labourers by poor living. When the body is not fufficiently nouriflied, the
humours become vitiated, and the folids weak ; from whence the moft fatal confe-
quences enfue. Poor living is likewife produftive of many of thofe cutaneous dif-
eafes fo frequent aTiong the lower clafs of people. It is remarkable that cattle, when
pinched in their food, are generally afFe(5lcd with difeafcs of the fkiw, which feldom
fail to difappear when they are put upon a good pafture. This Ihews how much a
good ftate of the humours depends upon a fufficient quantity of proper nourifhment,-
Poverty not only occafions, but aggravates, many of the difeafes of the laborious,
and makes them miferable indeed. Here the godlike virtue of charity ought always
to exert itfelf. To relieve the induftrious poor in diftrefs, is furely the moft exalted
ad of religion and humanity. They alone who are witnefles of thofe fcenes of ca-
lamity, can form a notion of what numbers perl(h in diilafes, for want of proper
afliftance, and even for want of the neceflaries of life.

Soldiers fuffer many hardfhips from the inclemency of feafons, long marches, bad
provifions, hunger, watching, unwholefome climates, bad water, &c. Thefe oc-
cafion fevers, fluxes, rheuniatifms, and other fatal difeafes, which generally do great-
er execution than the fword, efpecially when campaigns are continued too late in the
year. A few weeks of cold rainy weather will often prove more fatal than an en—
gacrement. Sailors mav alfo be numbered amongft the laborious. They undergo
great hardfhips from change of clinvite, the violence of the weather, hard labour,
&CC. One great fource of the difeafes of fea-faring people is excefs. When they get
on fhore, after having been long at fea, without regard to the climate, or their own
conftitutions, they plunge headlong into all manner of riot, and even perfift till a
fever puts an end to their lives. Thus intemperance, and not the climate, is often the
caufc why fo many of our brave f.ilors die on foreign coafts. Such peojJe ought
not to live too low j but they would find moderation the'beft defence againft fevers,
and many other maladies. We have reafon to believe, if due attention were paid-
to the ditft, air, clothing, and above all things to the cleanlinefs, of fea-faring peo-
ple, they would be the moft healthy fet of men in the world -, but, when they are
negleded, the very reverfe will happen.

Nothing can be more contrary to the health aiid nature of man than a fcdentary
life, yet this clafs comprehends the far greater part of the fpecies. Almoft the whole
female world, and in manufaduring countries the major part of the males, may be
reckoned fedentary. But, though fedentary employments are neceflary, yet there

1 fccras

•n6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSlClAT^.

ifeans to be no reafon why any perfon rhould be confined for life to thefe alone. I4:
is conftant confinement that ruins the health. A man will not be hurt hy fitting five
or fix hours a-day ; but, if he be obliged to fit ten or twelve, in confined air, he will
foon become injured in his health. Unwholefome air is the caufe of many diforders.
Few are aware of the danger arifing from it. People generally pay fome attention
to what they eat and drink, but feldom regard what goes into the lungs, though the'
latter often proves more fuddenly fatal than the former. A fedentary life feldom
fails to occafion an univerfal relaxation of the folids. This is the great fource from
whence moft of the difeafes of fedentary people flow. The fcrophula, confumption,
hyfterics, and nervous difeafes, now fo common, were very little known in this coun-
try before fedentary artificers became fo numerous : and they are very Lttle known
ilill among fuch of our people as follow aftive employments without doors, though
in great towns at leafl; two-thirds of the inhabitants are afflidled with them. In-
ftead of multiplying rules for preferving the health of the fedentary, we fhallVe-
commend to them the following plan, viz. That every perfon who follows a feden-
tary employment fhould cultivate a piece of ground with his own hand. This he
might dig, plant, fow, and weed, at leifure hours, fo as to m-ake it an exercife and
amufement, while it produced many of the necefiaries of life. After working an
hour in a garden, a man will return with more keennefs to his employment within
tJoors, than if he had been all the while idle. Labouring the ground is every way
conducive to health. It not only gives exercife to every part of the body, but the
very fmell of the earth and frefh herbs revives and cheers the fpirits, whilft the per-
petual profpecT: of fomething coming to maturity delights and entertains the mind.
We are fo formed as to be always pleafed with fomewhat in profpecfl, however
diftant or however trivial. Hence the happinefs that men feel in planting, fowing,
building, &c. Thefe feem to have been the chief employments of the more early
ages : and, when kings and conquerors cultivated the ground, there is reafon to be-
lieve, that they knew as well wherein true happinefs confifl'ed as we do. In a word,
exercife without doors, in one fhape or another, is abfolutely neceffary to health.
Thofe who neglecft it, though they may drag out life, can hardly be faid to enjoy it.
Weak and effeminate, they languifh for a few years, and foon drop into an untimely

grave.

Every difeafe may be confidered as an afiemblage of fymptoms, and muft be dif-
tinguiflied by thofe that are moft obvious and permanent ; for, by a due attention
to them, the inveftigation of difeafes in general will be found a much lefs difficult
matter than people are ready to imagine. A proper attention to the patient's age,
fex, temper of mind, conftitution, and manner of life, will likewife greatly affifl,
both in the inveftigation and treatment of difeaies. In childhood the fibres are lax

and

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. J17

and foft, the nerves extremely irritable, and the fluids thinj whereas imold age the
fibres are rigid, the nerves become almoft'infenfible, and many of the veflels imper-
viable. Thefe and other peculiarities render the difeafes of the young and aged very
different, and of courfe they muft require a different method of treatment. Females
are liable to many difeafes which do not afRI6l the other fex: befides, the nervous
fyftcm being more irritable in them than in men, their difeafes require to be treated
with greater caution. They arc lefs able to bear large evacuations ; and all ftimulating
medicines ought to be adminiftered to them with a fparing hand. The temper of
mind ought to be carefully attended to in all difeafes. Fear, anxiety, and a fretful
temper, both occafion and aggravate difeafes. In vain do we apply medicines to the
body to remove maladies which proceed from the mind. When that is affed:ed, the
beft medicine is to foothe the pafTions, to divert the mind from anxious thought, and
to keep the patient as eafy and cheerful as poflible. Few things are of greater im-
portance, in the cure of difeafes, than cleanlinefs. When a patient is fuffered to lie
in dirty clothes, whatever perfpires from his body is again reforbed, or taken up
into it, which ferves to nourifh the difeafe, and increafe the danger. Many difeafes
may be cured by cleanlinefs alone j moft of them may be mitigated by it, and in all
of them it is highly neceffary both for the patient and thofe who attend him.

Of FEVERS.

FEVERS are not only the moft frequent of all difeafes, but they are likewife the
moft complex : in the moft fimple fpecies of fever there is always a combination of
feveral different fymptoms. The diftinguifhing fymptoms of fever are, increafed
heat, frequency of pulfe, lofs of appetite, general debility, pain in the he.id, and a
difficulty in performing fome of the vital and animal fundions. The other fymp-
toms ufually attendant on fevers are, naufea, thirft, anxiety, delirium, wearinefs,
wafting of the flefh, want of fleep, or the fleep difturbed and not refreftiing. As a
fever is only an effort of Nature to free herfelf from an offending caufe, it is the bu-
finefs of thofe who have the cue of the fick, to obferve with diligence which way
Nature points, and to endeavour to afllft her operations. Our bodies are fb framed,
as to have a conftant tendency to expel or throw off whatever is injurious to health.
This is generally dona by urine, fweat, ftool, expecftoration, vomit, or fome other
evacuation. There is reafon to believe, if the efforts of nature, at the beginning of
a fever, were duly attended to and promoted, it would feldom continue long j but,
when her attempts are either negleded or counteraifted, it is no wonder if the difeafe
proves fatal. There are daily inftances of perfons, who, after catching cold, have all
the fymptoms of a beginning fever j but, by keeping warm, drinking diluting liquors,
bathing the feet in warm water, &c. the fymptoms in a few hours dil'appear, and the

34. lil^ danger

ii8 CULPEPER'3 ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

danger is prevented. When fevers of a putrid kind threaten, tRe bed method of
obviating their effeds is by repeated vomits. Ahnoft every perfon in a fever com-
plains of great thirft, and calls out for drink, efpecialiy of a cooling nature. This
at once points out the ufe of water and other cooling liquors. What is fo likely to
abate the heat, attenuate the humours, remove fpafms and obftrudions, promote
perfpiration, increafe the quantity of urine, and, in fhort, produce every falutary ef-
fed in an ardent or inflammatory fever, as drinking plentifully of water, thin gruel,
or any other weak liquor of which water is the bafis ? The neceffity of diluted li-
quors is pointed out by the dry tongue, the parched (kin, and the burning heat, as
well as by the unquenchable thirft, of the patient. Many cooling liquors which are
extremely grateful to patients in a fever, may be prepared from fruits, as decoftions
of tamarinds, apple- tea, orange-whey, and the like. Mucilaginous liquors might
alfo be prepared from marfhmallow- roots, linfeed, lime-tree buds, and other mild
vegetables particularly pointed out in the Herbal. Thefe liquors, efpecialiy when
acidulated, are highly agreeable to the patient, and fhould never be denied him. In
fevers the mind as well as body fhould be kept eafy. Company is feldom agreeable
to one that is fick. Indeed every thing that difturbs the imagination increafes the
difeafe ; for which rcsfon every perfon in a fever ought to be kept perfedly quiet,
and neither allowed to fee or hear any thing that may in theieaft affecfi: or difcompofe
his mind. What food the patient takes fhould be in fmall quantity, light, and of
eafy digeftion. It ought to be chiefly of the vegetable kind, as panada, roafted ap-
ples, gruels, and fuch like. The frefh air fhould likevvife be taken as much as pof-
fible ; it not only removes his anxiety, but cools the blood, revives the fpirits, and
proves every way beneficial. Among common people, the very name of a fever
generally fuggefts the neceflity of bleeding. This notion feems to have taken its
rife from moft fevers in this country having been formerly of an inflammatory na-
ture J but true inflammatory fevers are now feldom to be met with. Sedentary oc-
cupations, and a different manner of living, have fo changed the ftate of difeafes ia
Britain, that there is now hardly one fever in ten where the lancet is neceffary. In
mofl: low, nervous, and putrid, fevers, which are now fo common, bleeding is really
hurtful, as it weakens the patient, finks his fpirits, &c. We would recommend this
general rule, never to bleed at the beginning of a fever, unlefs there be evident
figns of inflammation. Bleeding is an excellent medicine when neceflary, but fhould
never be wantonly performed. It is likewife a common notion, that fweating is al-
ways necefTary in the beginning of a fever. When the fever proceeds from an ob-
f^ru(9:ed perfpiration, this notion is not ill-founded. If the patient only lies in bed,
bathes his feet and legs in warm water, and drinks freely of water-gruel, or any other
weak diluting licjuor, he will feldom fail to perfpire freely. The warmth of the

bed,

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. rij

bed, and the diluting drink, will relax the univerfal fpafm, which generally afFefts
the flcin at the beginning of a fever j it will open the pores, and promote theperfpi-
ration, by means of which the fever may often be carried off. But, indead of this,
the common praftice is to heap clothes upon the patient, and to give him things of
a hot nature, as fpirits, fpiceries, &c. which fire his blood, increafe the fpafms, and
render the difeafe more dangerous. In all fevers a proper attention fhould be paid to
a patient's longings. Thefe are the calls of Nature, and often point out what may
be of real ufe. Patients are not indeed to be indulged in every thing that the
lickly appetite may crave ; but it is generally right to let them have a little of what
they eagerly defire, though it may not feem altogether proper. What the patient
longs for, his ftomach will generally digeft i and fuch things have fometimes a very-
happy effed.

Of intermittent FEVERS, oa AGUES.

THE feveral kinds of intermittent fevers, or agues, take their names from the
period in which the fit returns, as quotidian, tertian, quartan, 6:c. They are gene-
rally occafioned by effluvia from putrid ftagnated water. This is evident from their
abounding in rainy feafons, and being moft frequent in countries where the foil ia
marfliy, as in Holland, the Fens of Cambridge/hire, the Hundreds of EfTex, &c.
This difeafe may alfo be occafioned by eating too much ftone-fruit, by a poor watery
diet, damp houfes, evening dews, lying upon the damp ground, watching, fatigue,
deprefiing paflions, and the like. When the inhabitants of a high country retire to
a low one, they are apt to prove fatal. In a word, whatever relaxes the folids, dimi-
nifhes the perfpiration, or obftrui^s the circulation in the capillary or fmall veflels,
difpofes the body to agues.

CURE. ---As the chief intentions of cure in an ague are to brace the folids, aud
promote perfpiration, the patient ought to take as much exercife between the fits as
he can bear. If he be able to go abroad, riding on horfeback, or in a carriage,
will be of great fervice. But, if he cannot bear that kind of exercife, he ought to
take fuch as his ftrength will permit. Nothing tends more to prolong an intermit-
ting fever, than indulging a lazy indolent difpofition. In this difeafe, the ftomach
is generally loaded with cold vifcid phlegm, and frequently great quantities of bile
are difcharged by vomit; which plainly points out the neceflity of fuch evacuations.
Vomits are therefore to be adminiftered before the patient takes any other medicine.
But, if the patient be afraid to take a vomit, he ought to cleanfc the bowels by a dof*
or two of Glauber's fait, jalap, or rhubarb : after this, two ounces of the beft Pe-
ruvian bark, finely powdered, may be divided into twenty-four dofes. Thefe may
either be made into bolufles, as they are ufed, with a little fyrup of lemony or mixed

I20 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

in a glafs of red wine, a cup of camomile-tea, water-gruel, or any other drink that
is more agreeable to the patient. In an ague which returns every day, one of the
above dofes may be taken every two hours during the interval of the fits. In a ter-
tian, or third-day ague, it will be fufficient to take a dofe every third hour during
the interval ; and in a quartan, every fourth. If the patient cannot take Co large a
dofe of the bark, he may divide each of the powders into two parts, and take one
every hpur, &c. For a young perfon, a fmaller quantity of this medicine will be
fufficient, and the dofe muft be adapted to the age, conftitution, and violence of the
fymptoms. The above quantity of bark will frequently cure an ague ; the patient,
however, ought not to leave ofF taking the medicine as foon as the paroxyfms are
flopped, but fhould continue to ufe it till there is reafon to believe the difeafe is
entirely overcome. Moft of the failures in the cure of this difeafe are owing to
patients not continuing to ufe the medicine long enough. They are generally di-
reded to take it till the fits are flopped, then to leave it off, and begin again at fome
diftance of time ; by which means the difeafe gathers ftrength, and often returns
with as much violence as before. A relapfe may always be prevented, and the cure
greatly facilitated, by ufing the following infufion for fome confiderable time as
a drink : Take an ounce of gentian root ; of calamus aromaticus, and orange-peel,
each half an ounce, with three or four handfuls of camomile flowers, and an hand-
ful of coriander-feed, all bruifed together in a mortar j put half a handful of thefe
ingredients into a tea-pot, and pour thereon a pint of boiling water. A large
tea-cup full of this infufion fhould be drunk three or four times a day -, by which
means a fmaller quantity of bark than is generally ufed will be fufficient to cure an
ague. There is no doubt but many of our own plants or barks, which are very
bitter and aftringent, would fucceed in the cure of intermittent fevers, efpecially
when affifted by aromatics ; and it is only by the ufe of fundry of thofe herbs re-
commended in the Herbal as antidotes againft agues, that many old women in
country places fo effe^ftually cure the ague, after it has baffled every exertion of
the dotflor. In obftinate agues, when the patient is old, the habit phlegmatic, the
feafon rainy, the fituation damp, or the like, it will be neceflary to add to the above
two ounces of the bark, half an ounce of Virginian fnake-root, and a quarter of an
ounce of ginger, or fome other warm aromatic; or, if the fymptoms be of an inflam-
matory nature, half an ounce of fl\lt of wormwood or fait of tartar may be added to
the above quantity of bark. As autumnal a'ad winter agues generally prove much
more obftinate than thofe which attack the patient in fpring or fummer, it will be
necelTary to continue the ufe of the foregoing medicines longer in the former than
in the latter. If agues are not properly cured, they often degenerate into obftinate
chronical diferjes, as the dropfy, jaundice, &c. For this reafon all poffible care

fhould

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. m

ihould be taken to have them radically cured, before the humours be vitiated, and
the conftitution fpoiled. To prevent agues, people fhould endeavour to avoid their
caufes. The follosving preventive medicine may however be of ufe to fuch as are
obliged to live in low marfliy countries, or who are liable to frequent attacks of this
difeafe. Take an ounce of the beft Peruvian bark ; Virginian fnakc-root, and
orange-peel, of each half an ounce ; bruife them all together, and infufc for five or
fix days in a bottle of brandy, Holland gin, or wine ; afterwards pour off the clear
liquor, and take a wine-glafs of it twice or thrice a-day. Thofe who can bring
themfelves to chew the bark will find that method fucceed very well. Gen-
tian-root, or calamus-aromaticus, may alfo be chewed by turns for the fame pur-
pofe. All bitter herbs are antidotes to agues, efpecially thofe that are warm and
aftringent.

Ok an acute CONTINUAL FEVER.

THIS fever is denominated acute, ardent, or inflammatory. It mod commonly
attacks the young, or perfons about the prime or vigour of life, efpecially fuch as
live high, abound with blood, and whofe fibres are ftrong and elaftic. It feizes
people at all feafons of the year; but is moft frequent in the fpring and beginning
of fummcr. It may be occafioned by any thing that overheats the body, or produces
plethora ; as violent exercife, fleeping in the fun, drinking ftrong liquors, eating
fpiceries, a full diet, with little exercife, &c. It may likewlfe be occafioned by what-
ever obftru(5ts the perfpiration ; as lying on the damp ground, drinking cold liquor
when the body is hot, night-watching, or the like,

CURE. -—As this difeafe is always attended with danger, the beft medical aftift-
ance ought to be procured as foon as poftible j and fuch medicines ftiould be ufed
as are calculated to dilute the blood, corred the acrimony of the humours, allay the
excefllve heat, remove the fpafmodic ftridure of the veftels, and promote the fecre-
tions. For this purpofc let the patient drink plentifully of diluting liquors; as
water-grUel, or oatmeal-tea, clear whey, barley-water, baum-tea, apple- tea; which
may be ftiarpened with juice of orange, jelly of currants, rafpberries, and fuch like.
If the patient be coftive, an ounce of tamarinds, with two ounces of ftoned raifins
of the fun, and a couple of figs, may be boiled in three Englifti pints of water to a
quart. This makes a very pleafant drink, and may be ufed at difcretion. The pa-
tient's diet muft be very fpare and light ; and it will afford him great relief, efpe-
cially in a hot feafon, to have frefh air frequendy let into his chamber. This, how-
ever, muft be done in fuch a manner as not to endanger his catching cold. It is too
common in fevers to load the patient with bed-clothes, under the pretence of making
him fweat, or defending him from the cold. This cuftom has many ill effeds. It

J 4. It increafes

^1^■ GULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSIC IAN,

ir.crc?.res the heat of the body, fatigues the patient, and retards inftead of proTno—
ring the perfpiration. In this and all other fevers, attended with a hard, full, quick,,
pu'.fe, bleeding is of the greateft importance. This operation ought always to be.
performed as foon as the fymptoms of an inflammatory fever appear. The quantity,
of blood to be taken away muft be in proportion to the ftrength of the patient and.
the violence of the difeafe. If after the firft bleeding the fever (hould rife, and the.
pulfe become more frequent and hard, there will be a neceflity for repeating it a fe-
cond, and perhaps a third, or even a fourth, time, which may be done at the diftance.
of twelve, eighteen, or twenty-four, hours from each other, as the fymptoms require.
If the pulfe continues foft, and the patient is tolerably eafy after the firft bleeding,..
it ought not to be repeated. If the heat and fever be very great, forty or fifty dropsf
of the dulcified or fweet fpirit of nitre may be made into a draught, with an ouncj,
of rofe-water, two ounces of common water, and half an ounce of fimple fy rup, or a
bit of loaf-fugar. This draught may be given to the patient every three or four hours,
while the fever is violentj afterwards, once in five or fix hours will be fufficient.
If about the tenth, eleventh, or twelfth, day, the pulfe becomes more foft, the
tongue moifter, and the urine begins to let fall a reddiih fettlement, there is reafon-
to exped a favourable ifiue to the difeafe. But if, inftead of thefe fymptoms, the
patient's fpirits grow languid, his pulfe finks, and his breathing becomes difficult,
v.ithailupor, trembling of the nerves, ftarting of the tendons, &c. there is reafon-
to fear that the confequences will be fatal. In this cafe blifters muft be applied ta
the head, ancles, infide of the legs or thighs, as there may be occafion ; poultices of
wheat-bread, muftard, and vinegar, may likewife be applied to thefoles of the feet,
and the patient muft be fupported with cordials, as ftrong white-wine whey, negus,-
fago-gruel with wine m it, and fuch like. Should the patient recover, he ought to
take fome gentle laxative. An ounce of tamarinds and a drachm of fena may be-
boiled for a few minutes in a pint of water, and an ounce of manna diflblved in the-
dccodtion j afterwards it may be ftrained, and a tea-cup full drunk every hour tiil'
it operates. This dofe may be repeated twice or thrice, five or fix days intervening-
betwixt each, and the patient fhould be kept eafy till his ftrength and fpirits arefuf-
iiciently recruited.

Of the pleurisy.

THE pleurify is an inflammation of that membrane called the pleura, which lines
the infide of the breaft. It may be occafioned by whatever obftruds the perfpiration :
as cold northerly windsj drinking cold liquors when the body is hot; fleeping with-,
out doors on the damp ground ; wet clothes; plunging the body into cold water, or
expofing it to the cold air, when covered with fweat, &c, It may likewife be oc-
cafioned

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. izj

Gtfioned by drinking Aroiig liquors j by the floppage of ufual evacuations ; as old
ulcers, iflues, fweating of the feet or hands, &c. the fudden ftriking in of any erup-
tion, as the itch, the meafles, or the fmall-pox. A pleurlfy may hkcvvife be occafioned
by violent exercifc, as running,, wreftling, leaping, or by fiipporting great weights,
Wows on the breaft, &c. Thepulfe in thisdifeafe is commonly quick and hard, the
urine high-coloured j and if blood be let it is covered with a tough cruft, or buffy
coat. The patient's fpiltle is at firft thin, but afterwards it becomes grofler, and is
often fireakcd with blood.

CURE.' — Nature generally endeavours to carry of this difeafe by a.criticai dif-
charge of blood from fome part of the body, by expedoration, fweat, loofe ftools,
thick urine, or the like. We ought therefore to fecond her intentions by lefTening
the force of the circulation, relaxing the veflels, diluting the humours, and promot-
ing expedoration. Copious bleeding, in the beginning of a pleurify, has a much
better effed: than repeated fmall bleedings. A man may lofe twelve or fourteen ounces
of blood as foon as it is certainly known that he is feized with a pleurify. For a
younger perfon, or one of a delicate conftitutiou, the quantity muft be lefs. If, after
the firft bleeding, the ftitch, with the other violent fymptoms, lliould continue, it
will be iieceflary, at the diftance of twelve or eighteen hours, to let eight or nine
ounces more. If the fymptoms do not then abate, and the blood fliews a ftrong
buffy coatj a third, or even a fourth, bleeding may be requifite. But this operation
is feldom nece/Tary after the. third or fourth day of the fever, and ought not then to be
performed, unlef:; in the moft urgent circumftances. The blood m.ay be attenuated
without bleeding J and the pain of the fide abated by fomenting, bliftering, &c. Fo-
mentations may be made by boiling a handful of the flowers of elder, camomile, and
common mallows, or any other foft vegetables, recommended for this complaint in
the Herbal. The herbs may be either put into a flannel bag, and applied warm to
the fiJe, or flannels may be dipped in the decodtion, afterwards rung out, and
applied to the part afFedled, with as much warmth as the patient can eafily bear. Fo-
mentations not only eafe the pain, but relax the veflels, and prevent the ftagnation
of the blood and other humours. Leaves of various plants might likewife be ap-
plied to the patient's fide with advantage. I have often feen great benefit from young
cabbage- leaves applied warm to the fide in a pleurify. Thefe not only relax the
parts, but likewife draw off a little moifture, and may prevent the ncceflity of blif-
tering plafters j which, however, when other things fail, muft be applied. What is
called the crifis, cr height of the fever, is fometimes attended with very alarming
fymptoms, as difficulty of breathing, an irregular pulfe, convulfive motions, &c..
Thefe are apt to frighten the attendants, and induce them to do improper things, as
bleeding the patient, giving him ftrong ftimulating medicines, or the like. But they

t24 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,
are only the ftruggles of Nature to overcome the difeafe, in which fhe ought to be
affifted by plenty of diluting drink, which is then peculiarly neceffiry. If the pa-
tient's ftrength however be much exhaufted by the difeafe, it will be neceflary aS
this time to fupport him with fmall draughts of white- wine whey, negus, or the like.
When the pain and feva* are gone, it will be proper, after the patient has recovered
fufEcient ftrength, to give him fome gentle purges. He ought likewife to ufe a
light diet of eafy digeftion, and his drink fhould be of a cleanfing nature.

The paraphrentisy or inflammation of the diaphragm, is fo nearly conneded with
the pleurify, and refembles it fo much in the manner of treatment, that it is fcarcely
iiecefTary to confider it as a feparate difeafe. It is attended v.'ith a very acute fever,
and an extreme pain of the part affeded, which is generally augmented by coughing,
fneezing, drawing in the breath, taking food, going to ftool, making water, &c.
Hence the patient breathes quick, and draws in his bowels to prevent the motion of
the diaphragm ; is reftlefs, anxious, has a dry cough, a hiccup, and often a delirium.
Every method fhould be taken to prevent a fuppuration, as it is impoffible to fave
the patient's life when this happens. The regimen and medicine are in all refpeds
the fame as in the pleurify. We fliall only add, that in this difeafe emollient clyfters
are peculiarly ufeful, as they relax the bowels, and by that means make a derivation
from the part afteded.

Of inflammations of the LUNGS.

THIS difeafe is generally fatal to thofe who have a flat breaft, or narrow cheft,
and to fuch as are afflided with an afthma, efpecially in the decline of life. Some-
times the inflammation reaches to one lobe of the lungs only, at other times the
whole organ is aflTeded; in which cafe the difeafe can hardly fail to prove fatal. An
inflammation of the lungs is fometimes a primary difeafe, and fometimes it is the
confequence of other difeafes, as a quinfey, a pleurify, &c. Mofl: of the fymptoms
of a pleurify likewife attend an inflammation of the lungs ; only in the latter the
pulfe is more foft, and the pain lefs acute ; but the difiiculty of breathing, and op-
prefiion of the breafl:, are generally greater.

CURE.— -Bleeding and purging are generally proper at the beginning of this dif-
eafe j but, if the patient's fpittleis pretty thick, as well as concoded, neither of them
are necefiary. It will be fuflicient to aflifl: the expedoration by fome of the fliarp
medicines recommended for that purpofe in the pleurify j blifl:ers ought to be ap-
plied pretty early. If the patient does not fpit, he mufl be bled according as his
ftrength will permit, and have a gentle purge adminiftered. Afterwards his body
may be kept open by clyfters, and the expedoration promoted, by taking every four
hours two table-/poonfuls of the folution of gum ammoniac, with oxymel of

I fquills.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 125

fquills, 5e:c. When an inflammation of the breaft does not yield to bleeding, blil"-
tering, and other evacuations, it commonly ends in a fuppuration, which is more or
lefs dangerous according to the part where it is fituated. When this happens in the
pleura, it fometimes breaks outwardly, and the matter is difcharged from the
wound. If the fuppuration happens within the fubftance or body of the lungs, the
matter may be difcharged by expectoration j but, if the matter floats in the cavity
of the breaft, between the pleura and the lungs, it can only be difcharged by an in-
cifion made betwixt the ribs. If the patient's ftrength does not return after the in-
flammation is to all appearance removed; if his pulfe continues quick though foft,
his breathing diflicult and opprefled; if he has cold fliiverings at times, his cheeks
flufhed, his lips dry; and if he complains of thirft, and want of appetite; there is
reafon to fear a fuppuration, and that a confumption of the lungs will enfue ; the
proper treatment of which we (hall next confider.

Of consumptions.

CONSUMPTIONS prevail more in England than in any other part of the
world ; owing perhaps to the great ufe of animal food and malt liquors, the gene-
ral application to fedentary employments, and the great quantity of pit-coal which is
burnt; to which we may add the perpetual changes in the atmofphere, or variable-
nefs of the weather. As this difeafe fo frequently proves fatal, we fhall point out
its caufes, in order that people may as much as poffible endeavour to guard againft
it : thefe are, confined or unwholefome air; violent palTions, exertions, or aflfec-
tions of the mind; giief, difappointment, anxiety, or clofe application to ftudy : —
great evacuations ; as fvveating, diarrhoeas, diabetes, excellive venery, the fluor al-
bus, an over difcharge of the menftrual fiux, giving fuck too long:---airo the fud-
den ftoppage of cuftomary evacuations; as the bleeding piles, fweating of the feet,
bleediiig at the nofe, the menfcs, iffues, ulcers, or eruptions of any kind. Con-
fumptions are likewife caught by fleeping with the difealed ; for which reafoii this
fhoukl be carefully avoided ; but more confumptive patients date the beginning of
their dilbrders from wet feet, damp beds, night air, wet clothes, or catching cold
after the body has been heated, than- from all other caufes put together. This dif-
eafe however is fometimes owing to an hereditary taint, or a fcrophulous habit; in
which cafe it is generally incurable---yet, let none defpair.

CURE. ---On the firft appearance of a confumption, if the patient lives in any
place where the air is confined, he ought immediately to quit it, and to make choice
of a fituation in the country, where the air is pure and free. Here he muft not re-
main inaAive, but take every day as much exercife as he can bear. It is a pity
thofe who attend the fick feldom recommend riding in this difeafe, till the patient

34. K k is

126 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

is cither unable to bear it, or the malady has become incurable: patients are like"--
wife apt to trifle with themfelves. They cannot fee how one of the common aftions
of life fliould prove a remedy in an obftinate difeafe, and therefore they rejefl it,,
while they greedily hunt after relief from medicine, merely becaufe they do not
underftand it. Next to proper air and exercife, a due attention fliould be paid to
diet, which ought to be calculated to leflen the acrimony of the humours, and to
nourifh and fupport the patient. For this purpofe he (hould keep chiefly to the-
ufe of vegetables and milk. Milk alone is of more value in this difeafe than the
whole materia medica. Afles milk is commonly reckoned preferable to any other ;
but it cannot always be obtained; befides, it is generally taken in very fmall quan-
tity ; whereas, to produce any efFec^ls, it ought to make a confiderable part of the.
patient's food. Some extraordinary cures in confumptive cafes have been perform-
ed by women's milk ; and, could it be obtained in fufficient quantity, we would re-
commend it in preference to any other. It is better if the patient can fuck it from
the breaft, than to drink it afterwards. A man who was reduced to fuch a degree
of weaknefs in a confumption, as not to be able to turn in bed, fucked his wife's
breafts, not with a view to reap any advantage from the milk, but to make her eafy.
Finding himfelf however greatly benefited by it, he continued to fuck her till he
became perfedly well, and is at prefent a flrong and healthy man. Some prefer but-
ter-milk to any other, and it is indeed a very valuable medicine, if the ftomach be
able to bear it. It does not agree with every perfon at firft ; and is therefore often,
laid afide without a fufficient trial. It (hould at firft be taken fparingly, and the.
quantity gradually increafed, until it comes to be almoft the fole food. I never .
knew it fucceed unlefs where the patient almoft lived upon it. Wholefome air,
proper exercife, and a diet confiftent therewith, is the only courfe that can be de-
pended on in a beginning confumption. If the patient has ftrength and fufficient
refolution to perfift in fuch a courfe, he will feldom be difappointed of a cure. la
the firft ftage of a confumption, the cough may fometimes be appeafed by bleeding;
and the expefloration may be promoted by the following medicines. Take frefh
fquills, gum-ammoniac, and powdered cardamum-feeds, of each a quarter of an
ounce ; beat them together in a mortar, and, if the mafs prove too hard for pills,
-a little of any kind of fyrup may be added to it. This may be formed into pills of
a moderate fize, and four or five of them taken twice or thrice a-day, according as
the patient's ftomach will bear them. A mixture made of equal parts of lemon-
juice, fine-honey, and fyrup of poppies, may likewife be ufed. Four ounces of each
of thefe may be fimmered together in a faucepan, over a gentle fire, and a table-
fpoonful of it taken at any time when the cough is troublefome. It is common
in this ftage of the difeafe to load the patient's ftomach with oily and balfamic me-

I dicines.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 127

dlcines. Thefe, indead of removing the caufe of the difeafe, tend rather to increafc
it, by heating the blood, while they pall the appetite, relax the folids, and prove
every way hurtful to the patient. Whatever is ufed for removing the cough, be-
fidcs riding and other proper regimen, ought to be medicines of a (harp and cleanf-
Ing nature; as oxymel, fyrup of lemon, &c. For the patient's drink we fhould re-
commend infufions of the bitter plants mentioned in the Herbal, fuch as ground-
ivy, the fmaller centaury, camomile flowers, water trefoil, &c. Thefe infufions may
be drunk at pleafure. They ftrengthen the ftomach, promote digcftlon, retflify the
blood, and at the fame time anfwer all the purpofes of dilutitlon, and quench thirft
much better than things that are lufcious or fweet. But, if the patient fi)its blood,
he ought to ufe, for his ordinary drink, infufions or decoftions of the vulnerary
roots, plants, &c. There are many other mucilaginous plants and feeds of a heal-
ing and agglutinating nature, recommended in the Herbal, from which decoftions
or infufions may be prepared with the fame intention ; as the orches, the quince-
fted, coltsfoot, linfeed, farfaparilla, &c. The conferve of rofes is here peculiarly
proper. It may either be put into the decodtion above prefcribed, or eaten by it-
felf. No benefit is to be expeded from trifling dofes of this medicine. It feldom
proves of any fervice, unlefs three or four ounces at leaft are ufed daily for a confi-
derable tiine. Ih this way I have {een it produce very happy efl^eds, and would
recommend it wherever there is a difcharge of blood from the lungs. When the
fpitting up of grofs matter, oppreflion of the breaft, and the hedic fymptoms,, fhew
that an impofthume is formed in the lungs, the Peruvian bark is the only drug which
has any chance to counterad the general tendency which the humours then have to
putrefadion. An ounce of it in powder may be divided into eighteen or twenty
dofes, of which one may be taken every three hours through the day, in a little fy-
rup, or a cup of horehound tea. We would not recommend the bark while thers
are anyTymptoms of an inflammation of thebreaft; but, when it is certainly known
that matter is coUeifled there, it is one of the beft medicines which can be ufed.
Few patients indeed have refolution enough to give the bark a fair trial at this
period of the difeafe, otherwife we have reafon to believe that great benefit might
be reaped from it.

A NERVOUS CONSUMPTION is a wafling or decay of the whole body,
without any confiderable degree of fever, cough, or difficulty of breathing. . It is
attended with indigeftion, wcaknefs, and want of appetite, &c. Thofewhoare of
a fretful temper, who indulge in fpirituous liquors, or who breathe an unwhoJefome
air, are mod liable to this difeafe. We would recommend, for the cure of a nervous
confumption, a light and nourifbing diet, plenty of exercife in a free open air, and -
the ufe of fuch bitters as brace and ftrengthen the ftomach 3 as the Peruvian bark,

gentian

128 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

gentian root, camomile, horehound, &c. Thefe may be infufed in water or wine
and a glafs of it drunk frequently. Agreeable amufements, cheerful company, and
riding about, are preferable to all medicines in this difeafe. For which reafon, when
the patient can afford it, we would recommend a long journey of pleafure, as the
moft likely means toreftore his health. What is C3]\cii. fymptomatic conjumption can-
not be cured without firft removing the difeafe by which it is occafioned. Thus,
when a confumption proceeds from the fcrophula or king's-evil, from the fcurvy, the
aflhma, the venereal difeafe, &c. a due attention muft be paid to the malady from
whence it arifes, and the regimen and medicine direfted accordingly. When ex-
cedive evacuations of any kind occafion a confumption, they muft not only be re-
ftrained, but the patient's ftrength muft be reftored by gentle exercife, nourifliing
diet, and generous cordials. Young and delicate mothers often fall into confump-
tions by giving fuck too lon^. As foon as they perceive their ftrength and appetite
begin to fail, they ought immediately to wean the child, or provide another nurfe,
otherwife they cannot exped a cure.

Of THE SLOW OR NERVOUS FEVER.

NERVOUS FEVERS may be occafioned by whatever deprefles the fpirits, or
impoverifties the blood ; as grief, fear, anxiety, want of fleep, intenfe thought, living
on poor watery diet, unripe fruits, cucumbers, melons, muftirooms, &c. They may
likewife be occafioned by damp, confined, or unwholefome, air. Hence they are
very common in rainy feafons, and prove moft fatal to thofe who live in dirty, low,
houfes, crowded ftreets, hofpitals, jails, or fuch-like places. Perfons whofe conftitu-
tions have been broken by exceflive venery, frequent falivations, too free an ufe of
purgative medicines, or any other exceflive evacuations, are very liable to this difeafe.
CURE. ---The patient muft not be kept too low. His ftrength and fpirits ought
to be fupported by nouriftiing diet and cordi.ds. For this purpofe his gruel, panada,
or whatever food he takes, muft be mixed with wine according as the fymptoms may
require. Pretty ftrong white-wine whey, or fmall negus, fharpened with the juice
of orange or lemon, will be proper for his ordinary drink. Where a naufra, load,
and ficknefs at ftomach, prevail at the beginning of a fever, it will beneceflary to give
the patient a gentle vomit. Fifteen or twenty grains of ipecacuana in fine powder
will generally anfwer this purpofe very well. This may be repeated any time b:fore
the third or fourth day, if the above fymptoms continue. Vomits not only clean the
ftomach, but, by the general ftiock which they give, promote the perfpiration, and
have many other excellent effedls in flow fevers, where there are no figns of inflamma-
tion, and nature wants roufing. Such as dare not venture upon a vomit, may clean the
bowels by a fmuU dofe of Turkey rhubarb, or infufion of fenna and manna. In all

fevers,

. !:■.,■,

/j.M/^^i,,,

^/a-fffrrlJni//'.

AND I'AMILY DISPENSATORY. ii<)

fevers, the great point is to regulate the fymptoms, (6 as to prevent tiiem from go-
ing to either extreme. Thus, in fevers of the inflammatory kind, where the force of
the circulation is too great, or the blood dcnfe, and the fibres too rigid, bleeding and
other evacuations are neccflary. But, In nervous fevers, where nature flags, where
the blood is vapid and poor, and the folids relaxed, the lancet muft be fpared, and
wine, with other cordials, plentifully adminillered. Though bleeding is generally
improper in this difeafe, yet blillering is highly neceflary. Blillers may be applied
at all times of the fever with great advantage. If the patient is delirious, he ought
to be bliftered on the neck or head ; and, it will be the fafefl: courfe, while the infen-
fibility continues, as foon as the difcharge occafioned by one blifter abates, to apply
another to fome other part of the body, and by that means keep up a continual fuc-
ceflion of them till he be out of danger. A miliary eruption fometimes breaks out
about the ninth or tenth day. As eruptions are often critical, great care fliould be
taken not to retard Nature's operation in this particular. The eruption ought nei-
ther to be checked by bleeding nor other evacuations, nor puflied out by a hot re-
gimen ; but the patient fliould be fapported by gentle cordials, as wine-whey, fmall
negus, fago-gruel with a little wine in it, and fuch-likc. He ought not to be kept
too warm ; yet a kindly breathing fweat fliould by no means be checked. In dcfpe-
rate cafes, where the hiccup and fl:arting of the tendons have already come on, we
have fometimes {<:cn extraordinary efteds from large dofes of niuflc frequently re-
peated. Muflt is doubtlefs an antifpafmodic, and may be given to the quantity of
a fcruple tjiree or four times a- day, or oftener it neceflary. Sometimes it may be
proper to add to the muflc a few grains of camphire, and fait of hartfhorn, as thefe
tend to promote perfpiration and the difcharge of urine. Thus fifteen grains of
muflc, with three grains of camphire, and fix grains of fait of hartfnorn, may be
made into a bolus with a little fyrup, and given as above. If the fever fliould Inter-
mit, which it frequently does towards the decline, or if the patient's ftrength fliould
be wafted with colliquative fweats, &c. it will be neceflary to give him the Peruvian
bark. Half a drachm, or a whole drachm if the ftomach will bear It, of the bark in
fine powder, may be given four or five times a-day, in a glafs of red-port or claret.
Should the bark In fubfliance not fit eafy on the ftomach, an ounce of It in powder
may be infufed in a bottle of Lifbon or Rhenifli wine for two or three days -, after-
wards it may be ftrained, and a glafs of it taken frequently.

Of the MALIGNANT, PUTRID, or SPOTTED, FEVER.

THIS fever is occafioned by foul air, from a number of people being confined
in a narrow place, not properly ventilated j from putrid animal and vegetable ef-
fluvia, Sec. Hence it prevails in camps, jails, hofpitals, and infirmaries, efpecially

34. L I where

,30 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

where fuch places are too much crowded, and cleanlinefs is negleded. Putrid, ma-
lignant, or fpottcd, fevers, are highly infedtious; and are therefore often communi-
cated by contagion. For which reafon all perfons ought to keep at a diftance fronr
thofe affedted with fuch difeafes, unlefs their attendance is abfolutely neceflary. Pu-
trid fevers may be diftinguiflied from the inflammatory by the fmallnefs of the
pulll-, the great dejeflion of mind, the diflblved fiate of the blood, the petechia, or
purple fpots, and the putrid fmell of the excrements. They may likewife be diftin-
guifhed from the low or nervous fever by the heat and thirft being greater, the
urine of a higher colour, and the lofs of ftrength, dejedion of mind, and all the
other fymptoms, more violent.

CURE. — The duration of putrid fevers is extremely imcertain; fometimes they
terminate betwixt the feventh and fourteenth day, and at other times they are pro-
longed for five or fix weeks. Their duration depends greatly upon the conftitution
of the patient, and the manner of treating the difeafe ; in which we ought to endea-
vour, as much as poflible, to counteraft the putrid tendency of the humours ; to-
fupport the patient's ftrength and fpirits j and to aflift nature in expelling the caufe
of the difeafe, by gently promoting perfpiration and the other evacuations. Befides
the frequent admiflion of frefh air, which is extremely necefiary, we would recom-
mend the ufe of vinegar, verjuice, juice of lemon, Seville- orange, or any kind of
vegetable acid that can be moil readily obtained. Thefe ought frequently to be
fprinkled upon the floor, the bed, and every part of the room. The frefh fkins of
lemons or oranges ought likewife to be laid in different parts of the room, and they
fhould be frequently held to the patient's nofe. The ufe of acids in this manner-
would not only prove very refrefhing to the patient, but would likewife tend to pre-
vent the infeflion from fpreading among thofe who attend him. Strong-fcented
herbs, as rue, tanfy, rofemary, wormwood, &c. may likewife be laid in different
parts of the houfe, and fmelled to by thofe who go near the patient. If a vomit
be given at the beginning of this fever, it will hardly ever fail to have a good effedj
but, if the fever has gone on for fome days, and the fymptoms are violent, vomits
are not fo fafe. The body however is always to be kept gently open by clyfters,
or mild laxative medicines. Bleeding is feldom neceffary in putrid fevers. If there
be figns of an inflammation, it may fometimes be permitted at the firft onfet j but
the repetition of it generally proves hurtful. Blifters are never to be ufed unlefs in
the greatefl extremities. If the petechias or fpots fhould fuddenjy difappear, the
patient's pulfe fink remarkably, and a delirium, with other bad fymptoms, come on,
bliftering may be permitted. In this cafe the blifters are to be applied to the head,
and infide of the legs or thighs. But, as they are fometimes apt to occafion a gan-
grene, we would rather recommend warm cataplafms or poultices of muftard and

vinegar

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ijj.

vinegar to be applied to the feet, having recourfe to blifters only in the utmoft ex»
tremiries. It is common in the beginning oft this fever to give the emetic tartar in
fjnali dofes, repeated every fecond and third hour, till it fliall either vomit, purge, or
throw the patient into a fvveat. This praiflice is very proper, provided it be not
pufhed fo far as to weaken the patient. In the moft dangerous fpecies of this difeafe,
^>hen it is attended with purple, livid, or black, fpots, the Peruvian bark (hould be
adminiftered j it muft not only be given in large dofes, but be duly perfifted in.
The beft method of adminiftering it is certainly in fubftance ; but, for thofc who
cannot take it in fubftance, it may be infufed in wine. For preventing putrid fevers
■we would recommend a ftriifl regard to cleanlinefs, a dry fituation, fufficient exer-
cife in the open air; wholefome food, and a moderate ufe of generous liquors. In-
fcdion above all things ought to be avoided. No conftitution is proof againft it ;
and, when a putrid fever feizes any perfon in a family, the greateft attention is necef-
fary to prevent the difeafe from fpreading. Any one, who is apprehenfive of having
caught the infecflion, ought immediately to take a vomit, and to work it off by
drinking plentifully of camomile-tea. This may be repeated in a day or two, if the-
apprehenfions ftill continue, or any unfavourable fymptoms appear.

Of the MILIARY FEVER.

SO called, from the fmall piftules on bladders which appear on the fkin, refem-
bling, in fhape and fize, the feeds of millet. The puftules are either red or white,
and fometimes both are mixed together. It chiefly attacks the idle and the phleg-
matic, or perfons of a relaxed habit. The young and the aged are more liable to it
than thofe in the vigour and prime of life. It is iikewife more incident to women
than men, efpecially the delicate and the indolent, who, neglefting exercife, keep
continually within doors, and live upon weak watery diet. Such females are ex-
tremely liable to be feized with this difeafe in child-bed, and often Jofe their lives by
it. When this is a primary difeafe, it makes its attack, like moft other eruptive
fevers, with a flight fhivering, which is fucceeded by heat, lofs of ftrength, a low
quick puKc, difficulty of breathing, with great anxiety and oppreflion of the breaft;
and in child-bed women the milk generally goes away, and the other difcharges flop.

CURE.— -Sometimes the miliary fever approaches towards a putrid nature, irv
which cafe the patient's ftrength muft be fupported with generous cordials, joined
with acids ; and, if the degree of putrefcence be great, the Peruvian bark muft be
adminiftered. If the head be much afTected, the body muft be kept open by emol-
lient clyfters. If the food and drink be properly regulated, there will be little occa-
fion for medicine. Where nature flags, and the eruption comes and goes, it may
be neceffary to keep up a ftimulus, by a continual fucceflion of fmall bliftering,

I . plafters ;

,rj2 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,
plafters; but we would not recommend above one at a time. If however tlie pull'e
flvould fink remarkably, the puftules fall in, and the head be afFefted, it will be ne-
ceflary to apply feveral blifters to the moft fenfible parts, as the infide of the legs
and thighs, &c. Bleeding is feldom neceflary in this difeafe, snd fomet.'mes it docs
much hurt, as it weakens the patient, anddeprefles his fpirits. If the difeafe proves
tedious, or the recovery flow, we fhould recommend the Peruvian bark, which may
either be taken in fubftance, or infufed in wine or water, as the patient inclines. To
avoid this difeafe, a pure dry air, fufficient exercife, and wholefome food, are necef-
fary. Pregnant women fliould guard againfl coftivenefs, and take daily as much ex-
ercife as they can bear, avoiding all green fruits, and other unwholefom.e things j
and, when in child-bed, they ought ftridly to obferve a cool regimen.

Of the remitting FEVER.

THIS fever takes its name from a remiffion of the fymptoms, which happens
fometimes fooner, and fometimes later, but generally before the eighth day. The
remiflion is commonly preceded by a gentle fweat, after which the patient feems
greatly relieved, but in a few hours the fever returns. Thefe remiffions return at
very irregular periods, and are fometimes of longer, fometimes of fborter, duration;
the nearer however that the fever approaches to a regular intermittent, the danger
is the lefs. They are moft frequent in clofe calm weather, efpecially after rainy fea-
fons, great inundations, or the like. No age, fex, or conftitution, is exempted
from the attack of this fever; but it chiefly feizes perfons of a relaxed habit, who
live in low dirty habitations, breathe an impure fl:agnated air, take little exercife,
and ufe unwholefome diet. The firfl: fymptoms of this fever are pains and giddinefs
in the head, with alternate fits of heat and cold. The pulfe is fometimes a little
hard, but feldom full, and the blood, when let, rarely fhewsany figns of inflamma-
tion. In order to cure this fever, endeavours fliould be ufed to bring it to a regular
intermiflion. This intention may be promoted by bleeding, if there be any figns
of inflammation; but, when that is not the cafe, bleeding ought by no means to be
attempted, as it will weaken the patient, and prolong the difeafe. A vomit how-
ever will feldom be improper, and is generally of great fervice. Twenty or thirty
grains of ipecacuanha will anfwer this purpofe very well ; but, where it can be ob-
tained, we would rather recommend a grain or two of emetic tartar, with five or fix
grains of ipecacuanha, to be made into a draught, and given for a vomit. This may
be repeated once or twice at proper intervals, if the ficknefs or naufea continues.
The bo.iy ought to be kept open either by clyfters or gentle laxatives, as weak in-
fufions of fenna and manna, fmall dofes of the lenitive eleduary, cream of tartar,
tamarinds, ftewed prunes, or the likcj but all ftrong or draftic purgatives are to be

avoided.

AND FAMILY D I S P L N S A T O R Y. ij;

avoided. By this courfe the fever in a few days may generally be brought to a
pretty regular or diftin(5l intermidion, in which cafe, the reriiviui birk may bead-
miniftered, and it wil! feldoin fail to perfe<5l the cure.

Of the S M A L L - P O X.

THE fmall-pox is commonly caught by infeftion. Since th'e difeafe was firft
brought fron-i Arabia into Europe, the infedlion has never been wholly extinguifl-i-
ed J nor have any proper methods been taken for that purpofc ; fo that now it has
become in a manner conllitutional. Children who have over-heated themfelves by
running, wreftling, &c. or adults after a debauch, are mod apt to be ftized with
the fmall-pox. The difeafe is fo generally known, that a minute defcription of it
is unnecelfaiy. Children commonly look dull, feem liftlefs and drowfy, for a few
days before the more violent fymptomsof the fmall-pox appear. They"*are likewife
more inclined to drink than ufual, have little appetite for folid food, complain of
wearinefs, and, upon takijig cxercife, are apt to fweat. Thefe are fucceedcd by
flight fits of cold and heat in turns, which, as the time of the eruption approaches,
become m.ore violent, and are accompanied with pains of the head and loins, vomit-
ing, &c. The pulfe is quick, v/ith a great heat of the fkin, and reftlelfnefs. When
the patient drops afleep, he awakes in a kind of horror, with a fudden dart, which
is a very common fymptom of the approaching eruption ; as arc aifo convulfion-
fits in very young children. Tiie moft favourable fymptoms are a flow eruption,
and an abatement of the fever as foon as the puftules appear. In a mild diftind
kind of fmall-pox, the piiftules feldom appear before the fourth day from the time
of fickening, and they generally keep coming out gradually for feveial days after.
Fuftulcs which are diltinft, with a florid red bafis, and which fill with thick puru-
lent matter, firfl: of a whitifli, and afterwards of a yellowifh, colour, are the befl-.
It is a mofl: unfavourable fymptom when petechise, or purple, brown, or black,
fpots, are interfperfed among the puftules. Thefe are figns of a putrid diflblution
of the blood, and fhew the danger to be very great. Bloody ftools or urine, with
a fwelled belly, are bad fymptoms ; as is alfo a continual ftranguary. Pale urine
and a violent throbbing of the arteries of the neck are figns of an approaching
delirium, or of convulfion-fits. When the face does not fwc'.l, or falls before the
pock comes to maturity, it is very unfavourable. If the face begins to fall about the
eleventh or twelfth day, and at tRe fame time the hands and feet begin to fwell, the
})atient generally does well j but, when thefe do not fucceed to each other, there is
reafon to apprehend danger.

CURE.---A1I that is neceflary during the eruptive fever, is to keep the patient
cool and eafy, allowing him to drink freely of fome weak diluting liquors ; a3

35. Mm ' l^alm-

T34 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.

ba!m-tea, barley-water, clear whey, gruels, &c. Much mifchlef Is done at thiV-
period by confimng the patient to his bed, and plying him with warm cordials or
fudorific medicines. Every thing that heats and inflames the blood increafes the.
fever, and piifhes out the puftules prematurely. This has numberlefs ill effe<5ts.
It not only increafes the number of pnflules, bat tends likev/ife to make them run
into one another ; and, when they have been puflied out with too great violence,
the)- generally fall in before they come to maturity. The food ought to be very
light, and of a cooling nature, as panada, or bread boiled with equal quantities of
milk and water, good apples roafted or boiled v.'ith milk, and fweetened with a lit-
tle fugar, or fuch-like. The moft dangerous period of this difeafe is what we
call the fecondary fever. This generally comes on when the pock begins to
blacken or turn on the face, and mofl: of thofe who die of the fmall-po:care carried'
ofF by this fever. Nature generally attempts, at the turn of the fmall-po>:, to re-
lieve the patient by loofe ftools. Her endeavours by this way are by no means to be
counteracted, but promoted ; and the patient at the fame time fupported by food
and drink of a nourifhing and cordial nature. If, at the approach of the fecondary
fever, the pulfe be very quick, hard, and ftrong, the heat intenfe, and the breathing
laborious, with other fymptoms of an inflammation of the breafl:, the patient mufk
immediately be bled. The quantity of blood to be let mufl: be regulated by the
patient's ftrength, age, and the urgency of the fymptoms. But, in the fecondary
l-cver, if the patient be faintiflb, the puftules become fuddenly pale, and if there be
great Coldnefs of the extremities, blifters mufl: be applied, and the patient mufl: be
fupported with generous cordials. Wine and even fpirits have fometimes been
given in fuch cafes with amazing fuccefs. It is generally neceflary, after the fmall-
pox is gone off, to purge the patient. If however the body has been open through
the whole courfe of the difeafe, or if butter-milk and other things of an opening na-
ture have been drunk freely after the height of the fmall-pox, purging becomes
lefs necelfary ; but it ought never wholly to be negledted. For very young chil-
dren, an int'ufion of fenna and prunes, with a little rhubarb, may be fweetened with
coarfe fugar, and given in fmall quantities till it operates. Thofe who are farther
advanced mufl take medicines of a fharper nature. For example, a child of five
or fix years of age may take eight or ten grains of fine rhubarb in powder over
nigiit, and the fame quantity of jalap in powder next morning. This may be
worked oflF with frefh broth or water-gruel, and may be repeated three or four
times, five or fix days intervening betwixt each dofe. For children farther ad-
vanced, and adults, the dofe mufl be increafed in proportion to the age and confli-
tution. When a cough, a difficulty of breathing, or other fymptoms ofacon-
fumption, fucceed to the fmall-pox, the patient muft be fent to a place where the air
t i«

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. i;,f

is good, and put upon a courfe of afles milk, with T-ich other treatment as hath aU
1-eady been dircded in confumptions.

Of INOCULATION.

THIS falutary invention, which is the onfy effectual means of ftopping the rava-
ges of the fmall-pox, has been known in Europe above half a century; yet, like mofl:
other ufeful difcoveries, it has,- till of late, made but flow progrefs. No difcovery
can be of general utiUty, while the practice of it is kept in the hands- of a- few. The
fears, the jealoufies, the prejudices, and the oppofite interells, of the faculty, are,
and ev^er will be, the moft effe<5lual obftacles to the progrefs of any falutary difco-
very. Hence it is that the pradcice of inoculation never became, in any meafurcj
general, even in England, till taken up by men not bred to phyfic. Thefe have
not only rendered the pradlice moreextenfive, but likewife more fafe, and, by adting
under lefs reflraint than the regular pra6icioners, have taught them that the patient's
greateft danger arofe, not from the ivant of medical care, but fron) the excej's of it.
'J he prefent method of inoculating in Britain is to make two or three flanting inci-
fions in the arm, fo fuperficial as not to pierce quite through the (kin, with a lancet
wet with frefh matter taken from a ripe puftule ; afterwards the wounds are clofed
up, and left without any drefllng. Some make ufe of a lancet covered with the dry
matter ; but this is Icfs certain, and ought never to be ufed unlcfs where frefh mat-
ter cannot be obtained : when this is the cafe, the matter ought to be nioifttncd-
by holding the lancet for fome time in the fteam of warm water. We do not find
that inoculation is at all confidered as a medical operation in foreign countries. In
Turkey, whence we learned it, it is performed by the women, and in the Eall In-
dies by the brachmins or pviefts. In this country, the cuftom, though ftill in it ; in-
fancy, has been pradtifed by numbers of the common people with aftonilTiing fuc-
cefs ; and, as the fmall-pox is now become an epidemical difeafe in moft parts of
the known world, there feems no other choice left, but to render the malady as mild
as pofhble. It is a matter of fn-.all confequence, whether a difeafe be entirely ex-
tirpated, or rendered fo mild as neither to deftroy life nor hurt the c&nftitution ;
and that this may be done by inoculation, does not now admit of a doubt. Th:
numbers who die under inoculation hardly deferve to be named. In the natura^
way, one in four or five generally dies; but by inoculation notoneof athoufand. Nav,
fbme can boaft of having inoculated ten thoufand without the lofs of a fingle pati-
ent. The moft proper age for inoculating children is betwixt three and five. Thofe
who have conftitutional difeafes may neverthelcfs be inoculated ; it will often"
mend the habit of body ; but ought to be performed at a time when they are moft'
healthy. Accidental difeafes fliould always be removed before inoculation. It h

generally

135 C U L P E P E R "s ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

generally thought necefiary to regulate the diet for fomc time before the difeafe be
communicated. In children, however, great alteration in diet is feldom necefiary,
their food being commonly of the mol'i: fimple and wholelome kind, as milk, \vater-
gruel, weak broths, bread, light pudding, mild roots, and white meats. We would
recommend no other medicinal preparation than two or three mild purges, which
o'jght to be fuited to the age and ftrength of the patient. The fuccefs of inocula-
tors docs not depend on the preparation of their patients, but on their management
of them while under the difeafe. Their conftant care (hould be to keep them cool,
and their bodies gently open, by which meaiis the fever is kept low, and the eruption
greatly lefl^ened. The danger is feldom great when the puftules are few -, and their
number is generally in proportion to the fever which precedes and attends the erup-
tion. Hence the chief fecret of inoculation confifls in regulating the eruptive fever,
v;hich CTcnerally may be kept fufficientlv low by the methods mentioned above.
The regimen during the difeafe is in all refpeds the fame as under the natural fm.all-
pox. The patient mufl: be kept cool, his diet fhould be light, and his drink weak
and diluting, &c. Should any bad fympvtoms appear, which is feldom the cafe,
they mutt be treated iu the fame way as direfled in the natural fmall-pox. Purging
is net lefs necefiary after the fmall-pox by inoculation than in tlie natural way, and
ought by no means to be neglcdled.

Of THE IVI E A S L E S.

THIS difeafe, like the fmall-pox, proceeds from infeftion, and is more or lefs
dangerous according to the conftitution of the patient, the feafon of the year, the cli-
mate, &c. It is ufjally preceded by a fhort cough, a heavinefe of the head and eyes,
drowfinefs, and a running at the nofe. There is an inflammation and heat in the
eyes, with a defluxion of fiiarp tears, vomiting, and great acutenefs of fenfation,
fo that the patient cannot bear the light witiiout pain. About the fourth day, fmall
fpots, refembling flea-bites, appear, firfl: upon the face, then upon the breafl:, and
afterwards on the extremities: thefe may be diitinguiflied from the fmall-pox by
their fcarcely rifing above the flcin. The fever, cough, and difficulty of breathing,
inftead of being removed by the eruption, as in the fmall-pox, are rather increafed;
but the vomiting generally ceafes. About the fixth or feventh day from the time
of fickening, the meafles begin to turn pale on the face, and afterwards upon the
body; fo that by the ninth day they entirely difappear. Such as die of the meafles
generally expire about the ninth day from the invafion, and are commonly carried
off by inflammation of the lungs. The mofl; favourable fymptoms are, a moderate
loofenefs, a moifl: flcin, and a plentiful difcharge of urine. When the eruption fud-
denly falls in, and the patient is feized with a delirium, he is in the greateft danger.

If

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 137

If the mcaflcs turn too Coon of a pale colour, it is an unfavourable fymptom, as are
alfo great wcaknefs, vomiting, rcftleflliefs, and difficulty of fwallowin^. Purple or
black fpots appearing among the meafles are very unfavourable. When a conti-
nual cough, with hoarfenefs, fuccecds the difeafe, there is reafon to fufped an ap-
proaching confumption of the lungs.

CURE. — Our bufinefs in this difeafe is to afTift nature by proper cordials, in
throwing out the morbific matter, if her efforts be too languid; but when they are
too violent they muft be retrained by evacuations, and cool diluting liquors, &c.
"We ought likewife to endeavour to appeafe the moft urgent fymptoms, as tie
cough, rcftleffnefs, and difficulty of breathing. A cool regimen is neceflary here,
as well as in the fmall-pox. The food too muft be light, and the drink diluting.
The moft fuitable liquors are deco>5tions of liquorice v/ith marfh-mallow roots and
farfapariila, intufions of linfced, marygolds, eider-flowers, balm-tea, clarified whey,
barley-water, and fuch-Iike. Bleeding is commonly necefiary, particularly when
the fever runs high, with difficulty of breathing, and great oppreffion of the breaftj
but, if the difeafe be of a mild kind, bleeding may be omitted. If at the turn of
the difeafe the fever aftiimes new vigour, and there appears great danger of fuffoca-
tion, bleeding muft be repeated according to the patient's ftrength, and blifters muft
Tie applied, with a view to prevent the load from being thrown on the lungs, where
if an inflammation fliould fix itfelf, the patient's life will be in imminent danger. In
cafe the meafles ftiould fuddenly difappear, the patient muft be flipported with wine
and cordials. Blifters muft be applied to the legs and arms, and the body rubbed
all over with warm flannels. Should a cough, with difficulty of breathing, and other
fymptoms of a confumption, remain after the meafles, fmall quantities of blood may
be frequently let at proper intervals, as the patient's ftrength and conftitution will
permit. He ought likewife to drink afles milk, to remove to a free air, and to ride
daily on horfeback.

Ok the scarlet FEVER.

THE fcarlet fever is fo called from the colour of the patient's flcin, which ap-
pears as if it were tinged with red wine. It begins, like other fevers, with coldnefs
and fliivering, without any violent ficknefs. Afterwards the flcin is covered with
red fpots, which are broader, more florid, and lefs uniform, than the meafles. They
continue two or three days, and then difappear j after which the cuticle, or fcarf-
fltin, falls off".

CURE. — There is feldom any occafion for medicine in this difeafe, unlefs it is
attended with putrid or malignant fymptoms, in which cafe it is always dangerous;
•the patient is then not only afi^efted with coldncfs and fliivering, but with languor,

J 5. Nil ficknefs.

,^8 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

/ickiiefs, and great opprefTion ; to thefe fucceed exceflive heat, naufea, and vomit-
ing, with a forenefs of the throat; the pulfe is extremely quick, but fmall and de-
prefied ; the breathing frequent and laborious; the Acin hot, but not quite dry;
the tongue moift, and covered with a whitifh mucus ; the tonfils inflamed and ul-
cerated. When the eruption appears, it brings no relief: on the contrary, the
fymptcms generally grov/ worfe, and frefh ones come on, as purging, delirium,
&c. Should this difeafe be miftaken for a fimple inflammation, and treated with
repeated bleedings, purging and cooling medicines, as Is fometimes the cafe, it ge-
nerally proves fatal. The orjy medicines that can be depended on are cordials and
antifeptlcs, as the Peruvian bark, wine, fnake-root, and the like. The treatment
muft be In general fimllar to that of the putrid fever, or of the malignant ulcerous
fore throat.

Of the bilious FEVER.

A CONTINUAL remitting or Intermitting fever, accompanied with a copious
evacuation of bile, either by vomit or ftool, is denominated bilious. It generally
makes Its appearance about the end of fummer, and ceafes towards the approach of
winter. It is moft fatal In warm countries, efpeclally where the foil is marfhy, and
when great rains are fucceeded by fultry heats. Thofe who work without doors,
and are expofed to the night air, are moft liable to this kind of fever.

CURE. ---If there are fyraptoms of Inflammation, it will be neceflary to bleed,
and to put the patient upon cool diluting regimen, recommended in the inflamma-
tory fever. Saline draughts may likewlfe be frequently adminiftered, and the pa-
tient's body kept open by clyfters or m.Ild purgatives. But, If the fever ihould remit
or Intermit, bleeding will feldom be neceflary. In this cafe a vomit may be admi-
niftered, and, if the body be bound, a gentle purge; after which the Peruvian
bark will generally complete the cure.

Of the ERYSIPELAS, or St. ANTHONY's FIRE.

THE ei-yfipelas may be occafioned by violent paffions or affeftlons of the mind;
as fear, anger, &c. When the body has been heated to a great degree, and is
immediately expofed to the cold air, fo that the perfpiration Is fuddenly checked,
an eryfipelas will often enfue. It may alfo be occafioned by drinking to excefs, by
continuing too long In a warm bath, or by any thing that over-heats the blood. If
any of the natural evacuations be obftruded, or In too fmall quantity. It may caufe
an eryfipelas. The fame e/Feft will follow from the ftoppage of artificial evacua-
tions ; as iflues, fetons, or the like. The diforder comes on with fliiverlng, thirft,
lofs of ftrength, pain in the head and back, heat, reftleflhefs, and a quick pulfe ; to

I which

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ^29'

wKich may be added vomiting, and fometimes a delirium. On the fecond, third, or
fourth, day, the part fvvells, becomes red, and fmall puftules appear : at which time
the fever generally abates. When the eryfipclas is large, deep, and affects a very
fenfible part of the body, the danger is great. If the red colour changes into a hvid
or black, it will end in a mortification. Sometimes the inflammation cannot be dif-
cufTed, but comes to a fuppuration ; in which cafe fiflulas, a gangrene, or mortifica-^
tion, often enfue. Such as die of this difeafe are commonly carried off by the fever,,
which is attended with difficulty of breathing, and fometimes with a delirium and
great drowfinefs. They generally die about the fevcnth or eighth dav.

CURE In this complaint much mifchief is often done by medicines, efpccially

by external applications : whereas the principal object: fliould be to promote per-
fpiration, which has a great tendency to carry off the difeafe. It is common to bleed
in the cryfipelasj but this likewife requires caution. If however the fever be high,
the pulfc hard and flrong, and the patient vigorous/ it will be proper to bleed j but
the quantity muft be regulated by thefe circumftances, and the operation repeated
as the fymptoms may require. If the patient has been accuflomed to flrong liquors,
and the difeafe attacks his head, bleeding is abfolutely necefTary. Bathing the feet
and legs frequently in lukewarm water, when the difeafe attacks the face or brain,
has an excellent eifed. It tends to make a derivation fron; the head, and feldom.
fails to relieve the patient. When bathing proves inefFetSlual, poultices, or fharp
fmapifms, may be applied to the foles of the feet for the fame purpofe. In cafes
•where bleeding is rcquifite, it is likewife necefTary to keep the body open. This
may be effefted by emollient clyfters, or fmall dofes of nitre and rhubarb. Some
indeed recommend very large dofes of nitre in theeryfipelasj but nitre feldom fits'
eafy on the ftomach when taken in large dofes. It is however one of the beft me-
dicines when the fever and inflammation run high. Half a drachm of it, with four
or five o-rains of rhubarb, may be taken in the patient's ordinary drink, four times a
day. When the eryfipelas feizes the head, fo as to occafion a delirium or flupor;
bliflers mufl be applied to the neck, or behind the ears, and fliarp cataplafms laid to
the foles of the feet. In what is commonly called the/corl/utic eryfipelas, which con-
tinues for a confiderable time, it will only be necefTary to give gentle laxatives, and
fuch things as purify the blood, and promote the pcrfpiration. And, after the in-
flammation has been checked by opening medicines, the decoiftion of woods and
bitter herbs may be drunk, as recommended for this difeafe in the Herbal.

Of the INFLAMMATION of the BRAIN.

THE fymptoms which ufually precede a true inflammation of the brain, are pain
of the head, rednefs of the eyes, a violent flufliing of the face, difturbed flecp, or a

tot\l

VI40 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

•total want of it, great drynefs of the fkin, coftivenefs, a retention of urine, a fniall
dropping of blood from the nofe, finging of the ears, and extreme fenfibility of the
nervous fyftem. When the brain itfelf is inflamed, the pulfe is always foft and low;
but, when the inflammation only affeds the integuments of the brain, viz. the dura
and pia maicr, it is hard.

CURE. ---As this difeafe often proves fatal in a few days, it requires the mod
fpeedy applications. When it is prolonged, or improperly treated, it fometimes ends
in madncfs, or a kind of fliupidity which continues for life. Two things are chiefly
to be attended to, in the cure, viz. to leflen the quantity of blood in the brain, and
to retand the circulation towards the head. Nothing more certainly relieves the pa-
tient than a free difcharge of blood from the nofe. When this comes of its own
accord, it is by no means to be flopped, but rather promoted by applying cloths dip-
ped in warm water to the part. When bleeding at the nofe does not happen fpon-
taneoufly, it may be provoked ly putting a ftraw, or any other fliarp body, up the
noflril. Bleeding in the temporal arteries greatly relieves theiiead: but, as this
operation cannot always be performed, we would recommend in its flead bleeding
in the jugular veins. When the patient's pulfe and fpirits are fo low, that he can-
not bear bleeding with the lancet, leeches may be applied to the temples. Thefe
jiot only draw off the blood more graduallv, but, by being applied nearer to the part
affedted, generally give more immediate relief. If the inflammation of the brain be
occafioned by the ftoppage of evacuations either natural or artificial, as the menfes,
ifliies, fetons, or fuch-like, all means mufl be ufed to reftore them as foon as pof-
fible, or to fubfl:itute others in their ftead. The patient's body mufl: be kept open
by fl:imulating clyfl:ers or fmart purges ; and fmall quantities of nitre ought fre-
quently to be mixed with his drink. Two or three drachms, or more, if the cafe be
dangerous, may be ufed in the fpace of twenty-four hours. If the difeafe proves
obfl:inate, and does not yield to the medicines, it will he neceflary to apply a blifter-
ing-plafler to the whole head.

Of th£ inflammation of the EYES.

THIS diforder is attended with acute pain, heat, rednefs, and fwelling.— The
patient is not able to bear the light, and fometimes he feels a pricking pain, as if
his eyes were pierced with a thorn. The pulfe is generally quick and hard, with
fome degree of fever. When the difeafe is violent, the neighbouring parts fwdll,
and there is a throbbing or pulfation in the temporal arteries, &c. A flight inflam-
mation of the eyes, efpecially from an external caufe, is eafily cured; but, when
the difeafe is violent, and continues long, it often leaves ipecks upon the eyes, or
dimnefs of fight, and fometimes total blindnefs.

CURE

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 141

CURE.-— The patient muft abftain from every thing of a heating nature. His
food fhould confift chiefly of mild vegetables, weak broths, and gruels. His drink
may be barley-water, balm-tea, common whey, and fuch-Iike. Bleeding, in a violent
inflammation of the eyes, is always necefiary. This fhould be performed as near
the part afl^eded as poflible. An adult may lofe ten or twelve ounces of blood from
the jugular vein, and the operation may be repeated according to the urgency of
the fymptoms. If it fhould not be convenient to bleed in the neck, the fame quan-
tity may be let from the arm, or any other part of the body. Leeches are often
applied to the temples, or under the eyes, with good efFeft. The wounds muft be
fuff^ered to bleed for fome hours, and, if the bleeding ftop foon, it may be promoted
by the application of cloths dipped in warm water. In obftinate cafes, it will be ne-
cefTary to repeat this operation feveral times. Opening and diluting medicines are
by no means to be neglefted ; but, if the inflammation does not yield to thefe eva-
cuations, blifters muft be applied to the temples, behind the ears, or upon the neck,
and kept open for fome time. I have feldom known thefe, if long enough kept
open, fail to remove themoft obftinate inflammation of the eyesj but, for this pur-
pofe, it is often necefTary to continue the difcharge for feveral weeks. Thofe who
are liable to frequent returns of this difeafe, ought conftantly to have an ifTue In one
or both arms, or a feton cut betwixt the fhoulders. Bleeding or purging in the
fpring and autumn will be very beneficial to fuch perfons.

Of the QUINSEY, or INFLAMMATORY SORE THROAT.

THIS difeafe is frequently attended with great danger. When the inflammation
comes on, the parts appear red and fwelled j the patient complains of pain in fwal-
lowing; his pulfe is quick and hard, with other fymptoms of a fever. If blood be
let, it is generally covered with a tough coat of a whitifti colour, and the patient
fpits a tough phlegm. As the fwelling and inflammation increafe, the breathing
and fwallowing become more difficult ; the pain affedts the ears j the eyes generally
appear red ; and the face fwells. When the breathing is laborious, with ftraight-
nefs of the breaft, and anxiety, the danger is great. Though the pain in fwallowing
be very great, yet, while the patient breathes eafy,, there is not fo much danger.
An external fwelling is no unfavourable fymptom j but, if it fuddenly falls, and the
difeafe affeds the breaft, the danger is very great. When a quinfey is the confe-
quence of fome other difeafe, which has already weakened the patient, his fituatioii
is dangerous. A frothing at the mouth, and a fwelled tongue, a pale ghaftly coun-
tenance, and coldnefs of the e.xtremities, are fatal fymptoms.

CURE. ---It is peculiarly necefTary that the neck be kept warm; for which pur-
pofe feveral folds of foft flannel may be wrapt round it. The jelly of black cur-
rants is a medicine very much in efteem for complaints of the throat -, and indeed it

35. O 0 is

142 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

is of fome ufe. It (hould be almoft conftantly kept in the mouth, and fwallowcd down
leifurely. It may likewife be mixed in the patient's drink, or taken any other way.
When it cannot be obtained, the jelly of red currants, or of mulberries, may be
ufed in its ftead. Gargles are alfo very beneficial; they may be made of fage-tea,
with a little vinegar and honey ; and may be ufed three or four times a-day ; and,
if the "patient be troubled with tough vifcid phlegm, the gargle may be rendered
more fliarp and cleanfing by adding to it a tea-fpoonful of fpirit of fa! ammoniac.
There is no difeafe wherein the benefit of bathing the feet and legs in lukewarm
water is more apparent : that pracftice ought therefore never to be neglecfted. If the
inflammation be violent, it will be proper, as foon as the fymptoms appear, to bleed
in the arm, or rather in the jugular vein, and to repeat the operation if circumftan-
ces require. The body fhould likewife be kept gently open. This may be done by
giving the patient for his ordinary drink a decodion of figs and tamarinds, or fmall
dofes of rhubarb and nitre. Good efFeifls are often produced from a bit of fal pru-
nel, or purified nitre, held in the mouth, and fwallowed down as it melts. This pro-
motes the difcharge of faliva, by which means it anfwers the end of a gargle, while
at the fame time it abates the fever, by promoting the difcharge of urine, &c.
Bliftering upon the neck or behind the ears, in violent inflammations of the throat,
is very beneficial ; and in bad cafes it will be neceflary to lay a bliftering-plafter
quite acrofs the throat, fo as to reach from ear to ear. After the plafters are taken
off, the parts ought to be kept running by the application of iflue ointment,
till the inflammation is gone $ otherwife, upon their drying up, the patieiit will
be in danger of a relapfe. When a difficulty of fwallowing is not attended with
an acute pain or inflammation, it only requires that the part be kept warm, and
the throat frequently gargled with fomething that may gently fl:imulate the glands,
as a deco(Sion of figs with vinegar and honey -, to which may be added a little
muftard, or a fmall quantity of fpirits. But this gargle is never to be ufed where
there are figns of an inflammation. Thofe who are fubjed to inflammations of
the throat, in order to avoid that difeafe, ought to live temperate. Such as do not
chufe to obferve this rule muft have frequent recourfe to purging and other eva-
cuations, to difcharge the fuperfluous humours. They ought likewife to beware
of catching cold, and fliould abftain from aliment and medicines of an aflringent or
ftimulating nature.

Of the MALIGNANT or PUTRID ULCEROUS SORE THROAT.

THIS is evidently a contagious diftemper, and is generally communicated by in-
feftion. Whole families, and even entire villages, often receive the infedion from
©ne perfon. Whatever tends to produce putrid or malignant fevers may likewife

3 occafion

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 14J

occafion the putrid ulcerous fore throat, as unwholefome air, damaged provifions,
negled of cleanliiiefs, Sec. It begins with alternate fits of fhivering and heat. The
pulfe is quick, but low and unequal, and generally continues fo through the whole
courfe of the difeafc. The tongue is white and generally moift, which diftinguiihes
this from an mflammatory difeafe. Upon looki<ig into the throat, it appears fwellei
and of a florid red colour. Pale or a{h coloured fpots, however, are here and there
interfperfed, aiid fometinies one broad patch or fpot, of an irregular figure, and
pale wliitc colour, furrouiided with florid red, only appears. Thefe whitifh fpots
or floughs cover fo many ulcers. The putrid ulcerous fore throat may be diftin-
guifl^ed from the inflammatory by the vomiting and loofenefs with which it is gene-
rally ufhered in; the foul ulcers in the throat covered with a white or livid coat;
and by the exceflive weakncfs of the patient ; with other fymptoms of a putrid fever.
CURE.---The treatment in this kind of fore throat is entirely different from that
which is proper in the inflammatory. All evacuations, as bleeding, purging, &cc
which weaken the patient, muft be avoided. Cooling medicines, as nitre and cream
of tartar,, are likewife hurtful. Strengtheniog cordials alone can be ufed with fafe-
ty ; and thefe ought never to be negleded. If, at the beginning, there is a great
naufea, or inclination to vomit, the patient muft drink an infufion of green tea, ca-
momile flowers, or carduus benediSfuSy'm order to cleanfe the ftomach. If thefe are
not fuflicient, he may take a few grains of the powder of ipecacuanha, or any other
gentle vomit. If the difeafe is mild, the throat may be gargled with an infufion of
fage and rofe leaves, to a gill of which may be aJded a fpoonful or two of honey,
and as much vinegar as wiJi make it agreeably acid; but, when the fymptoms are
urgent, it will be of great benefit if the patient frequently receives into his mouth,
through an inverted funnel, the fleams of warm vinegar, myrrh, and honey. But,
when the putrid fymptoms run high, and the difeafe is attended with danger, the
only medicine that can be depended upon is the Peruvian bark. It may be taken
in fubftance, if the patient's fliomach will bear it. If not, an ounce of bark grofsly
powdered, with two drachms of Virginian fnake-root, may be boiled in a pint and
a half of water to half a pint ; to which a teafpoon-full of the elixir of vitriol may
be added, and an ordinary teacup-full of it taken every three or four hours. Blifters
are very beneficial in this difeafe, efpecially when the patient's pulfe and fpirits are
low. They may be applied to the throat, behind the ears, or upon the back part of
the neck. If a difcharge of blood from the nofe happens, the fleams of warm vi-
negar may be received up the noflrils frequently ; and the drink, muft. be fharpened
-with fpirits of vitriol, or tinfture of rbfes. In cafe of a ftranguary, the belly mufl:
be fomented with warm water, and emollient clyfters given thrse or four times a
day. After the violence of the difeafe is over, the body (hould flill be kept open
with mild purgatives i as manna, fenna, rhubarb, or the like.

Of

144 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Of colds and COUGHS.

COLDS are the effect of an obftruded perfpiration ; and almoft every cold is a
kind of fever, w^hich only differs in degree from feme of thofe that have already
been treated of. No age, fex, or conftitution, is exempted from this difeafe j nei-
ther is it in the power of any medicine or regimen to prevent it. The inhabitants
of every climate are liable to catch cold, nor can even the greatefl: circumfpedion
defend them at all times from its attacks. Indeed, if the human body could be
kept conftantly in an uniform degree of warmth, fuch a thing as catching cold
would be impoffible: but, as that cannot be eifeded by any means, the perfpiraton
muft be liable to many changes. When oppreffion of the breaft, a fluffing of the
nofe, unufual wearinefs, pain of the head, &c. give ground to believe that the per-
fpiration is obftrufted, or, in other words, that the perfon has caught cold, he ought
immediately to lefTen his diet, at leafl the ufual quantity of his folid food, and to
abflain from all ftrong liquors. Would people facrifice a little time to eafe and
warmth, and pratflife a moderate degree of abflinence when the firftfymptoms of a
cold appear, we have reafon to believe, that moft of the bad efFefts which flow
from an obftrudled perfpiration might be prevented. But, after the difeafe has
gathered ftrength by delay, all attempts to remove it often prove vain. A pleurify,
a peripneumony, or a fatal confumption of the Jungs, are often the effefts of com-
mon colds J notwithftanding people affeft to treat them with fo much indifference
and negledl:, merely becaufe they are only colds. Hence it is, that colds deftroy
fuch numbers of mankind. Like an enemy defpifed, they gather ftrength from
delay, till, at length, they become invincible. It is certain, however, that colds
may be too much indulged. When a perfon, for every flight cold, fhuts himfelf
up in a warm room, fwallows medicine, and drinks great quantities of warm liquor,
it may occafion fuch a general relaxation of thefolids, as will not be eafijy removed.
Bathing the feet in warm water, lying in bed, and drinking warm water-gruel, or
other weak liquors, will fooner take oft" a fpafm, and reftore the perfpiration, than
all the hot fudoriiic medicines in the world. This is all that is neceflary lor remov-
ing a common coldj and, if this courfe be taken at the beginning, it will feldom
fait. When the fymptoms do not yield to abftinence, warmth, and diluting liquors,
there is reafon to fear the approach of fome other difeafe, as an inflammation of the
breaft, an ardent fever, or the like, and the patient fhould then be treated accord-
ingly. The chief fecret of preventing cold lies in avoiding, as far as pofTible, all
extremes either of heat or cold, and in taking care, when the body is heated, to let
it cool gradually.

Of

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 145

Of a common cough.

A COUGH is generally the effeft of a cold, which has either been improperly
treated or entirely iieglefted. When it proves obftinate, there is always reafon to
fear the confequences, as this {hews a weak ftate of the lungs, and is often the fore-
runner of a confumption. If the cough be violent, and the patient young and
flrong, with a hard quick pulfe, bleeding will be proper; but, in weak and relaxed
habits, bleeding rather prolongs the difeafe. When the patient fpits freely, bleed-
ing is unnecefTary, and fometimes hurtful, as it tends to lefTen that difcharge.
When a cough is occafioned by acrid humours tickling the throat and fauces, the
patient fhould keep feme foft peroral lozenges almoft conftantly in his mouth ; as
the Pontefradt-liquorice cakes, barley-fugar, the common balfamic lozenges, Spa-
nifli juice, &c. Thefe blunt the acrimony of the humours, and, by taking off
their ftimulating quality, help to appeafe the cough. In obftinate coughs, proceed-
ing from a flux of humours upon the lungs, it will often be neceflary, befides ex-
pecflorating medicines, to have recourfe to ifTues, fetons, or fome other drain. In
this cafe I have often obferved the mod happy effects from a Burgundy-pitch plaf-
ter applied between the fhoulders. About the bulk of a mrtmeg of Burgundy-
pitch may be fpread thin upon a piece of foft leather, about the fize of the hand,
and laid between the fhoulder- blades. It may be taken off and wiped every three
or four days, and ought to be renewed once a fortnight or three weeks. This is
indeed, a cheap and fimple medicine, and confequently apt to be defpifed -, but we
will venture to affirm, that the whole materia medica does not afford an application
more efficacious in almoft every kind of cough. It has not, indeed, always an im-
mediate effe(5l J but, if kept on for fome time, it will fucceed where moft other
medicines fail. But coughs proceed from many other caufes befides defluxions
upon the lungs. In thcfe cafes the cure is not to be attempted by pedtoral medi-
cines. Thus, in a cough proceeding from a foulnefs and debility of the ftomach,
fyrups, oil, mucilages, and all kinds of balfamic medicines, do hurt. The ftomach
cough may be known from one that is owing to a fault in the lungs by this, that in
the latter the patient coughs whenever he infpires, or draws in his breath fully ;
but in the former that does not happen.

CURE. — The cure of this cough depends chiefly upon deanfing and Hrength-
aiing the ftomach ; for which purpofe gentle vomits and bitter purgatives are moft
proper. Thus, after a vomit or two, the facred tin^lure, as it is called, may be
taken for a confidcrable time in the dofe of one or two tablcfpoon- fulls twice a day,
or as often as it is found neceftary, to keep the body gently open. People may
make this tindlure thcmfelves, by infufing an ounce of hicra picra in an Englifti
pint of whitc-winc, lotting it ftand a few days, and then ftraining it. In coughs
35. Pf which

146 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

vhich proceed from a debility of the flomach, the Peruvian bark is likewife of
confiderable fcrvice. It may either be chewed, taken in powder, or made into a
tin(5lure along with other ftomachic bitters. A nervous cough can only be removed
by change of air and proper exercife. Immerfing the feet and hands in warm water
will often appcafe the violence of a nervous cough. When a cough is only the
fymptom of fomc other malady, it is in vain to attempt to remove it without firft
curing the difeafe from which it proceeds. Thus, when a cough is occafioned by
teething, keeping the body open, fcarifying the gums, or whatever facilitates the
cutting of the teeth, likewife appeafes the cough. In like manner, when worms
occafion a cough, fuch medicines as remove thefe vermin will generally cure the
cough ; as bitter purgatives, oily clyfters, and fuch-like. Women, during the laft
months of pregnancy, are often greatly afflidled with a cough, which is generally
relieved by bleeding and keeping the body open. They ought to avoid all flatu-
lent food, and to wear a loofe eafy drefs.

Of the whooping or CHIN COUGH.

THIS cough feldom afFefls adults, but proves often fatal to children. What-
ever hurts the digeftion, obflruds the perfpiration, or relaxes the folids, difpofes to
this difeafe : confequently its cure mufl depend upon cleanfing and ftrengthening
the ftomach, bracing the folids, and, at the fame time, promoting perfpiration and
the different fecretions.

CURE. — One of the mofl: effedual remedies in the chin- cough is change of air.
This often removes the malady, even when the change feems to be from a purer
to a lefs wholefome air. This may in fome meafure depend on the patient's being
removed from the place where the infection prevails. Moft of the difeafes of chil-
dren are infeiftibus ; nor is it at all uncommon to find the chin-cough prevailing
in one town or village, when another, at a very fmall diftance, is quite free from,
it. But, whatever be the caufe, we are fure of the faft. No time ought therefore
to be loft in removing the patient to fome diftance from the place where he caught
the difeafe, and, if poffible, into a more pure and warm air. When the difeafe
proves violent, and the patient is in danger of being fuffocated by the cough, he
ought to be bled, efpecially if there be a fever with a hard full pulfe. But as the
chief intention of bleeding is to prevent an inflammation of the lungs, and to ren-
der it more fafe to give vomits, it will feldom be necefl*ary to repeat the operation j
yet, if there be fymptoms of an inflammation of the lungs, a fecond, or even a third,
bleeding may be requifite. Vomits not only cleanfe the ftomach, which, in this
difeafe is generally loaded with vifcid phlegm, but they likewife promote the per-
fpiration and other fecretions j and ought therefore to be repeated according to

3 the

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 147

the obftitucy of the difeafe. They fhould not be ftrong ; gentle vomits frequently
repeated are L{s dangerous, and more beneficiKl, than ftrong ones. Many people
believe that oily, pec5loral, and balfimic, medicines po/Tefs wonderful virtues for the
cure of the chin-cough, and accordingly exhibit them plentifully to patients of every
age and conftitution, without confidcring that every thing of this nature muft load
the ftomach, hurt the digeftion, and of courfe aggravate the diforder. The mi/le-
pedes, or woodlice, arc greatly recommended for the cure of a chin-cough. Thofe,
who chufe to make ufe of thefe infefts, may infufe two ounces of them bruifed in an
Englifli pint of fmall white -wine for one night. Afterwards the liquor may be
ftrained through a cloth, and a table fpoonful of it given to the patient three or four
times a-day. Opiates are fometimes iwceflary to allay the violence of the cough.
For this purpofe a little of the fyrup of poppies, or five, fix, or feven, drops of lau-
danum, according to the age of the patient, may be taken in a cup of hyfTop or
penny-royal tea, and repeated occafionally. The garlic ointment is a well-known
remedy in North-Britain for the chin-cough. It is made by beating in a mortar
garlic with an equal quantity of hog's lard. With this the foles of the feet may
be rubbed twice or thrice a day ; but the beft method is to fpread it upon a ra&
and apply it in the form of a plafter. It rtiould be renewed every night and morn-
ing at leaft, as the garlic foon lofes its virtue. This is an exceeding good medi-
cine, both in the chin-cough and in moft other coughs of an obftinate nature. It
ought not, however, to be ufed when the patient is very hot or feverifii, left it
fhould increafe thefe fymptoms.

INFLAMMATION of the STOMACH.

AN inflammation of the ftomach may proceed from any of the caufe* which pro-
duce an inflammatory fever ; as cold liquor drunk while the body is warm, ob-
ftrudted perfpiration, or the fudden ftriking in of any eruption. It is attended with
a fixed pain and burning heat in the ftomach ; great reftlefTnefs and anxiety ; a fmall,
quick, and hard, pulfe; vomiting, or, atleaft, a naufea and ficknefsj exceflive thirft;
coldnefs of the extremities ; difficulty of breathing; cold clammy fweats; and fome-
times convulfions and fainting fits. The ftomach is fwelled, and often feels hard to
the touch. One of the moft certain figns of this difeafe is the fenfe of pain, which
the patient feels upon taking any kind of food or drink, efpecially if it be either too
hot or too cold.

CURE.— -All acrimonious, heating, and irritating, food and dfTnk are carefully
to be avoided. The weaknefs of the patient may deceive the by-ftanders, and in-
duce them to give him wines, fpirlts, or other cordials; but thefe never fail to
increafe the difeafe, and ouen occafion fudden death. The inclination to vomit

may

,48 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

may llkewife impofe on the attendants, and make them think a vomit nece/Tary ;
but that too is almoft certain death. Bleeding is abfolutely necefTary, and is almoft
the only thing that can be depended on. When the difeafe proves obftinate, it will
often be proper to repeat this operation feveral times, nor muft the low ftate of the
pulfe deter us from doing fo. The pulfe indeed generally rifes upon bleeding, and,
as long as that is the cafe, the operation is fafe. Frequent fomentations with
lukewarm water, or a decodlion of emollient vegetables, as recommended in the
Herbal, are likewife beneficial. Flannel cloths dipped in thefe muft be applied to
the region of the ftomach, and removed as they grow cool. In this, and all othef
inflammations of the bowels, an epifpaftic,or bliftering-plafter, applied over the part
afFefted, is one of the beft remedies known. The only internal medicines which can
with fafety be recommended are mild clyfters. Thefe may be made of warm water,
or thin water-gruel -, and, if the patient is coftive, a little fweet oil, honey, or man-
na, may be added. Clyfters anfwer the purpofe of an internal fomentation, while
they keep the body open, and at the fame time nourifti the patient, who is often
in this difeafe unable to retain any food upon his ftomach. For thefe reafons they
muft not be negleftcd, as the patient's life may depend on them.

INFLAMMATION of the INTESTINES.

THIS is one of the moft painful and dangerous difeafes that mankind is
liable to. It generally proceeds from the fame caufes as the inflammation of the
ftomach; to which may be added coftivenefs, worms, eating unripe fruits, or great
quantities of nuts, drinking hard windy malt liquors, as ftale bottled beer or ale,
four wine, cyder, &c. The inflammation of the inteftines is denominated iliac
foffwrii enteritis, i^c. according to the name of the parts afFeded. The treatment
however is nearly the fame, whatever part of the inteftinal canal be the feat of the
difeafe. The fymptoms are nearly the fame as in the foregoing difeafe; only the
pain, if poflible, is more acute, and is fituated lower. The vomiting is likewife
more violent, and fometimes even the excrements, together with the clyfters and
fuppofitories, are difcharged by the mouth. While the pain ftiifts, and the vomit-
ing only returns at certain intervals, and while the clyfters pafs downwards, there
is ground to hope; but, when the clyfters znA fctces are vomited, and the patient is
exceeding weak, with a low fluttering pulfe, a pale countenance, and a difagreeable
cr ftinking breath, there is great reafon to fear that the ccnfequences will prove
fatal. Clammy fweats, black fcetid ftools, with a fmall intermitting pulfe, and a
total reflation of pain, are figns of a mortification already begun, and of ap-
proaching death.

CURE. — Bleeding, in this as well as in the inflammation of the ftomach, is of
the greateft importance. It ftiould be performed as foon as the fymptoms appear,

and

And family dispensatory. h^

and muft be repeated according to the ftrength of the patient and the violence of
the difcafe. A blifter is likewife to be applied immediately over the part where the
mod violent pain is. This not only relieves the pain of the bowels, but even clyf-
ters and purgative medicines, which before had no tffcit, will operate when the
blifters begin to rife. The patient's feet and legs fhould frequently be bathed in
warm water, and cloths dipped in it applied to his belly. Bladders filled with warm
water may likewife be applied to the region of the navel, and warm bricks, or
bottles filled with warm water, to the foles of the feet. If the difeafe does not
yield to dyfters and fomentations, recourfe muft be had to pretty ftrong purgatives i
but, as thefe, by irritating the bowels, often increafe their contraction, and by that
means fruftrate their own intention, it will be necelTary to join them with opiates,
which, by allaying the pain, and relaxing the fpafmodic contradlions of the gut»,
greatly aflift the operation of purgatives in this cafe. What anfwers thepurpofeof
opening the body very well, is a folution of the bitter purging falts. Two ounces
of thefe may be difTolved in an Englifh pint of warm water, or thin gruel, and a
teacup-full of it taken every half hour till it operates. At the fnme time fifteen,
twenty, or twenty-five, drops of laudanum may be given in a glafs of peppermint
or fimple cinnamon-water, to appeafe the irritation, and prevent the vomiting, &c.
But it often happens that no liquid whatever will ftay on the ftomach. In this
cafe the patient muft take purging pills. I have generally found the follow-
ing anfwer very well : Take jalap in powder, and vitriolated tartar, of each
half a drachm; opium one grain j Caftile foap as much as will make the mafs fit
for pills. Thefe muft be taken at one dofe, and, if they do not operate in a few
hours, the dofe may be repeated. If a ftool cannot be procured by any of the
above means, it will be necefiary to immerfe the patient in warm water up to the
breaft. This often fucceeds when other means have been tried in vain. The pa-
tient muft continue in the water as long as he can eafily bear it without fainting ;
and, if one immerfion has not the defired effed, it may be repeated as foon as the
patient's ftrength and fpirits are recruited. It is more fafe for him to go frequently
into the bath than to continue too long at a time; and it is often neceflary to repeat
it fevcral times before it has the defired efFed. In defperate cafes it is common to
give quickfilver. This may be given to the quantity of feveral ounces, or even a
j)oun'.l, but fliould not exceed that. When there is reafon to fufpeft a mortification
of the guts, this medicine ought not to be tried. In that cafe it cannot cure the
patient, and will only haften his death. But, when the obftrudion is occafioned by
any caufe that can be removed by force, quickfilver is not only a proper medicine,
but the beft that can be adminiftered, as it is the fitteft body we know for making
its way through the inteftinal canal.

36. ^q Or

150 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Of the CHOLIC.

THE cholic has a great refemblance to the two preceding difeafes, both in its;
fymptoms and method of cure. It is generally attended with coftivenefs and acute
pain of the bowels ; and requires diluting diet, evacuations, fomentations, &c.
Cholics are varioufly denominated, according to their caufes, as the flatulent^ the
bilious, the hyjleric, the nervous, &c.

CURE,---When the difeafe proceeds from windy liquor, green fruit, four herbs,
or the like, the beft medicine on the firft appearance of the fymptoms is a dram
of brandy, gin, or any good fpirits. The patient fhould likewife fit with. his feet
upon a warm hearth-ftone, or apply warm bricks to themj and warm cloths may be
applied to his ftomach and bowels. This is the only cholic wherein ardent fpirits,
Ipiceries, or any thing of a hot nature, may be ventured upon. Nor indeed are
they to be ufed here unlefs at the very beginning, before any fymptoms of inflam-
mation appear. The bilious cholic is attended with very acute pains about the re-
gion of the navel. The patient complains of great thirft, and is generally coftive*
He vomits a hot, bitter, yellow-coloured, bile, which, being difcharged, feems to
afford fome relief, but is quickly followed by the fame violent pain as before. As
the diftemper advances, the propenfity to vomit fometimes increafes fo as to become
almoft continual, and the proper motion of the inteftines is fo far perverted, that
there are all the fymptoms of an impending iliac paffion. If the patient be young
and ftrong, and the pulfe full and frequent, it will be proper to bleed, after which
clyfters may be adminiftered. Clear whey or gruel, fharpened with the juice of
lemon, or cream of tartar, muft be drunk freely : it will be neceflary likewife to
foment the belly with cloths dipped in warm water ; and, if this fhould not fucceed,
the patient raufl be immerfed up to the breafl in warm v/ater. In the bilious cholic,
the vomiting is often very difficult to reflrain. When this happens, the patient
may drink a decodlion of toaftcd bread, or an infufion of garden-mint in boiling
water. Such as are liable to frequent returns of the bilious cholic fhould ufe flefh
fparingly, and live chiefly upon a light vegetable diet. They fhould likewife take
frequently a dofe of cream of tartar with tamarinds, or any other cool acid purge.
The hyfieric cholic bears a great refemblance to the bilious. It is attended with
acute pains about the region of the flomach, vomiting, &c. But what the patient
vomits in this cafe is commonly of a greenifh colour. There is a great finking of
the fpirits, with dejedion of mind and difficulty of breathing, which are the cha-
rafteriftic fymptoms of this diforder. Sometimes it is accompanied with the jaun.
dice J but this generally goes off of its own accord in a few days. In this cholic
all evacuationSj as bleeding, purging, vomiting, &c. do hurt. Every thing that

2 weakens

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 151

tveakens the patient, or finks the fpirits, is to be avoided. If however the vomit-
ing fhould prove violent, lukewarm water, or fmall pofTet, may be drunk to cleanfb
the ftomach. Afterwards the patient may take fifteen, twenty, or twenty-five,
drops of liquid laudanum in a glafs of cinnamon-water. This may be repeated
every ten or twelve hours till the fymptoms abate. The nervous cholic prevails
among miners, fmelters of lead, plumbers, the manufadurers of white lead, &c.
It is very common in the cyder counties of England, and is fuppofed to be occafion-
ed b)' the leaden velTels iifed in preparing that liquor. No difeafe of the bowels is
attended with more excruciating pain than this. Nor is it foon at an end. I have
known it continue eight or ten days with very little intermiffion, the body all the
while continuing bound in fpite of medicine, yet at length yield, and the patient re-
cover. It generally however leaves the patient weak, and often ends in a palfy.
The general treatment of this difeafe is the fame with that of the iliac paflion, or
inflanmiation of the bowels.

INFLAMMATION of the KIDNEYS.

THIS difeafe may proceed from any of thofe caufcs which produce an inflamma-
tory fever. It may likewife be occifioned by wounds or bruifes of the kidneys;
fmall ftones or gravel lodging wirhin them j by hnrd riding or walking, efpecially
in hot weather j or whatever drives the blood too forcibly into the kidneys, may
occafioH this malady.

CURE.---Every thing of a hearing or ftfrnulating nature is to be avoided.
Emollient and thin liquors mufl: be plentifully drunk; as clear whey, or balm-tea-
fweetened with honey, decodions of marfh-mallow roots, with barley and liquorice,
&c. Bleeding is generally necefiary, efpecially at the beginning. Ten or tv/elve
ounces may be let from the arm or foot ; and, if the pain and inflammation conti-
nue, the operation may be repeated in twenty -four hours, efpecially if the patient
be of a full habit. Leeches may liktwife be applied to the hxmorrhoidal veins, as
difcharge from thefe will greatly relieve the patient. Cloths dipped in warm wa-
ter, or bladders filled with it, muft beapplied as near as poflible to the part afFeded,.
and renewed as they grow cool. If the bladder be filled with a decodion of mal-
lows and camomile flowers, to which a little faflfron is added, and mLxed with about
a third part of new milk, it will be ftill more beneficial. Emollient clyfters ought
frequently to be adminiftered ; and, if thefe do not open the body, a little fait and
honey or manna may be added to them. The fame courfe is to be followed where
gravel or a ftone is lodged in the kidney ; but, when the gravel or ftone is feparated
from the kidney, and lodges in the ureter, it will be proper, befides the fomenta-
tions, to rub the fmall of the back with fweetoil, and to give gentle diuretics: as ju-
niper.

»5i CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

niper-water fweetened with the fyrup of marfh-mallows ; a teafpoon-full of the
fweet fpirits of nitre, with a few drops of laudanum, may now and then be put in a
cup of the patient's drink. He ought likewifc to take exercife on horfeback, or in
a carriage, if he be able to bear it.

INFLAMMATION of the BLADDER.

THE inflammation of the bladder proceeds, in a great meafure, from the fame
caufes as that of the kidneys. It is known by an acute pain towards the bottoin of
the belly, and difficulty of parting urine, with feme degree of fever, a conftant in-
clination to go to flool, and a perpetual defire to make water. This difeafe muft be
treated on the fame principles as the one immediately preceding. The patient
fliould abilain from every thing that is of a hot, acrid, and ftimulating, quality, and
fhould live entirely upon fmall broths, gruels, or mild vegetables. But a ftoppage
of urine may proceed from other caufes befides an inflammation of the bladder ; as
a fwelling of the hasmorrhoidal veins ; haxd f^ces lodged in the return ; a ftone in
the bladder; excrefcences in the urinary pafTages, a palfy of the bladder, hyfl:eric
afixdions, &c. In all which cafes, mild and gentle applications are the fafeft j ftrong
diuretic medicines, or things of an irritating nature, generally increafe the danger.
I have known fome perfons kill themfelves by introducing probes into the urinary
pafTages, to remove, as they thought, fomewhat that obflrudted the difcharge of
urine ; and others bring on a violent inflammation of the bladder, by ufing ftrong
diuretics, as oil of turpentine, &c. for that purpofe.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.

THIS difeafe is known by a painful tenfion of the right fide under the falfe ribs,
attended with fome degree of fever, a fenfe of weight, or fulnefs of the part, difficul-
ty of breathing, loathing of food, great thirft, with a pale or yellowifti colour of the
(kin and eyes. This difeafe, if properly treated, is feldom mortal. If it ends in a
fuppuration, and the matter cannot be difcharged outwardly, the danger is then
great. When the fchirrhus of the liver enfues, the patient, if he obferves a proper
regimen, may neverthelefs live a number of years ; but, if he indulge in animal food
and ftrong liquors, or take medicines of an acrid or irritating nature, the fchirrhus
will be converted into a cancer, which muft infallibly prove fatal.

CURE. — The fame regimen is to be obferved in this as in other inflammatory
diforders. All hot things are to be carefully avoided ; and cool diluting liquors, as
whey, barley-water, &c. drunk freely. The food muft be light and thin, and the
body, as well as the mind, kept eafy and quiet. Bleeding is proper at the beginning ;
and it will often beneceflary, even though the pulfe fhoutd not feel hard, to repeat

it.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 153

it. All violent purgatives are to be avoided j the body however muft be kept
gently open. A decoftion of tamarinds, with a little honey or manna, will anfwer
this purpofe very well. The fide affefted muft be fomented in the manner direded
in the foregoing difeafcs. Mild laxatives clyfters fhould be frequently adminiftered ;
and, if the pain fliould notwithftanding continue violent, a bliftering-plafter may
be applied over the part afFe<51:ed. Medicines which promote the fecretion of urina
have a very good efFcd here. For this purpofe, half a drachm of purified nitre, or
a tea-fpoonful of the fweet fpirits of nitre, may be taken in a cup of the patient's
drink three or four times a-day. All inflimmation of the vifcera muft in general
be treated upon the fame principles as thofe already mentioned. The chief rule,
with refped to all of them, is to let blood, to avoid every thing that is ftrong, or of
a heating nature, to apply warm fomentations to the part affefted, and to caufe the
patient to drink a fufficient quantity of warm diluting liquors.

Of the cholera MORBUS.

THE cholera morbus is a violent purging and vomiting, attended with gripes,
ficknefs, and a conftant define to go to ftool. It comes on fuddenly, and is moft
common in autumn. There is hardly any difeafe that kills more quickly than this,
when proper means are not ufed in due time for removing it. It is generally pre-
ceded by the heart-burn, four bdchings, and flatulencies, with pain of the ftomach
and inteftines. To thefe fiicceed exceflive vomiting, and purging of green, yellow,,
or blackilh, coloured bile, with a diftention of the ftomach, and violent griping
pains. There is likewife a great thirft, with a very quick unequal pulfe, and often
a fixed acute pain about the region of the navel. As the difeafe advances, the pulfe
often finks fo low as to become quite imperceptible, the extremities grow cold, or
cramped, and are often covered with a clammy fweat, the urine is obftrufted, and
there is a palpitation of the heart. Violent hiccup, fainting, and convulfions, are
the figns of approaching death.

CURE.— Atthe beginning of this difeafe, the efforts of nature to expel the of-
fending caufe fhould be afBfted, by promoting the purging and vomiting. For
this purpofe the patient muft drink freely of diluting liquors j as whey, butter-milk,
warm water, thin water gruel, fmall poftet, or, what is perhaps preferable to any
of them, very weak chicken broth. This fhould not only be drunk plentifully to
promote the vomiting, but a clyfter of it given every hour in order to promote the
purging. Warm negus, or ftrong wine whey, will likewife be neceffary to iupport
the patient's fpirits, and promote pei fpiration. His legs fhould be bathed in warn*
water, and afterwards rubbed with flannel cloths, or wrapped in warm blankets,
and warm bricks applied to the foles of his feet. Flannels wrung out of warm

36. R r fpirituou*

154 C^ULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

fpirituous fomentations fhould likewife be applied to the region of the ftomach.
When the violence of the difeafe is over, to prevent a relapfe, it will be neceflary,
for fome time, to continue the ufe of fmall dofes of laudanum. Ten or twelve
drops may be taken in a glafs of wine, at leaft twice a-day, for eight or ten days.
The patient's food ought to be nourifliing, but taken in fmall quantities, and he
fhould ufe moderate exercife. As the ftomach and inteftines are generally much
weakened, an infufion of the bark, or bitter herbs, in fmall wine, ftiarpened with the
elixir of vitriol, may be drunk for fome time.

Of a DIARRHCEA, or, LOOSENESS.

A LOOSENESS, in many cafes, is not to be confidered as a difeafe, but rather
as a falutary evacuation. It ought therefore never to be flopped unlefs when it con-
tinues too long, or evidently weakens the patient.

CURE A loofenefs, occafioned by the obftruftion of any cuftomary evacua-
tion, generally requires bleeding. If that does not fucceed, other evacuations may
be fubftituted in the room of thofe which are obftrudled. At the fame time, every
method is to be taken to reftore the ufual difcharges, as not only the cure of the dif-
eafe, but the patient's life, may depend on this. A diarrhoea, or loofenefs, which
proceeds from violent paflions or affedions of the mind, muft be treated with the
greateft caution. Vomits in this cafe are highly improper. Nor are purges fafe,
unlefs they be very mild, and given in fmall quantities. Opiates, and other anti-
fpafmodic medicines, are more proper. Ten or twelve drops of liquid laudanum
may be taken in a cup of valerian or penny- royal tea, every eight or ten hours, till
the fymptoms abate. Eafe, cheerfulnefs, and tranquillity of mind, are here of the
greateft importance. When a loofenefs proceeds from acrid or poifonous fubftances
taken into the ftomach, the patient muft drink large quantities of diluting liquors,
with oil or fat broths, to promote vomiting or purging. Afterwards, if there be
reafon to fufped that the bowels are inflamed, bleeding will be neceflary. Small
dofes of laudanum may likewife be taken to remove their irritation. From what-^
ever caufe a loofenefs proceeds, when it is found neceflary to check it, the diet ought
to conftft of rice boiled with milk, and flavoured with cinnamon } rice-jelly j fago,
with red portj and the lighter forts of fle/h-meat roafted. The drink may be thin
water-gruel, rice-water, or weak broth made from lean veal, or with a flieep's head,
as being more gelatinous than mutton, beef, or chicken, broth.

Of V O M I T I N G.

VOMITING may proceed from various caufes j as, excefs in eating and drink-
ing, foulnefs of the ftomach, the acrimony of the aliments, or a tranflation of the

morbific

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 155

morbific matter of ulcers, of the gout, the eryfipelas, or other difeafcs, to the
ftomach and bowels.

CURE.— -When vomiting proceeds from a foul ftomach or indigeftion, it is not
to be confidered as a diliafe, but as the cure of a difeafe. It ought therefore to be
promoted by drinking lukewarm water or thin gruel. If this does not put a ftop to
the vomiting, a dofe of ipecacuanha may be taken, and worked off with weak camo-
mile-tea. If vomiting proceeds from weakncfs of the ftomach, bitters will be of
fervice. Peruvian bark infufed In wine or brandy, with as much rhubarb as will
keep the body gently open, is an excellent medicine in this cafe. The elixir of
vitriol is alfo a good medicine ; it may be taken in the dofe of fifteen or twenty
drops, twice or thrice a- day, in a glafs of wine or water. Habitual vomitings arc
fometimes alleviated by making oyfters a principal part of the diet. A vomiting,
which proceeds from acidities in the ftomach, is relieved by alkaline purges. The
beft medicine of this kind is the magnefia alba, a tea-fpoonful of which may be
taken in a diih of tea or a little milk, three or four times a-day, or oftener if necef-
fary, to keep the body open. I have always found the faline draughts, taken in tlie
adb of effervefcence, of fingular ufe in ftopping a vomiting, from whatever caufe it
proceeded. Thefe may be prepared by diflblving a drachm of the fait of tartar in an
ounce and half of frefh lemon juice, and adding to it an ounce of peppermint-water,
the fame quantity of fimple cinnamon-water, and a little white fugar. 7'his draught
muft be fwallowed before the effervefcence is quite over, and may be repeated every-
two hours, or oftener, if the vomiting be violent.

Of the diabetes.

IN a diabetes, the urine generally exceeds in quantity all the liquid food which.
the patient takes. It is thin and pale, of a fweetifh tafte, and an agreeable fmelU
The patient has a continual thirft, with fome degree of fever; his mouth is dry, and
hefpits frequently a frothy fpittle. The ftrength fails, the appetite decays, and th»
flefh waftes away till the patient is reduced to fkin and bone. There is a heat of tlic
bowels ; and frequently the loins, tefticles, and feet, are fwelled.

CURE.— This difeafe may generally be cured at the beginning ; but, after It has
continued long, the cure becomes very difficult. Every thing that ftimulates the
urinary paflages, or tends to relax the habit, muft be avoided. For this reafon the
patient fhould live chiefly on folid food. His thirft may be quenched with acids ;
as forrel, juice of lemon, or vinegar. The mucilaginous vegetibles, as rice, fatro,
and falop, with milk, are the moft proper food. Of animal fubftanccs, fhell-fiftl
are to be preferred ; as oyfters, crabs, &c. The drink may be Briftol-water, (a
conftant courfe of which has done wonders in this diforder, and is reckoned a fpecific ;)

when

156 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

when that cannot be obtained, lime-water, in which a due proportion of oak- bark
has been macerated, may be ufed. The patient ought daily to take exercife, but it
fliould be fo gentle as not to fatigue him. He fhould lie upon a hard bed or mat-
trafs. Nothing hurts the kidneys more than lying too fofr. Gentle purges, if the
patient be not too much weakened by the difeafe, have a good effeft. They may
confift of rhubarb, with cardamum feed, or any other fpiceries, infufed in wine, and
Niay be taken in fuch quantity as to keep the body gently open. The patient muft
next have recourfe to aftringents and corroborants. Half a drachm of powder,
made of equal parts of alum and the infpiflated juice comrnonly called Terra Jap"
mica, may be taken four times a-day, or oftener, if the ftomach will bear it ; other-
wife, Peruvian-bark fteeped in red wine. Opiates are of fervice in this difeafe, even
though the patient refts well. They take off fpafm and irritation, and at the fame
time leflen the force of the circulation. Ten or twelve drops of liquid laudanum
may be taken in a cup of the patient's drink three or four times a-day.

Of a SUPPRESSION of URINE.

A SUPPRESSION of urine may proceed from various caufes ; as an inflammation
of the kidneys or bladder, fmall ftones or gravel lodging in the urinary pafTages, hard
f(£ces lying in the return, pregnancy, a fpafm or contraction of the neck of the blad-
der, clotted blood in the bladder itfelf, afwelling of the hasmorrhoidal veins, &c.

CURE. — We would chiefly recommend, in all obftrucftions of urine, fomenta-
tations and evacuants. Bleeding, as far as the patient's ftrength will permit, is necef-
fary, efpecially where there are fymptoms of topical inflammation. Bleeding in this
cafe not only abates the fever, by leflening the force of the circulation, but, by re-
r laxing the folids, it takes off the fpafm or flridure upon the vefl'els which occafioned
the obilruftion. After bleeding, fomentations muft be ufed. Thefe may either
confift of warm water alone, or of decodions of mild vegetables; as mallows, ca-
momile flowers, and fuch other herbs as are recommended in the Herbal. Cloths
dipped in thefe may either be applied to the part affeded, or a large bladder filled
with the deco<5lion may be kept continually upon it. Perfons fubjecfl to a fuppref-
flon of urine ought to live very temperate. Their diet fhould be light, and their
liquor diluting. They fhould avoid all acids and auftere wines j fhould take fuf-
ficicnt exercife, lie hard, and avoid ftudy and fedentary occupations.

Of the gravel and STONE.

THE ftoneand gravel may be occafioned by high living; the ufe of ftrong af-

tringent v/ines ; a fedentary life; lying too hot, foft, or too much on the back; the

conftant ufe of water impregnated with earthy or ftony particles ; aliments of an

2 aftringent

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 157

aftringent or windy nature, &c. It may likewife proceed from an hereditary difpo-
fition. Perfons in the decline of life, and thofe who have been much affliifled with
the gout or rheumatifm, are nioft liable to it.

CURE. — Perfons afflifted with the gravel or ftone (hould avoid aliments of a
windy or heating nature, as fait meats, four fruits, &c. Their diet ought chiefly to
confift of fuch things z", tend to promote thefecretion of urine, and to keep the body
open. Artichokes, afparagus, fpinnage, lettuce, parfley, fuccory, purflane, turnips,
potatoes, carrots, and radiHies, may be fif(.*ly eaten. Onions, leeks, and cellery,
are, iu this cafe, reckoned medicinal. The mo(t proper drinks are whey, butter-milk,
milk and water, barley-water; decodions or infufions of the roots of mar(h-mal-
lows, parfley, liquorice, or of other mild mucilaginous vegetables, as linfeed, lime-
tree buds or leaves, &c. If the patient has been accuftomed to generous liquors, he
may drink fmall gin-punch without acid. In what is called a fit of the gravel,
which is commonly occafioned by a ftone flicking in the ureter or fome part of the
urinary paflages, tlie patient muft be bled, warm fomentations (hould likewife be
applied to the part af?e<fted, emollient clyfters adminiftered, and diluting mucilagi-
nous liquors drunk, &c. The treatment in this cafe muft be the fime as pointed
out for an inflammation of the kidneys and bladder, &c. Patients who are fubjec^ to
frequent fits of gravel in the kitkieys, but have no ftone in the bladder, are advifed
to drink everv morning, two or three hours before breakfaft, an Englifti pint of oyf-
ter or cockle ftitll lime-water; for, though this quantity might be too fmall to have
any fenfible efi'eft in diflblving a Aoi'iC in the bladder, yet it may very probably
prevent its growth. When a ftone is formed in the bladder, Alicant foap, and
oyfter or cockle ftiell lime-water, may be takei; in the following manner : The pa-
tient muft fwallow every day, in any form that is leaft difagreeable, an ounce of the
internal part of Alicant foap, anJ drink three or four Englifti pints of oyfter or
cockle ftiell lime-water. The foap is to be divided into three dofes; the largeft to
be taken fafting in the morning early; the fecond at noon; and the third at (even.
in the ev fining; drinking with each dofe a large draught of the lime-water; the
remainder of which he may take any time betwixt dinner and fupper, inftead of
other liquors. The cauftic alkali, or foap-lees, is the medicine chiefly in vogue at
prefent for the ftone. It may be prepared by mixing two parts of quick-lime with
one of pot-afties, and furthering them to ftand till the lixivium be formed, which
muft be carefully filtrated before it be ufed. If the folution does not happen
readily, a fmall quantity of water may be added to the mixture. The patient muft
begin with fmall dofes of the lees, as thirty or forty drops, and increafe by degrees,
as far as the ftomach will bear it.

36. Ss Or

,5S CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Of involuntary DISCHARGES of BLOOD.

INVOLUNTARY difcharges of blood are fo far from being always dangerous,
that they prove often falutary. When fiich difcharges are critical, which is fre-
quently the cafe in fevers, they ought not to be flopped. Nor indeed is it proper at
any time to flop them, unlefs they be fo great as to endanger the patient's life.
Moft people, afraid of the fmalleft difcharge of blood from any part of the body,
fly immediately to the ufe of ftyptic and aftringent medicines, by which means an
inflammation of the brain, or feme other fatal difeafe, is occafioned, which, had the
difcharge been allowed to go on, might have been prevented. Periodical difcharges
of blood, from whatever part of the body they proceed, mufl: not be fl:opped. They
are always the efl^orts of nature to relieve herfelf ; and fatal difeafeshave often been
the confequence of obftrufcing them. It may indeed fometimes be necefiary to
check the violence of fuch difcharges ; but even this requires the greateit caution.
In the early period of life, bleeding at the nofe is very common. Thofe who are
farther advanced in years are more liable to hcemoptve, or difcharge of blood from
the lungs. After the middle period of life, hasmorrhoidal fluxes are moft common;
and, in the decline of life, difcharges of blood from the urinary paflages. Bleeding
at the nofe, to perfons who abound with blood, is very falutary. It often cures a
vertigo, the head-ach, a phrenzy, and even an epilepfy. In fevers, where there is
a great determination of blood towards the head, it is of the utmoft fervice. It is
likewife beneficial in inflammations of the liver and fpleen, and often in the gout
and rheumatifm. In all difeafes where bleeding is necefiary, a fpontaneous dif-
charge of blood from the nofe is of much more fervice than the fame quantity let
with a lancet. Whenever bleeding at the nofe relieves any bad fymptom, and does
not proceed {o far as to endanger the patient's life, it ought not be flopped. But,
when it returns frequently, or continues till the pulfe becomes low, the extremities
begin to grow cold, the lips pale, or the patient complains of being fick or faint, it
mufl immediately be flopped.

CURE. — Let the patient be fet nearly upright, with his head reclining a little,
and his legs immerfed in water about the warmth of new milk. His hands ousht
likewife to be put in luke-warm water, and his garters may be tied a little tighter
than ufual. Ligatures may be applied to the arms, about the place where they are
ufually made for bleeding, and with nearly tlie fame degree of tightnefs. Thefe
mufl be gradually flackened as the blood begins to flop, and removed entirely as
foon as it gives over. Sometimes dry lint put up the noftrils will flop the bleeding.
When this does not fuccced, doflils of lint dipped in ftrong fpirits of wine may be
put up the noftrils -, or, if that cannot be had, they may be dipped in brandy.

If

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 159

If the genitals be inimerfed for fome time in cold water, it will generally ftop a
bleeding at the nofe. I have feldom known this fail.

Of the bleeding and BLIND PILES.

A DISCHARGE of blood from the hasmorrhoidal veflels is called the bleeding
pies. When the vclTcIs only fweil, and difcharge no blood, but are exceeding pain-
ful, the difeafe is called the ili>id piles. This difcharge, however, is not always to be
treated as a difeafe. It is Even more falutary than bleeding at the nofe, and often
prevents or carries off difeafes. It is peculiarly beneficial in the gout, rheumatifm,
afthma, and hypochondriacal complaints, and often proves critical in cholics and in^
flammatory fevers.

CURE. ---In the management of the patient, regard mufl: be had to his habit of
body, his age, ftrength, and manner of living. A difcharge, which might be excef-
five and prove hurtful to one, may be very moderate, and even falutary, to another.
That only is to be efteemed dangerous which continues too long, and is in fuch
quantity as to wafte the patient's ftrength, hurt the digeftion, nutrition, and other
functions neceflary to life. The Peruvian bark is proper in this cafe, both as a
ftrengthener and aftringent. Half a drachm of it may be taken in a giafs of red wine»
fliarpened with a few drops of the elixir of vitriol, three or four times a day. The
bleeding piles are fomctimes periodical, and return regularly once a month, or once
in three weeks. In this cafe they are always to be confidered as a falutary difcharge,
and by no means to be flopped. In the blind piles, bleeding is generally of ufe.
The diet muft be light and thin, and the drink cool and diluting. It is likewife
neceffary that the body be kept gently open. When the piles are exceeding painful
and fwelled, but difcharge nothing, the patient muft fit over the fteam of warm
•water. He may likewife apply a linen cloth dipped in warm fpirits of wine to the
part, or poultices made of bread and milk, or of leeks fried with butter. If thefit
do not produce a difcharge, and the piles appear large, leeches muft be applied as
near them as poflibie, or, if they will fix upon the piles themfelves, fo much the bet-
ter. When leeches will not fix, the piles may be opened with a lancet. Ihe ope-
ration is very eafy, and is attended with no danger. When the pain is very great,
a liniment made of two ounces of emollient ointment, and half an ounce of liquid
laudanum, beat up with the yolk of an egg, may be applied.

SPITTING OF BLOOD.

PERSONS of a flender make and a lax fibre, who have long necks and ftrait

breafts, are moft liable to this difeafe. It is moft common in the fpring, and gene-

r ally attacks people before they arrive at the prime or middle period of life. It is a

2 common

i«o CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

common obfervation, that thofe who have been fubjedl to bleeding at the nofe when
young are afterwards moft liable to this complaint. It is often occafioned by ex-
cefllve drinking, running, wreftling, finging, orfpeaking aloud. Such as have weak
lungs ought to avoid all violent exertions of that organ, as they value life. They
fhould likewife guard againft violent paffions, exceflive drinking, and every thing
that occafions a rapid circulation of the blood. It is often the efFedl of a long and
violent cough ; in which cafe it is generally the forerunner of a confumption. Spit-
ting of blood is not always to be confidered as a primary difeafe. It is often only
a fymptom, and in fome difeafes not an unfavourable one. This is the cafe in pleu-
rifies, peripneumonies, and fundry other fevers. In a dropfy, fcurvy, orconfump-
tiojp, it is a bad fymptom, and fhews that the lungs are ulcerated.

CURE. — This, like the other involuntary difcharges of blood, ought not to be
fuddenly flopped by aftringent medicines. It may however proceed fo far as to
weaken the patient, and even endanger his life, in which cafe proper means muft be
ufed for reftraining it. The body fhould be kept gently open by laxative diet, as
roafted apples, ftewed prunes, and fuch like. If thefe fliould not have the defired
efFedt, a tea-fpoonful of the lenitive elecfbuary may be taken twice or thrice a-day, as
is found neceflary. If the bleeding proves violent, ligatures may be applied to the
extremities, as direded for a bleeding at the nofe. If the patient be hot or feverifli,
bleeding and fmall dofes of nitre will be of ufe; a fcruple or half a drachm of nitre
may be taken in a cup of his ordinary drink twice or thrice a-day. If ftronger
aftringents be neceflary, fifteen or twenty drops of the acid elixir of vitriol may be
given in a glafs of water three or four times a-day.

VOMITING OF BLOOD.

THIS difeafe often proceeds from an obftruftion of the menfes in women, and
fometimes froni the flopping of the haemorrhoidal flux in men. It may be occa-
fioned by any thing that greatly flimulates or wounds the ftomach, as ftrong vo-
mits or purges, acrid poifons, fliarp or hard fubftances taken into the ftomach, &c.
It is often the effedt of obftruftions in the liver, the fpleen, or fome of the other
vifcera. It may likewife proceed from external violence, as blows or bruifes, or
from any of the caufes which produce inflammation. In hyfleric women, vomiting
of blood is very common, but by no means a dangerous fymptom.

CURE.— A great part of the danger in this difeafe arifes from the extravafated
blood lodged in the bowels, and becoming putrid, by which means a dyfentery or
putrid fever may be occafioned. The beft way of preventing this, is to keep the
body gently open, by frequently exhibiting emollient clyfters. After the difcharge
is over, as the patient is generally troubled with gripes, occafioned by the acrimony
•f the blood lodged in the inteftines, gentle purges will be neceflary.

Of

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. i6i

Ok bloody urine.

THIS difcharge Is more or lefs dangerous according to the difFerent circum-
ftances which attend it. When pure blood is voided fuddenly, without interruption
and without pain, it proceeds from the kidneys; but, if the blood be in fmall quan-
tity, of a dark colour, and emitted with heat and pain about the bottom of the belly,
it proceeds from the bladder. Bloody urine is always attended with fomc degree of
danger j but it is peculiarly fo when mixed with purulent matter, as this fhews an
ulcer fomewhere in the urinary pafTages.

CURE.— When there is reafon to fufpeft an ulcer in the kidneys or bladder, the
patient's diet muft be cool, and his drink of a foft, healing, balfamic, quality, as de-
coftions of marfh-mallow roots with liquorice, folutions of gum-arabic, &c. Three
ounces of marfh-mallow roots, and half an ounce of liquorice, may be boiled in two
Englifli quarts of water to one ; two ounces of gum-arabic, and half an ounce of pu-i
rilied nitre, may be diflblved in the Itrained liquor, and a teacup-full of it taken four
or five times a-day. The early ufe of aftringents in this difeafe has often bad confe-
quences. When the flux is flopped too foon, thegrumous blood, by being con--
fined in the veflels, may produce inflammation, abcefs, and ulcers. If however the
cafe be urgent, or the patient feems to fufFer from the lofs of blood, gentle aftrin-
gents may be necefl*ary. In this cafe the patient may take three or four ounces of
lime-water, with half an ounce of the tinfture of Peruvian bark, three times a-day.

Of the DYSENTERY, or BLOODY FLUX.

THIS difeafe is known by the flux of the belly, attended with violent pain of the
bowels, a conftant inclination to go to ftool, and generally more or lefs blood in the
ftools. It begins, like other fevers, with chilnefs, lofs of ftrength, a quick pulfe,
great thirft, and an inclination to vomit. The ftools are at firft greafy or frothy ;
afterwards they are ftreaked with blood ; and, at laft, have frequently the appearance
of pure blood, mixed with fmall filaments, refembling bits of flcin.

CURE.— -Nothing is of more importance in this difeafe than cleanlinefs. It con-
tributes greatly to the recovery of the patient, and no lefs to the fafety of fuch as at-
tend him. Every thing about the patient fhould be frequently changed. The ex-
crements fhould never be fuflfered to continue in his chamber, but be removed imme-
diatclv, and buried underground. A conftant ftream of frefh air fhould be admit-
ted into the chamber ; and it ought frequently to be fprinkled with vinegar, juice of
lemon, or fome other ftrong acid. At the beginning of this difeafe it is always nc-
ceflary to cleanfe the firft paflages j for this purpofe a vomit of ipecacuanha muft
be given, and wrought off with weak camomile-tea. Strong vomits are feldom

36. 'T / neccflary

i6a CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

neceflary here ; a fcruple, or at moft half a drachm, of ipecacuanha, is generally
fufficient for an adult, and fometimes a very few grains will fuffice. The day after
the vomit, half a drachm, or two fcruples, of rhubarb, muft be taken ; or, what will
anfwer the purpofe rather better, an ounce or an ounce and a half of Epfom falts ;
this dofe may be repeated every other day for two or three times. Afterwards fmall
dofes of ipecacuanha may be taken for fome time ; two or three grains of the
powder may be mixed in a table-fpoonful of the fyrup of poppies, and taken three
times a-day. Thefe evacuations will often be fufficient to effedt a cure. Should it
happen otherwife, the following aftringent medicines may be ufed. A clyfter of
ftarch or fat mutton-broth, with thirty or forty drops of liquid laudanum in it,
may be adminiftered twice a-day. At the fame time an ounce of gum-arabic, and
half an ounce of gum-tragacanth, may be diflblved in an Englifh pint of barley-
water, over a flow fire, and a table-fpoonful of it taken every hour. When dyfen-
teries prevail, we would recommend a ftritft attention to cleanlinefs, a fpare ufe of
animal food, and the free ufe of found ripe fruits, and other vegetables. We would
alfo advife fuch as are liable to them to take either a vomit or a purge every
fpring or autumn, as a preventive.

Of the jaundice.

THE immediate caufe of the jaundice is an obftruiflion of the bile. The patient at
firft complains of exceflive wearinefs, and has great averfion to every kind of motion.
His ikin is dry, and he generally feels a kind of itching or pricking pain over the
whole body. If the patient be young, and the difeafe complicated with no other ma-
lady, it is feldom dangerous; but in old people, where it continues long, returns
frequently, or is complicated with the dropfy or hypochondriac fymptoms, it gene-
rally proves fatal. The black jaundice is generally more dangerous than the yellow,

CURE. ---The patient fhould take as much exercife as he can bear, either on
horfeback or in a carriage ; walking, running, and even jumping, are likewife pro-
per, provided he can bear them witjiout pain, and there be no f/mptoms of inflam-
mation. Patients have been often cured of this difeafe by a long journey, after me-
dicines had proved inefFedlual. If the patient be young, of a full fanguine habit,
and complains of pain in the right fide about the region of tlie liver, bleeding will
be neceflary. After this a vomit mufl: be adminiftered ; and, if the difeafe proves
cbftinate, it may be repeated once or twice. No medicines are more beneficial in the
jaundice than vomits, efpecially where it is not attended with inflammation ; half
a drachm of ipecacuanha in powder will be a fufficient dofe for an adult ; it may be
wrought off with weak camomile-tea, or lukewarm water. Fomenting the parts
about the region of the ftomach and liver, and rubbing them with a warm hand or

AND FAMILY D I S P E N S A T O R r. i6j

flefli-brufli, are likewife beneficial ; but it is ftill more Co for the patient to fit in a
bath of warm water up to the breaft. He ought to do this frequently, and fhould
continue in it as long as his ftrength will permit. Numberlefs Britifh herbs are
certain cures for this difeafe, as may be feen in the Herbal. I have known confider-
able benefit, in a very obftinate jaundice, from a decoftion of hempfeedj four
ounces of the feed may be boiled in two Englifh quarts of ale, and fweetened with
coarfe fugar ; the dofe is half a pint every morning ; and it may be continued for
eight or nine days. A very obftinate jaundice has been cured by fwallowing raw
eggs. Perfons fubjecSl to the jaundice ought to take as much exercife as pofTible,
and to avoid all heating and aftringent aliments. If it attacks maidens after the age
of puberty, marriage is a certain cure.

Of the dropsy.

THE dropfy is often owing to an hereditary difpofition. It may likewife proceed
from drinking ardent fpirits or other ftrong liquors. It is true almoft to a proverb,
that great drinkers die of a dropfy. The want of exercife is alfo a very common
caufe of the dropfy : hence it is juftly reckoned among the difeafes of the fedentary.
It often proceeds from exceffive evacuations, as frequent and copious bleedings,
ftrong purges often repeated, frequent falivations, &c. The fudden ftoppage of
cultomary or necefTary evacuations, as the menfes, the haemorrhoids, fluxes of the
belly, and, in fhort, whatever obftruds the perfpiration, or prevents the blood from
being duly prepared, occafions a dropfy. It generally begins with a fwelling of the
feet and ancles towards night, which, for fame time, difappears in the morning. In
the evening, the parts, if prefTed with the finger, will pit. The fwelling gradually
afcends, and occupies the trunk of the body, the arms, and the head. Afterwards
the breathing becomes difficult, the urine is in fmall quantity, and the thirft great ;
the body is bound, and the perfpiration is greatly obftrufted. To thefe fucceed
torpor, heavinefs, a flow wafting fever, and a troublefome cough. This laft is ge-
rally a fatal fymptom, as it fhews that the lungs are affefted. When the difeafe
comes fuddenly on, and the patient is young and ftrong, there is reafon to hope for
a cure, efpecially if medicine be given early. But, if the patient be old, has led aa
irregular or a fedentary life, or if there be reafon to fufpe(5l that the liver, lungs, or
any of the vifcera, are unfound, there is good ground to fear that the confequences
will prove fatal.

CURE. — The patient niuft abftain as much as pofTible from all drink, efpe-
cially weak and watery liquors, and muft quench his thirft wirh muftard whey, or
acids, as juice of lemons, oianges, forrel, or fuch-like. His aliment ought to be
dry, of a ftimulating and diuretic quality, as toafted bread i the flefti of birds, or

other

i«4 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

•ofher wild animals, roafted ; pungent and aromatic vegetables, as garlic, muftard,
onions, crefles, horfe-radifh, rocambole, Ihalot, &c. He may alfo eat fea-bifcuit
dipped in wine or brandy. This is not only nourifhing, but tends to quench
thirft. Some have been aftually cured of a dropfy by a total abftinence from all
liquids, and living entirely upon fuch things as are mentioned above. If the pa-
tient muft have drink, the Spa-water, or Rhenifh wine, with diuretic medicines
infufed in it, are the beft. Exercife is of the greateft importance 1e a dropfy. If
tlie patient be able to walk, dig, or the like, he ought to continue thefe exercifes as
long as he can. If he is not able to walk or labour, he muft ride on horfeback, or
in a carriage, and the more violent the motion fo much the better, provided he can
bear it. If the difeafe has come on fuddenly, it may generally be removed by
ftrong vomits, brifk purges, and fuch medicines as promote a dilcharge by fweat and
urine. For an adult, half a drachm of ipecacuanha in powder, and half an ounce
of oxymel of fquills, will be a proper vomit. This may be repeated as often as is
found neceffary, three or four days intervening between the dofes. The patient
muft not drink much after taking the vomit, otherwife he deftroys its effedls. A
cup or two of camomile-tea will be fufficient to work it ofF. Betwixt each vomit,
on one of the intermediate days, the patient may take the following purge : Jalap
in powder half a drachm, cream of tartar two drachms, calomel fix grains. Thefe
may be made into a bolus with a little fyrup of pale rofes, and taken early in the
morning. The lefs the patient drinks after it the better. If he be much griped,
he may take now and then a cup of chicken-broth. The patient may likewife take
every night at bed-time the following bolus: To four or five grains of camphor add
one grain of opium, and as much fyrup of orange-peel as is fufficient to make them
into a bolus. This will generally promote a gentle fweat, which (hould be en-
couraged by drinking now and then a fmall cup of white-wine whey, with a tea-
fpoonful of the fpirits of hartfhorn in it. A teacup-full of the following diuretic
infufion may likewife be taken every four or five hours through the day : Take ju-
niper-berries, muftard-feed, and horfe-radifti, of each half an ounce; aftiesof broom
half a pound; infufe them in a quart of Rhenifti wine or ftrong ale for a few days,
and afterwards ftrain off the liquor. Such as cannot take this infufion, may ufe the
decoftion of feneka-root, which is both diuretic and fudorific. 1 have known an
obftinate anafarca cured by an infufion of the afties of broom in wine. The above
courfe will often cure an incidental dropfy, if the conftitution be good ; but, when
the difeafe proceeds from a bad habit or an unfound ftate of the vifcera, ftrong
purges and vomits are not to be ventured upon. In this cafe, the fafer courfe is to
palliate the fymptoms by the ufe of fuch medicines as promote the fecretions, and to
lupport the patient's ftrength by warm and nouriftiing cordials. The fecretion of
3 urine

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 165

urine may be greatly promoted by nitre. Brookes fays, he knew a young woman
who was cured of a dropfy by taking a drachm of nitre every morning in a draught
of ale, after fhe had been given over as incurable; and a large fpoonful of unbruifed
muftard-feed taken every night and morning, and drinking half a pint of the de-
coflion of the tops of green broom after it, has performed cures when other power-
ful medicines have proved inefteftual. When the difeafc does not evidently and
fpeedily give way to purgative and diuretic medicines, the water ought to be let off
by tapping. This is a very fimple and fafe operation, aiid would often fucceed, if
it were performed in due time; but, if it be delayed till the humours are vitiated,
or the bowels fpoiled by long foaking in water, it can hardly be expefted that any
permanent relief will be procured. After the evacuation of the water, the patient
is to be put on a courfe of ftrengthcning medicines ; as the Peruvian bark, the
elixir of vitriol, warm aromatics, with a due proportion of rhubarb infufed in wine,,
aiid fuch-like.

Of thl gout.

THERE is no difeafe which Ibews the imperfciflion of medicine, or fets the ad-
vantages of temperance and exercife in a ftronger light, than the gout. Excefs and
idlenefs are the true fources from whence it originally fprang, and all who would
avoid it muft be aftive and temperate. As there are no medicines yet known that
will cure the gout, we (hall confine our obfervations chiefly to regimen, both in and
out of the fit. In the fit, if the patient be young and ftrong, his diet ought to be
thin and cooling, and his drink of a diluting nature ; but, where the conllitution is
weak, and the patient has been accuftomed to li« high, this is not a proper time
to retrench. In this cafe he muft keep nearly to his ufual diet, and fhould take
frequently a cup of ftrong negus, or a glafs of generous wine. Wine-whey is a
very proper drink in this cafe, as it promotes the perfpiration without greatly heat-
ing the patient. It will anfwer this purpofe better if a tcafpoon-fuU oi Jal volatile
cleojum, or fpirits of hartfhorn, be put into a cup of it twice a-day. It will like-
wife be proper to give at bed-time a teafpoon-full of the volatile tini5lure of
guaiacnm in a large draught of warm wine-whey. This will greatly promote
perfpiration through the night. As the moft fafe and efficacious method of
difcharging the gouty matter is by perfpiration, this ought to be kept up by all
means, efpeciaily in the afFefted part. For this purpofe the leg and foot ftiould
be wrapped in foft flannel, fur, or wool.% The laft is moft readily obtained, and
feems to anfwer the purpofe better than any thing elfe. The people of Lanca-
Ihire look upon wool as a kind of fpecific in the gout. They wrap a great quanti-
ty of it about the leg and foot afFt(!'ted, and cover it with a flcin of foft drelfed leather.

37. Uu 'I'hc

i66 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

The wool which they ufe is generally greafed, and carded or combed. They chufe
the fofteft which can be had, and feldom or never remove it till the fit be entirely
gone off. All external applications that repel the matter are to be avoided as death.
They do not cure the difeafe, but remove it from a fafer to a more dangerous part
of the body, where it often proves fatal. Many things will fhorten a fit of the gout,
and fome will drive it off altogether ; but nothing has yet been found which will do
this with fafety to the patient. In pain we eagerly grafp at any thing that promifes
immediate eafe, and even hazard life itfelf for a temporary relief. This is the true
reafon why fo many infallible remedies have been propofed for the gout, and why
fuch numbers have loft their lives by the ufe of them. It would be as imprudent to
flop the fmall-pox from rifing, and to drive it into the blood, as to attempt to
repel the gouty matter after it has been thrown upon the extremities. The latter is
as much an effort of nature to free herfelf from an offending caufe as the former,
and ought equally to be promoted. When the pain however is very great, and the
patient is reftlefs, thirty or forty drops of laudanum, more or lefs, according to the
violence of the fymptoms, may be taken at bed-time. This will eafe the pain,
procure reft, promote perfpiration, and forward the crifis of the difeafe. Though
it may be dangerous to flop a fit of the gout by medicine, yet if the conftitution can
be fo changed by diet and exercife, as to leffen or totally to prevent its return, there
certainly can be in no danger in following fuch a courfe. It is well known that the
whole habit may be fo altered by a proper regimen, as nearly to eradicate this dif-
eafe i and thofe only who have fufficient refolution to perfift in fuch a courfe, have
reafon to expedt a cure. The courfe which we would recommend for preventing
the gout, is as follows: in the firft place, univerfal temperance; in the nexfplace,
fufficient exercife. By this we do not mean fauntering about in an indolent man-
ner; but labour, fweat, and toil. Thefe only can render the humours wholefome,
and keep them fo. Going early to bed, and rifing betimes, are alfo of great impor-
tance. When the gout attacks the head or lungs, every method muft betaken to
fix it in the feet. They muft be frequently bathed in warm water, and acrid cata-
plafms applied to the foles. Blifters ought likewife to be applied to the ancles or
calves of the legs. Bleeding in the feet or ancles is aifo neceffary, and warm fto-
machic purges. The piitient ought to keep in bed for the moft past, if there be
any figns of inflammation, and ftiould be very careful not to catch cold. If it at-
tacks the ftomach with a fenfe of cold, the moft warm cordials are neceffary ; as
ftrong wine boiled up with cinnamon or other fpices, cinnamon-water, peppermint-
water, and even brandy or rum. The patient fhould keep his bed, and endeavour
to promote a fweat by drinking warm liquors ; and, if he ftiould be troubled with
naufea, or inclination to vomit, he may drink camomile tea, or any thing that

. will

I

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. i6j

\vjll make him vomit freely. Thofe who never had the gout, but who, from their
conftitution or manner of living, have reafon to expeft it, ought likewife to be
very circumfpcft with regard to its firft approach. If the difeafe, by wrong con-
dud or improper medicines, be diverted from its proper courfe, the miferable pa-
tient has a chance to be ever after tormented with head-achs, coughs, pains of che
ftomach and intcftines \ and to fall, at laft, a vidim to its attack upon fome of the
more noble parts.

Of the rheumatism.

THE caufes of a rheuniatifm are frequently the fime as thofe of an inflammatory
fever; viz. an obftruded perfpiratioii, the immoderate ufe of ftrong liquoi-s, and
the like. Sudden changes of the weather, and all quick tranfitions from heat to
cold, are very apt to occafion the rheumatifm. The acute rheumatifm commonly
begins with wearinefs, fhivering, a quick puife, reftieflnefs, thirft, and other fymp-
toms of fever. Afterwards the patient complains of flying pains, which are in-
creafed by the leaft motion. Thefe at length fix in the joints, which arc often af-
fcifted with fwelling and inflammation. ^ If blood be let in this difeafe, it has gene-
rally the fame appearance as in the pleurify. In this kind of rheumatifm the treat-
ment of the patient is nearly the fame as in an acute or inflammatory fever. If he
be young and ftrong, bleeding is neceflary, which may be repeated according to the
exigencies of the cafe. The body ought likewife to be kept open by emollient
clyfters, or cool opening liquors ; as decotflions of tamarinds, cream of tartar,
whey, fenna-tea, and the like. Warm bathing, after proper evacuations, has often
an exceeding good^fl^eft. The patient may be either put into a bath- of warm wa-
ter, or have cloths wrung out of it applied to the parts afFecfled. Great care muft
be taken that he do not catch cold after bathing. The chronic rheumatifm is feldom
attended with any confiderable degree of fever, and is generally confined to fome
particular part of the body, as the fhoulders, the back, or the loins. There is fel-
dom any inflammation or fwelling in thf?* cafe. Perfons in the decline of life are
moft fubjcdl to the chronic rheumatifm. "In fuch patients it often proves extreme-
ly obftinate, and fometimes incurable. Though this difeafe may not feem to yield.
to medicines for fome time, yet they ought to be perfifted in. Perfons who are fub-
jedl; to frequent returns of the rheumatifm, will often find their account j« ufing me-
dicines, whether they be immediately afl'"ed;cd with the difeafe or not. The chronic
rheumatifm is fimil.u to the gout in this refpeft, that the moft proper time for ufing
medicines to extirpate it, is Vr-hen the patient is moft free from the diforder. There
are feveral of our plants pointed out in the Herbal which may be ufed with gre*£
advantage in the rheumatifm.. One of the beft is the' white muftard j a table-
fpoonful of the feed of this plant may be taken twice or thrice a-day, in a glafs of

■water

i68 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

water or fmall wine. The water-trefoil is likewife of great ufe in this complaint ;
it ii-.ay be infufed in wine or ale, or drunk in form of tea. The ground-ivy, camo-
miiij, and feveral other bitters, are alfo beneficial, and may beufed in the fame man-
ner. No benefit however is to be expefted from thefe, unlefs they be taken for 9
confiderable time. Excellent medicines are often defpifed in this difeafe, becaufc
they do not perform an immediate cure; whereas nothing would be more certain
than their cfFed, were they duly perfifted in. Want of perfeverance in the ufe of
medicines is one reafon why chronic difeafes are fo feidom cured. Cold bathing,
efpecially in falt-water, often cures the rheumatifm. We would alfo recommend
riding on horfeback, and wearing flannel next the fkin. I flues are likewife very
proper, efpecially in chronic cafes. If the pain afl^efts the flioulders, an ifllie may
be made in the arm; but, if it aff'efts the loins, it fhould be put in the leg or thigh.

Of the scurvy.

THE fcurvy is occafioned by cold moift air; by the long ufe of faited orfmoke-
dried provifions, or any Itrnd of food that is hard of digefl:ion, and aflfbrds little
jiourifhment. It may alfo proceed from the fuppreflion of cuftomary evacuations;
as the menfes, the hsemorrhoidal flux, &c. It is fometimes owing to an hereditary
taint, in which cafe a very fmall caufe will excite the latent ditbrder. Grief, fear,
and other deprefling paffions, have a great tendency both to excite and aggravate
this difeafe. The fame obfervation holds with regard to negled of cleanlinefs; bad
clothing, the want of proper exercifc, confined air, unwholefome food, or any dif-
eafe which greatly weakens the body or vitiates the humours.

CURE. — There is no way of curing this difeafe fo efFedually, as by purfuing a
plan diredly oppofite to that which brings it on. It proceeds from a vitiated lliate
of the humours, occafioned by errors in diet, air, or exercife ; and this cannot be
removed but by a proper attention to thefe important articles. When the fcurvy
has been brought on by a long ufe of faited provifions, the proper medicine is a diet
confifting chiefly of frefli vegetables; as oranges, apples, lemons, limes, tamarinds,
water-crefles, fcurvy-grafs, brook-lime, &c. The ufe of thefe, with milk, pot-
herbs, new bread, and frefli beer or cyder, will feidom fail to remove a fcurvy of
this kind, if taken before it be too far advanced; but, to have this effedt, they muft
• be perfified in for a confiderable time. I have often feen very extraordinary efi^ects
in the land-fcurvy from a milk diet. This preparation of nature is a mixture of
animal and vegetable properties, which of all others is the mod fit for redoring a
decayed conftitution, and removing that particular acrimony of the humours, which
feems to conftitute the very cfTence of the fcurvy, and many other difeafes. But
people defpife this wholefome and nourifhing food, becaufc it is cheap, and devour

3 with

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 169

with greedincfs fleflj and fermented liquors, while milk is only deemed fit for their
hogs. The moft proper drink in the fcurvy is whey or butter-milk. When thefc
cannot be had, found cyder, perry, or fpruce beer, may be ufed. Wort has like-
wife been found to be a proper drink in the fcurvy, and may be ufed atfea, as malt
will keep during the longeft voyage. A decoftion of the tops of the fpruce fir is
likewife proper ; it may be drunk in the quantity of an Englifh pint twice a-day.
Tar-water may be ufed for the fame i)urpore, ordecoftions of any of the mild muci-
laginous vegetables ; farfaparilla, marfh-mallow-roots, &c. Infufions of the bitter
plants, as ground-ivy, the fmaller centaury, marfh-trefoil, &c. are likewife benefi- '
cial. The peafants, in fome parts of Britain, exprefs the juice of the laft-mentioned
plant, and drink it with good efFed in tliofe foul fcorbutic eruptions with which
they are often troubled in the fpring fcafon.

Of the SCROPHULA, or K I N G's EVIL.

THIS difeafe proceeds often from an hereditary taint, from a fcophulous nurfe,
&c. Children who have the misfortune to be born of fickly parents, whofe confti-
tutions have been greatly injured by chronic difeafes, arc apt to be afFeded with'
the fcrophula. It may likewife proceed from fuch difeafes as weaken the habit or
vitiate the humours, as the fmall-pox, meafles, &c. At firft fmall knots appear
under the chin or behind the ears, which gradually increafe in number and fize, till
they form one large hard tumour. This often continues for a long time without
breaking, and, when it does break, it only difcharges a thin watery humour.
Other parts of the body are likewife liable to its attack, as the arm-pits, groins, feet,
hands, eyes, breaft, &c. The white fwellings of the joints feem likewife to be of
this kind. They are with difficulty brought to a fuppuration, and, when opened,
they only difcharge a thin ichor. There is not a more general fymptom of the
fcrophula than a fwelling of the upper lip and nofe.

CUKE. ---In this complaint medicine is but of little ufe. It has been found,
that keeping the body gently open, for fome time, with fea-water, has a good ef-
fect. Bathing in fait water, and drinking it in fuch quantities as to keep the body
gently open, will cure a fcrophula, when medicines have been tried in vain. When
fait water cannot be obtained, the patient may be bathed in frefh water, and his
body kept open by fmall quantities of fait and water, or fome other mild purgative.
Next to cold bathing, and drinking the fait water, we would recommend the Peru-
vian bark. The cold bath may be ufed in fummer, and the bark in winter. To an
adult half a drachm of the bark in powder may be given, in a glafs of red- wine,
four or five times a-day. Hemlock may fometimes be ufed with advantage in
the fcrophula. Some lay it down as a general rule, that the fca-water is moft pro-

37. Xx per

I70 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

per before there are any fuppuration or fymptoms of tabes; the Peruvian bark,
when there are running fores, and a degree of heclic fever j and the hemlock in old
inveterate cafes, approaching to the fchirrhous or cancerous ftate. Either the ex-
traft or the frefh juice of this plant may be ufed. The dofe muft be fmall at firft,
and increafed gradually as far as the ftomach is able to bear it.

Of the itch.

THE itch is feJdom a dangerous difeafe, unlefs when it is rendered fo by negleft,
or improper treatment. If it be fufFered to continue too long, it may vitiate the
whole mafs of humours ; and, if it be fuddenly thrown in, without proper evacua-
tions, it may occafion fevers, inflammations of the vifcera, or other internal diforders.
CURE.-— The beft medicine yet known for the itch is fulphur, which ought to
be ufed both externally and internally. The parts nioft afFedted may be rubbed
with an ointment made of the flour of fulphur, two ounces; crude fal ammoniac,
finely powdered, two drachms ; hog's lard, or butter, four ounces. If a fcruple or
half a drachm of the efience of lemon be added, it will entirely take away the difa-
greeable fmell. About the bulk of a nutmeg of this may be rubbed upon the ex-
tremities, at bed-time, twice or thrice a week. It is feldom necefl"ary to rub the
whole body 3 but, when it is, it ought not to be done all at once, but by turns, as
it is dangerous to fl:op too many pores at the fame time. Before the patient begins
to ufe the ointment, he ought, if he be of a full habit, to Meed or take a purge or
two. It will likewife be proper, during the ufe of it, to take every night and morn-
ing as much of the flour of brimftone and cream of tartar, in a little treacle or new
milk, as will keep the body gently open. I never knew brimfl:one, when ufed as di-
-reded above, fail to cure the itch ; and I have reafon to believe, that, if duly per-
flfted in, it never will fail ; but, if it be only ufed once or twice, and cleanlinefs
negleded, it is no wonder if the diforder returns. The quantity of ointment men-
tioned above will generally be fufficient for the cure of one perfon ; but, if any
fymptoms of the difeafe fhould appear again, the medicine may be repeated. It is
both more fafe and efllicacious when perfifled in for a confiderable time, than when
a large quantity is applied at once. As moft people diflike the fmell of fulphur,
they may ufe, in its place, the powder of white hellebore-root made up into an oint-
ment, in the fame manner, which will feldom fail to cure the itch. People ought
to be extremely cautious left they take other eruptions for the itch j as the ftoppage
of thefe may be attended with fatal confequences. Many of the eruptive diforders
to which children are liable have a near refemblance to this difeafe ; and I have of-
ten known infants killed by being rubbed with greafy ointments, that made thefe
eruptions ftrike fuddenly in, which nature had thrown out to preferve the patient'*
life, or prevent fome other malady.

Of

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 171

Of the ASTH,MA.

THE afthma is a difeafc of the lungs, which feldom admits of a cure. Perfons
in tiie decline of life are moft h'able to it. It is diftinguifhed into the moift and
dry, or humoral and nervous. The former is attended with expedoration or fpit-
ting ; but in the latter the patient feldom fpits, unlefs fometimes a little tough
phlegm by the mere force of coughing. An afthma is known by a quick laborious
breathing, which is generally performed with a kind of wheezing noife. Sometimes
the difficulty of breathing is fo great, that the patient is obliged to keep in an eredt
pofture, otherwife he is in danger of being fufFocaced. A fit or paroxyfm of the
afthma generally happens after a perfon has been expofed to cold eafterly winds, or
ha« been abroad in thick foggy weather^ or has got wet, or continued long in a^
damp place under ground, &c.

CURE." -All windy food, and whatever is apt to fwell in the ftomach, is to be
avoided. Strong liquors of all kinds, efpecially malt-liquor, are hurtful. The
patient fhould eat a very light fupper, or rather none at all, and fliould never
fufFer himfelf to be long coftive. His clothing fhould be warm, efpecially in
the winter-feafon. As all diforders of the breaft are much relieved by keep-
ing the feet warm, and promoting the perfpiration, a flannel fhirt or waiftcoat»
and thick flioes, will be of fingular fervice. Bnt nothing is of fo great impor-
tance in the afthma as pure and moderately warm air. Many afthmatie per-
fons, who cannot live in Britain, enjoy very good health in the fouth of France,
Portugal, Spain, or Italy. Exercife is likev/ife of very great importance in the
afthma, as it promotes the digeftion, preparation of the blood, &g. The blood of
afthmatie perfons is feldom duly prepared, owing to the proper aflion of the lungs
being impeded. For this reafon fuch people ought daily to take as much exercife^
either on foot, on horfeback, or in a carriage, as they can bear. Almoft all that can
be done by medicine in this difeafe, is to relieve the patient when feized with a vio-
lent fit. Bleeding, unlefs extreme weaknefs or old age fliould forbid it, is highly pro-
per. If there be a violent fpafm about the breaft or ftomach, warm fomentations,
or bladders filled v/ith warm milk and water, may be applied to the part afFedted,
and warm cataplafms to the foles of the feet. The patient mtift drink freely of
diluting liquors, and may take a teafpoon-full of the tindture of caftor and of faffron
mixed together, in a cup of valerian-tea, twice or thrice a-day. Sometimes a vomit
has a very good effed, and fnatches the patient, as it were, from the jaws of death.
Tnis however will be more fafe after other evacuations have been premifed. A very
ftrong infufion of roafted coffee is faid to give eafe in an afthmatie paroxyfm. In.
the moift afthma, fuch things as promote expedoration or fpitting ought to be ufedj
as tl^e fyrup of fquills, gum-ammoniac, and fuch- like. A common fpoonful of the

fyrup

17a CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

fyrup of oxymel of fquills, mixed with an equal quantity of cinnamon-water, may
be taken three or four times through the day ; and four or five pills, made of equal
parts of aflafcetida and gum-ammoniac, at bed-tiine. Large dofes of aether have
been found very efficacious in removing a fit of the afthma. For the convulfive or
nervous afthma, antifpafmodics and bracers are the moft proper medecines- The
patient may take a teafpoon-full of the paregoric elixir twice a-day. The Peruvian
bark is fometimes found to beof ufe in this cafe. It may be taken in fubftance,
or infufed in wine. In fliort, every thing that braces the nerves, or takes ofFfpafm,
may be of ufe in a nervous afthma. It is often relieved by the ufe of afles milk j I
have likewife known cows milk drunk warm in the morning have a good effeft in
this cafe. In every fpecies of afthma, fetons and iflues are of great fervice j they
may either be put in the back or fide, and ftiould never be allowed to dry up. We
fhall here, once for all, obferve, that not only in the afthma, but in moft chronic
difeafes, iflues are extremely proper. They are both a fafe and efficacious remedy;
and, though they do not always cure the difeafe, yet they will often prolong the
patient's life.

Of the apoplexy.

THE immediate caufe of an apoplexy is a compreffion of the brain, occafioned
by an excefs of blood, or a colleftibn of watery humours. The former is called a
Janguine, and the latter ciferous, apoplexy. It may be occafioned by any thing that
increafes the circulation towards the brain, or prevents the return of the blood from
the head; intenfe ftudy, violent paffions, fuppreffion of urine, excefs of venery, the
fudden ftriking in of any eruption, wounds or bruifeson the head, long expofure to
exceffive cold, poifonous exhalations, &c.

CURE. ----The ufual forerunners of an apoplexy are giddinefs, pain an fwim-
ming of the head, lofs of memory, drowfinefs, noife in the ears, the night-mare, a
fpontaneous flux of tears, and laborious refpiration. When perfons have reafon to
fear the approach .of a fit, they fhould endeavour to prevent it by bleeding, a flender
diet, and opening medicines. In the apoplexy, if the patient does not die fuddenly,
the countenance appears florid, the face is fwelled or puffed up, and the blood- vef-
fels, efpecially about the neck and temples, are turgid; the pulfe beats ftrong, the
eyes are prominent and fixed, and the breathing is difficult, and performed with a
fnorting noife. The excrements and urine are often voided fpontaneoufly, and the
patient is fometimes feized with vomiting. In this ftage, every method muft be
taken to lefl'en the force of the circulation towards the head. The garters fliould
be tied pretty tight, by which means the motion ot the blood from the lower extre-
mities will be retarded. The patient fhould be bled freely in the neck or arm, and,
3 tf

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 173

if there be occafion, the operation may be repeated in two or three hours. A laxa-
tive clyfter, with plenty of fwcet oil, or frefh butter, and a fpoonful or two of com-
mon fait in it, may be adminiftered every two hours j and bliftering plaftcrs applied
betwixt the fhoulders and. the calves of the legs. As foon as the fymptoms are a
little abated, and the patient is able to fwallow, he onght to drink freely of fome
diluting opening liquors, as a decoiflion of tamarinds and liquorice, cream-tartar.
whey, or common whey with cream of tartar diflblved in it. Or he may take any
cooling purge, as Glauber's falts, manna diflblved in an infufion of fenna, or the
like. All fpirits and other ftrong liquors are to be avoided. Even volatile falts
held to the nofedo mifchief. Vomits, for the fame reafon, ought not to be given,
nor any thing that may increafe the motion of the blood toward the hi;ad.. When
apopledic fymptoms proceed from opium or other narcotic fubftances taken into
the ftomach, vomits are neceflary. The patient is generally relieved as foon as he
has difcharged the poifon in this way.

Of the H E A R T - B U R N.

WHAT is commonly called the heart-burn is not a difeafe of the organ, but an
uneafy fcnfation of heat or acrimony about the pit of the llomach, which is fomc-
times attended with anxiety, naufea, and vomiting. When the heart-burn pro-
ceeds from debility of the (tomach or indigeftion, the patient ought to take a dofo
or two of rhubarb; afterwards he may ufe infufions ot the Peruvian bark, or any
other of the flomachic bitters, in wine or brandy. Exercife in the open air will
likewife be of ufe, and every thing that promotes digeftion. When bilious humours
occafion the heart-burn, a tcafpoon-full of the fweet fpirit of nitre in a glafs of
water, or a cup of tea, will generally give eafe. It it proceeds from the ufe of
greafy aliments, a dram of brandy or rum may be taken. If acidiry or fournefs of
the ftomach occafions the heart-burn, abforbents are the proper medicines. In this
this cafe an ounce of powdered chalk, half an ounce of fin^fugar, and a quarter of
an ounce of gum-arabic, may be mixed in an Englifli quart ot water, and a teacup-
full of it taken as often as is neccllary. But the fafeft and beft abforbcnt is mag-
nefia alba. This not only atfls as an abforbent, but likewife as a purgative ; where-
as chalk, and other abforbents of that kind, are apt to lie in the inteftines, and occa,
fion obftrudions. If wind be the caufe of this complaint, the moft proper medi-
cines are thofe called carminatives j as annifeed, juniper- berries, ginger, canella
alba, cardamom-feeds, itc. Thefe may cither be chewed, or Intufc.l in wine, brandy,
or other fpirits. I have frequently known the heart-burn cured, particularly in
pregnant women j by chewing green tea.

2i- ry Of

174 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Of nervous DISEASES.

NERVOUS difeafes not only affeift the body, but the mind likewife fufFers,,
and is often thereby rendered extremely weak andpeevirti. The iow fplrits, timo-
roufnefs, melancholy, and ficklenefs of temper, which generally attend nervous dif-
orders, induce many to believe, that they are entirely difeafes of the mind j but
this change of temper is rather a confequence, than the caufc, of the difeafe. Every
thing that tends to relax or weaken the body difpofes it to nervous difeafes, as in-
dolence, exceflive venery, drinking too much tea, or other weak watery liquors,
frequent bleeding, purging, vomiting, &c.

CURE. — Perfons afflided with nervous difeafes ought never to faft long. Their
food fhould be folid and nourifhing, but of eafy digeftion. Fat meats, and high
fauces, are hurtful. All excefs fliould be carefully avoided. They ought never to
eat more at a time than they can eafily digeft ; but, if they feel themfelves weak and
faint between meals, they ought to eat a bit of bread, and drink a glafs of wine.
Heavy fuppers are to be avoided. Though wine in excefs enfeebles the body, and
impairs the faculties of the mind, yet, taken in moderation, it ftrengthens the fto-
mach, and promotes digeftion. Exerclfe in nervous diforders is fuperior to all
medicines. Even change of place, and the fight of new objeds, by diverting the
mind, have a great tendency to remove thefe complaints. For this reafon a long
journey, or a voyage, is of much more advantage than riding fhort journeys near
home. Though nervous difeafes are feldom radically cured, yet their fymptoms
may fometimes be alleviated, and the patient's life rendered, at leaft, more comfort-
able, by proper medicines. When digeftion Is bad, or the ftomach relaxed and
weak, the following Infufion of Peruvian bark and other bitters may be ufed with
advantage. Take of Peruvian bark an ounce, gentian-root, orange-peel, and cori-
ander-feed, of each half an ounce ; let thefe ingredients be all bruifed in a mortar,
and infufed In a bottle of brandy or whifkey for the fpace of five or fix days. A
tablefpoon-full of the ftrained liquor may be taken In half a glafs of water, an hour
before breakfaft, dinner, and fupper. Few things tend more to ftrengthen the ner-
vous fyftem than cold bathing. This pradice, If duly perfifted in, will produce very
extraordinary efFeds ; but when the liver or other vlfcera are obftruded, or otherwife
unfound, the cold bath Is improper. It Is therefore to be ufed with very great cau-
tion. The moft proper feafons for It are fummer and autumn. It will be fufficlent,
efpecially for perfons of a fpare habit, to go Into the cold bath three or four times
a-week. If the patient be weakened by It, or feels chilly for a long time after com-
ing out, it is improper. Opiates are generally extolled In thefe maladies ; but, as
they only palliate the fymptoms, and generally afterwards increafe the difeafe, we

would

AND FAMILY. DISPENSATORY. 175

would advife people to be extremely Tparing in the ufe of them, left habit render
them at laft abfolutely neccfiary. Whoever wiflies for a thorough cure of this dif-
eafe, ftiould pa\' the ftriL^cft attention to diet, air, exercife, and amufement.

Of thk palsy.

THE palfy is a lofs or diminution of fcnfe or motion, or of both, in one or more
parts of the body. Of all the affections called nervous, this is the moft fuddenly
fatal. The immediate caufc of the palfy is any thing that prevents the regular exer-
tion of the nervous power upon any particular mufcle or part of the body. The
occafional-and prcdifpofing caufes are various, as drunkennef-;, wounds of the brain
or fpinal marrow, prefTure upon the brain or nerves, very cold or damp air, the fup-
preflion of cuftoniary evacuations, fudden fear, want of exercife, or whatever great-
ly relaxes the fjflem.

CURE.— -In young perfons of a full habit, the palfy muft be treated in the fame
manner as the apoplexy. The patient muft be bled, bliftered, and have his body
opened by fharp clyfters or purgative medicines. But, in old age, or when the dif-
eafe proceeds from relaxation or debility, which is generally the cafe, a quite con-
trary courfe muft be purfued. The diet muft be warm and invigorating, feafoned
with fpicy and aromatic vegetables, as muftard, horfe-radifti, &c. The drink may
be generous wine, muftard-whey, or brandy and water. Friiflion with the flefh-
brufh, or warm hand, is extremely proper, efpecially on the parts affeded. Blif-
ters may likewife be applied to theafi'eded parts with advantage. One of the beft
external applications is eleftricity. The ftiocks fhould be received on the part af-
fedted -, and they ought daily to be repeated for fevsral weeks. Vomits are very
beneficial in this kind of palfy, and ought frequently to be adminiftered. The wild
valerian-root is a very proper medicine in this cafe. It may either be taken in an
infufion with fage-leaves, or half a drachm of it in powder may be given in a glafs
of wine three times a-day. If the patient cannot ufe the valerian, he may take of
fal volatile oleojum, compound fpirit of lavender, and tin(5ture of caftor, each half an
ounce J mix thefe together, and take forty or fifty drops in a glafs of wine, three or
four times a-day. A tablefpoon-fuU of muftard-feed, taken frequently, is a very
good medicine. The patient ought likewife to chew cinnamon-bark, ginger, or
other warm fpices. Exercife is of theutmoft importance in the palfy; but the pa-
tient muft beware of cold, damp, and moift, air. He ought to wear flannel next
his fkin; and, if poffible, ftiould remove into a warmer climate.

Of the epilepsy, or FALLING SICKNESS.

THE epilepfy is a fudden deprivation of all the fenfes, wherein the patient falls
fuddenly down, and is affeded with violent convulfive motions. It is fomctimes

I hereditary.

,76 CULPEPER»s ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

hereditary. It may likewife proceed from frights of the mother when with child,
from blows, bruifes, or wounds, on the head ; a colleflion of water, blood, or fe-
rous humours, in the brain; a polypus, tumours, or concretions within the fkuli,
orcefTive drinking, intenfe ftudy, excefs of venc-ry, worms, teething, fupf.icflion of
cuftomary evacuations, too great emptinefs or repletion j violent paflions or affec-
tions of the mind, as fear, joy, &c. hyfteric affcftions, contagion received into the
body, as the infedion of the fmall-pox, meafles, &c. In an epileptic fit, the pa-
tient generally makes an unufual noife ; his thumbs are drawn in towards the palms
of the hands, his eyes are diftorted, he ftarts and foams at the mouth, his extremi-
ties are bent or twilltd various ways, he often difcharges his feed, urine, and fasces,
involuntarily, and is quite deftituteof all fenfe and reafon. After the fit is over, his
fenfes gradually return, and he complains of a kind of ftupor, wearinefs, and pain of
his head ; but has no remembrance of what happened to him during the fit.

CURE. ---If the patient be of a fanguine temperament, and there be reafon to
fear an obflruftion in the brain, bleeding and other evacuations will he necefEirv.
When thedifeafe is occafioned by the ftoppage of cuftomary evacuations, thefe, if
poffible, muft be reftored; if this cannot be done, others may be fubftitutcd in
their place. Iflues or fetons, in this cafe, have ofen a very good effed. When
there is reafon to believe that the difeafe proceeds from worms, proper medicines
iiiuft be ufed to kill, or 'carry off, thefe vermin. When the difeafe proceeds from
teething, the body fliould be kept open by emollient clyfters, the feet frequently
bathed in warm water, and, if the fit proves obftinate, a blifter may be put betwixt
the fiioulders. • The fame method is to be followed, when epileptic fits precede the
eruption of the fmall-pox, or meafles, &c. The flowers of zink have of late been
highly extolled for the cure of the epilepfy. Though this medicine will not be
found to anfwer the expectations which have been raifed concerning it, yet in ob-
ftinate epileptic cafes it deferves a trial. The dofe is from one to three or four
grains, which may be taken either in pills or. a bolus, as the patient inclines. The
bell method is to begin with a lingle grain four or five times a-day, and gradually
to increafc the dofe as far as the patient can bear it. Mu/k has fometimes been
found to fucceed in the epilepfy. Ten or twelve grains of it, with the fame quantity
of factitious cinnabar, may be made up into a bolus, and taken every night and
morning. Sometimes the epilepfy has been cured by electricity. Convulfion-fits
proceed from the fame caufes, and muft be treated in the fame manner, as the
epilepA'.

Of THE HICCUP.

THE hiccup is a fpafniodic or convulfive affeClion of the ftbmach and midriff
arifing from any caufe that irritates their nervous fibres.

CURE.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 177

CURE.— When the hiccup proves very obftinate, recourfe muft be had to tlie
moft powerful aromatic and antifpafmodic medicines. The principal of thefe is
muilc J fifteen or twenty grains of which may be ftiade into a bolus, and repeated
occafionally. Opiates are likewife of fervice j but they muft be ufcd with caution.
A bit of fugar dipped in compound f[)irits of lavender, or the volatile aromatic
tindure, may be taken frequently. External applications are fometimes alfo bene-
ficial i as the ftomach plafter, or a cataplafm of the Venice treacle, applied to the
region of the ftomach.

C R A M P OF THE S T O M A C H.

THIS difeafe often feizes people fuddenly, is very dangerous, and requires im-
mediate afliftance. It is moft incident to perfons in the decline of life, efpecially
the nervous, gouty, hyfteric, and hypochondriac.

CURE.-— Let the ftomach be fomented with cloths dipped in warm water; or
bladders filled with warm milk and water conftantly applied to it. Thefe often
produce the moft happy effc(5l-s. In very violent and lafting pains of the ftomach,
fbme blood ought to be let, unlefs the weaknefs of the patient forbids it. When the
pain or cramp proceeds from a fuppreflion of the menfes, bleeding is of ufe. If
they be owing to the gout, recourfe muft be had to fpirits, or fbme of the warm
cordial waters. Blifters ought likewife, in this cafe, to be applied to the ancles.
Violent cramps and pains of the ftomach are often removed by covering it with a
large plafter of Venice treacle.

Of the NIGHT-MARE.

IN this difeafe, the patient, in time of fleep, imagines he feels an uncommon op-
preflion or weight about his breaft or ftomach, which he can by no means fliakeofF.
He groans, and fometimes cries out, though oftener he attempts to fpeak, but in
vain. Sometimes he imagines himfelf engaged with an enemy, and in danger of
being killed, attempts to run away, but finds he cannot. Sometimes he fancies
himfelf in a houfe that is on fire, or that he is in danger of being drowned in a river.
He often thinks he is falling over a precipice, and the dread of being daftied to pieces
fuddenly awakes him. This diforder has been fuppofed to proceed from too much
blood ; from a ftagnation of blood in the brain, lungs, &c. But it is rather a
nervous afFe(5tion, and arifes chiefly from indigeftion. Hence we find that perfons
of weak nerves, who lead a fedentary life, and live full, are moft commonly afflict-
ed with the night-mare. Nothing tends more to produce it than heavy fuppers,
efpecially when eaten late, or the patient goes to bed foon after.

37. Zz CURE

178 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

CURE.---AS perfons afflided with the night mare generally moan or make
fome noife in the fit, they /hould be waked or fpoken to by fuch as hear them, as
the uneafmefs generally goes ofFas foon as the patient is awake, or any one limb is
moved; but there is oftentimes an univerfal laflitude of the whole body left be-
hind, which remains for fome fpace of time. Some fay a dram of brandy taken at
bed-time will prevent this difeafe. That, however, is a bad cuftom, and, in time,
lofes its efFedt. We would rather have the patient depend upon the ufe of food of
eafy digeftion, cheerfulnefs, exercife through the day, and a light fupper taken ear-
ly, than to accuftom himfelf to drams. A glafs of peppermint-water will often
promote digeftion as much as a glafs of brandy, and is much fafer. After a perfon
of weak digeftion, however, has eaten flatulent food, a dram may be necefTary ; in
this cafe we would recommend it as the moft proper medicine. Perfons who are
young, and full of blood, if troubled with the night-mare, ought to take a purg^
frequently, and ufe a fpare diet.

The night-mare was fuppofed by the ancients not to be any real diforder of the
body, but to be an effeft, or fenfation, derived from carnal contad in the night
with fome evil fpirit or daemon during the hours of fleep. They contended, that
perfons of a luftful inclination, who, during the day, indulged in ftrong defires of
copulation, and had dreams anfwerable thereto in the night, were frequently vifited
by thefe evil fpirits, whofe bufinefs it was to watch for favourable opportunities of
feducing the mind, already half alienated from virtue and chaftity, to the moft lafci-
vious imaginations, the better to complete their purpofe of carnal indulgence and
delight. When the weight and oppreffion on the breafl: and ftomach produced by
this diforder happened to females, it was called incuhus, or a male monfter; and,
- when to males, it was c^WtdJuccubus, or z female daemon, which had contad with
the man, fimilar to the male monfter with the woman ; and the laffitude and fatigue
left on the body by the difeafe were fuppofed to be the natural efFed of this abomi-
nable copulation. Abfurd as was the doftrine, whole volumes have been written
upon it ; and in former days it opened a large field for priefl:-craft and fedudtion
of poor ignorant unfufpeiling girls. How many reafons have we to be thankful
for the lights of the gofpel difpenfed in our own tongue, and for the illuminations,
of the prefent sera.

Of flatulencies, or WIND.

ALL nervous patients, without exception, are afflicted with wind or flatulencies
in the ftomach and bowels, which arife chiefly from the want of tone or vigour in
thefe organs. Crude flatulent aliment, as green peafe, beans, coleworts, cabbages,
and fuch- like, may increafe this complaint; but ftrong and healthy people are fel-

I dom

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 179

dom troubled with wind, unlefs they either overlond their ftomachs, or drink liquors
that are in a fermenting ftate, and confequently full of elaftic air. While therefore
the matter of flatulence proceeds from our aliment, the caule which makes air fepa-
rate from them in fuch quantity as to occafion complaints is almoft always a fault
of the bowels theniftlves, which are too weak either to prevent the produdion of
elaftic air, or to expel it after it is produced.

CURE.-— To relieve this complaint, fuch medicines ought to be ufed as have a
tendency to expel wind, and, by ftrengthening the alimentary canal, to prevent its
being produced there. The lift of medicines for expelling wind is very numerous;
they often however difappoint the expedations of both the phyfician and his patient.
The moft celebrated amoiig the clafs of carminatives are juniper-berries-; the roots
of ginger and zedoary ; the feeds of anife, carraway, and coriander ; gumaflafceti-
da and opium ; the warm waters, tincflures, and fpirits, aromatic water, tindture of
woodfoot, volatile aromatic fpirit, aether, &c. For ftrengthening the ftomach and
bowels, and confequently for lefTening the production of flatulence, the Peruvian
bark, bitters, chalyb.ates, and exercife, are the beft remedies.

Of hysteric COMPLAINTS.

THESE belong to the mimerous tribe of nervous difeafes, which may be juftly
reckoned the reproach of medicine. Women of a delicate habit, whofe ftomach and
inteftines are relaxed, and whofe nervous fyftem is extremely fenfible, are moft fub-
jed; to hyfteric complaints. In fuch perfons an hyfteric fit, as it is called, may be
brought on by an irritation of the nerves of the ftomach or inteftines, by wind,
acrid humour, or the like. A fudden fuppreftion of the menfes often gives rife ta
hyfteric fits. They may likewife be excited by violent paftioiis or afFecftions of the
mind, as fear, grief, anger, or great difappointments.

CURE. — The radical cure of this diforder will be beft attempted at a time when
the patient is moft free from the fits. It will be grcitly promoted by a proper at-
tention to regimen. A milk and vegetable diet, duly perfifted in, will often per-
form a cure. If, however, the patient has been accuftomed to a more generous diet,
it will not be fafe to leave it off all at once, but by degrees. The moft proper
drink is water with a fmall quantity of fpirits. A cool dry air is the beft. Cold
bathing, and every thing that braces the nerves, and invigorates the fyftem, is bene-
ficial : but lying too long in bed, or whatever relaxes the body, is hurtful. It is
of the greatcft importance to have the mind kept conftantly eafy and cheerful, and,
if poflible, to have it always engaged in fome agreeable and interefting purfuit. The
proper medicines are thofe which ftrengthen the alimentary canal and the whole
nervous fyftem, as the preparations of iron, the Peruvian bark, and other bitters.

Twenty

-iSo -CUl/PEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Twenty drops of the eliJcir of vitriol, in a cup of the infofion of the bark, may he
taken twice or thrice a-day. The chalybeat-e waters generally prove beneficial in
this diforder. Hyfteric women are often afflid:ed with cramps in various parts of
the body, which are moft apt to feize them in bed, or when afleep. The moft effi-
cacious medicines in this cafe are opium, bliftering-plafters, and warm bathing or
fomentations. When the cramp or fpafm is very violent, opium is the remedy moft
to be depended on. Cramps are often prevented or cured by compreffion. Thus
cramps in the legs are prevented, and fometimes removed, by tight bandages ; and,
when convuliions arile from a flatulent dirtenfion of the inteftines, or from fpafms
beginning in them, they may be often leflened or cured by making a pretty ftrofig
compreffion upon the abdomen by means of a broad belt. A roll of brimftone held
in the hand is frequently ufed as a remedy for cramps : though this feems to owe
its effedts chiefly to imagination, yet, as it fometimes fucceeds, it merits a trial.
When fpafms or convulfive motions arife from ftiarp humours in the ftomach and
inteftines, no lafting relief can be procured till thefe are either correfted or expelled.
The Peruvian bark has fometimes cured periodic convulflons after other medicines
have failed.

Of hypochondriac COMPLAINTS.

THESE generally attack the indolent, the luxurious, the unfortunate, and the
ftudious; and are daily increafed by luxury and fedentary employments. Men of
a melancholy temperament, whofe minds are capable of great attention, and whofe
paflions are not eafily moved, are, in the advanced periods of life, moft liable to this
difeafe. It is ufually brought on by long and ferious attention to abftrufe fubjefts,
grief, the fuppreflion of cuftomary evacuations, excefs of venery, the repulfion of
cutaneous eruptions, long-continued evacuations, obftrucftions in fome of the vif-
cera, as the liver, fpleen, &c.

CURE.— -Cheerfulnefs and ferenity of mind are by all means to be cultivated.
Exercifeof every kind is ufeful. The cold bath is likewife beneficial; and, where
it does not agree with the patient, fridiion with the flefti-brufh or a coarfe cloth
may be tried. If the patient has it in his power, he ought (o travel either by fea or
land. A voyage, or a long journey, efpecially towards a warmer climate, will be of
more fervice than any medicine. The general intentions of cure, in this difeafe,
are to ilrengthen the alimentary canal, and to promote the fecretions. Thefe inten-
tions will be. beft anfwered by the different preparations of iron and the Peruvian
bark, which, after proper evacuations, may betaken in the fame manner asdiredled
m the preceding difeafe.

O*.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. i3i

Of a SCHIRRHUS and CANCER.

A SCHIRRHUS is a hard indolent tumour fcated in fome of the glands, as the
breads, the arm-pits, &c. If the tumour become large, unequal, of a livid,
biackiHi, or leaden, colour, and is attended with violent pain, it gets the name of an
occult cancer. When the flcin is broken, and a.Ja)iies or ichorous matter of an abo-
minably foetid fmeil is difcharged from the fore, it is called an open or ulcerated can-
cer. Perfons after the age of forty-five, particularly women, and thofe who lead an
indolent fedentary life, are moft fubjedl to this difeafe. A cancer is often omny to
ftipprefied evacuations; hence it proves fo frequently fatal to women of a grofs ha-
bit, particulaiy old maids and widows, about the time when the menftnial flux
ceafes. It may alfo be occafioned by the long-continued ufe of food that is too
hard of digeftion, or of an acrid nature; by barrennefs, celibacy, indolence, cold,
blows, fridion, prefiure, or the like. Women often fuflfer from the laft of thefc by
means of their ftays, which fqueezc and comprefs their brcafts fo as to occafion
great mifchief. This diforder feems often very trifling at the beginning. A hard
tumour about the fize of a hazle-nut, or perhaps fmaller, is generally the firft fymp-
tom. This will often continue for a long time without feeming to increafe, or
giving the patient great uneafinefs: but, if the conftitution be hurt, or the tumour
irritated by prefllire, or improper treatment of any kind, it begins to extend itfelf
towards the neighbouring parts, by pufliing out a kind of roots or limbs. It then
gets the name of cancer, from a fancied refemblance between thefe limbs and the
claws of a crab. The colour of the fkin begins to change, which is firft red, after-
wards purple, then bluifli, livid, and at laft black. The patient complains of heat,
with a burning, gnawing, fliooting, pain. The tumour is very hard, rough, and
unequal, with a protuberance, or rifing, in the middle; its fize increafes daily, and
the neighbouring veins become thick, knotty, and of a blackifti colour. The flv'n
at length gives way, and a thin fharp ichor begins to flow, which corrodes the
neighbouring parts till it forms a large unfightly ulcer. More occult cancers arife,
and communicate with the neighbouring glands. The pain and flench become
intolerable; the appetite fails; the ftrength is exha tilled by a continual heftic fe-
ver ; at laft, a violent haemorrhage, or difcharge of blood, from fome part of the
body, with faintings, or convulfion-fits, generally put an end to th& miferable
patient's life.

CURE.— This is one of thofe difeafes for which no certain remedy is yet known.

Its progrefs however may fometimes be retarded, and fome of its moft difagreeable

fymptoms mitigated, by proper applications. One misfortune attending the difeafe

is, that the unhappy patient often conceals it too long. Were proper means ufed in

j8. J A due

182 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

due time, a cancer might often he cured ; butj after the diforder has arrived at a cer-
tain height, it generally fets all medicine at defiance. When a fchirrhous tumour is
firft difcovered, the patient ought to obferve a proper regimen, and to take twice or
thrice a-week a dofe of the common purging mercurial pill. Some blood may
alfo be let, and the part affeded may be gently rubbed twice a- day with a little of
the mercurial ointment, and kept warm with fur or flannel. The food muft be
lio-ht, and an Englifh pint of the decodion of farfaparilla may be drunk daily.
Should the tumour not yield to this treatment, but, on the contrary, become larger
and harder, it will be proper to extirpate it, either by the knife or cauflic. Indeed,
whenever this can be done with fafety, the fooner it is done the better. It can an-
fwer no purpole to extirpate a cancer after the conftitution is ruined, or the whole
mafs of humours corrupted, by it. This however is the common way, which makes
the operation fo feldom fucceed. Few people will fubmit to the extirpation till
death flares them in the face ; whereas, if it were done early, the patient's life would
not be endangered by the operation, and it would generally prove a radical cure.
The medicine moft in repute for this difeafe is hemlock. Dr. Stork, ph)fician at
Vienna, has of late recommended the extract of this plant as very efficacious in can-
cers of every kind. The doftcn- fays, he has given fome hundred-weights of it
without ever hurting any body, and often with manifeft advantage. He advifes the
patient however to begin with very fmall dofes, as two or three grains, and to increafe
the dofe gradually till fome good effedt be perceived, and there to reft without fur-
ther increafe. From two or three grains at firft, the dodor fays he has increafed the
dofe to two, three, or four, drachms a-day, and finds that fuch dofes may be conti-
nued for feveral weeks without any bad confequences. The docflor does not pi-e-
tend to fix the time In which a cancer may be refolved by the ufe of hemlock, but
fays he has given it for above two years in large dofes without any apparent benefit;
neverthelefs the patient has been cured by perfifting in the ufe of it for half a year
longer. This is at leaft encouragement to give it a fair trial. The powder of hem-
lock is by fome preferred to the extradt. They are both made of the frefh leaves^
and may be ufed nearly in the fame manner. Dr. NIcholibn, of Berwick, fays, he
gradually increafed the dofe of the powder from a few grains to half a drachm, and
gave near four drachms of it in the day with remarkably good effeds. The hem-
lock may alfo be ufed externally either as a poultice or fomentation. The fore may
likewife be kept clean by fnjeding daily a ftrong decoftion of the tops and leaves in-
to it. Few things contribute more to the healing of foul fordid ulcers of any kind
than keeping them thoroughly clean. This ought never to be negleded. The beft
application for this purpofe feems to be the carrot poultice. The root of the com-
mon carrot may be gratedj and moiftened with as much water as will bring It to the

confiftence

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ,8j

confiftenceof a poultice or cataplafm. This muft be applied to the fore, and re-
newed twice a- day. It generally cleans the fore, eafes the pain, and takes away the
difagreeable fmell, which are objc^s of no fmall importance in fuch a dreadful dif-
order. Wort, or an infufion of malt, has been recommended not only as a proper
drink, but as a powerful medicine, in this difeafe. It muft be frequently made
frefli, and the patient may take it at pleafure. Two, three, or even four, Englifl^
pints of it may be drunk every day for a confiderable time. No benefit can be ex-
pcded from any medicine, in this difeafe, unlefs it be perfifted in for a long time. It
is of too obftinatc a nature to be foon removed; and, when it admits of a cure at alj,
it muft be brought about by inducing an almoft total change of the habit, which
muft always be a work of time. Setons or iflues in the neighbourhood of the can-
cer have fometimes good effedls. V. hen all other medicines fail, recourfe muft be
had to opium, as a kind of folaee. Ti;is will not indeed cure the difeafe, but it will
eafc the patient's agony, and render life more tolerable while it continues. To avoid
this dreadful diforder, people ought to ufe wholefome food, to take fufficient exer-
cife in the open air, and carefully to guarJ againft all blows, bruifes, and every kind
of preflure upon the breafts or other glandular parts.

Of poisons.

EVERY perfon ought, in feme mer/ure, to be acquainted with the nature anci
cure of poifons. They are generally taken unawares, and their efFetfls are often fo
fudden and violent, as iiot to admit oi delay, or allow time to procure the afliftance
of phyficians. Happily indeed no great degree of medical knowledge is here ne-
ceflary ; the remedies for raoit poifons being generally at hand, or eafily obtained,
and nothing but common prudence needful in the application of them. The cure
of all poifons taken into the ftoraach, without exception, depends chiefly on dif-
charging them as foon as poflible. For this purpofe the patient (hould drink
large quantities of new milk and fallad-oil till he vomits ; or he may drink warm
water mixed with oil. Fat broths are likewife proper, provided they can be got
ready in time. Where no oil is to be had, frefti butter may be melted and mixed
with the milk or water. Thefe things are to be drunk as long as the inclination to
vomit continues. Some have drunk eight or ten quarts before the vomiting ceafed;
and it is never fafe to leave off drinking while one particle of the poifon remains in.
the ftomach. Thcfe oily or fat fubftances not only provoke vomiti;-:g, but like-
wife blunt the acrimony of mineral poifon, and prevent its wounding the bowels ;
but, if they ftiould not make the perfon vomit, half a drachm or two fcruplcs of the
powder of ipecacuanha muft be given, or a few fpoonfuls of the oxymel or vinegar
of fquills may be mixed with the water which he drinks. Vomiting may likewife

be

,84 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

be excited by tickling the infide of the throat with a feather. Should thefe methods
however fail, half a drachm of white vitriol, or five or fix grains of emetic tartar,
muft be adminiftered. If tormenting pains are felt in the lower belly, and there is
reafon to fear that the poifon has got down to the inteftines, clyfters of milk and oil
muft be very frequently thrown up; and the patient miift drink emollient decoc-
tions of barley, oatnieal, mar/h-mallows, and fuch-like. He muft likewife take an
infufion of fenna and manna, a folution of Glauber's falts, or fome other purgative.
After the poifon has been evacuated, the patient ought, for fome time, to live upon
fuch things as are of a healing and cooling quality; to abftain from flefh and all
ftrong liquors, and to live upon milk, broth, gruel, light puddings, and other fpoon-
meats, of eafy digeftion. His drink fhould be barley-water, linfeed-tea, or infufions
of any of the mild mucilaginous vegetables. Though vegetable poifons, wheti
allowed to remain in the ftomach, often prove fatal j yet the danger is generally
over as foon as they are difcharged. Not being of fuch a cauftic or corrofive na-
ture, they are lefs apt to wound or inflame the bowels than mineral fubftances ; no
time, however, ought to be loft in having them difcharged. For the bites of poi-
fonous animals, a great variety of certain and immediate cures are pointed out in
the Herbal. For the bite of a viper, however, the wound {hould be well fucked,
and afterwards rubbed with warm fallad-oil. A poultice of bread and milk, foft-
ened with fallad-oil, fhould likewife be applied to the wound; and the patient ought
to drink freely of vinegar- whey, or water- gruel M'ith vinegar in it, to make him
fweat. Vinegar is one of the beft drinks which can be ufed in any kind of poifon,
and ought to be taken very liberally. If the patient be fick, he may take a vomit.
This courfe will be fufficient to cure the bite of any of the poifonous animals of this
country. It is the happinefs of this ifland to have very few poifonous animals, and
thofe which we have are by no means of the moft virulent kind. We cannot how-
ever make the fame obfervation with regard to poifonous vegetables : thefe abound
every where, and prove often fatal to the ignorant and unwary. This indeed is
chiefly owing to carelefTnefs. Children ought early to be cautioned againft eating
any kind of fruit, roots, or berries, which they do not know ; and all poifonous
plants to which they can have accefs, ought, as far as pofTible, to be deftroyed.
This would not be fo difficult a tafk as fome people imagine, were this Herbal kept
in all families, and their children made to read lefTons from it, as an eafy occafional
tafk. This, I think, will appear an indifpenfible duty in parents, when we reflect,
that feldom a year pafles but we have accounts of feveral perfons poifoned by eating
hemlock-roots inftead of parfnips, or fome kinds of fungus which they had ga-
thered for mufhrooms. Thefe examples ought to put people upon their guard with
refped to the former, and put the latter entirely out of ufe. We might here
3 mention

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 185

jiiention many other plants and animals of a poifonous nature which are found ii%
foreign countries ; but, as our obfervations are chiefly intended for this ifland, we
fhall pafs thefe over. It may not however be amifs to obferve, for the behoof of
fuch of our countrymen as go to America, that an effcftual remedy is now fajd to
be found for the bite of the rattle -fnake. ---The prefcription is as follows : Take of
the roots of plantain and hoarhounJ, in fummer, roots and branches together, a fuf-
ficient quantity ; bruife them in a mortar, and fqueeze out the juice, of which give,
as foon as poffible, one large fpoonful; if the patient be fwelled, you muft force it
down his throat. This generally will cure; but, if he finds no relief in an hour
after, you may give another fpoonful, which never fails. — If the roots are dried,
they muft be moiftened with a little water. To the wound may be applied a leaf
of good tobacco moiftened with rum. We give this upon the faith of Dr. Brookes,
who fays it v/as the invention of a negro; for the difcovery of which he had his
freedom purchafed, and a hundred pounds per annum fettled upon him during life,
by the General Aflembly of Carolina.

Of INFLAMMATIONS and ABSCESSES.

FROM whatever caufe an inflammation proceeds, it muft terminate either by
difperfion, fuppuration, or gangrene. Though it is impoflibleto foretel with cer-
tainty in which of thefe ways any particular inflammation will terminate, yet a pro-
bable conjedlure may be formed with regard to the event, from a knowledge of the
patient's age and conftitution. Inflammations happening in a flight degree upon
colds, and without any previous indifpofition, will moft probably be difperfed ; thofe
Avhich follow clofe upon a fever, or happen to perfono of a grofs habit of body, will
generally fuppurate; and thofe which attack very old people, or perfons of a drop-
flcal habit, will have a ftrong tendency to gangrene.

CURE. ---If the inflammation be flight, and the conftitution found, the difper-
fion ought always to be attempted. This will be beft promoted by a flender dilut-
ing diet, plentiful bleeding, and repeated purges. The part itfelf muft be foment-
ed, and, if the fltin be very tenfe, it may be embrocated with a mixture of three-
fourths of fweet oil, and one-fourth of vinegar, and afterwards covered with a
piece of wax plaifter. If, notwithftanding thefe applications, the fymptomatic fe-
ver increafes, and the tumour becomes larger, with violent pain and pulfation, it
will be proper to promote the fuppuration. The beft application for this purpofe
is a foft poultice, which may be renewed twice a-day. If the fuppuration proceeds
but flowly, a raw onion cut fmall or bruifed may be fpread upon the poultice.
When the abfcefs is ripe or fit for opening, which may eafily be known from the
thinnefs of the fltin in the moft prominent part of it, a fluftuution of nutter which
j8. 3 £ n^y

iS6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

may be felt under the finger, and, generally fpeaking, an abatement of the pain, it
may be opened either with a lancet or by means of a cauftic. The iaft way in which
an inflammation terminates is in a gangrene or mortification, the approach of which
may be known by the following fymptome: The inflammation lofes its rednefs, and
becomes dufl<.Ifl\ or livid; the tenfion of the flcin goes off, and it feels flabby ; lit-
tle bladders filled with ichor of different colours fpread all over it; the tumour fub-
fides, and from a dufkifli complexion becomes black; a quick low pulfe, with cold
clammy fweats, are the immediate forerunners of death. When thefe fvmptoms
lirfl: appear, the part ought to be dreffed with London treacle, or a cataplafm made
of lixivium and bran; fliould the fymptoms become worfe, that part mufl: be fcarl-
fied, and afterwards dreffed with bafilicon foftened with oil of turpentine. All the
dreffings muft be applied warm. With regard to internal medicines, the patient
mufl: be fupported with generous cordials, and the Peruvian bark exhibited in as
large dofes as the ftomach will bear it. If the mortified parts fliould feparate, the
wound will become a common ulcer, and mufl: be treated accordingly. This article
includes the treatment of all thofe difeafes, which, in different parts of the country,
go by the name of biles, impofthumes, whitloes, &c. They are all abfceffes in con-
fequence of a previous Inflammation, which, if poffible, ought to be difcuffed, but,
when this cannot be done, the fuppuration fliould be promoted, and the matter dif-
charged by an incifion, if neceffary; afterwards the fore may be dreffed with yellow
bafilicon, or fome other digeftive ointment.

Of wounds.

NO part of medicine has been more miftaken than the treatment or cure of
wounds. It is however a fad, that no external application whatever contributes
towards the cure of a wound, any other way than by keeping the parts foft, clean,
and defending them from the external air, which may be as effe(5tually done by dry
lint as by the moft pompous applications, while It is exempt from many of the bad
confequences attending them. The fame obfervation holds with refped to inter-
nal applications. Thefe only promote the cure of wounds as far as they tend to
prevent a fever, or to remove any caufe that might obfl:rudl or impede the opera-
tions of nature. It is nature alone that cure wounds; all that art can do is to re-
move obftacles, and to put the parts in fuch a condition as is the mofl: favourable to
nature's efforts.

CURE.— -The firfl: thing to be done, when a perfon has received a wound, is to
examine whether any foreign body be lodged in it, as wood, fl:one, iron, lead, glafs,
dirt, bits of cloth, or the like. Thefe, if poffible, ought to be extrafted, and the
wound cleaned, before any dreffmgs be applied. When that cannot be effec^ted

3 with

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 187

with fafety, on account of the patient's weaknefs, or lofs of blood, they muft be
fufFered to remain in the wound, and afterwards extraflied when he is more able to
bear it. "When a wound penetrates into any of the cavities of the body, as the
br-eaft, the bowtls, &c. or where any confiderable blood-ve/Tel is cut, a fkilful fur-
geon ought immediately to be called, othcrwile the patient may lofe his Ife. But
fometimes the dilcharge of biood is fo great, that, if it be not flopped, the patient
may die, even before a furgeon, though at no great diftance, can arrive. In this
cafe, fomething muft be done by thofc who are prefent. If the wound be in any of
the limbs, the bleeding may generally be ftopped, by applying a tight ligature or
bandage round the member a litde above the wound, In parts where this bandage
cannot be applied, various other methods may be tried to ftop the bleeding, as the
apphcation of ftyptics, aftringents, &c. Cloths dipped in a folution of blue vitriol
in water, or the ftyptic water of the difpcnfitories, may be applied to the wound.
When thefe cannot be obtained, ftiong fpirits of wine may be ufed. Some recom-
mend the agaric of the oak as prcfeiabie to any of the other ftyptics; and indeed it
deferves confiderable encomiums. It is cafily obtained, and ought to be kept in
every family, in cafe of accidents, A piece of it muft be laid upon the wound, and
covered with a good deal of lint, above which a bandage may be applied fo tight as
to keep it firmly on. '1 hough fpli its, tindures, and hot balfams, may be ufed. In
order to ftop the bleeding when it is exceftive, they are improper at other times.
They do not promote but retard the cure, and often change a fimple wound into an
ulcer. People imagine, becaufe hot balfams congeal the blood, and feem, as it were,
to folder up the wound, that they therefore heal it; but this is only a deception.
They may indeed ftop the flowing blood, by fearing L..e mouths of the veflels ; but,
by rendering the parts callous, they obftrui5t the cure. When a wound is greatly
inflamed, the moft proper application is a poultice of bread and milk, fofteneJ with
a little fweet oil or frefti butter. This muft be applied inftead of a plaifter, and
fhould be changed twice a-day. If the wound be large, and there is rcafon to fear
an inflammation, the patient ihould be kept on a very low diet. He muft abftain
from flcfh, ftrong liquors, and every thing that is of a heating nature. If he be of a
full habit, and has loft but little blood from the wound, he m.uft be bled; and, if
the fymptoms be urgent, the operation may be repeated. But, when the patient has
been greatly weakened by lofs of blood from the wound, it will be dangerous to
bleed him, even though a fever fhould enfue. Nature fhould never be too far cx-
haufted: it is always more fai'e to allow her to ftruggle with the difeafe in her own
way than to fuitthe patient's ftrength by exceflive evacuations.

Of

188 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

O F B U R N S.

IN flight burns which do not break the flcin. It is cufl:omary to hold the part near
the fire for a competent time, to rub it with fait, or to lay a comprefs upon it dip-
ped in fpirits of wine or brandy. But, when the burn has penetrated fo deep as to
blifter or break the flcin, it muft be drefled with fome of the liniments for burns,
or with the emollient and gently-drying ointment, commonly called Turner's ce-
rate. This may be mixed with an equal quantity of frefli olive-oil, and fpread upon
a foft rag, and applied to the part afFetfted. When this ointment cannot be had,
an egg may be beat up with about an equal quantity of the fweetefl; fallad-oil. This
will ferve very well till a proper ointment can be prepared. When the burning is
very deep, after the firft two or three days, it fliould be drefl!ed with equal parts of
yellow bafilicon and Turner's cerate mixed together. When the burn is violent,
or has occafioned a high degree of inflammation, and there is reafon to fear a gan-
grene or mortification, the fame means mufl; be ufed to prevent it as are recommend-
ed in other violent inflammations. The patient, in this cafe, mufl: live low, and
drink freely of weak diluting liquors. He mufl: likewife be bled, and have his body
kept open. But, if the burnt parts fliould become livid or black, with other fymp-
toms of mortification, it will be neceflary to bathe them frequently with warm cam-
phorated fpirits of wine, tindture of myrrh, or other antifeptics, mixed with a de-
codion of the bark. In this cafe the bark muft likewife be taken internally, and the
patient's diet mufl; be more generous.

Of bruises.

IN flight bruifes It will be fufficient to bathe the part with warm vinegar, to
which a little brandy or rum may occafionally be added, and to keep cloths wet
with this mixture conftantly applied to it. This is more proper than rubbing it
with brandy, fpirits of wine, or other ardent fpirits, which are commonly ufed in
fuch cafes. In fome parts of the country the peafants apply to a recent bruife a
cataplafm of frefli cow-dung. I have often feen this cataplafin applied to violent
contufions occafioned by blows, falls, bruifes, and fuch-like, and never knew it
fail to have a good efFeift, When a bruife is very violent, the patient ought imme-
diately to be bled, and put upon a proper regimen. His food fliould be light and
cool, and his drink weak, and of an opening nature ; as whey fweetened with honey,
decod:ions of tamarinds, barley, cream-tartar whey, and fuch-like. The bruifed
part mufl: be bathed with vinegar and water, as diretfled above; and a poultice,
made by boiling of crumb of bread, elder-flowers, and camomile-flowers, in equal
quantities of vinegar and water, applied to it. This poultice is peculiarly proper

when

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 189

^hen a wound is joined to the bruife. It may be renewed two or three times a-day.
As the ftru(5ture of the vefTels is totally deftroyed by a violent bruife, there often
enfues a great lofs of fubftance, which produces an ulcerous fore, very difficult to
cure. If the bone be afFccfted, the fore will not heal before an exfoliation takes
place; that is, before the difeafed part of the bone feparates, and comes out through
the wound. This is often a very flow operation, and may even require fcveral years
to be completed. Hence it happens, that thefe fores are frequently miftaken for the
king's evil, and treated as fuch, though, in fad, they proceed folely from the injury
which the folid parts received from the blow. Patients in this fituatlonare peftcreJ
with different advices. Every one who fees them propofes a new remedy, till the
fore is fo much irritated with various and oppofite application?, that it is often at
length rendered abfolutely incurable. The bed method of managing fuch fores is,
to take care that the patient's conftitution does not fuffer by confinement or im-
proper medicine, and to apply nothing to them but fome fimple ointment fpread
upon foft lint, over which a poultice of bread and milk, with boiled camomile-
flowers, or the like, may be put, to nourifh the part, and keep it foft and warm.
Nature, thus afllited, will generally in time operate a cure, by throwing off the dif-
eafed parts of the bone, after which the fore foon heals.

Of ulcers.

ULCERS may be the confequence of wounds, bruifes, or impofthumes, impro-
perly treated; they may likewife proceed from an ill ftate of the humours, or what
may be called a bad habit of body. In the latter cafe, they ought not to be haftily
dried up, otherwife it may prove fatal to the patient. Ulcers happen moft com-
monly in the decline of life; and perfons who neglecft exercife, and live grofsly, are
moft liable to them. They might often be prevented by retrenching fome part of
the folid food, or by opening artificial drains, as iffues, fetons, or the like. It re-
quires confiderable Ikill to be able to judge whether or not an ulcer ought to be
dried up. In general, all ulcers which proceed from a bad habit of body fhould be
fuffered to continue open, at leaft till the conftitution has been fo far changed by
proper regimen, or the ufe of medicine, that they feem difpofed to heal of their own
accord. Ulcers, which are the effedt of malignant fevers, or other acute difeafes,
may generally be healed with fafety after the health has been reftored for fome time.
The cure ought not, however, to be attempted too foon, nor at any time without the
ufe of purging medicines and a proper regimen. When wounds or bruifes have, by
wrong treatment, degenerated into ulcers, if the conftitution be good, they may
generally be healed with fafety. When ulcers either accompany chronical difeafes,
or come in their ftead, they muft be cautioufly healed. If an ulcer conduces to the
38. 3 C patient's

I90 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

patient's health, from whatever caufe it proceeds, it ought not to b; healed ; but if,
on the contrary, it waftes the ftrength, and confumes the patient by a flow fever, it
fhould be healed as foon as poflible. We would earneflJy recommend a ftrift at-
tention to thefe particulars, to all who have the misfortune to labour under this
diforder, particularly perfons in the decline of life ; as we have frequently known
people throw away their lives by the want of it, while they were extolling and ge-
neroufly rewarding thofe whom they ought to have looked upon as their execu-
tioners. The moft proper regimen for promoting the cure of ulcers is to avoid all
fpices, falted and high-feafoned food, all ftrong liquors, and to leflen the ufual quan-
tity of flefh meat. The body ought to be kept gently open by a diet confifling
chiefly of cooling laxative vegetables, and by drinking butter-milk, whey fweetened
with honey, or the like. A fifl:ulous ulcer can feldom be cured without an opera-
tion. It muft either be laid open fo as to have its callous parts deftroyed by fome
corrofive application, or they mufl^ be entirely cut away by the knife : but, as this
operation requires the hand of an expert furgeon, there is no occafion to defcrlbe it.
Ulcers about the anus are moft apt to become fiftulous, and are very difficult to
cure. Some, indeed, pretend to have found Ward's fiftula-pafte very fuccefsful in
this complaint. It Is not a dangerous medicine, and, being eafily procured, it may
deferve a trial ; but, as thefe ulcers generally proceed from an ill habit of body,
they will feldom yield to any thing except a long courfe of regimen, affifted by me-
dicines, which are calculated to correft that particular habit, and to induce an al-
moft total change in the conftitutlon.

Of DISLOCATIONS.

WHEN a bone is moved out of its place or articulation, fo as to impede its
proper fundions, it is faid to be luxated or diflocated. As this often happens to
perfons in fituations where no medical afliftance can be obtained, by which means
limbs, and even lives, are frequently loft, we ftiall endeavour to point out the me-
thod of reducing the moft common luxations, and thofe which require immediate
affiftance. Any perfon of common fenfe and refolutlon, who is prefent when a dif-
location happens, may often be of more fervice to the patient than the moft expert
furgeon can after the fwelling and inflammation have come on. When thefe are
prefent, it is difficult to know the ftate of the joint, and dangerous to attempt a re-
du(ftion; and, by waiting till they are gone off, the mufcles become fo relaxed, and
the cavity filled up, that the bone can never afterwards be retained in its place. A
recent diflocation may generally be reduced by extenfion alone, which muft always
be greater or lefs according to the ftrength of the mufcles which move the joint,
the age, robuftnefs, and other circumftances, of the patient. When the bone has

been

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ,9,

been out of its place for any confiderable time, and a fwelling or inflammation has
come on, it will be neceflary to bleed the patient, and, after fomenting the part, to
apply foft poultices with vinegar to it for fome time before the rediidion is attempt-
ed. All that is neceflary after the redudion, is to apply cloths dipped in vinegar
or camphorated fpirits of wine to the part, and to keep it perfectly eafy. Many bad
conf;quences proceed from the negled of this rule. A diflocation feldom happens
without the tendons and ligaments of the joint being ftrctched and fometimes torn.
When thefe are kept eafy till they recover their ftrength and tone, all goes on very
well i but, if the injury be increafed by too frequent an exertion of the parts, no
wonder if they be found weak and difeafed ever after.

Dislocation of the Jaw. ---The ufual method of reducing a diflocated jaw,
is to fet the patient upon a low ftool, fo as an aflifl:ant may hold the head firm by
prefling it againft his breaft. The operator is then to thruft his two thumbs, beinT
firft wrapped up with linen cloths that they may not flip, as far back into the pa-
tient's mouth as he can, while his fingers are applied to the jaw externally. After he
has got firm hold of the jaw, he is to prefs it fl;rongly downwards and backwards,
by which means the elapfed heads of the jaw may be eafily puflied into their former
cavities. The peafants, in fome parts of the country, have a peculiar'way of per-
forming this operation. One of them puts a kandkerchief under the patient's chin,
then, turning his back to that of the patient, pulls him up by the chin fo as to fuf-
pend him from the ground. This method often fucceeds, but we think it a dange-
rous one, and therefore recommend the former.

Dislocation of the Neck. — The neck may be diflocated by falls, violent
blows, or the like. In this cafe, if the patient receives no afliftance, he foon dies,
which makes people imagine the neck was broken j it is, however, for the moll
part, only partially diflocated, and may be reduced by almofl; any perfon who has
relblution enough to attempt it. A complete diflocation of the neck is Inftantaneous
death. When the neck is diflocated, the patient is immediately deprived of all fenfe
and motion ; his neck fwells, his countenance appears bloated, his chin Jies upon
his breafl:, and his face is generally turned towards one fide. To reduce this diflo-
cation, the unhappy perfon fliould immediately be laid upon his back on the
ground, and the operator mufl: place himfelf behind him fo as to be able to lay hold
of his head with both hands, while he makes a refiftance by placino- his knees
againft the patient's ftioulders. In this pofture he muft pull the head with confi-
derable force, gently twilling it at the fame time, if the face be turned to one fide
till he perceives that the joint is replaced, which may be known from the noife
which the bones generally make when going in, the patient's beginning to breathe,
and the head continuing in its natural pofture. After the neck is reduced, the pa-
tient ••

,92 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

tieiit ought to be bled, and fhould be fufFered to reft for fome days, till the parts

recover their proper tone.

Dislocation of the Shoulder. — The humerus or upper bone of the arm
may be diflocatcd in various direftions : it happens however moft frequently down-
wards, but very feldom direcftly upwards. From the nature of its articulation, as
well as from its expofure to external Injuries, this bone is the moft fubjeift to dlfloca-
tion of any in the body. A diflocatlon of the humerus may be known by a depref-
fion or cavity on the top of the flioulJer, and an Inability to move the arm. When
the diflocatlon is downward or forward, the arm Is elongated, aud a ball or lump
is perceived under the arm pit; but, when it Is backward, there appears a protube-
rance behind the flioulder, and the arm is thrown forwards toward the breaft. The
ufual method of reducing diflocatlons of the flioulder is to feat the patient upon a
low ftool, and to caufe an afliftant to hold his body fo that it may not give way to
the extenfion, while another lays hold of the arm a little above the elbow, and gra-
dually extends it. The operator then puts a napkin under the patient's arm, and
caufes it to be tied behind his own neck; by this, while a fufficlent extenfion is
made, he lifts up the head of the bone, and with his hands direfts It Into Its proper
place. There are various machines Invented for facilitating this operation, but the
hand of an expert furgeon Is always more fafe. In young and delicate patients, it
is a very eafy matter to reduce the flioulder by extending the arm with one hand,
thrufting in the head of the bone with the other. In making the extenfion, the arm
ought always to be a little bent.

Dislocation of the Elbow. — The bones of the fore-arm may be diflocated
in any diredlon. When this is the cafe, a protuberance may be obferved on that
fide of the arm towards which the bone is puftied, from which, and the patient's in-
ability to bend his arm, a diflocatlon of this joint may eafily be known. Two af-
fiftants are generally neceflary for reducing a diflocatlon of the elbow; one of them
muft lay hold of the arm above, and the other below, the joint, and make a pretty
ftrong extenfion, while the operator returns the bones Into their proper place. Af-
terwards the arm muft be bent and fufpended for fome time with a fling about the
neck. Luxations of the wrift and fingers are to be reduced In the fame manner as
thofe of the elbow, viz. by making an extenfion in different directions, and thruft-
ing the head of the bone into its plate.

Dislocation of thf Thigh. — When the thigh-bone is diflocated forward and
downward, the knee and foot are turned out, and the leg is longer than the other ;
but, when it Is difplaced backward, it is ufually puflied upward at the fame time,
by which means the limb is fliortened, and the foot Is turned Inwards. When the
thigh- bone is difplaced forward and downward, the patient, in order to have it

2 reduced.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. i^^

reduced, muft be laid upon his back, and made faft by bandages, or held by affif-
tants, while by others anextenfion is made by means of flings fixed about the bot-
tom of the thigh a little above the knee. While the extenfion is made, the operator
muft piifti the head of the bone outward, till it gets into the focket. If the difloca-
tion be outward, the patient muft be laid upon his face, and, during the extenfion,
the head of the bone muft be pufhed inward. Diflocations of the knees, ancles,
and toes, are reduced much in the fame manner as thofe of the upper extremities,
viz. by making an extenfion in oppofite diredions, while the operator replaces the
bones. In many cafes, however, the extenfion alone is fufficient, and the bone will
flip into its place merely by pulling the limb with fufiicient force. It is not hereby
meant, that force alone is fufficient for the rcdudtion of diflocations.

Of B R O K E N B O N E S, &c.

THERE is, in moft country villages, fome perfons who pretend to the art of re-
ducing fraftures. Though, in general, fuch perfons are very ignorant, yet fome of
them are ver)- fuccefsful ; which evidently proves, that a fniall degree of learning,
with a fufficient fliare of common fenfe, and a mechanical head, will enable a man to
be ufeful in this way. We would, however, advife people never to employ fuch
operators when an expert and flcilful furgeon can be had; but, when that is im-
pradlicable, they muft be employed: we fhall therefore recommend the following
hints to their confideration : when a large bone is broken, the patient's diet ought,
in all refpedls, to be the fame as in an inflammatory fever. He fliould likewife be
kept quiet and cool, and his body open by emollient clyfters, or, if thefe cannot be
conveniently adminiftered, by food that is of an opening quality j as ftcwed prunes,
apples boiled in milk, boiled fpinage, and the like. It ought however to be here
remarked, that perfons who have been accuftomed to live high are not all of a
fudden to be reduced to a very low diet. This might have fatal effi^ds. There is
often a neceffity for indulging even bad habits, in fome meafure, where the nature
of the difeafe might require a different treatment. It will be generally necefiary to
bleed the patient immediately after a fracfture, efpecially if he be young, of a full
habit, or has, at the fame time, received any brulfe or contufion. This operation
fhould not only be performed foon after the accident happens, but, if the patient be
very feverifti, it may be repeated next day. When feveral of the ribs are broken,
bleeding is peculiarly neceflar\'. If any of the large bones which fupport the body
are broken, the patient muft keep his bed for feveral weeks. It is by no means ne-
ceflary, however, that he ffiould lie all that time, as is cuftomary, upon his back.
This fituation finks the fpirits, galls and frets the patient's fl<in, and renders him
very uncafy. After the f;cond week he may be gently ruifed up, and may fit feveral
J 8. 3 i) hours.

194 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

hours, fupported by a bed-chair, or the like, which will greatly relieve him. Great
care, however, mnft be taken in railing him up, and laying him down, that he make
iio exertions himfelf, otherwife the aflion of the mufcles may pull the bone out of
its place. It has been cuftomary, when a bone was broken, to keep the limb for
five or fix weeks continually upon the ftretch. But this is a bad poflure. It is
both uneafy to the patient and unfavourable to the cure. The beft fituation is to
keep the limb a little bent. This is the pofture into which every animal puts its
limbs when it goes to reft, and in which feweft mufcles are upon the ftretch. It is
eafily effefted, by either la\-ing the patient upon his fide, or making the bed fo as to
favour this pofition of the limb. All that art can do towards the cure of a broken
bone, is to lay it perfectly ftraight, and to keep it quite eafy. All tight bandages
do hurt. They had much better be wanting altogether. A great many of the bad
confequences which fucceed to fractured bones are owing to tight bandages. The
beft method of retention is by two or more fplints made of leather or pafteboard.
Thefe, if moiftened before they be applied, foon aflume the ftiape of the included
member, and are fufficient, by the afliftance of a very flight bandage, for all the
purpofes of retention. The fplints fhould always be as long as the limb, with holes
cut for the ancles when the fradlure is in the leg. In fradlures of the ribs, where a
bandage cannot be properly ufed, an adhefive plaifter may be applied over the part.
The patient, in this cafe, ought to keep himfelr quite eafy, avoiding every thing that
may occafion fneezing, laughing, coughing, or the like. He ought to keep his
body in a ftraight pofture, and fhould take care that his ftomach be conftantly dif-
tended, by taking frequently fome light food, and drinking freely of weak watery
liquors. The moft proper external application for a frafture is oxycratCy or a
mixture of vinegar and water. The bandages fhould be wet with this at every
drefling.

Of strains.

STRAINS are often attended with worfe confequences than broken bones. The
reafon is obvious, they are generally negledVed. When a bone is broken, the patient
is obliged to keep the member eafy, becaufe he cannot make ufe of it; but, when
a joint is only ftrained, the perfon, finding he ftill can make a ftiift to move it, is
forry to lofe his time for fo trifling an ailmeiit. In this way he deceives himfelf, and
converts into an incurable malady what might have been removed by only keeping
the part eafy for a few days. Country people generally immerfe a ftrained limb in
cold water. This is very proper, provided it be done immediately, and not kept in
too long. But the cuftom of keeping the part immerfed in cold water for a long
time, is certainly dangerous. It rcla.\.es iaftead of bracing the part, and is more

a likefy

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 195

likely to produce a difeafe than remove one. Wrapping a garter, or fome otiier
bandage, pretty tight about the ftrained part, is likewife of ufe. It helps to reftore
the proper tone of the vefTels, and prevents the aftion of the parts from increafing
the diffufe. It (houid not however be applied too tight. Bleeding ntar the af-
fci5led part will frequently have a very good efFe61 : but what we would recom-
mend above all is eafe. It is more to be depended on than any medicine, and fel-
dom fails to remove the complaint.

Of ruptures.

CHILDREN and veiy old people are moll liable to this difeafe. In the former,
it is generally occnfioned by exceflive crying, coughing, vomiting, or the like. In
the latter, it is commonly theefFcA of blows or violent exertions of the ftrLUgth, as
leaping, carrying great weigius, &c. In both, a relaxed habit, iiidolcnce, and an
oily or very moiA diet, difpofe the body to this difeafe. A rupture fometimes proves
fatal before it is difcovcred. Whenever ficknef;, vomiting, and obftLiate coftive-
nefs, gives rcafoti to fufpeft an obflruftion of the bowels, all thofe places where rup-
tures ufuully happen ought carefully to be examined. The protrufion of a very
fmall part of the gut will occafion all thefe fymptom;; and, if not returned in due
time, will prove mortal. On the firft appearance of a rupture in an infant, it ought
to be laid upon its back, with its head very low. While in this pofture, if the gut
does not return of itfelf, it may eafily be put up by gentle prefiure. After it is re->
turned, a piece of fticking-plaifter may be applied over the part, and a proper trufs
or bandage nuifl: be conftantly worn for a confidcrable time. The method of mak -
ing and applying thefe rupture- bandages for children is pretty well known. T!ie
child murt, as far as pofllble, be kept from crying, and from all violent motion, till
the rupture is cjuite healed. In adults, when the gut has been forced down with
great violence, or happens from any caufc to be inflan^.ed, there is often great dif-
ficulty in returning it. TJie patient fhould be bled ; after which, he muft be laid
upon his back, with his head very low, and his breech raifed high with pillows. In
this fituation flannel cloths wrung out of a dccocflion of mallows and camomile-
flowers, or, if thefe are not at hand, of warm water, muft be applied for a confiJer-
able time. A clyfter ma.ie or this decoiftion, with a large fpoonful of butter and a
little fait, may be afcer\y^rds thrown up. If thefe fhould not prove fuccefsful, re-
courfe muil: be had to prcfTure. If the tumour be very hard, confidcrable force will
be necefliiry; but it is not force alone which fucceeds here. The operator, at the
fame time that he makes a prefliire with the palms of his hands, muft with his fingers
artfully condud the gut in by the fame aperture through which it caine out. The
manner of doing this can be much eaficr conceived than defcribcd. Should thefe

endeavours

196 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

endeavours prove iiiefFedtual, clyfters of the fmoke of tobacco may be tried. Thefe
have been often known to fucceed where every other method failed. An adult, af-
ter the gut has been returned, muft'wear a fteel bandage. It is necdiefs to defcribe
this, as it may always be had ready-made from the artifts. Such bandages are ge-
nerally irkfome to the wearer for fome time, but by cuftom they become quite eafy.
No perfon v/ho has had a rupture after he arrived at man's eflate (hould ever be
without one of thefe bandages. Perfbns who have a rupture ought carefully to
avoid all violent exercife, carrying great weights, leaping, running, and the like.
They fl-iould likevvife avoid windy aliment and ftrong liquors i and ihould carefully
guard againfl: catching cold.

Of RECOVERING DROWNED PERSONS.

WHEN a perfon has remained above a quarter of an hour under water, there can
be no confiderable hopes of recovery. But, as feveral circumftances may happen
to have continued life, in fuch an unfortunate fituation, beyond the ordinary term,
we fhould never too foon refign the unhappy objed to his fate, but try every me-
thod for his relief, as there are many well-attefted proofs of the recovery of perfons
to life and health who had been taken out of the water apparently dead, and who
remained a confiderable time without exhibiting any figns of life. The firft thing
to be done, after the body is taken out of the water, is to convey it, as foon as pof-
iible, to fome convenient place, where the neceffary operations for its recovery may
be performed. In attempting to recover perfons apparently drowned, the principal
intention to be purfued is, to reftore the natural warnith, upon which all the vital
fundions depend ; and to excite thefe fundlions by the application of ftimulants,
net only to th.e fkin, but likewife to the lungs, inteftines, &c. Though cold was by
no means the caufe of the perfon's death, yet it will prove an effedual obftacle to his
recovery. For this reafon, after ftripping him of his wet clothes, his body muft be
ftrongly rubbed for a confiderable time with coarfe linen cloths, as warm as they can
be made; and, as foon as a well-heated bed can be got ready, he may be laid in it,
and the rubbing fhould be continued. Warm cloths ought likewife to be frequently
applied to the flomach and bowels, and hot bricks, or bottles of warm water, to
the foles of the feet and to the palms of the hands. Strong volatile fpirits fhould be
frequently applied to the nofej and the fpine of the back and pit of the flomach
may be rubbed with warm brandy or fpirit of wine. The temples ought always to
be chafed with volatile fpirits ; and flimulating powders, as that of tobacco or mar-
joram, may be blown up the nofirils. To renew the breathing, a ftrong perfon may
blow his own breath into the patient's mouth with all the force he can, holding his
noftrils at the fame time. When it can be perceived, by the rifing of the cheft or

belly.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 197

belly, that the lungs are filled with air, the perfon bught to defift from blowing, and
fhould prefs the breaft and belly fo as to expel the air again j and this operation may
be repeated for fome time, alternately inflating and deprefling the lungs fo as to imi-
tate natural refpiration. If the lungs cannot be inflated in this manner, it may be
attempted by blowing through one of the noltriis, and at the fame timekeeping the
other clofe. When air cannot be forced into the cheft by the mouth or nofe, it may
be neceflary to make an opening into the wind- pipe for this purpofe. It is needlefs»
however, to fpend time in defcribing this operation, as it fliould not be attempted
unlefs by perfons Skilled in furgery. To ftimuiate the intcftines, the fume of to-
bacco may be thrown up in form of a clyfter. There are various pieces of apparatus
contrived for this purpofe, which may be ufed when at hand j but where thefe
canaot be obtained, the bufinefs may be done by a common tobacco-pipe. The
bowl of the pipe muft be filled with tobacco well kindled, and, after the fmall tube
has been introduced into the fundament, the fmoke may be forced up by blowing
through a piece of paper full of holes wrapped round the mouth of the pipe, or by
blowing through an empty pipe, the mouth of which is applied clofe to that of the
other. While thefe things are doing, fome of the attendants ought to be preparing
a warm bath, into which the perfon fliould be put, if the above endeavours proVe
ineflfedual. Where there are no conveniencies for ufing the warm bath, the body
may be covered with warm fait, fand, afties, grains, or fuch-like. Tiflbt mentions
an infliance of a girl who was reftored to life, after flie had been taken out of the
water, fwelled, bloated, and to all appearance dead, by laying her naked body upon
hot aflies, covering her with others equally hot, putting a bonnet round her head
and a fliocking round her neck fl:ufFed with the fame, and heaping coverings over all.
After flie had remained half an hour in this fituation, her pulfe returned, flie re-
covered fpeech, and cried out, I freeze, I freeze ! A little cherry-brandy was given
her, and flie remained buried as it were under the aflies for eight hours ; afterwards
fhe was taken out, without any other complaint except that of laflitude or weari-
nefs, which went oflF in a few days. The dodlor mentions likewife an inftance of a
man who was refl:ored to life after he had remained fix hours under water, by the
heat of a dunghill. Till the patient fliews fome figns of life, and is able tO fwallow,
it would be ufelefs and even dangerous to pour liquors into his mouth. His lips,
however, and tongue, may be frequently wet with a feather dipped in warm brandy,
or other ftrong fpirits; and, as foon as he has recovered the power of fwallowing, a
little warm wine, or fome other cordial, ought every now and then to be adminif-
tered. We are by no means to difcontinue our aflifl:ance, as foon as the patients dif-
cover fome tokens of life, fince they fometimes expire after thefe firfl: appearances
of recovering. The warm and ftimulating applications are ftill to be continued,
39. * 3 ^ aad

,9^ CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

and fmall quantities of fome cordial ought frequently to be adminiftered. Laftly,
though the perfon fhould be manifeftly re-animated, there fometimes remain an
oppreflion, a cough, and feverifhnefs, which efFecftually conftitute a difeafe. In this
cafe, it will be necefTary to bleed the patient In the arm, and to caufe him to drink
plentifully of barley-water, elder-flower tea, or any other foft peroral infufions.
Such perfons as have the misfortune to be deprived of the appearance of life by a
fall, a blow, fufFocation, or the like, muft be treated nearly in the fame manner as
thofe who have been for fome time under water.

Of convulsion FITS.

CONVULSION fits often conftitute the laft fcence of acute or chronic difor-
ders. When this is the cafe, there can remain but fmall hopes of the patient's re-
covery after expiring in a fit. But when a perfon, who appears to be in perfect
health, is fuddenly feized with a coavulfion fit, and feems to expire, fome attempts
ought always to be made to reftore him to life. Infants are moft liable to convul-
fions, and are often carried off very fuddenly by one or more fits about the time oi
teething. There are many well-authenticated accounts of infants having been re-
ftored to life, after they had to all appearance expired in convulfions j but we fhall
only relate the following inftance mentioned by Dr. Johnfon in his pamphlet on the
pradticability of recovering perfons vifibly dead : In the pariftiof St. Clements, at
Colchefter» a child of fix months old, lying upon its mother's lap, havijig had the
breaft, was feized with a ftrong convulfion fit, which lafted fo long, and ended with
fo total a privation of motion of the body, lungs, and pulfe, that it was deemed
abfolutely dead. It was accordingly ftripped, laid out, the pafling-beil ordered to
be tolled, and a coffin to be made ; but a neighbouring gentlewoman who ufed to
admire the child, hearing of its fudden death, haftened to the houfe, and upon exa-
mining the child found it not cold, its joints limber, and fancied that a glafs fhe
held to its mouth and nofe was a little damped with the breath ; upon which fhe
took the child in her lap, fat down before the fire, rubbed it, and kept it in gentle
agitation. In a quarter of an hour fhe felt the heart begin to beat faintly ; fhe then
put a little of the mother's milk into its mouth, continued to rub its palms and
foles, found the child begin to move, and the milk was fwallowed ; and in another
<|uarter of an hour fhe had the fatisfadtion of reftoring to its difconfolate mother the
babe quite recovered, eager to lay hold of the breaft, and able to fuck again. The
child throve, had no more fils, is grown up, and at prefent alive. There are many
other things which might be done, in cafe the above fhould not fucceed ; as rubbing
the body with ftrong fpirits, covering it with warm aflies or fait, blowing air into
the lungs, throwing up warm ftimulating clyfters, or the fmoke of tobacco, into

2 the

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 199

the inteftines, and fuch like. When children are dead born, or expire foon after
the birth, the fame means ought to be ufed for their recovery as if they had expired
in circumftances fmiilar to thofe juft mentioned. Thcfe directions may likewife be
extended to aduUs, attention being always paid to the age and other circum-
ftances of the patient. The means ufed with fo much efficacy in recovering
drowned perfons are, with equal fuccefs, applicable to a number of cafes where the
power;- of life feem in reality to be only fufpended, and to remain capable of renew-
ing all their funftions, on being put into motion again. It is ftiocking to refleft,
that for want of this confideration many perfons have been committed to the grave,
in whom the principles of life might have been revived. The cafes wherein fuch
endeavours are moft likely to be attended with fuccefs, are all thofe called fudden
deaths from an invifible caufc, as apoplexies, hyfterics, faintings, and many other
diforders wherein perfons in a moment fink down and expire. The various cafual-
ties in which they may be tried are, fufFocations, from the fulphurcous damps of
mines, coal-pits, &c. the unwholefome air of long-unopened wells or caverns j the
noxious vapours arifing from fermenting liquors; the fteams of burning charcoal ;
fulphureous mineral acids;, arfenical effluvia, &c. The various accidents of drown-
ing, ftrangling, and apparent deaths, by blows, falls, hunger, cold, &c. likewife
furnifh opportunities of trying fuch endeavours. Thofe perhaps who to appear-
ance are killed by lightning, or by any violent agitation of the paffions, as fear, joy,,
furprife, and fuch-hke, might alfo be frequently recovered by the ufe of proper
means, as blowing ftrongly Into their lungs, &cc.

Of cold bathing.

IMMERSION In cold water Is a cuftom which lays claim to the moft remote
antiquity : Indeed it muft have been coeval with man himfelf. The neceflity of
water for the purpofe of cleanlinefs, and the pleafure arifing from its application to
the body in hot countries, muft very early have recommended it to the human fpe-
cies. Even the example of other animals was fufficient to give the hint to man. By
inftind: many of them are led to apply cold water in this manner ; and fome, when
deprived of its ufe, have been known to languifti, and even to die. But whether the
pradlce of cold bathing arofe from neceflity, reafoning, or imitation, is an inquiry of
no importance; our bufinefs Is to point out the advantages which may be derived
from it, and to guard people againft an Improper ufe of It. The cold bath recom-
mends itfelf in a variety of cafes ; and is peculiarly beneficial to the Inhabitants of
populous cities, who indulge in Idlenefs, and lead fedentary lives. In perfons of this
defcrlption the adion of the folids is always too weak, which Induces a languid
circulation, a crude indlgefted mafs of humours, and obftruilions in the capillary

veflels

aoo CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

veflels and glandular fyftem. Cold water, from its gravity, as well as its tonic power,
is well calculated either to obviate or remove thefe fymptoms. It accelerates the
motion of the blood, promotes the different fecretions, and gives permanent vigour
to the folids. But all thefe important purpofes will be more effentialjy anfwered by
the application of fait water. This ought not only to be preferred on account of
its fuperior gravity, but likewife for its greater power of ftimulating the fkin, which
promotes the perfpiration, and prevents the patient from catching cold. It is ne-
cefTary, however, to obferve, that cold bathing is more likely to prevent, than to
remove, obftrudions of the glandular or lymphatic fyftem. Indeed, when thefe
have arrived at a certain pitch, they are not to be removed by any means. In this
cafe the cold bath will only aggravate the fymptoms, and hurry the unhappy patient
into an untimely grave. It is therefore of the utmoft importance, previous to the
patient's entering upon the ufe of the cold bath, to determine whether or not he la-
bours under any obftinate obftrudtions of the lungs or other vijcera ; and, where
this is the cafe, cold bathing ought ftridly to be prohibited. In what is called a
plethoric ftate, or too great a fulnefs of the body, it is likewife dangerous to ufe the
cold bath, without due preparation. In this cafe there is great danger of burfting a
blood-veflel, or occafioning an inflammation of the brain, or fome of the vijcera.
This precaution is the more neceflary to citizens, as moft of them live full, and are
of a grofs habit. Yet, what is very remarkable, thefe people refort in crouds every
feafon to the fea- fide, and plunge in the water without the leaft confideration. No
doubt they often efcape with impunity ; but does this give a famftion to the praftice ?
Perfons of this defcription ought by no means to bathe, unlefs the body has been
previoufly prepared by fuitable evacuations. Another clafs of patients, who ftand
peculiarly in need of the bracing qualities of cold water, is the nervous. This in-
cludes a great number of the male, and almoft all the female, inhabitants of great
cities. Yet even thofe perfons ought to be cautious in ufing the cold bath. Ner-
vous people have often weak bowels, and may, as well as others, be fubjeft to con-
geftions and obftrucftions of the vijcera \ and in this cafe they will not be able to bear
the eifecfls of the cold\vater. For them, therefore, and indeed for all delicate people,
the beft plan would be to accuftom themfelves to it by the moft pleafing and gentle
degrees. They ought to begin with the temperate bath, and gradually ufe it cooler,
till at length the coldeft proves quite agreeable. Nature revolts againft all great
tranfitionsj and thofe who do violence to her didlates have often caufeto repent of
their temerity. To young people, and particularly to children, cold bathing is of
the laft importance. Their lax fibres render its tonic powers peculiarly proper. It
promotes their growth, increafes their ftrength, and prevents a variety of difeafes
incident to childhood. The moft proper time of the day for ufing the cold bath is

no

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 201

no doubt the morning, or at lenft before dinner ; and the beil mode, that of quick
immerfion. As cold bathing has a conflant tendency to propel the blood and other
humours towards the head, it ought to be a rule always to wet that part as foon as
poirible. By due attention to this circumftance, there is reafon to believe, that vio-
lent head-achs, and other complaints, which frequently proceed from cold bathinsr,
might be often prevented. The cold bath, when too long continued in, not only
occalions an eKceflivc flux of humours towards the head, but chills the blood,
cramps the mufcles, relaxes the nerves, and wholly defeats the intentions of bathing.
Hence, by not adverting to this circumftance, expert fwimmers are often injured,
and fometinrtes even lofe their lives. All the beneficial purpofes of cold bathing
are anfvvered by one fingle immerfion ; and the patient ought to be rubbed dry the
moment he comes out of the water, and fiiould continue to take exercife for fome
time after. When cold bathing occafions chilnefs, lofs of appetite, liftlefTnefj, pain
of the breaft or bowels, a proftration of ftrength, or violent head-achs, it ought to
be difcontinued.

Of drinking the MINERAL WATERS.

THE waters moft in ufe for medical purpofes in Britain, are thofe impregnated
with falts, fulphur, iron, and raephitic air, either feparately, or varioufly combined.
The errors which fo often defeat the intention of drinking the purgative mineral
waters, and which fo frequently prove injurious to the patient, proceed from the
manner of ufing them, the quantity taken, the regimen purfued, or ufing them in
cafes where they are not proper. Drinking the water in too great quantity, not only
injures the bowels and occafions Indigeftion, but generally defeats the intention for
which it is taken. The difeafes for the cure of which mineral waters are chiefly
celebrated, are moflily of the chronic kind ; and it is well known that fuch difeafes
can only be cured by the flow operation of alteratives, or fuch medicines as a6t by
inducing a gradual change in the habit. This requires length of time, and never
can be effected by medicines which run off by ftool, and operate chiefly on the firft
paflages. Thofe who wifli for the cure of any obfl:Inate malady from the mineral
waters, ouG;ht to take them in fuch a manner as hardly to produce any effed what-
ever on the bowels. With this view a half-pint glafs may be drunk at bed-time,
and the fame quantity an hour before breakfaft, dinner, and fupper. The dofe,
however, muft vary according to clrcumfl:ances. Even the quantity mentioned
above will purge fome perfons, while others will drink twice as much without being
in the leaft moved by it. Its operation on the bowels is the only ftandard for ufing
the water as an alterative. No more ought to be taken than barely to move the
body ; nor is it always neceflary to carry it this length, provided the water goes off

39^ 3 ^ by

coa CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

by the other emuniflories, and does not occafion a chilnefs, or flatulency in the (\o-
mach or bowels. When the water is intended to purge, the quantity mentioned.
above may be all taken before breakfaft. To promote the operation of mineral
waters, and to carry them through the fyftem, exercife is indifpenfably necefiary.
This may be taken in any manner that is moft agreeable to the patient, but he
ought never to carry it to excefs. As a purgative, thefe waters are chiefly recom-
mended in difeafes of the firft pafiages, accompanied with, or proceeding from, in-
aftivity of theftomach and bowels, acidity, indigeflion, vitiated bile, worms, putrid-
fores, the piles, and jaundice. In moft cafes of this kind, they are the beft medi-
cines that can be adminiftered. But, when ufed with this view, it is fufficient to
take them twice, or at mofl; three times, a week, fo as to move the body three or four
times ; and it will be proper to continue this courfe for fome weeks. But the ope-
ration of the more aftive mineral waters is not confined to the bowels. They often
promote the difcharge of urine, and not unfrequently increafe the perfpiration.
This fhews that they are capable of penetrating into every part of the body, and of
ftimulating the whole fyftem. • Hence arifes their efficacy in removing the moft
obftinate of all diforders, obftruftions of the glandular and lymphatic fyftem. Un-
der this clafs is comprehended the fcrophula or king's evil, indolent tumours, ob-
ftruftions of the liver, fpleen, kidneys, and mefenteric glands. When thefe great
purpofes are to be effeded, the waters muft be ufed in the gradual manner men-
tioned above, and perfifted in for a length of time. It will be proper, however,
now and then to difcontinue their ufe for a few days. The next great clafs of di-
feafes, where mineral waters are found to be beneficial, are thofe of the fkin, as the
itch, fcab, tetters, ring-worms, fcaly eruptions, leprofies, blotches, foul ulcers, &c. .
Though thefe may feem fuperficial, yet they are often the moft obftinate which the
phyfician has to encounter, and not unfrequently fet his flcill at defiance : but they
will fometimes yield to the application of mineral waters for a fufficient length of.
time, and in moft cafes of this kind thefe waters deferve a trial.

Of the VENEREAL DISEASE.

-IT is peculiarly unfortunate for the unhappy perfons who contrad this difeafe, .
that it lies under a fort of difgrace. This renders difguife neceflary, and makes the
patient either conceal his diforder altogether, or apply to thofe who promife a fud-
den and fecret cure ; but who in fad only remove the fymptoms for a time, while
they fix the difeafe deeper in the habit. By this means a flight infedion, which
might have been eafily removed, is often converted into an obftinate, and fometimes
incurable, malady. Another unfavourable circumftance attending this difeafe is,
that it aflumes a variety "of different fhapes, and may with more propriety be called

- . an

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 203

an airemblage of difeafes, than a fingle one. No two difeafes can require a more dif-
ferent method of treatment than this does in its different flages. Hence the folly
and danger of trading to any particular noftrum for the cure of it. Such noftrums
are however generally adminiftered in the fame manner to nil who apply for them,
without the lealt regard to the ftate of the difeafe, the conftitution of the patient,,
the degree of infec^ition, and a thoufand other circumftanccs of the utmoft import-
ance. Though the venereal difeafe is generally the fruit of unlawful embraces, yet it
may be communicated to the innocent as well as the guilty. Infants, nurfes, mid-
wives, and married women whofe hufbands lead difTolute lives, are often affefted
with it, and-frequently lofe their lives by not being aware of their danger in due
time. The unhappy condition of fuch perfons certainly requires that we fhould en-
deavour to point out the fymptoms and cure of this too common difeafe.

Of the virulent GONORRHCEA.

THE virulent gonorrhcea is an involuntary difcharge of infeiftious matter from>
the parts of generation in either fex. It generally makes its appearance within eight.
or ten days after tlie infedlion has been received j fometimes indeed it appears in
two or three days, and at other times not before the end of four or five weeks.
Previous to the difcharge, the patient feels an itching with a fmall degree of pain in
the genitals. Afterwards a thin glary matter begins to diftil trom the urinary paf-
fage, which fiains the linen, and occafions a fmall degree of titillation, particularly
in the time of making water; this, gradually increafing, arifes at length to a degree
of heat and pain, which are chiefly perceived about the extremity of the urinary
paflage, where a flight degree of rednefs and inflammation begin to appear. As the
diforder advances, the pain, heat of urine, and running, increafe, while frefli fymp-
toms daily enfue. In men the eredions become paintul and involuntary, and are
more frequent and lading than when natural. This fymptom is mofl: troublefome
when the patient is warm in bed. The pain, which was at firfl: only perceived to-
wards the extremity, now begins to reach all up the urinary paffage, and is mofl:
intenfe juft after the patient has done making water. The running gradually re- :
cedes from the colour of feed, grows yellow, and at length puts on the appearance
of matter. When the diforder has arrived at its height, all the fymptoms are more .
intenfe; the heat of urine is fo great, that the patient dreads the making water, and,
though he feels a conftant inclination this way, yet it is rendered with the greatefl:
difficulty, and often only by drops : the involuntary ereiftions now become ex-
tremely painful and frequent; there is alfo a pain, heat, and fenfe of fulnefs, about
the feat, and the running is plentiful and fharpj of a brown greenifh, and fometimes
of a. bloody, colour. .

CURE..

.»4 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

CURE, — When a psrfoii has reafoii to fufpefi that he has caught the venereal
jnfedlion, he ought moft ftriftly to obferve a cooling regimen, to avoid every thing
of a heating nature, as wines, fpirituous liquors, rich fauces, fpiced, faked, high-fea-
foned, and fmoke-dried, provifions, &c. as alfo all aromutic and ftimulating vege-
table?, as onions, garlic, fhallot, nutmeg, muftard, cinnamon, mace, ginger, and
fuch-like. His food ought chiefly to confift of mild vegetables, milk, broths,
light puddings, panada, gruels, &c. His drink may be barley-water, milk and
water, decoftioas of marfh-mallows and liquorice, linfeed-tea, or clear whey. Of
thefe he ought to drink plentifully. Violent exercife of all kinds, efpecially riding
on horfeback, and venereal pleafures, are to be avoided. The patient muil: beware
of cold, and, when the inflammation is violent, he ought to keep his bed. A viru-
lent gonorrhoea cannot always be cured fpeedily and effedually at the fame time.
The patient ought therefore not to expeft, nor the phyfieian to promife, it. It will
often continue for two or three weeks, and fometimes for five or fix, even where the
treatment has been very proper. Sometimes indeed a flight infeftion may be carried
off^in a few days, by bathing the parts in warm milk and water, and injecting fre-
quently up the urethra a little fweet oil or linfeed-tea about the warmth of new
jnilk. Should thefe not fucceed in carrying off the infedion, they will at leafl: have
a tendency to lefTen its virulence. To effed a cure, however, aflringent injei^lions
will generally be found neceflary. Thefe may be various ways prepared, but thofe
made with the white vitriol are both niofl; fafe and efficacious. They can be made
ftronger or weaker as circumftances may require, but it is befl: to begin with the
more gentle, and increafe their power If neceflary. A drachm of white vitriol may
be diflblved In eight or nine ounces of common or rofe water, and an ordinary
fyringe full of It thrown up three or four times a-day. If this quantity does not
perform a cure, It may be repeated, and the dofe increafed. Whether Injedions be
ufed or not, cooling purges are always proper in the gonorrhoea. They oun^ht not
however to be of the fl:rong or draftic kind. Whatever ralfes a violent commo-
tion in the body increafes the danger, and tends to drive the difeafe deeper into the
habit. Procuring two or three fliools every fecond or third day for the firfl: fort-
night, and the fame number every fourth or fifth day for the fecond, will generally
be fufficient to remove the Inflammatory fymptoms, to diminilli the running, and
to change the colour and confiftence of the matter, which gradually becomes more
clear and ropy as the virulence abates. When the inflammatory fymptoms run
high, bleeding is always neceflary at the beginning. This operation, as in other topi-
cal inflammations, muft be repeated according to the ftrength and confliitutlon of the
patient, and the vehemence and urgency of the fymptoms. Medicines which pro-
mote the fecrfition of urine are likewife proper in this fl:age of the diforder. For
I this

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 205

this purpofe an ounce of nitre and two ounces of gum-arabic, pounded together,
may be divided into twenty-four dofes, one of which may be taken frequently, in a
cup of the patient's drink. If thcfc /hould make him pafs his urine fo often as to
become troublefome to him, he may either take them lefs frequently, or leave out
the nitre altogether, and take equal parts of gum-arabic and cream of tartar. Thefe
may be pounded together, and a tea-fpoonful'taken in a cup of the patient's drink
four or five times a-day. I have generally found this anfwer extremely well, both
as a diuretic, and for keeping the body gently open. When the pain and inflam-
mation are feated high, towards the neck of the bladder, it will be proper frequently
to throw up an emollient clyfter, which, befides the benefit of procuring ftools, will
ferve as fomentations to the inflamed parts. Soft poultices, when they can be, conve-
niently be applied to the parts, are of great fervice. They may be made of the flour
of Jinfeed, or of wheat-bread and milk, foftened with frefli butter or fweet oil.
Whcn-poultices cannot be conveniently ufed, cloths wrung out of warm water, or
bladders filled with warm milk and water, may be applied. Few things tend more
to keep ofF inflammation in the fpermatic veflels than a proper trufs for the fcrotum.
It ought to be fo contrived as to fupport the tefticles, and iTiould be worn from the
firfl: appearance of the difeafe till it has ceafed fome weeks. Many people, on the
firfl: appearance of a gonorrhoea, fly to tlie ufe of mercury. This is a bad plan.
Mercury is often not at all neceflary in a gonorrhoea, and, when taken too early, it
does mifchief. It may be necelTary to complete the cure, but it never can be proper^
at the commencement of it. When bleeding, purging, fomentations, and the other
things recommended above, have cafed the pain, foftened the pulfe, relieved the heat
of urine, and rendered the involuntary eredions lefs frequent, the patient may begin
to ufe mercury in any form that is lead difagreeable to him. If he takes the com-
mon mercurial pill, two at night and one in the morning will be a fuflicient dofe at
firfl:. Should they afFeft the mouth too much, the dofe mufl be leflened -, if not at
all, it may be gradually increafed to five or fix pills in the day. If calomel be
thought preferable, two or three grains of it, formed into a bolus with a little of the
conrferve of hips, may be taken at bed-time, and the dofe gradually increafed to
eight or ten grains. One of the moft common preparations of mercury now in ufe
is the corrofive fublimate. This may be taken in the manner hereafter recommend-
ed under the confirmed lues or pox : it is one of the molt fafe and cflicacious medi-
cines when properly ufed. The above medicines may either be taken every day or
every other day, as the patient is able to bear them. They ought- never to be taken
in fuch quantity to raife a falivation, unlefs in a very flight degree. The difeafe
may be more fafcly, and as certainly, cured without a falivation as with it. When
the mercury runs off by the mouth, it is not fo fuccefsful in carrying ofi^thc difeafe,
39- 3 G at

io5 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

as when it continues longer in the body, and is difcharged gradually. Should the
patient be purged or griped in the night by the mercury, he muft take an infufion of
fenna, or fome other purgative, and drink freely of water-gruel to prevent bloody
ftools, which are very apt to happen fhould the patient catch cold, or if the mercury
has not been duly prepared. When the bowels are weak, and the mercury is apt
to gripe or purge, thefe difagreeable confequences may be prevented by taking, •
wiuh the above pills or bolus, half a drachm or two fcruples of diafcordium, or of
the Japonic confeiflion. To prevent the difagreeable circumftances of the mercury's
affefling the mouth too much, or bringing on a falivation, it may be combined with
purgatives. With this view the hxative mercurial pill has been contrived, the
ufual dofe of which is half a drachm, or three pills, night and morning, to be re-
peated every other day j but the fafer way is for the patient to begin with t\vo, or
even with one, pill, gradually increafing the dofe. To fuch perfons as can neither
fwallow a bolus or a pill, mercury may be given in a liquid form, as it can be fuf-
pended even in a watery vehicle, by means of gum-arabic j which not only ferves
this purpofe, but likewife prevents the mercury from afFefting the mouth, and ren-
ders it in many refpe6ts a better medicine. Take quickfilver one drachm j gum-
arabic reduced to a mucilage in a marble mortar, until the globules of mercury
entirely difappear : afterwards add gradually, ftill continuing the trituration, half
an ounce of balfamic fyrup, and eight ounces of fimple cinnamon-water. Two<
table-fpoonfuls of this folution may be taken night and morning. It happens very
fortunately for thofe who cannot be brought to take mercury inwardly, and likewife
for perfons whofe bowels are too tender to bear it, that an external application of it
anfwers equally well, and, in fome refpefts, better. It muft be acknowledged, that
mercury, taken inwardly for any length of time, greatly weakens and diforders the
bowels; for which reafon, when a plentiful ufe of it becomes neceflary, we would
prefer rubbing to the mercurial pills. The common mercurial or blue ointment
will anfwer very well. Of that which is made by rubbing together equal quan-
tities of hog's-lard and quickfilver, about a drachm may be ufed at a time. The.
beft time for rubbing it on is at night, and the moft proper place is the inner fide of
the thighs. The patient fhould ftand before the fire when he rubs, and ftiouid wear
flannel drawers next his fkin at the time he is ufing the ointment. If ointment of
a weaker or ftronger kind be ufed, the quantity muft be increafed or diminifhed in
proportion. If, during the ufe of the ointment, the inflammation of the genital
parts, together with the heat and feverifhnefs, fhould return, or if the mouth iTiould
grow fore, the gums tender, and the breath become offenfive, a dofe or two of Glau-
ber's falts, or fome other cooling purge, may be taken, and the rubbing intermitted
for. a few days. As foon, however, as the figns of fpitting are gone off, if the viru-

lency

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 207

liency be not quite correded, the ointment muft be repeated, but in fmaUer quanti-
ties, and at longer intervals, than before. Whatever way mercury is adminiftered,
its ufe mufl: be perfifted in as long as any virulency is fufpecfled to remain. When
the above treatment has removed the heat of urine, and forenefs of the genital parts;
when the quantity of running is confiderabiy lefiened, without any pain or fwelling
in the groin or tefticle fupervening; when the patient is free from involuntary erec-
tions ; and laftly, when the running becomes pale, whitifh, thick, void of ill fmell,
and tenacious or ropy; when all or moft of thefe fymptoms appear, the gonorrhoea.
18 arrived at its laft Itage, and we may gradually proceed to treat it as a gleet with-
aftringent and agglutinating medicines.

Of gleets.

A GONORRHOEA frequently repeated, or improperly treated, often ends in a.
gleet, which may either proceed from relaxation, or from feme remains of the dif-
eafe. It is, however, of the greateft importance, in the cure of the gleet, to know from
which of thefe caufes it proceeds. When the difcharge proves very obftinate, and
receives little or no check from aftringent remedies, there is ground to fufpeft that
it is owing to the latter; but, if the drain is inconftant, and is chiefly obfervable
when the patient is ftimulated by lafcivious ideas, or upon {training to go to ftool,
we may reafonably conclude that it is chiefly owing to the former. In the cure of a
gleet proceeding from relaxation, the principal defign is to brace, and reftore a pro-
per degree of tenfion to, the debilitated and relaxed veflels. For this purpofe, be--
fides the medicines recommended in the gonorrhoea, the patient may have recourfe-
to ftronger and more powerful aftringents, as the Peruvian bark, alum, vitriol, galls,
tormentil, biftort, balauftines, tincSure of gum-kino, &c. The injev5lions may be
rendered more aftringent by the addition of a few grains of alum, or increafing the
quantity of vitriol as far as the parts are able to bear it. The laft remedy which w«
ihall mention in this cafe is the cold bath, than which there is not perhaps a more
powerful bracer in the whole compafs of medicine. It ought never to be omitted
in this fpecies of gleet, unlefs there be fomething in the conftitution of the patient
which renders the ufe of it uufafe. The chief objedions to the ufe of the cold bath
are, a full habit, and. an unfound ftate of the vifcera. The danger from the former
may always be Icflened, if not removed, by purging and bleeding; but the latter is
an unfurmountabic obftacle, as the preflure of the water, and the fuddca contrasflion.
of the external vefTels, by throwing the blood with too much force upon the inter-
nal parts, are apt to occafion ruptures of the veffels, or a flux of humours upon
the difcafcd organs. But, where no objcdion of. this kind prevails, the patient
ought to plunge over head in water every morniag fafting, for three or four weeks
I- together. .

-cS CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

together. He fhould not, however, ftay long in the water, and fhould take care t»
have his (kin dried as foon as he comes out. The regimen proper in this cafe is the
Cime as was mentioned in the laft ftage of the gonorrhoea : the diet muft be drying
and aftringent, and the drink, Spa, Pyrmont, or Briftol, waters, with which a little
claret or red wine may fometimes be mixed. Any perfon may now afford to drink
thefe waters, as they can every where be prepared at almoft no expence, by a mix-
ture of common chalk and oil of vitriol. When the gleet does not yield to thefe
medicines, there is reafon to fufped that it proceeds from ulcers. In this cafe, re-
courfe muft be had to mercury, and fuch medicines as tend to corredl any predomi-
nant acrimony with which the juices may be affefled, as the decodion of china, far-
faparilla, faffafras, or the like. The beft remedy for the cure of ulcers in the uri-
nary paflage, are the fuppurating candles or bougies j as thefe are prepared various
ways, and are generally to be bought ready-made, it is ncedlefs to fpend time in
enumerating the different ingredients of which they are compofed, or teaching the
manner of preparing them : before a bougie be introduced into the urethra, how-
ever, it fhould be fmeared all over with fweetoil, to prevent it from ftimulatingtoo >'
fuddenly j it may be fuffered to continue in from one to feven or eighe'h6ut:s/;.^c- ^"^
cording as the patient can.be^f it. Obftinate ulcers are nofbhly-often healed, but
tumours and excrefcences in the urinary paffages taken away, and an obftrudion of
urine removed, by means of bougies-

Of theSWELLED TESTICLE.

THE fwelled tefticle may either proceed from infedion lately contrafled, or from
the venereal poifon lurking in the blood; the latter indeed is not very common,
but the former frequently happens both in the firft and fecond ftages of a go-
norrhoea} particularly when the running is unfeafonably checked, by cold, hard
drinking, ftrong draftic purges, violent exercife, the too early ufe of aftringent me-
dicines, or the like. In the inflammatory ftage bleeding is neceflary, which muft be
repeated according to the urgency of the fymptoms. The food muft be light, and
the drink diluting. High-feafoned food, flefti, wines, and every thing of a heating
nature, are to be avoided. Fomentations are of fingular fervice. Poultices of
bread and milk, foftened with frefti butter or oil, are likewife very proper, and
ought conftantly to be applied when the patient is in bed : when he is up, the tef-
ticle fliould be kept warm, and fupported by a bag or trufs, which may eafily be
contrived in fuch a manner as to prevent the weight of the tefticle from having any • •
effed. If it ftiould be found impradicable to clear the tefticle by the cooling regi-
men now pointed out, and extended according to circumftances, it will be neceftary
to lead the patient through fuch a complete anti-venereal courfe as ftiall enfure him

againft

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 209

af^aiiid any future uneafinefs. For this purpofe, befidcs rubbing the mercurial
ointment on thepp.rt, if free from pain, or on the thighs, as dirctfted in the goiiorr-
ha:a, the patient muft be confined to bed, if neceflary, for five or fix weeks, fufpend-
ing the tefticle all the while with a bag or trufs, and plying him inwardly with
ftrong decodions of farfaparilla. When thefe means do not fiicceed, and there is
reafon to fiifpeft a fcrophulous or cancerous habit, either of which may fupport a
fchirrhous induration, after the venereal poifon is correfled, the parts fhould be fo-
mented daily with a decoilion of hernlock, the bruifed leaves of which may likevvife
be added to the poultice, and the extrad at the fame time taken inwardly. By this
method, difoafed tellicles of two or three years {landing, even when ulcerated, and
affedeJ with pricking and hmcing pains, have been completely cured.

OfBUBOES.

VENEREAL buboes are hard tumours feated in the groin, occafioned by the
venereal poifon lodged in this part. They are of two kinds ; viz. fuch as proceed
from a recent infedion, and fuch as accompany a confirmed lues. The cure of re-
cent buboes, that is, fuch as appear foon after impure coition, may be firft attempted
'by difperfion, and, if that fhould not fucceed, by fuppuration. To promote the
difperfion of a bubce, the fame regimen muft be obfcrvcd as was directed in the firft
ftage of a gonorrhcea. The patient muft likewife be bled, and take fonie coolinfr
purges, as the dccodion of tamarinds and fenna, Glauber's falts, and the like. If,
by this courfc, the fwelling and other inflammatory fymptoms abate, we may fafelv
proceed to the ufe of mercury, which muft be continued till the venereal virus is
quite fubdued. But, if the buboe ftiould, from the beginning, be attended with
great heat, pain, and pulfation, it will be proper to promote its fuppuration. For
this purpofe the patient may be allowed to ufe his ordinary diet, and to take now
and then a glafs of wine. Emollient cataplafms, confifting of bread and milk
foftened with oil or frefh butter, may be applied to the part; and, in cold conftitu-
tions, where the tumour advances flowly, white-lily roots boiled, or fliced onions
raw, and a fufficient quantity of yellow bafilicon, may be added to the poultice.
When the tumour is ripe, which may be known by its conical figure, the foftnc/s
of the fkin, and a fluduation of matter plainly to be felt under the finger, it may
be opened either by cauftic or a lancet, and afterwards drefled with digeftive oint-
ment. It fometimes, however, happens that buboes can neither be difperfed nor
brought to a fuppuration, but remain hard indolent tumours. In this cafe the in-
durated glands muft be confumed by cauftic -, if they ftiould become fchirrhous,
they muft be diflblved by the application of hemlock, both externally and inter-
nally, as direJtcd in the fchirrhous teftide.

39- 3^ Of

«io CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Of chancres.

CHANCRES are fiiperficial, callous, eating, ulc,ers; which may happen either
with or without a gonorrhoea. They are commonly ftated about the gl;ins, and
make their appearance in the following manner: firft a little red pimple arifes,
which foon becomes pointed at top, and is filled with a whitifh matter inclining to
vellow. This pimple is hot, and itches generally before it breaks : afterwards it
def^enerates into an obftinate ulcer, the bottom of which is ufually covered with a
vifcid' mucus, and whofe edges gradually become hard and callous. Sometimes the
firft appearance refembles a fimple excoriation of the cuticle ; which, however, if
the cafe be venereal, foon becomes a true chancre. A chancre is fometimes a
primary afFeftion, but it is much oftener fymptomatic, and is the mark of a con-
firmed lues. Primary chancres difcover themfelves foon after impure coition, and
are generally feated in parts covered with a thin cuticle, as the lips, the nipples of
women, the frlans penis of men, &c. When venereal ulcers are feated in the lips, the
infeaion may be communicated by kiffing. When a chancre appears foon after
impure coition, its treatment is nearly fimilar to that of the virulent gonorrhoea..
The patient muft obferve the cooling regimen, lofe a little blood, and take fome
gentle dofes of falts and manna. The parts afFeded ought frequently to be bathed,,
or rather foaked, in warm milk and water, and, if the inflammation be great, an
emollient poultice or cataplafm may be applied to them. This courfe will, in moft
cafes, be fufficient to abate the inflammation, and prepare the patient for the ufe oF
mercun-. Symptomatic chancres are commonly accompanied with ulcers in the-
throat, nofturnal pains, fcurfy eruptions about the roots of the hair, and other fy.mp-
toms of a confirmed lues. Though they may be feated in any of the parts mention--
ed above, they commonly appear upon the private parts, or the infide of the thigh.
They are alfo lefs painful, bat frequently much larger and harder, than primary
chancres. This diforder is ufually attended with a fl;ranguary or obftruftion of urine, .
a phymofis, &c. A fl:ranguary may be occafioned either by a fpafmodic conftriftion, .
or an inflammation of the urethra and parts about the.neck of the bladder. In the
former cafe,' the patient begins to void his urine v.ith tolerable eafe; but, as foon>
as it touches the galled or inflamed urethra, a fudden conftridion take place, and the
urine is voided by fpirts, and fometimes by drops only. When the flranguary is^
owinor to an inflammation about the neck of the bladder, there is a conftant heat and
uneafinefs of the part, a perpetual defire to make water, while the patient can only
render a few drops, and a troublefome tenefmus, or conftant inclination to go to ftool.
When the ftranguary is owing to fpafm, fuch medicines as tend to dilute and blunt
the falts of tlie urine will be proper. For this purpofe, befides the common diluting

liquors,,

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 211

liquors, foft and cooling emulftons, fweetened with the fyrup of poppies, maybe ufed.
Should thefe not have the defired effeft, bleeding, and emollient fomentations, will
be neceflary.. When the compiaint is evidently owing to an inflammation about
the neck of the bladder, bleeding muft be more liberally performed, and repeated
according to the urgency of the fymptoms. After bleeding, if the ftranguary ftill •
continues, foft clyfters, with a proper quantity of laudanum in them, may be ad-
miniftere.1, and emollient fomeiitations applied to the region of the bladder. At the
feme time, the patient may take every four hours a teacup-full of barley-water, to an
Er.glifli pint of which fix ounces of the fyrup of marfli- mallows, four ounces of the
oil of fweet-almonds, and half an ounce of nitre, may be added. If thefe remedies
/lou'd not relieve the complaint, r.nd a total fuppreflion of urine Oiould come on,
Liccding mud be repeated, and the patient fet in a warm bath up to the middle. It
vill be j)roper, in this cafe, to difcontinue the diuretics, and to draw off the water
with a catheter; but, as the patient is feldom able to bear its being introduced, we
would rather recommend the ufe of mild bougies. Thefe often lubricate the paf-
fage, and greatly ficilitate the difcharge of urine. Whenever they begin to ftimu-
late or give any uneafinefs, they may be withdrawn. Thephymofis is fuch a con-
ftridion of the prepuce over the glans as hinders it from being drawn backwards;
the paraphymofis, on the contrary, is fuch a conftridion of the prepuce behind the
glans as hinders it from being brought forwards. The treatment of thefe fymptoms
is fo nearly the fame with that of the virulent gonorrhoei, that we have no occafion
to enlarge upon it. In general, bleeding, purging, poultices, and emollient fomen-
tations, are fufficient. Should thefe, hov.ever, fail of removing the ftrifture, and
the parts be threatened with a mortitication, twenty or thirty grains of ipecacuanha,
and one grain of emetic tartar, may be given for a vomit, and may be worked off
with warm water and thin gruel. It fometimes happens, that, in fpite of all ■endea-
vours to the contrary, the inflammation goes on, and fymptoms of a beginning
mortification appear. Whai this is the cafe, the prepuce muft be fcarified with a.
lancet, and, if nectrflary, divided, in order to prevent a ftrangulation,. and fet the ira-
prifoned glans at liberty. We (hall not defcribe the manner of performing this
operation, as it ought always to be done by a furgeon. When a mortification has
adiually taken place, it will be neceflary, befides performing the above operations,
to foment the parts frequently with cloths wrung out of a ftrongdecodion of camo-
mile flowers and bark, and to give the patient a drachm of the bark in powder every
two or three hours. With regard to die priapifm, chordee, and other diftortions of
the penis, their treatment is no way difi^ercnt from that of the gonorrhoea. When
ihey prove very troublefome, the patient may take a few d-^ops of laudanum at
night, efpecially after, the operation of a purgative through the day.

I. Op

aia CULPEPER'3 ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Of a confirmed LUES.

THE rymptoms of a confirmed lues are, buboes in the groin, pains of the head
:and joints, which are peculiarly troublefome in the night, or when the patient is
warm In bed; fcabs and fcurfs in various parts of the body, efpecialiy on the head,
of a yellovvifn colour, refembling a honey-cortib; corroding ulcers in various parts
of the body, which generally begin about the throat, from whence they creep gra-
dually, by the palate, towards the cartilage of the nofe, which they deftroy; excref-
cences or exeftofes arife in the middle of the bones, and their fpongy ends become
brittle, and break upon the leaf! accident; at other times, they are (oft, and bend
like wax; the conglobate glands become hard and callous, and form, in the neck,
armpits, groin, and mefentery, hard moveable tumours, Hke the king's evil; tu-
mours of different kinds are likewife formed in the lymphatic vefiels, tendons,
ligaments, and nerves, as the gummata, ganglia, nodes, tophs, &c. the eyes are
afFed:ed with itching, pain, rednefs, and fometimes v/ith total blindnefs, and the
ears with a finging noife, pain, and deafnefs, vvhilft their internal fubftance is exul-
cerated and rendered carious; at length all the animal, vital, and natural, func-
tions, are depraved ; the face becomes pale and livid; the body emaciated and
unfit for motion, and the miferable patient falls into an atrophy or wafting confump-
tion. Women hav(^ fymptoms peculiar to the fex; as cancers of the breafl, a fup-
prefTion or overflowing of the menfes, the whites, hyfteric affe61-io:is, an inflamma-
tion, abfcefs, fchirrhtjs, gangrene, cancer, or ulcer, of the womb; they are generally
either barren or fubjed to abortion; or, if they bring children into the world,
they Jiave an univerfal eryfipelas, are half rotten, and covered with ulcers. Such is
the catalogue of fymptoms attending this dreadful difeafe in its confirmed ftate.
Indeed they are feldom to be met with in the fame perfon, or at the fame time; fo
many of them, however, are generally prefent as are fufficient to alarm the patient;
and, if he has reafon to fufped: the infedlion is lurking in his body, he ou^ht im-
mediately to fet about the expulfion of it, otherwife the moft tragical confequences
will enfue. The only certain remedy hitherto known in Europe for the cure of
this- difeafe is mercury, which may be ufed in a great variety of forms, with nearly
the fame fuccefs. Some time ago it was reckoned impoffible to cure a confirmed
lues without falivation; this method is now, however, pretty generally laid afide,
and mercury is found to be as efficacious, or rather more fo, in expelling the vene-
real poifon, when adminiftered in fuch a mani^r as not to run off by the falivary
glands. The only chemical preparation of mercury which we fhall take notice of
is the corrofive fublimate. This was fome time ago brought into ufe for the vene-
Fcai difeafe in Germany, by the illuftrious Baron Van Swietenj and was foon after

introduced

I

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. aij:

introduced into Britain by the learned Sir John Pringle, at that time phyfician to
the army. The method of giving it is as follows : one grain of corrofive fublimate js :
diflblved in two ounces of French brandy or malt fpirits ; and of this folutipn, an-
ordinary tablefpoon-full, or the quantity of half an ounce, is to be taken twice a-
day, and to be continued as long as any fymptoms of the difordcr remain. To thofe
whofe ftomach cannot bear the folution, the fublimate may be given in form of
pills. Several roots, woods, and barks, have been recommended for curing the
venereal difeafe ; but, though none of them, when adminiftered alone, have been
found, upon experience, to anfwer the high encomiums which have been beftowed
upon them, yet, when joined with mercury, many of them are found to be very be-
neficial in promoting a cure. The beft we know yet are farfaparilla and the meze-
reon-root, which are powerful afllftants to the fublimate or to any other mercurial.
Thofe who chufe to ufe the mezereon by itfelf, may boil an ounce of the frefh
bark, taken from the root, in twelve Englifh pints of water to eight, adding to-
wards the end an ounce of liquorice. The dofe of this is the fame as of the decoc-
tion of farfaparilla. We have been told that the natives of America cure the vene-
real difeafe, in every ftage, by a decodlion of the root of a plant called the lobelia.
It is ufed either fre/h or dried ; but we have no certain accounts with regard to tha
proportion. Sometimes they mix other roots with it, as thofe of the ranunculus, tho
ceanothus, &c. but whether thefe are defigned to difguife or affift it, is doubtful.'
The patient takes a large draught of the decocftion early in the morning, and conti-
nues to ufe it for his ordinary drink through the day. Many other roots and wood*
are highly extolled for curing the venereal difeafe, as the roots of foap-wort, bur-,
dock, &c. as alfo the wood of guaiacum and faflafras ; but, being particularly
pointed out in the Herbal, we (hall, for the fake of brevity, pafs than over in this
place, with only remarking, that, though we are ftill very much in the dark with re-
gard to the method of curing this difeafe among the natives of America, yet it is
well known, that they do cure it with fpeed, fafety, and fuccefs, by the ufe of vege-
tables only, and that without the leaft knowledge of mercury. Hence it becomes an
objed of confiderable importance to difcover a method of cure in this ifland, by the
ufe of vegetables only, by making trials of all the various plants which are found in
it, and particularly fuch as Culpeper was known to make ufe of with fuch fingular
fuccefs, and which he has diftinguiflied in the Herbal. Indeed there can be no
doubt, but plants of our own growth, were proper pains taken to difcover them,
would be found as efficacious in curing the venereal difeafe here, as thofe of America
there ; for it muft be remembered, that what will cure a patient of the venereal dif-
eafe in one country will not have equal fuccefs if carried into another ; a plain de-
monftration that every country produces that which is moft congenial to the health
of its own native inhabitants.

40. 3 / Mercury

2,4 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Mercury ought not to beadminiftered to women in the menftrual flux, or whefi
the period is near at hand. Neither fhould it be given in the laft ftage of pregnan-
cy. If, however, the woman be not near the time of her dehvery, and circumftances
render it neceflary, mercury may be given, but in fmaller dofes, and at greater in-
tervals than ufual : with thefe precautions, both the mother and child may be cured
at the fame time ; if not, the diforder will at lead be kept from growing worfe, till
the woman be brought to bed, and fufficiently recovered, when a more efFedual
method may be purfued, which, if fhe fuckies her child, will in all probability be
fufficient for the cure of both. Mercury ought always to be adminiftered to in-
fants with the greateft caution. Their tender condition unfits them for fupporting
a falivation, and makes it neceflary to adminifter even the mildeft preparations of
mercury to them with a fparing hand. A fimilar condud is recommended in the-
treatment of old perfons, who have the misfortune to labour under a confirmed
lues. No doubt the infirmities of age muft render people lefs able to undergo the
fatigues of a falivation ; but this, as was formerly obferved, is never neceflary; be-
sides, we have generally found, that mercury had much lefs efFeft upon very old
perfons than on thofe who were younger. The moft proper feafons for entering
upon a courfe of mercury, are the fpring and autumn, when the air is of a moderate-
warmth ; if the circumftances of the cafe, however, will not admit of delay, we muft
not defer the cure on account of thefeafon, but muft adminifter the mercury -, taking
care, at the fame time, to keep the patient's chamber warmer or cooler, according
as the feafon of the year requires. A proper regimen muft be obferved by fuch as
are under a courfe of mercury. Inattention to this not only endangers the patient's
Kfe, but often alfo difappoints him of a cure. A much fmaller quantity of mercury
will be fufficient for the cure of a perfon who lives low, keeps warm, and avoids all
manner of excefs, than of one who cannot endure to put the fmalleft reftraint upon
his appetites : indeed it but rarely happens that fuch are thoroughly cured. There
IS hardly any thing of more importance, either for preventing or removing venereal
infedion, than cleanlinefs. By an early attention to this, the infeftion might often
be prevented from entering the body ; and, where it has already taken place, its
efFedls may be greatly mitigated. The moment any perfon has reafon to fufpe<5l
that he has received the infedlion, he ought to wafti the parts wirh water and fpirits,
fweet oil, or milk and water; a fmall quantity of the laft may likewife be injeded
up the urethra, if it can be conveniently done. Whether this difeafe at firft took its
rife from dirtinefs is hard to fay j but, wherever that prevails, the infection is found
in its greateft degree of virulence, which gives ground to believe that a ftricft atten-
tion to cleanlinefs would go far towards extirpating it altogether.

DISEASED

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. aij

DISEASES OF WOMEN.

IN all civilized nations, women have the management of domeftic afFaIrs; and It
is very proper they fhould, as nature has made them lefs fit for the more aftive and
laborious employments. This indulgence, however, is often carried too far ; and
females, Inftead of being benefited by It, are greatly injured, from the wantof exer-
cife and free air. To be fatisfied of this, one need only compare the frefh and ruddy
looks of a milk- maid with the pale complexion of thofe females whofe whole time
is fpent within doprs. Though nature has made an evident di(l:iii(flion between the
male and female with regard to bodily ftrength and vigour, yet fhe certainly never
meant, either, that the one fhould be always without, or the other always within,
doors. The confinement of females, befides hurting their figure and complexion,
relaxes their folids, weakens their minds, and dlforders all the fundions of the
body. Hence'proceed obftrudions, indigeftion, flatulence, abortions, and the whole
train of nervous diiurders, Thefe not only unfit women for being mothers and
nurfes, but often render them whimfical and ridiculous. A found mind depends (o
much upon a healthy body, that, where the latter Is wanting, the former Is rarely to
be found. Women who are chiefly employed without doors. In the different
branches of hufbandry, gardening, and the like, are almofl as hardy as their huf-
bands, and their children are likew ife flrong and healthy. But, as the bad effeds of
confinement and inadivlty upon both fexes have been already Ihewn, we fhall pro-
ceed to point out thofe circumftances in the ftrudure and defign of females, which
fubjedl them to peculiar difeafes ; the chief of which are, their monthly evacuations,
pregnancy, child-bearing, &c. Thefe indeed cannot properly be called difeafcs,
but, from the delicacy of the fex, and their being often Improperly managed in fuch
fituatlons, they become the fource of numerous calamities.

Or THE MENSTRUAL DISCHARGE.

FEMALES generally begin to menfliruate about the age of fifteen, and leave it
ofF about fifty, which renders thefe two periods the mofl: critical of their lives.
About the firft appearance of this dlfcharge, the conflltution undergoes a very con-
iiderable change, generally indeed for the better, though fometlmes for the worfe.
The greatefl care is therelore neceffary, as the future health and happinefs of the
female depend?. In a great meafure, upon her conduft at this period. It Is the duty
of mothers, and thofe who are Intrufted \n:h the education of girls, to inftruft them
early in the condud and management of themfelves at this critical period of their
Uvea, Falfc modefty, inattention, and Ignorance of what Is beneficial or hurtful at
this time, are the fources of many difeafes and misfortunes in life, which a few fen-

fible

fti6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

fible leflbns from an experienced matron might have prevented. Nor is Care fefii
neceflary in the fubfequent returns of this difcharge. Taking improper food, vio-
lent affedlions of the mind, or catching cold at this period, is often fufficient to ruin
the health, or to render the female ever after incapable of procreation. If a girl
about this time of life be confined to the houfe, kept conflantly fitting, and neither
allowed to romp about, nor employed in any adtive bufinefs, which gives exercife
to the whole body, flie becomes weak; relaxed, and puny j her blood not being duly
prepared, fhe looks pale and wan j her health, fpirits, and vigour, decline, and (he
finks into a valetudinary for life. Such is the fate of numbers of thofe unhappy fe-
males, who, either from too much indulgence, or their own narrow circumftances,
are, at this critical period, denied the benefit of exercife and free air. A lazy indo-
lent difpofition proves likewife very hurtful to girls at this period. One feldom
meets with complaints from obftrudlions amongfir the more aftive and induftrious
part of the fex ; whereas the indolent and lazy are feldom free from them. Thefe
are, in a manner, eat up by the chlorojis, or green ficknejs, and other difeafes of this
nature. We would therefore recommend it to ail who wifh to efcapc thefe calami-
ties, to avoid indolence and inaftivity, as their greateft enemies, and to be as much
abroad in the open air as poflible. After the menfes have once begun to flow, the
greateft care fhould be taken to avoid every thing that may tend to obftrufl them.
Cold is extremely hurtful at this particular period. More of the fex date their dif-
orders from cold, caught while they are out of order, than from all other caufes.
This ought furely to put them upon their guard, and to make them very circum-
fpe(5t in their condudl at fuch times. A degree of cold that will not in the leaft hurt
them at another time, will, at this period, be fufficient to ruin their health and con-
ftitution; therefore, from whatever caufe this flux is obftrufted, except in the ftate
of pregnancy, proper means fliould be immediately ufed to reftore it. But the
menftrual flux may be too great as well as too fmall. When this happens, the pa-
tient becomes weak, the colour pale, the appetite and digeftion are bad, and cedema-
tous fwellings of the feet, dropfies, and confumptions, often enfue. To reftrain the
flux, the patient fliould be kept quiet and eafy both in body and mind. If it be
very violent, flie ought to lie in bed with her head lowj to live upon a cool and
flender diet, as veal or chicken broths with bread; and to drink decodlions of net-
tle-roots, or the greater comfrey. If thefe be not fufficient to ftop the flux, ftronger
aftringents may be ufed, as Japan earth, allum, elixir of vitriol, the Peruvian.bark,
&c. Two drachms of allum and one of Japan earth may be pounded together, and
divided into eight or nine dofes, one of which may be taken three times a-day. Per-
fons whofe fl:omachs cannot bear the allum, may take two tablefpoon-fuUs of the
tindlure of rofes three or four times a-day, to each dofe of which ten drops of lauda-

4V.ND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 217

mim may be added. If thefc fliould fail, half a drachm of the Peruvian bark, ia
powder, with ten drops of the elixir of vitriolj may be taken in a glafs of red wine
four times a day. That period of life at which the menfes ceafe to flow is likewife
very critical to the fex. The ftoppage of any cuftomary evacuations, however fmall,
is fufficljnt to diforder the whole frame, and often to dcftioy life itfclf. Hence it
comes to pafs, that fo many women either f.dl into chronic diforders, or die, about
this time. Such of them, however, as will pcrfevere in taking the Lunar Tindurc
previous to the time their menfes leave them, will become more healthy and hardy
thaii they were before, and enjoy ftrength and vigour to a very great age.

Of the GREEN-SICKNESS.

, THE green-ficknefs is an obftruefllon In the womb-vefTels of younor females,
under or about the time of their courfes beginning to flow. It Is attended with a
vifcldlty of all the juices, a fallow, pale, or greenifh, colour of the face, a difficulty
of breathing, a ficknefs in the flomach at the fight of proper food, and an unnatural
.jdefire of feeding on fuch things as are accounted hurtful, and unfit for nourilhment.
it is alfo called by phyficians the white fever, the love fever, the virgin's difcafe, and
the white jaundice. It fomctimes feems to proceed from an alteration of the fluids
about the time that the menfes firft begin to flow, or from tlie inaptitude of the vef-
fels to perform thofe dlfcharges which nature then calls for. It may alfo proceed
from an obftruftlon in the bowels, or a fluoglfli 'anguid motion of the blood, whe-
ther natural, or acquired by eafe. Indulgence, or want, of exercife : and this latter,
no doubt, is the cafe, when the diftemper happens to very young girls, who are not
capable of fufi^ering any hyfl:eric diforder. Finally, it may proceed from a longing
_defire after the enjoyment of fome particular perfon ; or, in general, from a violent
inclination to exchange a. Angle life for the ftate of matiimony j and, when this Is
the cafe, there is an unlverfal dulnefs and difinclination to exercife, and the patient
complains of a preflure or weight, chiefly about the reins and loins. Upon any
briflc motion come on a difiiculty of breathing, and a tcnfion and quick pulfatlon
of the arteries in the temples, which feem to beat with great violence; aUbaheavy,
and frequently a lading, pain of the head, and palpitation of the heart. The pulfe
is quick and low, attended with a fmall feveriflmefs, and a lofs of the natirral appe-
tite; but chalk, coals, ftoncs, clay, tobacco-pipes, and other things of like unwhole-
fome nature, ought to be kept as much as pofllble out of the patient's way ; for flie
generally has more Inclination to thefe than to a proper diet. The green-ficknefs is
feldom dangerous, though it often proves of long continuance i but when very vio-
lent, and too much negleded, proceeding from a fuppreflion of the monthly courfes,
and attended with the whites, it may in time bring on weaknefles, hard fwellings,
40* 3 ^ Vifi

si« CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

and barrennefs. When it happens fome time before the menfes ought to appear,
and they break forth without obftrudlion, it is ufually cured upon this eruption,
without farther means. If the whites come after the green-ficknefs has been long
fixed, it is held to be a bad fign ; if before, and it happens upon the ftoppage of the.
menftrual flux, it often proves critical : if the courfes flow regularly during the
diftemper, it is accounted a good fymptom, and there is no danger. To forward a
cure, the patient ought to be placed in a thin and clear air, to drink tea, barlcy-
Vater, and other attenuating liquors, warm, and made agreeable to the palate. Her
food fliould be nourifhing, but eafy of digeftion, and not fuch as may inflame,
Moderate exercife every day, fuch as walking, riding, ftirrlng about the houfe, is
very fcrviceable, notwithftanding the difficulty and uneafinefs that attend it, and
flie great antipathy of the patient to any fort of motion. Sleep ought to be mode-
rate, and taken at a due diftance from meals, not till an hour or two, at leaft, after
fupper. Allpaffions of the mind, efpecialiy thofe of melancholy and defpair, arc
iiighly prejudicial i if the difeafe, therefore, be found to proceed from a fettled in-
clination after marriage, the parents of the patient fhould endeavour to provide her
a fuitable match, as the moft efi^eftual cure ; or, if the defire be after a particular
perfon, to let her have him at all events, if they approve her choice. But, if matri-
mony be not judged convenient for her, either on account of youth or for any other
teafon, they muft then have recourfe to medical remedies, according to the following
direflions. If the patient be at all plethoric, that is, if her veins be well ftored with
blood, bleeding will be highly proper to begin the cure j and this is to be fucceeded
by proper purgatives. In fome cafes, efpecialiy when the patient is very young, a
vomit is often fuccefsful, being exhibited before purgation. Thofe cathartics, that
are either mixed along with alterative medicines, or given in fuch quantities as to
jnakc them a£t as alterants, or lie a confiderable time in the body before they ope-
rate, are ufually very efficacious, and in weakly conftitutions preferable to other pur-
gatives. The following will, in general, be found to perform a cure : Take caftor,
(affron, myrrh, black hellebore-root, all in powder, each one drachm; gum-ammo-
niac, one drachm and a half; fait of fl:eel, four fcruples; beft aloes powdered, two
drachms; oil of cinnamon, ^fteen drops; fyrup of the five roots, a fufficient quan-
tity. Make ten pills out of every drachm, of which let five be taken every night,
drinking after them briony-water and penny-royal water, of each two ounces.
Thefe are excellent to warm and comfort the nerves, thin the blood and juices,
«nd caufe them to circulate freely. They muft be continued regularly for ten or
l^velve days. And indeed all cathartics of this nature, that are intended to make an
alteration in the whole animal fyftem, which is often necefl*ary in thefe cafes, muft
^V8 much mor.e time to operate than thofe which are intended only to purge the

inteftines.

A K U F A M r L Y DISPENSATORY. 219

Intcftmes. When the green-fickneft proves obftinate, it is proper to have recourfc
to the cold bath, and to the ufe of mineral waters : or an infufion may be made m
lime-water, with chips of guaiacum, faflafras, faunders, a little gentian and ange-
lica-root, winter-bark, and Roman wormwood ; to which add tindure of fteel, a
fufficient quantity in propoftion to the other ingredients; or infufe filings of fteel
with the woods and roots. This may be drunk inftead of the chalybeate -waters,
and will frequently anfwer the fame purpofe. Decoftions or other preparations of
the Jefuit's bark, with fleel, wine, and tinftures of black hellebore and cinnamon,
being continued a confiderablc time, arcalfo very cfFeitual in lax conftitutions, mid
where the juices are vifcid ; but, when the green-ficknefs is attended with the^whites,
nothing is fo certain a cur€ as the Lunar Tinfture.

Of the FLUOR A LB US, or WHITES.-

THIS difeafe may be caufed by falls, fpraias In the back, purging to excefs, ef-
pecially with mercurials, and when the body is weak and lax ; or it may be the
cfFefts of a venereal infedion, which, though cured, leaves the glands and other
vefTels in a relaxed ftate, which is very difficult to repair. The whites come away
fometimes in a large and fometimes in a fmall quantity 5 and it is obfervable, that
the running generally increafes after violent exercife, and that it is in greateft plenty
at about the middle of the time between the monthly periods : the matter often
proves variable, being fometimes white mixed with yellow, and at others of a thin
waterifh confidence, greenilh, and inclining to black ; (harp, corrofive, of an ill
fmell, occafioning heat of urine, and now and then ulcers. It then caufes great
weakncfs, efpecially in the fmall of the back and the loins; a pale colour in the face,
faintnefs, loathing of food, indigeftion, fwclling of the legs, irregularity in the
courfes. Sometimes it degenerates into a confumption or dropfy, and proves mor-
tal : at others, it caufes incurable barrennefs. The urine, under this diforder, i»
generally vifcid, thick, and flimy, and fometimes appears as if fmall threads were
mixed with it : nor does it fettle fo freely as in other cafes. It has ufually been
thought difficult to diftinguifh the whites from the venereal difeafe ; and fomc
vomen, who have had bad hufbands, have laboured under the latter for a long time
together, imagining it all the while to be only the former : others have miftaken a
running, occafioned by an ulcer in the womb, for that difeafe. Now, as it is highly
neceflary every woman Ihould learn the fymptoms by which thefeare known. afun-
dcr, let it be obferved, that, whenever the courfes come down, the whites always
ceafe, and do not trouble the patient again till the courfes are over ; whereas a ve*
ncreal running remains conftantly upon the patient, appears and does not ceafe du-
ring the monthly difcharges : it is alltr much lefs in quantity thau the whites. As

X to

aao CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

to an ulcer in the womb, it is beft known by the (harp and growing pains that it
occafions in the womb from the very beginning of the difeafe; whereas in the whites,
though fometimes the humour be Co fharp as to caufe great pain, and even an ul-
cer, yet this is not till after they have continued long enough on the patient to be
diftinguifhed by their other fymptoms. The matter that flows from an ulcer is alfo
frequently bloody, which the whites never are. Maids of a weakly conftitution are
often afBided with this diftemper, as well as married women and widows ; and in-
deed there are few of the fair fex, efpccially fucli as ai-e any way fickly, but who have
known it more or lefs, it being ofte'n occasioned by other difeafes. For whatever
difeafe renders the blood poor, foul, or vifcous, and reduces a woman to a languid
condition, is commonly fucceeded by the whites, which, when they come in this
manner, continue to weaken the body more and more, and are in great danger,
without fpeedy remedy, of wearing away the patient, and making her a miferable
viflim to death. Let no woman, therefore, neglefb this diftemper, when (lie finds
it on her, but endeavour to prevent its getting too much a-head. The diet, in the
cure of this diftemper, ought to be nouriftiing, and much the fame with that pre-
fcribed in confumptions, confiftiiig of broths, boiled with fhavings of hartfhorn,
tormentil-root, biftort, comfrey, conferve of red rofes, ifinglafs, red-rofe flowers,
gum-arabic, nutmeg, mace, cinnamon, and other ftrengthening and agglutinating
ingredients. Sago and jellies are alfo ferviceable in this cafe, particularly that of '
hartfhorn. Some drink eyery m.orning, with very good fuccefs, a quarter of an
ounce of ifinglafs, diflblved in a pint of milk, and fweetened with fugar. Exer-
cife fhould be moderate, and taken, as much as can be, in a warm and dry air; and
the continuance of this for fome time, with a milk diet, have been found prevalent,
•when other means, though the beft that could be made ufe of, have failed. Bleed-
ing ought here to be omitted, unlefs the perfon be plethoric, or her monthly courfes
are obftru6led : for it is not proper to weaken her who is already too weak. Pur-
gatives however, are held to be proper, but without calomel, efpecially when the
difeafe is in its infancy, and appears but in fmall quantity. But, when it is of long
Handing, and the matter which flows is thin, difcoioured, and of an ill fmell j if
ulcers are apprehended in the uterus j if any venereal infeftion has preceded, and
part of the virulence is ftill fuppofed to remain, mercurials and other medicines
fuited to virulent cafes are undeniably proper : and the cure here diflPers little from
the cure of the venereal difeafe itfelf, only the purges fliould not be too violent, nor
the calomel given in too large dofes. In fuch cafes, however, a perfev^rance in the
Solar and Lunar Tin<5tures alternately, as prefcribed in the Treatifes round each
bottle, may be depended on as the moft eafy, fafe, fpeedy, and elegant, cure.

Of

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. iii

Of WEAKNESSES contracted before MARRIAGE.

THERE are feme diforders contratlilcd by the fair fex, the caufe, and cure, of
which are of fuch a nature, that for feveral reafons, chiefly through fhame, they are
likely to conceal them, and therefore may fufFer worfe confequences than can here be
defcribed. To tell, in few words, what I mean by fuch difcafes as are contraded,
they are all fuch as the patient, by a criminal indulgence of her pafllons, has herfeif
been inftrumental in caufing. For that many of the fair, efpecially in their younger
years, have fuffered much from a fccret vice, by which they have endeavoured to
procure themfelves thofe pleafurable fenfations which God has ordered to be the
eifedsofa mutual commerce between the fexes, is a matter of late become too noto-
rious to be doubted, and too dreadful in its confequences to be indulged in ; I mean
that abominable vice onanifm, or fecret vencry. And certainly none of them can
take it amifs if, for their advantage, I venture fo far tO' expofe this pradlice, as to
remove the evil confequences of it j and to prevent, as much as poflible, its continu-
ance. The fecret vice before -mentioned is chiefly a fault of the youth of both
fexes J and nothing is of more importance to the prefervation of human-kind in ge-
ral, than the endeavouring to prevent a prai5lice that ftrikes at the very root of
fecundity. Among the motives of this crime of felf-abufe, the three following
have, I think, with a great deal of juftice, been afligned as the principal. Firft, ig.
norance of its nature and confequences. As to its nature, there is no exprefs pro-
hibition of it J and therefore, many may unhappily be induced to imagine, when
either by ill example, their own lafcivious inclinations, or any accidental caufe, they
have been betrayed into an acquaintance with the pradlice of it, that there can be no
harm in procuring to themfelves that fenfation, which, in their prefent circum-
ftances, they cannot otherwife acquire, without a manifeft violation of the national
laws, and the hazard of expofing themfelves to fhame and infamy. If it were not
for this unfortunate miftake, we have little reafon to imagine, that perfons otherwife
pious, and the moft; obfervant of what is feemly in other particulars, would be guilty
of fuch an offence, both againft religion and decency. The cafe of Onan, however,
whom God flew (fee GeneftSj chap, xxxviii. ver. 9.) for thus wickedly defeating the
purpofes of generation, may anfwer the end of a precept, and witnefe the divine ds-
teftation of this kind of undeannefs. Nor is this example Icfs applicable to women
than it is to men, fince we fliall fhew in the. following inftances, that they are as ca^
pable to render themfelves unapt, by fimilar pradices, for the bufinefs of procrea-
tion. And, as to its confequences, they are no lefs fatal to this fex than to the other,
as will be abundantly fhewn in the fame inftances. Thefecrecy with which this
crime may be committed, is a feconJ inducement to it. There muft b© another

40. 5-^ party

2ii C U LP E P E R 's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

party in all other adls of uncleannefs ; but in this, there is neither partaker nor wit-
nefs. And this, above all other motives, feems to have been the moft dangerous to
women in particular, who are naturally more balhful than men, and whom cuftom
alone has precluded from making any advances towards a mutual commerce with
the other fex. Thirdly, there is no fpecinc punifhment to deter from this practice;
but every one, who will, commits it with impunity. Adultery, in many countries,
is punifhed with death : and with us, it fubjefls a man to pecuniary fines, and in-
fli<5ts eternal infamy on the woman who is known to be guilty of it. Even forni-
cation, though regarded with lefs feverity, is yet moft fcandalous to the fair fex in
particular; efpecially when they bring into the world, as the fruit of it, a living wit-
nefs of their crime. But for felf-abufe, there is no infiidion, no other puniftiment,
but felf-confcioufnefs. And indeed, how can there be any other i* The very nature
of it, which renders it fecure againft deteftion, would /ruftrate any provifion that
could be made in this cafe by theJegiflature. And, befides this fecurity from legal
animadverfion, it is fafe from the confequence which fingle women muft fear in their
commerce with men, that of becoming pregnant. I might add, that fome give into
this way out of caution. They are loth to truft their fortunes and prerogatives in
the hands of a man, and therefore will not marry ; and, as to unlawful embraces',
they dare not venture on them for many reafons. But I proceed to fliew, that there
can be no excufe for a praftice, which, befides its wickednefs, is the moft prejudi-
cial that can be to the human conftitution. Its bad effefts on the body are many and
great. If pradifed often, it relaxes and fpoils the retentive faculty. It occafions the
whites in women, and gleets in men. It ruins the complexion, and makes them pale,
fwarthy, and bagged. 'It produces a long train of hyfteric diforders ; and fometimes,
by draining away the radical moifture, induces confumptions. It brings on heats in
the privities, belly, thighs, with fhooting pains In the head, and all over the body.
It fometimes brings on that fatal malady, s. furor titerinus, or, infatiable appetite to
venery. But what it is moft liable to produce is barrennefs, by caufing an indiffer-
ence to the pleafures of Venus, and in time, a total inability or inaptitude to the acfb
of generation itfelf. Virgins, who indulge themfelves over eagerly in this abufe of
their bodies, deflower themfelves, and deftroy the valuable badge of their chaftity,
which it is expedced they lliould not part with before marriage; but which, when
loft, can never be retrieved. With regard to maids, who have hereby deprived them-
felves of that facred badge, the lofs of which, before marriage, was fo feverly punifh-
ed among the Jews; under what apprehenfions muft they continually lie! — with
what terrors muft they approach the marriage-bed, which heaven has defigned for
• the feat of thehigheft fenfible enjoyment !-— when they refledl that their virtue, on
the firft amorous encounter, is liable to fuch fufpicions, as may never be worn ofF,

but

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 223

but which may render uncomfortable the whole life, both of her and herotherwife
afFedionnte hu/band ! But, befides this difgrace, fuppofe women have acftually en-
tered with reputation in all other refpefts on the conjugal ftate, how muft it grieve
them, when they find the ends of it unanfwered, and have room to charge their inap-
titude to procreation on their own fault ! Both hulband and wife, perhaps, may be
paflionately def.rous of ifTue ; and the good man may think it a defeft in himfclf, ■
that their nuptial embraces are perpetually fruitlefs. But where a woman can charge
herfelf with fuch a courfe of felf-abufc, ai; hath fenfibly weakened and debilitated
her organs of generation, hath fhe not all the room in the world to be for ever un-
happy, in the remembrance of her folly and wickednefs ; and to believe, with juftice,
that another woman in her cafe would not be infertile? How much more tormenting
muft it be, if, befides her having rendered inefFeftual the ufe of the marriage-bed, fhe .*'
feels in herfelf no inclination to the enjoyment of ir, and is thereby not only infen-
fiblc as to her own particular, but makes imperfeifl to her hufband that exquifite plea-
fure, which ought to refult from their mutual embraces! Supposing neither of the
aforefaid calamities to befal her, but that (he is capabls-of bringing forth heirs to her
hulband ; yet, if /he is confcious of having weakened her body, and brought on her-
felf a miferable train of pains and infirmities, what anxiety, what remorfe, muft not
a woman endure on that account ! Every guilty female, who finds in herfelf any of
the difmal fymptoms here enumerated, will not readily forget what fenfibly affedts
her; nor will (he eafily forgive herfelf thofe unnatural fallies, whofe fatal confequences
reft heavily upon her, and abridge her of half thofe enjoyments, which her fex, her
conftitution, and the various benefits of nature, had made her capable of partaking.
"What I have already faid, if duly attended to, will be fufficient to render this prac-
tice dctcftablej to deter the young, and hitherto innocent, from making themfelves
miferable, and to ftop the courfe of thofe who have already advanced far in the road
to deftrudion. A fudden and refolute ftand, to all old offenders, is what I would In
the firft place ferloufly advife, as the moft eflential ftep towards reftoring to them-
felves a found conftitution, and that peace of mind which they cannot otherwife enjoy.
There are few cafes fo bad, but what, if taken in any reafonable time, a due regi-
men and the proper ufe of medicines may be effedual in the relief of Let the guilty
refolve then, that they will do fo no more. Let them, as much as poflible, abftain
from every thought, but efpecially from every adion, that may raife irregular defires.
Let them, when any way tempted, refled on the miferable condition of many, who,
in galloping confumptions, have died terrible examples to all thofe who perfift in
this vice. As the moft ufual complaints of thofe who have been guilty of this prac-
tice, regard the weaknefs and infertility of the parts, they muft have recoufe to the
medicines hereafter prefcribcd for barrennefs j but, li a confumptive habit be indu-
ced, then muft the patient be treated as direded under that head.

Oj

ii4 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Of the furor UTERINUS.

THE furor uterinus is fuch a particular complication of hyfterical fymptoms'
from an extraordinary fulnefs or inflammation of the veflels of the womb, as forms
a fort of madnefs, wherein the patient is preternaturally difpofed, or involuntarily
excited, as it were, to venereal embraces. It is a diftemper not very freqnent, but
which fometlmes happens. The figns of it are very manifeft, both by the geftures
of the body and the tendency of the patient's difcourfci which, how great foever
her natural modefty may be, will be extravagantly lewd. The caufes of this difeafe
arc ufually the fame with thofe of other hyfterical diforders j but, by falling on the
organs of generation, are more violent in their effeds. A vigorous, healthy, and
fanguine, conftitution, high feeding, want of exercife, or a mixed converfation, may
difpofe to it: as may alfo too large a dofe of cantharides, and other provocative me-
dicines ; or indulging vehement defires, and too great familiarity, but fhort of en-
joyment, with the other fex. Some time before the fit, the patient often appears
filent and forrowful, with a bafhful, down-caft, look, and an unufual flufhing all
over the face. Her pulfe is irregular, varying from high and ftrong to low and
weak, and then growing ftrong again of a fudden : fhe breathes alfo now thick and
fhort, and then with long intervals, heavit»g it out, as it were, with a figh. Thefe
fymptoms increafe gradually, till the fit aftually comes on: then the patient burfts
out into a fit of crying, when the tears are plentifully ftied; if a man comes in her
way, ftie is apt to lay hold of him, and treat him with indecent fondnefs. In fine,
thofe who labour under this diforder appear to be mad by intervals, and fay and do
a thoufand things which they are unconfcious of when the fit is over. If the fymp-
toms are violent, the fits frequent and of long continuance, and efpeclally if the
patient be of a fanguine conftitution, unmarried, and the cafe originally proceeds
from a fixed amour, it is difficult of cure, and fometlmes degenerates Into a conti-
nued madnefs. But If the diftemper proceeds from an obftruiftlon or fuppreflion of
the monthly courfes, from too great a quantity of blood, or from a too indulgent
life, it is more eafily remedied. The perfon thus afflidled ftiould be removed into
a clear and open air. If fhe be not In fuch already ; and, if fhe be, a change per-
haps may be of fervlce. Her diet fliould be thin and cooling, and not taken in large
quantities : her exercife, between the fits, moderate. Let her be kept, as much as
poflible, from the company of men; and efpecially, if love be the fufpedted caufe,
from that man whom fhe Is known to regard, unlefs It be to bring them entirely to-
gethe, and cure the difeafe by removing its origin. During the fit, bleed direftly,
and that In a confiderable quantity, efpecially If any evacuations have been fup-
prefledi afterwards exhibit the following opiate: Take black-cherry water and

3 • white

AN'D FAMILY DISPENSATORY.- ::25

"whltc-wine vinegar, of each an ounce; camphire half a fcruple; white fugar, two
ounces; liquid laudanum, forty drops: mix them well, for a fingle draught: alfo,
take fpring-water, twelve ounces; lemon-juice and white- wine vinegar, of each one
ounce and a half; white fugar, a fufficicnt quantity to make it palatable : mix them
well, and let her ufe it for common drink. Take milk, half a pint ; tindure of af-
fafcEtida, two ounces ; camphire, fugar of lead, and troches of myrrh, of each two
drachms : mix them, and injed: cold into the privities with a proper inftrument. If
thefe fail of fuccefs, repeat the opiate; and, if the fit ftill increafe, let the patient be
had to the cold bath. Bliftering alfo has been found ferviccabie to fome women.
A whey diet, together with the u:e of the cold bath continued for a month or two,
are excellent ; and, during all this time, clyfters and injedtions may be u fed be-
tween whiles, made according to the form above, without any mixture of more
ftimulating ingredients. When this difeafe degenerates into a madnefs, it muft be
treated accordingly, and the beft advice fliould immediately be had : for, if it re-
mains long in a confirmed ftate, it will feldom admit of a cure.

Of conception or PREGNANCY.

WHEN almighty God created the world, he fo ordered and difpofcd of the
materies niundi, that every thing produced from it rtiould continue fo long as the
world fliould ftand. Not that the fame individual fpecies fhould always remain ;
•for they were in procefs of time to perilh, decay, and return to the earth from
whence they came; but that every like ftiould produce its like, every fpecies pro-
duce its own kind, to prevent a final deftru(5l'on of the fpecies, or the necefTity of a
new creation. For which end he laid down certain regulations, by which each fpe-
cies was to be propagated, preferved, and fupported, till, in order and courfe of time,
they were to be removed hence; for, without that, thofe very beings, which were
created at firft, muft have continued to a final diflblution of all things ; which Al-
mighty God, of his infinite wifdom, did not think fit. But, that he might ftill the
more manifeft his omnipotence, he fet all the engines of his providence to work,
by which oneefFeft was to produce another, by means of certain laws or rules, laid
down for the propagation, maintenance,~^nd fupport, of all created beings. This his
divine providence is called nature, and thefe regulations are called the laws of na-
ture, by which it ever operates in its ordinary courfe, producing conception and
generation of all things, as it were, from the beginning.

The procefs of generation of the human fpecies, fo far as the male contributes to
it, is as follows : the penis being ercded by an effuilon of blood ; the glands at the
fame time tumefied; ajui the nervous papilla^ in the glands much rubbed, and highly
excited, in coition; an ejaculatory contraftion follows, by which the feed is prefted

40.. 3 M . out

1

!•

226 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSfCIAN,

out of the femlnal veficles, and expelled with fome coilfi'dertible force. The procefS
of generation on the part of the female Is thus : the clitoris being erefted, after the
like manner as the penis in the man ; and the neighbouring parts all diftended with
blood J they more adequately embrace the penis in coition ; and, by the intumef-
cence, prefs out a liquor from the glands about the neck of the womb, to flicilitate
the pafTage of the penis. At the fame time, the fibres of the womb, co'ntrafting,
opens its mouth (which at other times is extremely clofe) for the reception of the
finer part of the feed.

From this contaft of the fexes, follows conception, or the producftion of an embryOr *

which is efFefted in the following manner : In the fuperfices of the tefticles or ova-
ries of women there are found little pellucid fpherules, confifting of two concentric
membranes, filled with a lymphatic humour, and connected to the furface of the
evaria, underneath the tegument, by a thick calix, contiguous to the extremities of
the minute ramifications of the Fallopian tubes.. Thefe fpherules, by the ufe of
venery, grow, fwell, raife, and dilate, the membranes of the ovary into the form ofi
papilla; J till the head, propending from the ftalk, is at length feparated from it j
leaving it a hollow cicatrix, in the broken membrane of the ovary ; which, how-
ever, foon grows up again. Now, in thefe fpherules, while ftill adhering to the
ovary, fcetufes have been frequently found : whence it appears, that thefe are a
kind of ova or eggs, deriving their ftrudure from the veflels of the ovary, and their
liquor from the humours prepared therein. Hence, alfo, it appears, that the Fallo-
pian tubes, being fwelled and ftiffened by the adt of venery, with their mufcular
Hmbriae, like fingers, may embrace the ovaries, comprefs them, and by that com-
preflion expand their own mouths: and thus the eggs, now mature, and detached asi
before, may be forced into their cavities j and thence conveyed into the cavity of
the uterus i where they may either be cherifhed and retained, as when they^m^t\
with the male feed; or, if they want that, again expelled. Hence the phasntjmena of
falfe conceptions, abortions, foetufes found in the cavity of the abdomeii,;'the Fallo-
pian tubes, &c. For, in coition, the male feed, abounding with living animal-
cules, agitated with a great force, a brifk heat, and probably with a great quantity
of animal fpirits, is violently impelled through the mouth of the uterus, which on
this occafion is opener, and through the valves of the neck of the uterus, whicl^
on this occafion are laxer than ordinary, into the uterus itfelf ; which now, in like
manner, becomes more aftive, turgid, hot, inflamed, and moiftened with the flux of
its lymph, and fpirits, by means of the titillation excited in the nervous papillas by.
the attrition againft the rugae of the vagina. The femen thus difpofed in the uterus,,
fs retained, heated, and agitated, by the convulfive conftridion of the uterus itfelfj
tillj meeting with the ova, the fineft and moft animated part enters through the di-
lated.

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 227

JateJ pores of the membraiiula of the ovum, now become glandulous, is there re-
tained, nourifhed, dilated, grows to its umbilicus, or navel ; ftifles the other lefs
Kvely animalcules ; and thus is conception effedted.

The egg isi the ovarium of a woman, when impregnated with the male feed, mny
be compared to the fmall round white fpot of the fize of a fmall pea on the yolk of
a hen's egg ; in which fmall part, if it is impregnated, the chicken begins to form,
and which is commonly called the tread ; though this part is always to be found in
the eggs of thofc hens that have not cohabited with the cock, but fmaller, and thefe,
not having received the male feed, produce no chickens. Therefore fince an egg is
fo nearly completed in a hen without communication with a cock, and fince there
are parts in a woman equally adapted for this purpofe ; it may be preftimed, that
the unimpregnated egg of a woman, when it proceeds fiom the ovarium, confitis of
thofe parts v/hich are the rudiments of the foetal part of the placenta, and mem-
branes i and, moft likely, apart, at leaft, of the rudiments of the child itfelfj and
may be called the ovarial portion, which then impregnated by the addition of the
male feed, and afterwards conveyed into the womb, acquires a further addition from
the womb itfelf ; which may be called theuteral portion; but, if not impregnated,
it is difcharged from the womb without any further growth. The firft thing that
appears of a foetus, is the placenta, like a thick cloud, on one fide of the exter-
nal coat of the egg : about the fame time the fpine is grown big enouorh to be
vifible ; and a little after the cerebrum and cerebellum appear like two fmall blad-
ders : next, the eyes ftand prominent in the head : then the punftum fallens, or
pulfation of the heart, is plainly feen. The extremities difcover themfelves laft
of all. The formation of the bones in a fostus is very gradual and regularly per-
formed. In the firft two months there is nothing of a bony nature in the whole j
after this, the hardnefs of the parts where the principal bones are to be fituated be-
comes by degrees perceptible. Dr. Kerkring defcribes the progrefs of the offi.'ica-
tion from fkeletons which he had prepared from foitufes of two months, and thence
up to nine. In the firft two months, or till the end of that time, there appears not
any thing bony ; after this, in the third and fourth months, and fo on, the feverai
parts, one after another, acquire their bony nature. In the firft ftages every thing
is membranous, where the bones are to be -, thefe by degrees tranfmigrate into
cartilages j and from thefe, by the fame fort of change continued, the bones them-
felves are by degrees formed. All this is done by nature, by fuch flow though fuch
certain progreflions, that the niceft eye can never fee it doing, though it eafily fees
it when done.

Though the ftate of pregnancy is not a difeafe, yet it is attended with a variety of
complaints which merit great attention, and often require the afTiftance of medicine.

Some

128 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

Some women indeed are more healthy during their pregnancy than at any other
time; but this is by no means the general cafe : moft of them breed in forrow, and
are frequently indifpofed during the whole time of pregnancy. Few fatal difeafes,
however, happen during that period; and hardly any, except abortion, that can be
called dangerous. Every pregnant woman is more or lefs in danger of abortion.
This fhould be guarded againft with the greateft care, as it not only weakens the
conftitution, but renders the woman liable to the fame misfortune afterwards. A-
bortion may happen in any period of pregnancy, but it is moft common in the fe-
cond or third month ; fometimes however it happens in the fourth or fifth. If it
happens in the firft month, it is iifually called a falfe conception; if after the feventh
month, the child mav be often kept alive by proper care. The common caufes of
abortion are---the death of the child, weaknefs or relaxation of the mother, great
evacuations, violent exercife, jumping or ftepping from an eminence, vomiting,
coughing, convulfion-fits, ftrokes on the belly, falls, fevers, difagreeable fmells,
excefs of blood, indolence, high living or the contrary, violent paffions or affec-
tions of the mind, as fear, grief, &c. When any figns of abortion appear, the
woman ought to be laid in bed on a mattrafs, with her head low. She fhould be
kept quiet, and her mind foothed and comforted. She ought not to be kept too hot, ,
nor to take any thing of a heating nature. Her food (hould confift of broths, rice
and milk, jellies, gruels made of oat-meal, and the like, all of which ought to be
taken cold. If flie be able to bear it, fhe ftiould Jofe, at lead, half a pound of blood
from the arm. Her drink ought to be barley-water, fliarpened with juice of lemon;
or fhe may take half a drachm of powdered nitre, in a cup of water-f^ruel, every
five or fix hours. If the woman be feized with a violent loofenefs, flie ought to
drink the decoflion of calcined hartfhorn prepared. If fhe be affedled with vomit-
ing, let her take frequently two table-fpoonfuls of the faline mixture. In general,
opiates are of fervice, but they fhould always be given with caution. Sanguine ro-
bufl women, who are liable to mifcarry at a certain time of pregnancy, ought always
to be bled a few days before that period arrives. By this means, and obferving the
regimen above prefcribed, they might often efcape that misfortune.

Of CHILD-BIRTH.

THOUGH the management of women in child-bed has been praftifed an an em-
ployment fince the earlieft accounts of time, yet it is flill, in moft countries, on a
very bad footing. Few women think of following this-employmenttill they are re-
duced to the neceffity of doing it for bread. Hence not one in a hundred of them
have any education, or proper knowledge of their bufinefs. It is true, that nature,
if left to herfelf, will generally expel the foetus; but it is equally true, that moft

I wom'^n

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 225

women in child-bed require to be managed with fkill and attention, and that they
are often hurt by the fuperftitious prejudices of ignorant and officious midwives.
The mifchief done in this way is much greater than is generally imagined; mofl:
of which might be prevented by allowing no women to praftife midwifery but fuch
as are properly qualified. Were due attention paid to this, it would not only be
the means of faving many lives, but would prevent the neceHity of employing men
in this indelicate and difigreeable branch of medicine, which is, on many accounts,
more proper for the other for. In order to obtain a pcrfeft idea of the procefs of
delivery, and to form a competent knowledge of difficult child-births, it is ne-
ceflary we fhould firft understand thofe that are natural. The time of the natural
birth is from the 1 5th day of the ninth month to the end of the 30th of the (iime :
yet fome women affirm it may be fooner or later. Hoffman fays, the ufual time
is nine folar months; and Junker, that, excretions fioni the uterus being by women
referred to certain lunar phaft;s, they reckon their going with child by the v/cekf,
and that theyufually exclude the foetus.forty weeks from the time of their beino-
■with child, cotnmonly on that very day they were ufed to have their menfes. When
this time is arrived, which may be known by a remarkable defcent of the womb,
and a fubfidence of the belly, the foetus is mature for delivery; it then turns round,
and its head falls towards the orifice of the womb, as in the annexed plate, where A A
denotes the portion of the chorion difleded and removed from its proper place; B
a portion of the amnios; C C the membrane of the womb difiecfted; D D the pla-
centa endued with many fmall ve/Tels by which the infant receives its nouri/hment;
E E the varication of the veflcls which makes up the navel-ftring; F F the navel-
ftring, by which the umbilical veflels are carried from the placenta into the navel ;
G G the infant as it lieth perfed in the womb ready for delivery ; H the infertion
of the umbilic veflels into the navel of the infant. The orifice of the womb dilates
by the weight and prefllire of the child; and the chorion and amnios, being driven
forward with the waters they contain, form a kind of pouch or bladder a: the
faid orifice; which fhould be fuifered to break of itfelf, or at leaft it ffiould not
be burft till the woman is in labour. There is a flux of whitifli matttfr from the
faid orifice; pains which extend from the loins and groin towards the genital parts :
there is a frequent defire to make water, or a continual inclination to go to flool ;
a flux of the waters from the membranes which contain the child immediately be-
fore the birth, or more early : a trembling of the lower joints ; fometimes the head
achs, and the face looks intenfcly red. In this ftate of things, the midwUe ought to
exainine the flate of the uterus, and, relax the vagina by fome oily and mollifying
remedy, which ought to be kept in readinefsj flie fliould likewife examine by the
touch, with the fore and middle fingers, introducing them from time to time into
41. 3 N th'«-

230 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

tbe orifice of the womb, to difcern whether it be dilated, contraded, or in an oblique-
or ftraight direc'T^ion; from whence a judgment may be formed whether it will come-
eafily, or difficultly, &c. as rcprefented in No. i. of the annexed plate, where A
denotes the uterus ; B B the vagina laid open ; C C the os utei-i 'internum, as yet
contrafted, but in its right fituation; D reprefents the manner of examining the os
uteri with one or more of the fingers, which if obliquely fituated either forwards to-
wards the OS pubis, backwards on the os facrum, or towards either fide, denotes a
difficult delivery. As the infant gradually advances, the above-mentioned protube-

■ ranee continually enlarges the paflage, till the crown of the head may be feltj the
birth is then faid to be advanced one third, and the midwife may now affift the ex-
clufion. When the infant is advanced forward as far as his ears, he is faid to be in
the pafTage, as fhewn in No. 2. of the annexed plate, which reprefents the natural
pofture of the infant in the birth, with its head protruding into the os uteri, under
the arch of the os pubis; A the infant, B B the womb laid open, C C the ofla pubis,

, D D the ofla ifchii, E E the oflailei, F the navel-ftring, G the fecundines adhering
to the womb. If the membranes are not already burft, they may now be opened,
and the waters, by their efFufion, will render the vagina flippery, and promote the
expulfion of the infant. When the child is born, the midwife fhould lay it on her
knees fo as to giveifflie to the waters from the mouth, if any have been imbibed : foon
after, the placenta.appears of itfelf, if not attached to the uterus r ifctherwife, the
midwife muft feparate it gently, by introducing her hand. The navel-ftring muft
now be cut, having firft made a ligature as well on the child's fide as on the mo-
ther's to prevent an haemorrhage. After the child is born, and the after-birth
brought away, let a warm linen cloth be applied to the parts, but not fo as to hin-
der the flowing of the lochia. An hour after, let the mother take a little oil of fweet
almonds, to eafe the after-pains, and let a cataplafin of the oil of fweet almonds two-
ounces and two or three new-laid eggs be boiled together, and laid to the parts, re-
newing it every fix hours, for two days : fifteen days after the birth, the parts may
be bathed with an aftringent deception of red rofes, balauftines, or nut-galls, in red
wine, in order to brace them. If the labour is long and difficult, it will be proper
to bleed, to prevent inflammations, and to give a little Alicant wine, with the addi-
tion of cinnamon, or confeftio alkermes.

A difficult delivery is fometimes brought on by the mother, the midwife, or the.-
foetus. The fault is in the mother, if, when the orifice of the womb is open, and"
the child rightly placed, flie has not ftrength to expel the foetus, efpecially if the wa-
ters are come away, and the pains ceafe j or when the mother will not'exert herfelf;
or there is a natural fault in the genital parts. In a defedb of ftrength or pains, all elfe
being right, a draught of generous wine fhould be given, with cinnamon and mace,

again

AND FA MILT DISPENSATORY. 231

again and again, if the work does not go forward. If there wants a great ftimulus,
borax, cinnamon, or myrrh, may be given, with a proper drink, which muft be re-
peated in an hour or two, if occafion requires. But the abiife of forcing medicines
is dangerous: ftimulating clyfters may hi injected now and then, efpecially if the wo-
man is coftive. The midwife ihould alfo prefs back the os coccygis, which tends
to excite the pains, and to eafe the labour. If the parts are over ftrait, as in the firft
birth, efpecially if the woman is not young, emollient liniments are to be ufed, and
the parts muft be anointed with frefli butter, or oil, and be dilated gently with
tiie fingers. If there is a tumour, caruncle, or membrane, oppofing the birth, a
furgcon's affiftance is required. The midwife is in fault, when flie haflens the la-
bour before the time,, when there are no true pains, when the orifice of the uterus is
;iot open, which alone didinguifnes the true pains from falfe : the true time of birth
murt be waited for: the woman m.uft be compofed, and her fpirits kept up with
comfortable liquors. If the fault is with the fcetus, and the head too large, or the
fliape monftrous, or the fituation preternatural, then forcing medicines are fruitlefs
and noxious ; and the fcetus muft be brought forth by the feet, by a fkilful hand, or
the inftrument called embryulcus, as in No. 9. of the annexed plate, whether alive
or dead. If the feet prefent firft, as in No. 3. the midwife muft be wary, left there
be twins, and left ftie fhould take a foot of each : the feet muft be wrapped in
a dry napkin, and the child muft be drawn gently, till the wafte is in the orifice of
the uterus: then the infant's hands ftiould be drawn clofe by the fides ; and, if the
nofe be towards the os pubis, it ftiould be turned towards the coccyx, to prevent an
obftacle. Then, the orifice muft be dilated with the fingers, and the woman's
throws ftiould aftift the midwife's efforts to educe the child. If the chin is embar-
rafled, the midwife muft difengage it, by putting her finger into the mouth, in order
to turn it to advantage. If the infant's head prefents acrofs, as in No. 4. it muft be
put back, and gently turned to its natural fituation; and if the ftioulder or back
prefents, as in No. 5. and d. the fame art muft be ufed. If the belly, hip, or thigh,
appears firft, as in No. 7. and 8. the child muft be extradted by the feet, and the mo-
ther muft lie horizontally on her back. If one or both hands are direded upwards,
and lie clofe to the head, the cafe is not fo bad as fome apprehend, for they will keep
the orifice dilated, till the head pafles, and prevents ftrangling. If one leg, or the
feet and hands, appear, they muft be returned, and the infant brought forth by the
feet, as in No. 10. and 11. It the infant is dead, there is generally a collapfion of the
abdomen; the breafts are flaccid; the infant bears on the lower part of the pelvis :,
and the child, upon motion, rolls like a lump of lead. The bones of the fkull are
wrapped over one another; an ichorous fymphatic fanics flows from the uterus ;
the mother is fubjeA to fainting. There is no puliation iu the navel-ftring ; it is
I. foft

2^2 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.

. foft and indolent to the touch, and abfolutely deprived of motion. If the placenta
comes firft, and is hot, the child is alive. Above all, if any part of the infant's
body appears, and is full of fmall -veficles, livid, foft, and brittle, it is not only dead,
but beginning to putrefy. In thefc cafes it muft be extradted by the feet, and, if it
cannot be done otherwife, with an inftrument; but a nian-midwife*s affiftance muft
not be negh(5ted. When the fcetus dies before the time of birth, and the membranes
continue v. hole, it will not putrefy; therefore the work niuft be left to nature, for
birth-pains will at length come on fpontaneoufly. If the navel-ftring appears firft,
and is comprefTed foon after by the head of the infant, its life is in danger, and the
remedy is to return the infant, and reduce the cord, till the head fills the orifice ;
but, if this cannot be done, the weman muft be put in a fuitable pofture, and the
child muft be extrafted by the feet. When the placenta preftnts itfelf, which is
known by its fpungy, foft, texture, and the great quantity of blood flowing at the
fame time, it requires fpec-dy afliftance. If the membranes are entire, they ftiould be
broken; the placenta and membranes fhould be reduced into the uterus, ar.d the
child be extracted by the feet; which is more eafily performed in the membranes
than in the uterus, and put into a proper fituation : but, if the placenta is dif n-
oafred from its membranes, and thefe are broke, and the pLiceata, or both, appear
before the infant, they may be brought away firft, and the infant im.mediately after-
wards. When there is a great flux of blood from outward accidents, the infant
fhould be immediately delivered by art, though the mother is not in true labour. If
the uterus is opened, and the vagina relaxed, as in this cafe theycommonly are, the
child muft be extraded by the feet; if not, they muft be mollified with frelh oil,
and the infant delivered as before. After all laborious births, the woman is gcfie-
rally weak, and apt to faint : therefore her fpirits fhould be kept up by a glafs of hot
wine, or analeptic water, which muft be repeated as oft as there is occafion. If, after
the child is born, the placenta docs not foon follow, and it adheres to the womb, the
Vvoman is not to change her poflure immediately, but the mid.vifc's hand is to be
introduced into the womb, as far as the placenta, taking the n:;vel-ftring for a
guide ; and, taking hold of it, fhe is to move it gently to and fro, in order to ioofen
and extrad it. If it adheres too clofely, it is not to be pulled forcibly, or broken :
it will be beft to wait half an hour, keeping the hand in the uterus, for fear of its
clofmg, till it comes away of itfelf, or may be feparated without force, as in No.
12. which exhibits the method of feparating and extrading the placenta from the
womb, when it does not eafily follow the infant. There the navel-ftring A A is
held by the left hand B, while the right hand D is thereby guided in the collapfed
uterus C C to the placenta E, which is hereby feparated from the uterus. If, through
the unfkilfurnefs of the midwife, the orifice of the womb clofes before it is come

awayy

./:.

-«sS^S?gSJ."?»sw.

yy///.v/ ./ •//.' /V./Z/VY./ /■// ,r/'/'^r'r/ rP,ny'/i/rrn^

/;,,'/ ■■/■■'.'■//I ■

jyoM./li-fi-

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ajj

away, aloetic pills muft be taken every evening. If it putrefies, the patient dies, or
fiills into dangerous fevers. After delivery, the woman fhculd be put into bed, and
-a folded flieet put under her hips, in order to receive the lochia. Warm linen
fhould be applied to the genital parts, to keep out the air, and a comprefs, dipped
in warm wine, fhould be applied to the belly, but not too tight. If there are violent
pains after delivery, they generally proceed from the after-birth's being retained, or
part of it; from blood clotted, or concreted, in the uterus; from hard labour; from a
defed in the flux of the lochia ; or from wind, efpecially if the woman has not been
fwathed in a proper way. In this cafe, hot diluents are proper, or an infufion of ca-
momile-flowers, drunk as tea, or broths with carraway-feeds ; or wormwood, or
thin orange-peel one ounce, or a bitter tinfture in a proper infufion, taken hot. An
ounce or two of oil of fweet almonds, taken in a hot vehicle, is alfo excellent.

If violent pains continue after delivery of the child, fo as to give fufpicion of
more being left behind, the greateft care and circumfpedlion Ihould be ufed in exa
mining the ftate of the uterus, and watching an opportunity to extrafb them in thofe
favourable moments when the efibrts of nature and the mother's throws mutually
confpire to promote the birth; and in which the utmoft flcill and caution are requi-
fite, or both mother and ofl^spring are liable to perifli. Thefe cafes, when they hap-
pen, are generally attended with the more difficulty from the midwife not knowing
the afual pofition of a plural conception. I have therefore given the annexed plate
of a recent cafe, where three children were fafely delivered, who, with the mother,
are all in a fair way of doing well.

The moft fatal diforder confequent upon delivery is the puerperal or child- bed
fever; and there is not any difeafe that requires to be treated with more /kill and at-
tention than this ; confequently the beft affiflance ought always to be obtained as
foon as poffible. In women of plethoric conlHtutions, bleeding will generally be
proper at the beginning; it ought however to be ufed with caution, and not to be
repeated unlefs where the figns of inflammation rife high ; in which it cafe it will alfo
be neceflary to apply a blilter to the region of the womb. During the rigour, or
cold fit, proper means (hould be ufed to abate its violence, and Ihorten its duration.
For this purpofe the patient may drink freely of warm diluting liquors, and, if low,
may take now and then a cup of white-wine whey j warm applications to the extre-
mities, as heated bricks, bottles or bladders filled with warm water, and fuch-like,
may alfo be ufed with advantage. Emollient clyfters of milk and water, or of
chicken water, ought to be frequently adminiftered through the courfe of the dif-
eafe. Thefe prove beneficial by promoting a difcharge from the inteftines, and alfo
by aifling as a kindly fomentation to the womb and parts adjacent. Great care
however is requifite in giving them, on account of the tendernefs of the parts in

41. 3 0 the

034 CUtPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,
the pelvis at this time. The medicine always found to fucceed baft in this difeafe Is
the Lunar Tinifture, This, if frequently repeated, will often put a flop to the vomit-
ing, and at the fame time leflen the violence of the fever. If it runs off by ftool, or
if the patient be reftlefs, a fsw drops of laudanum, or fome fyrup of poppies, may
cccafionally be added. To avoid-this fever, every woman in child-bed ought to be
kept perfedlly eafy ; her food Ihould be light and fimple, and her bed-chamber cool,
and properly ventilated. There is not any thing more hurtful to a woman in this
fituation than being kept too warm. She ought not to have her body bound too
tight, nor to rife too foon from bed, after delivery ; catching cold is alfo to be avoided ;
and a proper attention ihould be paid to cleanlinefs. To prevent the milk- fever, the
breafts ought to be frequently drawn; and, if they are filled previous to the onfetof
a fever, they fhould, upon its firft appearance, be drawn, to prevent the milk from
becoming acrid, and its being abforbed in this flate.

DISEASES OF INFANTS.

IT IS proper immediately after children are born, to fearch narrowly whether they
have received any injury, either in the womb, or in the delivery itfelf. Bruifes in
the head, or elfewhere, occafioned by the rough treatment of the midwife, and fwel-
lings, occafioned by a preiTure againft the internal orifice, may be cured or difcuf-
fed by the following mixture: Take camphorated fpirit of wine and oil of fweet
almonds, of each two drachms; compound fpirit of lavender, half a drachm: mix.
Let the injured part be frequently anointed therewith. It may alfo be now and
then fomented with warm milk. But, if the fwelling tends to fuppuratioa, it ought
to be immediately forwarded with mucilage plaifier, diachylon with gum, or a
poultice of bread and milk. And, after the difcharge of matter, ufe Arcasus's lini-
ment, warm, and mixed with a little Peruvian balfam, for the drefiings, covering
them with a fimple diachylon plaifter.

The g7-ipes in children fometimes prove fo violent, as to throw them into univer-
fal convulfions, or to caufe what is called a convulfion of the bowels. When the
diet is fufpeded to caufe this diforder, it is ufual to boil carraway-feeds, and laurel-
leaves along with the panada, or to mix with it a little wine or brandy. If the me-
conium has not been duly purged away, five grains of rhubarb fhould be given
twice a week, till the bowels are evacuated j or a little oil of fweet almonds, and
fyrup of violets, where the infant is weak. When the taking in too much milk is
fufpeded to be the caufe, let it be debarred the bread a fliort time, and in the mean
while exhibiting the following mixture: Take fyrup of peach bloffoms and rhubarb,
of each half an ounce ; of annifefeed, two drops : mix. , Let a fmall fpoonful of this
be given occafionally, while the fymptoms laft. When the curdling of the milk

caufes

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 235

c«u(es the gripes, proceed as follows: Take rhubarb powdered fine, and magnc/ia
albia, of each ten grains; oil of annifefeed, one drop: mix. Give half this for a
purge, in a fpoonful of the mother's milk, and repeat the dofe two or three times
if there be occafion. When worms are the caufe of the gripes, the readieft way to
remove them is by giving Ethiop's mineral and rhubarb mixed in equal quantities,
about five grains at a time, twice a-day. If wind be the caufe, the belly of the child
may be anointed with a mixt-ire of two parts oil of fweet almonds, and, one part
French bn-indy ; wrapping the part up warm afterwards, with a flannel.

The fyfnptoms of cutting teeth generally begin about the fifth or fixth-month, at
which time fome of the fore teeth rife, and occafion great pain, or even convulfions.
Children have then commonly an itching, heat, pnin, and fwelling, in the gums ;
their fpittle rifcs much; they are rcftlefs and feverifh, fometimes loofe, and fome-
times coixive. A few days before any tooth is cut, the gum immediately aSove it
appears thin and whitifli, its fides being fwelled and inflamed. Children of grofs
habit, and who breed their teeth with coftivenefs, are generally in mofl: danger. The
following mixture, given occafionally, will mitigate the pain, during the cutting of
teeth : Take black cherry-water, two ounces ; compound piony-water, two drachms;
confeftion of kermes, two fcruples; Sydenham's liquid laudanum, fifteen drops:
mix. Let one fpoonful be given at a time, when the child is very reftlefs,

Thofe little ulcerous eruptions in the mouth called the thrup, which fometimes
appear early, and fometimes not till the third or fourth year, are accounted danger-
ous when joined with a fever, and are always troublefome. The child here fiiould
be kept moderately cool, as in a common fever, and a fmill blifter may be applied
to_the neck, if the diforder be great. In the mean time ufe the following julep :
Take black- cherry water, four ounces; treacle-water, one ounce; lemon-juice, fix
drachms; fpirit of fweet nitre and fpiritus volatile oleofum, of each fifteen, drops :
mix. Give a fpoonful or two every third or fourth hour; and let the ulcers in the
mouth be cleanfed with the following gargle: Take barley decodlion, three ounces ;
beft vinegar, one ounce ; fyrup of mulberries, fix drachms: mix. This fliould be
ufed twice or thrice a day, with a foft linen rag, or the nurfe's finger.

Coughing, crying, violent motion, and tight fwathing, are apt to caufe ruptures
in the tender bodies of infants. While the rupture is frefii, it may be remedied by
the conftant wearing of a trufs, made for that purpofe. Afl:ringent fomentations,
made of pomegranate- peels, balauftine, and red-rofe flowers, boiled in lime-water,
2nd mixed with red wine, may be ufed after the inttfiines are replaced, which fliould
be immediately done. Small ruptures in the groin and privities, happening fre-
quently in children, are ufually cured with fmall difficulty, by only plailters and
bandages ; but, when they continue obftinate, the child fhould be keptJn the cradle
as quiet as poflible.

I Whe

^^6 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.,

When the futures or joining feams of the head continue too long open, it is
thought a bad fign. In this cafe it is ufual to rub the head often with a little warm
rum or brandy, mixed with the vvhite of an egg and palm-oil, a red cloth being
conftantly worn over the part. But, when this diforder proceeds from a colkdion
of water in the head, it muft be ciu-ed by ifllies in the neck, perpetual blifters, and
purgatives. A purgative diet-drink may be made of rhubarb and fweet-fennel feeds,
to be drunk daily. When there is a diforder direftly oppofite to this, cabled head-
viould Jhot, which fignifies a too clofe locking of the futures, it is ufually left to na-
ture, as admitting of no help from medicine.

Breakings out in children, when they are fuperficial, contain a thin yellow mat-
ter, and leave the fkin beneath red when the fcabs fall off, are rather fa! utary than
hurtful. It is cuftomary, however, to purge with a few grains of rhubarb, and
.anoint the puftules with cream, or oil of almonds, or extrad of Saturn, commonly
called Goulard. A little bafilicon, likewife, fpread thin upon lint, has been found
ufeful ; and the body fhould be kept open. But, when thefe cafes grow inveterate
;and ftubborn, thete can be no fafer method than a courfe of Ethiopia mineral and
rhubarb.

The rickets is a diforder of tlie bones in children, caufing a bunching out or
crookednefs thereof. It may be occafioned by fwathing a child too tight in fome
places, and too loofe in others ; by placing it in an inconvenient, or too often in
the fame, pofture ; fufFering it to be long wet, not giving it proper motion, or
ufing it to one arm only. It may alfo be owing to the parents, or fome defe(5t in
the digeftive faculty, or a vifcidity of the blood. But the moft evident caufe of the '
rickets, is the violence done to the body by prefTure of fwathing, while the bones are
but in a cartilaginous ftate. Add to this, external injury by falls, blows, difloca-
tions, or fradures, which fpecies fometimes bring on an afthma, confumption, or
crookednefs of the back. Upon the firft appearance of this difeafe, which ufually
happens between the eighth month and the fifth year, the part it affefts grows flac-
cid and weak j the child becomes pale, fickly, flothful, and lofes the ufe of its feet,
though it had it before ; the head grows too large for the trunk, and cannot be ma-
naged by the mufcles of the neck ; knotty excrefcences appear in the wrifts, ancles,
and tops of the ribs ; the bones of the legs and thighs become crooked, which
makes the motion difagreeable j and fometimes the arms alfo are diftorted, Bnd
appear knotty. If thefe fymptoms continue long, a difficulty of breathing, cough,
and hyfteric fever, come on ; the belly fwells, the pulfe grows weak, and the
child's life is in danger. The rickets is moft commonly cured, when taken in time,
and while the child is very young. But, if it continues long, the patient gene-
rally

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 437

rally become a dwarf, and is fickly or phthifica! during life, efpecially if the back
be any way affcded. A ricketty child fliould be ufed to motion, and kept as much
as poflible in a pofture oppofite to that which his bones are inclined to. It is alfo
ferviceable, before the diftcmper is confirmed, to plunge the child two or three times
every morning in a tub of cold water, during the months of May and June efpecially.
After being taken out the laft time, it is to be well dried, and put immediately
into a bed or cradle, there to fwcat freely for an hour or more, as the ftrength will
bear ; and, when it grows cool again, it may be taken up and fhifted. The back-
bone alfo, and joints, may every night be anointed before the fire, with the white of
an egg, beat into a water with a whifk or fpoon ; or with a liniment of rum and
palm oil. It is ufual likewife to apply a plaifter of minium and oxycroceum along
his back, and to rub him all over before the fire, but moftly the parts afFedled,
with a dry linen cloth. But perhaps nothing can exceed the following liniment and
plaifter ; the former for anointing the joints, and principal parts affeded, with a
warm hand, once or twice a-day; and the latter for applying to the back, or any
particular part, being fpread upon leather. Take nerve ointment, with oils of
palms and bays, of each one ounce ; balfam of Peru, and oil of nutmeg by expref-
fion, of each two drachms ; oil of cloves and chemical oil of amber, of each ten
drops; compound fpirit of lavender, one ounce j fpirit of fal ammoniac, two
drachms: mix for a liniment. Take plaifters of cummin, brown minium, andher-
nlam and oxycroceum, of each half an ounce ; balfam of Peru, one drachm ; pow-
der of red-rofe flowers, and armenian bole, of each half an ounce ; oils of amber
and camphire, of each one drachm ; oil of parfley, enough to make a confiftence for
a plaifter. When the diftemper feems fixed and obftinate, iflues may be cut in the
arms and neck, efpecially if the head be large, and the child of a grofs habit.

Of barrenness in WOMEN and INSUFFICIENCY in MEN.

BARRENNESS is fuch a ftate of a woman's body as indifpofes it, upon the
ufe of the natural means, to conceive and propagate her fpecies. This diftcmper
proceeds from many fources, which may be reduced to thefe two general heads :
FIrft,— An indifpofition of the parts to receive the male femen in the ad of copu-
lation, or that vital effluvium ftreaming from it which alone can impregnate the
ovaria. Secondly, ---An inaptitude to retain and nourifti the vital particle after it is
Injcded, fo as to make it grow and expand its parts, till it becomes a proper foe-
tus. The reception of the feed is hindered by many caufes ; as, immature age,
when by reafon of the narrownefs of the genital pafl*ages the woman cannot admit
the virile member, or at Icaft not without great pain, which makes her diflike co-
pulation; and old age hath fomctimcs the fanfte efFed; for, in elderly virgins, the

41. i P partB

238 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN.

parts are fo ftraitened for want of ufe, that they cannot without difficulty con-
tribute to the means of generation. Women who are lame alfo, or have their
limbs diliorted, or their Jjips deprefled, cannot always lie in fuch a pofture as ia
necefiary for a fit reception of the femen. Too much fat likewife flops the pafllige,
particularly when the omentum prefTes upon the orifice of the womb, and renders
the copulation incommodious. And, when a woman is troubled with a cold intem-
perament of the womb, fhe becomes dull and indifFerent as to conjugal embraces, in
which fhe hardly enjoys any pleafure, or is fo flowly moved, that the inner orifice
of the womb does not open feafonably to receive the man's feed. The paflions of
the mind are alfo a great hindrance to fertility, efpecially hatred between man and
wife, whereby the woman, having an averfion to enjoyment, does not fupply fpirirs
fufBcient to make the genital parts turgid at the time of coition : nor can the womb
then kindly meet the effluvium, and draw it into its cavity in a due manner. Swel-
lings, ulcers, callofities, obftruiflions, diftortions of the genital or neighbouring
parts, may be fo many impediments to the proper reception of the male femen, or its
retention and nutriment after reception. A ftone in the bladder may have the fame
efFeft, as may too great a moiftnefs and flipperinefs of the womb or vagina, when
they are filled with excrementitious humours, and rendered too lax. Conception is
alfo hindered by a hetftic, h\'dropic, or feverifli, fickly, habit j by a deficiency or ob-
ftruiSlion of the monthly courfes, when the natural brifknefs of the blood is wanting,
by an immoderate flux of the courfes, which impoverifh the fluids j by the whites,
which, continuing too long, relax the glands of the womb, and drown, as it were,
the prolific particles; and too often hy Jecret venery, which utterly deftroys the tone
and vigour of the parts. This may particularly happen on the fide of the man,
fince it induces a feminal weaknefs, and a want of proper ere<5lion. A virulent
gonorrhoea or ill-cured venereal cafe, faft living, a worn-out conftitution, and want
of animal fplrits, or fufficient feed, are fo many obftacles to procreation. Some-
limes indeed, there may be no defecft difcoverable on either fide, and yet the parties
Temain wi .hout iflue, notwithftanding their moft earneft endeavours to the contrary.
When afwclling actually appears in the uterine veflels, when the menfes are irregu-
lar, or the whites have continued long, if, by the ufe of proper means, the woman
does not conceive under thefe circumft;ances, her own reafon will diftate to her, that
ihe mufl: have immediate recourfe to the remedies prefcribed for thofe particular
complaints. When fhe is very fat and bulky, and has room to think her concep-
tion is thereby hindered, her only v/ay is to corre>5l that vicious habit by a thin fpare
diet, and proper evacuations. If the lips of the privities, or the entrance of the va-
gina, are clofed, it is manifeft to the fight: but, when the orifice of the womb is fhut
up, it is difliculv to be known, while the patient is very young, and till her courfes
3 come

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ijj

coKie down : but when the patient is once certain that it happens by any of thefe
caufes, it may not be rafh to fay, that conception is impradlicable till they are re-
moved. When there is a total want of eredion, or of feminal matter, on the fide of
the male, generation is not only impoflible, but the cure very precarious and diffi-
cult. Preparatory to the cure of infertility in either fex, it is proper to ufe evacua-
tions, unlefs any particular fymptom ftiew them to be dangerous. Bleeding, lenient
purgatives, fuch as thefolutive eieftuary, and a gentle vomit of ipecacuanha, efpe-
cially if the perfon be plethoric, or cacochymic, cannot but be of great fcrvicc ;
becaufe moft of the medicines to be prefcribed, in this cafe, being aromatic, or
highly nourifhing, may otherwife bring on inflammatory diforders, as the pleurify,
inflammation of the lungs, and the like. Due evacuations having been complied
^k'itli, proceed with the following ftirengthening elccftuary: take roots of fatyrion
and eringo candied, of each one ounce j powders of cinnamon, fweet-fennel feeds,
and preferved ginger, of each half an ounce j mace, roots of contrayerva and Spa-
nifli angelica, of each one drachm ; troches of vipers, one ounces juice of kermes,
fix drachms; tin^ure of cantharides, half a drachm; fyrup of cloves, a fufficient
quajuity to make an clecfluary. Let the quantity of a large nutmeg be taken every
morning early, at about five o'clock every afternoon, and at night going to bed j
and let this courfe be continued as long as the cafe requires. Three fpeonfuls of
the following wine ftiould be drunk after each dofe, to the efficacy of which it will
make a confiderable addition. Take canary wine, two quarts; cloves, nutmegs,
long pepper, fmallcr cardamum feeds, Virginia fiiake-root, and cochineal, of each
one drachm and a half; fyrup of citron peels, four ounces : infufe the aromatics>
and mix in the fyrup. If thefe, upon trial, fhould not be found effeftual; the fol-
lowing, which is more ftimulating and powerful, fhould be taken, viz. Take conferve
of orange-peels, one ounce ; Venice treacle, and confeflion of kermes, of each half
an ounce; fpecies of diambras, winter's bark, powder of fafFron, fmaller carda-
mum feeds, carraways, powdered nutmegs, Virginian fnake-root, and cloves, of each
one drachm; viper's flefh an ounce ; balfamic fyrup, enough to make an eleduary.
Let this be taken in the fame quantities, and at the fame intervals, as the other,
drinking after it four fpoonfuls of the following infufion : Take cinnamon pow-
dered, one ounce; fweet-fennel feeds bruifed, and lavender flowers, of each half
an ounce ; Spaniffi angelica root, ginger, con'.ra ■erva, mace, and cochineal, of each
one drachm and a half; canary wine, two quarts: infufe according to art for two
or three days, and to the flrained infufion add fyruv'S of faffron and cloves, of each,
two ounces. At twelve o'clock each day, take a tablcfpoon-full of the Solar Tine-.,
ture in a wine-glafs of cold fpring water; this Tindure is a moft excellent difcovery
for the purpofe oi curing fterility. It rectifies and warms die blood and juices, in-

creafes

240 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

creafes the fpirits, invigorates and revives the whole human machine, and not only
raifes the appetite to venereal embraces, but removes the ufual obftrudtions of ferti-
lity; prepares thefemen for performing its office, and the ova for impregnation. In
old age it warms, comforts, and excites the generative parts to admiration, and
feldom fails of performing a cure in forty or fifty days, if duly followed, and the
barrennefs or imbecility be not abfolutely incurable by medicine ; particularly if
aflifted with a nouri/hing diet, of which plenty of good potatoes and rich milk
ought to make a confiderable part. When there is a fufficient ereflion, and only
the feed is wanting, all ftimulating and aromatic medicines muft be entirely omit-
ted, and the cure attempted with the Tinfture only, affifted with a nourifliing diet;
to which the ufe of external liniments muft be added. Take nerve ointment, two
ounces; oil of mace by expreffion, one drachm and a half; balfam of Peru, tw»
drachms; chymicaloils of lavender, cloves, and rhodium, of each four drops : mix.
Anoint the parts between whiles with this liniment; that is to fay, the penis and fcro-
turn if it be for a man, and the pudendum if for a woman, and it will not fail of ad-
miniftering comfort and ftrength. If any thing yet more ftimulating be defired, a
drachm and a half, or two drachms, of tinfture of cantharides, may be added to ei-
ther preparation. But I would not advife any debilitated perfon to be too bufy with
high provocatives, becaufe they may excite to the ufe of venery before nature is pre-
pared for it, and fo exhauft the animal fpirits more by one fingle a<5t of coition-thait
it would be by twenty in the common way. It is better, therefore, for moft per-
fons, to keep to the liniments and Tinfture only, that their ftrength and abilitv'
may be always equal to their inclination. To recover the tone and vigour of the
internal parts in women, ufe the following: Take cloves, nutmegs, ginger, Spanifti
angelica) of each one drachm; aloes wood, mace, cardamum feeds, of each one
fcruple; mint leaves, one handful ; cantharides, two drachms; infufe them in a
pint of white white, and boil over a gentle fire till it is reduced to twelve ounces :
then ftrain it, and iiijedt two ounces warm into the uterus every night going to bed,
taking at the fame time forty drops of the Lunar Tiindure in a wine-glafs of cold wa-
ter. When the parts abound with moifture, reftringent or aromatic fumigations
may be ufed to advantage, as in the cafe of the whites, and of the falling down of the
womb and fundament. The ingredients proper in the prefent cafe, are ftorax, cloves,
nutmegs, caftor, ginger, Spanifh angelica root, and galingals. Equal quantities of
thefe may be taken powdered, and mixed together, and about an ounce of the mix-
ture is fufficient to bum at a time, according to the diredtions in the place above re-
ferred to. Where other things have failed, the cold bath hath been of fervice to both
fexes, efpecially in fome phlegmatic conftitutions ; a journey to Bath alfo, or Tun-
bridge, and drinking the waters for fome time, hath been attended with good (uccefs.

Having

AND FAMILY D I S P E N S A T O U r. z^i

"Having before cautioned againft the too frequent ufe of venery, efpecially for tliofc
who fccm to be infertile through weaknefs, it will be proper juft to hint the moH:
aufpicious feafons for performing the conjugal a(5t to good purpofe. It has been
•found, that, though a woman may conceive at any time during the three weeks that
her courfcs are entirely off, yet fhe is more apt to do fo immediately after their
ceafing, than at any other time between the periods of their return. This hint may
be made ufe of by weakly people, where the man and the woman are both equally
prudent and temperate. When the lips of the privities grow together, they are
cautioufly to be feparated by incifion, and the fides kept afunder for fome time by
rags dipped in a proper ointment. And if the mout}i of the womb fliould happen
to be clofed, a proper pefTary of cork, cafed over with wax, may be introduced to
keep it open. But, the afiiilance of a flcilful furgeon being always neceflary in thefe
extraordinary cafes, I choofe not to infill on them any longer. I fhall add only a few
words, directed peculiarly to the men, who find themfelves incapable to propagate
their fpecies, though they have not any natural defeift in the inftruments of genera-
tion : for, as to abfolute impotency and incapacity of copulation,' as itmuft be ma-
nifeft to the fight, either from the want of ereflion, or due proportion of the pcnis»
or a deficiency of the tefticles, fo it is what no man will pretend to cure; on which
account the laws have given the wife a remedy, where there can be none for the
hufband, by allowing her to fue out a divorce, and marry another man. A fimple
gleet, brought on by felf-pollution, is one the greatcll; caufes of infufficiency. It
greatly debilitates the whole man, is attended with weaknefs and oftentimes pain in
the back, heavinefs and pain in the tefticles, and without help ufually terminates in
that kind of confumption which is called a tabes dorfalis, or confumption of the
back. It is a conllant oozing of a clear feminal matter, which diftinguifhes it from
an impiue venereal running. A man th:it is troubled with this fhocking complaint,
either from natural infirmity, or habitual ^ice, (hould never attempt to propagate
his fpecies, till fuch time as he is perfedlly cured ; for, befides that his endeavours
would be incffeLtual, they would infallibly heighten his infirmity. The beft me-
dicines in the whole body of phyfic for this dangerous diftemper, are thofe juft be-
fore mentioned ; and the f.ime direc^lions fliould be exadly followed by thofe men
whofc feed is rendered too thin and watery, though without any fuch laxation of
the feminal veflels as ocdfions a fimple gleet ; and alfo by thofe men, who through
weaknefs of the parts, are apt to emit their feed as foon as they entertain any
amorous thoughts, by which means they are not only hindered from copulation,
but even from fruition irfelf. In both thefe cafes, as well as in a fimple gleet, ab-
ftincncc from conjugal embraces, and j-erfevering the ufe of the Solar I'iuvflure,
41. 3 ^ ^^ith

441 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,-

with invigorating food, Tuch as jellies, broths, oyfters, and all agglutinating meat?,.
are the moft efFeftual means of obtaining a cure.

There is a certain occult and fecret fpecies of barreniiefs, that cannot be attributed
to any of the caufes before afligned, or indeed to any vifible caufe at all. This
happens when no manner of defedt is difcoverable, on the fide either of the male or
female, and yet they fhall, againft their inclinations, remain without iflue. Many
odd conjectures have been ftarted on this account, concerning the poflible caufes of
fterility, when neither perfon appears to be in fault. Some fuperftitious people have
imputed it to forcery, and reccurfe has been had to incantations, amulets, charms,
and magic rites,, in order to the cure. But people of underftanding giye no heed to-
fuch fables, being fatisfied, that when both parties are of fuitable years, brifk, and'^
not labouring under any apparent weaknefs or indifpofition, if fertility do not fol-
low their nuptial intercouffe, there m.uft be feme real and mechanical reafon for it,,
though not apparent to the fenfes. When there appears no deficiency or defeiSl- in
either the man or woman, and none of the before-mentioned caufes of barrennefs
exift, we muft then recur to the real phyfical caufe, which is confidered and under-
ftood by very few. It is what is ealled tho. temperament, conftitution., or complexion; if
the man be of a hot temperament, the woman fKould be of a cold one; if he be of
the dry temperament, file fhould be of the moift : but if both be of a dry or both
of a moift conftitution, they cannot propagote, though ntithercan be barren, fingly
confidered, and, if joined with an apt conftitution, might both become fruitful,.
It muft fall under every one's obfervation, that both women and men, who marry
more than once, will have children by one marriage, and not by another; which,
will certainly confirm what is above aflerted. And again, there are other caufes
in nature, much more abftrufe and occult thaji the fortgoilig, whereby men and.
women prove barren, though, to all external appearances, their conformation is
every way congenial to procreation. The caufe, foftered in the mother's womb,
and having its root in the conftrudlion of the zodical figns and planetary influence
under which the embryo is conceived and nouriftied, is totally incurable. So like-
wife the variety of parts, both male and female, have their caufe in the conftruftion
of the heavenly bodies, which predominate and govern their conception and birth;
for it is certainly found, that, if the Sun be configured with the Moon, in the
degrees of Mercury, and Mars and Venus irradiate the fame, in mafculine figns,
the man born under fuch influence will exceed in that which is natural, having
thofe parts in excefs which are proper to men; but the women fo born will have ;i
conformation of parts preternatural and mixed ; but, if Mars and Veins be confti-
tuted after a mafculine manner in feminine figns, the men will be fubjed: to a mix-
'ture of fex, and the women to excefs of parts and violent luft. All thcfe fpccula-
Z ' tions,

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 24J

tions, wonderful as they are, and a thoufand others, whofe effefls, though unfeen,
arc moft fenfibly felt, are fully explained in my Illuftration and Difplay of the Oc-
cult Sciences; where it is plainly (hewn, that, the more we enquire into thepathiefs
ways of nature, the more readily we deduce a radical caufe for all her operations.

Of SYMPATHY and ANTIPATHY.

TO underftand the properties of fympathy and antipathy, is, in fad, to take into
our comprehenfion the univerfal fyftcm of nature, with her obvious and occult pro-
perties, and the gradations and confcnt of parts of all its atoms. This ftudy be-
comes all men; but more efpecially thofe who pradlife phyfic, fince their efFeds
not unfrequently preferve life, or deftroy it; and, in the beginning, middle, and
end, ofdifeafes, the refult may be always known. Sympathy and antipathy are
found in all things; and, if traced, account for thofe wonderful occurrences in na-
ture, which otherwife appear altogether mexplicibler All vegetable and mineral
produiftions have not only a wonderful fympathetic power with their own fpecies,
but fo likewife has all animated nature; and more particularly man. It is certainly
true that this celeftial invifible principle is born with us, and emanates from the
centre of the intellediual foul, combined with the terreftrial body ; and, paffing
through its nerves, forms an atmofphere around us, whereby the fenfations of fym-
papathy and antipathy, of love and hatred, of joy and grief, and all the propenfities
of human nature, are by a collifionof rays, which reciprocally cohere or repel what-
ever comes in contad with them, that the effed is made manifeft to our fenfes.
Hence it is, that favoury high-feafoned meats, {&&n or fmelt, excite the appetite and
affed the glands and parts of the mouth ; that an impudent or fliamcful thing, ken
or heard, affeds the cheeks with blufhesj and fo, on the contrary, if a thing pleafe,
it affeds the proscordia, and excites the mufcles of the face and mouth to laughter;
if it grieve, it affeds the glands of the eyes, fo as to occafion tears, and irritates th&
mufcles of the face into an afped of crying ; fo kiffing, though the delirium or
pleafure is excited by the lips, yet the moft fenfible irritation falls upon the genital
parts, which are rendered turgid, ftiff, and apt for procreation, as the fum and
centre, or full end or completion, of all fublunary enjoyments. And hence the
caufe of thofe indefcribable paffions, love, luft, inclination, fympathetic affedion,
&c. for if we*fee a limb amputated, or a violent blow ftruck, we cannot help feeling
a fympathetic pain in the fclf-fame member of our own bodies; which is the reaforj
why thofe perfons can never make good furgeons, whofe conception and birth were
irradiated by the ftrong fympathetic rays of benefic ftirs, or, as it is commonly
termed, inherit ftrong Empathizing paflions. So again, if either man or womaa

look

^44 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN,

luok upon brutes in the aft of copulation, it fympathetically aftedts the fame organs

in themfelves, and excites to lafcivioufnefs and luft.

Some perfons, we find, are fo delicately organized, as to become violently ena-
moured with an object at firft fight, without either having exchanged a (ingle word;
and it often happens that there is no alternative but death or the immediate enjoyment '.,

of the beloved perfon 1 This is produced by a fympathy of fouls, united by a com- «*

bination of felf-refleded rays, which reciprocally cohere from the male to the female,
and from the female to the male, by the aftion of the intelledual foul on the folids
and fluids of the body; and, as this combination or collifion of rays is formed ac-
cording to the different principles from whence it afts, and the organs of fenfe on
which it flrikes, fo it excites a fweet vibratory delirium in the brain, which confti-
tutes that ardent affed:ion and longing defire for the perfon, whofe genial effluvium
had thus drawn forth or excited the paffion of love. And^ it is by this alone, we can
account for thofe perfedions of beauty and merit difcoverable by one man's fenfes,
to which another will continue for ever infenfible and blind.

It is from a fimilar caule that we define the longing of a pregnant woman, and
its effed: upon the fostus ; for, as like produces its like, and the child takes its frame
From the external members of its parents in the aft of coition, fo there is a fympa-
thy and concordancy betwixt the child's members and thofe of its mother ; there-
fore, whatever member the mother touches at the time her foul is drawn forth in
longing after fonie elementary fubftance, the fame member of the child receives the >

imprefTion, and an external mark is produced, according to the nature and quality
of the thit;g longed for. But, this impreflion can only take place before the embryo
has quickened; for, till then, the child is pafTive, and the generative efTence of the
mother aftive, whence follows a confent of parts; but, when the light of life is
kindled in the foetus, it lives in Its own fpirit, and is no longer fubjeft to this affec-
tion, nor fo liable to abortion.

We might here adduce ten thoufind curious inftances of the efFefts of fympathy
and antipathy, as well from natural hiftory as from the Occult Sciences; but, as'
this would be foreign to my purpofe, and too much enlarge the prefent publication,
I have given a very full difculfion of this fubjeft in a work I have lately publiflied,
intituled, " A Key to Phyfic and the Occult Sciences;" in which I have laid down
fuch rules as to prevent a pofTibility of miftaking the patient's cafe, or of failing of
a cure, if the lamp of life be not too far exhaufted ; and have alfo more particularly
elucidated the aftrologic fcience, in order to throw new lights on fome interefiing parts
of my former publications ; and alfo to illuflrate the fcience of Animal Magnetifm,
vhich is wholly founded on the principles of fympathy and antipathy.

CULPEPER's

( 245 )

CULPEPER's DISPENSATORY, for FAMILY USE j

CONTAINING

A choice SELECTION of invaluable PRESCRIPTIONS for almcfl all DISEASES Incidtnt to

the HUMAN BODY.

AROMATIC OR SPICE WATER.
ey-.-lKE of while cancUtL, half a found ; ftrfli outward pttl
■* of Itmons, four ounces ; tejfer car damum f teds, two oun-
ce! ; Frtnch brandy, two ratlom. Lrt themjlecj) together for
four days ; and then dijlil off two gallons.

This is a warm ferviceable cordial j for, it gratefully
invigoratts the animal fpirits, fliimilates the nerves, and
thus diilulves cold vifcid luinioiirs, and expels flatulen-
cies. It is an excellent lioniachic, helps digeftion, and
flops Tomiting ; and as a carminative is ufed in the rough-
er ca'.h.irtics. Half a wine-glafs of it is a dofe in windy
and painful complaints of the ftomach and bowels, and
to be repeated occafionally.

PLAGUE AND FEVER. WATER.

Take roots of majler.wort, a pound and a half; angelica
feeds, half a pound; eldir-jlowers, liavtsoffcordiun, of each
four ounces ; French brandy, three gallons. Steip them toge-
ther for thefpace effour days ; and then draw off, by dijlil-
lalion, two gallons and a half.

The ingredients are well chofen for the purpofes in-
tended ; it being deligned as a high cordial in very low
and languid cafes, and to raife tlie fpirits in the plague
and malignant fevero with depreflions. If a fifth part of
diftilled vinegar be added, it is then termed a.jua epide-
aia acida, which is a very powerful fudoritic, and rciilter
of putrefaction in all pedilential and other putrid fevers.

E V E - W A T E R.
Take white vitriol, half a pound ; water, four pints.
Boil thrm until the vitriol is dij/vived, and then Jilter the
liquor for ufe.

This is calculated to cool and repel ihofe fliarp rheums
and inflammations which fometimcs f.iU upon the eyes,
where the veffcls, being weak and thin, arc often unable
to relift duly the" impulfe of the blood, iinlefs they arc
conHringcd and (Irengthencd by fomc luch coUyrium. It
is likewife good to clear ihein of beginning hluis and
fpecks. If it (lioiild prove too fharp ibr tender eyes, it
may be diluted with a littltf fpring or r6ft water.

ANODYNE BALSA54.
Take of Japonaccous balfam, or opodeldoc, a pound and a
kalf; of liquid laudanum, half a pc'jnJ. Mix themfor uft.
42.

Tliis is certainly an extremely penetrating and refol-
vcnt anodyne, both for internal and external w'^e \ being
a mod excellent medicine for procuring eafe in the ex-
tremities of pain, anil in nervous and nephritic cholics.
It cleanfes all the vlfcera and glandular parts ; therefore
good in the jaundice and fuch diflempers of the urinary
paffages as proceed from the obftrudtion of gravel or
flimy luiniours. Inwardly it may be given from 20 to
40 drops. And outwardly, applied to the pained part,
does mighty fervice, a rag being dipped in it, and re-
tained tlieieon.

ALEXETERIAL BOLUS.

Take ff Virginian fnake-roct, fifteen grains ; of cafor,
ten grains ; of camphor, three grains ; fyrup cf fugar,
enough to mix and make them into a bolus.

Tliis is a powerful alcxipliarmic, and is given in nioft
kinds of fevers, efpccially the word and more malignant
fort, attended with conviillions and deliria. It is hardly
ever omitted, when the pulfe and fpirits begin to flag in
the progrcfs of a putrid fever, fmall-pox, nieades, mili-
aiy fever, &.C. It is good in nervous and paralytic cafes,
which pioceed from too much humidity; as aUo in the
fcbricula, whether h)fterical or hypochondriacal. If
plentifully piefcribcd, it requires to be well diluted with
fmall liquors; and, thus managed, it feldom fails of raif-
ing a diaphora:ris, and bringing the difiemper to a crifis.

D I .A P H O R E T I C BOLUS.

Take of ccmpcund powder of contrayrrva, and rf crude
! fait of ammoniac, each one fern pie ; fyrup cffugar as ijikcA
as isfufici. nl to make a bolus.

This penetrates into the mod intimate parts, and is a
j noble aperient, fudnrific, antifeplic, andduiretic. Hence
I it becomes proper, in cafes where pcrfpiration is to be
' augmented ; and in fevers, in which the difordcr is to be
eliminated by the cuticular difcharges. It is prefcribed,
with a draught of the plague-water, to remove cathec-
, tic and anafaicous fwelhn::s.

BOLUS OF JALAP with MERCURY.

Tiikt of choice jalap, one fcrvple ; calomel, fi cm Jive to
ten prams ; fyup ofjugar, ofujitient quantity. Mtx ihent
, tf^ither into a lolus.
■ 3 n This

24^

CULPEPER's DISPENSATORY,

7 lii< is n proper bolus In mod cafes w litre a brilV pm'-
pjativc, preciHltil by a clylicr, isnccch'jry, cither t-o make
•4 rcviiUion after blccdiii;; in inflaiuniatory fuellings and
obltriii^tions of the parts contained in the bead, neck, or
thuraoc ; or to make an evacuation of tbe intelUncs and
adjacent vifcera of the abdomen. Tims may a bilious
fever be carried oft', wlicn it has lingered, and there is
little probability of it sending critically by any other way :
as a diaphoretic and hydrogogue, it is of ufe in dropfies,
defliixions of the head, eyes, and cars; as alfo in Im-
moral coiigjis, and many obflinatc clironical difiempcrs.
It dertroys worms, cures a violent gonorrlicea and iluor
albus. It is alfo good to cleanfe the bowels from their
redundant vifcid mucus, that often clogs or (Inits up
.the chy.lopoietic fyflem, fo as to hinder the entrance and
proper cllcfts pf oth«;r medicines. In intermitting fevers
it is a fpccific.

A PECTORAL BOLUS.

Takf of fpcmtaceti, ffte^n grains; of gum ammoni'acum,
ten grains ; oj the volatile fait of harljliorn, Jcven grains.
Mix, and make them into a bolus.

This is an excellent balfamic in many difiempcrs of the
bread ; and gently deterges and heals. In coughs, pleu-
rilies, and inward impollhumations, where the muausot
the bowels has been abraded by acrimony and.choler;
>is alfo in di:irr)ifeas and dyfenteries j this is a very good
healer. 'In ulcerations of the kidneys and bloody urine,
it is likewife a very fuitable medicine ; and, by foften-
ing and relaxing llie fibres; it contributes frequently to
the expulfion of gravel. It may be taken once or twice
a-day, with fome proper enuillion, draught, or julep,
according 10 the indications.

The rhubarb BOLUS with CALOMEL.

Take of the i'Jl purgative rhubarb, twenty-fwe grains ; 0/
calomel, Jive grains. Mix, and make them into a bolus, with
as mu<h£yrup cjfugar as will/uj^ce.

This is an admirable medicine in mod cafes where
purging is necelfary, to cleanle the fird pafiages of any
thing that hinders the fuccefsful operation of other al-
terative medicines. See the virtues of the jalap buliis,
which this nearly anfwers, but is more adringent, he-
patic, domachic, and a purger of the urine and fabu-
lous concretions.

KMULLIRNT CATAPLASM..

Tahe of the crumb of bread, eight ounces ; white Jeap, one
ounce ; f"Jli cotu^ s-milk, ajufjiiienl quantity. BoU them 4
iittle, and Jpread for ufe.

This is anodyne, penetrating, and refolvent, therefore
applied to the folcs of the feet in fevers, to the joints
when afflifled with the gout, and caufes fometimcs the
exudation of a great quaijlity of fcrous matter; and to
white fwellings.

SUPPURATING CAT.JvPLASM,

This is made by tiding to tlie forcing cati!j.lafm, of rat.t
onions bruifd, one ounce and a half; bafilicon ointment, orst
ounce.

Thii is good to draw and fuppurate all kinds of tu-
mours ; and to ripen, break, and cleanfe, impodhmna-
tioiis,.

APERIENT ALE.

Take of old myfard-feed, ten ounces ; long birthtvort-root,
fix ounces ; tops of Itjjer centaury, two ounces ; favin, one
ounce ; newjmutl ale, ten gallons.

This cleanfcs the womb, excites the mendrual ilif.
cliarges, and forwards delivery. It is ferviixable in hy.
de,rica.l difurders, pnd good to loofen and difcu.fs viffl-
dities.; and, therefore, excellent in all paralytic cafes,
and the decays and defluxions attending old age.

CEPHALIC ALE.

Take of wild valerian-root, ten ounces ; whole muflard-
fcid, fix ounces; Virginian fnake-root, two ounces; rofemary,
orfige, three ounces ; newjmall ate, ten gallons.

Tliis i5 goodagaind epilepfies, apoplexies, palfies, and
all di'feafes af that .kind, and vertigoes from uterine ob.
druflions ; it is alfo of i»fe in almod all nervous com-
plaints ; efpecially fuch as arife from too great ntoidwre
and cold.

STRENGTHENING CONFECTION.

Take of bole-ammoniac prepared, three ounces ; lormentil
roots, nutmegs, olibanum, of each two ounces; opium, one
drachm and a half; fyrup of dry rofes, thrice the oieigAl of
the powders. Mix them according to art.

This alexipharmic, anodyne, and adringent vulnerary,
is recommended in inimod.erate evacuations of the abdo-
men, A dra.chm or two of it, af a dofe, along with the
chalk julep, will give an efte^ual check to the diforder.
It is fuccefsfully prefcribed for dirrhocas in the meafles,
fmall-pox, or fevers; as alfo for relaxations, haemor-
rhages, aiid hurts in the time of pregnancy ; and likewife
for thejluor albus, and feminal weaknefs.

ANTIHECTIC DECOCTION.

Take of the roots of comfy, eryngo, each half an ounce ;
conferve of rofes, huo ounces ; water, three pints. Boit thefe
ingredients together, till there remains a quart of liquor after
Jlraining ; to which add of fmeel fpiril ef vitriol, forty
drops.

This is grateful and rtrengthening ; it redrains the fa-
line particles of the blood, and hinders it from rudiing
too impetuoudy through the lungs; therefore it takes
place in newly-begun confumptions, heftic fevers, night
fweats, &c. where the colliquation of the humour*
caul'es a wading of the nmlcular parts.

COM-

FOR FAMILY USE.

i47

COMMON DECOCTION.

Take oj" mallow Uavft, camomxUJlcwtrs, racA crteOLntr;
tvalfr, twD quarts, ttcil lillone quart rf the liquor is wa/leti :
thcnjtrain out the remainifig decoclion for tij'e.

This is emollient .ind carminative, therefore acvonnf-
ed a good anodyne, and excellent againft gripes, nc-
jiliiitic pains, nr.mj;naries, and heat of urine ; as alio
for ciamps, and (iidi-like fpafms. It ii likevrife ufcd
for lotions and clyliert.

The DIURKTIC nECOCTION.

Take of the roots of parjliy, or ihofe of fennel, one ounce ;
feeds of wild carrot, three drachms ; fellilory of the wall,
ha f an ounce ; raifim of the fun, two ounces ; water, three
pints. Boil them logrlher, tilt there remains a quart of liquor
after Jlraining ; to which add of nitre, one drachm.

This abltergcs n\iicli (linie and vifcid adiicllons from
the ftomacli and bowels ; clcanfes the vifcera, particn-
larly the kidneys ; keeps the juices cool and fluid ; and
greatly affifts their difcharge by nrine, efpecially in ute-
rine and liyderic cafes.

VULNERARY DECOCTION,

Take cf the herb ground-ivy, leaves of plantain, each half
tn ounce ; water, three pints. Boil them till there remains a
quart of liquor after J2 raining • to which add, of whitefugar,
half an ounce.

This is cooling, abrterfive, and vulnerary ; and pre-
ilribej as an allringcnt indiftempcrsof the lungs, chief-
ly for Inch confumptiuns as proceed from flurp thin hu-
mours, weakncH'cs, and fpitting of blood.

ANTIDYSENTERIC ELECTUARY.

Take of thejirengtheaing confeclion, one ounce ; balfam of
lucatellus, (dijfolved in the yolk of an egg, J half an ounce.
Mix them together.

This is an excellent internal vulnerary in an obDinate
bloody tlnx, to prevent abortion, ^c. and very aptly
formed for corrcfponding with fuch purpofet. The con-
fei5lion has its fharc inuccomplilhing a cure, partly from
ilsadringency, partly from its opiate quality, by render-
ing the vclTcIs infenliblc of the pungency of the morbific
particles; while llic virtues of the balfam agglutinate,
heal, and (lop up, the mouths of llie vellcls, and llieath
the acrimonious humours whic!) abrade the parts.

BALSAMIC ELECTUARY.

Take of confer ve of rtfes, two ounces; balfim of Lucalellui,
(dijfolved in the yolk of an egg,) one ounce. Mix, and make
then into an eleiiuary.

This is a noble medicine, eafy to take, and ought to
be repeated on the urgency of fuch coughs as give fuf.
picion of tubercles, ulcerations, and decays of the lungs.
HdilTolTes tough phlegm in the bronchia, cures catarrhs

and coughs from tickling defli.Muns ; it repairs and heali
inward exulccrations and bloody difihargc?, ofpetially
of the kidneys, bladder, and uterus. In (einiiiul ueak-
nelles, old gleets in both fcxcs, there can be nothing
belter contrived. The ipianiiiy uf a nutmeg may be la-
ken two or three limes in a day, v. ith a draught of the
antiheiilic deioelion.

CEPHALIC ELECTUARY.
Take of wild valerian-root, mt/leloe of the oak, each one
ounce ; fyrup offugar, afujficient quantity. Mi.\ them into
an electuary.

This is calculated for diforders of the head, and is in
great ertccni for epileptics and inveterate head-aehs. It
is frequently prefcribed in apoplexies, vertigoes, and
coiivullions from uterine obftruiflions.

ELECTUARY against thp PILES.

Take of lenitive elecluary, two ounces ;fulphur vivum, half
an ounce. Make ihere-f an eUclua'y.

The quantity of a nutmeg is lo be taken of this every
morning and night ; it will keep the belly moderately
lax, and greatly. cafe the piles.

LENITIVE ELfiCTUARV.

Take three ounces of polypody-roots, and three quarts of
water. Boil till two quarts are wajled; adding, towards
the end of the coQion, two ounces of fena, and half an ounce of
coriander fetds. Strain out the liquor, add to it four pounds
of white fugar, and boil to the confiflence of a thick fyrup ;
with which mix a pound of the pulp of French prunes ; half
a pound of the pulp of cajjia, and the fame quantity of tama-
rinds. Make the whole into an elecluary.

This cools and purges very gently, and is convenient
enough to add in clyders. Internally it is more proper to
prevent collivencfs than to be exliibilcd as a regular ca-
thartic. It is alfo intended to clcaiifc the liver and other
vifcera.

STRENGTHENING ELECTUARY of BARK.

Take of Peruvian bark, one ounce and a half; colcothar of
vitriol, three drachms ; fsrup offugar, afu£icient quantity.
Make them into an eleduary.

In robud conftitutions this is prefcribed for flubbora
agues; and alfo for fluxes and lixmorrages. It pioinotcs
difcharges by urine, dcflroys worms, brings ihcm away,
and flrenglhens the fibres ; btit in thin hefiical habits it
is not fo proper. The colcothar here prevents the bark
from going ofl by flool, which it is fomciimes apt to do;
and opium likcwife will hare the fame ctTeifi.

ELECTUARY against eLuXES.
Take of the frengthening confeilion, two ounces ; extract
of logwood, one ounce ; fyrup of dry nfes, afujficieni quan-
tity. Make them into an elecluary .

This

248

C U L P E P E R's DISPENSATORY,

1 his is an aftringenl, and gooii to fortify tlie (iojiitcli
and bowels when weakened by a diarrhoea ; and is much
efteemed of late for its viitiies in curing a dyfentcry.

WARM PLAISTER.

Take of niim-pl'iljlcr, ore oiiKCf ; bUJleiini^-plaiJItr, two
drachms. Melt ihern together ever a gtnllc jire.

The chief intention of this is to raife hhfiers, and to
create a (iimuliis in a languor or rtiipor of tlic nervous
I'ydein ; to dilfoive a vifcolity or fizinefs of tlie juices,
and hinder their tendency to a coagulation; or to can tea
derivation and difcliarge of Tome morbific hiiinoin-, and
prevent its returning into the blood ; tlierefore it is ef-
tecnied ufeful in fome inflammatory fevers, droplies,
and certain ftages of the chryltalline or watery fmall-
pox i efpecially if the puftules fubfide, and the extremely
vifcid matter of the dlfeafecan neitlier be brought to fup-
purate, ijor be carried oft' by diuretics. It remarkably af-
i'efts the kidneys and bladder, and provokes urine, not
by an eafy natural cjeiTment, but rather hy an erytifmus
from its acrid falts that caufe a flranguary, which fhould
be guarded againrt by broths and emulfions. It is good
againfl a mortification, and reckoned an efficacious clean-
fer and fcourer of tlie urinary palTages and uterus, when
ebftrufled with flough and vifcidities. But its ufe re-
quires the liighed caution and prudence ; hence it is not
every one who niuft think himfelf qualified to meddle,
without diftinflion, with remedies, which are fure to do
good or hurt, according as they are adminiftered.

COMMON PLAISTER.

Take of liiharge prepared, three pounds ; oil of olives, fix
pounds. Boil them up to a due confijlence.

This is to fupply the -place of the diachylon plaifler
of former difpenGtories ; and is eftcemed more emolli-
ent, muturant, and relolvcnt. It will alfo incarnate and
cicatrize.

DEFENSIVE PLAISTER.
Take of litharge prepared, two pounds ; oil of olives, four
pounds. Boil them almojl to the eonfijlence of a plaijler, in
which qualify fix ounces of yelloiu wax, and four ounces of
cliiaaum. Then addfx ounces of bole ammoniac prepared,
two ounces of dragon's blood in powder, and four ounces of
Venice turpentine.

This is employed to confolidatc fraflures, to flrength-
en luxations and wcaknclFes of the loins and joints ; and
is alfo ferviceable for ruptures and chilblains.

BLISTERING PLAISTER.

Take of Burgundy pitch, twenty ounces ; Venice turpentine,
cantharidcs in powder, each fix ounces.

This is a powerful epifiiadic, and is applied either to
the liead, between the flioulders, or to the foles of the
fe«t. See its ufe in the warm plaifler. But when appli-

cations arc made to the feet, with an intent 16 flimulate
firongly, excite pain therein, and relieve the head, ta-
tapUifras compofed of equal parts of fcraped horfe-radifh,
and powdered muftard-fecd, moiflened with old-yeaft,
will anfwcr the defign expeditioully, llronglv, and ef-
fcaually.

MERCURIAL PLAISTER.

Gum plaijler isfubjlitutcd here for diaciytcn.

Tliis admirably warms, foftens, and difculTes, all in-
durations and hardened tumours, be they chalky, fcro-
piivilous, or venereal.

STOMACH PLAISTER.
Take of yellow wax, eight ounces ; tacamahaca in powder,
palm oil, each four ounces. Melt them together, and add of
cloves in powder, two ounces ; cxprejfid oil of mace, one ounce
and a half. Mix, and make them into a plaijler, which is
to be mojlencd, when frrfi fpread, with fome drops of dif-
tilkd oil of mint.

Tliis is intended as a warm, carminative, and cordial,
application to the flomach, and exerts very confiderable
efferts wlien fuch tilings are wanted ; therefore it is ufe-
ful in flatulencies, gripes, and all complaints arifing from
indigeilions ; and a cold w eak flomach cannot well fail
finding relief from its ufe.

COMMON EMULSION.
Take offweet almonds, one ounce; water, one quart. Make
them into an emulfion; to which add of white fwar, two
drachms. If three drachms of gum arable be previou/ly boiU
(d in the water, the preparation is called

ARABIC EMULSION.
Either of thefe is fingularly ufeful in many emergen-
cies, particularly in acute diflempers, and the gravel. In
heat of urine and flranguaries, either from acrimonious
humours or the falts of epifpadics, tliey give immediate
eafe ; and ought to be drunk while fre(h, half a pint at
a time, and pretty often. There are other forts of emul-
fions, which are calculated for diuretics, coolers, and
peilorals.

ANODYNE CLYSTER.

Take of the infufion of linjeed, fx ounces ; liquid lauda-
num, forty drops. Mix them together.

This is excellent to alTuage pains in lyenteries, and
inflammations of the titerus and bladder, by reafon of
a proximity and confent of parts.

ANTICHOLIC CLYSTER.
Take of the common decoilion, half a pint ; ti.iClurafacraf.
one ounce ; common Jalt, one drachm ; lirfced oil, two ounces.
Mix them together.

This falls in with the view of unloading the bowels of
their codive contents, and confequently procures an im-
mediate relief on many occafions, chiefl.y in flatulencies,

gripes,

FOR FAMILY USE.

249

gripes, and biliiT.is cliolics. The addition ot the f.ilt, by
a mild gentle HimiiUit, inrurcs its cffefts. It likewifc
deftioys worms, particiilaily the afcarides, if aflified
with a few giains of calomel by tlie mouth.

The purging CLYSTER.

Take of ihc common decc^ion, half a pint; whxlt foap,
tnt ounce \ fyrvp of buckthorn, an ounce and a half . Mix
ihrm according to art.

This is penetrating, deferfivc, and capable of dilTolv-
ing indiiiaiions and gvnmoiis vifciditics of the intcftinal
tube, cfpecially in the jaundice, and by ridding tlic bow-
els of their concreted contents may prevent an inflam-
mation. It is iifefiil in diforders of the head, and may
caufe a revulfion in the fxciilent vomitings.

EXPRESSION OF MILLEPEDES.
Take of live millepedes, (comncnh called wood-lice,) ihiee
9UJ1CCS ; fimplt fennel-water, one pint ; compound hotfe-radipt
water, half a pint. Br uife the milU pedes, gradually aiding
to them the diflilled waters; and aflerxuardi frefs out the
liquor.

This is an excellent diuretic, fwectener and cicanfcr
of llie blood, and a moft efiicacious medicine in all chro-
nic cafes that are to be relieved by promoting the urinnry
difcharges, as are many inveterate ulcers, (Jnuiias, and
fcrophulous diforders, and fiich as frequently are the
foreruiuiers of fcorbutic dropfies, from a retention of
fuch humours as obrtruft the vifcera, and fill the whole
habit with water and vifciditics. Hence it is of lingular
efficacy in the fionc, jatuidice, nephritic pains, dyfury,
cholic, and afthma.

AROMATIC FOMENTATION.

Take ofclovei, mace, each one drachm ; red wine, one pint.
'£oU them a little, and thenflrain out the liquor.

This, applied warm to the abdomen, will be found of
admirable fervice in clioHcs, and for relaxed weak (io-
■machs that are fubjcft todidenlion from flatulency. It
may be ufed to tlie head with fuccefs in any diforders
from too much muintire and pituilous dcfluxions.

STRENGTHENING FOMENTATION.
Take of oak- bark, one ounce; pomegranate-peel, half an
tunce ; forge-water, three pints. Boil them till there remains
a quart of the f rained liquor; to whici add of rcch alum,
two drachms.

This is proper for haemorrhages, whether uterine,
h.-eu^onhoidal, or from any other part. It is alfo good
to foment fprains, fraflurcs, or paralytic limbs ; and will
help to check immoderate vomitings.

The COMMON GARGLE.

Take of wtler, fix ounces ; nitre, one drachm ; honey of
fofes, one ounce. Mix them together. To this gatgarifm are
ftmeiimes added, of fweel ffiril tf vitriol, ffleen drops.

4i.

Tliis is proper to cleanfe and fcour the mouth and
throat from flyugh, and the phlegiuatic matter wliicii
(Kiffs and tiiniifies the glands. It is alfo good to cool
and deterge tlie mouth when (uve, parched, and dry,
V. itli a fever.

EMOLLIENT GARGLE.
Take of marfh-mallcw roots, two ounces; figs, in number,
four ; water, three pints. Boil till there remains one quart
of liquor, which flrain out for ufe.

This is excellent to alHiage pain and inflammation in
the throat or mouth, to matunaeany.ulcer therein, and
to mollify the blidered tongue and fauces in a falivatioii.
The learneil and accurate Sir John Pringle obferves, that
in the inflammatory qu'iifey, or (irangidation of the fau-
ces, little benefit arifes from the conunon gargles ; that
fucli as are of an acid naMirc do more Itarm than good,
by conlracling the cmunLtories of the faliva and mucus,
and thickening ihofc hiunours; that a decoftion of figs
in milk and water has a contrary cflecl, cfpecially if fomc
fal-aninioniac be added ; b\ which the faliva is made
thiimer, and the glands b: ought to fccretc more freely ; a
circumflance always conducive to the cure.

SALINE DRAUGHT.

Take fait of wormwood, one fern bit; lemon j'lice, half att
ounce ; while fugar, one drachm. Mix them ngelher.

This is an effectual remedy to flop vomitings, and is of
lingular ulc in fevers, efpecially thofe of the intermit-
tent kind, wlien tlie baik often fails. It caufes gentle
breathing fweats, and may be repeated every five or Cx
hours occdfionally.

ANTISCORBUTIC INFUSION.

Take of water-trcfini , tuo oumes ; oranges, half an
ounce ; boiling water, lu/o quarts. I.ct them fand in in-
fiifionfor a night in a clofe vffel; afterwards flrain the
liquor, and then add to it of compound horfc-radifh water,
half a pint.

This is cfieflual againfl fcropiiulas, the king's evil,
and all obftinate fcorbutic difeales. In the rheumatic,
dropfical, and cjcheflic, habits, it v/ill be of good fer-
vice. It likcw ile gives due w.rrntth to the n.rvcs, w hicli
in pamlytic cafes they are defiitute of. It may be drunk
at difcretion, and the life of it continued according to
the exigency of the diforder.

INFUSION OF LINSEED.
Take of Unfed, twofpoonfuls; tiqucrice-toot,f iced, half
an ounce; boiling water, thtee pints. Let them fland to in.
fufe by the fire for fame hours, and then fralniff the liquor.

If an ounce of the leaves of colt's-fuot be added to

tlicfe ingredients, it will tlicn be the pe<SIoral infufion.

Both thcfc arc emollient nmcib^inous li'juors, and may

3S be

J^O

CULPEPER's DISPENSATORY,

be taken ^i'h advantage as ordinary drink in difficulty
of making water; and in coughs and other conij'laints
cf the bread.

BALSAMIC INJECTION.

Taki of baffam ccpaiba, half an ounce, andthe yolk of one
tg(r. Work tkem well tooetker, and gradually add of lime-
water, fix ounces ; honey of rcfrs, ta<o ounces. Mix the
tuhole well together.'

This is excellent for the confolidation of wounds, and
to cleanfe and heal ulcerations, gleets, aud feminal
weaknelTes, if ufed two or three times a-day ; and for
corroborating the nervous parts, which liave been re-
laxed by the difeafe.

The mercurial INJECTION.

Take »f quickflvir,, bolfam cofaiha, each ha f an ounce.
Beat and iDOik them together, till the quickfdver is e.xtin-
guifkcd ; then put to the nafs the yolk of one eg^. Mix the
whole very well logttlier, gradually adding cf rofe-roaler,
half a pint.

This is cakiJated for gonorrhoeas, and venereal ulcers
in the urethra, vagina, and uterus; ih.e quickfilver de-
firoysthe virulency^ while the balfam heals and (heaths
the excoriated parts from the acrimony of the urine.

The cordial JULEP.

Take of alexterial water, four ounces ; aromstic water,
two ounces; faliae aromatic fpirit, tincture of faff ton, each
two drachms ; white fugar, half an ounce. Mix, and ma.ie
them into a julrp.

This is a liigh cordial, and will bring on an efTcftual
Bioifture ; confequently remove all wearinefs, heat, and
tenfion, of the parts-; therefore it is of great fcrvice in
the deprelfcd ftate of fevers, fjtigue from excefTcs, and
lownefs of fpirits. A few fpoonfuls,-drunk every three
or four hours, will, by its enlivening quality, coinnui-
nicate an agreeable fenfation. It is likewife very aptly
prefcribed with powdtrrs and bolufes.

DIAPHORETIC JULEP.

Take cf alexcleiial water, fvur ounces; fpirit of minde-
rerus, two ounces; vclati/e fait cf haitf(orn, ten "rains;
fyrup of meconium, one ounce. Mix them together.

In flow malignant fivers, with cjld clammy fv.cats,
pale vifage, a low inteiniilting pulfe, and wiicie great
icnielfnefs prevails, this julep will be finguUrly bene-
ficial. A tea-cup full may be given and repeated every
four or five hours, till funic crifis appears, aiid ilie dif-
lenipcr abates.

DIURETIC JULEP.
Take of fpirit ofmindereus,four ounces ; compound horfe.
tadijh water, two ounces; fyrup of marflt-mallows, three

ounces. Mix, and make a juUf ; to which may ic added M^
cafwnally, of fpirit cf amber, one drachm.

Tills is ftrongly diuretic ; hence a good remedv againft
a fuppredion of urine from any caufe, the gravrl, and
nephritic pains. It will alfu promote and aflid an uri-
nary crifis ; and may be repeated as the urgency of the
fympfoms indicates.

The fetid JULEP.

Take of rue water, fix ounces ; affa-foetida, one drachm
and an half. Diffolve the afjafatida in the water, and add
tothtfclution, of anlihyfieric water, two ounces; diflilledoil
of harlptorn, twenty drops, received upon ten di achms of while
Jugar. Mix the whole well together.

This is ordered in hyfteric afleftions, and a defeflive
fiateof the nieufes,and fouietiuics in hypochoi driacal ca-
fes. A tea-cup full may betaken three or tour timesa-day.

Tfie saline JULEP.

Take cf mint-water, fyrup cf lemons, each two ounces; fait
of wormwood, one drachm. Mike them into a julep.

This is an admirable remedy in vomitings and hic-
cup-:. It has a mild and innocent virtue, though pow-
erfully attenuating and refolving, diuretic and fudorific;
hence it is excellent in rheumatifms, fevers, and all dif-
orders from a fiziuefs of the blood. Two or three fpoon-
fuls are given every five or iix licurs.

The ANODYNE LINIMENT.

Take of nerve-ointment, three ounces ; balfam of turpentine^

one ounce. Mix them together.

This is a warm invigorating topic, and may be ufed
with good efl'eft, to excite the nerves to aftion w hen too
languid. It is applied to paralytic and numbed limbs,
to redore a due feiife and tceling; and, by its penetra-
ting quality, it is of good ufe in a fciatica and the gout.

PECTORAL LOHOCH.

Take of fpermaceti, nthitefoap, each two drachms ; whites
of eggs, afufjicient quantity. Mix them thoroughly together^
and then add of frtfli-drawn linfeed oil, one ounce and an
half; fyrup of marfli-mallows, three ounces. Mix the whole
well together.

This contains very great emollient and balfamic vir.
tues ; and, by the inciting and detergent property of tha
foap, becomes a powerful deobftruent in infariftions of
the bread ; hence it is recommended in a difficulty of re-
fpiration, either from a dry bulky cough, or a tough
thick phlegm; and likewilii in impodhumations and tii,
berdes of the lungs.

ALOETIC PILLS.

Take fuccotrine aloes, white foap, of each equal farts i:
thin haney, as much as isfujpcitnt. Make them intoa mafs. ,

IJjfc

FOR FAMILY USE.

251

The foap here is added purely to promote the dilTolu-
tion of the aloes in the ftomach; for, pills made up of
raifins, and fubftances not eafily dilTohible, frequently
paf^ through the body entire: hence, by the purgative
quality of the aloes, and detergent property of the foap,
the glaircs and vitcidities of the inteilincs arc diilolved
and carried oil"; therefore the pills are flomachic, anti-
febrile, and exccHcnt in nephritic and cholic pains.—
Moreover, tlie aloes, being hepatic, forward the dif-
tharge of the bile, whilH, by the conconiitancy of the
foap, it breaks the obftnidions of the liver, blends and
alliniihites the hunionrs. Hence it appears how advan-
tjgeous and eflential it ii to adapt and combine nicdi-
tincs judxioully.

PURGING KCPHRATIC PILLS.

Take fuccotriti'. aloes, exlraE! of black hellebore, fcammoy,
tf each two ounces; vit'iolaUd tartar, tifee drachms; dijlill-
td oil 0/ juniper, a drac'iri and a half; Jyup of buckthorn,
as much as isfujjicitnl to make the whole into a ma/i.

Tliefe are an excellent hydragogue, particularly in ca-
cheftic and fcorbutic habits abounding with dropfical
humours. Three or four of tliefe may be taken once
a day, or every other day, and continued according to
ihe exigency of the comi'lauit.

MERCURIAL PILL.
Take of purified quichfilver and honey, each hafan ounce.
Rub them together in a mortar, till the globules of mercury
<tre perfediy exiinguiflied; then add, of Cajlilefoap^ two
drachma ; powdered liquorice, or crumb of bread, afujficient
quantiy to give the nafs a proper conjijlcnce for pills.

When ftronger mercurial pills are wanted, the quanti-
ty of quickfilver may be doubled. The dofe of tliefe
pills is diflerent, according to the intention with which
ihey are given. As an alterant, two or three may be
taken daily. To raife 3 falivation, four or five will be
nccelfary. Equal parts of the above pill and powdered
riuibarb made into a niafs, with a futficicnt quantity of
limple fyrup, will make a mercurial purging pill.

MERCURIAL SUBLIMATE PILL.
Dijfolve Jifeen grains ef the corrofive fublimate of mercury
in two drachms of the faluratedfolution of crude fal ammo-
mac, and make it into a pajle, in a glafs mortar, with afuf-
f.cient ouanlity of the crun'b of bread. This mafs mujl be
fjrmed into one hundred and twenty pills.

This pill, wliich is the mod agreeable formof exhibit-
ing the fublimate, has been found efficacious, not only in
curing the venereal difeafe, but alio in killing and expel-
ling worms, after other powerful medicines had failed.
For the venereal difeafe, four of Ihefe pills may be taken
twice a.-day^ as an alteraat three^ and fur worms two.

PACIFIC PILLS.

Take of galbanum, myrrh, while foap, 0/ each two ounces %
opium, one ounce ; fyrup offugar, as much as isfujicienl to
make the whole into a mafs Jit for pills.

Tliefe are admirable in alliiaging hypochondriacal and
hydcric lomi'liint'?, nephritic and uterine pains, caufed
cither from oblini.Lt ions or ulcers in the kidneys or uterus.

The PECTORAL PILLS.

Take of gum ammoniacum, an ounce and an half; myrrh,
one ounce ; balfam of fulplmr tercbin'hinated, one drachm;
fyrup of ma'fh-mallows, as much as will make the whole into
a mafs.

Tliefe are healing and balfamic in a hxmopthiUs, in-
farctions, and ulcers of the lungs.

STOMACHIC PILLS.

Take offuccolrine aloes, one ounce and a half; gvm amme^
niac, myrrh, each half an ounce; vitri.lated tartar, two
drachms ; diftilLd oil of mint, half a drachm ; fyrup of fu-
gar, afujficient quantity. Mix according to art.

Thcfe, by their catluirtic, bitter, attenuating, diid aro-
matic, qualities, incivie and purge away lloughy humours,
which foul the coats of the rtomach ; alfo warm and for-
tify the fibres, whereby the gaftric juice and digeftion are
promoted. They are mod convenient in an advanced
age, and full cachectic habits, which abound with cold
vifcid hiitnours. They may be taken five or fix at a dofe.

The BALSAMIC POTION.

Take of balfam copaiba, three drachms ; dijlilled oil of
juniper, thirty drops ; the white of an egg. Work them-
well together, and mix in, of fnnel-water, compound horfe-
radijh water, each three ounces; fyrup of marfh-mallows,
two ounces.

Tliis is vulnerary and diuretic; hence chiefly of ufe in
wounds, ulcers, and weaknelTes of the kidneys and uterus.

LITHONTRIPTIC POTION.

Take of white foap (the outward part b,ing pared off),
one ounce ; warm lime-water, one quart. Stir them together
tUl the foap is perfeBly diffohed.

This, by its penetrating and alkaline virtues, is intend-
ed fur the gravel and fione, wliich ir dilVolvesand pre-
vents by alli.nilating the humours, and by abforbing
thole acidities which form calculous concretions.

COMPOUND SPIRIT of LAVENDER.
Takejlowers of lavender, frefli gathered, a. pound and aa
half ; fiefii flowers of rifemary, half a pound; f re/It out-
ward part of lemon-peel, three ounces; retlifed fpirit of
wine, a gallon and a half. Dijlil in balneo maria to drinefs,
la the dijlilled fpirii Jleep, for two days, of cloves, cubebs,
andfhavings of redfaunders, each two ounces : then Jliaia
out the Jjiii it for uf.

POWDEK.

* C2

CULPEPER's DISPENSATORY,

POWDER FOR EPILEPTIC and CONVULSION
FITS.

Take f.owtn of zinc, mujh, and faElitious cinnabar, rf
each equal jiaits; mix them together in a glafs or matl.le
mortar. The dofc is from ihiee grains to ten and vpa>ards,
mixed in a little treacle or hon'j, every night and morning.

The life of this powder, with dipping children in a tub
of fpring-water every morning, has very often relieved
them, when every other remedy has proved abortive.

PURGING POWDERS for WORMS.

Take if fcammony, calomel, and the bejl Turkey rhubarb,
in powder, of each equal pans; doublc-rcjined fugar, the
weight of the whole ; rub it all very well together in a maible
mortar, and keep for ife.

The dofe for children is from ten grains to twenty-five,
once or twice every week. This is preferable to any
quack medicine whatever.

A UNIVERSAL POWDER for CHILDREN'S
DISORDERS.

Take of white magnejia,fix drachms ; cinnabar of antimo-
vy, iwofcrvples; mix them into a fiie powder for vfc.

This powder will not only prevent tlic numerous dif-
prders children are liable to, but will alfo remove many,
and all that nrile from acidities in the flomach. This is
preferable to all other remedies yet known, for children
in cutting their tcclh, ficknefs at their ftomachs, ccc. &c.
The dofe is from ten grains to half a drachm, more or
lefs, twice a-day.

POWDER TO PROMOTE DELIVERY.

Take borax in fine powder, cafior, cinnamon, and myrrh,
ef each three drachms ; faffron and favin, of each one drachm
and an half; mix ihrm, and make a powder for tfe.

A drachm of this powder facilitates the birth, and
promotes the lochia and mcnfcs.

The famous SYMPATHETIC POWDER.

Take of green vitriol, eight ounces ; »f gum tragacanth,
reduced to an impalpable powder, one ounce : mix thcfe toge-
ther, and let a f mall quantity of the powder he fprinkled on
the wound, and it immediately ficps the bleeding. The vitriol
miifi be cakimd to whilenefs in the fun, before it be mixed with
the gum.

The above powder is ufed by the miners at GofTtlaer
in Germany, in all their wounds; and, I believe, was
never known to fail. This powder, Monf. Lemcry and
Sir Kenelm Digby tell us, has alfo the following won-
derful properly, that, if it be fpread on a cloth dipped
in the blood of a wound fo as to incorporate with the
blood, the wound would be cured, though the patient
were miles oti", and never law the medicine. From tliis
lemarkable Sympathetic property it derived its name.

POWDER FOR A SORE THROAT.

Take one ounce and an half of purified fal ammoniac, and
half an ounce of purified nitre j mix them very well together
in a mortar for tfe.

About R\ or eight grains of this powder is to be fre-
quently held in the mouth, and to be gently fwallowed
down the throat. Tliis very often anfwers better than
gargles. If necefTary, lofe a little blood, and take a
br^lk purge before you ufe the powder.

For VOMITINGS, BILIOUS DISORDERS, &c.

Take mint-water, fyrup of lemons, of each four oumes;
fait of wotmwood, two drachms. Mix them well together
for ife.

In vomitings, hiccups, rheumatifms, fevers, and all
diforders from a (izinefs in the blood, no preparation
can be more innocent nor more efficacious. Two or
three table- fpoonfuls are to be taken every four or five
hours.

DECOCTION for CATARRHS, COLDS, &c.

Take of compound tefiaceous powder, one ounce ; gum ara-
ble in powder, half an ounce ; water, two quarts. Boil it till
one pint of the water is waficd : then add to the luibid de.
coBion, of aromatic water, one ounce and an half; zohitefu-
gar, half an ounce, and mix the whole well together for ufe.

Tliis compofition will he found immediately ufeful in
dedroying fharp corrofive matter in the (ioniach, and ab-
forbing all acidities in the firft paffages. Half a pint of
it in fevers, colds, or the like diforders, may be taken.-
three or four times every day, blood-warm.

SWEATING DRAUGHT, for recent COLDS.

T ake of the fpirit mindereus,f<mr ounces ; fyrup of poppies f
and fimple cinnamon-water, of each one ounce ; volatile fait
of hartfiorn, half a fcrvple. Mi.x them togrther for two
draughts, and take one of them when going into bed, and the
remainder thefecond evening after.

In rheumatifms, pains in the head, and other parts,
the above fweating draught will be found to anfwer
every intent.

For an inveterate COLD or COUGH.

Take a large tea-cup full of linferd, two-pennv-worth of

fiick-liquorice, and a quarter of a pound of Jun-raijins

Put thefe into two quarts offofl water, and let it fimmer over
a flow fire till it is reduced to one ; then add to it a quarter
cf a pound of brown fugar-candy pounded, a tahle-Jpoonful ,
of old rum, and a tablefpocnful of the befi white-wine vine-
gar or lemon-juice . The rum and vinegar are befi to be added
only to that quantity you are going immediately to take; for,
if it is put into the wltole, it is apt, in a little time, to grow
fiat. Drink half a pint at going to bed, and take a little
when the cough is lioublefome.

This

lOR FAMILY USE.

253

This receipt generally cijr«s il.e w^rfi of colds in fw 0
or lliice days, and it" taken in time miy le faid to be al-
noft an infallible remedy. It i^a mofi forereign and
balfan-.ic cordial far thelunj;, withniit tiie opening qia-

. lilies wliich endanger frelli < mi' bv pu ;>■ out. It h.is
been known to cure colds '.li 1 almoll Ictilcd

in confumptions, in Icfs ti an tincc wctii.

For a putrid SORIj; THUOAT.

Take of the bijl I'eruvian iati, in.(^f^i l\>wdcr., one ounce
and a half ; Virginian fnake-7:ot, lirif'ii'ticAmf ; boil litem
together in three quarts of wUcr le OMtf'^art ; thenji^ain
the h'tjuor, and add trffo drc lis rfe^r cf vitriol; take a
large tea cup full of it evety f.ird hour. To every difc you
nay add a/mall quantity o/bnndy ifjou chufe it.

The ftcam of the foltowin; ingr^ients received into
the throat through a funnel cciy Flour will do a deal of
fervice :

Take vinegar, one pint ; icny, it/fa pound ; myrrh, in
fcwder, half an ounce : iciitLTi wcU leather, and ic is Jit
for ufe.

i

Bliflers applied to the tl'.)c.r., and behind the ears, are
equally as beneficial in thisdicafe, in cafe thepulfe and
fpirits are very low. If a vomiting continues, Take four
iableffconfuh of lemon-juia, cid put to it one drachm of
fa/t of tdtlar ; white fuga; halfr an ounce; mint-water,
three ounces : mix them very wtlilegclhcr. The dofe is a
fable-fpoonful every houi. — This is the famous faline
julep fo much approved c by ihc fa^;;lty, as an anti-
dott agaiiifl vomiting and Jtknefs of the Ilomach. Af-
ter the diforder is fubductj the j-aticnt Oiould take a
few piirgesof rhubarb, fen, or t lie like. But, on the
contrary, whilft the putrii ulcers rcma n in the throat,
aiid a violent loofcncfs Ihoild come on, it mud be check-
ed, by t.aking two tca-fpoinfuls of diafcordium two or
three tini'es aday.

ALE FOR TU2 INWARD PILES.

Take half an ounce of I'm pilch, and boil it in a pint
of gocd ale, till it comes tchaf a pint, then drink it off
btocd-warm.

This, though a fimple rcnedy, has proved very effec-
tual in many (lubborn cafes where ol1i;r things of imuch

greater c.vj-.cnce have prov.4 «borlive.
■■ ■■■■ :. . .. ijt
ALE FO* th'/AUNPICE.

Take out qiiaifl of ale, ani qdd '" '' '• " otncts of hemp.
f(ed, . and half an oi»(e if I'tmeric, in powder : boil than
over the fire about a qua'lcr fan h.ur, i.njliain-itfor sife.

This' may be f\vectene()\))il|lt G()arle fugar. . JHiUfa
pint of it at a d-ofc ; to be tik^ cwery morning.

VOMITING DRAUGHT.

' Take of ipecacuanha, infu'-fiiwder, iwentjf-Jlve grains ;

akxethtal water, half an ewsfj coiipouid fpirit of laven-

der, half a drachm ; fyrup of orange-put, one drachm: mix
them for ufe,

DRAUGHT roil the DROPSY.

Take of peppermint-aaler, one ounce ; fimple cinnamon-
water, half an ounce ; fpiriiuous cinnamon-water, two
draihms ; thebaic tinilure, forty drops ; lye of tartar, half
a drachm ; fyrup of na'fli-mallows, one drachm; mix them
trgetlarfor a draught. '

This Is tlie medicine whxh cured a perfon labourin"
under an afcites and tympany at the fame tinie, where
til? pain wa^ very fevere, attended with great ihirft, and
thick, high-eoluured, urine, rendered in fmall quantities.
The flrong purges increafed the dirtemprr. Sujp, lixivi-
.al Cilts, ballani of gilcad, nitre, and the like, all proved
abortive. This draught brouj;ht unexpected relief, by
procuring reft, and caufing a copious difcliargc of water.
By repeating the medicine for fome time, .every eight
hours, and then only twice a-day, and afterwards uling
corroborants, or niedicijies that produce flrength of bo-
dy, &c. the cure was perfeflly completed.

For consumptions.

Take leaves of comfcy the greater, Solomon's fcal, and
pimpernel, each four handfuls; liquor ice -root, two ounces :'
infufe them cold for twehe days, in two gallons of lime-water ^
and take off the clear liquor for ufe.

This is very eifily made, and is much yetscr than if
it were to be diftilled. It is of excellent ufe in fi-.cli con-
fumptions as proceed from a flinrp thin blood ; efpecially
in thofe who have been injured by a c-riain bud difeafe,
or have any hereditary remains of fcrophuloiis or leprous
humours. It mull be drunk for about forty days toge-
ther, to the quantity of a quart or two every day, if ilie
fiomach can bear fo much. It « ill alio be of the utmolt
fervice to wafli foul ulcers with.

DECOCTION FOR INWARD DFCAV.
Take ground-ivy, fcabious, and colt' s-fuot , each two hand-
fuls ; hyjfop, one handful ; elecampane-root, one ounce ; li.
quoricc,four ounces; agrimony, fur handfu's : boil than
together in nine quarts of harUy-waler till they cometo about
a gallon, thenjlrain it for ufe.

This pefloral can be depended on in coughs and con-
fumptions of the lungs.

For the ASTHMA, 4pp SHORTNESS of'
li R F, A T H.
Take of the riUk of gum ammoniac, fix ouru . , , . , i, . ,j
/quills, f'ur ounces and a half: mix them tcg'ih'r.

This promotes expectoration in a very great dcj;ree, and
relieves thofe who are fhort- breathed; it'% i.lfo iufily
e'flecmed for its ferviceable properties inafthmatic caf-:*,
by rarefying and ijiinning vifcid cuheJlons m the piiliuu-
nary vcllbls. A fpoonful is to be taken four or live linics
every day, ami in particular every morning.

ZT

2 54

CULPEPER's D ISP EN

THE VAGINA

LTO tj,

INJECJIONS roR UIXEKS in
AXD \V0M3.

Tak( qukhfilvtr, haifam capiva, rf rack ha,!/ an curce ;
iiOt Hid wDrk them mgtl/icr, lill the quicJiJilver is exiin-
guijli'd ; then p;tt to the int/i, liu yelk of an e,gg : mix them
very well lagttlier, gradually adding half a pint of rcjc-
tvaUr.

As well for '.rjei51ioni iii ulcers ip. the vagina, occa-
fiOHCii from the conofiver.efs of a long contimiance of
llie »l;i(ej, it is equally as efficacious for a goiionhcea,
particularly if aiiv ulcers be^in the lueilna. This fim-
ple preparation flie.ilhs llie excoriated pails tVoin the
acrimony of the urine.

• ESSENCE FOR THE HEAD-ACH.

Take of Frene/i brandy, or reflificd fpirit of wine, one
quart, put it into ajlrong boltle ; and add one ounce of cam-
phor CLt fmall; a quarter of an ounce of ejferice of lerr-on;
aiid ta.'o ounces of the Jlrongcjl volatile fpii it of fal ammoniac.
Stop the bottle quite clofe, andfliake it three or four times
a-dcy for a week.

The method of ufing it is to rub th.e hand with a little
of it, and he'd it hard upon the part altefted until it is
dry ; if the pain is not quite relieved, repeat it till it is.

COMPOUND TINCTURE of SENA, commonly
CALLED DAFFY'S ELIXIR.

Taheof the htjifina, two ounces ; jalap, coriander feeds,
end cream cf tartar, of each one ounce ; coarfe fugar^ three
quarters of a pound ; brandy, three pints ; let thcmfland for
ten or twelve days ; thenflrain off what is fine far tfe.

This is an agreeable purge, and nothing can be more
iilcfiil than to keep if re?dy-madc for family ufe.

GODFREY'S CORDIAL.

Takeftven gallms cf water, rafpings of faffafras, and
anif'feeds, of each four pounds ; powder of carrawoy-fecds,
tight ounces ; opium, fx ounces; coarfefugar,fflecn pounds :
boil them all together, till one half of the liquor be evaporated,
then flraia it through a coarfe bag or cloth, and add three
gallons of fpirit of wine rtSlified.

STOUGHTON's BITTERS.

Take gentian- root, two ounces ; dried orange-peel, two
ounces and an half; cochineal, in powder, half a drachm ;
proof fpirit, or brandy, two pounds; let them fland ten Or
twelve days, and decani off what is clear for vfe.

FRIAR'S B.'^LSAM, commonly called TUR-
LINGTON's BALSAM of LIFE.

The true and hcjl method of making it : Take gum benja-
min, twelve ounces ; gumjtorax, eight ounces ; balfam ofTolu

(or Peru), four
f.<:d fpirit of wu
digefl twehe orj u'Hen don

unces J ft^Uitiitte aLes, two eunces ; reOl-
, fve ^acrjt . tnd a pint ; let them fland la
t \en decant for ufe.

PILLS FOR GHDINES: I1ALSY, HEAD-ACH,&c.
Take native ci nakir, levt jUv, two drachms ; cafior, and

n ; oil of marjoram, fifuen

ri chm ; fyrup of piohy, afuf-

; andfoin nine pills out of

is three of them to be ta-

falt of amber, oj each one di c

drops ; balfam £ 'Peru, one
fcicnt quantity t v:a ke the r^'

evety drachm of t. The d

ken three times a-Jay.

PASTE f )R THE FlI'tULA, PILES, &:c

Take a pound ^f elecampimc root, three pounds of fennel
feeds, and one pA id cf ilaclSf^pcr ; let thrfe be made into
a very fine pou'dr, fparatiiyl take tuo pounds cf honey,
and the fame qua <ti:\ offuutrl in potcder : melt, the honey
andfugar togetht ' crcr a g jtijire, fcumming them conti.
nually, lill they b ccme as 6 'git as amber : when they are
cool, mix and knad them in yvur powders in the form of a
pafc.

The dofe is tlie fize o al mitmeg, morning, noon,
and niglit. This has bei i fjiund a fpecific for the fif-
tula, piles, &c. I

For the^WHCOPING :CIJGH, by the ROYAL

COLLEGE (* PHYSICIANS.

Take flowers (f benjamtt, t id f rained opium, of each

two drachms ; cafphire, ijco/iuptes ; effenlial oil of anife-

feed, half a drachti ; reS'icdj kit of wine, one quart : di.

geji, and flrain off the elixir.

This is original from Le N art, and was publiflied bjr
(iuincy, with fonr ounces ol iquorice, and four of ho.
ney, which the college have nitted. It is anodyne and
diaphoretic, an(^ greatly co ributes to allay tickling
coughs, to open the bread, to ive freedom of breathing,
to cure an'afihma, but partii larly the WHOOPING-
COUGH IN CHILDREN. The dofe for children is
from five drops to twenty ; a I, to grown jferfons, from
twenty to a hundred, at nig a.nd morning, in Malaga
wine.

Dr. SMITH'S PJIESCRIP ION for the WHOOp.
j ING C JGH.

Take'ofthe muJk^tiUp,fix oi ces ; paregoric elixir, half at
ounce ; volatile tinSLure of vale an, one drachm ; mix thepn,
and take two fpotnfuls thrc or four times every day.

Take milk qfgu; i ammoniac, iwd offmatl cinnamon-water.

of each two ounces; tinElure r
cf balfam, half a dfachm; m
fpoonful prefcntl; attei^
Towards the decline of th

cafior, two drachms ; fyrup
them, and adminiller one

difeafe, a decoftion of the

bark, in foil doft's, may bcfcrcfcribed to advanta

INDEX

I
1

>ib)[

( 255 )

X TO THE MEDICAL PART.

' yj'BDOMES, orbdi)-, 1I1
./jt plaiiatioii.of ;ill us ji

: flrii^iir; of, witli »n cx-

7-, i'--

Agues, or intcrniittciit I'cvcri tlucuifes, fymptonis, re.

ginien, and nicditil iie^tieiit, ut, 119,
AU for the inward |ilcs, 13
Ale for the jaundico, 15 j,
Atexeterial Bolus, 7.\;.
Anatomical Analvjis 0 the Im nan Frame, both male ami

female, 191, &c.
Animal Magneti/m, 0 wllat jbinded, 24+,
Anodyne Balfam, 24,-
Anodynt Cltjler, 24S.
Anodyne Liniment, 20.
Anthony's Fire St. — Se Eryibcat.
Anticholic Clyjler, z:,.
Antidyfenteric EleSury, 241
AntiheClic DecoSlion,ni
Antipathy, wonderll jrop^les of, 143.
Aperient Ale, 246.
Apoplexy, its can fcndl curt, 171,
Aromatic or Spire Vatpr, |4j.
Arteries, their (Irii: ir| an^ olice, witJi their names >nd

defcription, 33, c
' AJihma, Its ditVereiilk

111, See.
Baljamic Ele&uary, 4
Bladder, inflamni:i'.»i ot t>c rj;
Blijlering Plaijler, -A
Blood, generation a'ic
Blood, invoUintary iltliii
Blood, fpittiiig of, 59.
Blood, vomiting cl 160
Bulus of Jalap witlAIei' 11
Boaes, or f)riii5tiir,if Ihf I
Bohe^, broken, li'MO t
Brain, infianimat, 1 ol,
Bruifes, how to tiM, i
Bums, to heal anuurc
Cartilages. — See (jjlis.
Cancer, its extren.Jingei
Child-birth, or liu lOcc
Cholera Morbus, itdange

ids caifes, fymptoms, and cure,

if I aiion of, 103,
r ti of, to Cure,

24
iman

93

(keleton, 61.
fymptoms and cure, 139.

lard bed method to cure, igi,
Jof ii'.idv. ifery, 22S.

id bell mode of cure, 153.
Cholic, tlie dili'ere: kind a id modes of cure, 153,
Cold Baihinr, cauOiiE |.i vioui to, 199.
Colds and Coughs, JW to tiic, 1+4, 145.
Conception, or Prc^iancy nunner af, with the indifpo-
fitio.is commoiMoretc 22j.
Confump lions, the ilTere ; kinds, and methods of cure,

- '*5- /

Convuljion Fits, 15

Cough, Whmping, \6.

Child in the lVoTnb,\\i jj agrilTive formation of its pans,

227. • '

Cramp cfthe StomJ, 17 ,
Cephalic Electuary ni.
Cephalic Ale, 146 !

Daffy's Elixir, 2< |
JDtcoQiott for cataihs, |oli, &c. 252,
DccoOion, Commonn- .]
HccoOion for a piiid fere tuoat, 233.
Deception lor inv^.l delays, 153.
DeJenfivePlaijier,i,%.
Diabetes, dekriptn o , andcare, 155.
Diaphoretic Bolus, *$•
Diarrhaa, or Locuel ,1 15..
Di/eafis in generalhei 4re>ciu ion and cure, {13,
Dijlocalions, 190. |

Draught, Serline, 249.

Draught for the dropfy, 253.

Driiih for condiioptions, 253.

Drinking the Mineral H'alers, c.i'.'ions previous thereto,
201.

Dropfy, how to cure, 1^3.

D'oruncd Perjons, recovcrmg of, rgfi.

Diuretic DecoHion, 24.

Dyfenlety, or bloody I''liix, I'll.

Eggs, in thaovaries of it woman, cont;iin the rudimeuls
of tlie embryo, 217.

EleBuary igaind the piles, 247.

£/fil7ua)^ againrt (luxes, 247.

F.lixir for the whooping-cough, 254.

Emetic, or vomiting draught, 253.

Emollient Catapldfm, 24<5. •

Emuljion Common, and Emuljion Arabic, 248,

Epilepfy, or I'lUing Sicknefs, 175.

Eryjipelas, or St. Anthofiy's i"ire,.i38.

Ejence for the liead-acli, 254.

Eye-lVater, 245.

Eyes, infljmm:ition of, and cure, 140, &c.

Fat, its origin, quality^ and office, 23.

Fevers, theii nature, general tendency, and cilre, ir;,

Feveis, intermittent, 119.

Fczer, acute or continual, 121.

Ffm-r, llow or nervous, 12S.

Fever, malignant, ptttrid, or fpottcd, 1:9.

Fever, the miliary, 131 .

F'.ver, the remitting, 13J.

Fever, fcarlet, 137.

Fever, bilious, 13S.

Fibres, tlicir conllrudlion and office, 2r.

Flatulencies, or Wind, 178.

Fief: of the Human Body, jts divenlty, fubftanCC, &,c. 13,

Fluor A/bus, or Whites, 219.

Fomentation, aromatic, 249.

Fonicniaiion, (irengtlening, 249.

Friar's Balfam, 254.

Furor Uierznus, cuitions how to prevent, and cure of,

224.
Gargle, common, i49-
Gargle, cniotlicnt, 249.
Generalise Parts inmcn and women, a miniltedcfcription

of, 15, 84 to 9,'.
Generation, how vcrformed, 227.
Godfrey's Cordial, 2J4,
Gout, liow to alfcviaie, 165.
Grew/and Slo«i 156.
Crten Sicknefs, lOw to treat, 211.
Griflles, or Catilages, their nature and office, tt. '
Head, dcfcripion of, 3.
llecrt, its \vadcrful conftruflion, fenfatiop, and office,

12. — A p^ticular dcfcription thereof, 100 to lOl^
Heart.burn, o cure, 173.
//jVcKp, liowto prevent, 176.
Hvpochondr'c Complaints, 180.
Hyjleric Co plaints, 179.
Jaundice, ymptoms and cure, iCz,
Infants, (feafcs of, 234.
Inflammolom and Ahfceffes, 1S5.
/i>/iyfon,antifcorbic, 249.

Infufion^i linfeed, 249. '

/n/irclu", balfainic, mercurial, 250.
InjeSi^s for ulcers in the vagina and womb, 254,
Intejlies, defcribed, 75.
Intefiies, inflajnmation of the, 14S.

Ilcf}

2 5-5

'] N D E X TO TfiE M E D I C A r

luli, how tT J^Mvonf, orcm-c, 170.

luUps, cordial, diaphoveiic, diuretic, foetid, faliue, 250.

Kidney:', t!i<;ir filiiation, (irucliire, and oH.te, go.

ilidniyi, iiiflanrniation ol'tij*, 151.

King's £vil, 169 .

Lavender, compound fpirit of, 251.

Lenitive EUcluary, 2 4-7-

Ligaments, their conftriifl ion and ufe, 2i.

Jivtr, its fiibftaiice and office, 73.

Liver, inflammation of the, iji.

Lorfenft. — See Dianhifa.

LobM<i, an American Plant, ufed by tlie natives to cure

■file VenereaV Difeafe, 213.
l^un^s, their conlirinltton and office, 102.
J.wngi, inflainnuition of, 12+.
Man, pliyfical and aftrononucal defcription of, i.
Minibranis, their cnnllruitiun and otTJcCi 20.
hhojlcs, fymiilonis of, and cure, 136. '
hUiiJhual Difchaig!, cautions conccrnui^, 215.
Mercurial Plaijler, i+8.

Mczereon Root, a powerful aflifiant in venereal cafes, 213.
Midaiifery, procefs of, in natural and difficult labours,

Z28.
Miners, expofed to injuries from un-ivholefome air, and

nni[ieral evaporations, 114..
Miikbedes, exprcdions of, 24.9.
Mu/c'lcs, their aflonifliing properties and curious con-

Jlruciion. A minute inveftigation and defcription of
'tliem, 40.
J^V>t;fj, a defcription of tl;eiii, with their properties, fitu-

ation, and ule, 37.
J\ervcvs Dijeafcs, llieir caufe, dnd cure, 174
S<light-marc, its caufe and cure

diforder among the ancients,

Pciloral Bolus, 246.

Penis. — See Gencralivc Parts.

Piles, bleeding and blind,'i59

Plague and Fmer Water, 245.

Plaijiir, comnioh, 24 S.

Phurijy, its caufes and cure, 122

Poifons, how to lepel, 1S3.

Pulfis, the cxplanatioujnd do'Jtrin^ of, io5.

Purging. — See Cholera Morbus.

il'iinfey, or hflammalcry Sore THrcat^jj^.z.

Jieins and Kiknrys, de'cription ot, i

i??ins, -their fitua'ion and office, So

Jiluumaiifm, how to cure, 167

RT.

PA

.lon-.ei, J./;,

Abfurd notion of this
>T7-

RIntbatb liolus, v\|ih ('

Ruptures, in ad'il;:,

Ruptures, inchi!(rc:!, z^-,.

Sarfaparilla, a p?we»lul iniiedicrjt in venereal caf«,

ai3. . i; I :

Siutiy, caufes ofj fymptonsl and cure, 168.
Siomach, jts parts; de("dribtii, is. ; ;
S/COTrjcA, inflaiiinifitioiiof tlic, 147',
S'rains, how to c'ere, 154. (
Stone and Gravel, ji:;6. :

Sh'n, or Cuticle, its lej'uie.lfiibfi nee, &-c. 19.
Sielelan, or bor.c^ proBcr t(i the ■Tuman Body, their

conflruflfcm, n3iiies,lropel-ty, a d ciffice, 61.
Sedenlciy life, the ill cinleqileiice of it, ji6.
Small- fo.x, its nature, ijirptlms, and mode of Ireat-

nienl, 133, tic. . . f

Small-pox, inoculation o| byjthe so^ approved mo-

dern nieihod, 135. ,1
Sore Throat, inflammatory,, f)|nipt hS Of, danger, and

neceffary treatment, 141.
Sore Threat, putrid, jnaiigmnt, or Iccrous, its conta-
gious qualitr, fym'ptontf, and bel mode of cure, 142.
Self-polluiicn, its drcadiuhcBcifl: on ritlier fex, 222.
Scrophula, liow to cure, i6<).

Sympathy, particular defcripttoncf ts effcfts, 213.
Stomach Plaijier, 248. '•
Strengthening Conjtclion, 2fi-6.
Strengthening Elee!t:aiy cflhe Bar'r, i-j.
S!fpf-urating Cataplifm, zi^.

Tendons, their conrtrudioii, fjb.Ome, and office, jj.
Tliora.v, or middle Ventride, its f ,rts dcfcribed, 98.
Venereal Difeaje, bad confeqifcnces of beins; neglected,

202. The virulent gonoriio-j, 203. Gleets, 207.

Swelled tefiicle, 208. Bubbes, 319. Chancres, 210.

Stranguary and Phymofis, in. 1 onfirmed lues, 212.
Veias, particular defcription of, witRtheir names, order,

office, and curious conftfviifiion, ; |.,
Ulcers, how to treat, and cui-ej 1S9
Vomiting, how to cure, or preTer.tj 54.
Urine, fuppreffion of, 156.
Urine, bloody, i6t.
Vulnerary DtcoBion, 24.7.
Wiaknejfcs, contracled before marrias ',
Whooping, or Chin Cough, how to cur 14.6.
JVomen, difeafcs of, 215.
Worm Plaijier, 24S.
Wounds, how to heal, 18C.

D I R E C\T I O N S TO THE BINDER,

In the H E R B A
Place the Head of Culpeper oppofite tdthe Title, and
Cuts of tlie Plants in alphabetical ordel as near to the
Defcription of each Plant as pollible; Ind let tlie In-
dex to the Plants and Herbs be placedVt the End of
llie Herbal.

Jn the M E D I C A L P.it
Place theCekaial Influx on Man, oppofA the Titb-

pa;:e. \

Celefllal Influx on Wcr.'.in, to face - \ Page 19
Veins of the Human Body, oppofite ■- V- 32

Arteries of ditto - " " " \ 3''

Nerv:s of.ditro - - - - \ 40
Mufi.lcs, Plate I -\ 59

Male ai

Female,"!

6«

72
97

I N I S.

Mufcles, Plate II.

The Human Skeleton -

Tiie Organs of Generation

and I.iver of a ncw-bori Child
Plate of the Human hc.-irt
Child in the Womb, juft t^fore Delhry
Procefs of Delivery
Pofition of the Embryos in a plural d

In tkc V/ONDERS OF
or, KEY TO PHYSIC aId OCC|LT SCIENCE,
the Binder is to place this Cotil lualion oj if Worh at the end
of the Medical Pari, as far is the /]p idix, which is to
be placed at the end of the Her 'ai, by wl, h means the Whole
will make Two elegant Vtluitklf entirely mpkte.

230
233

!

I

"N

'i vi> V J -V^

^;^.