RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE 0 F T II E ®owsttr Counhi fjorticuitimil Sociefn. ADOPTED BY THE TRUSTEES, FEB. 6. 1849. Article I. All Books, Engravings, Paintings, and other arti¬ cles appertaining to the Library shall be confined to the care of the Librarian, under the supervision of the Trustees. Article IT. It shall be the duty of the Librarian to keep a cor¬ rect Catalogue of all the Books, Engravings, &c., belonging to the .Library, together with a list of all the Books, &c. presented to the Library, with the date of the bequest, and the name and residence of the donor. Article III. Not more than one volume, if of octavo or larger size, or two volumes if smaller than octavo, shall be taken out by any member at one time ; or retained more than three weeks, if of the large size, or two weeks for the smaller; and every person shall be subject to a fine of ten cents per week for each volume retained beyond the specified time. Article TV. Every Book shall be returned in good order, re¬ gard being had to the necessary wear thereof, with proper usage ; and if any book shall be lost or injured, the person to whom it stands charged, shall replace it by a new volume or set, if it belonged to a set ; or pay the current price of the volume or set, and thereupon the remainder of the set, if the volume belong to a set, shall be de¬ livered to the person so paying for the same, unless otherwise di - rected by vote of the Trustees. Article V. No other person than members of the Society shall be permitted to take Books, &c. from the Library ; and no member shall loan a Book to another person. Article VI. The Librarian shall keep a record of the names of all the persons who take Books out, together with the titles of the Books, and the dates when they are taken away and returned. Article VII. All Books, &c. belonging to the Library shall be returned previous to the time of holding the Annual Meeting in each year. And it shall be the duty of the Librarian to report to the Society at each Annual. Meeting the state and condition of the Library, and the addition, if any, made to it during the previous year. Article VIII. Every Book shall have a copy of the foregoing Regulations affixed to it. & ! v I ■\ / ■ s 1 J C ?47 - • A MONTHLY JOURNAL, DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, FLORICULTURE, AND TO DOMESTIC AND RURAL ECONOMY. ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS OF FARM HOUSES AND FARM BUILDINGS, IMPROVED BREEDS OF CATTLE, HORSES, SHEEP, SWINE AND POULTRY, FARM IMPLEMENTS, DOMESTIC UTENSILS, &c. NEW SERIES — VOL. VII. ALBANY, NEW-YORK : PUBLISHED BY LUTHER TUCKER, 407 BROADWAY. OFFICE IN NEW-YORK CITY, AT M. H. NEWMAN & Co.’s BOOKSTORE, No. 199 BROADWAY, WHERE SINGLE NUMBERS, OR COMPLETE SETS OF THE BACK VOLUMES CAN ALWAYS BE OBTAINED. FROM THE STEAM PRESS OF C. VAN BENTHUYSEN. 1 850. ■ :: : 1%M ’ : : . : V ■■ ■: : 1 • , I TJx ." :< V) "■ h* \ -V: 17 't ■ . , INDEX TO VOLUME VII. (new series.) [Explanation. — In making out tke annexed Index, we have placed every thing relating to Cattle, under that head — so with Horses, Sheep, Swine, Poultry, Domestic Economy, Books, Periodicals, Manures, &c. Every article referring in any way to these subjects, will be found arranged under these separate heads.] A. Acclimation of Tropical Plants,. . . . 231, 314 Acknowledgments, 60, 91, 123, 154, 184, 217, 249, 281, 314, 346, 380, 405 Acre, number of yards in, . 122 Addison County (Vt.) Fair, . 371 Address of Prof. Johnston at Syracuse. 71, 91 — of Prof. Dean at Albany, . 339 Agricultural Chemistry, . 132, 381 — College, plan of, . 114 — — BiU for, . 154 — Commissioner, . 61 — Economy, . . 82 — Education, importance of, . 36 — — in France,. . . 73 — — in Germany, . 72 — Improvement, obstacles to, . 75 — — Encouragement to, . 76 — Papers, importance of, . 58, 92 — — Circulation of, . 152 — School, in Massachusetts, . 249 — — Remarks on, . 324 Agriculture, Dignity of, . 135 — General relations of, . 135 — Its Labors. Profits and Pleasures, 353 — Relations of to Science, . 136 — Proposed school of, in Wayne co., 315 — State of, in Europe, . 71 — Things necessary to the successful pursuit of, . . . 233 — Use of Science to, . 33 Albany and Rens. Hort. Society, . 347 “A little land well tilled,” . . 179 “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy,” . 341 American Institute Fair, ........ 280, 378 — Pomological Congress; — — — Its list of select fruits,. . . 45 — — — Its list of rejected fruits, 45 — — — Meeting at Cincinnati, . . 301 — — — Difficulty selecting fruits, 333 Analysis of Soils, &c., . 184 — Artificial Manures, . 193 — Cow and Hog Manures, ........ 198 — Oat Straw, . 260 — Of the Apple, . 290, 365 Animalcules on human teeth, . 250 Animals, Breeding, . 311 — Care of, in Winter, . . . 397 — ■ Best mode of fattening, . 321 — From Spain and Africa, . 346 APPLES— Analyses of, . 290, 365 As food for Stock, . 289, 323 Best for Wisconsin, . Ill Bearing years of, . 182 For Illinois, . 142, 143, 239 From Vermont, . 380 From the first tree planted in Mas¬ sachusetts, . 374 Market, . 141 Melon, . 91 Northern Spy, . 91 Nutritive properties of, . 289 Rejected list of,. . . . . 45 Seedling, . . 347, 380 Select lists of, . 45, 108, 366 Apples — Sweet and Sour, . . . 205 Three years old, . 123 Time of ripening at the South, .... 143 Wagener, . 60 Apple Trees, large, . 47 — — Grafting old, . 394 — — From the South, . 395 — — To Protect from Borers, Mice, Ac., . 395 Apricots, Culture of, . . . 238 — Select lists of, . 45 Arabian Customs and Tillage, . 355 Austria, Silk Culture in, . 199 Axle, Oscillating Roller,.. . 377 B. Barley, Premium Crops of, . . 78, 116 — Grown with Flax, . 149 Bavaria, Agriculture of, . 72 Bean Meal for Milch Cows, . 239 Beans, Culture of, . 165 Beadstead, Elastic Bottom, . 377 Bee-house, Gilmore’s, . 185, 379 Bee-Moth, . 184 Bees, in winter, . 175 — Management of, . . . 106 — to take honey without destroying, 293 Bennington co. (Vt.) Ag. Society, . 121 Beets, to keep in winter, . . 366 Belgium, Agriculture of, . 73 Black-leg in Cattle, . 89 Blight in Pear Trees, . 87, 111, 204 Blind Teeth in Horses, . 90, 138 Birds, Treatment of, . 341 BOOKS — American Fowl Breeder, 122, 209 — Poultry Yard,.. . 122, 227 — Bird Fancier, . . 216 — Fruit Culturist, . . . 217 Annual of Scientific Discovery, .... 155 Bennett’s Poultry Book, . . 216, 264 Buist’s Kitchen Garden, . 216 Colman’s European Agriculture, ... 79 Downing’s Country Houses, . 305 Dadd’s Veterinary Reform,. . . 122, 216 Elements of Scientific Agriculture, 216 Farmers’ Encyclopedia, . 61 — Guide, . 183, 216 — Every-Day Book,. . . 250, 314, 345 Illustrated Domestic Bible, . 314 New England Poultry Breeder, .. . 209 Patent Office Report, . 217 Pictorial Field Book of the Revolu¬ tion, . 404 Phrenology and Physiology, . 183 Proceedings Seneca Co. Ag. Socie¬ ty, . 122 Report of the Ohio Board of Agri¬ culture, . 258 Richardson’s Domestic Fowl,. . . . . 209 Transactions N. Y. S. Ag. Society, 86 281, 365 Bone Disorder in Cows, . 138 Bones for Manure, — see Manures. Box, the Tree, . 206 Bread, Premium on, . 380 — Importance of good, . 182 Breeding Animals, . 311 Briars and Bushes, to destroy, . 257 Brick, advantage of wetting, . 150 Broomcorn, Premium Crops of, . 116 — Profits of, . 259 Buckthorn Hedges, . 40, 47, 68, 235 — Hardiness of, . 47 Buckwheat, Premium Crops, . 78, 116 Budding, Science of, . 206 — Expeditious, . 207, 395 Bugs, Striped, to destroy,... . 301 BUILDINGS— Bracketted Farm House, 305 Cottages, common defect in,. .... . 307 Design for a Country School House, 396 Design for a Villa, . . 208 Ice-houses, . . 79, 397 Improvement in, needed, . 59 Mechanic’s House, . 243 Suburban Cottage, . . . 55 Bull-fights in Spain, . 79 Bushel, U. S. standard of, . . . 156 Butter, amount from five cows, . 170 — Large product of, . 346 — Premium, how made, . 170 — Western, . 282 C. Cabbages, Culture of, . 147 — How to make head, . 366 California, Trees of, . 173 — Plants from, . 184 Camellias, grown in Ghent, . 108 Canada West, Fair of,. . . . 230 — and the United States, . 399 — Agricultural enterprise in, ...... 123 Cane, Sugar, Seed of, . . 315 Caponizing, how performed, . 401 Carbon in the Soil, use of, . . 282 — as food for Plants, . 90 Carriages, Iron, ....••*• . 377 Carrots, Culture of, . 181 — Most productive varieties, . 153 — Premium Crops of, . . . 78, 186 Catalogues, Long, . 238 Cator Oil Bean, Culture of, . 51 — — — To exract oil from, .... 51 CATTLE— Ayrshire, Sales of, 61, 282, 346 Alderneys, . 176, 212, 314, 338 At State Fair, Albany, . 337 Brahmin, . 150 Best mode of fattening, . 322 Cows for the Dairy, . 106 — Spaying, . 169 — Liberal Feeding, . 175 — Bean Meal for, . 239 — Valuable, . . . 248 — Good in Massachusetts, . 40 — Productive, . 346 Calves, four at a birth, . . 248 — How to skin, . . . 376 Devons, Mr. Stickney’s,. . 282, 346, 381 — Bull, Major, . 81 Diseases of \ — Black-leg in, . 89 — Bone disorder in, . . . 138 Durhams, History of, . . 177, 295 — Bates’ Slock, Controversy about, 53 154, 177, 189 — — — Sale of, . 92, 186, 245 4 INDEX TO VOLUME VII Cattle — Pedigrees of, . 177 — — 3rd Duke of Cambridge 241, 249 — — Belleville, . 347 — Mr. Sheaf’s, Sale of,.... 276, 346 — Imported by Col. Sherwood, . . 281 Feeding in winter, . 105, 106 Fat, . . 123, 154, 184, 185, 381 For Nova Scotia, . 282 For New Brunswick, . 404 Galloway, . . 146 Hungarian, Importation of, . . . .314, 338 Heifers, time for calving, . 178 Jersey, Prices of, . 314 Livingston County, . 155 Maryland, . 378 Suffolk, . 112 New Hampshire Steers, heavy,... 381 Sale of Mr. Slickney’s, . 405 Time to turn to grass, . 181 Vermont, . 371 Vermin on, to destroy, . 106 Winter care of, . 62, 387 Cauliflower, large, . . . . 405 Cellars, Fruit in, . 366 — To make Water-tight,. . 62,120, 149 Cement, Water, . 313 Characteristics of the Season of 1850,.. 400 Cheese Dairies — see Dairies. — American, in England, . 398 — Dunlop, how made, . 105 — Large versus Small,. . . . 105 — Manufacture of, in Ohio, . 315 — Press, Kendall’s, . 272 — Trade, . . . 245 Chemical Investigations, . . . . 296, 323 Chemistry, Agricultural, . 132 — Relations of to Agriculture,. .. .. 75 CHERRIES— Belle Magmfique, . 302 Best for Wisconsin, . Ill Kirtland’s new, . 391 Notes on New, . 270 Select Lists of, . . 45, 366 Cherry Trees, Mulching, . 110 — — Peeling bark off, . 271 — — Shortening in, . 140 — — Split by Frost, . 46 — — Very Productive, . 46 Cherry Bird, . 302 Chess, will grow, . 280 — Controversy about, 103, 184, 185, 217 275, 282 Chiccory, Culture of, . 243 Churns, Atmospheric, . 60 Churning, Temperature for, . 379 Cider Mill and Press, Portable, . 299 Cincinnati Hort. Society, . 394 Climbing Plants, Supports for, . 43, 171 Clinton County Ag. Society, . 185 Clod-Crusher, . 218 Clover Seed, how to sow, . 119 — — how to gather, . 52, 246 — to plow in, . 246 Coal Tar, how applied, . 121 College, Agricultural, Bill for, . 154 — — Report of Committee on, .... 114 Compost, — see Manures. Connecticut, Improvement in, . 180 Cooking Food for Animals, . 321 Coupling for Pipes and Hose, .... 299, 379 Crops of 1849, . 81 — of 1850, . 400 — in Bennington County, (Vt.).... 115 — in New Hampshire, . 372 — in Ohio, . 258, 308 — in Seneca County, . 308 — Rotation of, . 86, 119, 135, 246 CULTIVATOR, The— Value of, . 92 Close of the Volume, . 385 Premiums for, . 160, 385 To Readers of, . . 60 To Agents and Correspondents of, 404 Postage of, . . . 90 Award of Premiums for, . 154 Cultivator, Steel-tooth,. . . 183 — Sieel Teeth for, . 404 Curculio, Early Notices of, . . 269 — Destroyed by jarring,.. 47, 110, 395 — Lime for,..,. . 333 — Remedies for, . . . 46, 333 Currants, New Varieties of, . 367 ' — Select Lists of, . 45, 366 D. Dairy, Cows for, . 106 — Cheese, in Washington County, 106 — Profitable, . 170 — Profits of, . 85, 104 Dairy Steamer, . 169 Dairying in St. Lawrence County,.... 245 — in Sullivan County, . 373 — in Ohio, . 315 Death of C. Hilliard, . 6L Delaware, Agriculture of, . . . 388 Dictamnus fraxinella, . 87 Dogs, Tax on, in Ouio, . 249 DOMESTIC ECONOMY— Bread. Pre¬ mium for, . 182, 380 Dunlop Cheese, how made, . 105 Egg Plant, to cook, . 303 Jellies, to make, . 247 Pickles, to make, . 303 Preserves, to make, . 247 Sausages, to make and preserve, 105 Tomato Catsup, . 303 — Figs, . 303 — Preserves, . 303 Door Yrards, to improve, . 364 Draining, cheap mode of, . 163, 164 — Effects of, . 376 — Durability of, . 120 — Stone and Wood for, . 218 — Swamp Lands, . 257 — Tiles for, . . 34 P — with Tiles, . h Drills for Wheat, . 79, 37 — Seymour’s Grain, . 273 E. Economy of Agriculture, . 82 — of Farming, . 149 Equinoctial Storms, . 239 Egg, large, . 406 Essex County (Mass) Ag. Society, .... 60 Evergreen Screens, . 236 — to Transplant, . 395 F. False Economy, . 155 Farmers, Good and Bad, . 57 — Intellectual Improvement of, . . . . 35 — Knowledge necessary to, . 65 — Life favorable to the pursuit of knowledge, . 262 — Sound advice to, . 248 — Studies for, . 100 — to young, . 403 Farming Economy, . 149 — in Indiana, [ . 369 — in Ohio, . . . 303, 358 — Notes on American, . 344 — on a Large Scale,. . . 185 — versus Manufacturing, . 56, 182 FARMS — Notices of : Col. Briggs’, Wayne Co., . 364 E. H. Derby’s, Mass'., . 40 Geo. E. Adams’, Mass., . 40 Harvey Dodge’s, Mass., . 40 Improvements on suggested, . 257 J. Bennett’s, Wayne Co., . 373 J. W. Lincoln’s, Mass., . 41 Jos. Watson’s, Wayne Co., . 364 Mr. Streeter’s, Wayne Co., . 364 N. Dodge’s, Mass . . 41 T. G. Yeoman’s, . 390 Premium, . . 78 S. B. Halliday’s, R. I., . 245 Viewing, Advantages of, . 312 Wm. Sutton’s, Mass., . 40 Worn out, to restore, . 161 Fences, Live, remarks on, . 67 — Hedge, .... 40, 47. 6S, 235, 278, 366 — Timber for, . 152 — Wire, Construction of, S4, 144, 145, 278, 359, 380 — — Durability of doubted, . 47 — — Strength of, . . 244 Fish, Reviving after Freezing, . 347 Fire-blight, remarks on, . 87 Flanders, Agriculture of, . 73 Flax, Culture of, in Ohio, . 129, 308 — grown with Barley, . 149 — Rust, history of, . 130 Flowers, Autumnal, . 44 Food of Plants, . 90, 309 Forest Trees, Propagating, . . . 379 Forests, Second Growth of, . 175 France, Agriculture of, . 73 — Gardens in, . 207 Franklin Institute Fair, . 378 Fruit Gardens and Nurseries near Bos¬ ton, . 236 — Thinning, . 394 Fruits, at Plattsburg, . Ill — Culture, Profits of, . 173,207,237 — from Clinton County, . . 405 — for Central Illinois, . 239 — French names of, . 268 — to keep in Cellars, . 366 Fruits — Improvement in, . . . . ill — New names to old,. . . 143 — Oven for Drying, . . 542 — Selecting for Continued Supplies, 331 — Shipment of, . 174 Fruit Trees, Charcoal and Lime for, ... 79 — — Labels for, . 268 — — Luck with, . . 333 — — Manures for, . 111,143, 173 — — Successful Treatment of, 172, 393 — — Summer management of young, . 170 — — to keep mice from, . 366 — — Unfavorable Localities for,. . 271 G* Gardens and Nurseries near Boston,. . . 236 — in France, . 207 — Irrigation of, . 301 — Market, and Railroads, . 332 Geology, Relations of to Agriculture,. . 74 — Knowledge of Impoitanl to the Farmer, . 402 Georgia Stale Fair, . 280 Germany, Agriculture of, . 71 Glass W ater Pipes, . . 124 Glue, not dissolved by Alcohol, . 60 Gooseberries, Houghton’s, . . . 86 — Select Lists of, . 45, 366 Grafting Grape Vines, . 123, 366 — Improvement by, . m — Old Apple Trees, . 394 — Influence of, . 206 — Root, . 108, 140, 143 — Wax for, . . 140 Grain, Harvesting, . 246 — Binder’s Wheel Rake, . 273 Graperies at Salem, . 235 Grapes, Culture of, in Ohio, . 359 — Diana, . . . . 108, 143, 155 — Early Second Crop of, . 333 — Fox, . . 86 — from Cuttings, . 143 — Grafting, . 123, 366 — Hardy, in Maine, . 143 — Pruning in Summer, . 395 — Seedling, . . 395 — Select Lists of, . 45 — to Preserve in Winter, . 3of — Vines, Soap-suds for, . 206 Grass, best for Michigan, . 247 — Canary, . 79 — Seeding Land to, . . -79 — Seeding with Buckwheat, . 153 Grasshoppers and Locusts, . 343 Great Britain, Agricultural Improve¬ ments in, . . . 73 Guanoj Effects of, . 120 — Time to apply, &c., . 79 Gypsum, should be kept from air, . 79 IT. Hamilton College, Notice of, . 54 Hams, Premium for, . 388 — American in England, . 395 Harnesses, Splendid, . . . 380 Harrow, Geddes’ Folding, . 243 Harvesting Machines, . 121, 879 Hay, Advantages of Cutting, . 175 — Caps, to make, . 315 — — utility of, . 380 — Easy way to unload, . 276 — Great Product of, . 2S3 — Harvesting and Curing, . 225 — Oat, value of, . 260 Heat, Loss of, . 175 Hedges, Buckthorn, . 40, 47, 68, 235 — How to plant, . 68 — Osage Orange, . 47, 68, 366 — Red Cedar, . 278 Holland, Agriculture of, . 72 Honey. Fine Sample of, . 346 HORSES— At State Fair, . 337 Arabian, imported, . 346 Blind Teeth in, . 90, 138 Breeding, . 58 Death of Gifford Morgan, . 405 Inflammation of, . 211 Lady Gifford, . 176 Leap of, . 347 Morgan, . 176, 1S4, 279, 371 Ringbone, to cure, . 106,168,212 Sales of Morgan, . - . 155 Stumbling, . 370 Vermont, . 371 Horse-powers, Wheeler’s, . 95, 122 — — Emery’s . 95, 272, 286, 312 I. Ice Houses, to build, . 79, 397 — — Above ground, . . . 379 Ice, Cheap, . 282 INDEX TO VOLUME VII, 5 Industrial Exhibition at London, money raised for, . . 61 — • — Building for, . . . 152 — — Articles to be Exhibited,. .. . 214 — — U. S. Committee for, . 250 — — New-York Committee for,. . 314 Indiana, Farming in, . 249, 369 INDIAN CORN— Culture of, 133, 179, 181 Cobs, Nutriment in, . 152 Crops in Ohio, . 358 Fields and Cribs of the West, . 185 Good Crops of, . . . 58, 123, 152, 155, 184 How to raise, . 62 Height of, . . . 245 Mode of Planting in Ohio, . 85 Premium Crops, . . 78, 115, 186 — — how grown, . 115 Preserved from Worms, . 311 Shrinkage of, . 213 Steeping Seed of, . 339 Tarring Seed, . 185 To prevent being pulled, . 121 Illinois, Climate of, . . . 142 — Fruits for, . 142,143 Importation of Animals from Asia, . 150 Improvement, means of Mental, . 357 — of Old Lands. . 161, 399 — of Sandy Lauds, . 193 — of Wet Lands, . 134 — on the Farm, . 257 INSECTS — Aphis on Apple Trees. ... 46 Curculio, . ...... 46,47,110, 269, 333 Striped Bugs, ... . 301 Wheat Midge, . . 31 5 Insect Catchers, curious, . 171 Insurance of Live Stock, . 120, ISO Irrigation of Gardens, . 301 — in England, . . . 388 — Method and Advantages of, 201, 230 — Water for, . 310 Italy, Agriculture of, . 72 J. Jefferson County Ag. Society,. Jellies and Preserves, to make,. Juries in Civil Causes, . K. Knowledge, Progress in, . Kew Palm House, . . 248 247 147 148 395 Manures — -Hog, Composition of, . 198 Imported into Great Britain, . . 152 Ivory Dust, Wool and Hair, ...... 167 Lime for, . 79 Liquid, Tanks, &c., . 234 Leaves for, . . 280 Long and Rotten, . 381 Marl, . . 116, 248, 279 Muck, . 117, 161 Mineral, . 152 New kind of, . . 403 Principles of, . 69 Profit of, doubted! . 387 Peat, . 153,258,279 Slaughter-house, . 41 Tan- bark for, . 121 to Increase, . 162, 386 Value of, . 389 Waste of, . 280 Marls of New Jersey, . . 284 — of Maryland, . 279 — and Muck, . 116, 117 Maryland State Fair, . 280, 387 — Agriculture of, . 279 Massachusetts Farming, notes on, ..... 40 May-weed, to destroy, . 50 Melons, Water, large crop of, . 141 — — Test of ripeness, . 141 Mental Culture, necessity for, . 213 — Improvement, means for, . 357 Meteorology, study of, . 38 — Remarks on, . 370 Mice in Nurseries, . 239 — to keep from Fruit Trees, . 366 Michigan State Fair, . 280 — Agricultural Statistics of, . 152 Milk, richness of, . . . 152 Mill for Grinding Feed, . . . 272 Mill Tolls in Arkansas, . 347 Millet, Culture of, . 215 Minerals in Washington county,.... . 369 Moles, to destroy, . 121, 152 — Trap, . . 342 Montgomery Co. (Pa.) Ag. Society, ... 314 Motion of Sap in Plants, . 166 Mott’s Agricultural Furnace, . 322 Moors and Arabs, their habits and im¬ plements of till; ge, . 355 Mules, raised. in Oiii o, . . ..... 259 Mustard Seed, price of, . 250 L. Labels for Fruit Trees, . 263 Ladders, Brigham’s Extension, . 377 — Fruit and Folding, . 43 Lands, Cultivating Stiff’, . 310 — Clayey, to Improve, . 183 — Improvement of old, . . . 162, 375, 399 — Management of Sandy, . 193 — To prepare for Crops, . 277 — Sandy, to reclaim, . 58, 153, 193 — Wet, to reclaim, . . . 134 Lard Oil, made at Cincinnati. . 152 Lawrence Scientific School,. . 123 Layers, Propagation by, . 239 Leaves, Effect of Cutting off, . . . . . 303 Lectures by Prof. Johnston, . 62, 91 Letters from Prof. Norton, 33, 69, 97, 151, 167, 197, 234,. 260, 296, 323, 363, 390 Lice, Black, described, . 247 — on Plants, to destroy, . 238 — on Poultry,. . . . 313 “Lionizing,” . 249 Lizards, Poisonous, . 184 Locust, Seeds of, . 313 — Trees, Transplanting, . 249 Locusts and Grasshoppers, . 343 Long Island, Lands of, . 251, 379 M. Maine, Farming in, . 180 Management, Good and Bad, . . 244 Mantles, Cast Iron, . 377 MANURES— Ashes for, . 183, 197 Adulterated, . 197 Analyses of, . 198,' 199. 403 Action of Soils on, . 261 Bones, Composition of, . 97 — Value of, . 97 — How to apply, . 98, 151 — to Dissolve, . 121, 151 — Dissolved by Steam. . 167 — Experiment in dissolving, un¬ successful, . 277 Blood, Flesh, Animal Charcoal, . . . 197 Charcoal for, . 79 Composts, . 117, 161 Coal Ashes, . . 197 Cow, Composition of, . 198 Fish for, ! . 79 for Fruit Trees, . Ill, 143, 173 Glue Refuse, . 40, 197 N. Nectarines, select list of, . 45 — Stan wick, . 333 New Hampshire State Fair, . 280,374 — — Season in, . 372 New-York State Agricultural Society: Annual Meeting, . 77 Commitiees for Winter Meeting,. . 59 Correspondence with Genl. Taylor, 274 Fair at Albany, . 337 Honorary Members of, . 313 Letter from President Fillmore,. . . 313 Officers for 18-50, . 77 Premiums at Winter Meeting,. .. . 78 — at Albany Fair, . 334 Remarks of Mr. Ferguson about.. . 399 Treasurer’s Report, . '. . 77 Trial of Plows, . 150, 241, 324 Notes of a Tour in Central 1ST. Y., 363, 390 Nutritive properties of the Apple, 290, 365 o. Oat Hay, value of, . 260 Oats, Premium Crops, . 78,116, 186 Ohio, Remarks on Southern, . 146 — Notes on Farming in, ..... 308, 358 — ■ Stale of Agriculture in, . 258 — State Fair, . 2S0, 3S0 Oneida County Ag. Society, . 250 Onion, Culture of, . 401 Oratorio of the Seasons,. . 314 Orchards, Culture of, . . . 236 — Cultivating Young, . 110 — Large, . .' . 333 Osage Orange Seed, why it fails, . 366 — — — to start, . 46 — — Hedges, . 47,68,366 Oswego County Ag. Society,.. . 121 P. Paint, Ohio Mineral, . 79 — Wheeler’s Durable, . 238 Parsneps for Pigs, . 166 Patents, Infringement of, . 283 PEACHES — Crop of, . 205 and the Curculio, . 206 Select lists of, . 45 Raising Seedling, . 205 for the South, . . . 238 Securing Crop of, . 366 Peach Trees, Culture of, . 367 ■ — — New mode of propagating, 373 — — Pruning, . . . 107, 171 — — Transplanting, . 140 — — Worms in, . 207 — — Y ellows in, . 367 PEARS — Best for Wisconsin, . Ill Cracking of the Doyenne, . 367 Kirtland, . 109 Louise Bonne de Jersey, . Ill Rejected list of, . 45 Raising new, . 237 St. Ghislain, . 271 Seedling, . 380 Select lists of, . 45, 107, 366 Two best, . 333 Winter, . . 88, 143 Pear Trees, blight in, . 87, 111, 204 — — Dwarf, cultivating,.... 108, 153 Peas, Culture of, . 165 — and Beans, value of, . 121 — Early Varieties, . 141 — Premium Crops, . 78, 186 — -Varieties of, . 172 Peat, Constituents of, . 153 — see Manures . PERIODICALS— Notices of. Am. Jour, of Science and Arts, 122, 183 Family Visitor, . 122 Genesee Farmer, . . . 122 Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 404 Plow, Loom and Anvil, . 249 The Horticulturist,. . . 237 The Country Gentleman, . 122 Working Farmer, . 183 Pipes, Glass, for water, . . . 124 — Water Lime. . 311 Plank Roads, Timber for, . 159 Plant Uce, to destroy, . 238 Plants, Acclimation of, . 231, 314 — Food of, . . . 90, 309 — Materials for Potting, . 331 — Motion of Sap in, . 166 — Protecting tender, . 367 Plaster Paris, . 79 Plowing, Benefit of deep, . 152 — Fall, Advantages of . 362 — — and Winter, . 34 — in Clover, Weeds, See., . 246 — Match in Canada, . 217 — Remarks on, . 98, 297 — Sub-soli, Advantages of, . 248 — — How to perform, . 61 — — Utility of doubted, . 50 Plows, Bartlett’s Double, . 83 — Form of, . 61 — Michigan Sod and Sub-soil, £29, 336, 397 — Moorish, . 355 — Premium, . 330, 336, 368 — Prouty’s Centre Draft, 79, 324, 336, 368 — Premiums offered for, . 150 — Ruggles, Nourse & Mason’s, 98, 297 — Trial of, . 150, 217, 241, 324 PLUMS — Best for Wisconsin, . Ill Notes on, . HO Splppt lists <1 f /i^ ina Plum Trees, Black-knot in, . 333 — — Killed by Fresh Manure, _ 110 — — Leaf-blight in, . Ill, 207 POETRY— Arabian Song, . 356 Song of the Plowman, . 216 The Farmer’s Song, . 143 The Cottage in the Glen, . . 284 Pomological Convention, North Ameri¬ can, . 107 Poor Man’s Plaster, . 182 Porcelain Ware, made in Vermont, . . 217 Pork, American and English, . 57 — to Preserve, . 403 Posts, Durability of, . 153 — Red Cedar, . 250 POTATOES — Experiment with, . 118 Grown from Seed, . 116, 11S Sweet,... . 153 Small, for Planting, . 372 To raise Early, . 141 To raise cheaply, . 175 Wild, from South America, . 380 Yam, . 155 Potting Plants, . 331 POULTRY— At New-York State Fair, 339 Bantams, . 283 Best Food for, . 79 Caponizing, . . 401 Cochin China . 124, 377 6 INDEX TO VOLUME VII Poultry— Curassow, . 217 Exhibition of, at Boston,. . 54, 377, 405 Eggs from choice,. . . 155 Fine, . 61 Fine Game, . . 91, 155 Imported from Spain, . 346 Lice on, . 313 Management of, . 56 Prices of, in London, . 232 Profits of, . . . 83, 250 To make Lay in Winter, . 106 To prevent Hens Setting, . 180 To prevent Scratching, . 218 Preserves and Jellies, to make, . 247 Prices Current, 62, 92, 124, 156, 186, 218, 251, 283, 316, 34s Products of Labor and Capital,. . 84 Protecting Plants and Shrubs. . 367 Provisions, American in England, . 398 Provisions, American in England, . 398 Prunes, Albany, . 91 Pruning, origin of, •••• . 333 — the Peach, . 107,171 Prussia, Agriculture of, . 72 Pumpkins. Growth of. . 147 — Raising, . 1S1 R. Railroads for Plantations . — and Market Gardens, . Rains, heavy, . - . — in Summer of 1850, . Ram’s Head in Wool Grower,. . Raspberries, Everbearing, . — Great Product of, . . . . — Red Antwerp, . — Select lists of, . . , Rats, to destroy, . .... — to decoy, . Reaper, McCormick’s, . Reclaiming Sandy Lands, . . — Wet Lands, . — Worn- out Lands, . Rensselaer Institute,. . Rhode Island State Fair, . — — Farming in, . Ring-bone, to cure . Root Grafting, . . — — Large Stocks, . Roots, Wide Extension of, . Rose Cuttings, . . Roses, Michigan or Prairie, . — to Winter Bourbon, . Rotation of Crops, Principles of, — — in Virginia, . — — Sugeslion about, . Royal Agricultural Society, . Rural Architecture, . . . Russia, Agriculture of, . . Ruta Baga — see Turneps. Rye, Premium Crops, . . .... 148 .... 332 . ... 281 .... 400 .... 314 .... 47 ... 315 .... 270 , 45, 366 121, 1S2 .... 250 308, 313 , 58, 153 .... 134 162, 375 .... 61 .... 280 .... 245 106, 212 140, 143 .... 108 .... Ill .... 174 .... 301 ... 302 . 86 119, 246 .... 135 .... 345 .... 305 . 71 . 78, 116 s. Salt, quantity yet on hand, . 186 Sap in Plants, motion of, . 166 Sandy Soils, improvement of, . 58, 153 Sausages, to make and preserve, . 105 Saxony, Agriculture of, . 72 Schoc 1 House, design for, . 396 Schools, Common, to improve, . 42 — Agricultural, . 249, 315, 324 — of Applied Chemistry, . 381 — Reading Books for, . . . 259 Science as applicable to Agriculture,. . 280 — Relations of to Agriculture, . 136 Scraper, Cast Iron Dirt, . 183 gcytlie Snaths, how to repair, . 276 Season and Crops, . . 2S1 Seeding Lands to Grass,. . . 79 — — with Buckwheat, . 153 Seeds, on Steeping, . 339 Separators, Pitt’s, . 185 SHEEP— At New- York State Fair,.. . 338 Cheviot, . 48 Comparative merits of, . 242 Sheep — Fat, . 123 Folding, in Summer, . 404 French Merinos, . 281 Long-W ooled, . . 282 Loss in Importing, . . 155 New Hampshire, . 374 Protection for, . 49 Profitable, . . . 92, 346 Ram’s Head in Wool Grower,. . .. 314 Rot in, . 361 Saxon, Premium for, . 51 — Imported, . 60, 91 Sales of, . 153 Time to turn to grass, . 181 Thibet, . 249 Vermont, . 371 Varieties of the Merino, . 101 Washing, . 91 Husbandry, remarks on, . 116 — Amount invested in, . 291 — m Washington county, . 293 Shrubs, twenty-five hardy, . 142 Silk Culture in Austria, . 199 Smithfield Cattle Show, . 123 Smithsonian Institution, doings of, .... . 37 Snapdragon, increase of, . 313 Snow-bird, the While . 79 Soap-suds, for the Grape, . 206 Soil, should be often stirred . 333 Sorrel, to destroy . 259 Spain, Agriculture of, . 73 — Abolition of Bull-fights in, . 79 Spiders, sagacity and strength of, . 347 Squashes, great crop of, . 173 Steam, Power of, . 309 Stock, advantages of raising good, . 283 Stones, to remove by sinking, . . 41 Stoves, Air-tight, Explosion of, . 248 Straw, should not be burnt, . 113 Strawberries, Black Prince, . 271 — Culture at Cincinnati, . 86 — Culture of, . 172, 238 — Beds, tiles for, . 79 — Grown on quarter-acre, . 142 — Length of Roots of,.. . 333 — Productive, . 141 — Select lists of, . 45 — Time for Tranplanting, . 270 — The Best Kinds, . 393 Studies for the Farmer, . 100 Stump Machines, . 79,214 Succory. Culture of, . 243 Sugar, Maple, to make,. . . . 106, 121 — White, how made, . 119 Sugar Beets, Premium Crop, . . ... 186 Supports for Climbers, . 43, 171 Sweden, Agriculture of, . 71 SWINE — At New- York State Fair, . . . 338 Berkshires, scarce, . 79 Cure for Kidney- worm in, . 380 Fattening, best mode of, . 321 Heavy, . 250 Imported from Spain, . 346 in Steuben county, . 249 Middlesex, . 61, 381 Raising, in Ohio, . 259 Sale of Mr. Stickney’s . 381, 405 Suffolk, . 61, 185, 381 T. Tan-bark, for Manure, . 121 Thibet, Table Land of, . 243 Threshing Machines, Emery’s, 95, 272, 286, 312 _ _ Wheeler’s, . 122, 220 — — and Feed Mill, . 352 Tiles for Strawberry-beds, . 79 — for Draining, . 81, 346 Timber for Plank Roads, . 119 — Best time for cutting, . 244 Timothy Seed, how to sow, . 119 Tobacco, Culture of, . 244 Transmutation, Controversy about, 103, 184, 1S5, 217, 275, 282 Transplanting Trees, . 87 — in June, . 367 Transplanting — Evergreens, .......... 395 — Peach Trees, . 140 — Requisites for, . 139 — with balls of Earth, . 143 Trees, best for Sea Coast, . 46 — Luck with, . . 333 — Old Forest, .. . 333 — on Planting, . . . 87 — Planting in Streets, . . 139 Trial of Plows, Report on, ............ 324 Turneps, Culture of, . . . 52 — Premium Crops, . 78 — to Store for Winter use, . 366 Turning Stock to Grass, . 181 V. Verbenas, to protect in Winter, Vegetable Cutter, Avery’s ..... — — Halleck’s, . Vermin on Cattle, to destroy,. .. Vermont, Premium Crops in, . . — Live Slock of, . Victoria Regia, . Village Door-yards, to plant,. . . Virgilea lulea, . Virginia, Farming in, . . — Letter to Young Man in, -r- Northern Farmers in, . . . — Things in, . w. Washington County Ag. Society, . .... 373 iciA Water Pipes, Glass, . 124 — Lime Pipes, . 311 — — Inquiry about, . 246 Wayne County Ag. Society, . 121, 390 — — Agriculture of, . 363,390 — — Fine Fruits in, . 390 Weeds should be destroyed, . 257 Westchester County Ag. Society . 376 WHEAT— Culture of, . 195,275, 312 Changed to Oats, . . 185 Crop in Ohio, . 359 Drills for, . 79 Early Cutting, . 278 Etrurian, . 281 Grains in a Bushel . 273 Harrowing in Spring, . 185 Large Crop of, . 330, 398, 403 Large Field of, . 330 Midge in, . 315 Premium Crops, . 78, 116, 186 Spring, Cultivation of, . 120 — Black Sea, . 121 — Turkey, . 123 Seed of, from Morocco, . . . 61 Sown in Drills, . 273, 298, 379 Seed of, should be selected, . 275 Thick and Thin Seeding, . 343 Wheel Rake for Grain-binders, . 273 Wind Mill. Centrifugal, . 79 — — Mr. Morton’s, . 153 Winter, Preparations for, . 397 Wire Fences, 47, 84, 144, 145, 278, 359, 380 — — Strength of, . 244 Wire-worm, to destroy, . . 370 Wisconsin as a Farming State, . . . 277, 340 Wood, Green versus Dry, . 117 WOOL — Coarse, . 175 Clip of 1850, . 282 Duties on, . 291, 370, 391 Good Product of, . 309 Growers, Protection to, . 391 Imported into United States, . 291 Prices of, 62, 92, 124, 156, 186, 218, 250, 283, 316, 347 Samples from Kentucky, . 123 — of Imported,. . . 314 Wringing Clothes, Substitute for, . 153 Y. Yale College, Ag. School in, . 381 Yellow Bird, . 315 Young Men, Advice to, . 174 88 218 377 106 1S6 371 333 364 303 113 174 154 85 INDEX TO VOLUME VII, 7 INDEX TO CORRESPONDENTS. NEW-YORK, A. D. G., . 179 A. D. S., . 275 A Farmer, . 56, 116 Allen, A. B., . 276 MAINE. DELAWARE. NEW-HAMPSHIRE. Bartlett, Levi, . . . 100, 148 Eaton, W. L., 82, 132, 143, 179, 213, 243, 372, 394 Sylvanus,. . . . 213, 284, 341 Wier, F. A., . . . 279 VIRGINIA. Bunch, J., . 85 R TVlnM _ Ol Q Alumnus, . . 54 T? n T *70 Agard, Noah.. . 311 An Old Farmer, . 174, 182 M. D., Jr., . 153, 183 M n Q7Q A Practical Farmer, . . 62 A M , . 180 VERMONT. NORTH CAROLINA. Burguyn, H. K., . 399 Jones, E. W., . 118 Holbrook, F., 37, 65, 98, 134, 161, 166, 201, 297 Hutchins, Warren . 277. 280 A. S. F., . 181 SOUTH CAROLINA. J. W. W., . 183 Buckley, S. B., . 50 Butler G , . . . ! . 149 j. T. C., . 313 Brnwn D T., . 370 Chapman, S. P., . 53 C. E. G., 110, 135, 141, 164, 173, 231, 245, 300 n n r . loo Rich, Q. C., . . .' . 120 Tufts, .lames, . 44, 262 MISSOURI. Hammond, J. R., . 103 MASSACHUSETTS. A. B., . . . . 84, 145, 230 M. M., . . 313 flheever, Samuel, . 165 LOUISIANA. Tillotson, S.,. . . . . . . 119, 148 nortcT} W- C.? . . . 1^9 Berkshire . 117 (Hojip Jj G.} . 91 9. Buxton, Daniel, . 401 Cheeny, J. A., . . . 246 Colton, S. H., . 143 KENTUCKY. Martin, Dr. S. D., . 177 Curtis, Daniel S., . 276 roriip.ll. R.j . . . . . Dadd. G. H., . 89, 168 Jaques. Samuel, . 112 D. D. C., . . 163 Del afield, .Tnhll, . 36 363 Mansfield, George, . 278 Merriam, H. C., . 291, 391 M. M. B., . 153 Proctor, .T. W., . 401 ARKANSAS. Hitchcock, Jacob, . 147 Dr ike R H . 47 373 Billilio-bam, 0„7. . . . . . . tt t . tlf , , ,t 104 OHIO. Gardner, Darwin E., . 146 Ellis J A. H . . . 276 Fitch, Dr. Asa, . 130, 293, 369 Fowler, Ed., . . . . 85 RHODE ISLAND. J. H. W., . 46 Howard, John R., . 308, 358 Ladd, William H., . 51 F^rm^r . _tTtttf, 373 Long worth, Nicholas, . 47 H. C. W., . . . . . . 35, 233, 353 CONNECTICUT. Durand, Levi, . 62, 133, 149, 246 O. L. D . . 79 Hildreth,!.,...... . . . 87 Murray, Orson S., . 372 II. V. O . . 181 Hanchett, G. A., . 245, 376 JJiitnhmson^ T? . A .3 . 311 Gold, T. S-, . 106 Norton, Prof. J. P., 33, 69, 97. 151, 167, 197 234. 260, 296, 323, 363, 390 Robinson, Charles, . 339 S. R. G . . 153 Svkes, D. L., . 379 Stowe, Calvin,. . ." . 117 Webb, W. R.,... . 85 Hamilton, Chas., .' . 395 J. R. S., . 56 Johnston, John, . 81, 2S1, 308 INDIANA. A. B. K, . . 79 A. B. P., . 247 ]VTarshall7 O. F.j _ „ 94Q W , . ' . . . 106, 110 Catheart, C. W., . , . , , , 50 Mosely, D. T., . , 9.06 Collms, J. H., . 147 Nott, Benjamin H., . 359 NEW JERSEY. B. S., . 79 Craig, J S., . 249 Observer, . 209, 227, 264 Dennis, W. T., . 369 P., . . . . 50 Blake. Rev. John L., . 357 Pardee, R. G., . 57, 174, 344 Pearsall, G. T . 118 Spinner, .T. D., . 61 Colt, R. L., . ' . 212 D. B. K., . 367, 379 E. , . . . 139 ILLINOIS. W. B. D., . 153 Smith, N. S., . . . . . 118 Stevens, Ambrose, . 154, IRQ Vail, Lindley M., . . . 403 MICHIGAN. FiXperienced Farmer, . 247 Spencer, S., . 51 PENNSYLVANIA. A. B., . 82 J. F. C.,. . . . . . 79 Saccharine, . TI_.' . 166 Watkins, R . 278 Streeter. B. H . 315 B. S.. . 79 Tiiomas, David, 44, 86, 87, 147. 206, 239, 269, 301, 302, 303, 341 T. M., . 165 Croasdale, E., . 105 Culbertson, A., . . , . 185 WISCONSIN. Greene, T., . 279 Ellis, B. M . 119 Greene, C. H., . . 340 Tallcott, J., . 172 Darber, J. B., . 116 Wood. Jonathan, . 85 W. C. W . 34 J. T. S., ....' . 121 J. H. M., . 121 J., . .378 FOREIGN. Johnston, Prof. J. P. W., . 71 Baker, William, . 2S2 Wayne, . . 87 X., . 120, 149 Taylor, Charles W., . 62 Dennison, William, . 379 Fleisehman, C. L., . 199 MARYLAND. B. P^J . . . 388 ft. B , . . . 153 UNKNOWN. An Old Farmer, . . . . 277 Morris, L. G., . 246 Howard, John R , . , , , _ _ , . 279 T. B., . . . 153 A Subscriber, . 246 J. B . ' . 379 "Watson, Joseph, . . . 116 Little, William, . 90 McCormick, M. W., . 213 Hyatt, T. H., . 8 INDEX TO VOLUME VII. INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. BUILDINGS. Bracketed Farm House, . 305 Floors for do,, . 306 Cheap Farm House, . 18 Commodious Farm House, . 19 Cheap Cottage,. . 10 Farm House, . 16 Farm Barn, . 20 Gardener’s Lodge, . 16 House for Plantation Laborers, . 18 Ice House, . 397 Italian Cottage, . 17 Mechanic’s House, . 243 Pigeon and Rabbit House, . 23 Rural Church, . 19 Rural Gothic Cottage, . 18 Rural School House, . 396 Floor of do., . 396 Suburban Cottages, . 17, 55 Sheep Barn, . 20 Tuscan Villa, . 16 Tudor Villa, . . . 208 CATTLE. Ayrshire Cow, . 9 American Buffalo, . 10 Alderney Cow, . 170 African Buffalo, . 9 Brahmin Bull, . 8 Devon Bull, . 10 — Bull “Major,” . 80 Durham Cow, “Esterville,” . 7 — BulL “King Charles 2d,” . 6 — — “Duke of Wellington,”. ... .. 7 — — “3d Duke of Cambridge,”. . 240 European Buffalo, . 9 Galloway Ox, . 145 Hereford Ox, . . 8 Italian Bull, . 8 Kerry Cow, . . 8 Long-horned Ox, . 10 Musk Ox, . 10 Suffolk Cow, . 112 West Highland Ox, . 9 Yorkshire Cow, . 6 POULTRY. Chinese Goose, . 22 Creoles and Bantams, . 23 Dorkings,.. . 113 Golden Hamburgh, . 23 Group of,. . . 209 Game Cock and Great Malay, . 22, 229 Jungle Fowls, . 22, 228 Peacock, . 22 Swan and Wild Goose, . 23 SWINE. Chinese, Berkshire and “Alligator,”. . . 14 Suffolk, Essex and Woburn, . 15 HORSES. Black Hawk, . 4 Group of, . 3 Lady Messenger and Colt, . 4 Lady Gifford, . 176 Morgan Hunter, . 5 Suffolk Horse, . 5 SHEEP. Cheviot Rams, . 48 Fat Rumped, . 11 Leicester Ram,". . 13 Merion Ram and Ewe. . 12 Oxfordshire Ram, . 11 Saxon Ram, . 13 FRUITS. Gooseberries — Crown Bob, . 30 — Houghton’s Seedling, . 86 — Whitesmith, . 21, 30 Grapes — Bunch of, . 30 — Diana, . 108 Pear, Kirtland, . . 109 Plumbs— Cherry, . . 29 — Frost, . 30 — Green Gage, . 30 Raspberries— Col. Wilder, . 30 — Falstolffj . 21 — Red Antwerp, . . . . 270 Strawberries— Black Prince, . 2l — Burr’s New Pine, . 21 — Hovey’s Seedling, . 30 — Ross’ Phcienix, . 21 FRUIT CULTURE, Etc. Dwarf Pear Tree, . 21 Fruit-Ladders, . 43, 44 Marks for Fruit Trees, . 269 Pruning the Peach, . 107, 171 Root Grafting, . 108 Transplanting, . 139 GARDEN STRUCTURES, Etc. Grouping Trees, . 31 Hot-bed Frames, . 31 Horticultural Vignette, . 31 Ornamental Fountain, . 29 Plan of a Garden, . 27 Rustic Alcove, . 27 Rustic Gateway and Arbor, . 30 Supports for Climbing Plants, 27, 30, 43, 171 Vase and Sun-dial, . . . 27 GATES AND FENCES. Farm Gate, . 28 Ornamental Gate, . 28 Patent Fence, . 28 Self-shutting Gate, . . . 13 Wire Fences, . 109, 144 Tools for making do, . 144 IMPLEMENTS, Etc. Broadcast Sowing Machine, . 25 Cast Iron Scraper, . 183 Esterly’s Harvesting Machine, . 24 Emery’s Seed Planter, . 24 — Horse-power and Mill, . 272 — Thresher and Cleaner, . 312 — Horse-power and Thresher, . 286 Goldsborough’s Corn-sheller and Husker 26 Grant’s Fan Mill, . 31 — Grain Cradle, . 63 Geddes’ Harrow, . 243 Grain Binder’s Wheel Rake, . 273 Hay Spreader, . 26, 226 Horse Rake, . 26 McCormick’s Reaper, . 25 Pitt’s Corn and Cob Cutter, . 25 Plows— Iron Beam, . 188 — Michigan Sod and Sub-soil, 336, 397 — Miner and Horton’s Premium, . . 336 — Moorish, . 355 — Premium Side-Hill, . 336 — Premium Centre-Draft, . 336, 368 — Ruggles & Co.’s New Stubble and Sward, . 298 Seymour’s Grain Drill, . 273 Sinclair & Co.’s Corn Mill, . 25 Straw and Colton’s Bee-hives, . 26 Stump Machines, . 26, 31, 214 Taplin’s Horse-power, . 24 Wheeler’s Horse-power and Thresher, 24, 220 MISCELLANEOUS. Breaking Steers, . 12 Buckthorn, . 68 Cedar of Lebanon, . 27 Carrying Hay to Market in Chili,. . 28 Coupling for Pipes and Hose, . 299 Cider Mill, Portable, . 299 Cheese Press, Kendall’s, . 272 Dairy Steamer, . 169 Diagram of Plows, . 329 Floral Hall at Syracuse, . 304 Hydraulic Water Ram, . 284 Hen Coop, and Feeding Trough, . H Mole-trap, . 342 Mott’s Furnaces, . 322 Osage Orange, . 69 Oven for Drying Fruits, . 342 Planting Hedges, . . 68 Shepherd’s Dog, . . 12 Sheep Rack, . 13 Sub-soil Plowing. . 31 Stell for Sheltering Sheep, . 49 Stone-boat, . 31 The Alpaca, . 29 Upright Saw Mill, . 167 Village Door Yards, . 365 Wheat in Drills and Broadcast, . 273 JANUARY 1850. A NEW YEAR’S PRESENT TO SUBSCRIBERS TO Every subscriber to the volume of “ The Cultivator ” for 1850, will receive, with his number for January, a copy of the Pictorial Cultivator, as a “ New Year’s Present.” It is printed on the same sized sheet, and paged so as to form the first thirty-two pages of the regular volume. This sheet, it will be seen, contains over One Hundred Engravings, and is, we think, altogether the handsomest, if not the first Pictorial Sheet, devoted exclusively to Rural Affairs, ever published. It has cost us much labor and expense, and cannot, we think, fail to prove highly acceptable to those for whom it is intended. POST MASTERS AND OTHERS Who receive a copy of this work, are respectfully invited to act as Agents for The Cultivator, a new volume of which commences with the January number for 1850. To those who are unacquainted with The Cultivator, we may state, that it is devoted exclu¬ sively to the interests of the Farmer and Planter, and embraces within its scope, every subject relating to the Culture of the Soil, the Breeding and Rearing of Domestic Animals, the Growing of Fruits and Flowers, Rural Architecture, Domestic Economy, etc., etc. It is a National Periodical, designed for our whole country, and embraces among its contri¬ butors, many of the best Practical and Scientific Farmers in every section of the Union; and has enjoyed, for the sixteen years it has now been published, a circulation altogether unequalled by any similar work. Terms. — For single copy, Si ; for seven copies, S5; for fifteen copies, S10 ; and for any larger number at the same rate. All payments to be made in advance. All subscriptions to commence with the volume, and none received for less than a year. PREMIUMS TO AGENTS. As an inducement to greater exertion on the part of those disposed to act as Agents, the following Premiums will be paid, in Books, or in Implements or Seeds from the Albany Agricultural Warehouse, to those who send us the largest lists of subscribers for our next volume : 1. To the one who shall send us the largest number of subscribers to the Cultivat-ga for 1850, with the pay in advance, at the club price of* 67 cents each, previous to the 20th of March next, the sum of FIFTY DOLLARS. 2. To the one sending us the next largest number, the sum of FORTY DOLLARS. 3. To the one sending us the next largest number, the sum of THIRTY DOLLARS. 4. For the next largest list, the sum of TWENTY DOLLARS. 5. For the next largest list, TEN DOLLARS. 6. For the Five next largest lists, each FIVE DOLLARS. 7. For the Ten next largest lists, each THREE DOLLARS. 8. A copy of Thomas’ “ American Fruit Culturist,” price one dollar — a very valuable work, just published — to every Agent who sends us Fifteen subscribers and $10, and who does not obtain one of the above prizes. Albany, N. Y., November, 1849. LUTHER TUCKER. PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. 3 dmtji of !tnm Above, we give a group of horses, copied from one of the London magazines, show¬ ing at a single view the distinctive marks of the principal varieties of that noble animal now existing in Great Britain. It shows the pony, both Welch (a) and Shetland, ( b ) the draft horse, (c) the hunter, (d) and the racer, (e») 4 PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. Mt] Me»grr anb frur Celt. Formerly owned by S. W. Jewett, Weybridge, Yermont. Morgan lor st, 3Slark latnk. Owned by D. and D. E. Hill, Bridport, Yermont. PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. Morgan lunter, Owned by Gilbert & Ackerly, East Hamilton, New-York. fnffolk Bow, Britton, Which received the first prize of the English Royal Agricultural Society in 1839. 6 PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. ®fifEASE Impmieb f%fel)UT Com mw < ' J '\ 4*”*' pease. '[rort-tfomtb 5taU, Hing Cjjarte 2b. Imported by James Lenox, New- York. PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. 7 Bred by E. P. Prentice, Albany. Imported by George Vail, Troy. PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. fjcreforft ©x. PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. 9 ^Ijjrshtre Coro. I tDeat fiifllilctnb ©*. 10 PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. Cong-ljorneir ®x. American Suffala. Mm k ©*. PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. 11 JFat-ntmptir Qijeep. ©rforb0!)ire Rant. Imported by C. B. Reybold, Delaware City, Delaware. 12 PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. Merino Ham. ASHflt /SlwTZJk USh ■ Sljepljerlr’s JDog. Breaking Steers* 14 PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. ®I)trtese. Ikrksljhx PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. 15 Suffolk. (ffsge*. 16 PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. 1 7 Extra! ©jotljic Cottage. Cljeap Jarrn §ott0i\ Horal Cfntrrji. 20 PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. JFarm Barn. 0!)ecp Barn. PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. 22 PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. Peacock. '1 - €\)mst @0000. Ittttgle JTorol of lam. Itmgle Jowl of Infria. ©rcat Jllala^ JFoiol ©ante (lock. itHllr ®oo0t 24 PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. (Emerge Seeb planter. tilljeelcr 0 jljom Corner anir (illjresljer. 71- (Estcrlg’s fijamsting illadjine. (lapltn’e fijorsc flower. PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. 25 Uroa&rast Sowing fUadjine. JK’Cormttlt’s Heaper. (Colton* * 3tt §m. CMbsborotujI/s ®ont Seller & busker. Spreatrcr. fijoroe Hake. PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. 27 Wlcm of a ®ctrttm. I)ct0£. Support far iJtneo. Sun 53ial. drirar of Cebanott. Huatic 3Ucooe. 28 pictorial Cultivator. Carrying £jaj) to market in ©fill yyyyyyyyyyyyy IJatent Tenre. ©ntamental ©atea. PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. 20 ®1)£ SUptxta. 30 PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. Green Gage. Dwarf Pear. Frost Plum. Grapes Rustic Gateway. Climbing Roses. PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. 32 PICTORIAL CULTIVATOR. Edited by A. J. Downing, AUTHOR OF “LANDSCAPE GARDENING,” “DESIGNS FOR COTTAGE RESIDENCES,” FRUITS AND “FRUIT TREES OF AMERICA,” ETC., ETC. The publisher desires to return his thanks for the liberal patronage bestowed on this work, which has established it in its present substantial and permanent form. Its influ¬ ence on the progress of Gardening and Rural Taste, is now too strikingly apparent to need a word of comment. Its extended and valuable correspondence presents the expe* rience of the most intelligent cultivators in America ; and the instructive and agreeable articles from the pen of the Editor, make it equally sought after by even the general reader, interested in country life. To all persons alive to the improvement of their gardens, orchards, or country seats, — to scientific and practical cultivators of the soil, — to nurserymen and commercial gar¬ deners, this Journal, giving the latest discoveries and improvements, experiments and acquisitions in Horticulture, and those branches of knowledge connected with it, will be found invaluable. The publisher, therefore, takes this method of presenting it in various parts of the United States where it is not already known, and where, he is confident, it only needs to be examined, or even announced, (such is the popularity of Mr. Downing’s works,) to be at once ordered. The work is published monthly, in 8vo. form, of 48 pages — each number accompanied by a frontispiece and several other engravings. The list of constant contributors em¬ braces our first horticulturists and practical cultivators. The “Foreign Notices ” pre¬ sent a summary from all the leading Horticultural Journals of Europe ; the “ Domestic Notices,” and Answers to Correspondents, furnish copious hints to the novice in prac¬ tical culture; arid the numerous and beautiful illustrations, — -Plans for Cottages, Green- Houses, the Figures of New Fruits, Shrubs and Plants, combine to render this one of the cheapest and most valuable works on either side of the Atlantic* The Fourth Volume of the Horticulturist commenced on the 1st of July, 1849* All or either of the back vols. can be supplied. New subscribers will be furnished with the first four vols. for $10. Terms — Three Dollars per year — Two copies for Five Dollars. All payments to be made in advance, and orders to be post-paid. OCT" All Agents for “ The CultivaPor,” and Post Masters generally, are invited to act as Agents for The Horticulturist. LUTHER TUCKER, Publisher , Cultivator Office, Albany , JV. Y. Albamj , N. Y., November, 1849. “to improve the soil and the mind.” New Semes. ALBANY, JANUARY, 1850. Vol. VII.— No. 1. Letter from Prof. Norton. Analytical Laboratory, Yale College,) New- Haven, Conn., Dec. 1, 1849. 1 Editors Cultivator — It is with much pleasure, that I once more commence a series of regular con¬ tributions to your columns. My Letters from Eu¬ rope, continued through nearly three years, with one intermission of three or four months, gave me a species of introduction to your numerous readers, which has since, in many cases, proved not only agreeable, but useful. In attempting to renew, and as I hope, extend my acquaintance, I have no longer to depend upon the novelty and variety of another continent for the interest of my communications, and must confine my descriptions for the most part, to regions which to us seem more prosaic, in our own land. Yet, af¬ ter all, this lack of strange people and strange cus¬ toms in my present letters, will be excused, if my endeavors to illustrate plainly and intelligibly some points of improved scientific agriculture, are suc¬ cessful. This will still, to many of your readers, be traveling in a new country, and writing of things that they have never seen. The .first great work of every person who elevates himself to any of the scientific departments of ag¬ riculture, when wishing to make an impression up¬ on practical men, should be to convince them that he regards practice in its proper light; that the re¬ sults of intelligent experience are always consider¬ ed by him worthy of attention. Let me then say at once, that I look upon science as an auxiliai’y to practice. We all know that good corn and wheat, may be grown, and have been grown, by men who scorn the very name of science ; that large cattle may be fatted, that good plowing may be done by them. We know that the world has been fed even to this day, by the skill of farmers, who would be called by some scientific enthusiasts, men utterly ignorant of first principles. So they were of first scientific principles ; they could not mention in sci¬ entific language, tho proper angle at which the axe should enter the tree, but they could show it sunk to the helve ; they could not name the substances that make up the straw and grain of wheat, but could point to fields yellow for the harvest ; they could furnish food for themselves and families, where Liebig and Johnston together, with all their sci¬ ence, would find it difficult, unassisted, to sus¬ tain even their own lives. Thus much I acknowledge, practice can do with¬ out science, but science cannot do without practice. The question now comes up, would not both be be- nefitted by union? I have said that practice can do without science, but would it not do better with its assistance? The practical man can raise good crops and good animals, can keep his farm supplied with good implements, but could he not w’ork to better advantage and with more certainty, if he knew more as to the nature of his animals, the com¬ position of his. crops and soils? Can any reason¬ able man deny that knowledge upon these points, would be an immense advantage to him in every de¬ partment of his farming operations? The most prejudiced opponent of innovation, will, I think, scarcely attempt to controvert this general propose tion. Once admitted, they cannot consistently re¬ fuse attention to an explanation of particular points, to proofs that a majority of practical men are ignorant of much that they ought to know’, even with regard to common details of their profession. After what has already been written, this remark will not be misunderstood ; it will be seen that I do not intend to decry practice, but to say that it is far from perfect, and may be decidedly improved by the addition of a little scientific knowledge. It may be objected that this knowledge is unin¬ telligible to the ordinary farmer ; that it only confu¬ ses, and thus leads him into numberless errors; but I think that the main features involved in the appli¬ cations of science, may be made simple and plain to all ; this has been proved in the works of Prof. Johnston, where a vast amount of knowledge, gain¬ ed by the researches of scientific men, is presented in a perfectly simple and practical form. The great difficulty is, that most waiters on such subjects introduce many hard words, and rather ob¬ scure theoretical views; these, together w’ith an ab¬ sence of direct practical application, discourage the plain farmer at the outset; he says — “ I can make my living as my fathers have done, without worrying my brains over this book learning, which after all, may be perfect nonsense.” My object has been and always wdll be, to explain everything, so that the farmer can think for himself, and can see whether any new views presented really have a practical bearing or not. The next great difficul¬ ty, after simplicity of language has been attained, lies in the fact that in a single letter, it is impos¬ sible to embrace all of any particular subject or de¬ partment. There are some points' almost always left unexplained, or some details omitted, w’hich are necessary to the uninstructed reader. For this rea¬ son, I have decided to take up a particular subject, and continue it through several letters, or as many as may seem needful. Among those that have oc¬ curred to me, one of the most important, as well as interesting to the farmer, is that of manures. Some readers may think this a misapplication of the word interesting, but such cannot be true farmers, for to 34 THE CULTIVATOR. Jan. all belonging to this class, the word manure is one full of attraction. I remember a somewhat celebrated Scotch farmer, who, from experience of their effects, had come to like the odors of the most powerful manures. I once saw a bottle opened under his nose, whose con¬ tents had the vilest smell that I ever perceived, and my laboratory occupations have given me a somewhat extensive experience in that line. His countenance at once expanded in satisfaction, and he snuffed up thg savoury fumes with undisguised delight; “ that’ll be grand stuff,” said he at last, and at once inquired where it could be obtained. I would not insist that your readers prefer such smells to fresh air, but would like to make them equal¬ ly keen in their search for fertilising substances. John P. Norton. Fall and Winter Plowing. Eds. Cultivator — The relative advantages and utility of fall or spring plowing, is a subject of vast practical importance to the farmer. Each system has its ardent and decided champions, but like every controverted question, the truth belongs exclusively to neither extreme. Either plan, under peculiar circumstances, or modifications of soil, condition and situation, may be best adapted or most desira¬ ble. My own observations and reflections have en¬ abled me to adopt rules sufficiently clear and satis¬ factory for my personal guidance on this branch of farm operations. All other things being equal, fall plowing is expedient for the obvious reasons, that there is more leisure at that season, the business of the farm is not so urgent, and our teams are usually more vigorous and better prepared for the perform¬ ance of severe and protracted labor. Clay and other soils of a heavy and firm texture, should, in my judgment, be plowed in the fall, be¬ cause they require the powerful and nearly indispen¬ sable agency of frost to disintegrate the earthy matter, and to decompose the vegetable substances they contain. A long period is also requisite for the operations of frost, water, and heat, by which alone these soils are effectually pulverised. The vast body of vegetation growing on the surface and embraced in the roots and fibres, which is deposited beneath the furrow in these soils, requires a long term for its decomposition. The combined agen¬ cies of all these processes in the laboratory of na¬ ture, will scarcely be sufficient, to produce the desired friability of these earths, or to effect the de¬ composition of the heavy turf, in season for the nourishment and vigorous growth of the young plant in the ensuing summer. I prefer to break up hard and stony ground, in the autumn, unless the work can be performed very early in the spring, while the ground is moist and loose. The reasons for this preference will be readily appreciated. The ground is softened by the autumnal rains, and is more readily and with less labor penetrable by the plow; the stones and earth are not so adhesive, and will be more effectually disturbed and exposed to the action of the elements. The primary object, however, of this communica¬ tion, is to express my dissent to the habit which is becoming more prevalent, of plowing light soils in the fall. Experience, and careful observation, I may assume, enables me to speak with some confi¬ dence and authority on this subject. I consider fall plowing of this class of soils, especially where sand predominates, decidedly pernicious. The loose and permeable character of the soil, peculiarly subject it, when exposed, to the action of the elements. Hence the percolation of the severe rains of autumn and spring, and the drenching thaws of winter, leach and wash these soils, and bear from them much of their fertilising substances. This conse¬ quence results not only when the soil is in its natu¬ ral state, but even where strong applications of ar¬ tificial manures have been made. This is techni¬ cally termed the leaching of light soils. The un¬ broken turf preserves them from these effects, upon these soils. In the case of a green sward, fall plowing, ex¬ cept on the very verge of winter, is equally and per¬ haps more objectionable. I have already stated the fact, that where heavy and compact sward prevails, a long period, and full action of the elements are required to subdue and prepare it to nourish and sus¬ tain vegetation. This obvious principle does not apply to the soils of which I am now speaking. The turf of these soils is not adhesive, wants tenacity and strength, and is readily broken and separated by the plow. Frost and rains more freely penetrate them, and more promptly perform their functions. The fermentation which always succeeds the cover¬ ing of a grass ley, and which, in evolving the am¬ monia and other gases, is so eminently important in the vigorous growth of the crop, will in the event of fall plowing of light soils, have passed long be¬ fore the fibres of the young plants have penetrated to its region. Much of the fertilizing influence thus produced, will be lost. The disintegration of the vegetable matter, turned in by the furrow, will have prematurely occurred, and the earth, before the roots of the plant have penetrated it, will have set¬ tled into a compact mass. If it is proposed to occupy a sward land on light soil with Indian corn, my experience would suggest the plan of plowing it immediately before planting. The decomposition of the turf, will then occur at the period when the plant most requires its effects, and the fermentation, connected with that process, will create a genial warmth beneath the furrow, as the roots of the young shoots reach that point, and will communicate to them a rapid and vigorous im¬ pulse. This operation of nature, is accomplished in the soils to which I am referring, in a few days, but weeks, and perhaps months are necessary to ef¬ fect the same results in tough, impenetrable or clay¬ ey earths. To the influeuce of these causes, I at¬ tribute the marked and rapid changes in the corn crop, which so often gladden the heart of the farm¬ er, when he perceives the sickly yellow of an un¬ promising field, suddenly assuming the deep green, approaching the black, that mantles his field with beauty, and exhibits a growth of vigor and strength, bearing the sure earnest of a rich harvest. The roots of the plants are thus nourished by the warmth and supported by the process to which I have refer¬ red. The conclusion of my observations, is that these results would not have been attained by a fall plowing, but would have been defeated. These opinions are derived, not from speculative theory, but are formed from my own observations and ex¬ periments. I will mention an additional fact, which has be¬ come an unchangeable principle in my system of agriculture. Under no circumstances, and at no season, will I permit a plow to disturb my sandy soils, in a period of drouth or peculiar dryness. No degree of moisture need arrest the plowman on the sand, but to plow when the dust arises from the furrow, I have found uniformly disastrous to the suc¬ ceeding crop. The prevalence of subsequent rains does not appear to avert the evil consequences. I 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 35 am not able to assign philosophical reasons for this effect, nor space to suggest my own speculations on the subject. The fact has been confirmed to my mind by a cause of severe disappointment and cha¬ grin, and I allude to it for the benefit and guidance of others. After repeated plowing of sandy soils, I have observed that an encrustation is often formed at the usual depth of the furrow. The implement glides along upon this formation as it does upon hard pan or rocky surface. It gradually becomes very firm and impervious, and presents a strong re¬ sistance to the plow. It doubtless is produced by a constant plowing at the same depth. The effect is obviously pernicious. The surface water scarcely penetrates it, while it utterly resists the process of the tender roots of grains and vegetables. Hence, unable to derive moisture from beneath this encrus¬ tation, the crop necessarily suffers more severely from the heat and drouth. This serious impediment to successful cultivation is evidently the result of bad husbandry, and can be obviated by a more judi¬ cious plowing. Without having formed an opinion from experience, my impressions are that the sub¬ soil plow might be introduced under these circum¬ stances of the soil with great advantage. Has this plow been introduced in the cultivation of sandy or light soils, and what are the results? W. C. W. Port Kent, Essex County , N. Dec., 1849. Intellectual Improvement of the Farmer. Crushed beneath the supposed superiority of the learned professions, and the wealth and luxuries of trade and commerce, it has been the lot of the far¬ mer, for many years, to find himself looked upon as an inferior man. That farmers as a class have given grounds for being thus looked upon by the community, cannot be denied; for let any any candid and truth-seeking man look around him among the mass of the agri¬ cultural population of our country, and he will find an amount of ignorance that is wholly inexcusable. I mean no offence to my brethren of the plow, who like myself, earn their bread by the sweat of their brows, for I know full welL by experience, how hard it is to earn one’s bread, and make any pro¬ gress in literary pursuits at the same time ; but I know as 'well that many, very many hours are wasted which might be spent in storing the mind with useful knowledge. There is in truth a shock¬ ing indifference among farmers as a mass, to the ac¬ quirement of intellectual knowledge, and the quick¬ er we are aware of, and acknowledge this fact, the more likely will we be to correct our error. But if farmers are ignorant, it is not the fault of their vocation. There is no life that can be made more eminently a life of reflection than that of the agriculturist. Living, as he does, in the very ‘‘trea¬ sure-house of wonders,” is there not enough to awaken thought and reflection in him? But alas! too true is it that things so common and familiar as the operations of nature, cease to excite our wonder and admiration. The green grass grows beneath our feet — the bright blossom bursts forth in beauty — the forest waves in rich luxuriance — sun¬ shine and shade are upon our path, and yet we toil on, toil ever, in the pursuit of worldly gain, passing the beautiful unheeded by; and if, perchance, there is now and then, one man amid a group of farmers, who has a soul to look upon the beautiful in nature or in art, those wise men shake their heads, speak with a sepulchral tone, and prophesy the downfall of him, so recreant to his interest, who dares to let a flower grow upon a spot that might have grown a blade of grass or grain! But let us hope that the dark night is passing away — let us hope that a bright day is dawning up¬ on us and upon our children, and let us prepare for them, at least, if it be too late for us, a wider range of education — finer tastes and deeper sensibi¬ lities. The good work has begun — there seems to be a general stir upon the subject of educating the farm¬ er — the text is in every man’s mouth; let it go on¬ ward — let ways and means be devised for educating the mass of farmers, and let it no longer be neces¬ sary for lawyers, doctors, ministers — any body else but farmers, to deliver addresses, or make speeches upon the subject of agriculture. Let farmers un¬ derstand their own business, both theoretically and practically, and let them be able to tell what they do know, when it is required of them. I do not say all this because I think it so enviable a lot to give an address or make a speech, but I say it in sorrow for that ignorance among those who are strictly called practical farmers, that caused the necessity for calling in the aid of others to do what they themselves felt their inability to do. Truly hath it been said that the farmers have done everything for others, and nothing for themselves. Had it been done with a noble and benevolent spi¬ rit, we might be joyful for the goodness that led to it. Were it a noble sacrifice of selfishness for the benefit of our fellow’ man, wo might glory in the disinterestedness that prompted it. But alas! can wo plead this? Oh no; ignorance, ignorance — no¬ thing but ignorance of the gi*ossest kind has caused their elevation and our shame. It is only by a tho¬ rough system of education, both moral and intellec¬ tual, that we can attain the position wdiich of right belongs to us. We call upon the farmers then of every state in this wide Union, to aw’ake from their lethargy — we beg of them to plan and devise means for the improvement of themselves and their chil¬ dren. We call too upon all good citizens to aid us in this endeavor. The education of farmers is not a thing that alone concerns him ; it concerns the wel¬ fare of the whole country. We are here now in the midst of peace and prosperity, but still we think that he who has looked far into the future, may dis¬ cover upon the horizon some clouds, which though now “ no bigger than a man’s hand,” are destined to gather and burst in fury over our own beloved homes. Perhaps no sagacity of any party can pre¬ vent the storm, but it is better to meet it wrell pre¬ pared than not to be prepared at all. And what must that preparation be? I answer — the universal education of all classes in the community. In a re¬ public, if anywhere, we must have an intelligent people. Monarchies and aristocracies may support themselves through the wisdom and tact of their ru¬ lers, kings, and princes, without the education of the common people, but a republic must look to the virtue and intelligence of its community for support, or it will fall a prey to scheming men and heartless demagogues. The farmers, from their numbers, hold the bal¬ ance of pow'er in their hands in this country, and must continue to do so for years and years to come; educate them, and our republic will stand, the mo¬ del and the glory of the world ; let them remain ig- norant and uneducated, and who shall dare to solve the enigma of the future? H. C. W, Putnam Valley, N. ¥., Oct., 1849. 36 THE CULTIVATOR. Jan. Agricultural Education. At the last meeting of the Seneca County Agri¬ cultural Society, John Delafield, Esq., on ten¬ dering his resignation as President — a post which he had occupied for three years — made some excel¬ lent and appropriate remarks in regard to agricul¬ tural education. He has kindly favored us with the following extracts, which we recommend to the attention of our readers. Eds. The age in which we live is so remarkable for im¬ portant events, producing changes in modes of life, and forcing upon us an activity and enterprise un¬ known in former periods, that the best educated man among us, feels the power of science pressing and urging him to a further accumulation of know¬ ledge. It must be evident to every thinking and observing man that a better and more general edu¬ cation is urgently necessary, to keep pace and posi¬ tion with the improvements of our age. Heretofore the importance of education and gene¬ ral knowledge was felt to be the basis of our liberty, its safeguard and sure instructor as to what is right and just between man and man. This truth is as strong now, and necessary to our liberty and happi¬ ness, as at any period of our history ; but the zeal engendered by our systems has produced such an amount of results or products from the improved education of our people ; science has advanced with strides so rapid and long, that many of our citizens look with wonder and astonishment, acknowledging the superadded necessity for better instruction for the masses — that we may comprehend from day to day, and be actively benefitted by the use of every improvement which science brings to light. That our state has done nobly, all will admit : our common schools, and now, our free schools, have opened and "will continue to open, the elemen¬ tary doors — exerting an influence for good on all time to come. A few years back, and we beheld a vessel pressing against wind and tide up our mighty rivers, by a power unseen; soon after we saw large crafts, freighted with the rich products of the farm¬ er, floating up and down the rough mountains, and across extensive plains, where neither river or rivu¬ let had run before. Next, we find towns, villages, cities, far distant from each other, connected by iron bars, on which enormous burdens and masses are impetuously driven by the use of a few gallons of water. And more recently, we communicate our wishes to friends or agents at the distance of a thousand miles, or more, in less time than I take to recite the fact. These are some of the important changes of our day and hour ; but there are others specially applicable to every branch of trade or art, equally amazing in action and result. Without adverting to the wonderful advantages derived to the mechanic, manufacturer and mer¬ chant, let us inquire what progress has been made by science for the advantage of the farmer. It may be first stated, that since the occupation of this continent by Europeans, and until within the last twenty years, the system of cultivation was a system of deterioration , a system of destruction . The earth yielded bountifully — man took all, but gave nothing in return . What was the conse¬ quence? A steady diminution of products until this noble state of New- York was reduced from an ave¬ rage production of 30 bushels of wheat per acre, to the unprofitable product of only 12 or 13 per acre. When the great impulse was given to Education in the new as well as in the old world , science was in¬ voked on behalf of the farmer. The nature, cha¬ racter find elements of manures and fertilizing mat¬ ters were examined and ascertained. The discovery that potash, soda, magnesia, lime, &c., were in fact the oxides of metals, led the way to improve¬ ment. The next important discovery was the ele¬ ments of plants, showing beyond dispute their simi¬ larity with the soils on which they grow ; and sub¬ sequently the due proportions in which they (these elements) exist in plants for their perfect develop¬ ment was clearly proved. About this time it was established that our plants drew subsistence also from the atmosphere, and science has pointed out to us those necessary elements. Further investiga¬ tion has brought to light the necessity and ac¬ tion of vegetable decaying substances in our soils, and the agencies thus carried on for our benefit. The action of the atmosphere upon the soil, when mechanically broken up and turned over, has been well explained. In short, science has been as pro¬ fuse in her riches to the farmer, as to any class of men ; but our class has been deprived of these riches intended for it, by an absence of those means for their distribution, so largely possessed by every other class of mankind : I mean, colleges, acade¬ mies and schools devoted to their special advance¬ ment. True, the elements and rudiments of a gene¬ ral education may be within the reach of every young person, but the application of knowledge, of art, of science, to agriculture is not to be had in any institution in this state ; nor can it now be grafted on any existing institution, because original intent, long continued habit, and settled opinions,, have confirmed them in leading the youth committed to their care, into pursuits entirely disconnected with what I believe to be the best, purest, and hap¬ piest vocation of life. The other vocations of life have, indeed, their en¬ joyments, and are essential to the perfection of the agriculturist, as agents, to receive and distribute his products, to consume them, to bring to him, in return, the comforts and luxuries of other climes, to contrive and arrange the fleece and the cotton ball in varied forms and texturos for his comfort or plea¬ sure, to encourage the fancies and quick imaginings of some for the decoration and adornment of our dwellings or persons, or for the amusement and strengthening of our intellects. Now, all these classes have their proper and special schools, aca¬ demies and colleges, rightfully and properly estab¬ lished, and from them, as I before stated, has ema¬ nated the talent which claims our wonder and ad¬ miration from day to day, while we, the farmers, the producers, the very foundation and means on which all other classes are constructed and sup¬ ported, are without a single school, academy or college, devoted to instruct us, or cause the proper applications of science to our important calling. For a few years past, we have feebly raised our voices, and as feebly pressed our claims on the le¬ gislature for an equal participation in the means wre so largely contribute, by an appropriation for a college devoted to our agricultural promotion, and that the teachings of science might be exhibited tu the eye and understanding upon an experimental farm attached to a college. Our voices have been as feebly heard ; for nothing has been done for us beyond complimentary reports. Compliments, though agreeable, are cheaply procured, and en¬ dure in proportion only to their value. We need the substantial and momentous element of an agri¬ cultural college for the farmer’s son — a college, so endowed and conducted, that a certificate from its officers shall be a passport to the farmer in every 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 37 place and every clime, alike honored and respected with the diploma of any other college or institution. And now, farmers, a few words as to the prompt use of the institution, which I feci must be accorded to your wishes. It is probable that many a parent will in humble modesty, shrink from thrusting his son into competition, or fear the results of a posi¬ tion so prominent among his fellow beings. Let us, for a moment, look back upon time, and the re¬ sults of science as placed within the grasp of men like many or all of us. We find 1. Opie, the celebrated painter, and who lectured upon his art in London. He was a lumberman and carpenter. 2*. John Prideaux — who became Bishop of Wor¬ cester, entered as assistant in the kitchen of the college (Exeter) in Oxford, and there obtained a fellowship. 3. Linnaeus — The famed founder of the science of botany, closely allied to our profession, was a shoemaker’s apprentice. 4. Ben. Johnson' — the celebrated dramatist, worked as a brick- layer. 5. Jas. Milner — the author of the history of the church, was a weaver. 6. Cook — the great navigator, was, in earl}" life, the apprentice to a shopkeeper. But let us come to our own day and times, and we find: 1. Benj. Franklin — his early days were devoted to soap boiling and candle making. I need not re¬ mind you of the conspicuous and important influence he had in securing to us our present liberty and happiness. 2. Humphrey Davy — to whom we farmers are indebted for science applied to our profession ■ ho was the son of a carver in wood, and was himself an apothecary’s apprentice, 3. General Greene of N. E. He was a black¬ smith — member of state legislature — the friend of Washington — the true soldier. 4. Roger Sherman — one of the noble souls whose names were affixed to the Declaration of Inde¬ pendence. His father was a farmer, but himself a shoemaker — the man of whom Jefferson remarked, 4< lie never said a foolish thing in his life.” I could go on and particularise hosts of talented men who have risen in this country from obscurity to the highest estimation of their fellow beings. At this hour we have, living in this state, men who struggled with poverty from their ycuth, holding the highest offices of our state and general govern¬ ment — bright lights of this nation — poor through life as to property, but rich and wealthy to excess in all that makes the man, that gives character, and elevates the human species. Behold, then, farmers, the beacons for us to fol¬ low. Every one of the men I have named were urged forward to schools , or seized eagerly every means for education — zeal and determination ac¬ complished the rest, at a time when our best ap¬ pliances for education were young and weak, and be¬ fore the great store-house of science was opened as it now is for the use of man. Then the competition was among comparatively few — now each man is but one of many millions running the same race. So large is our community that we are necessarily divided into classes, and each year every class takes its more distinctive form. In accordance with this natural division, we find every class, except the great farming body, establishing schools, academies and colleges, for their own advance¬ ment. We see their educated men filling or claiming to fill every post of honor or distinction. Gentlemen, I call upon you to remember that, as a class, you far outweigh in natural advantages, every other class; in numbers, we constitute more than three- fourths of the whole nation, yet, strange to say, not a school, not an academy, not a single college has been devoted to the advancement of our high calling — a call¬ ing which in truth demands as high or a higher educa¬ tion for its perfection, than any other position in life. This is strong language for us, but it is true; it is ca¬ pable of full demonstration ; and the claims we are now- making for our share of public attention and our rights, will be upheld by a burst of stronger tones than mine. Let us then press forward with one accord — let us as farmers feel as one family, and claim from our State government the prompt establishment of an agricultural college, with suitable farms, to shed the light of sci¬ ence upon agriculture, as it has done, by similar means, upon lawr, medicine, commerce and manufactures. Doings of the Sipithsonian Institution. Editors or the Cultivator— -I have just finished an examination of the first and second Reports of the first secretary and other officers of the Smithsonian In¬ stitution. I hardly remember to have taken anything in hand, for a long time, more full of interest, or, in my opinion, calculated to develope more important re¬ sults for science, than the plan of organization of this institution, and the designs of the Board of Regents, in carrying out and perfecting the same. It is well knowTn that Mr. Smithson left his pro¬ perty in trust to the United States government, to found at Washington, an institution w-hieh should bear his own name, and have for its object “ the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” This trust was accepted by our government, and an act of Congress w-as passed, constituting certain individuals an estab¬ lishment, under the name of the “ Smithsonian Institu¬ tion for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” The act establishing the institution, directs, as a part of the plan of organization, the forming of a li¬ brary, a museum and a gallery of art, together with provisions for physical research, and popular lectures; leaving to the Regents of tne institution the pow"er of adopting such other plans as may to them seem best suited to promote the objects of the bequest. The secretary, in his latest Report, informs us that the Regents have resolved to divide the annual income into twTo equal parts; one part to be devoted to the in¬ crease and diffusion of knowledge, by means of original and particular research, publications and lectures; and the other half to be applied, in accordance with the act of Congress, to the gradual formation of a library, a museum and a gallery of art.. The secretary also informs us, that several distinct scientific researches are now- in progress, under the di¬ rection of the institution, memoirs of which will be duly published ; that the library is gradually increasing by donations and by books deposited by publishers, and that, hereafter, considerable additions wrill be made in the wray of exchanging the Smithsonian Contributions for the published Transactions of other institutions ; that preparations are making for giving a series of free public lectures, to be commenced as soon as the build¬ ing is ready for the purpose. We find by the report of the building committee, that the east wing of the building is ready for occupa¬ tion, and that the w’hole structure will be completed within the specified lime, namely, by March, 1852; that the plan of building adopted, comprises a museum 200 feet by 50, a library 90 feet by 50, a gallery of art 125 feet long, two lecture rooms, of which one is capable of containing an audience of 800 to 1000 per¬ sons — that the style of building selected is the later 38 THE CULTIVATOR. Jan. Norman or rather Lombard, as it prevailed in the twelfth century, cheifiy in Germany, Normandy and in southern Europe, immediately preceding the introduc¬ tion of the Gothic; and that all expenditures connected with ‘he building, including the laying out of the grounds, planting, fencing, &c. &c., may be comprised within the limit set, namely $250,000. We find by the report of the executive committee, that the whole amount of Mr. Smithson’s property, re¬ ceived into the treasury of the United States, was $515,169.00; that the interest which had accrued on the same. u;> to July, 1846, when the funds were placed under the direction of the Board of Regents, was $242,129,00; that, owing to the excellent system of finance adopted by the Board of Regents, the interests accruing on this fund, will so far exceed the expendi¬ tures, of every kind, as to enable them to complete the building, and put the institution into full operation by March, 1852 — that there will then be a residue of interest of $142,000.00, to be added to the original bequest, ($515,169.00) making the permanent fund for the institution, of 657,000.00 — which will yield an annual income of $39,420.00 for the increase and dif¬ fusion of knowledge. It is but just to remark, Messrs. Editors, that the report of Mr. Jewett, the assistant secretary, relative to the library, is a very interesting, perspicuous and able document, and is highly creditable to him. I would gladly notice his report more full}', and give some fine extracts from it, did my limits permit. The Regents very justly deduce the following propo¬ sitions from the will of Mr. Smithson, as prominent rules to guide their practice in dispensing the funds of this institution: 1. The bequest is intended for the benefit of men in general, and its influence ought not to be restricted to a single district, or even nation. 2. The objects of the institution are: first to in - crease , and second, to diffuse knowledge among men. 3. The will makes no restriction in favor of any par¬ ticular kind of knowledge. 11 To restrict, therefore the operations of the institu¬ tion to a single science or art, would do injustice to the character of the donor, as well as to the cause of general knowledge. If preference is to be given to any branches of research, it should be to the higher, and apparently more abstract. This is true even in a prac¬ tical point of view. Agriculture would have for ever remained an empyrical art, had it not been for the light shed upon it by the atomic theory of chemistry; and incomparably more is to be expected as to its future advancement from the perfection of the microscope, than from improvements in the ordinary instruments of husbandry.” To increase know' ledge, it is proposed: — 1. To stimulate men of talents to make original re¬ searches, by offering suitable rew'ards for memoirs con¬ taining new truths. 2. To appropriate annually a portion of the ineome for particular researches, under the direction of com¬ petent and suitable persons. Among the great variety of subjects proposed for investigation, I noticed that the following are already engaging the attention of the Board of Regents: The ancient monuments of the Mississippi valley; five separate memoirs on astronomical subjects, afford¬ ing important additions to the science ; a systematic and extensive series of meteorological observations, particularly with reference to the phenomena of Amer¬ ican storms; a series of observations on the tempera¬ ture and velocity of the Gulf Stream; the botany of Oregon, with drawings and engravings; and a collec¬ tion of facts relative to the variations of the compass, to be presented in a series of maps. To diffuse knowledge, it is proposed; — 1. To publish a series of periodical reports on the progress of the different branches of knowledge. 2. To publish occasionally separate treatises on sub¬ jects of general interest. Among the subjects soon to be reported, I notice that arrangements are being made to publish the fol- lowing: Reports on the present state of chemistry as applied to agriculture; on the forest trees of North America, giving their uses, mode of propagation, and their his¬ tory; on the present state of our knowledge of light¬ ning, and the best means of guarding against accidents from its effects, &c. &c. I have become very much interested in the plans and designs of this institution, for establishing a system of extended meteorological observations for solving the proplem of American storms. There is scarcely any object of scientific research of more general interest, or likely to be productive of more beneficial effects than that which relates to the phenomena of our storms. Within a few years past, in our country, several im¬ portant principles have been established, and some well delned theories have been recently proposed, by which attention may now be directed to many different points of observation that cannot fail of being attended with important results. The observations of Mr. Red- field, in particular, have been wonderfully exact, ex¬ tensive and scientific; his theories are very attractive to the scientific inquirer, and numerous facts and ob¬ servations by others, seem to como in to his support. The Smithsonian institution proposes to organize a sys¬ tem of observations which shall extend as far as possi¬ ble over the North American continent. In order to do this, they have invited the co-operation of the British government; and have obtained their assurance that as soon as the plan is fully matured for this country, no difficulty shall be in the way of establishing a system of corresponding observations in the British provinces. Prof. Loomis, of New York University, has sub¬ mitted to the institution a very interesting report. It contains an exposition of the advantages to be derived from the study of meteorology, and what has been al¬ ready done in this branch of science in this country, the encouragements for a further prosecution of the subject, together with a plan of operations. In order to present a general view of the subject, in a condensed form, I have gathered up from his some¬ what extended report, a few of the more prominent points, using nearly his own language. They are as follows: I. The advantages to society of the study of mete¬ orology. Very little argument is needed to prove that our com¬ fort and convenience, not unfrequently our lives and property, are dependent upon meteorological pheno¬ mena. This is proverbially true of the mariner. His life often depends upon the fidelity with which, he watches every change in the aspect of the sky. The number of disasters upon the sea is frightful, and is far greater than is generally known. In the gale of December 15, 1839, eighty -nine vessels were wi’ecked on the Massachusetts coast; and of these, sixty -one on a single cape. In the great hurricane of 178U, thirteen battle-ships were lost, and sixteen more dismasted. England and America alone suffer an annual loss from wrecks of more than 1000 vessels, and nearly one-half of this is on the xlmerican coast. The farmer, too, is directly dependent upon the weather for the consum¬ mation of his plans, almost equally with the sailor. Se¬ vere drouth or excessive rains, untimely frosts or a scorching sun, may blast all the hopes of the husband¬ man. If we can anticipate the general character of a season, the farmer may regulate his time of planting or the nature of his crops, so as to be least injuriously af¬ fected by unpropitious weather; so that, if we cannot strip the lightning of its power, wre may at least direct it harmlessly to the earth. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR 39 II. The progress already made, towards deducing from these observations general laws. In the list of philosophers who have contributed to create science out of the crude materials furnished by observation, Mr. Redfield is first mentioned. He gives an account, in a paper to the American Journal of Science, of the hurricane of September, 1821, of the storm of August, 1830, and of two or three other storms of the same year. From a comparison of all the obser¬ vations, Mr. Redfield derived the conclusion that those storms were great whirlwinds. In 1833 he published a list of general propositions as embodying the results of his investigations, among which were the following: 1. The severe storms of the Atlantic coast often ori¬ ginate in the tropical latitudes, wheie they are distin¬ guished by the name of hurricanes. 2. These storms cover, at the same moment of time, a surface, whose diameter varies from one to five hun¬ dred miles, and in some cases they have been much more extensive. They act with diminished violence towards the exterior, and with increased energy to¬ wards the interior. 3. The duration of the storm at any place within its track depends upon its extent, and the rate of velocity with which it moves. 4. The direction of the wind over the greater portion of the track is not the direction of the progress of the storm. 5. In the lower latitudes, while drifting to the west¬ ward, the direction of the wind at the commencement of these storms is from the northern quarter, and during the latter part of the gale, it blows from the southern quarter of the horizon. 6. North of the parallel of 30°, and while pursuing their course to the northward, these storms commence with the wind from an eastern or southern quarter, and terminate w’ith the wind from a western quarter. 7. Mr. Redfield infers that the portion of the atmos¬ phere which composes the body of the storm, blows in a horizontal circuit around a vertical axis of rotation, which is carried onward with the storm, and that the direction of the circuit is from right to left. 8. The barometer always sinks while under the first portion of ihe storm, and rises again under the last por¬ tion of the gale. In the Journal of the Franklin Institute for 183G, Prof. Espy published a series of essays upon storms, in which he arrives at the following generalizations : 1. The rain and snow storms, and even the moderate rains and snows, travel from the west towards the cast, in the United States, during the months of January, February, and March, which are the only months yet investigated. 2. The velocity of this line is such, that it travels from the Mississippi to the Connecticut river in about twenty-four hours; and from the Connecticut to St. John, Newfoundland, in nearly the same time, about thirty-six miles an hour. 3. When the barometer falls suddenly in the west¬ ern part of New England, it rises at the same time in the valley of the Mississippi, and also at St. John, Newfoundland. 4. In great storms, the wind for several hundred miles on both sides of the line of minimum pressure, blows towards that line directly or obliquely. 5. Many storms are of great and unknown length from north to south, reaching beyond the northern lakes on the one hand, and beyond our observers in the Gulf of Mexico on the other, while their east and west diame¬ ter is comparatively small. The storms, therefore, move side-foremost. 6. Most storms commence in the “ far west,” beyond the stations of our most western observers. 7. In the northern parts of the United States, the wind, in great storms, generally sets in from the north of east, and terminates from the north of west. 8. In the southern parts of the United States, the wind generally sets in from the south of cast, and terminates from the south of west. III. The encouragement there is to a further prosecu¬ tion of meteorologic 1 researches. In all our investigations respecting natural phenome¬ na, we assume that the operations of nature are subject to laws, and these laws are uniform in their operation. A law of nature knows no exceptions. There is no place for science except upon this basis. All the laws of na¬ ture appear complex while they remain unknown ; but when once discovered, we are surprised at their simpli¬ city. Why should storms form an exception to this rule? Have our meteorological researches been re¬ warded with no success ? Far otherwise. We have discovered that the great storms of the United States travel nearly from west to east. Violent storms usually travel at the rate of about 2'3 miles per hour; in some cases the velocity has been known to rise to 40 miles. These storms are of various dimensions. While sum¬ mer showers may cover an area of but a few miles, winter storms sometimes have a diameter of 1000 mile# or more. If the diameter of a storm is 500 miles, and its progress 25 miles per hour, its duration at a place situated at the centre of the track will be 20 hours, and less for places out of the centre. Hence we may form some estimate of the extent of a storm from its duration at any place. We are justified, then, in inferring that storms are subject to laws; that these laws are uniform in their operation, and that they may be discovered. When the magnetic telegraph is extended from New York to New Orleans and St. Louis, it may be subservi¬ ent to the protection of our commerce, even in the pre¬ sent state of our knowledge of storms. The severe winter storms which desolate the Atlantic coast come from the valley of the Mississippi, and require about 24 hours to travel from St. Louis to New-York. The ap¬ proach of a dangerous storm might therefore be tele¬ graphed at New-York hours before its arrival, while the sky was yet unclouded and the wind propitious, in season to save a fleet of ships from putting to sea, to be engulphed in the bottomless deep. IV. Plan of conducting observations to secure the object proposed. An effort will be made to secure the co-operation of the general government, the several state governments, scientific societies, and the friends of science throughout the country. The entire country will be divided into sections not exceeding 100 miles square ; and in each section, not already provided for, an observer vrill be sought out, who shall volunteer to make the observa¬ tions if instruments are furnished him. The Smithso¬ nian Institute will assume the burden of furnishing the necessary instruments to those who are unable to do it themselves. A form of observations will be provided, and instructions given to all the observers, who shall report at least quarterly to the secretary at Washington. It will be the duty of the Meteorologist to take charge of the observations, to discuss and analize them, and endeavor to deduce from them the laws of storms. These investigations will be published, in as much de¬ tail as may be thought demanded by the claims ol science, and a copy of whatever may be published will be forwarded to each observer, in order that he may ba encouraged in his work, by finding that his labor is nol wholly in vain. After all my efforts at condensation, Messrs. Editors, I find that my attempt to present a view of the doings of the Smithsonian institution, has resulted in a long article. I feel quite diffident in occupying so much space in your columns with this thing, but conclude to venture hoping it may be found interesting to a portion, at least, of yonr readers. This institution proposes, among other things, to in¬ vestigate several subjects intimately connected with the business of agriculture ; and it is, therefore, well that our agriculturists should be informed of the principles of its organization and plans of operation. The pro¬ posal to “ post up” the developments of chemistry, as applied to agriculture, may be instanced as a very im¬ portant one, and calculated to be of service to our far¬ mers. Here lies a great field for further scientific re¬ search also; and if conducted with proper skill and judgment, great benefits must arise to our agriculture. We farmers will keep an eye out” upon the opera¬ tions of this Institution, therefore, and will be ready to lend it a hand in investigations connected with our profession, as well as to receive and acknowledge any benefits resulting from its scientific researches. F. Hol¬ brook. Brattleboro\ Vt., Dec. 5, 1849. He who plows his land and breeds cattle, spins gold. The footsteps of the owner are the best manure for his land. 40 THE CULTIVATOR, Jan. Notes on Massachusetts Farming. We had lately the pleasure of calling on a few farm¬ ers in Massachusetts; and from the many interesting matters, to which, in a hurried view, our attention was called, we offer the following brief notes: The farm of General Wm. Sutton, of Salem, con¬ sists of 300 acres. About 200 acres are woodland and rocky pasture, which has never been plowed. The re¬ mainder, though naturally rough, has been made very rich and productive. It has been fenced with stone walls, wh i will probably stand as long as fences are needed. Most of the boulders, with which the soil was formerly considerably filled, have been taken out, and the plow now passes without obstruction, over large and handsome fields. The principal surplus product of the farm is hay ; but grain and vegetables, to the extent of the home consumption, are produced. The annual production of hay is 100 tons; of this, 60 tons are sold, at an ave¬ rage price of $13 per ton. The remaining 40 tons are required for the support of the stock kept on the farm, of which there are six oxen, six cows and four horses — besides twelve to fifteen cows taken in to pasture at $10 each, for the season. The team-work of the farm is done chiefly by oxen, and the three pairs kept here are noble animals, able to accomplish anything practicable in their line. They are from five to seven years old, and the weights of the different pairs, are 3,300 lbs., 3,600 lbs., and 3,800 lbs., in good working order. Gen. S. takes particular pains to save all the ma¬ nure of his animals. It is mostly deposited in a cellar, over the bottom of which, as well as over the whole barn-yard, muck is spread to absorb the liquids. He has some advantages of making manure not usually pos¬ sessed by farmers. He uses the waste of a large glue factory. The animal substance in the process of being converted into glue, while in a half-fluid state, is strained Through straw; the refuse that remains, is, with the straw made into compost with peat, at the rate of three loads of the latter to one of the former. The mass remains one year before being used, during which time it becomes thoroughly decomposed ; the straw is rotted, the peat, by fermentation, becomes fine, and is thoroughly impregnated with the gases and salts of the animal matter. This compost is found to be more powerful and lasting in its effects, than common barn manure, load for load. All Gen. S.’s buildings are of the most substantial kind. His barns, and the yards attached to them, have every possible convenience of arrangement, with water always at hand. His implements are the most perfect in their kind, and so complete is the assortment, that every description of work may be performed with its most appropriate tool. Every thing is kept in a place designed for it, and could be readily found by a person acquainted with the plan, in the darkest night. Taking the whole establishment together, it presents a model of neatness, system, convenience, and thorough management, which is seldom equalled. The farm of E. Hersey Derby, Esq., is in South Salem. Those who have been familiar with the vari¬ ous agricultural enterprises of Massachusetts for the last forty years, will at once recognize Mr. D.’s name in their connexion — especially as a prominent officer of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, an association to which the country at large is deeply indebted for much of its advancement in husbandry. We found him still active, personally superintending his extensive farming operations, and earnestly awake to every practical improvement. Mr. D. has a large garden, which is enclosed with a buckthorn hedge. He has used the buckthorn exten¬ sively for hedges, and his fences of this kind are among the most perfect wre have seen. He is confident, after having made trials with several other thorns, that this is the only one suited to this climate. He states that all the buckthorns in this country, so far as he is ac¬ quainted, came from one imported tree, which stood in the garden of the late Dr. Holyoke, of Salem. We are aware that some regard the buckthorn as indige¬ nous to this country; but Emerson, in his “ Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts,” says “it was probably intro¬ duced from Europe, where it is a native.” Mr. D. has introduced the English oak, and has a nursery of young trees of this kind, and several beauti¬ ful standard trees, from forty to sixty feet high, planted with his own hand. Indeed his grounds abound with fine trees of various kinds, all of which, with the ex¬ ception of one , he informed us, were put out by himself. Mr. D. keeps thirty cows, converting the surplus produce of his farm chiefly into milk, which is sold at six cents per quart, (beer measure) in winter, and five cents in summer. The average amount realized from each cow, is $100 a year. He raises vegetables — chiefly carrots and beets — on a large scale, for feeding the cows in winter, allowing each cow half a bushel per day, while kept on dry fodder. He prefers the carrot. The hay for all the stock of the farm, is cut in a machine. The cows are fed partly on upland, or fresh hay, and straw*, and partly on salt-marsh hay, and they do much better with this variety, than when con¬ fined to upland hay. Mr. D.’s barns are spacious, and well planned. The one wThere the stock is principally kept, has a cellar under the whole of it ; a part of which is appropriated to manure, a part to storing vegetables, and a more dry and open part to the storage of farm implements. The farm of Geo. E. Adams, Medford, consists of 160 acres. It is devoted chiefly to the production of milk and apples. The stock consists of 55 cows, a yoke of oxen and five horses. The annual sales of milk have amounted to $5,500, and in one year to $6,000 (the prices as mentioned above.) The apple orchard consists of fifteen acres. The trees have been well managed — are large, and generally bear abundantly. The varieties are chiefly Russets and Baldwins. He has picked 1000 barrels of winter apples in a season, and one season sold that number at $2 per bbl. The Baldwins are usually sold to Messrs. Tudor, tf Bos¬ ton, and are wrapped in papers and sent to Calcutta. A large orchard of peach and pear trees has lately been set out, which has not yet come into bearing. Mr. A. is a young man who farms for profit , and the energy and economy with which his extensive business is carried on, bring a sure and satisfactory rew'ard. Much judgment has been shown in his buildings, several of which have been erected under his owrn direction, and are of ample dimensions, convenient, and well fi¬ nished. As with all good farmers in this section, ma¬ nure is of the first importance. He saves everything of this nature, and has enough to keep up his farm to an extraordinary state of richness. His main barn is 160 feet long and 40 feet wide, with a cellar under the whole. Marsh mud and “ sea-wrack,” (vegetable matter washed up by the tide,) are used as absorbents. Without these the manure, as the urine is saved, would be in too fluid a state to be readily portable. Water is brought to the buildings by means of a small wind¬ mill, which works a pump, and keeps a large reservoir constantly filled. On the farm of Mr. Harvey Dodge, Sutton, we wit¬ nessed some valuable improvements. The farm lies on a large swell of land, which is naturally very rocky, and quite wet. It was originally divided into very small lots, many of them containing only two acres each, and fenced with stone walls. One object of these small di- 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 41 visions was probably to get rid of the stones, which had to be removed from the soil before it could be worked. Some idea of the quantity of stones may be formed from the fact that these walls were made from four to six feet wide and four feet high. The foundations of many of them not being properly laid, and the materials not of the best kind for permanent walls, they had in se¬ veral instances settled down and flattened out, till they occupied much more room than ab first. When Mr. D. took possession of the farm, a few years ago, he soon discovered that it had two radical defects, which he determined to remedy. The first was the loss of land by the numerous old walls, and the in¬ convenience of working the small lots ; and the second, the want of drainage to the soil. In obviating the first difficulty, he adopted a plan by which he, in a great degree, obviated the second. He sunk the old walls, and the trenches 'where they are buried have become drains! He has in this way turned a large part of his farm into beautiful fields, of from 12 to 18 acres each. Where the walls on the lines of the present division were good, they wrere left; where they were not good, they were rebuilt in the most substantial manner. The walls were sunk so low that the plow passes over without disturbing them. The mode of sinking the walls was by digging deep ditches close along side of them, and then throwing the stones in. The ditches were filled to a level with the surrounding ground, wfith the earth taken out, and the remainder is used in filling hollow's about the fields. The effect of the drainage is already apparent in the swreeter nature and more abundant growth of grass ; in the better and surer crops of grain which the land produces, and in the more healthy and thrifty growTth and increased productive¬ ness of fruit trees. In some instances the sunken walls do not sufficiently drain the soil, and in such cases other drains are being made. Mr. D. is also reclaiming by under drainage, digging out stones, and leveling, a wet pasture, lying near his barn, which had never been plowed till last fall. His operations before spoken of prove that it will pay. The wuter from the drains is collected into several main channels. One of these is carried to the buildings, and furnishes water for the stock, &c., and another is emptied on a sloping meadow, and fertilizes several acres by irrigation. Attached to Mr. D.’s piggery, is a building wfiiere tripe and neats-foot oil are prepared for market. The shanks, feet, and heads of cattle are brought here in large quantities. The bits of skin are saved fbr glue, and the bones are boiled till the oil is thoroughly ex¬ tracted. The liquor in W'hich the articles have been boiled, is used for cooking vegetables for swfine, of which Mr. D. keeps about sixty head. The “ stores” are fed with carrots and turneps boiled in the liquor; for fat¬ tening, corn or corn-meal is added. The manure made from the hogs and the animal offal, is of much importance. The bones would be still more valuable, if some economical mode of crushing them could be devised. The want of such a mode, has pre¬ vented many of the larger bones being used to much advantage. The hoofs and the small bones of the foot, have been plowTed into the ground, and their effect has been very beneficial. Apple trees have been made to grow rapidly from this application, and a piece of car¬ rots, sown among the trees, the past season, produced 900 bushels to the acre. The larger bones, shanks and jaws, have in some instances been driven into grass- grounds. Mr. D. showed us a meadow, a portion of which had been “ boned” in this way, that had pro¬ duced as much hay the past season, as could be made on the ground. Mr. D. is turning his attention to the improvement of cattle, and has some pretty Devons — a bull and hei¬ fer — of the stock imported by the Mass. Society. Mr. Nathaniel Dodge, of Sutton, has a fine farm, especially attractive from the good order of his build¬ ings, the perfection and uprightness of his fences and the smoothness and neatness of his fields. He has been for several years noted for having fine work¬ ing oxen. In our volume for last year, page 68, we noticed a pair of his cattle W'hich had been fattened. He informs us that these wTere sold in Boston for $400. He has now a pair of brindled oxen 1839; got by Short-tail, (2621) ; dam Oxford, (having obtained the first prize for the best Short-horned cow, open to all England, in July, 1839, given by the Royal English Agricultural Society,) by Duke of Cleaveland, (1937) ; g. d. Matchem cow, by Matchem, (2281) ; g. g. dam by Young Wynyard, (2859) sometimes called Young Wellington.” By this pedigree it will be seen that Wellington’s sire, Short-tail, was also a half Duchess bull. So far then his equality with Cambridge, as to Duchess blood, is established. But if we examine a little farther into this pedigree, we shall find that Wellington’s dam. Oxford Cow, was also got by a half Duchess 54 THE CULTIVATOR. Jan bull, Duke of Cleveland. Consequently, the produce of Wellington, from a cow without Duchess blood, would possess nearly as much Duchess blood, as Cam¬ bridge himself. For the illustration, and to show the public that there are other animals in this country that possess more Duchess blood than Cambridge, we insert the pedigree, in part, of Mr. Vails’ Duchess : 11 White — bred by Mr. Bates, &c. Got by Duke of Northumberland [1940], dam Non-sueh the 2d, by Belvedere [1706], g. dam Non-such by Magnet, [2240.]” &c. &c. Mr. Vail’s prize bull, Meteor, 104, was out of this heifer, and his sire is Duke of Wellington. He has therefore three crosses of the Duchess blood, and so also have the bulls Mr. Vail has sold to Col. Sherwood, of Auburn, N. Y., (and we can well bear testimony to the worth of this bull, Symmetry, as we have a cow of his get, and a very superior animal she is,) Col. Hampton, of S. C., Messrs. Ferguson and Wetenhall, of C. W., and Thomas Hillhhouse, of of Watervleit, N. Y. We might continue this account, as Mr. Vail has three more imported cows, sent him by Mr. Bates, all of which possess strains of the Duchess blood, but we deem it unnecessary. We learn by the agricultural papers, that that whole of the late Mr. Bates’ herd are to be sold the coming spring or summer; and consequently the Duchess tribe which Mr. Bates has always retained exclusively in his possession , will be dispersed in the hands of many. From the enterprise which has thus far characterised Mr. Vail, as a breeder, we sincerely hope and expect he will not let this opportunity pass, without the in¬ troduction of one or more animals of the full Duchess blood, into his herd. He has already done much to bring the Bates Stock into deserved reputation in this country, and the benefit which its introduction has conferred upon other Durhams, which have received only a single cross of this strain of blood, is immense. We hope he will now introduce the Duchess blood without alloy ; and we confidently expect the day would not be far distant, when the price of the Amer¬ ican Short-horns, will compare favorably with the high sales of this stock in England. S. P. Chapman. Clockville, Mad. Co., N. Y., Dec. 1849. Hamilton College* At a recent meeting of the trustees of this institu¬ tion, Oren Root, A. M., of Seneca Falls, was elected to succeed Professor Catlin, deceased, in the depart- of mathematics and astronomy. Mineralogy and geol¬ ogy were added to this department, and measures were taken to secure the removal to Clinton, of Professor Root’s Cabinet, which is one of the largest and best miner alogical collections in the country. It embraces about 7000 specimens, gathered from every quarter of the world. Its connection with Hamilton college will render its facilities for instruction in the natural sciences, equal to those of any college in the country. To those who are interested in the march of improve¬ ment, it cannot but be gratifying to notice how rapidly our higher institutions are conforming to the practical spirit of the age. Hamilton college certainly deserves well of the community, for its readiness to comply with the demand for those kinds of learning which are suited to the real wants of life. Time was, when Latin and Greek were the only languages taught ; now German and French are added. Time was, when most of the senior year was devoted to disciplinary studies, now it is wholly given up to practical studies. Legal and political science is studied more thoroughly and ex¬ tensively than at other similar institutions. Full courses of lectures are given on civil engineering, on agricultural chemistry, and on anatomy and physiology. Great attention is also paid to elocution and kindred exercises. Professor Root will enter upon his new du¬ ties about the first of January. With the increased instruction which he will give in physical science, it is believed that the course of studies at Hamilton college will be just what the age demands. Alumnus. The Boston Poultry Show. This novel exhibition came off on the 15th and 16th of November last. The display of the different species and breeds of poultry, was extensive, and evidently re¬ garded with much interest by the public. The Com¬ mittee of Supervision, in their report, state that — “ The number of specimens of the different feathered races, presented on this occasion, numbered 1423, and the number of exhibitors recorded was 219. The num¬ ber of people admitted to the show, was not less than ten thousand. The sum of three hundred and sixty-four dollars was received at the gate, (the fee being 10 cents) notwithstanding the admission of ladies and children gratis.” The object of this meeting was to bring together specimens of the different varieties of poultry, that their peculiar traits might be seen, and their relative merits judged of by comparison. No prizes were of¬ fered — every observer being at liberty to award his own commendations as appeared to him proper. We are happy to learn that annual exhibitions of this kind, are contemplated, under the auspices of a society, to be formed for the improvement of the different kinds of poultry, and the 11 increase and diffusion of know¬ ledge” on this subject. Under such an organization, with the intelligence, taste, and capital, which may be brought to bear on the object, we cannot doubt that highly interesting and useful results would be obtained. The various breeds may be fairly tried, under circum¬ stances calculated to fully develope their qualities; rare species and breeds, both in a domestic and wild state, from various quarters of the world, may be in¬ troduced; experiments in breeding instituted and car¬ ried on under competent directors, and every important fact carefully noted. In these ways, many doubtful questions would be settled, and much light elicited on physiological points, which have hitherto been involved in obscurity. In regard to the present show, it may be remarked that the genus Gallus was largely represented; and in this class, the large Asiatic or Malay tribe of fowls, took the lead. They were offered under various names, as Chinese, Cochin Chinese, Shanghae, Java, Buck’s county, Jersey Blues, &c. Their general character¬ istics presented but trifling variations, and their numer¬ ous titles afforded another illustration of the adage that there are sometimes “ distinctions without differences.” These fowls are very large, but are often thinly feath¬ ered, loose jointed, large boned, and coarse fleshed. Their defects are sometimes remedied by skillful breed¬ ing, and good stock has been thus produced. They have also been useful in many cases in crossing other varieties. A cock, ten months old, exhibited by C. B. Marsh, West-Roxbury, Mass., was said to weigh twelve pounds. But of all the fowls exhibited, none, in our opinion, showed stronger marks of a true breed, than the Span¬ ish, called in some instances Italian. They are uni- formly of a glossy-black color, of good size, and hand¬ some form — corresponding to the cut and description given of the breed in our last volume, page 84. A lot of twelve, so similar in every respect, that it was difficult to distinguish one from another, of the same sex, was shown by Daniel Buxton, Danvers, Mass. From several exhibitors, there were fine specimens of Dorkings, Bolton Greys or Creoles, Games, Ban¬ tams, and Top-knots, of the Black, White, Golden 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 55 and Silver Spangled varieties. In addition to these, there were many fowls produced by various mixtures and crosses, some of which were singular, and others apparently valuable. Turkeys were not numerous. Some wild ones, were shown by John Giles, of Providence, R. I. There were specimens of pea-fowls and Guinea-fowls — some of the latter entirely white. Of pheasants, there was only one pair; they were the English pheasant, and were shown bv Col. Jaques, of the Ten-hills Farm. A pair of “ French Partridges,” (a species of grouse,) was shown by B. F. Dow, East Boston. There were some very fine geese. Specimens of the wild, or Canadian, were shown by Hon. Dan. Webster; the Bremen by Col. Jaques; the large Chinese, (some¬ times called African, Poland, Mountain geese, 8cc.,) the small Chinese, and the Barnacle, all shown by John Giles, Providence, R. I. The latter, were the first of the species we have ever seen domesticated. They appeared very tame, and attracted much atten¬ tion. A pair of beautiful swans was also shown by Mr. Giles. There were but few ducks. Specimens of the celebrated Aylesbury breed, were shown by Mr. Giles. They are very large, and perfectly white. They are greatly esteemed by the English epicures, on ac¬ count of the whiteness and fine flavor of their flesh. A specimen of the beautiful wood, or summer duck, was shown by Edward S. Rand. At the close of the exhibition, an auction was held, for the saie of poultry, at winch everything really good, found a ready purchaser at a high price. Fowls were sold at from $10 to $18 per pair, and some pri¬ vate offers, of even a higher figure, were refused. The Committee of Supervision, in their report of this exhibition, have made some valuable remarks in The accompanying design is by A. J. Downing, Esq., by whom it is thus described: It is of very moderate size, intended to come within the means of those who have only a few hun¬ dred dollars to expend in a dwelling, who can afford little ornament, and who still desire to get some¬ thing comfortable, a*nd agreeable to the eye. There is no effort at the ornamental in this design. It is simply getting the most convenient arrange¬ ment of the interior, in the most compact form, viz., that of a square. The little veranda, formed of lat¬ tice work, and intended for vines, is the only deci¬ ded approach to the ornamental, though the mere projection of the rafters, gives the roof something better than the usual common place character. This design is intended to be constructed of wood, the weather boarding put on in the vertical manner, described in our first volume, and familiar to most of our readers. relation to the importance of the poultry business, and have furnished some statistical facts which are deserv¬ ing attention. We make the following extracts: The rearing of poultry, as will be shown, is certanly not the least important article of stock to the farmer. The article is readily converted into money, and is, pro¬ bably, quite as readily prepared lor market as any other article of stock produced on the farm. The amount of sales of poultry at the Quincy Market, Boston, for the year 1848, was six hundred and seventy- four thousand four hundred and twenty-three dollars. The average sales of one dealer alone amounted to twelve hundred dollars per week for the whole year. The amount of sales for the whole city of Boston, for the same year, (so far as obtained,) was over one mil¬ lion of dollars. Our convenience to the London market, by the aid of steamers weekly, enables the farmer, through the egg merchant, to make sale of his surplus eggs in that quarter. The amount of sales of eggs, in and around the Quincy Market, for 1848, was one million one hundred and twenty -nine thousand seven hundred and thirty-five do¬ zen, which, at eighteen cents per dozen, (the lowest price paid 11| cents, and the highest 30 cents per dozen, as proved by the average purchases of one of the largest dealers books,) makes the amount paid for eggs, to be two hundred and three thousand three hundred and fifty- two dollars and thirty cents. And from information al¬ ready obtained from other egg merchants, in the same city, the whole amount of sales will not fall much, if anvj short of a million of dollars, for 1848. The average consumption of eggs, at three of the ho¬ tels, was more than two hundred dozen each day, for the year 1848. The value of eggs brought from the Penobscot, and Kennebec rivers, during the running season of the steam boats, plying between Boston and those two rivers, was more than three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, for that season. One dealer in the egg trade at Philadelphia, sends to the N. Y. market, daily, nearly one hundred barrels of eggs. It i3 estimated from satisfactory returns that the city of New-York, alone, expends nearly a million and a half of dollars, in the purchase of eggs. The plan of the first floor show's a hall, parlor and bed¬ room, — all, in¬ deed, that a family wishing this kind of cot¬ tage, need on the first floor, so snugly ar¬ ranged that not a step need be lost in the work¬ ing operations of the family. The entry or First Floor. hall is larger than is usual in houses of this size; and the enclo¬ sed porch, or back entry, serves to shelter the back door in winter, d 20 EEET Chamber Floor. and might, if pre¬ ferred, be taken away altogether in summer. The second sto- plan show's an up¬ per entry and four good bed rooms. The chimney flues are all drawn into one stack in the attic, and the roof is covered with shingles. The first story is ten feet, the second nine feet high. 56 THE CULTIVATOR. Jan. Farming vs. Manufacturing. Eds. Cultivator — As suggested by “ Enquirer” in the November number of your paper, I admit that agriculture may be made the most happy pursuit of man; but whoever may engage in the pursuit, in the belief that it is now the most profitable, is destined to certain disappointment. That the profits of capital and labor in agriculture, have been greatly misunder¬ stood, is too true. That they have been the subject of misrepresentation by superficial observers, who have based their estimates upon single acres, or single fields, is also too true. That this misunderstanding has been productive of much mischief, is sustained by too many examples to be for a moment doubted. How many men under a misapprehension of the profits of agriculture, embark in that business, and through subsequent disappointment, abandon it in dis¬ gust, to engage in other pursuits? Influenced by mis¬ representations, how many men are induced to abandon other occupations, to engage in that of agriculture, and when taught by experience of their error, have returned to their former employments, having sacrificed by their changes of business, the fruits of former in¬ dustry and toil? Ignorant of the true principles upon which agriculture can alone be made profitable, how many farmers drag out their years of dull monotony, and leave to their heirs a worn out farm, encumbered with debts of years accumulation? To avoid such cases, it is important that the actual and relative profits of agriculture should be distinctly understood. Much of that required knowledge may be found in Professor Tucker’s Progress of the United States, published in 1843, by Little and Brown of Boston. In the 17th and 20th chapters of that work, the number of labourers employed, and the amount of in¬ come produced, is given in each of the great industrial pursuits of our country. By his tables the annual in¬ come of each agricultural labourer in the state of Maine, was $156 — in Massachusetts, $183 — in Ver¬ mont, $244' — in New York, $237 — in Virginia, $186 — in South Carolina, $109 — in Ohio, $138 — in Tennessee, $139 — in Mississippi, $190 — in Louisiana, $288. By his tables it is also shown that tli& annual income of each manufacturing laborer in Massachusetts, was $750, and that such income, after deducting the raw material, was $510. The estimates of Professor Tucker, were taken from the census of 1840, and are eminentl}r sustained by that of Massachusetts, taken in 1845. Take the cotton interest for an example. The capital stock invested in the state, in cotton manufac¬ turing, was $17,739,000. The value of the goods manufactured , was $12,193,449. The value of the raw material, was $3,900,000. There were 6,300 men, and 14,400 women employed as laborers, at an expense of about $3,300,000, giving an income fully sustaining the estimates of Professor Tucker, and showing a net profit exceeding by at least four-fold,* * It will be seen that our correspondent here claims, that labor employed in the manufacture of cotton, produces “ a nett profit, exceeding, by at least four-fold, the most successful farm¬ ing operations.” It appears to us that there must be some mis¬ take in the data by which he arrives at such a conclusion. Let us see what result we produce from his figures. He puts -down the value of cotton goods manufactured in Massachusetts, at . . . . . . $12,193,449 From this there is to be deducted : cost of raw material,. . . $3,900,000 25 per cent on the capital for wear and tear of machinery, and expenses other than labor . . . $4,434,750 — $3,334,750 ' This leaves . . . $3,858,699 to be divided among 20,700 laborers, which gives to each $186.42, within a fraction, which is about the average allowed by our cor¬ respondent to farm laborers. Eds. the most successful farming operations, not excepting the premium farm of the state. It will be seen by these tables that the value of ag¬ ricultural labor varies very materially in the different states of the Union. And it should be borne in mind that climate, soil, and location have done much in pro¬ ducing that variation. It should also be borne in mind that good culture has had much to do in producing that result; for instance, location giving superior mar¬ ket facilities, has given to labour a greater income upon the rugged soil of Massachusetts, than has been realized from that expended upon the virgin soil of Ohio. Location and climate allowing the growth of the sugar cane,' (which is the most profitable of agri¬ cultural productions) has given to labor, a greater in¬ come in Louisiana, than has been produced in any other state in the Union. But it must have been good culture that has given to labor a greater income upon the in¬ ferior soil of Vermont, than that produced upon the superior soil of New York. And it must also be owing very much to good culture, that should have given— to labour in Seneca county, so much greater income than has been produced in the residue of the state, or in any other state in the Union. If, then, good culture is so material in producing such different results, how important it is, that our farmers acquire a knowledge, and adopt the practice of giving it a universal appli¬ cation. If location is capable of exerting so important an influence, how important it is that such effect should be modified by increased facilities of communi¬ cation. If market facilities produce so material effect upon the profits of labor, how important it is, that our agricultural productions should enjoy the unrestricted market of the world. A Farmer. Hillsdale, Dec. 5th , 1849. _ _ Fowls in Yards. Eds. Cultivator — You ask some questions relating to my aviary, answers to -which are cheerfully sub¬ mitted. My usual number of fowls is one hundred. They are confined in an enclosure containing about half an acre, inclusive of ground occupied by the buildings, the dimensions of which are as follows: Forty- eight feet length and twelve breadth, with length of posts sufficient for the admission of twenty-four lighted win¬ dows, of which there are eight in front, sliding hori¬ zontally upon the sill. This building contains but one apartment. In addition, and communicating with it, is an upright post, at one end twelve by sixteen feet with nine feet posts, containing an underground room for fowls to collect in cold weather, and is ac¬ cessible to them at all times. Above, on the ground floor, is a depository for sand, gravel, mortar from old walls, &c. &c., for daily use of fowls. The attic designed for a roosting apartment, which on account of the sharpness of the roofs, is roomy, as all sleep¬ ing places should be, at least for the health of fowls. A window in gable ends, is for lights and ventilation. The roofs to the main part, are also sharp, to turn the sun’s rays in summer, and as a matter of taste and durability. The yearly average to each hen is not far from one hundred eggs. Young hens, say of the first or second year, are found more prolific than older ones. Cocks have always been permitted to run with our hens, and consequently I have not the means of deter¬ mining the particular results, from a separation, as regards the production of eggs. As a general rule no strange fowls are admitted to the yard. We raise a yearly supply for home use. I consider the Poland crested fowls to be a hardy variety, and perhaps the best for northern latitudes ; 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 57 when young they afford more eggs in sucsession than common varieties. If I should find male fowls superior to my own, I would dispose of mine and introduce the strangers, after subjecting them to quarantine for a reasonable time. I have once done this with good effect. I have had no experience in the treatment of dis¬ eased fowls, but if my fowls were diseased, I would give them passports with leave of absence, to go where fancy ruled. If in summer, I should look for returns from the fields, as autumn approached, with an increase of numbers perhaps; and with the rose of health upon their animated countenances . J. R. S. Verona , Nov. 6, 1849. Good and Bad Management. From the excellent practical address of R. G. Par¬ dee, before the Wayne Co. (N. Y.) Agricultural So¬ ciety, we extract the following: — Be not afraid of book farming. If the best way of farming can be told, it can be written ; and when written, you can learn and understand it as well as from the lips of a co-laborer. It is one of the shallow¬ est prejudicies which ever crept, into the mind of man, that a fact loses its power and Value because printed in a book. I wish I could place the Genesee Farmer and the Cultivator in the hands of every farmer in our country, and I would be gladly responsible for the injury. Just discrimination, is of course necessary in reading any human writings; but where the editor of an agricul¬ tural journal admits one error into his paper, a thou¬ sand are propagated from the lips of neighbor to neighbor, among agriculturists. Again, fence and water your farm, so as to save as much valuable time as possible. Much more than many farmers are aware of, is gained or lost in this way. One of your number has directed my attention to one of our best farmers who went on to his farm some years ago, and found it without plot, without fences of any value, and without water. In a few short years, he had so planned and fenced his farm, and by the help of a very small spring he brought to light, and a few logs, he had so watered it, that he could pasture his flocks and herds on any part of his large farm, and give them easy and constant access to water, without stepping but a few rods from his dwelling. Of course he saved a vast amount of time, to improve his land; and the man who can devise such liberal things, soon raised his farm to the very highest state of cultivation, as well as order, and grew rich. His neighbors who proceeded him many years, and selected better soil, with streams of water running through their farms, have never been able, even to this day, to devise any plan by which their flocks can be watered or pastured without using up one or two boys, if not one or two men, by their long pilgrima¬ ges. Of course their life is one continued scene of toil and drudgery; for it is all an up-hill business. ********* I will detain you only to name two or three things, that will be likely to endanger or prevent your com¬ plete success. First, your sloth. Man is said to be naturally indolent; but I need not stop here to prove to you, that this obstacle must be removed, or all your ef¬ forts will prove failures, and your inheritance in a short time resemble that dismal, but graphic sketch, drawn by the pen of the wise man, in the following language: “ I went by the field of the slothful, and by the vine¬ yard of the man void of understanding; and lo, it was all grown over with thorns, and nettles had covered the face thereof, and the stone wall thereof was broken down. Then I saw and considered it well ; I looked upon it and received instruction : yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep: so shall thy poverty come as one that travaileth; and thy want as an armed man.” The reverse of this description is vividly illustrated by Pliny, the elder, as follows: “ Furius Cresinus, an emancipated Roman slave, having obtained from his very small estate much larger crops than his more wealthy neighbors from their vast domains; they be¬ came so envious that they charged him with employing enchantment to attract to his ground the product of their fields. “ Having been summoned by Spurius Albinus, and being fearful of condemnation, he introduced into the Forum, as the tribes prepared to vote, his robust and well-clad family, and his agricultural implements, his heavy mattocks, his ingeniously constructed plows, and his well-fed oxen, and then exclaimed: ‘ Behold 1 Ro¬ man citizens, my magic: but I am still unable to show you, or to bring into the market-place my studies, my constant vigilance , my fatiguing labors Scarcely had he concluded, when he was absolved by public ao clamation.” Second — A greater obstable to your success may be found in your unbelief. Faith, says an eminent writer, 11 is the main-spring of human action.” Washington had faith, firm faith, that his country must be free and independent, and therefore he determined to seek it, re¬ gardless of every obstacle, as long as he lived. The principle, “ according to thy faith be it unto thee,” is almost as infallible in nature as in grace. You do not believe you can accomplish any good thing, and therefore you do not pat forth any good ef forts. You have no confidence in your own effort? to make things better around you, and therefore you allow your whole life to run to waste, and go down to your grave, leaving it scarcely perceptible that the world is any better for your having lived in it, — forget¬ ting that, many drops makes an ocean, and many sands the mountain, and many threads will bind the elephant. Make even two spears of grass to grow wdiere one grew before — ascertain the cause and note it down, and you may leave the embryo of a principle, that will clothe the desert with verdure, and bless the world. American Pork in England. Messrs. Allen 8c Anderson, extensive provision dealers in London, have sent to this country a circular in relation to the curing and packing of pork for the Eng¬ lish markets. It contains useful information to persons engaged in the provision trade. The circular states that the trade with England in this line has been generally an unprofitable one, chiefly on account of the inferior quality of the article. Of ba¬ con, it is stated that the imports of American into Lon¬ don — In 1847, were . . . 14,161 cwt. In 1848, “ . 70,823 “ In 1849, 9 months, . . 140,096 “ A considerable portion of which was soft, oily, inferior in quality; and to this circumstance, more than to the great quantity, the serious declension in prices, and consequent heavv losses to the shippers, are attributa¬ ble. The bacon best adapted to the London market, is singed sides, weighing 56 to 64 ibs. each. The first sent ont from this country last winter, is represented to have been of fair quality, and the meat of a good, firm texture ; and as it was offered at much less price than the Irish, it found customers. But the subsequent ar¬ rivals were so soft, oily and inferior, that the Irish was again preferred, even at advanced rates, while the American became, and continued, a dull, dragging trade 58 THE CULTIVATOR. Jan. — many of the best dealers abandoning the article alto¬ gether. u Ice-cured singed sides, for shipments made during the summer heats, do not answer; the meat sustains in all cases an injury that lowers the price, and in some instances has done so to the extent of 50 per cent. Shipments of singed meat, by New Orleans, ought, for the same reason, to be avoided altogether, or made only in the months of December and January.” u Prime mess pork has been a losing article. Some few of the first arrivals of New-York and Baltimore brands came of prime quality, and brought remunerative prices. But almost all the Western brands have come particularly bad, defective in cure, wretched in color, and the meat soft and inferior. The chief defect in almost all American prime mess pork is the color. Instead of being the bright cherry red, characteristic of skilfully pickled meat, it is a dirty, dull unsightly brown. That this is remediable, and arises in the manufacture, is proved by some few brands coming otherwise. But unless it be" obviated, the preference will continue to be given to Irish and Hambro, although inferior meat, at much higher prices.” Indian Corn in Tennessee. Maj. John McGaughey, in his agricultural ad¬ dress, delivered at Greenville, says he has raised 90 bushels of corn to the acre, and he thinks 100 bushels or more, can be produced. He makes the following calculation : Take an acre of corn and lay it off three feet each way, and leave two stalks in a hill, and it gives 9,680 stalks, suppose each stalk to produce one good ear, and every hundred ears to make a bushel, it would make a fraction over 96 bushels. Again, take an acre of ground and lay it off 4 feet wide for plant¬ ing in the drill, drop your Corn one grain in a place, 12 inches apart, and it gives 10,890 stalks, which at the same rate would make over 108 bushels. But it would be reasonable to suppose that upon the acre laid off three feet each way with two stalks in a hill, that every three stalks, if well cultivated, would upon an average, produce 4 good ears, which would make 129 bushels. Reclaiming Sandy Laud. Obed Brooks, Jr., of Harwich, Barnstable county, Mass., gives the officers of the Agricultural Society of that county, some interesting facts in regard to his ex¬ perience in reclaiming u blowing sands.” He states that much of this kind of soil, with which Cape Cod abounds, can be readily rendered u pleasant to the eye and profitable to the cultivator.” He says — “ by a slight dressing, and by proper cultivation, they may be made to produce a good crop of corn the first year, and by laying down to grass in the fall, they may be brought into good pasturage. Moreover, by setting upon the borders of the enclosure, the silver-leaf pop¬ lar — a tree exactly adapted to loose and sandy soils, and not liable to be eaten by cattle — they may be made to improve the appearance of any village, and give an air of thrift and beauty to the waste places of the cape.” Mr. B. bought a lot containing eleven and a half acres, in the spring of 1847, which was then regarded as completely worn out, and had already begun to blow. He gave only $80 for the whole lot, and it had previously been offered at a much less price. He fenc¬ ed it with cedar posts and chestnut rails, at a cost of $70. He has used no manure in the cultivation. He plowed it deep, and on the 19th and 20th of May, 1847, planted it with corn, in hills four feet apart each way. He used the cultivator at every hoeing — which was four times — running it very deep, twice in a row both ways. At the second hoeing, pulled all except two plants in a hill. At the last hoeing, 25th August, sowed rye, oats, and grass seed, putting on to the acre twelve quarts rye, sixteen quarts oats, eight quarts herds grass or timothy, twelve quarts red top, and eight pounds clover seed. He raised from this field 156 bushels of corn of excellent quality, which sold readily at 85 cents per bushel, and 33 bushels potatoes. The crop of rye taken off the next year, measured 55 bushels. The grass seed took well and has brought the field into a fine sward and good pasturage. He makes an exhibit of all the expenses he has laid out on the land up to the 16th of October, 1849, and credits the value of the crops he has taken off ; from which it appears that the cost of the 11^ acres of land, as now fenced and improved, is $8,57. Breeding Horses. The report of the committee on horses, for the Chit¬ tenden County Vt. Agricultural Society, contained some good remarks. In addition to the hereditary transmis¬ sion of qualities, it observed, u The progeny will inher¬ it the united qualities of their parents. The good as well as the bad qualities will descend from generation to generation. Hence you will see the importance of a knowledge of the parentage, not only as to the sire but also as to the dam. Peculiarity of structure and con¬ stitution will also be inherited. This is an important consideration, though too much neglected, for however perfect the sire may be, every good quality may be neu¬ tralized, if not overcome by the defective structure of the dam. Let the essential points be good in both pa¬ rents; but if there must be some minor defects in the one, let them be met and overcome by excellencies in those particular points, in the other parent. We would also advise you, to let your breeding mares be in the full vigor of life. Do not put them to the horse too young, and especialiy do not let your mares be incapa¬ citated for work by reason of old age. If so, you may expect that the foal will have a corresponding weak¬ ness, and scarcely will a single organ possess its natu¬ ral strength. Our farmers are usually too negli¬ gent in the selection of their mares. They are tempted to part with their best mares, and to breed from those which are inferior.” The committee speak of a young horse of the Mor¬ gan stock, bred by judge Bennett, as having 11 great compactness of structure and action of the best kind.” Extracts from Agricultural Addresses. Influence of Agricultural Periodicals. — Ag¬ ricultural reading is another subject to which I would call your attention. Papers designed chiefly for these interested in farming pursuits, engaging as they do the best intellect and most practical talent in the land, must be a store-house of interesting and useful know¬ ledge. They are moreover, our common medium for interchanging thought and opinions, and for communi¬ cating from one to the other, our useful discoveries. Though the ignorant and penurious may spurn such means of gaining intelligence ; yet, it is observable and encouraging, that among the more intelligent far¬ mers, are always to be found the best patrons of our Agricultural prints. And where the land is in the highest state of cultivation, and the domestic arrange¬ ments are of the most agreeable character, you will discover, intelligence to use and appreciate those pub¬ lications which are designed to bring conveniences and improvements to their farms and dwellings. Go the country over and you will see that, in all the cases of failure in realizing a fair profit from the farm, there 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 59 nas not been wanting the requisite capital, the energy, the bone and muscle, so much as the desirable intelli¬ gence to give a right direction to their other powers. The maxim, “ knowledge is power,” is applicable in no case more than in that of farming. — Address of Moses Eames before the Jefferson county Agricultural Society. I would say to every farmer, take a good Agricul¬ tural Journal, read it, study it, ponder upon it, make yourself not only familiar with its contents, but strive to understand the subjects of which it treats through other sources. You will thus be kept acquainted w ith agricultural improvements, and will constantly be made to feel the necessity of a more thorough under¬ standing of your occupation. It wTill lead to the study of soils, and the nature of the plants which they pro¬ duce ; the adaptation of different manures to each, the food which the various vegetable substances re¬ quire, and the best method of administering it, so as to produce health and vigor of fruit ; the means to be employed that the harvest may realize your anticipa¬ tions, the qualities of the different kinds of stock, the usefulness of new agricultural machines, and a variety of other subjects w'hich require your investigation. Through it you commune w'ith the leading spirits in your vocation. You behold what experience, un¬ wearied patience, and the application of powerful minds, have accomplished. It w’ill afford you instruc¬ tion in all the different departments of your business, and prove a valuable guide to your progress. These benefits will not acrue from a bare cursory perusal of it. If sketched over like an ordinary newspaper, for the purpose of amusement, and then throwm aside to be forgotten, it will scarcely pay the price of subscrip¬ tion. It should be read w'ith the interest excited, 11 with the spirit and the understanding,” and writh a disposition to profit by its teachings. — Address of James M. Banks, before the Chenango county Ag¬ ricultural Society. Kindred to, and of equal importance with agricultu¬ ral societies, are the benefits to be derived from agri¬ cultural papers, for one or more of w’hich no farmer should fail to subscribe. By their means improved ag¬ ricultural implements — the making and application of manures — the introduction of new varieties of fruits and vegetables- — the most approved breeds and princi¬ ples of raising stock — the best rotation of crops — in short every species of information that is valuable to the farmer is spread out before him. I have seen in some of your fields, improved imple¬ ments of husbandry and labor-saving machines, your first idea of w’hich wTas derived from the Cultivator; and the construction of which you yourselves superin¬ tended in the w’orkshop of a neighboring mechanic. One of your number told me not long since, in his har¬ vest field, that he had derived one hundred dollars benefit from this paper in the two years he had taken it. — Address of Thos. B. Watson before the Clin¬ ton county Agricultural Society. Farmers’ Dwellings. — We need a great improve¬ ment in this respect — we need a distinctive Rural style of building — comfort and convenience combined with neat and simple elegance. Nothing expensive, gaudy or obtrusive, but graceful in form, chaste in ornament, w’ith quiet, neutral colors sw’eetly blending with the surrounding green, all breathing an air of peaceful, calm repose on w hich the eye may rest with pleasure. I would gladly enlarge upon this, did time permit. The house should not only be sheltered but adorned with trees — none more beautiful than those of our ow'n forests. A few’ choice fruit trees of various kinds, with grapes and smaller fruits which need but little care, with flowering shrubs and ornamental climbers should be there. None of the adornments of beauty are mojte graceful or attractive than fragrant and blooming vines around the rustic porch. And — let there be a garden too, it need not be a large one — not the unsightly patch of neglected earth sometimes so miscalled, in¬ tended for potatoes and cabbages, but filled with bur¬ dock and nettles, but a neatly arranged plat for shrubs and flowers, laid out with taste and kept with care — cultivate a taste for flow’ers, and teach your children to love them. In doing so, you give them new sources of pleasure — new’ facilities for enjoyment. And do not deem the time they bestow upon them, lost time; it is wrell bestow’ed, and will yield a rich return in pure and simple joy, and the cheerful love of home. Address of T. D. Burral, before the Ontario Agri¬ cultural Society. Netu-HJork State Agricultural Society. The annual meeting of this Society, for 1850, will be held at the Capitol in this city, on Wednesday the 16th of this month, to continue two days. The annual address, by the President, Hon. John A. King, will be delivered on the evening of the 17th; and it is ex¬ pected that Prof. Johnston of England, w’hom the Society have engaged to deliver a course of Lectures here during the w’inter, will deliver a lecture on Wed¬ nesday evening the 16th. In addition to the awarding of premiums on essays, farms, grain and root crops, butter and cheese, an ex¬ hibition of w inter fruits will be had at the Agricultural rooms. This exhibition, last year, was very superior, and it is hoped that an equally fine display wfill be made this winter. Persons who are willing to aid in this exhibition, are requested to have their fruit pro¬ perly labelled with its name, and the name and resi¬ dence of the exhibitor, and securely packed and direct¬ ed to the Secretary, Agricultural rooms, Albany, and sent at as early a day as practicable. At a meeting of the Executive Committee, on the 13th of December, the following gentlemen were ap¬ pointed Judges to aw’ard the Premiums, at the winter meeting of the Society: Management of Farms — Samuel Cheever, Saratoga; B. B. Kirtland, Rensselaer; David Sill, Washington. Butter and Cheese Dairies— B. P. Johnson, Albany; Joseph Cary, do.; Levi T. Marshall, Oneida. Essays, Draining, and Agricultural Work for Common Schools — John Delafield, Seneca; John P. Beekman, Columbia; George Geddes, Onondaga. Butter and Cheese Exhibition — Henry Wager, O- neida; G. J. Barber, Cortland; Samuel Cary, Albany. Fruit — Herman Wendell, M. D., Albany; Lewis F. Allen, Erie; Sanford Howard, Albany; Henry Yail, Rensselaer; Charles H. Tomlinson, Schenectady. Field Crops. — Wheat and Rye — Alonzo Upham, Genesee; J. B. Burnet, Onondaga: D. S. Curtis, Co¬ lumbia. Indian Corn — Win. New’comb, Rensselaer; H. T. E. Foster, Seneca; James Rees, Oneida. Barley, Oats, Buckwheat , Peas and Beans — J. W. Ball, Otsego; Luther Leland, Oneida; Martin Spring¬ er, Rensselaer. Potatoes and Root Crops — Orlando Allen, Erie; C. D. Palmer, Waterville; John Foster, Hillsdale, Co¬ lumbia co. Corn Fodder , Flax, Hops, fyc.— Wm. Buel, Monroe; Benj. Enos, Madison; Amos Briggs, Rensselaer. For Arrangements for Pomological Exhibition — J. McD. McIntyre, Albany; H. Wendell, M. D., do.; James Wilson, do. Committee on Treasurer's Accounts — Geo. Vail, John A. King, Pres’t, and B. P. Johnson, Sec’y. 60 THE CULTIVATOR. Jan. for fjje Bftonfy. To our Friends and Patrons. We have the pleasure of presenting to our read¬ ers this month, a Double Number, — the additional 32 pages consisting of the Pictorial Cultivator, which contains over One Hundred Engravings, con¬ sisting of about fifty Portraits of Domestic Animals, including Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, and Poul¬ try — twelve views of Houses and Barns — sixteen figures of Fruits — seventeen of Implements — ten of Ornamental Structures, and a great variety of mis¬ cellaneous articles. It is intended to form the first sheet of this year’s volume, and the regular number is paged consecutively with it. Our readers will perceive that we commence with the present number, a series of Letters from Prof. Norton of Yale College, who it gives us pleasure to state, will continue them through the year. We are not less gratified in being able to announce that Mr. Holbrook, to whom we are indebted for many very valuable papers given in our last volume, will continue his contributions. With these aids, in ad¬ dition to those of Mr. Howard and Mr. Thomas, and a numerous list of correspondents, the publish¬ er trusts that he will be enabled to fulfil all reason¬ able expectations, and to furnish such a journal as will richly deserve a place in the hands of every far¬ mer and his family. To Agents and Postmasters. As an inducement to greater exertion on the part of those disposed to act as Agents, the following Premiums will be paid in Books, or in Implements or Seeds from the Albany Agricultural Warehouse, to those who send us the largest lists of subscribers for this year : 1 . To the one who shall send vis the largest number of subscribers to the Cultivator for 1850, with the pay in advance, at the club price of 67 cents each, previous to the 20th of March next, the sum of FIFTY DOLLARS. 2. To the one sending us the next largest number, the sum of FORTY DOLLARS. 3. To the one sending us the next largest number, the sum of THIRTY DOLLARS. 4. For the next largest list, the sum of TWENTY DOLLARS. 5. For the next largest list, TEN DOLLARS. 6. For the Five next largest lists, each FIVE DOLLARS. 7. For the Ten next largest lists, each THREE DOLLARS. In addition to the above, a copy of Thomas’ l( American Fruit Culturist,” price one dollar ■ — a very valuable work, just published — to every agent who sends us Fifteen subscribers and $10, and who does not obtain one of the above prizes. Agents who compete for our premiums, will aid us in keeping their accounts, if they will num¬ ber their subscribers, 1, 2, 3, and upward. O^In answer to several inquiries, we -would state, that it is not required that all papers in a club should be sent to one post office. We will address them to as many different offices as may be necessary. Communications have been received since our last, from Prof. J. P. Norton, P., R. H. Drake, C. H., Oliver Harmon, C. Fredericks, A Subscri¬ ber, A Farmer, A Subscriber, Jas. R. Hammond, F. Holbrook, S. P. Chapman, Alumnus, Wayne, A Practical Farmer, L. Durand. Books, Pamplets, &c., have been received as follows: An Address delivered at the Annual Fair of the New-Kaven Coun¬ ty Horticultural Society. Sept. 26, by S. B. Parsons— with the Transactions of the Society. Letter to Hon. John M. Clayton, Secretary of State, enclosing a pa¬ per Geographical, Political, and Commercial, on the Independent Oriental Nations, and containing a Plan for extending American Commerce in the East, by Aaron H. Palmer. Report of the Autumnal Exhibition of the Cincinnati Horticultural Society, for 1849. Address before the Kalamazoo County (Mich.) Ag. Society, Oct. 11, 1849, by J. R. Williams. Catalogues of the Officers and Students of Harvard, Yale, and Ha¬ milton Colleges, for 1849 — 50. Agricultural Address of Maj. John M’Gaughet, at Greenville, Term’., from E. Link, Esq. Address on the Progress and Improvements that have been made in the Mechanic Arts, before the American Institute, by Rev. John Aleurtis. Address before the Norfolk (Mass.) Ag. Society, on the occasion of its first exhibition at Dedham, Sept..“26, 1849, by Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, President of the Society, Library of the late Mr. Colman. — We learn from John W. Proctor, Esq., that the officers of the Essex County (Mass.) Agricultural Society, have pur¬ chased from the library of the late Rev. H. Colman, about 500 volumes, relating to agriculture, some of which are rare and valuable. The Society designs to make this the foundation of an extensive and select li¬ brary for the beneft of the members. Importation of Saxon Sheep. — Messrs. D. W. Catlin, of New-York, and Ciias. B. Smith, of Wol- cotville, Ct., have lately imported 20 Saxon sheep from the flock of Baron de Speck/ Leitchena, near Leipsic, Saxony, the same gentlemen from whom Messrs. Catlin & Smith received a lot last fall. They are said to com¬ bine every requisite, in a fine sheep, fine form, good con¬ stitution, compactness and weight of fleece, and fine ness of fibre. We are informed that ten more sheep from the same flock are daily expected. Atmospheric Churns. — Most of our readers are probably aware that there have been various churns in¬ troduced under this name, within a few years. We have, on a former occasion, noticed some trials which have been made with some of this kind j and in refer¬ ence to the butter produced by them, have stated that it did not appear to be of as good a quality as that made in other churns. This is corroborated by Mr. B. A. Hall, of New Lebanon, N> Y., whose reputation as a dairyman is well known. In a communication to the Boston Cultivator, he says — 11 The introduction of at¬ mospheric air into churns, having the effect that its ad¬ vocates claim, (viz. quick churning,) has a decided tendency to injure the butter.” The Wagener Apple. — We are informed that Mr. Chas. Lee, of Penn-Yan, by whom this fine apple was brought into notice, has disposed of all the scions he has to spare of this variety, to Col. E. C. Frost, of Catherine, Chemung county, N. Y., who, it is stated, has now growing in his nursery, several thousand trees of this kind, all grafted from unmistakable sources. Glue not Dissolved by Alcohol. — A correspon¬ dent, “ S. S.,” of Philadelphia county, Pa., informs us that having seen it stated that common glue dissolved in alcohol, was an excellent and convenient article, he concluded to try it, but could not make the two substan¬ ces mix. He says, il I let cold alcohol stand for weeks upon glue — boiled glue in the spirits — let them stand for a week together in a sand bath on a cooking store — melted the glue and tried to mix hot alcohol with it — did ditto and tried cold alcohol, and every effort result- 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 61 ed the same, viz: the glue staid glue, and the alcohol staid clear, pure alcohol.” Agricultural Statistics. — We learn that Dr. Daniel Lee has been appointed to take charge of the agricultural matters pertaining to the U. S. Patent Of¬ fice, and that he is to prepare a report to Congress, at its present session. We think this appointment a for¬ tunate one. Dr. L.’s long connexion with the agricul¬ tural press, and his personal acquaintance with differ¬ ent sections of the country, together with the close attention which he has for many years devoted to the subject of agriculture, have particularly qualified him for such a station, and under his supervision, we shall confidently look for a document comprising a great amount of statistical and practical information, touching the resources and productions of the country. Ayrshire Cattle tor Ohio.— Messrs. Wm. H* Ladd and J. R. Cunningham, of Richmond, Jefferson county, Ohio, have purchased of E. P. Prentice, Esq., of this city, his imported Ayrshire bull, which took the first premium in his class at the last show of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society, together with a fine three- year-old heifer and a heifer calf, of the same breed. They are excellent animals, and will prove a valuable acquisition to the dairy stock of the fine section for which they are destined. Hereford Cattle. — Several years ago, Mr. Ed¬ ward Wells, of Johnstown, N. Y., purchased eight or ten head of prime Hereford cattle, and about the same time several head of fine short-horns. A short time since, we had the pleasure of seeing Mr. W.’s stock. Both breeds have done well in his hands ; but from the greater hardiness of the Herefords, and their ready thrift on ordinary fare, Mr. W. inclines to give them the preference. He is confident, that as grazing stock, they will give a greater return for the food consumed, than any other stock he has ever kept. Ho has some very superior animals of this breed. Suffolk and Middlesex breeds of Swine. — In our late excursion to Massachusetts, wre frequently saw specimens of these excellent breeds, and crosses between them. They were first introduced by Mr. Wm. Stick- Ney, of Boston, who has made several importations of them. He breeds them chiefly at his farm in Vermont; but he showed us a fine boar and a young sow at his place at Cambridge. W. 0. Bartlett, Esq., of Wor¬ cester, has some excellent stock from crosses of these breeds. Col. Jaques. of the Ten-hills Farm, Somer¬ ville, has some prime pigs from a cross of the Suffolk and Mackay. We are informed that pork from hogs of these breeds, readily sells in Boston at a cent and a-half per pound above the average market price. They fat¬ ten easily at any age. Rensselaer iNSTiTUTE.-We learn that the friends of this institution are making efforts for its enlarge¬ ment, and its improvement in other respects. We trust these efforts will be successful. There is no oth¬ er institution in the country, we believe, which is or¬ ganised with special reference to giving the student in civil engineering a thorough and systematic course of training. We understand that the institution now numbers about fifty students, about one-third of which come from our own state, and the remain¬ ing two-thirds from various other states. The sum required for immediate use, is between five and six thousand dollars; and we cannot doubt that the use¬ fulness of the institution is so well appreciated by the public, that the necessary funds for carrying out the proposed improvements, will shortly be raised. New Edition of the Farmer’s Encyclopedia. — A new edition of this valuable work has been issued by Messrs. Carey & Hart, Philadelphia. It is ele¬ gantly bound, and forms a very handsome volume of near 1200 pages. It is especially valuable to the farmer as a book of reference. Samples of Wheat from Morocco. — We have just received from our Consul-General at Tangier, Thomas H. Hyatt, E-sq., samples of six kinds of wheat grown in that countiy. Its appearance is not very promising, but we shall give it a trial. Form of the Plow. — Mr. John D. Spinner, of Herkimer, N. Y., says, “ I wish to call the attention of plow-makers to a very common defect in plows. For loose, mucky soil, they are, as a general thing, too hol¬ low in the mould-board, and too low in the beam, just forward of the body of the plow. They should be made more* full, and higher, to let the earth slip from them. The iron used in their manufacture should be of the best kind, that it may wear smoothly and cause the plows to clean themselves.” Potato Rot. — Mr. C. Frederick, of Paterson, N. J., informs us that some potatoes on his farm which had Indian corn growing in the same hills, escaped the rot, while the rest of the potatoes in the same field rot¬ ted. We have heard this suggested as a preventive, before, but have also heard of several cases where it had no effect at all. Fine Fowls. — The fowls advertised by Mr. Platt, in this number, are worthy the notice of amateurs in this line. As a curiosity and ornament to the poultry yard, nothing can excel these Bantams, in their ivay. They may be said to be a perfect fowl in miniature. In regularity and beauty of plumage, some of them almost equal a wild fowl, and indeed it is probable that at no distant day, their progenitors were inhabi¬ tants of the jungles of India. Mr. P.’s large fowls are equal in shape and apparent good qualities, to any we have seen. Industrial Show of Nations. — We learn from the English papers, that at the suggestion of Prince Albert, and, it is understood, under the patronage of the Queen, a grand exhibition of the industrial products of all na¬ tions is to be held in London, in 1851. It is remarked, that “ the parentage of the project, and the auspices under which it is introduced to the attentiou of the pub¬ lic, will so far ensure for it all the success that can be desired.” The subjects of the exhibition are to be four¬ fold, viz: raw materials, machinery and mechanical in¬ ventions, manufactures, sculpture and plastic art in general. The exhibition will probably be the most splendid af¬ fair of the kind ever witnessed in the world. It is pro¬ posed to raise £100,000 for the general expenses. The prizes are to be one money purse of £2,000, four of £1,000 each, and several costly medals, which are to be conferred by the Queen in person. We shall notice the list of prizes, which it is presumed will be brought out in due time. Subsoil Plowing. — Mr. Buckminster, of the Mast. Plowman, relates his mode of subsoil plowing, by which a saving of manual labor is effected. Instead of taking two teams, — as is usually done in this kind of plowing, requiring two drivers and two plowmen, where more than one yoke of oxen, or a pair of horses are used to each team, — he put the teams together, and fastened the subsoil plow to the other, by hooking the chain round the coulter. One man drove the teams, each plow having a holder, and the work was done as well and as rapidly as before. {^The late English papers announce the death of C. Hilliard, Esq., author of “ Practical Farming and Grazing,” and for many years an able contributor to the English agricultural periodicals. 62 THE CULTIVATOR. Jan. lectures by Professor Johnston, BEFORE THE N. Y. STATE AG. SOCIETY. Syllabus of a course of Lectures on the general relations of science to agriculture, by James F. W. Johnston, F. R. S., &c.: 1st. The Relations of Physical Geography to Practical Agriculture. 2d. The relation of Meteorology to Practical Agriculture. 3d. The relation of Botany and Zoology to Prac¬ tical Agriculture. 4th. General, delations of Geology to Practical Agriculture. 5th. Relation of Chemistry to the soil, and its practical improvement. 6th. Relations of Chemical Physiology to the plant and the modes of promoting its growth. 7th. Relations of Chemical Physiology to the animal, its food and its growth. 8th. Relations of Chemistry to the Doctrine of Manures. 9th. Means by which general scientific knowl¬ edge may be diffused and made available for the im¬ provement of practical agriculture, and the general elevation of the agricultural class. The Lectures will commence early in January. B. P. Johnson, Secy. Rot in Potatoes. Ciias. W. Taylor, Esq., of Trevose, Bucks Co., Pa.x writes — “ I hope you have been more for¬ tunate with potatoes this year than we have in this neighborhood. The rot is by no means extinct. Out of 3 or 4 different plantings, our earliest only escaped. I suppose two-thirds of the remainder were affected; but we do not lose them entirely as we feed them to our stock as soon as we see the slightest symptoms of the disease. I obtained some seed from the Rev. Nathan Smith, of Buffalo, N. Y., last fall, and had them sown in a hot-bed this spring, and planted out as soon as they were of suit¬ able size. They were planted in trenched ground, tolerably manured from the horse stable. They grew well, and tho tops remained green until quite late in the season. Mr. 8. informed me that I might expect to have them attain the size of wal¬ nuts the first year of the growth, but a very consi¬ derable proportion of them were three to four times as large and bore as many as twenty tubers, count¬ ing from the largest down to about the size of a hickory nut, leaving a number of smaller uncounted. After this, I am sorry to add that I think they rot as badly, or even worse, than any of our other kinds ; although, in my estimation, in regard to time of planting, manure, situation, &c., they had the ad¬ vantage in every respect. It is becoming somewhat doubtful now whether we shall save enough to plant again of some of the kinds. How to Raise Indian Corn. Eds. Cultivator — I have tried nearly all the ways recommended for raising Indian Corn, and have found the following to be the best. In the spring, I haul all the manure I can spare on some piece of sward ground, and put it in heaps. I defer plowing till near the time of planting, when I spread the manure, and turn it under with much care. I then roll it with a heavy roller lengthwise of the furrows and harrow it well the same way. I mark it out both ways, three feet and four inches, plant the corn about an inch deep and use the cultivator three times both ways. At the second time of going through it with the cultivator, I follow’ with the hoe and clean out all the grass and weeds in the hill, but I never haul dirt to the corn. I make no hill, as I think it does more hurt than good ; and at the time of gathering my crop the ground is as smooth and level nearly as an oat or rye field. I have pursued the above method for three years, and have usually reaped about 50 bushels of shelled corn to the acre. The last season I raised at least 75 bushels of shelled corn to the acre, by the same method. I can nowT raise from 50 to 75 bushels to the acre, as easily as I formerly could 15 to 20, and it is all through the information I have received from the Cultivator. A Practical Farmer. Westchester county , N. Dec. 1, 1849. Care of Stock. Eds. Cultivator — One of the principal employ¬ ments of farmers in winter, is in taking care of stock. It is one thing to let stock shift for themselves, and quite another thing to take care of them. The differ¬ ence is, that in one way your stock is brought out in good condition in spring, while in the other they are, if brought out alive, mere skeletons with skins on. The advantages of sheltering animals by stables and sheds, are better understood now than formerly; although the old practice still lingers or. some farms, where the shivering and bellowung animals speak for themselves, as to its effects. The old plan of stacking hay about the farm, and feeding it to animals in win¬ ter, with only a rail fence for shelter, is sometimes seen at the present day. If the ghosts of animals which have died for the want of shelter, could haunt the imaginations of these careless farmers, it might, perhaps, cause a change in their management. Stacking out hay and fodder, causes waste enough in a few years, to pay for building good barns, sheds, and shelters for hay and animals. Sheds, high and dry, closed at the north, east, and west, and open at the south, are, I think the best for sheep. This gives them sufficient air, and is better for their health than close stables. The worst storms for sheep, in New England, are the cold rains with easterly winds ; and if they are not sheltered, they are drenched through, and when the wreather changes to cold, the wool freezes on them ; and if they are in low flesh, death is often the consequence. L. Durand, Derby , Ct., Dec., 1849. _______ 0"“ Handle your tools without mittens, for a cat in gloves catches no mice. Prices of Agricultural Products. New- York, Dec. 15, 1849. FLOUR— -Genesee, per bbt., $5— Fredericksburgh, $5a$5.0G. GRAIN— Wheat, Canadian, per bush., 105c.— North Carolina red, 94c. — Corn, Northern and Jersey, 54«58c. — Rye, 59^a60c. — Barley, G2a65c — Oats, 44a45c. BUTTER— best, per lb., 18a 20c. — Western dairy, 16al7c. CHEESE— per lb., GaG^o. BEEF— Mess, per bbl., $8.75a$9.73— Prime, 87.25. PORK— Mess, per bbl:, 81 2.50o$13— Prime, $8.75 LARD— in kegs, per lb., 6-^aGf. HAMS — Smoked, per lb., 7a9c. HOPS — first sort, per lb., 17c. COTTON— Upland and Florida, per lb., 9$a11?c. New Orleans and Alabama, 9£al2c. WOOL— (Boston Prices.) Prime or Saxon fleeces, per lb.,. . . . . 40a43c. American full blood Merino, . 35a37 do half do . . . 30a32 do one-fourth do, and common, . . 27a‘29 Remarks — The demand for flour is fair, and good brands are firm. The present low rates, cause some inquiry for exports. There is but little inquiry for corn or corn meal. The demand for mess pork ia large. In bee f there is not much doing. 1850 THE CULTIVATOR 63 Books for Rural Libraries. rpHE following works are for sale at the office of The Cultiva- *- tor, No. 407 Broadway, Albany : American Agriculture, by R. L. Allen, $1. - Bee-Keeper’s Manual, by Miner, $1. - Fruit Cullurist, by J. J. Thomas, $1. - Shepherd, by L. A. Morrell, $1. - Poulterer’s Companion, by C. N. Bement, $1 - Veterinarian, by S. W. Cole, 50 cents. - Farmers’ Encyclopedia, $4. - Flower Garden Directory, by R. Buist, Si. Agricultural Chemistry, by Prof. Liebig, Si. “ “ by Prof. Johnston, SI 25. “ “ by Chaptal, $50 cents. Cottage Residences, by A. J. Downing, $2. Domestic Animals, by R. L. Allen, 75 cents. Domestic Economy, by Miss Beecher, $1. Domestic Family Receipt Book, by Miss Beecher, 75 cents. Family Kitchen Gardener, by Robert Buist, 75 cents. Farmers’ Manual of Manures, by F. Falkner, 50 cents. Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, by A. J. Downing, $1.50. Farmers’ Dictionary, by Prof. Gardener, $1.50. Farmer’s Companion, by Judge Buel, 75 cents. Landscape Gardening, by A. J. Downing, $3.50. Practical Treatise on the Culture of the Grape Vine, by J. F. Allen, $1. Cole’s American Fruit Book, 50 cents. Theory of Horticulture, by Prof. Lindley, $1.25. Rural Economy, by Boussingault, $1.25. Transactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Society, $1 per vol. Hints to Youn^ Architects, edited by A. J. Downing, $1.50. Treatise on Milch Cows, by F. Guenon — paper covers, 37 £ — bound 62£ cents. Self-Education, or the Philosophy of Mental Improvement, by Hos- mer, 75 cents. Cultivation of the Grape Vine, by C. Hoare, 75 cents. Young Gardener’s Assistant, by Bridgman, $1.75. Kitchen Gardener, by Robert Buist, 75 cts. Farmer’s Book and Family Instructor, by Pritts, $2. Complete Farmer, by Fessenden, 75 cents. Elementary Instruction in Analysis, by Fresenius, $1. Farmer’s Dictionary, edited by D. P. Gardner, $1.50. Good Opportunity for Situation. A GENTLEMAN in Eastern Va ., desirous of engaging in other pursuits for 8 or 10 years, wishes to arrange with some intelli¬ gent, upright, industrious, persevering farmer, from the north, — one who can come well recommended in every way, to take charge of his farm on the 1st March next, for a term of years, upon shares. Said farm is within easy distance of the markets of both Peters¬ burg and Richmond, and near James river. It contains 500 acres — 300 arable^ well marled ; 50 acres of unclaimed meadow, 20 re¬ claimed, 5 m grass, 150 well set in clover ; is excellent wheat, corn, and clover land, and easy to work and improve. There is 100 acres seeded in wheat. The land is well adapted to grazing, and has a fine range for sheep. There is a young orchard — 400 choice apple tiees, usual stock — utensils, &c.; good house, out-houses, garden. 2 barns, 400 feet of shedding for stock, 2 wells, &c. The farm is well watered. He wishes it converted, as much as possible, into a grazing and dairy farm. He will furnish 6 hands, and provisions for one year, and furniture in house. To any man who can come suitably recommended, and who is able to invest $2,500 in additional stock (cows or sheep,) and uten¬ sils, manures, Sec., he will give one-fourth of the clear profits for ten ) ears, and the value of the stock he put in at the end of ten years — cr refund $2,500, and pay for all permanent improvement during that time. The farm must be improved as much as possible — as may be contracted. In selecting cows, it must be with a view to dairy ; sheep, for wool and mutton. Any one coming, should bring per¬ sons skilled in dairy management. A peach orchard would be found extremely profitable. The entire management, except permanent improvements and alterations, will be given up to the party agree¬ ing. Direet to P, Cabin Point, Va. N. B. His reason for requiring an investment, is to make the party more interested. The farm can easily be made to realise $4,000 a year, or more, by good management. Hay commands $1, to $1.25. Butter, 20 to 25 cents. The farm is perfectly healthy. December 1, 1849— 3t. Horse Powers and Threshing Machines. PLANT, No. 30 Cedar Street, New-York, Agent for the Pro- prietor, for making and selling the “Warren” Improved Two and Four Horse Powers and Threshers. Also, “ Trimbles.” Price of the “ Warren ” Two Horse Power and Thresher, only $80 do do Four do do do $110 Price of the “ Trimble” Two Horse Power, (without Thresher,) $60 do “Warren” do do do do $50 do do Four do do do $75 Bands, from $4.50 to $6. These latest Improved Threshers and Pdwers give universal satis¬ faction, and are deemed far superior to any others known heretofore for any thing like their cost. Cash Orders filled promptly. N. B. PURCHASING $ COMMISSION AGENCY. The undersigned also continues the business of the late E. Plant Sc J. Plant, (E. Plant & Co.,) of Purchasing for Orders, on Credit or for Cash, Dry Goods, Groceries, Hardware, &c., &c., for a commis¬ sion of 2£ per cent. Produce, such as Sugar, Cotton, Tobacco, Pel¬ tries, Sec., also received and sold on Commission. E. PLANT, Dec. 1, 1849 — 4>t. No. 30 Cedar St New-York. School of Applied Chemistry, Yale College , New Haven , Ct. B. Silliman, Jr., Professor of Chemistry applied to the Arts. J. P. Norton, Professor of Agricultural Chemistry. TMIE Laboratory in this department is open during nine months in the year for instruction in the analysis of soils, minerals, ores, Sec. During the summer and autumn terms, there will be lectures on Mineralogy, Geology, Natural Philosophy, Elementary Chemistry, and other useful branches of Natural History. The annual course of lectures on Agricultural Chemistry, by Prof. Norton, will commence soon after the middle of January, and continue till about the first of April, at the rate of four or five lectures in each week. These lectures are intended to be delivered in a form quite intel¬ ligible to those who never turned their attention to chemical stu¬ dies. The great principles of Improved Agriculture will be illus¬ trated and explained during the progress of this course in such a manner as to be understood by all. Tickets for the course $10. Students in the laboratory have glass, chemicals, balances, and other apparatus furnished, and pay $20 per month. Analyses of minerals, soils, &c., made on reasonable terms. For further particulars apply to either of the Professors. Ncw-Haven, Ct., Sept. 1, 1849.— 5t. I. T. Grant & Co.’s PATENT FAN MILLS AND CRADLES. WE continue to manufacture these celebrated Mills and Cradles* vv They have been awarded six first premiums at the New York State Fairs, and at the great American Institute in New York, and several County Fairs, always taking the first premium over all other mills. The manufacturers feel confident, therefore, in offering these mills to the public, that they are the best in use. During the year 1847 they were introduced into England, by Mr. Slocum, of Syracuse. They were very favorably noticed by the English papers; and from a communication of Mr. S.’s, published in the Transactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Society, for 1S47, it will be seen that they were tried by several large farmers, and highly approved. One farmer, it is stated, set aside an almost new winnowing machine, for which he paid £18, ($90) and used Grant’s for cleaning a crop of 300 qrs. (2,700 bushels) of wheat, and several hundred bushels of mustard seed. We have lately made some valuable improvements in the article, though the price remains the same as before. Our fans are extensively used and highly approved at the south, for cleaning rice. We are permitted to make the following ex¬ tracts from letters received from Hon. J. R. Poinsett, of South Ca¬ rolina: — “ The fan you sent last summer, [1848] has been success¬ fully used to clean dirty rice, and winnow that from the threshing floor. It answers every purpose.” In relation to another of our fans, he writes, (April 23, ’49.)—“ Both this and the first mill you sent, work very well ; and the last, which is the largest that can be well worked by a man, cleans the dirty rice perfectly, and is- altogether the best wind-fun I ever used for that purpose.” Our Cradles have taken the first premiums at two New York State Fairs, and are considered the best in use. The great encouragement we have received from dealers and agriculturists, has induced us to greatly enlarge our business, and we hope by strict attention, to merit a further patronage. Orders will be thankfully received, and receive prompt atten¬ tion. I. T. GRANT Sc CO. Junction P. O , Rens. Co., 8 miles north of Troy 64 THE CULTIVATOR. Jan. Contents of this Number. Pictorial Cultivator, . pages, 1 to 32 Letter from Prof. J. P. Norton, Yale College, . 33 Fall and Winter Plowing, by W. C. W., . 34 Intellectual Improvement of the Farmer, by H. C. W.. . 3o Agricultural Education, by John Delafield, . . 36 Doings of the Smithsonian Institution, by F. Holbrook, . . 37 Notes on Farming in Massachusetts. . . . . 40 Common Schools, by John Tufts, . 42 Horticultural Implements and Fixtures, . 43 Autumnal Flowers, by David Thomas, . . . . 44 Lists of Fruits Selected by the Am. Pomological Congress,. ... 45 Scraps about Trees, by J. H. W.— Osage Orange Seed— The ) 4(> CurcuUo, . i . ) Freezing out the Curculio— Wire Fences— Hardiness of the) Buckthorn— The Curculio, by R. H. Drake— The Everbear- I 47 ing Raspberry, by N. Long worth— Large Apple Tree— j The Cheviot Breed of Sheep, with Portraits, . 48 Protection of Sheep from Storms, . 49 Subsoil Plowing, by P. — Mayweed and Corn Chamomile, by S. B. Buckley, . 50 Prize Show of Saxon Sheep — Culture of the Castor Oil Bean, ) ri by S. Spencer, . j Gathering Clover Seed, by C. W. Cathcart— Culture of Tur- ) 52 neps, . . j Importation of Cattie — Bates Stock, by S. P. Chapman, . 53 Hamilton College, by Alumnus — The Boston Poultry Show, . . 54 Plan of a Suburban Cottage, by A. J. Downing, . 55 Farming vs. Manufacturing, by A Farmer— Fowls in Yards, by ) -g J. R. S., . i . . . . . J Good and Bad Management — American Pork in England, ..... 57 Indian Corn in Tennessee — Reclaiming Sandy Land- — Breeding ) gg Horses, — Extracts from Agricultural Addresses, . j New-York State Agricultural Society, . . . 59 Notes for the Month, . . . . . . 60 ILLUSTRATIONS. Figs. 1 to 125— The Pictorial Cultivator, . . . . pages 1 to 32 Figs. 126 to 137 — Horticultural Implements and Fixtures,, . . . 43, 44 Fig. 133 — Portraits of two Cheviot Rams. . 48 Fig. 139 — Stell for Sheltering Sheep, . . . . 49 Figs. 140 to 142 — Design for a Suburban Cottage, . . 55 JUST PUBLISHED, BY DERBY, MILLER AND CO., AUBURN. THE AMERICAN FRUIT CUUTURIST, BY J. J. THOMAS, /CONTAINING directions for the Propagation and Culture of Fruit Trees, in the Nursery, Orchard, and Garden, with Descrip¬ tions of the principal American and Foreign Varieties cultivated in the United States. With 300 accurate illustrations. One volume of over 400 pages, 12 mo. Price $1 . A cheaper, but equally valuable book with Downing’s was want¬ ed by the great mass. Just such a work has Mr. Thomas given us. We consider it an invaluable addition to our agricultural libraries. Wool Grotver. We predict for it a very rapid sale ; it should be in the hands of every fruit grower, and especially every nurseryman. It is a very cheap book for its price. — Ohio Cultivator. It is a most valuable work to all engaged in the culture oi fruit trees. — TJtica Herald. It is a book of great value. — Genesee Farmer. Among all the writers on fruits, we do not know of one who is Mr. Thomas’ superior, if his equal, in condensing important matter, lie gets right at the pith of the thing — he gives you that which you wish to know at once.— Prairie Farmer. .Tan. 1, 1850. — 3t. The American Poultry Yard, BEING a History and Description of Various Kinds of Domestic Fowls, with complete directions for their Management, Breed¬ ing, Crossing Rearing, Feeding, and Preparation for a Profitable Market. Also, their Diseases and Remedies. And complete direc¬ tions for Caponising. Arranged from the best authorities in Europe and America. Illustrated by numerous original engravings. Forming the most Practical Manual for those who are desirious of raising poultry, that has been published in this country. Price $1, bound. Published by C. M. SAXTON, 121 Fulton st., New-York, And for sale at this Office. Also, Allen’s American Farm Book, $1. Allen’3 Domestic Animals. 75 cents. Miner’s Am. Bee Keeper’s Manual, $1. Gunn’s Domestic Medicine (117th thousand,) $3. Jan. 1, 1859.— 2t. _ _ - . _ Morgan Colt. T HAVE a Stallion Colt, two years old the first of June last, — he was. sired by the Morgan horse Gen’l. Gifford, lately sold by Geo. A. Mason, of Jordan, N. Y., and will closely resemble his sire for size, color., form and action. His dam is a low, close-built bay mare. 33 years old, and still living about 6 miles from me. She was sired by the Original Morgan Horse. I should sell.the said colt for the low price of $150, if taken be¬ tween this and the first of February next. C. BLODGETT. Chelsea, Vt., .Tail. 1,' 1850. — It * Choice Fowls for Sale. ^SEVERAL pair of very fine, clean-legged Bantams, from stock ^ imported a few years since from Java. ‘They are about the size of an ordinary pigeon, and of the most perfect form. Their plu¬ mage varies in different specimens, from clear white to black ; some of the cocks being red with black breast, and others handsomely spangled. Also, several pair of large fowls, derived from a cross of the Dor¬ king. They are short-legged and full-breasted ; grow quickly to a large size, and give excellent flesh. At six months old, some of the stock have weighed five pounds each, dressed. E. E. PLATT. Albany, Jan. 1, 1850. Ayrshire Stock for Sale. fYNE thorough bred Bull 3 years old. ^ One do. do. Cow 8 years old, with Calf. One do. -do. Heifer 2 do. do. Several half blood yearling Heifers. This stock is of the best Ayrshire blood in the country. Inquire of, or address, ROBBINS BATTELL, December 1, 1S49 — 2t. Norfolk, Conn. To Seedsmen and Dealers. TRIE subscribers are prepared to import, on very favorable terms, -*• from the most distinguished and reliable seed establishments in London, or on the continent of Europe, seeds in quantities, and of a. quality on which the utmost dependance may he placed. The seeds will be forwarded in the original packages, and original invoices furnished. Persons wishing to import may thus avail themselves of the experience of the subscribers, bv the payment of a small com¬ mission. JAS. i\I. THORBURN A CO., 15 John-street, New-York. Red Top, Orchard, Ray and other grasses, White Dutch Ciover, Lucerne, Ac. Ac., low by the quantity. December 1, 1849 — 2t. New-York Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. THE Implements embrace upwards of ONE HUNDRED different Scythes, Rakes, Wagons, Wheels, Carts, "Wheelbarrows, Pumps, Rice Threshers and Hullers, Road Scrapers, Axes, Chains, Ac. Ac. Those implements are mostly made up from new and highly-im¬ proved patterns, and are warranted to be of the best materials, and put together in the strongest manner, and of a superior finish. Horticultural Tools — A complete assortment. Castings, Skeleton Plows , Harrow Teeth, and Iron Work of all kinds done to order in the cheapest and best manner. Steam Engines, Sugar Boilers , Sugar Mills, Saw Mills, Kettles, Cauldrons, Ac., for Plantations. Wire Cloth and Sieves — Different kinds and sizes, kept constantly on hand. Seeds for the Field and Garden — Such as Improved Winter and Spring Wheat, Rye, Barley, Oats, Corn, Beans, Peas, Turnip, Cab¬ bage, Beet, Carrot, Parsnip, Clover, and Grass Seeds, improved va¬ rieties of Potatoes, Ac. Ac. These are warranted fresh and supe¬ rior of their kind. Fertilizers — Peruvian and African Guano, Lime, Plaster of Paris, Bone Dust, Ac. Ac. Fruit and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs — Orders taken for these, and executed from a choice of the best Nurseries, Gardens, and Conservatories in the United States. Horses , Cattle , Sheep and Swine — Orders received for stock of all kinds, to be executed to the best advantage, and shipped in the most careful manner. Agricultural Books — A general and varied assortment of these for sale. Produce on Consignment — All kinds of Agricultural Produce will be received for sale on consignment. A Catalogue of the above Implements, Seeds, Ac., of 100 pages, handsomely illustrated with plates, wiil be forwarded, by mail, when requested, post-paid. A. B. ALLPIN A CO, 189 & 191 Water-street, New-York. December 1, 1849 — 2t. THE CULTIVATOR Is published on the first of each month , at Albany, N. Y., by LUTHER TUCKER, PROPRIETOR. LUTHER TUCKER & SANFORD HOWARD, Editors. #1 per aim. — 7 copies lor $5 — 15 for $10. (£7“ All subscriptions to commence with the volume, (the Jan. No.,) and to be paid in advance. O* All subscriptions, not renewed by payment for the next year, are discontinued at the end of each volume- [T7~ The back vols. can be furnished to new subscribers— and mav be obtained of the following Agents : NEW-YORK— M. H. Newman A Co., 199 Broadway. BOSTON— J. Breck A Co., 52 North Market-st., and E. Wight, 7 Congress -st. PHILADELPHIA— G. B. Zieber. Advertisements — The c.*arge for advertisements is $1, for 12 lines, for each insertion. ' No variation made from these terms “to improve the soil and the mind.’ New Series. ALBANY, FEBRUARY, 1850. Vol. VII.— No. 2. Should the Fanner be a Man of Knowledge ? Editors of the Cultivator: — As you we]] know, a controversy has been going on for many years between the plow-joggers on one side, and the Agricultural Journals and ‘ book-farmers’ on the other, as to whether the F armer should he a man of Knowledge ? The first named class contend, that to follow the dogmas of tradition, and, under such guidance, toil and sweat away life in mere physical labor; to read and write indifferently, or perhaps make his mark; to study his almanac faithfully, and plow, sow and harvest according to the old or new of the moon; to ohalk his ‘deal’ on the barn-door or his hat ; to avoid an agricultural paper, or a ‘ book-farmer,’ as he would a pestilence; to extract the fertility of the soil, and leave mother earth with her future gene¬ rations, to shirk for themselves as best they can: — that these are the kind of qualifications to make a good farmer. The other class contend, that the farmer should be a man of reading, observation and study; that his calling involves a degree of scientific inquiry equal to that of almost any other; that inasmuch as the advancing spirit of the timos is in other callings ■continually crying out — “ Onward!” he should par¬ take of that spirit, advance with others in educa¬ tion and mental discipline, and claim, and be able to take, equal rank with the highest. Being, on the whole, rather inclined to favor the views of the last-named class, I shall biiefiy survey a portion of the ground involved in the question, in order to see for myself whether the Farmer should be a man of general as well as particular knowl¬ edge. If I find the ‘lay of the land’ such as I suppose it to be, I shall take a decided stand with my friends, the Journals and ‘ book-farmers.’ In the short and graphic account given us of the Creation, we are informed that after form had been given to matter, and the vegetable and lower ani¬ mal world had been brought forth to life, man was made, in the image of his Creator, to be lord of his other works, and commanded to subdue and cultivate the ground. Or, in the noble lines. of the poet: “ Them wanted yet the master- work, the end Oi nl! yet done; a creature who, not prone And brute as other creatures, but endued With sanctity of reason, might erect His stature, and upright with front serene Govern the rest, self-knowing ; and from thence, Magnanimous, to correspond with heaven : But, grateful to acknowledge whence his good Descends thither, with heart and voice, and eyes Directed in devotion, to adore And worship God Supreme, who made him chief Of all his works.” * The pursuit, then, originally assigned to man, was that of Agriculture, and thus did his Maker confer superior dignity upon it. He was endued with reason, to distinguish him from, and elevate him above the lower animals, and to enable him, among other things, properly to subdue and culti¬ vate the earth. Reason is by far the most impor¬ tant of man’s intellectual powers. By it he devises means to accomplish ends, distinguishes truth from error, or, in other words, acquires knowledge. It is also progressive from infancy to age. It is on the right use of reason that our success, both in the* pursuit of knowledge and happiness depends; and in proportion as we acquire knowledge, so, in turn, is reason enlarged and strengthened, and we are thus enabled to make still higher acquisitions. To accomplish desirable ends, then, the original gift should be improved by the attainment of knowledge. Knowledge expands the mind of the farmer from mere attention to details and brute force, to an exten¬ sive comprehension ofgeneral principles — those great cardinal principles bywhich nature is governed in her operations, and with which he necessarily comes in contact every day. In the business of cultivation, an infinite diversity of principles and mysteries arise to the thoughtful mind, many of which, if ever under¬ stood at all , must be wrought out by the utmost efforts of perfected Science, and a cultivated mind. Few of us, indeed , can give a satisfactory reason for many of the simplest operations of nature which are continu¬ ally before our eyes. We are therefore about as liable to go wrong as right, in some of our common¬ est methods of tillage. It has been said that “ Mind is the great lever of all things ; human thought the process by which hu¬ man ends are ultimately attempted.” If this be true, then, in proportion as the mind is expanded by knowledge, so is this lever lengthened and strength¬ ened, by which we open the vast frame- work around us, diffuse light where all before was darkness, solve problems which otherwise would never bo known or only seen in dim obscurity, and subject and mingle elements before beyond our control. In short, we are thus enabled the better to obey the di¬ vine command to subdue and cultivate the earth, and to use its elements and its creatures for desira¬ ble ends. The ejaculation of an ancient fabled combatant, when enveloped in clouds and darkness, is an appropriate petition for us farmers, benighted as we are, in ignorance of great principles with which we daily have to do: ‘ Dispel these clouds, the light of heaven restore, Give me to see — and Ajax asks no more.’ Knowledge exalts all the faculties of the mind. However much exalted, they will find ample scope for exercise in the pursuit of Agriculture. It is an occupation that eminently combines science with practice. If the powers of observation, reflection and generalization are quickened and exalted by « * Milton. 66 THE CULTIVATOR. Feb. knowledge, so as thereby to become more nearly adequate to the demands that the business naturally makes upon them, we may produce results, of which a state of arrogant ignorance never dreamed, nor was ever capable. Thus we see, that when we have given the farmer a taste for the acquisition of know¬ ledge, we have made him a better bequest than mo¬ ney; for we have given him the habit of thinking, and that is the principle of all legitimate prosperity. It enables him at once to act and operate, to com¬ pare, contrive, invent, improve, and perfect, — to ac¬ complish his ends in higher and still higher degrees. Then, too, the business of the farmer largely ad¬ mits of, nay, in our view, it demands, observation and thought. While engaged in the health-giving labors of the field, breathing the invigorating air, and conversant with the principles and beauties of nature around him, he may pursue habits of thought to an extent, and with an elasticity and vigor of mind, which the student of the closet, struggling with an attenuated frame, trembling nerves, and a throbbing head, often sighs for in vain. We farm¬ ers who have not yet felt the importance of cultiva¬ ting and using the thinking faculty to some valuable purpose, may with propriety receive and ponder the address of a profound thinker: “ My friend, to have thought far too little, we shall find among the capital faults in the review of life. To have in our nature a noble part that can think, would be a cause for infinite exultation, if it actually did think as much and as well as it can think, and if to have an unthinking mind were not equivalent to having no mind at all. The mind might, and it should be, kept in a state of ha¬ bitual exertion, that would save us from needing to appeal for proof of its existence to some occasion yesterday when we did think or to-morrow when we shall. If all the short spaces of time in which we have strongly exerted our faculties could be ascer¬ tained, and reckoned together into one place, what a small part of life it would fill ! The space, how¬ ever, may be deemed the total of real life.”* Knowledge refines the taste, thus enabling us to perceive and enjoy the beauties and sublimities of nature. A state of ignorance cannot be favorable to the emotions of taste. Neither do we look for its exercise in the mere getter or hoarder of money, the man of loose morals, or dissolute habits. Re¬ fined taste is intimately allied to morals, for it na¬ turally elevates the mind and ennobles the charac¬ ter of its possessor; and thus it is that knowledge, by refining the taste, indirectly favors virtue. Who, if not the farmer , should possess and enjoy a refined taste? The great Author of all has adorned his works with beauties and sublimities, that may ex¬ cite the highest and purest emotions of which tVs human mind is susceptible. They solicit the senses of the farmer at every turn. The endless variety and beauty of flower, plant and shrub ; the various stages of vegetation, from the germination to the full maturity of his crops; the majestic forest; the landscape of mountain and valley, of lake and river ; the circling seasons ; the wondrous workings of na¬ ture beneath his feet, as well as the sublime ‘ han¬ dy work 5 above him: — these all invite the husband¬ man to observation, and gently persuade, or more powerfully urge him to contemplate, through them, the great Author and Ruler of all. Knowledge, both in acquisition and possession, contributes to happiness. The farmer has many lei¬ sure hours, during the stormy days of a season when he cannot work, and the long evenings of winter. * Correspondence of John Foster. . These, if he has a taste for reading, he may beguile in an innocent, useful and happy way at home;, wffiile others, dependant upon foreign resources, re¬ pair to places of public amusement or dissipation, seeking an object that constantly eludes their grasp, or, if momentarily detained, usually turns to emp¬ tiness or pain. There is no pastime that in variety compares with the pursuit of knowledge. While the objects of inquiry are endless in number, each attainment is attended with new satisfaction and delight. A taste for literature or scientific inquiry once acquired, usually becomes confirmed into a habit for life, and forms an unfailing source of plea¬ sure in old age. The growing infirmities incident to that period of life, bring many days of confine¬ ment and weariness, which maybe greatly relieved by reading, or, if that be impracticable, by hearing others read. This arises naturally aud necessarily from the very structure of the intellectual element.. 11 A degree of surprise and astonishment which cannot consist with the perfect comprehension of whatever falls under our cognizance, appears to be one ingredient, in the highest degree of felicity of which a rational being is susceptible. There is a principle in the constitution of our nature, which renders us dissatisfied wTith what we thoroughly un¬ derstand in all its parts. When there is nothing more to be discovered, from that moment it begins- to pall upon us, and we must pass to something vdiich will give scope to the activities of the human mind.”* There is no amusement so cheap as that arising from the pursuit of knowledge. A trifling sum set apart annually, will purchase the advantages afford¬ ed by our numerous district, village, and other li¬ braries, and our able agricultural, scientific and li¬ terary periodicals. There are no circumstances so adverse as to pre¬ clude our attaining knowledge, if we resolutely strive for it. One is forcibly struck with the truth of this remark, in thinking over the long list of worthies who, under every disadvantage, and in ad¬ dition to carrying forward some practical calling,, have raised themselves to eminence in the empire of knowledge. In them, we find realized that most, desirable, but quite too rare union, of studious hab¬ its with a practical business. Their example is- most valuable too, as illustrating the fact that a taste for knowledge will, of itself, do a great deal tow ards its acquisition ; and that where this taster exists, it usually surmounts all difficulties and bursts all barriers. Be it further remembered for our en¬ couragement, that the kind of knowledge which, gives strength does not so much depend upon the reading of many books, as upon the judicious selec¬ tion and careful reading of a few, accompanied by the strenuous exertions of our own powers of re¬ flection. In this w'ay, all our powers become sti¬ mulated, and products begin to grow from within. Knowledge is useful and important to man as a religious being. It is true that Christianity in¬ vites us all to partake of its blessings, upon compli¬ ance with its terras, whether we be learned or ig¬ norant. But it addresses the understanding as well as the heart ; its evidences challenge investigation ;; its hopes are addressed to the immortal element ; its sublime faith calls forth the whole intellectual pow¬ er ; and the doctrine of immortality invests the mind of man with a dignity and grandeur, allied to a purer and nobler state of intelligence. In what¬ ever other respects, then, we might conclude to dis¬ pense with the advantages of education and know- * Robert Hall. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 67 ledge, when we consider man as a religious and im¬ mortal being, we wish to see his mind expanded, his faculties exalted, and his taste refined, that he may the better understand his duties and his destiny. Knowledge, with virtue, is the foundation on which our whole system of government rests. The practical operation of this system creates a demand for every species of intellectual effort. As citizens under it, we are called upon to discharge the duties of elective franchise, to take part in the administra¬ tion of justice, and to fill the various official trusts of State. The laws contemplate our fitness to dis¬ charge these various duties and trusts, under the guidance of opinions intelligently and independent¬ ly formed, along with that sense of individual ac¬ countability which seeks not to hide itself in the crowd, or to be led by other dictation than its own. The correctness and eminent propriety of our theo¬ ry in this regard, cannot be doubted. The nearer we approach it in practice the safer is our condition. When we reflect, that as our country increases in po¬ pulation and in extent of settled territory, various new and conflicting interests and questions will arise to increase and inflame partizan zeal — that a high state of faction tends to corruption — that there are precipices on either side of us whose outer borders would seem to forbid exploration further along — and that the huge swells of faction may rock us back and forth until we sway over into the chaos below,- — we become more and more impressed with the im¬ portance of educating our rural population in know- lodge and virtue, of combining in our farmers strong heads with honest hearts, that we may keep balance on ground, central from the broken extremes, and known and safe, where all sorts of good fruit grow in abundance, where prosperity has ever dwelt, and where it may ever dwell. Our vast territory embraces every variety of cli¬ mate and soil. It is capable of growing almost every known valuable production. The race of men inhabiting it is endowed with wonderful native sa¬ gacity and energy of purpose. Let this mass of mind be expanded and strengthened by knowledge, and a power is conferred for the development of our vast agricultural capabilities, not elsewhere to be found. It has been well said that u it is the glori¬ ous prerogative of the empire of knowledge, that wbat it gains it never loses; on the contrary, it in¬ creases by the multiple of its own power ; all its ends become means; and all its attainments help to new conquests. In this view of the subject, how directly does it become power to the farmers! Through them «ollectively , how eminently does it become power to the nation! In this connection, we may appreciate the import¬ ant influences imparted by our Agricultural Jour¬ nals. They quietly visit 'he farmer at his dwelling, informing him of the known principles of Agricul¬ ture, and the march of Science towards further dis¬ coveries. They give him the results of the experi¬ ence and practice of intelligent cultivators every where. Mind thus rubs against and polishes mind, and enterprise, and an ambition to improve, is exci¬ ted. They stimulate him in turn to communicate his own ideas and modes of practice. When he has been induced to arrange his thoughts upon paper, an important step has been taken towards intellec¬ tual improvement. He is now in the way of think¬ ing with greater precision and correctness on all subjects, and he awakens with a consciousness of power within himself that might not otherwise have been knowm. Great advantages are yet to arise from the estab¬ lishment of Agricultural Schools, and professorships of Agriculture in our Colleges. Organised on ju¬ dicious principles, they would teach our young farm¬ ers the science and best mode of practice of Agri¬ culture. In doing that, they would necessarily teach the elementary principles certainly, of six or eight sciences; and this would be likely to create a taste for the further investigation of those sciences, for reading and the acquisition of knowledge in general. In short, by these influences, imparted at a forming period, the boy comes to be a man of cul¬ tivation, of intellectual power. Expanded and well disciplined intellect always takes high rank among men. Thus we may conclude, that the farmers would oftener be heard to some purpose in the Coun¬ cils of the nation, and the interests of Agriculture would receive more of that attention from Govern¬ ment, which they justly merit. I have thus endeavored to survey a part of the ground covered by the question propounded at the outset. To my mind it is clear, that the Journals and 1 book farmers’ have a good and substantial ar¬ gument in their favor ; and I am forced to conclude that the farmer should be a man of knowledge , and I do not see that it could hurt him to have a good deal of it too. F. Holbrook. Brattleboro / Vi., Dec . 15, 1849. Live Fences. The particular advantage of any kind of fence, depends on circumstances. Where suitable stones can be readily obtained, perhaps there is no fonce to be preferred to a well-built and permanent wall. If the stones, in the outset, occupy the land so as to interfere with cultivation, the inducement for ma¬ king wall is increased. In some places, the abun¬ dance and cheapness of suitable timber for fences, render it most economical to construct them of that material. The comparative advantages of live and dead fen¬ ces, in general terms, may be thus stated: Hedges can be reared where the materials for dead fences cannot bo had, and, excepting the best of walls, are greatly superior in durability ; dead fences commonly occupy less room, shade the ground less, and nei¬ ther exhaust its moisture or richness, as is done by hedges. The best plants for hedges in this country are un¬ doubtedly the Buckthorn and the Osage Orange. We think the various trials which have been made with different plants, support this conclusion. The Honey Locust, which was considerably tried a few years since, fails to grow thick enough at the bot¬ tom, and is generally straggling and open. The English Hawthorn does not stand our hot and dry summers, and is liable to a blight similar to the “ leaf-blight,” and 1 ‘ fire-blight ” in pear trees. The Newcastle, or American Cock-spur Thorn, and the Washington Thorn, have formerly been used ex¬ tensively in some of the middle States, particularly in Delaware, where they succeeded well, but with¬ in a few years, the fine hedges of that section have all been destroyed by the borer, and this insect has also attacked the Hawthorn with equal fatality in many instances. It is true there are some neigh¬ borhoods where the Hawthorn has mostly escaped the casualties here mentioned, as in some parts of Seneca and Ontario counties, in this state; but its failure has been so general in most parts of the country, that it cannot be depended on as a hedge plant. For the northern states and tba Canadas, we * Hon. D. Webster. 68 THE CULTIVATOR. Feb. should prefer the Buckthorn. Our reasons for the preference are its hardiness, its comparative exemp- tian from disease, and from the attacks of insects, its rapid growth, and the general facility with which it may be made to answer the purpose of an effi¬ cient fence. In our last number, we mentioned the Buckthorn hedges of E. Hersey Derby, Esq., of Salem, Mass. We think we have never seen more perfect hedges than these, and it may be interesting to the reader to learn something of Mr. D.’s mode of managing them. In the Transactions of the Essex (Mass.) Agri¬ cultural Society for 1842, there is a paper on the cultivation of live-fences by Mr. Derby, for which the society awarded him the first prize offered on that subject. Mr. D. stated that it was then more than forty (now fifty) years since he commenced the trial of live-fences. His first trials were with the English Hawthorn, the Honey Locust, and the Crab Apple, all of which failed. In 1809 he made his first trial of the Buckthorn, in a hedge about twen¬ ty rods long, which has remained till the present time, not a single plant having failed from it, nor has it ever been known to be attacked by any in¬ sect. He has at various periods set out more Buck¬ thorns, till he has now nearly 200 rods of them, forming a perfect fence. He says — I do not hesitate to pronounce the Buckthorn the most suitable plant for hedges that I have ever met with. It vegetates early in the 8pring, and retains its verdure late in autumn 5 I have often seen it green after the snows had fallen ; it is never injured by our most in¬ tense cold, and its vitality is so great that it may be kept out of the ground a long time, or transported any distance without injury. It never sends up any suckers, nor is disfigured by any dead wood ; it can be clipped into any shape which the caprice or ingenuity of the gardener may devise ; and being pliable, it may be trained into an arch, or over a passage way as easily as a vine ; it needs no plashing or interlacing, the natural growth of the plant being sufficiently in¬ terwoven. It is never cankered by unskillful clipping- ; but will bear the knife to any degree. Mr. D.’s mode of cultivation is as follows: My method of forming a hedge is to set the young plants in a sin¬ gle row, about nine inches apart, either in the spring or autumn ; if the latter, I should clip it the following spring to within six inches of the ground; this will cause the hedge to be thick at the bottom, which I regard as a great point of excellence ; after this, all that re¬ mains to be done is to keep it clean from wTeeds, and clip it once a ear. I consider June the best time to trim, as it soonest recovers its eauty at that season. The clipping may be done with the garden shears, a hedge-knife, or even with a common scythe. Buckthorn plants, of proper size for transplant¬ ing into hedge-rows, may be had in abundance at most of our nurseries. The price for two-year-old plants is usually about $5 per thousand. They may be easily raised from seed, which may be had of the various seed-dealers at $1.25 per quart. It is usu¬ ally planted in the fall, and most of the plants will make their appearance the next season, though some of the seed may lie in the ground till the second sea¬ son before it vegetates. They may be planted on good land in the same manner as peas are planted, and the plants kept free from weeds until they are of sufficient size to put in the hedge-row, which size they will reach in one year, on rich land, and in two years on ordinary soil. The preparation of the soil for the hedge plants, may be similar to that required for a crop of Indian corn, and as above remarked, all that is necessary is to keep the weeds and grass from growing near them. If the ground is wet, it has been found be¬ neficial to dig trenches, two feet deep, and half fill them with small stones or coarse gravel, the natural soil being laid on the top, forming a slight ridge. Fig. 2.— Planting Hedges. This has been practiced with success on the level and somewhat wet lands of parts of Seneca county, in- this state, as noticed in our volume for 1847, page 257. The accompanying cut (fig. 2,) represents the manner of planting hedges. The details of plant¬ ing are well described by Mr. Downing, in the first volume of the Horticulturist . He thinks the spring is the best time for planting, in the northern states, the autumn in southern. The soil having been pro¬ perly prepared, by pulverization, &c., he says — The plants are now to be made ready. This is done in the first place, by assorting them into two parcels — those of large and those. of small size. Lay aside the smaller ones for the richest part of your ground and plant the larger ones on the poorest of the soil. This will prevent that inequality which there would be in the hedge if strong and weak plants were mixed together, and it will equalize the growth of the whole plantation by dividing the advantages. The plants should then be trimmed. This is speedily done by cut¬ ting down the top or stem, to within about an inch of what was the ground line ) so that it will, when planted again, have but an inch of 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 69 stem above the soil,) and by correspondingly shortening all the lar¬ ger roots about one-third. If you have a good deal of planting to do, it is better to bury the plantsinalrencli close at hand, or lay-them-in-by-the-hcels , as it is technically called, to keep them in good order till the moment they are wanted. The hedge should be planted in a double row, with the plants pla¬ ced, not opposite to each other, but alternate — thus : * ******* If * * * * * * The rows should be six inches apart, and the plants one foot apart m the rows. This will require about 32 plants to a rod, or 2000 plants to 1000 feet. Having well pulverised the soil, set down the line firmly for the first row, and with a spade throw out a trench about eight or ten in¬ ches deep, keeping its upright or firm bank next to the line. Drop the plants along the line at about the distance they will be needed, and then plant them twelve inches apart, keeping them as nearly as possible in a perfectly straight line; for it is worth bearing in mind, tnat you are performing an act, the unimpeachable st raigli t-fo rward- ness of which will undoubtedly be criticised for many years after¬ wards. Press the earth moderately round the stem of the plant with the foot, when the filling-in of the pulverized soil is nearly completed. And, finally, level the whole nicely with the hoe. Having finished this row, take up the line and fit it again, 6 inches distant; open the trench in the opposite direction, and set the plants in the same manner. This completes the planting. The Osage Orange grows wild in Arkansas and Texas. It is said to have been first introduced into our gardens, from the Osage tribe of Indians. In its natural state, according to Mr. Downing, 11 it grows luxuriantly, about thirty or forty feet high, with a wide and spreading head.” The leaves re¬ semble those of the orange, are very glossy, and present a most beautiful appearance, on which ac¬ count it was first propagated as an ornament. Within the last few years it has been largely adopt¬ ed for hedges, and in the middle and western states has done well. We have seen fine hedges of it in the neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. Whether it will prove sufficiently hardy for the northern and eastern states, has not yet been demonstrated; but its success, so far, entitles it to further trials. Joel Rathbone, Esq. has a fine hedge of this plant, four years old, on his place near this city. It has not been injured by the frost, except the first winter, when it was killed down to within a few inches of the ground. Mr. A. J. Downing observes — The Osage Orange, when treated as a hedge plant, has many ex¬ cellent characteristics. It is robust, vigorous, and long-lived. It sends out a great abundance of branches, bears trimming perfectly well, is most amply provided at all times with stout thorns, and its bright and glossy foliage gives it a very rich and beautiful appearance. It grows well on almost any soil, and makes a powerful and impe¬ netrable fence in a very short time. Though it will bear rough and severe pruning, and is therefore well adapted for farm fences, yet it must be regularly trimmed twice every year, and requires it even more imperatively than other hedge plant, to prevent its sending out strong shoots to disfigure the symmetry of the hedge. It is propagated by seed and by cuttings of the roots. A writer in the Cincinnati Gazette says — The best way to start a hedge of this plant, is to procure some of the seeds, of which about 7,000 are comprised in a quart. Scald them in water near the boiling point, and plant them in nursery beds, in good soil, and keep down the weeds the first year. In transplant¬ ing, the plants should be set about 32 inches apart. These facts will enable any person to form a correct judgment of the number neces¬ sary to plant in any given length of hedge. The seed should be sown early in the spring, and if not preferred to sow as above in a nursery bed, to be afterwards transplanted, it may be sown where the fence is wanted, by preparing the ground, and using a garden line to get the fence straight, covering the seed lightly with fine earth. When the plants are up, they must be kept clean and well hoed ; and in the fall they should be headed down to within two or three inches of the ground. The seed may he had at $1 per quart, and plants at $6 to $3 per thousand. Principles of Manures. Analytical Laboratory, Yale College, ) New-Haven , Conn ., Jan. 7, 1850. ) Editors Cultivator — Having mentioned in my last, the subject of manures, as that which should be the topic of this and succeeding communications, I now proceed to direct the attention of your read¬ ers to the true signification of the word manure in its various applications. This may seem to many a very unnecessary labor, but I hope to convince them that it is not. Under the grand head of manures, have, in these modern times, come to be included a great variety of substances, which may be divided into three class¬ es — animal, vegetable and mineral manures. In mentioning any of them, we mean something that of itself, or by its action upon other bodies, imparts fertility to the soil, increasing, in other words, its ability to bear good crops. More than this, every farmer who reads attentively, has learned that the efficacy of a manure consists in its supplying to the plant, directly or indirectly, certain substances which it needs to promote its growth. Manures are in fact, food for plants. This is a great advance in knowledge, hut is not, by any means, all that ought to be known. As we proceed a step or two further in our inquiries, we find that plants are differently constituted, and that manures have an almost infinite variety in their composition. The subject thus becomes difficult; but we are enabled at once to draw the important conclusion that different plants require different manures; that the manure which highly benefits one crop may even injure another. We are thus led naturally to the conviction that some classification of fertilising substances is neces¬ sary — that some rules are demanded by means of which the farmer can at least approximate to the value of any manure of which he knows the compo sition or the leading ingredients. He understands, \ 70 THE CULTIVATOR. Feb. for instance, that guano is valuable, and knows what are its effects upon his crops; but is he aware upon what, in the guano, those powerful effects de¬ pend? Could he, if an unknown substance equally rich in its composition were presented to him and the names of the elements which it contained given, say that it was worth much or worth any thing as a manure? I feel quite sure from my own experience, that the majority of our farmers, notwithstanding all that has been written on these smbjects, would have to answ'er this question in the negative. It is for such reasons that I am about to attempt a plain statement of some points connected with this important branch of agricultural knowledge, in the hope of making them clear and intelligible to at least a part of your readers. I have already montioned three great divisions — animal, vegetable, and mineral manures. In the twTo first of these, are two classes of bodies — those which burn away by heat, called organic bodies, and the ash which remains after burning, consisting of mineral or inorganic bodies; of these last, the latter division of the three, the mineral manures, are en¬ tirely composed. The inorganic part in animal or vegetable manures, is usually quite small; as they are of course derived from the death and decay of plants and animals, it follows that in those forms of organised existence, the organic part also, as a ge¬ neral rule, predominates. Although then in these manures, the inorganic part is small, it is enough to supply the wants of the plants, by furnishing the materials for both classes of bodies which they con¬ tain, the combustible and the incombustible, the or¬ ganic and the inorganic. The mineral manures, on the contrary, can for the most part only nourish and increase the inorganic part of plants, and are conse¬ quently more limited in their application. It is ne:xt of importance to know what are the sub¬ stances thus furnished by the various classes of ma¬ nures. All the organic part of plants and animals, in the immense variety of their forms, shapes and si¬ zes, and consequently all of that part in the nume¬ rous manures which are employed by the husbandman, contain but four substances, named Carbon, Hydro¬ gen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. The first of these, Carbon, is a solid, of which charcoal, black lead, &c., are examples; the others are gases or kinds of air. This is one of the most striking facts connect¬ ed writh the advance of modern chemistry, that all forms of organised life should be ultimately resolved into these four bodies, excepting alone the small pro¬ portion of ash which most of them contain. This ash, the inorganic or mineral part of plants, animals and manures, consists of more numerous substances; they form, however, not by any means a long list. They are potash, soda, lime, magnesia, iron, silica, chlorine, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid, nine in all. There are one or two others occasionally inclu¬ ded, but they do not seem to be of much importance to to our cultivated crops. I mention these simply for th8 purpose of giving their names; to describe the appearance and proper¬ ties of each would be foreign to my present purpose. Any farmer who wishes to become acquainted with them personally, can easily find directions wThich will enable him to accomplish his desire. Their names and numbers being now given, in my further re¬ marks reference may be made to them without cau¬ sing the reader to feel as if he were on entirely un¬ known ground, or among utter strangers. From the connection in which the organic and the inorganic parts of plants, animals and manures were placed, the nature of the relation between the two former and the latter, will now be plainly seen ; the farmer will understand that to his knowledge of the fact that manures are the food of plants, he has added the names of the substances which constitute that food. This is an important step gained, but it only plunges us into fresh difficulties as we come to exa¬ mine the diverse effects of the various fertilizing substances which are considered valuable, and which indeed experience has proved beyond a question to be so. In looking over accounts of results obtained by using different manures of known composition, the farmer perceives great variation in their appa¬ rent effects. A small quantity of guano for instance, is more powerful in enriching the soil and hastening the growth of plants, than a whole load of ordinary manure, weighing probably fifty times as much This is a very striking difference, and leads to a comparison as to the composition of the two manures. It is found first, that the barn-yard manure contains a largo quantity of water which of course deterio¬ rates so much from its value; second, on examina¬ tion of the dried residue in each, it is found to con¬ sist of the same substances. These are not, how¬ ever, in the same proportions. In the guano, we find that ammonia and phosphates are the leading ingredients; in the barn-yard manure, carbon and si¬ lica. Here is a tangible difference, but the most doubt¬ ful feature in the case to the farmer, has yet to be explained. He points to the analyses of plants and says, “ silica in the ash and carbon in the organic parts are most prominent substances, and why are they not equally valuable with the others that are less in quantity?” Ammonia owes its value to the ni¬ trogen which it contains, and phosphates theirs to their phosphoric acid, they being combinations of that acid with lime, magnesia, iron, See. Nitrogen and phosphoric acid then are added most largely by guano, silica and carbon by farm-yard manure. What is the cause of so wide a variation in effect upon all crops? Why are the two first worth more than the two last, since plants do not contain so much of them? To this I reply at onco that they are not in them¬ selves more valuable or more necessary, and shall proceed to show that their superior importance is owing to circumstances alone. First, as to phosphoric acid. In the straw and husk of grain we find little of this substance, but in the grain itself fully half of the ash is composed of it ; it is present in the grain because that is the na¬ tural food of the animal in which must be contained the material for building the bones, the frame-work of the animal body, these being made up chiefly from phosphate of lime. We find the same thing to be true of nitrogen; in the straw and all those parts of plants that are not of much value as food, there is little of it, but in the grain and all food considered particularly nutritious, there are certain substances quite rich in nitrogen. This body constitutes a principal part of animal flesh, and thus food which contains much of it is remarkably nutritious becauso it supplies this material toward the increase of the body. Ammonia is important in manures, because it is a chief means of furnishing nitrogen to the plant. This brings us to the point which I wish to im¬ press. When we examine a soil, we find that its fertility or barrenness, depends on the presence or absence of the various substances named above. If one of them is wanting, the capacity of the soil for bearing good crops is greatly diminished. The most likely deficiency in long cultivated soils, is in the phosphates, and in bodies containing nitrogen . In new soils, these two classes are as a general rule 1850 THE CULTIVATOR, 71 smallest. Every farmer knows that it is ordinarily the grain which is sold off, while the straw is re¬ turned as manure. The grain, as we have seen contains most of the phosphates and of the nitrogen, so that of course these bodies, originally small in quantity, are soonest exhausted. Here then, we have the reason for their efficiency. The carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, lime, potash, silica, &c., are each and all equally indispensible to the plant in its various parts, but they are much more abun¬ dant, there being comparatively few situations where the plant cannot obtain a supply of all or nearly all. The scarcity of the phosphates, and of ammonia or other bodies containing nitrogen in the soil, gives these substances a high relative value, and causes manures which contain them in large quantity, to produce such a marked effect. My desire to make this subject plain, has extend¬ ed this letter somewhat unreasonably, but if I have made myself understood, I am sure that no farmer will have found clear explanations upon such an important branch of his profession, very tedious. John P. Norton. ®lje State of Jlgvkultnre in (Europe. Professor Johnston’s Address, Delivered at the Annual Exhiblion of the New- York State Agricultural Society , at Syracuse , September 13, 1849. r Gentlemen : — One of the first lessons a European has to learn after lie has landed on the shores of this new world, is to dispossess his mind of all those associations, rich and rare, with which the his¬ tory of past ages has connected the names of remarkable places. In passing through New England it was my fortune to stop at towns and villages called by names long familiar to my ears — the sounds of which seemed to say, “in a few hours or minutes you will arrive again at your own home and hearth.” But in travelling from Albany to this place, I have met with peo¬ ple fresh from Troy— I have come through Utica and Rome— and from the lips of children have heard of other mighty cities which our earliest European lessons clothe in the hoar of remote antiquity, and illuminate with the glory of immortal deeds. In the desire thus to connect your new towns with the recollection of famous actions, I would read an admiration of the actions themselves, and secret as¬ pirations after similar renown. _ In the old world I have just left, there exists an ancient Syracuse, rich in all those bounties of heaven, which especially favor the hus¬ bandman — a genial and sunny clime — clear, blue skies, balmy air, and never failing dews— a soil fertile in oil and wine, and abundant in corn, almost beyond belief. Thousands of years ago, when no Saxon or Celtic foot, not even that of the roving Northmen, had yet trodden the American shores, this ancient Syracuse was the capital of a kingdom of six millions of souls; and though it had so many mouths of its own to fill, the produce of its teeming soil left still a large surplus for exportation. An energetic people, comparatively free — unbroken in spirit by fre¬ quent wars, by foreign conquerors, and by the degradation and op¬ pression which afterwards beset their domestic hearths — availed themselves to the utmost of the bounties of nature, and by patient industry made their country the horreum Roman orumf and in the language of I/ivy, ,k populo Romano, pace ac beUo fidissimum anno- nce svbsidium” Now cast down and degraded, the successors — scarcely to be called the sons of the same people — languish in com¬ parative indolence ; and though the bounties of nature are ever fresh and new as in its palmiest days, there are few countries in which agriculture and the arts of life are in a more debased condition than m modern Sicily. But time, which has wrought this melancholy change, has caused others more cheering to happen too. It may be, that amid the ruins of old Syracuse its ancient fires may still live, on some future day to be lighted up anew, and more successfully, into a steady and endur¬ ing name, which the foot of despotism shall never again be able to trample out. But however this be, it is gratifying to me to see — as it must be to you — that in a new country, peopled by a new race, a younger Syracuse has sprung up, emulous of the worth and glory of the ancient— nourished by free institutions— carried forward by the untiring energy of the Teutonic blood— above all, emulous of the agricultural renown of die Syracuse of distant times, and by the ap¬ plication of more mind and knowledge, to a less exuberant soil in a less favored dime, bent on creating a new granary of the nations, an unfailing western store-house to a great and growing people. It is a happy omen to me, coming among you for the first time, that I should meet to discourse with you upon scientific agriculture, in a city which recalls the vast fertility of the plains and slopes of Sicily — may the modern name like the ancient, descend to after times, as¬ sociated with ideas of rich cultivation and prolific fields of corn ! It is not without anxiety, as you will suppose, that I appear for the first time before a large trans-adantic audience. But though you are American born, gentlemen, your faces are familiar to me. They tell me you have Scotch and English hearts, and I believe I may throw myself confidently on your kind indulgence. I cannot presume to address you on the general importance of ag¬ riculture ; its fundamental connection with the welfare and power of every state ; the estimation in winch it has been held in all ages and among every cultivated people; the natural proneness of man to till the soil ; the pleasure with which the most talented men, and the high¬ est in station, have always looked forward to the time when leaving business and profession and the cares of office to younger men, the small farm should alone employ their quiet leisure; nor upon the great¬ er attention and respect which this art and its cultivators every where demand, aud are every where receiving. These topics are familiar to you, and you are too rich in native talent to require a stranger to address you on generalities like these. Nor does my very recent arrival in the United States, entitle me: as yet to speak from my own observation upon the existing condition* of agriculture on this side of the Atlantic. I have selected, there¬ fore. as the subject of my present address, the existing condition of agriculture in Enrope. There are two very different ways in which I might bring this sub¬ ject before you. I might illustrate in the abstract, the amount of practical and scientific knowledge which Europe possesses in regard to each of the departments of rural economy, which its climate ena¬ bles it to prosecute. Taking the methods of the best practical men, and adding to these the knowledge of those most skillful in theory, I might present to you a picture, every detail of which was true, but the effect of which as a whole, would be to convey to you a most exaggerated idea of the actual condition of the art — even in Great Britain, where both in theory and practice it is supposed to be best understood, and most skillfully carried into operation. Or I might take you from country to country, aud show you as we passed has¬ tily along, the character of its rural population, the excellencies or defects of its cultural practices, the condition of its arable soils, the qualities and treatment of its cattle, and generally what is doing by governments and people in each country for the improvement of the rural arts. I should thus set before you a series of pictures, true, not only in detail, but in their general effects upon your minds, though not partaking of those broad and comprehensive views, which a sketch of European Agriculture, as one whole, Avould be expected to present. I propose, to some extent, to follow both methods. After a brief outline of the state of practical agriculture in the leading countries of Europe, derived chiefly from my own observations, I shall endea¬ vor to give you an idea of the position in which agriculture as an art now stands — of what is doing to advance it — and especially of the aids which science is now lending to the practical economics of rural life. Sweden. — Commencing in the north of Europe with the Scandi¬ navian peninsula, I would remark that in Sweden, — especially since the accession of the late king, Carl Johan, better known by the name of Bernadette — much attention has been paid to agriculture. The improvement and increase of the flocks of sheep for the growth of wool, the introduction of better breeds of stock, of newer imple¬ ments, and of an improved rotation of crops — have successively re¬ ceived much attention; but of late years the great force of the peo¬ ple has been expended on the drainage of the lakes and marshes with which the country is so plentifully studded over. The agricul¬ tural societies of the provinces, in conjunction with the Academy of Agriculture in Stockholm, have devoted much pains to what may be called the arterial drainage of their several districts; and though the more refined method of improvement, known in Great Britain by the name of thorough drainage , has not as yet been any where introdu¬ ced, it is only just to the energy of Sweden to say that no European people, in proportion to its natural resources, has done more during the last twenty years in the reclamation of improveable land from the dominion of overflowing water. Further advances are also secured by the translation, especially from the English, of the best works on scientific agriculture, under the auspices of the Academy of Agriculture, and "by the establish¬ ment of agricultural schools and model farms, one of which each province is expected in a few years to possess. Thus in Sweden, as in all other countries, the period of improvement by mechanical means will be succeeded by one of improvement by chemical means — the nature and economical application of which latter means, books and schools will have taught, when the time for more general¬ ly applying them shall have come. Russia. — In Russia, agriculture as a whole is in a very imperfect condition. Here and there, especially in the neighborhood of large towns like Moscow and St. Petersburgh, laboriously and skilfully cultivated fields may be seen, while herds of improved Swiss and short horned cattle are carefully raised on the domains of the rich nobility. The Emperor also, who knows well the importance of this art to the strength and prosperity of his dominions, sets an ex¬ ample to his subjects by the efforts 1. e makes to introduce a better sys¬ tem of culture among the serfs on the Imperial estates, by the estab¬ lishment of schools for the instruction of farmers in art and experi¬ mental science, and by the maintenance of model farms upon the appanages of the crown. But Russia, nevertheless, is half a wilder¬ ness. Millions of acres of perpetual forest cover rich soils which there are no hands to till. The value of an estate is measured not by the number of acres it contains, but by the number of souls which live upon, cultivate, and are sold along with it. As in the first clear¬ ings of a North American wilderness, where land is comparatively worthless, the soil is cropped till it is exhausted, and then new land is subjected to the plow and exhausted in its turn. In no country of the world, with the exception of Northern America, is there so vast q field for the useful emigration of agricultural settlers, as in the m;gh ty Empire of Russia. But language, and religion, and political in¬ stitutions, oppose barriers which the Saxon, and I may say the Teu¬ tonic races generally, feel themselves unable to overcome. Germany. — In order to obtain a correct opinion of the agriculture 72 THE CULTIVATOR, Feb of a country, a man must not only view the country with his own eyes, but his eyes must be taught both what to look for, and how to look for it. The reports of travellers who are unskilled in rural mat¬ ters — the educational institutions of the country itself— and even its agricultural statistics, are all unsafe guides where a really correct appreciation is desired of its t.ue position in reference to this import¬ ant branch of social economy. This observation is illustrated by the actual condition of the several branches of rural economy when compared with the state of agricultural instruction, and with the at¬ tention that has been paid to statistics in the different kingdoms of Germany and France. Saxony. — In Saxony, a country greatly favored by nature in the character of its soils, the chief attention of the great landholders and of the government, has been long directed to the improvement of the breed of sheep, from which the celebrated Saxon wool is obtained. This state exhibits generally a very different appearance from the .neighboring country of Bavaria. In passing from the latter king¬ dom to the former, you “ seem to pass,” says Mr. Royer, “ from the desert into the land of promise.” “ Two-thirds of the rich proprie¬ tors in Saxony,” he observes, “ cultivate their own properties, and have established an order, neatness, and method, which, though far from agricultural perfection, you seek for in vain in France.” Wurtemberg. — In the Kingdom of Wurtemberg, where the in¬ struction at the agricultural school of Ilohenheim and elsewhere, is better organized, and at this moment more famed, than in any other part of Germany, and where in fact, the art of culture as a whole is the farthest advanced, the general cultivation is described by Mr. Royer as being melancholy, and, at a distance from the capital, very different from what the eulogies of authors had led him to suppose. Bavaria. — -In Bavaria we find an imposing array of institutions and means of instruction specially provided for the rural communi. ty, which are fitted to impress the superficial observer with a high idea of its agricultural condition. As in Wurtemberg, there is a central school of agriculture. There are also Chairs ot Rural Eco¬ nomy in the Universities, and more than twenty Chairs of Agrienl- ture in the Seminaries and polytechnic schools of the provinces, be¬ sides a general Agricultural Society, counting more than 8,000 mem¬ bers. These facts convey the impression of much zeal on the part of the government; much interest in agriculture on the part of the people; and an advanced state of the art of culture in the kingdom generally. But “the miserable aspect of Bavarian agriculture would lead one to suppose that all these means of encouragement are very inefficacious.” (Royer.) The schools are badly organized or conducted. The great land- owners are indifferent on the subject, while the miserably defective condition of the roads and other means of internal communication indicate, that even the government which has organized all the for¬ mal apparatus we have mentioned, it is not itself alive to the most fundamental element of agricultural progress. Prussia cannot boast cither of its practical agriculture, or of its system of agricultural instruction. It is a proof of how very little has in past ages been done in the way of teaching the rural popula¬ tion the principles of the art of culture, that Prussia should so long have derived an undeserved celebrity from the existence of a pri¬ vate agricultural school at Moeglin, established in 1806, and conduct¬ ed till his death in 1819, by the distinguished Yon Thaer. After his death, the school he had founded was made a Royal Academy, and is still in existence. It contains at present only twenty pupils; and even in Yon Timer’s time it never contained more than thirty-four. In the much praised primary schools of Prussia, a little instruction in gardening is the only teaching which bears an immediate relation to the future occupations of the rural population. In the nature of its soils, indeed, which are sandy, light enough to bo blown by the winds, and apparently almost sterile, Prussia has much to contend with. This is especially the case in its most ancient and central Dutchies. Westphalia and the Rhenish provinces are naturally richer, and are also more advanced and better cultivated. Besides, until the revolution of the past year, the burdens of servi¬ tudes upon land, of a feudal kind — and of which in the New World you have no examples, except a few of a milder form in the seigno- ries of Lower Canada — were so onerous and so unequally distribu¬ ted, as greatly to retard the development of its agricultural capabili¬ ties. The state of the roads and other means of communication al¬ so, as in Bavaria, and the scarcity of large towns, have concurred with other causes, in retaining the agriculture of Prussia in a very backward condition. Holland. — If from the uplands of Germany we descend to the lowlands, and especially to that country which includes the islands at the mouths of the Rhine and the Scheldt, and the low country stretching northward to the Zuyder Zee and the Doilart, we shall find reason to stay our steps and to consider calmly the cause, and purpose, and extent of the wonderful system of canals and embank¬ ments which the kingdom of Holland presents. In a sketch of European agriculture, indeed, Holland is deserving of distinguished mention. Above all other European people, the Dutch, though slow, have been patient and persevering in their agri¬ cultural labors. Occupying a few more, elevated and fertile alluvial spots, in the midst of downs and bogs, and marshes and lakes, and the endless ramifications of many rivers, they have century after century, struggled against nature. Draining marshes, pumping out lakes, damming back seas and rivers, reclaiming bogs, fixing by' art the wandering downs, interlacing their country with an interminable net-work of gigantic canals ; — by such labors as these, they have extended the productive surface of their country, secured its posses¬ sion, and made its natural riches available. And what makes their praise the greater and more deserved, is the constant watchfulness and care which the retention of their country demands. Exposed on the average of the last thirteen centuries, to one great sea or river flood every seven years, the possession of the land they have gained is never secure. Lying below the actual level of the sea. large tracts of it are only prese rved by the huge dykes that surrouua them, and to maintain these dykes requires unceasing vigilance, and a large yearly expenditure of money. And though in past times the Hollanders have done great engineer¬ ing works, yret the spirit of the sires is not degenerated in their living sons. The draining of the Haarlem lake, now in progress, is the boldest mechanical effort ever yet made in the cause of agriculture in any country, and promises to add no less to the material wealth, than to the engineering and constructive fame of the United Pro¬ vinces. I feel a pleasure in thus adverting to the impression made upon my own mind, during my various tours in Holland, in the presence of a meeting of agriculturists, many of whom may inherit from the ear¬ ly settlers of New York, a portion of that industrious and patient blood, which makes every end sure to the determined and perseve¬ ring man.* * * § I may mention as an indication of the early desire of the Dutch authorities to promote the diffusion of Agricultural knowledge, that a very old regulation prescribes attendance on agricultural lectures as a necessary branch of study to the established clergy of Holland. t A nd though in that as in many other countries, men of the old school at present act as a drag on the progress of scientific agriculture, yet enlightened and zealous men are at work in various parts of the Ne¬ therlands, and advance is gradually being made. The name of Mul¬ der ought especially to be mentioned as most eminent among the sci¬ entific men of Holland, not only in advancing; pure science, but in advocating and promoting its general applications to the agriculture of his native country. Italy. — From Holland turn for a moment to Italy, in which coun¬ try drainage works somewhat akin to those of the Dutch, form the proudest monuments of which even that famed land can boast, of the victory which persevering intelligence cun achieve over the dif¬ ficulties and seeming hostility of nature. Did time permit, I might present to you a most interesting histori¬ cal sketch of the changes in agricultural condition and capability which that country has undergone from the period of the ancient Etrurians to the present day. And to the man of science, such a sketch would be the more interesting, f rom the circumstance that in all the changes that have taken place, the physical and geological structure of the country, has exercised a far more prominent and permanent influence, than either the remarkable industry and con¬ structive skill of the Etruscan inhabitants, or the hostile incursions of its foreign invaders. To the rich alluvial plains of Lombardy, of which rice, and Indian corn, and wheat and abundant milk, are the natural productions ; and to Tuscany, in which something of the ancient industry and per¬ severing practical skill of the old EtruriansJ still survives, the agri¬ cultural inquirer must proceed to see the bright side of Italian culti¬ vation. But it is in Tuscany chiefly that he will find the most interesting evidence of the conquering power of the living mind over the obsta¬ cles of physical nature. The Maremme of Tuscany and the marsh¬ es of the Val di Chiana, like the Campagna and the Pontine marshes of the Roman dominions, have long breathed forth that pestilential malaria which, like the summer exhalations of the sea islands and river mouths of your Southern states, carries on its wings fever and lingering ague and frequent death. It is one of the great modern triumphs of engineering skill, applied to the promotion of rural in¬ dustry-second only to the gigantic labors of the Dutch, of which I have spoken, and to the artificial drainage of our English fens — that the terrors of the Maremme have in a measure been bridled in — that the Yal di Chiana, in so far as it lies within the borders of Tuscany, has been drained and dried — and that cheerful health and rich crops prevail over large tracts of country, in which it used to be almost certain death to linger. Among a Republican people, I, who owe allegiance to a constitu¬ tional Monarchy, maybe permitted to name toyouJLeopold the First, of Tuscany, as the principal author of all this good. Whatever our opinions on other matters may be, we shall all, I am sure, agree in this, that those men are great and worthy to be honored, who having been gifted by God with large means and great opportunities, make use of those means and opportunities for the glory of God and the good of their fellow creatures — who, instead of war and scarcity, and suffering and death, promote peace and plenty, and health, and the multiplication and prolongation of human life — the moral lesson of whose life inculcates the truth that man’s proudest triumphs are not those he aefeifeves over his fellows, but those which he gains over himself, or by7 which he compels the unwilling powers of nature to minister to the material comforts of mankind — who encourages what will unite instead of distract, what will cement instead of divide the nations of the world — as that broad belt of water which laves alike the shores of your country and mine, instead of separating, as in for¬ mer years, now binds us together more closely than if the same con¬ tinent contained us. As the promoter of such ends for twenty-five long years in his country of Tuscany, the name of Leopold the First will not sound unpleasantly even in your republican ears.§ * For a fuller account of the Rural Industry and Drainage of Holland , which I wrote for the Edinburgh Review, seevol. 86, p. 419 of that work. t This must be considered an admirable provision, enabling the pastor to advise in regard to the temporal pursuits, no less than the spiritual affairs of liis flock. t To those who are desirous of obtaining the means of forming clear notions of the physical structure of Italy, of its climatic condi¬ tions in the times of the ancient Etrurians, and of the industrial skill as well as the social relations of this people, I venture to recommend a perusal of Denis’s Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria. § For an account of the reign of Leopold, see Napier’s Florentine History^ vol. vi, and for a detail, with drawings, plans and maps, of the engineering operations by which the Maremme were dried, see 1850. THE CULTIVATOR, 73 Flanders and Belgium. — In Flanders, both Belgian and French, you are probably prepared for an admission on my part, of great ag¬ ricultural skill and success. I am compelled, however, to confess my own impression to be, that a great portion of what has been written upon Flemish husbandry, partakes of the character of a ro¬ mance.* * The cultivators of Belgian Flanders have the merit of raising fair crops from certain tracts of poor and sandy soil, of hus¬ banding and applying manures so as to keep such land in culture, and of skillfully varying their crops so as to prevent a premature ex¬ haustion. But no knowledge of the general principles of agriculture is widely diffused among them. The improvement of wet and of heavy clay soils, except by open ditches, is almost unknown. Im¬ proved implements and thorough drainage, and modern inodes of manuring, and some small instruction at least in the elements of sci¬ ence as applied to agriculture, have still to be introduced among them, before they can rank in general knowledge or in skilful prac- practice with the farmers of Scotland or England. And, indeed, in Belgium as in France, the progressive subdivision of property opposes a growing obstacle to that general amelioration of agricultural practice, which the wants of a numerous people, and the progress of knowledge demand. Where the average extent of properties and farms over a whole province is already reduced to about an English acre, we cannot look for the introduction of any of those improvements which demand the purchase of new or com¬ paratively costly implements, the rearing and feeding of multitudes of stock, the employment of hired labor, or generally the applica¬ tion of capital to the land. As in Ireland, the subdivision or morcel- ling of the tillage farms, has already, in whole districts, been car¬ ried to the starvation limit. As into Ireland, the potato failure brought with it into Belgian Flanders, famine and disease, and large emigra¬ tion,. — and notwithstanding all that wise governments can do, it is to be feared that on the recurrence of similar visitations, similar social evils will in both countries again re-appear. France. — In France I need hardly inform you that practical ag¬ riculture is far in arrear. In Normandy, the mixture of Teutonic blood has probably some connection with the superiority of the hus¬ bandry of this province as compared with most of the other parts of the kingdom. It is certain at least, that notwithstanding the many efforts made by persons in pow7er to promote the introduction and adoption of better methods, the general farming of La Belle France advances with comparative slowness. This country indeed presents another striking instance of the small connection which may exist between the existence of extensive means of agricultural instruction, provided by the central govern¬ ment, and the practical skill of the rural population. In 1843 there existed in Frane one hundred and fifty-seven agricul¬ tural societies— six hundred and sixty-four agricultural committees — twenty-two model farms, some of which had schools attached to them— and fifteen schools and chairs of agriculture and agricultural penitentiaries. In the early part of 1849, under the auspices of the republican government, and as part of the plan of M. Fouret, then Minister of Agriculture, twenty-one farming schools had already been opened — a national agricultural university was about to be es¬ tablished on the farms in the little park of Versailles, and a hundred and twenty-two agricultural societies, and three hundred minor in¬ stitutions, had participated in the funds voted for the encouragement of Agriculture. Though it is unquestionable that a country may attain a high rank in agriculture without the aid of formal agricultural schools — provi¬ ded, as in Scotland, other early mental training is placed within the easy reach of the rural population — and that in spite of numerous schools, if other obstacles intervene, the cultivators of a country may lag far behind ; — yet both common sense and experience show that of two nations of the same blood, placed otherwise in the same cir¬ cumstances, the one which teaches the principles of agriculture in its schools, will exhibit the most productive harvests on its fields ; and that as in England and Scotland now, a time will come in the agricultural history of every country, when old means and methods will fail to maintain the rural community in a nourishing condition, and when every new means of fertility which advancing knowledge can supply, must be made generally known, and become generally employed. Such are the simplest and most common sense arguments in favor of agricultural teaching— the inutility of. which might be argued with some show of reason, from the comparatively small pro¬ gress yet visible among the fields and farmers of France and Bava¬ ria. The agricultural statistics of France, which the government has collected and published in great detail, would supply many interest¬ ing subjects of reflection, were I at liberty to dwell longer on this part of Europe. I may only mention — as pregnant with thought and instruction in regard to the condition, the food, and the general mode of living of the rural classes of France — the fact; that the number of conscripts who are rejected on account of deficient health, strength and stature, is constantly on the increase; that forty percent are turned back from this cause ; and that though since 1789 the standard has been three times reduced, as large a proportion of the conscripts is below the required height, (now five feet two inches,) as ever.— Ru- bichon. Such facts as this show how closely the discussion of agri¬ culture is connected with that of the most profound social evils. " Switzerland. — To Switzerland, I only allude as one of those countries in which the influence of natural intelligence and a fan- share of early instruction, has been brought to bear most success¬ fully on the improvement of the soil, and especially of the breeds of stock which are best adapted to its peculiar dairy husbandry. Those advances which require the application of capital and science, such Memorie sul Bonificamente delle Maremmc Tuscane , by Fernando Tarlini, Florence, 183S. * V Agriculture Pratique de la Flandre , par M. J. L. Van Ael- broeck, Paris, 1830 ; and Memoire sur V Agriculture de la Flandre Francaise et sur V Economic RurcUe, par J. Cordier, Paris, 1823. as thorough draining and special manuring, are there, however, still unmade ; and it Wilt probably be many years, before, in these re* spects, the cultivators of the Swiss valleys and mountain slopes, can closely imitate the present improved practices of the British Islands. Spain. — The agricultural condition of Spain suggests melancholy reflections. The central table lands of this country* are reckoned among the first wheat growing districts in the world. The culture is rude and imperfect. The soil is scratched with a primitive plow, and is seldom manured, yet the returns are said to be prodigious, and the quality of the grain excellent. But where nature does much, man too often contents himself with doing little. Amid all this plen¬ ty, the peasant is miserable. lie lives in a cabin of baked mud, or iu burrows scooped out from the friable hillocks, ignorant of the luxury of furniture, and barely possessing the necessaries of life. The want of roads and of means of easy transport, makes his pro¬ duce almost worthless, so that a comparatively spare population ex¬ ists, and much wretchedness in the centre of fertile fields and a land abundant in corn. We sometimes think ourselves unfortunate to have been born, or to be doomed to live where clouded suns impart a lessened light and heat ; or where the frosts of winter bind up for many months the hardened earth. Yet in such climes, man more really lives, and ex¬ ercises a truer dominion over inanimate things, than where tropical skies appear to prepare for him an unceasing enjoyment. Where mind and mental energy are dormant, he only vegetates or exercises his brute passions. Where by perpetual struggles he subdues the ad¬ verse elements, bends circumstances to his will, forces a copious abundance from an unwilling soil and in spite of inclement seasons — there he most truly lives, and amidst his hardships enjoys life most ; there refreshing sleep visits him with her balmiest breath, and in the power of mind over matter, which his success display's:, he brings out more clearly the claim of man to a likeness with Him who is all mind, and to whose slightest intimation all matter bends. Great Britain. — In striking contrast to the case of Spain, is the agriculture of the Island in which I was born, and from which so many of your forefathers have come. I need not tell you of our un¬ certain climate — our fickle sky, our frequent rains, our late frosts in spring, our early frosts in autumn, the cold winds and temperate suns of our most favoring summer, the mists and fogs that settle over us at every season of the year. I only remind you of these things, and ask you to contrast with them the large crops we can reap, the high rents we can pay, the poor lands we have enriched, the local climate we have ameliorated, the wide wastes we have subdued beneath the plow, the northern districts we have tamed down to the production of wheat, the large population we have reared, and in ordinary sea¬ sons are still able to feed, and — amid all the croakings and complaints of individuals and classes — the vast amount of material comfort and of intellectual elevation which the island exhibits. How much kind¬ er, on the whole, the Deity has really been to us than to prolific and sunny Spain ; how much better our fortunes as a people, how much happier our individual lot ! Practical Improvements in Great Britain. — Among the greatest of those practical improvements in the treatment of the land , by means of which British agriculture lias been advanced to its pre¬ sent condition, I may mention : 1st. The alternate husbandry — a judicious rotation of crops. In this walk Flanders was probably the earliest among modern Euro¬ pean countries to make decided and important advances. 2d. The introduction of thorough drainage. — To a certain extent and in a certain way, under drains have been made in almost every country of Europe, and are at least as old as the time of the Romans. Eut the necessity and almost universal profit of the system as it is now understood and practiced, was first demonstrated in Scotland, and owes its general introduction to Mr. Smith, of Deanston. 3d. As the complement of thorough drainage, the introduction of deep and sub-soil plowing. These practices have renovated shallow worn out soils, by bringing up new materials ; have opened a pas¬ sage for the roots to descend deeper in search of food; and have pro¬ vided a more ready outlet of surface water into the drains below. 4th. The judicious and continued application of Lime— according to principles now beginning to be generally understood. When ap¬ plied without the requisite knowledge, or without regard to future consequences, the use of lime has been, and will still be, one of the most ready means of exhausting the most fertile soils. 5th. The use of Bones — in various forms, as an application to land in various conditions, and for the growth of various crops. 6th. Generally, what is called high farming, comprehending: a. The culture of green crops extensively. b. The making of rich home, and the purchase of valuable foreign manures of various kinds to a great extent. c. The rearing and feeding of improved breeds of stock, for the conversion of one form of produce into another, which meets with a readier market, or is otherwise more profitable. d. The custom of fullfeeding, both for plants and animals, from early youth to full maturity. It is the characteristic of this kind of farming, that it spares no rea¬ sonable expense — in implements, in manures, in labor — as all expe¬ rience has shown that a liberal treatment of the land, makes the land liberal in return ; and that to the stingy farmer, the land is most nig¬ gard of her crops. 7th. The introduction of lighter and better contrived implements , of machines to economise labor, and of horses having a quicker step. Such are generally the practical methods or processes by which British agriculture has been advanced to its present condition. * The two elevated plains of New and Old Castile, and that of La Mancha, separated from each other by the granites and metamorphic rocks of the Sierra Nevada, are composed of a white limestone, oc¬ casionally covered with the drift of other rocks. These plains are burned up in summer, so as to yield no grass till the October rains fall, but they yield magnificent crops of wheat. (Sir E. Head.) 74 THE CULTIVATOR In connection with this improved condition of British agriculture, and the practices it involves, you will excuse me if I advert for a moment to one aspect in which British agriculture may be regarded, which at the present moment is most vitally connected with the inte¬ rests of the English farmer, and may be neither uninteresting nor uninstructive to you. Were an intellectual foreigner, previously unacquainted with Great Britain, with the character of its peopie, or with its social con¬ dition, to be informed regarding this country, that though occupying only a small and thickly peopled comer of Europe, shrouded for ma¬ ny months of the year in fogs and mists, seldom and briefly visited by the fervid sun — never, I may say, by such a sun as now shines upon us — and raising its own grain crops with cost and difficulty to feed its rapidly increasing inhabitants — were he to be told that the Legislature of this country, in which the agricultural body is the pre¬ dominating interest, had thrown open its island harbors to all comers, and trusting to superior energy, perseverance and skill, had invited even the most fertile and favored regions of the globe to a free com¬ petition in their own grain markets, fearless of the results; — apart from all fiscal theories or political views with which my profession and pursuits forbid me to intermeddle, I ask you, if such a foreigner, so instructed, could fail to admire the open boldness, to look with respect on the resoluteness of such a country, or to long for an op¬ portunity to study, not only the character and habits of its people, but the modes of culture practiced by them, with so much success, in a region so unfavored by nature. And were he actually to come among us, it would be easy for him having started from the Land’s end, to proceed from one warm hearted and hospitable farmer to another, till the Pentland Firth ar¬ rested his course, and all his journey long he might converse with cultivators of ardent minds, full of practical and general knowledge, who in most unpromising circumstaances refuse to despond, and while they see so much every where around them awaiting the hand of the improver, will not let slip the anchor of hope ; who differing widely, perhaps, in politics, and as to the policy of certain fiscal re¬ gulations, yet feel alike that to resolute men the conquest of the stub¬ born land is as sure as the dominion of the sea ; that new difficulties only demand new exertions and that new energies are equal to meet new emergencies. On quitting the British shores, after such a tour, that foreigner would carry with him a true impression of the flower of English and Scottish Agriculturists, and his first admiration of the resolute firm¬ ness, and his estimate of the skill of the island farmers, would be confirmed and strengthened by his actual survey.* In other parts of the world I might fear lest my audience should accuse me of over exalting, by such language as this, the character of my own country and its people. You, who feel so just a pride in the noble land you possess, will know how to make allowance for my pride in mine. But indeed whatever can be truly said of British farmers, may, I begin to feel, already be said, with almost equal truth, of the farmers of your Northern states. Of the west and south, I cannot as yet, from personal observation, speak. In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, two younger provinces, I have seen a picture of what Maine and New Hampshire, and Massachusetts es¬ pecially, have been ; and in the gradual conquest which persevering labor has in these states achieved over drifted rocks and hungry gra¬ vels, and sandy barrens and ungenial swamps, I discover the reso¬ lute spirit still living of those men who centuries ago, dared to cross a then wide and little known sea, in search of new and freer homes, and whose descendants now till alike the soils of the Old England and the New. Time has not impaired the energy and enterprise of either ; I believe I may say it has left their hearts unchanged too. And now you are ready to ask me, what those, who in Europe are most in advance in the practice of the rural arts, look forward to as likely to help on agriculture still further. In what especially, you will inquire, do we of Great Britain trust, who have thrown down the gauntlet to the farmers of the world ? These questions I shall answer by drawing your attention briefly, to what may be regarded as the characteristic or living feature of the agriculture of our time — what you no doubt expect me briefly to speak of, the direct appli¬ cations, namely, of natural science to the several branches of rural economy. The main purposes for which natural science is applied to rural economy, are — First. To explain the reasons of practices already adopted, or of things already observed, and to supplant old and defective by new and better usages. Second. To establish general principles, by means of which, a short cut is provided for the unlearned, to the knowledge, practical and theoretical, we already possess. A single principle explains and thus recommends or forbids many practices, according to the circum¬ stances of the soil, place, or season. Third. To enlarge our actual knowledge by new discoveries sus¬ ceptible of practical application. On these, several objects of natural science, in its application to .agriculture, it would be out of place at present to dilate. It wiil be sufficient if I briefly draw your attention to some of the general re¬ sults, in reference to rural economy, at which science has already ar¬ rived. With this view I might draw my illustrations from any one of the many different branches of natural knowledge. I might select for example :— 1st. The general relations of Physical Geography to the art of cul¬ ture — such as * For two recent estimates of the condition of Agriculture in Great . Britain, see — YV'eceherlin. Ueber Englische Land-ivirlhschaft und deren Anwend- ing avf Land-wirthschaftlihe Verhaltnisse insbesondere Deutch-lands. Stuttgard and Tubingen , 1845. And Colman’s British Agriculture. London and Boston, 1848. Feb. a. The influence of broad seas and of great lakes and rivers, of tides, of sea currents, and of prevailing winds, on the capabilities of a country, and the practices and profits of its cultivators. b. The influence of mountain elevations and depressions, of high table lands and of low level plains— or 2d. The general indications of Geology in regard to the fertility of a country, the branches of husbandry to which it is best adapted, and the means by which its fertility may be best promoted. The Geological Map of this State, and the volumes of the Natnral History Survey, afford abundant illustrations of this science to prac¬ tical agriculture— or 3d. The relations of Meteorology and Botany conjoined — such as a. The adaptation of certain plants to certain climates — of sugar, cotton and rice to warmer ; of buckwheat, and Indian corn and wheat, to warmer and drier ; of rye, barley and oats, to colder and more uncertain climates. b. The nature of rust, smut, mildew, the maize brand, &c., and the circumstances of local climate most favorable to their appearance — or 4th. The relations of Geology and Vegetable Structure oonjoined— such as That certain plants and soils are mutually adapted to each other, because of the special structure and natural habits of the plauts, and the physical characters only of the soils. The valley of the Mohawk, for example, is remarkably prolific in Indian corn, and raises comparatively little wheat— while the district of Syracuse produces wheat abundantly, and is less favorable to corn. So in Great Britain and Ireland, we have our turnep and bar¬ ley soils, distinguishable readily by the practical man, from the wheat and clover soils. These differences are independent of che¬ mical composition, and are not to be explained upon chemical prin¬ ciples. They are dependant upon the special relation which the structure and natural habits of the plants bear to the physical charac¬ ters of the medium in which their roots are made to grow — or 5th. The general indications of Geology and Meteorology conjoined — such as The relations of the nature of the rocks, of the soil, and of the fall of rain taken together — a. To the necessity for under drainage; and the means of effecting. b. To the necessity for artificial irrigation, and the easiest mode of obtaining a supply of water for the purpose — or 6th. The general relations of Zoology and Animal Physiology. a. To breeds of domestic animals, and to the preservation of their purity. b. To the rearing, feeding and general tending of stock. c. To the agency of animal life in fertilizing the soil. d. To the attacks of insects upon our cultivated crops — or 7th. The general indications of Chemistry — such as a. That a fertile soil, in addition to various organic compounds, contains at least eleven different mineral substances. b. That plants contain, usually, or in most of their parts, the great¬ er number of the same mineral substances. c. That the animal, as a whole, also contains them, but distributed throughout its several parts in a manner different from that in which they are found, either in the plant or in the soil. d. That the plant standing, as it were, between the soil and the animal, prepares for the latter both its organic and its mineral food. e. That an intimate and beautiful relation exists between the soil, the plant and the animal— or between the living and the dead things of nature — or 8th. The general indications of Geology and Chemistry conjoined — such as a. That certain Geological formations are especially rich in some of the mineral substances found in and required by plants, and pro¬ duce soils which with special treatment will prove fertile and profita¬ ble to the cultivator. b. That others are especially defective in some of these substances, and form soils which are naturally unproductive. c. That some abound in all the kinds of mineral matter which plants require, and yet yield soils which are naturally unfertile. I. Relations of Geology to Agriculture. From any one of these general topics, I might select beautiful ex¬ amples of the close bearings of science upon profitable farming — but time does not permit me to illustrate in detail any one of the general relations to which I have referred. A few observations, however, in reference to the special applications of Geology and Chemistry, will neither detain us long, nor prove, I believe, generally uninter¬ esting. In reference to Geology, I could have wished to point out to you the very close economical connection which recent discoveries have established between practical geology and practical agriculture — how the manufacture and abundance of valuable manures, for ex¬ ample, is actually dependant on the progress of geological discovery. I must be content, however, with a brief allusion to the geology of the United States. There, are few countries, indeed, which more clearly than your own, show the relations which geology bears to agriculture in all its branches. Your wide prairies are naturally distinguished from your vast forest lands, by the character of their soils, and these again by the geological structure of the regions over which they extend, and from which they are generally derived. The broad treeless zone of calcareous marl, or rotten limestone — called the prairie or cane brake country — which crosses Alabama in an east and west direction,* owes its natural nakedness to the dry, waterless, chalky deposits, which for a depth of hundreds of feet form the uppermost rocks of the country ; and the tenacious, soapy, unctuous quality of the soils, with which the carriage wheels of travellers in that State, in wet weather, become familiar, is owing to the same cause. So your Zones of differing timber, as you ascend from the alluvial * Lyell’s Second Visit to the United States, pp. 42, 89. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR 75 swamps of the shores in your southern states, across the eocene and cretaceous beds to the mica slate, gneiss and granite of the Appala¬ chian chain, are the consequences and indications of diversities in geological structure. The swamp willow, the cypresses, ( thyoides and disticha) the swamp hickory, the green palmetto, the tall mag- nolia, the red maple, and the cotton wood of the lowest swampy spot — the hickory, oak, magnolia, beech, walnut, tulip tree, and hol¬ ly, of the dry, alluvial bluffs — the perpetual pines of the tertiary (eo¬ cene) sands — the naked prairie of the cretaceous marls — and the mixed oaks, hickory and pines which appear on the primary rocks — all these zones of different timber indicate the natural connection of the vegetation of a district with the nature of the rocks on which it rests. Nor are these geological relations of vegetable life without their in¬ fluence on the daily movements of your shifting population. I have elsewhere shown how directly the movements, the natural expansion I may call it, of our first class farmers in Scotland, is not only influ¬ enced but actually, as it were, prescribed, by the geological charac¬ ter of the district in which they have been brought up and to which they intend to move.* So it is among you. “ Those who go south¬ wards from Virginia to North and South Carolina, and thence to Georgia and Alabama follow, as by instinct, the corresponding zones of country. The inhabitants of the red soil of the granitic region keep to their oak and hickory ; the ‘ crackers’ of the tertiary pine barrens, to their light wood ; and those who inhabit the newest geo¬ logical formations in the sea islands, to their fish and oysters.”? And to this illustration of a fact, which may be proved, I believe, by observtion in every country of the globe, Sir Charles Lyell, adds a sentence, from which I am sure you will at once draw an impor¬ tant, practical lesson. “ On reaching Texas, all these different clas¬ ses are at fault, because the cretaceous strata in that country con¬ sist of a hard, compact, siliceous limestone, which defies the decom¬ posing action of the atmosphere, and forms table lands of bare rock, entirely unlike the marls, clay and sand, of the same age, in Ala¬ bama.” The tillers ofthe red land, of the pine barrens, of the marshy prai¬ ries, and of the sea island swamps, are equally at a loss when they migrate to a country of which the soils and surface differ from all they have left. And how is this ? Because they have no familiarity with those general principles of chemical science on which all cul¬ ture on all soils depends— because, if they wish to continue the same kind of tillage, and on soils similar to those they have left, they have not such a knowledge of the general principles of Geology as would enable them at once to say, to this or to that country, I must go, for there alone am I likely to find them. In my own country, I have been accustomed to press upon the ag¬ ricultural community the importance of such geological knowledge 1o them, because of the numerous colonies we possess in all parts of the world, and because of the swarms of emigrants we yearly send off to subdue and people them 4 But to you whom I now address, who already occupy, or in connection with kindred blood are desti¬ ned to subdue and people nearly half a world — how much more im¬ portant must such knowledge be ! Your westward movement will continue for many generations, and how much surer will the way to wealth be to your hardy pioneers, if they have been taught in their early homes, not only only how to choose land, but where to look for the kind they wish to buy, and how to till it best, whatever it may be, when it has come into their possession. I ought, perhaps, to apologise for saying so much on this subject. To you, who have expended so much public money and so large a measure of talent in developing the geological structure and natural resources of this and other states, it may appear presumptuous in me to urge further upon your attention, what you have shown that you already so fully appreciate. I may plead as an excuse, that in a country where all action originates, and all power centres in the masses, a brief discussion of the subject before a great meeting like this, may help new listeners towards a proper general estimation of the practical value of science — and that what I have said will not fail in being useful to scientific agriculture, if it convince a single undecided voter in this great commonwealth of the worth of those aids which science offers you, in developing the resources of the soil. II. Relations of Chemistry to Agriculture. Permit me now to say a few words on the subject of chemistry, in its relations to agriculture. The special applications of this science, as many of you are al¬ ready aware, are far too multiplied to aclmit even of enumeration. Of the practical ends which have been more or less perfectly attain¬ ed by means of chemistry, I might mention such general ones as these : — 1st. In what general exhaustion consists, how it is produced, and how it may be repaired ? 2d. In what special exhaustion consists, how it is brought about, either naturally or artificially, and how it is to be corrected ? 3d. What plants, in general require to make them grow well ? 4th. What manures ought to contain, to be generally serviceable; what, with a view to special purposes, they ought specially to con¬ tain; and how they are to be artificially prepared? But such topics are too general and indefinite to make a sure im- ression on the mind of the practical farmer, in the brief moments I ave spent in enumerating them. I mention further, therefore, such special points as the following : — 1st. How to bring crops to earlier ripeness in late and elevated dis¬ tricts. 2d. How to reduce the straw producing tendency of the land. 3d. How to hasten or promote, or to push forward laggard, yellow, and stunted vegetation. * See an article in the Edinburgh Review for March, 1849. t Lyell’s Second Visit to the Uhited States, p. 110. $ See the Author’s Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geolo¬ gy, Fifth Edition , p. 61<3. 4th. How to strengthen the straw of your grass crops, where they are liable to be laid. 5th. How to fill the ear and make it larger, where long culture or natural poverty has reduced its size. 6th. How to improve the deficient feeding quality of turnep, and other root crops, when grown on mossy land. 7th. To quicken the organic matter in dead, deaf, or peaty soils, and make it available for the nourishment of plants. 8th. To prepare artificial manures, which shall nourish any crop on any available soil. 9th. To promote growth on sloio, and to retard it on quick soils. 10th. On newly brought up subsoils, and on trenched land, what manures ought to be used, and why. 11th. Why a rotation of manures, as it is called by practical men, is necessary, and where. 12th. That the use of lime to a certain extent, and In a prudent way, is necessary to Ihe highest fertility. 13th. That saline and nearly all other manures, do more good upon light and open, than they do upon stiff and close soils, and why. 14th. How to economise the consumption of vegetable food, and to adapt it to the purpose for which an animal is fed. 16th. How to prevent the disease called^/jgers and toes in turneps and other roots, and how to render mildew and ague equally rare. To do these and many similar things economically, skilfully, and with more or less success, are among the practical ends to whwh chemical investigations have already led us. They also supply answers to many practical questions, such as : — 1st. Why cabbage crops so greatly exhaust the soil, and how such exhaustion is to be repaired ? 2nd. Why tares cut green exhaust the land, and give inferior wheat? 3d. Why tares are seldom good after crops of clover? 4th. Why lime produces a more marked effect on one soil than it does upon another ? 5th. Why one variety of lime is more useful generally, or in parti¬ cular districts on particular farms and fields, than another ? Of special points and questions, I could enumerate many more, in regard to which chemistry may be said to have been, or to be capa¬ ble of becoming, of obvious money value to the farmer. Even to such of you, however, as have not much attended to this subject, the above examples will sufficiently indicate both the kind of connection which exists between practical agriculture and practical chemistry ; and the kind of uses to which such scientific knowledge may here¬ after be put, in advancing the important art, which it is the first wish of this great Society, and the individual interest of many of its mem¬ bers most zealously to promote. Limits of Human Skill. — But in dwelling upon and illustrating what is already in the power of man, and what he hopes to attain in reference to agriculture through the aids of science, I would not for- et to acknowledge how very limited his knowledge is, and how fee- le his capacities after all. A mysterious fungus attacks the potato, and for years spreads famine and misery, and discontent and depression, among millions of industrious farmers. A minute fly, season after season, hovers over our wheat fields, and from entire provinces and states almost banishes the cultivation of our most important grain. A long continued drouth, such as half a century past has scarcely seen, dries up our meadows and pastures, amt drives the farmer to his wits end, to obtain winter sustenance for his necessary stock. Such things as these ought to prevent us from boasting of our knowledge, and to enforce upon us that piety and humbleness of spirit which rural occupations themselves so naturally foster — while at the same time they should not restrain us from any effort or inqui¬ ry by which the evils themselves may be mitigated or removed. It is possible— nay it is almost within the bounds of a reasonable expectation — that the same intellectual research which has given us dominion over the proud waves — has made cut the laws by which hurricanes are regulated — has already almost freed us from their most fierce influences — and has forced the fiery lightning to descend harmlessly from heaven — that the same research may finally free us from the visitations of the fungus and the insect, and may place the dreary drouths of summer under reasonable control. Such hopes we may entertain, not as sources of pride, but as stimulants to exer¬ tion — for in so greatly rewarding the past exercises of our intellectual powers, the Deity obviously intends still further to excite us to study and extract good from the living- and dead things of nature, over which he has given us a general dominion. Oestacles to Progress.' — There are, however, in every coun¬ try, certain obstacles which oppose themselves to the progress of scientific agriculture, as a branch of knowledge, or to its practical application in the improvement of the soil. I do not refer to those physical or local obstacles of climate, ele¬ vation above the sea, low prices, distance from markets, and so on ; but to those social and class obstacles which, in so many places, and in so many ways, interfere not only with the rapid extension of our knowledge, but with the diffusion of what we already possess as to the application of science to the rural arts. I may enumerate as be¬ longing to obstacles of this kind : 1st. The aversion to theory, as it is called, which is so generally professed by practical farmers in most countries of the world. Rash and hasty theorising in regard to agriculture, it is right to reject; the error lies in confounding with such theory every thing that does not appear to bear directly upon the more common operations of the farm — as if chemistry, or the chemist for example, could be of no use to the farmer, because he does not interfere with the handling of the plow— or with the shape and management of the drill machine, or the harrow. 2d. The small amount of talent hitherto in all countries considered necessary to fit a man to become an excellent farmer. This- not on¬ ly lowers the general education and attainments of the agricultural class, and the estimation in which they are held— but it unfits them, 76 THE CULTIVATOR Feb as a body, readily to appreciate the labors, or to listen to the counsels of men of science, however prudent and practical they may be. 3d. The special deficiency, among all* grades of the agricultural community, (in England among landlords, among tenants and among laborers,) of any instruction in the elementary parts of those branch¬ es of knowledge by which the principles of agriculture are especial¬ ly illustrated. 4th. The extreme sub-division of the land, which you may not see in this country for many generations, but which already exists as a great evil in some of the countries of Europe. It prevents the use of improved implements, and therefore the encouragement of agri¬ cultural mechanics — because the farmer is too poor to buy anything but the merest necessaries. It prevents also the purchase of ma¬ nures, natural or artificial, to any extent — the employment of paid labor in farming — and generally all those forms of improvement which demand an outlay of capital, or to which the occupation of a considerable breadth of land is a necessary pre-requisite. 5lh. An obstacle peculiar to your country, and to its present tran¬ sition state — and it is really a serious obstacle to improvement — is the feeble local attachment by which the proprietors of the more newly settled districts are bound to their farms. This appears in the fact that so many of your farms are for sale. Few families have yet be- oorae so attached to their locations as to be unwilling to sell them, if a fair offer be made. The head of the family trusts to his own skill to do better elsewhere for all his household, with the money for which they may be sold. This stale of things will pass away as age creeps over your commonwealths and institutions, but in the mean¬ time it operates as a serious hindrance to the expenditure of money in embellishment or in costly improvements, which might possibly not enhance, in a proportionate degree, the value cf these properties in the market. I merely mention these social obstacles, for althou gh some of them do, as I am informed, exist to a certain extent in this State of New York, yet I would rather express my high opinion of the much good I have found among you, than appear to detract from your just de¬ serts, by discovering and commenting upon wants and defects which in your hur-ry to get forward, you have as yet scarcely had time to discover, much less to supply or remove. Encouragement to Agricultural Science in the United States.— Of the good I see, for example, I may specify the enlight¬ ened desire exhibited by your several State governments , to promote the applications of science to your home agriculture, as it is striking¬ ly shown in the numerous surveys and reports which they have caused to be made and published, in respect to the geology and agri¬ cultural capabilities of the several parts of the Union. In this re¬ spect your State of New York occupies a most distinguished posi¬ tion, and its inhabitants will no doubt reap from their well directed exertions, a rich harvest of deserved fruit. Again— this great Agricultural Fair, the implements and stock here exhibited, the countless numbers who have entered the show yard to see them, and who now surround us — impress upon a foreign visitor, the obvious usefulness and efficient management of your Ag¬ ricultural Societies, how much they are doing, and how zealously they are supported. To those at a distance, who cannot look upon you with their own eyes, your annual publications speak. I have myself been both interested and instructed by the former volumes of the Transactions of your Society, and I have heard them, in a pub¬ lic meeting in Scotland, most highly spoken of, and favorably con¬ trasted with the published proceedings, even of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. It gives me pleasure to express my opinion, that the volume for the present year is not only equal to its predecessors, but contains matter highly creditable to the Socie¬ ty, and useful to the advancement of scientific agriculture. Farther — The interest which, as individuals, you take in the pro¬ motion of agriculture, by the acquisition and application of new knowledge, may be gathered from two circumstances— -first, from the establishment and liberal endowment of chairs of science in connec¬ tion with agriculture, by private parties, in two, at least, of your state universities — a liberality at once most patriotic and most judi¬ ciously applied; and setond, from the causes which led to the recent visit to Europe of your countryman, Mr. Colman. Him we were led to look upon as a deputy from the individual farmers of this and the adjoining states, to the farmers and agricultural assemblies of Great Britain — for it w:is your individual encouragement and sub¬ scriptions, I believe, and those of your societies, which induced and enabled him to come among us. As your deputy, he was every where received — every where kindly, I believe, as so kind-hearted a man deserved to be — and every where with a desire to give him the fullest information on every subject that might be use-fill to you. Gentlemen, in the minds of some of your countrymen whom I have met, not so I hope in yours, a wrong impression exists as to the feelings of my countrymen towards you as a community, or as indi¬ viduals. We do not envy or regret your rapid growth and prosperi¬ ty as a people — we are proud of it. We do not dislike you individu¬ ally — we are predisposed, rather, to see good in you and to like you. Whatever sour men on either side of the water may say, you may rest assured that there is a corner in almost every heart at home, which especially warms towards the North American, whether from the Colonies or from the States, and a. warm seat at many a fire side, if he will come and occupy it. It may be old fashioned, gentlemen, but we all still think at home that blood is thicker than water, and if any of you doubt it, we beg you, like Mr. Colman, to come among us, and honestly and frankly to try whether it is so or not if I were 'asked to give a special reason why a knowledge of the scientific principles of agriculture is more necessary among you than among any other existing people, I would mention the great extent of your territorial dominion, and the varied soils, climates and cul¬ tures, which your people encounter, as your dominion over the for¬ est and prairies extends. When you take this fact in connection with an other, which is no less familiar to you, that a general set of your population, like a great moving tide, is carrying tlfem towards the south and west — so that the old tillage and crops of one year are often deserted by the mover for a new form of tillage, and the cul¬ ture of new crops in the next — you will see how useful to the shift¬ ing agriculturist himself it must be, and how beneficial to the whole community, that he should possess some degree of familiarity with those principles, not only of Geology to which I have already made especial allusion, but of Chemistry and Botany also, which shall ena¬ ble him in whatever circumstances of soil, of climate or of tillage he is placed, to make the most of the advantages he happens to pos¬ sess — to overcome most easily and most economically the difficulties he may have to encounter — and to employ at once his head and hands with skill in bettering his local condition. As an agricultural people, you possess many advantages over the nations of Europe. You are not old enough to have acquired dis¬ trict and state prejudices, which are difficult to overcome, ana which in many parts of Europe, long oppose, successfully, the importation of improvements from abroad. I may mention, as a most intelligible illustration, the introduction of implements imported from other countries, which in Europe is a very slow process. The swing plow of Scotland, for example, has made its way into many districts of England, has been exten¬ sively introduced into some parts of France, Holland, Sweden, and even into Poland and Russia. But into Germany, where attach¬ ment to the old tools and methods is so very strong, it makes its way very tardily. And I advert to this instrument — this fundamental in¬ strument, I may call it, of the practical farmer — because I find it mentioned to your credit, by a German writer, that the swing plough has had a much more willing and ready reception among you than among his own countrymen, and that Germany has already received many excellent swing plows from America.* I have seen plow irons of Scottish manufacture, in use in various parts of North America. It is said that plow irons in considerable quantities are now exported from the States in considerable numbers to England. Whatever is good in other countries, you are very much in a con¬ dition to adopt at once. You have, as I have said, fewer old forms to break through, old methods to abandon, old tools to lay aside, and old rules and regulations to abolish. Above all, as proprietors, you work every man for himself and for the profit of his family. Not only are feudal superiorities, servitudes, serfdom and tithes, unknown among you, but even rents are not, as with us, to be made up on two dark days of every year. What ought to stand in the way then of your rapid progress in this most important art? Another great advantage possessed by the agriculturists of this country, you will both understand and estimate. As a nation you commence your agricultural career at the point which we have at¬ tained. The eminence which we have reached after long climbing, you start from. You have the benefit of all our knowledge and ex¬ perience, and — unwearied with previous labor, or satisfied with the idea, as too many of our farmers are, that you have already done very much — you must progress beyond what we have at present at¬ tained to. And with the intellect and energy you inherit, you must and will progress. It cannot fail indeed to prove a great blessing to mankind at large, that so many new minds, unfettered by old re¬ straints of prejudice or partial legislation, or conventional custom, are now directed in this country towards the varied arts of social life. Especially must intellectual exertion on your part, in reference to any of the arts of life, benefit us in Great Britain — whom a com¬ mon parentage, individual ties of blood, and a unity of speech, con¬ nect, and whom now the broad Atlantic, more than bridged over, almost brings together again into a common home. What you think, reacts upon our thoughts ; what you speak, insensibly afl'ecls our speech; and your literature and ours, are read and have their influence in both countries. What each discovers sooner becomes property of the other, than in the case of nations who speak differ¬ ent tongues ; and a step in advance on either side of the Atlantic, carries the arts of the other side along with it. We are not selfish — perhaps I might say we are eminently unselfish — in wishing you to become agricultural improvers. But of all the arts, it may be said more truly of agriculture than of any other, that it is of no country The producer of the common staff* of human life, ought in all its perfection, to be the common property of all. In rivaling each other in our endeavors to push forward this highest art of life, Britain and America will be striving only which can do most for the human race. And if we in Britain should benefit hereafter by the advances you are destined to make, — beyond what you have obtained from us, — it will enable us only the more speedily to aid in diffusing a knowledge of these advances among the other nations of the globe. What is the moral of this discourse — what its immediate applica¬ tion to you whom I have the honor to address ? Is there improvement any where — let it be seen among you. Is there agricultural progress any where — you ought not to stand still. Are there means of bettering the mode of culture any where — you possess the same. Is there greater knowledge any where — it is within your reach. Is there energy and determination any where — these qualities are inherited in as great strength by you as by any other people. Is the climate favorable any where for special kinds of culture — you possess all climates, and may take a leaf from the farming book of every country. Is knowledge necessary anywhere — it is so among you ; if not because of an over-crowded, yet be¬ cause of a constantly moving, and at present rather retrograde agri¬ cultural population. And if in consequence of its progressive tendency, the Teuton blood of the Anglo Saxon shade, is destined, as some believe, to con¬ quer and possess this vast continent from sea to sea ; it is surely the wish and purpose of the Deity, that such possession should be made a source of happiness both to the ruling and to the ruled, and a means of furthering at the same time, that general advancement of the hu¬ man race which all philanthropists so ardently anticipate. *Ueber Englische Land m rihschajt von A. von Wechherlin. Stutt- gard, 1845, p. 81. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 77 But this conjoined happiness and progression demand the constant aids of augmenting knowledge. In your western migrations, you must bear with you, to plant on your new soil, the arts and sciences and daily discoveries of the east; and thus will population and civ¬ ilization extend together to the shores of the wide Pacific. And among the branches of knowledge which you will most use¬ fully carry with you, those which relate to the arts of rural life, will, above all others, contribute largely to the temporal welfare of your spreading people. That which we know in England, you soon learn to master and apply here ; and what is known in the^Empire State, ought, in like manner, to diffuse itself hence over the vast dominions of your great confederacy. Though I have considered it my duty, in conformity -with your re¬ quest, to lay before you the observations I have put together in the present address — it would be presumptuous in me, after what I have seen in this show-yard, and in this city, to suppose that any thing I could say, would materially hasten the progress of agriculture among you, or turn you into any better paths than those you have already begun to follow. If any man wishes an evidence of what you are in energy, and what you are capable of in action, let him come to Syracuse, and look around him. It was brought as an action against the ancient Romans, that they made a country desolate, and called that peace. It is the nobler praise of the great modern Republic, that you find a country desolate, and cover it with people — a wilder¬ ness, and you plant it -with fertile farms— furnished with rare wig¬ wam encampments, and you strew it over with splendid palaces and great cities. Energy, discernment, constructive talent and adminis¬ trative skill, must all be united to accomplish such results, so rapidly, so safely, so securely. I thank you for inviting me to come among you, that I might see all this, and might enjoy the gratification which the sight of progress of such a kind imparts. It will be to me a source of future satisfaction, if I shall be able, on reflection, to be¬ lieve that my visit to your country has in any way contributed to the further or more safe advancement among you of that pursuit, which is the surest support of nations — whether in tire Old W orld or in the New. State Jlgriailtural Sorietw. Animal Meeting. The Ncw-York State Ag. Society convened in the Assembly Chamber, at 12 o’clock on Wednesday, the 16th Jan., 1850 — the President not having arrived, ©n motion of B. P. Johnson, Esq., Hon. John P. Beekman, ex-president, was called to the chair. B. P. Johnson, Esq., Secretary of the Society, read the annual report of the Executive Committee, detailing the operations of the Board for the past year, which was listened to with great interest. Their labors have been, in every respect, eminently ■successful, and it is believed that the influence and usefulness of the society is rapidly extending, not only over our own state, but to most of the other states. The report, on motion of Mr. Cheever, was ac¬ cepted, and ordered to be embodied in the Transac¬ tions of the Society. L. Tucker, the Treasurer of the Society, read his annual report, showing these general results: — Receipts. Bal. in the treasury j Jan. 17, 1849, . $433 55 Sale of mortgage given for money previously loaned,. . . . 2,000 00 From the State Treasury, . . . . 883 23 For memberships at annual meeting, . 97 00 Interest on investments, . 250 00 Temporary loan, . . . 693 61 Receipts at State Fair at Syracuse, . . . . 8,144 55 John A. Taiutor, Hartford, Conn., for extra prize on Sheep, 100 00 Sundry other sums, amounting to . 72 50 $12,674 44 Payments. — - Debts of 1848, . $2,037 15 Premiums, . . . . . 4,397 66 Salary and travelling expenses of the Secretary, and sala¬ ry of Messenger, . . . . . . 1,410 88 Expenses connected with the State Fair, . 792 79 Repayment of loan, . . . 600 00 On account of Library and Museum — Repairs of Agricul- ral Rooms — Incidental Expenses, &c., &c., . 1,334 66 10,573 14 Balance in Treasury, Jan. 16, 1850, . 2,101 30 $12,674 44 On motion of Mr. Enos, the report was accept¬ ed, and ordered to be printed with the Transactions. On motion of Mr. T. C. Peters, it was ordered that a committee of three from each judicial dis¬ trict be appointed, to report the names of officers of the Society, and to recommend the place for holding the next Annual Fair. On motion of Mr, T. Smith, the delegations from each judicial district, were directed to select their respective members of the committee. The several district delegations then retired to se¬ lect their committees, which duty having been per¬ formed, and the names reported, the nominations were confirmed. Mr. Pardee, before this committee, desired to present a resolution in accordance with instructions from his county, urging that two fairs be held next year — the State to be divided into two districts with reference to them . He stated that the county So¬ ciety of Wayne had adopted this plan, and with great advantage, and desired to see the same thing by the State Society — and chiefly because the ten¬ dency would be to keep up the interest in these fairs, by holding them every year both in the eastern and western parts of this state. Mr. Cheever suggested that this could not be done without an alteration of the Society’s consti¬ tution — -and perhaps the assent of the Legislature. It would also be equivalent to dividing the Society into two. But, in any event, it was a matter with which the committee just appointed had nothing to do, unless the Society had the power thus to divide itself, and should do so. If that was done, the com¬ mittee should know it before acting. Mr. Pardee explained that the proposition was not to divide the Society, or to have two organiza¬ tions-— but on the contrary, that its union should be continued, and that under one organization two fairs should be held each year. Gen. Yeile moved a reference of the matter to the committee just appointed. Mr. Sherwood suggested a special committee — it being a matter of considerable interest at the west. Mr. T. C. Peters moved to lay the whole sub¬ ject on the table, which was agreed to. Recess until 4 o’clock, P. M. Four o'clock , P. M. Mr. Enos, of Madison, from the nominating committee, reported the following persons as offi¬ cers of the Society for the present year, and they were unanimously agreed to, by ballot, by the Socie¬ ty : — President— E. P. PRENTICE, Albany. Vice Presidents — Ambrose Stevens, New-York; Lewis G. Morris, Westchester; Anthony Van Bergen, Greene; Z. C. Platt, Clinton ; J. B. Bttrnkt, Onondaga ; E. C. Frost, Chemung ; Oliver Phelps, Ontario ; Nelson Van Ness, Chautauqua. Corresponding Secretary — B. P. Johnson. Recording Secretary — J. McD. McIntyre. Treasurer— Luther Tucker. Executive Committee— B. B. Kirtland, J. J. Viele, H. Wendell, A. Thompson, Henry Wager. The same committee, to whom was also referred the question of selecting a suitable place for hold¬ ing the next Cattle Show and Fair of the Society, reported in favor of holding it at Albany, if the ci¬ tizens furnish funds sufficient to erect such build¬ ings, &c., as the executive committee may require for the purpose of the Society. Mr. Butterfield’s resolution relative to holding a four days’ fair, was referred to the executive com¬ mittee. A communication was then read from James Cow- den, Esq., American Consul at Glasgow, inform¬ ing the Society of a fair to be held in London, for the exhibition of the industry and arts of all nations, during the summer of 1851. and expressing the hop® 78 THE CULTIVATOR. Feb. that American arts, manufactures, &c., See., would be well represented. Also, a resolution by Mr. Johnson, inviting the agriculturists, manufacturers, mechanics, Sec., to prepare for the exhibition, and offering the aid of the Society, so far as their powers extended, to fa¬ cilitate those who might be desirous of competing at the exhibition. Mr. Peters suggested that this Society send to the said fair all the various samples of Indian corn raised in this country. Mr. Baldwin hoped the Society would not con¬ fine itself to the samples of Indian corn raised in the country, but send other articles to this great gathering of nations. He hoped, not only that ar¬ ticles would be sent, but that the Society itself would be represented there. He spoke of this as being the first meeting to which the mother country had invited us, and trusted all parts of the Union, especially the Empire State, might be well repre¬ sented on this great and glorious occasion. A motion was made to refer the subject to a se¬ lect committee, but was subsequently withdrawn, and the entire matter, toge her with a resolution by Mr. Butterfield, recommending to the executive committee to offer a premium of $100 on such arti¬ cle as takes a premium at said fair, was, On motion of Mr. Foote, referred to the execu¬ tive committee with power. A communication was received from Dr. Lee, of the Washington Agricultural Rooms, in relation to distributing agricultural tracts. Referred to the executive committee. Mr. Peters offered a resolution, directing the executive committee to ask of the Legislature, in addition to their annual appropriation, the sum of $250 for improving the library of the Society, and $150 for the Museum. Adopted. Mr. Smith offered a resolution directing this So¬ ciety to memorialize Congress for the establishment of an Agricultural Bureau. The resolution was ably sustained by Mr. Bald¬ win, and adopted. Mr. Cheever gave notice of a resolution to amend the Constitution of the Society in such a manner as to retain ex-officio Presidents of the So¬ ciety upon the executive committee. Upon this announcement of a notice, a protracted debate sprung up, and was continued until the ad¬ journment. The Society again convened at the Capitol in the evening, and listened to an excellent lecture by Prof. Johnston, on the connection of Chemistry with Practical Agriculture. Thursday , Jan. 17. — The Society met at their Rooms, at 10 o’clock, when the reports of several committees were read, premiums paid, and a variety of other business transacted, — after which they ad¬ journed to meet at the Capitol in the evening. At half-past seven, the President, Hon. John A. King, called the meeting to order. After the read¬ ing of some reports not previously made, the Pre¬ sident delivered his valedictory address, which was listened to with great interest ; and at its conclusion the President elect, E. P. Prentice, Esq., in a very appropriate manner, tendered the Society his thanks for the honor conferred upon him. Hon. J. P. Beekman offered a resolution tender¬ ing the thanks of the Society to Mr. King for his able and instructive address. Also to the other officers of the Society for the able discharge of their duties during the past year. Mr. Cheever offered a resolution tendering the thanks of the Society to Prof. Johnston for his eloquent address at the State Fair and for the able and interesting series of lectures recently delivered. Mr. Johnson offered the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted: Resolved , That the members of this Society cherish with deep re¬ spect the memory of the late Henry Colman — a gentleman long- and well known for his active zeal in the cause of Agricultural im¬ provement, and especially for the many interesting and instructive effusions of his pen on the various branches of rural economy. Resolved , That we sincerely sympathize with the family of Mr. Colman in the painful bereavement they have sustained ; and that the Secretary forward to them a copy of these resolutions. On motion, it was agreed that the Executive Com¬ mittee meet at the Society’s Rooms at 10 o’clock on Friday morning. The Society then adjourned. AWARD OF PREMIUMS. Essays. — Connection of Science with Agriculture — adapted to1 Common Schools — Prof. John P. Norton, of Yale College, Conn.,. $100. History of Indian Corn— Chas. Lewis Flint, West Roxbury, Mass.- Silver Medal. Farms. — E. S. Salisbury, Jefferson county — second premium, Sil¬ ver Cup, $30 — 3d. Helim Sutton, Seneca county, Trans. Dairies. — 1. Horace Clapp, Houseville, Lewis County, Silver Cup, $50 — 2. John Holbert, Chemung, Silver Cup, $30. Butter. — Horace Clapp, Lewis county, Joseph Cary, Albany, John Holbert, Chemung, and Hector C. Tuthill, Cayuga county, — each a Silver Cup of the value of $15 — 2. Noah Hitchcock, Homer, Silver Cup, $10. Winter Wheat. — Adam Clarke, West Dresden, Yates county, 42 bushels per acre, on 50 acres, $10. J. J. Thomas, Macedon, Wayne county — experiment as to the ri¬ pening of wheat, $5. Spring Wheat. — Geo. R. Eells, Oneida county, 30 bushels per acre, $15 — 2. H. B. Bartlett, Paris, Oneida comity, 31 bushels per acre, $10. Rye.t— David Conrad, Brunswick, Rens. county, 36 bushels per acre, $15. Indian Corn— 1. E. R. Dix, Vernon, Oneida county, 83 bushels per acre, $20 — 2. Peter Crispell, Jr., Hurley, Ulster county, 80 bush, per acre, $15. C. W. Eells, Wm. Baker, Augustus Flint, for samples of seed corn, vol. Trans, to each. Barley. — 1. E. M. Bradley, Ontario county, 50£ bushels per acre, $15 — 2. E. R. Dix, Vernon, Oneida county, 48 bushels per acre- $10—3. Benj. Enos, De Ruyter, Madison county, 47 bush, per acre, $5. Oats — Peter Crispell, Jr., 80 bushels per acre, $15 — 2. E. M. Brad¬ ley, $10. Buckwheat. — 1. Robert Eells, Oneida county, 33 bushels per acre, $10—2. Wm. Baker, Lima, Livingston county, 29 bushels per acre, $8. Peas. — E. S. Salisbury, 27 bushels per acre, $10. Rapalje & Briggs, Rochester, for samples of seed peas, Trans. Potatoes. — 1. Best quality, H. B. Bartlett, 252 bushels per acre, (Carter’s.) $15 — C. W. Eells, 246 bushels per acre, $10 — 3. Nelson Van Ness, Chautauque county, 218 bushels per acre, $5. Greatest quantity per acre, Martin Springer, Brunswick, Rens. county, 316 bushels, $15. Aaron Killam, Mexico, Oswego county, 13 fine varie¬ ties from seed, $10. Ruta Baga. — Joseph Hastings, Rens. Co., 984 bush, per acre, $10 Carrots. — 1. E. Risley & Co., Fredonia, Chautauque county, 941 bushels (GO lbs. per bush.) on half an acre, $8 — 2. Same 864 bushels, $6 — 3. L. B. Langworthy, Rochester, 575 bushels on half an acre, $4. John S. Gould, Albany, for fine specimens of cauliflowers and squash, $3. Fruits. — Apples. — J. C. Hubbard, Troy, Mich., Trans, and Tho¬ mas’ Fruit Culturist. L. P. Grosvenor, Pomfret, Ct., Trans, and Downing’s “ Fruits/5 R. H. Brown, Greece, Monroe county, Trans. J. H. Watts, Rochester, Trans. J. D. Campbell, Rochester, Fruit Culturist. E. P. Prentice, Albany, Downing. H. A. Underhill, Macedon, Wayne county, Trans. R. J. Pardee, Palmyra, Downing. Hiram Foster, Palmyra, Fruit Culturist. Herman Wendell, Albany, Downing J. W. Bailey, Plattsburgh, Trans. B. Hodge, Buffalo, Trans. S. Morgan, Albany, Fruit Culturist. Chas. Ross, Washington county, Trans. Elwanger & Barry, Rochester, Trans. AVm. Rogers, Wayne county, Downing. Dennis Clark, Wayne county, Trans. Robert Patterson, Perry, Wyoming county, Fruit Culturist. J. J. Viele, T.ioy, Fruit Culturist. Pears. — S. Miller, Rochester, Fruit Culturist. Grapes. — R. J. Pardee, Downing. < Joseph Cary, Albany, Fruit Culturist. If you would not be forgotten as soon as you are dead, either write things worth reading, or do- something worth writing. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 79 Qwmtxs to (Jomoponknts. Canary Grass. — G. N., Hobart, Del. County, N. Y. This grass will perfect its seed in this lati¬ tude. It is usually sown in drills, with a machine, about one foot apart, requiring from sixteen to twen¬ ty quarts per acre. It is an annua], and the seed is sown at the same time of sowing spring grain, and ripens nearly at the same time, or rather later. The yield is from twenty to thirty bushels per acre. The straw is eaten by cattle and horses. Berkshire Hogs. — B. S., Greenwich, N. J. There are no full blood Berkshires in this neighbor¬ hood , and we are unable to say where they can be had. Colza. — N., Bridgeton, N. J. We have heard of no experiment with this plant in this country. If any one has tried it, we should like to know the -results. Stump Machine. — J. F. C., Grand Rapids, Mich. The description of the article to which you refer, ( Cultivator for 1846, p. 116,) evidently con¬ tains a mistake in regard to the length, which is there given as u two feet.,, We regard it, howev¬ er, as a matter of little consequence, as the cut gives a definite idea of the form of the article, and it is obvious that it should be of such dimensions as will suit the size of the stumps. We have seen such things used of various sizes. It is only stumps the roots of which are considerably decayed, that ■can be taken out in this way; but fcr such the con¬ trivance answers well. Seeding land to Grass.— S. W. , North Easton, N. Y. On lands of medium dryness, we have used, -for one acre, eight pounds or four quarts red clover, regard him as acting in that capacity when he so conducts, until in¬ formation is received to the contrary. In doing this business, the Postmaster must be regarded as entirely the Agent of the publisher,, and not of the Department. FITZ HENRY WARREN. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 91 for tl )t Mont!;. Communications have been received, since our last, from Gleaner, W. L. Eaton, G. H. Dadd, S., Levi Bartlett, A. B., A Farmer, Agricola, Argus, A Subscriber, Mary, Calvin Stow, C. G. I., L. Durand, Jonathan Wood, C. E. G. (all too late for this month,) J. B. Garber, S. Tillotscn, J. J. C. Books, Pamphlets, &c., have been received as follows : Proceedings of the St. John (N. B.) Agricultural Society for 1849, from Robert Jar dink. Esq., President. Northern Spy and Melon Apple, from Elwanger & Barry. Belcher’s Farmers’ Almanac, for 1850. Halifax, N. S., from C. H. Belcher, publisher. Proceedings of the Seneca County (N. Y.) Agricultural Seciety, for 1849, from John Delafield. Esq., President of the Society. Sherwood’s Manual for Magnetizing, with the vibrating magnetic machine, and for the magnetic treatment of diseases, from the publishers, Fowler & Wells, New-York. New and Improved Poudrette of the Lodi Manufacturing Company, a pamphlet just issued by that company, 66 Dey-, street, New- York. Report of the Ohio Nurserymen and Fruit Grower’s Convention, held at Columbus, Dec. 5, 1819. Prof. Johnston’s Address. — We give in this number, the address of Prof. Johnston, delivered before the N. Y. State Agricultural Society at Syra¬ cuse. It is hardly necessary for us to invite the at¬ tention of our readers to this document ; we pre¬ sume it will be read with avidity by all who have the opportunity ; and like other emanations of the same prolific pen, it will be found replete with useful facts and suggestions, beautifully and forcibly ex¬ pressed. To make room for the address entire, we have been obliged to use small type; but we think the advantage of having the whole in a body, Mill overbalance this objection. State Fair. — It M’ill be seen, by reference to the doings of the State Agricultural Society, that it has been resolved to hold the next Fair at Albany. We trust that our eitizens will take timely hold of the matter, with a determination to make it, as it can be made, the best exhibition ever held in America. The Fair will be held on the 3d; 4th, 5th and 6th days of September. Prof. Johnston’s Lectures. — These lectures, of M’hich a programme Mras given in our last num¬ ber, Mrere commenced at the Assembly Chamber of the Capitol on the evening of the 4th ult. They have been attended by large audiences, composed of several of the prominent members of the Legis¬ lature, and many of our most intelligent citizens — all of whom have been deeply interested and grati¬ fied with the admirable manner in which the various subjects have been treated. It is expected that the lectures will he printed shortly, and we shall en¬ deavor to give them, or a portion of them, as soon as practicable, through our pages. CCr” The late hour at which M*e received the copy of Prof. Johnston’s Address, and our desire to present it entire this month, has rendered it neces¬ sary to omit several communications intended for this No., as well as to curtail very considerably the department devoted to Horticulture. If 11 A Gleaner” will furnish us his name, Mre will address him privately on the subject of his communication. u H. C. W.” — Our correspondent, Hon. F. Hol¬ brook, writes — “ I wish you could induce * II . C. W.,’ of Putnam Valley, to try his hand oftener at writing for the Cultivator. He has a beautifully graceful and strong style, and I want to hear often¬ er from him. His light must not be hid under the the bushel nor his talent wrapt in a napkin.” We earnestly second these sentiments, in which we MTill venture to say Mre are joined by all our readers. Northern Spy and Melon Apples. — Wo are indebted to Messrs. Elwanger & Barry, of Roch¬ ester, for handsome specimens of these esteemed new varieties of apples. The Melon being in per¬ fection at the time of its arrival, (first January) we had a better opportunity for testing its qualities than we havs had before, and unhesitatingly pro¬ nounce it an excellent apple. The Spy is not yet ripe, it being a late spring fruk. Albany Prunes.— We have received from Mr John Lossing of this city, specimens of excellent dried prunes, produced by trees raised by him from seed brought from Germany. Saxon Sheep. — In our last number, we noticed an importation of Saxon sheep by Messrs. Catlin &. Smith. We have since had the opportunity of seeing these sheep, at the farm of Mr. Charles B. Smith, Wolcottville, Ct. In several respects they are quite different from most Saxons Mre have seen. They are evidently the result of extraordinary skill in breeding; and as sheep producing the finest qua¬ lity of wool, seem to approach nearly to a standard of perfection. The ewes are from tMTo to three years old. They are handsomely formed — have, generally, full briskets and broad loins. Their weight is from eighty-five to one hundred pounds each. Tho rams are larger, in the usual propor¬ tion. What will be their weight when fully grown, we cannot say; they are only yearlings, (lambs of 1848) and of course may he expected to become considerably heavier. These sheep have not only very fine wool, hut they are especially remarkable for the evenness of their fleeces; they have no coarse spots — the wool being fine all over the body , with but little variation in quality. We have samples taken from the neck, shoulder, middle of the hack, hip, and thigh of the same sheep, M’hich will give a better idea of the uniformity of the fleece, than anything M’e can say. The wool is generally thickly set ; and wo should think the -weight of the fleeces, cleaned as has been customary with Saxon wool in this country, M’ould average three pounds. Their appearance indicates good health and fair constitution. We have no doubt they will prove a very valuable addition to the sheep-stock of the country, and we trust the enterprising importers will find their investment in all respects satisfactory. We should he pleased to sho-vv the samples of wool to persons -who may wish to see them. Fine Fowls. — Our attention was lately called to a lot of beautiful game fowls, (about twenty pair,) bred by Mr. T. C. Abrahams, of West Troy, and which were about being sent to different parts of the country. We mentioned on a previous occasion, that Mr. A. had bred a portion of his fo-wls from a cross made MTith the English pheasant. He still continues this stock, in -which many of the traits of the pheasant are distinctly visible. He has, also, several other varieties, one of which was brought from Mexico, and is said to be the same that Santa Anna held in great esteem. Another is the Earl Derby variety, so celebrated in England, characterised by the black breast, and purple band across the M'ing, Mrith yellow legs. Washing Sheep — Our correspondent 11 S. W.,” of North Easton, Washington county, Ne-w-York, writes — “ In conversing, recently, -with a wool- grower of considerable experience, he gave me his mode of washing sheep, vrhich is to use a M'ooden 92 THE CULTIVATOR. vat, with a small stream of water running into it just large enough to supply the waste in slopping over and in taking out the sheep. In this way the heat of the sheep warms the water, and the oil and soapy matter from the wool converts it into a kind of soap suds, which cleanses the wool far more ef¬ fectually than clear, cold water. I would like to know how this idea squares with the experience of wool -growers generally.” Sale of the Bates Short-horns. — Geo. Vail, Esq., of Troy, informs us that he learns by letters he has just received from England, that the sale of the celebrated herd of cattle of the late Thomas Bates of Kirkleavington, Yorkshire, will take place in April or May next. The herd consists of about seventy head of bulls, cows and heifers, all of which will be sold without reserve. The Van Allens. — We had the pleasure, last week, of entering on our books, a club of seven subscribers, all named Van Allen. They all re¬ side in one neighborhood, in Bethlehem, in this county. Profitable Sheet. — Mr. David St. John, of Bern, in this county, bought fifty sheep in July, 1848, at $1.12| each— or $56.50 5 of these, he win¬ tered forty-nine. There were twenty-three ewes in the lot, which in 1849, reared twenty -five lambs. The same season, the forty nine sheep sheared 228 pounds of wool, of which 213 lbs. were sold for the gross amount of $48. He sold in June last, to the Albany butchers, nineteen old sheep, (wethers) and ten lambs for $48 ; thus making the gross amount of sales, $116 — and he has thirty old sheep and fif¬ teen lambs (yearlings,) or forty-five in all, loft, which are worth more than the first stock. £7“ Mr. L. B. Maltbv, of Bristolville, Trumbull county, Ohio, writes — “ I would as soon think of doing without my bread, as without The Cultivator. Five hundred dollars would not cover the benefit I have derived from the articles contained in it, on the dairy alone.” 5^7=* A couple of pages of “ Monthly Notices,” and “ Notices of New Publications,” in type for this No., are necessarily omitted. Prices of Agricultural Products. New-York, Jan. 21, 1950. FLOUR — Genesee, per bbl., $5.5Qa$5.62£ — Extra Genesee and Ohio, $5.75aifr6.50. GRAIN— Wheat, Genesee per bush., $1.23a$lt28 — Common and good Ohio, $1.00o$l.ll. Corn, Northern, 63c. — Southern and Jer¬ sey, 61c. Rye, 62£c. Barley, 6Qa6lc. — Oats, 42a45c. BUTTER— best, per lb., 19a22c.— Western dairy, 15al7c. CHEESE — per lb., 6a7c. BEEF— Mess, per bbl., $8.50a$9.50— Prime, $6a$6. 75. PORK — Mess, (new) per bbl., $11.25a$11.50— Prime, $0. LARD— per lb., 6|c. HAMS — per lb., Smoked, 7a9c. HOPS — first sort, per lb., 17al8c COTTON— Upland and Florida, per lb., 12£al4c.— New Orleans and Alabama, 12fal4^c. WOOL— (Boston Prices.) Prime or Saxon fleeces, per lb , . 40a43c. American full blood Merino, . . . 35a37 do half do ............ 30a32 do one-fourth do, and common, . . 27a29 Remarks — The weather at New-York has been unfavorable for trade, and the market is rather heavy. Holders of flour anticipate an advance by the next steamer, and are, consequently, disposed to hold to present prices. Corn is firm, with a moderate supply. In provisions, pork is in moderate demand, though prices tend down¬ ward. NEW-YORK CATTLE MARKET. Monday, January 21. Offered, 1,200 Beeves, (340 Southern, the remainder from this State.) 60 Cows and Calves, and 5,500 Sheep and Lambs. Beeves. — The inclement state of the weather to-day prevented the usual attendance of trade, and the market consequently closes very dull. Prices, however, show no falling off. We quote retail¬ ing- qualities at §6. It was estimated that full 400 head would be left over unsold. Cows and. Calves — Market dull u'nd inactive. Sales at from $22.50 to $39a$40. Unsold 15. Siiekp and Limbs. — Sales at from $1.75 to $3 to $5.75, which is a slight advance. £00 unsold. — Tribune. Thursday , Jan. 17. At market, including those remaining from last week, 950 Cattle of all descriptions — 37 remain unsold at this time, — Friday morning, 10 o’clock. Prices of Beef Cattle were much as last week. Drovers asked more in the morning, but it was no go. A very few at $6.25. Good at $5, and very good at $5.25a$5.75. Lower grades from $5 down to $3.50, as in quality. Some of the salesmen reported a little more animation, and a shade higher price, upon ordinary cattle. Western drovers reported heavy losses. Sheep and Lambs, 2440 at market. Prices. $1.75, $2.00, $2.25, $2.50, $3.00, $3.50, $4.00, $5.00. Swine. But few at market. No change in price — 4 |a54 at wholesale, and 5«6 at retail. — Plowman. Highland Nurseries, Newburgh, N. Y. Late A. J. Downing Sf Co. Of) OOO Apple Trees of the most approved varieties, for sale, (of extra size, from 8 to 12 ft. high, and 3 to 5 years’ growth.) at $20 per hundred. Persons wanting trees to sell again, will be dealt liberally with. Feb. 1, 1850— 3t. A. SAUL & CO. 1 A Devon Bull for Sale. nPHE subscriber offers for sale his full bred Devon Bull, from the best stock in the country. Any one wishing to purchase such an animal will do well to call at an early opportunity. JOHN E. COWLES. Farmington, Ct., Feb. 1 — It. Selling olF to Close the Business. T INN JEAN BOTANIC GARDEN & NURSERY, late of Wm, Prince, deceased. Flushing, L. I., near New-York. Winter & Co., Proprietors. In consequence of the decease of the Junior, and of the advanced age of the surviving partner, the entire stock of this establishment, comprising every description, including the newest and choicest va¬ rieties of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines. Planls, Roses, &c., will be disposed of for cash, at a Reduction op 25 to 50 ter cent from the usual prices, accord¬ ing to kind and quantity. Young Stock, Ornamental Shrubs, Pceo- nies, Herbaceous Plants, See., very low by the quantity. Descriptive Catalogues gratis on application, post paid. Feb. 1— It. Fruit Scions for 1S50. THE subscriber can furnish scions for grafting of the choice fruits A of Western New-York. They can be sent by mail or express, and when possible, I will send sample apples : — “ Northern .Spy,” apples, “ Norton’s Melon,” “ Early Joe,” “ Swaar,” “ Esopus Spitzeuberg,” “ Fameuse,” “ Pomme Gris,” “ Baldwin,” And the “ Wagencr ” variety, to which the State Society awarded a premium of $5. Price f®r Scions one dollar per hundred. Applications, post paid, shall have immediate attention. Rochester, Feb. 1.— It.*- JAMES H. WATTS. Take Notice. nnilREE Mouths Extra Pay and One Hundred and Sixty Acres of I Land will be procured for all who enlisted for five years, or du¬ ring the war of 1812, and for all, including Volunteers who served in Mexico, and for the heirs of all who have died in the service. Information will he given to relatives, Free of Charge, by writing to G. F. LEWIS, Detroit, Michigan, (postage paid.) Those who do net know what became of their friends, write when and where they joined the army. Feb. 1 — 3t.* Foudrette. THE LODI MANUFACTURIN' G CO., offer their new and im- f proved Poudrette, for sale at their usual rates : — 1 bbl. $2 — 3 bbls. $5, and $1.50 per bbl. for any quantity over 7 bbls., delivered free of expense on board of vessel in New York. At the Factory, where vessels drawing 8 feet water can come, it will be sold at 25 cents per bushel. The expense per acre in manuring corn with Poudrette, will amount to about $4, calculating 25 cents per bbl. freight, and all the necessary labor included. On land previously manured, or on good sward land, one gill to the hill is sufficient — on poor ground, a good crop can be raised by one gill at planting, and one at the last hoeing. The cost of the labor alone in manuring corn in the hill with barn yard manure, will amount to more than the first cost of the Poudrette, with freight and all charges added ; and the effects of Poudrette are quicker, more vigorous, and the corn reaches maturi¬ ty earlier. A fair trial, however small , is respectfully solicited. A pamphlet containing instructions for use, certificates from some of the first Agriculturists in the United States, and much valuable information will be sent gratis, to any one applying (postpaid if by letter,) to “ The Lodi Manufacturing Company, 66 Dey street, New. York.” Feb. 1— 4ms. Feb. BRIGHTON CATTLE MARKET. 1850 THE CULTIVATOR 93 Lynchfeurg (Ya.) Land Agent. rpHE undersigned has on hand, for sale. Fifty Plantations, ly- ing in this section of the State — say from two to cue hundred and fifty miles from Lynchburg. Prices from three to twelve dol¬ lars per acre. Mountain land, from thirty-five cents to two dollars. All communications, post-paid, promptly attended to. Lynchburg, Va., Feb. 1— 2t» _ BENJAMIN WILKES. Wanted. A YOUNG man with a small family to take charge of a nursery, who has some knowledge of farming, and is thoroughly ac¬ quainted with the propagation of Fruit Trees. He must be well recommended as a man of integrity, and to be moral and temperate in his habits. None other need apply. RUFUS WHITTIER. Chickopee, Mass., Feb. 1, 1850. — 3t. Highland Nurseries, Newburgh, N. Y. {Late A. J. Downing §' Co.) rpHE PROPRIETORS beg leave to inform their patrons, and the public in general, that their stock of Fruit and Ornamental Trees , Shrubs, Roses, fyc., For Spring planting, is unusually large and thrifty, and embraces all of the best varieties introduced into notice in this country or Europe ; of Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Peach, Nectarine, Apricot, Grape¬ vines, Gooseberry, Currants, Raspberry, Strawberry, &c., &c. Portugal Quince trees, standards, extra size, each. . . .$1 00 do. do. quenouilie, do. .... 1 00 Angers, (true,) extra . . . . 1 00 Trees of the usual size . . . 0 50 Also, Pears on Quince, and Apple on Paradise stocks, for dwarf trees. The stock of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, &e., is very large ; and quantities to dealers, or planters on a large scale, will be furnished at greatly reduced rates. Hedge Plants. A large stock of Buckthorn, and Osage Orange plants. Also, a large stoek of Rhubarb and Asparagus roots. The entire stock has been propagated under the personal super¬ vision of A. Saul, whose long connection with this establishment is some guarantee, from the reputation it has gained, (and the present proprietors are determined to merit,) as to the genuineness and ac¬ curacy of the present stock. Orders respectfully solicited, and will receive prompt attention, which will be carefully packed and shipped to any part of the Un¬ ion or Europe. Catalogues furnished gratis to post-paid applicants. Feb. 1, 1850— 3t. A. SAUL It, CO. To Fruit Growers and Nurserymen. Spring of 1S50. rpiIE subscribers invite the atttention of Tree purchasers to their stock now offered for sale. By large importations from Europe, and an extensive scale of propagation in their own grounds, they are enabled to offer one of the most extensive and complete assortments, and on the most liberal conditions. The well known health, hardiness and vigor of the trees grown here, and the undivided and scrupulous attention given to every de¬ partment by the proprietors, in person, offer great inducements to purchasers. Standard Fruit Trees, Pyramidal and Dwarf Fruit Trees, Gooseberries, Currants, Strawberries, fyc., Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Roses, Dahlias , fyc. Hedge Plants, including large quantities of Buckthorn and Osage Orange. Stocks for Standard and Dwarf Trees, And all other nursery articles ; besides a large collection of Green House, Border and Bedding Plants. Wholesale pi iced lists sent gratis to all post paid applications. A separate catalogue for 1850 of Roses, Dahlias, and other new and rare articles will also be furnished. ELLWANGER & BARRY. Mount Hope Garden and Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y. Fell. 1, 1850.— It. _ The American Poultry Yard, TJEING a History and Description of Various Kinds of Domestic -*“* Fowls, with complete directions for their Management, Breed¬ ing, Crossing Rearing, Feeding, and Preparation for a Profitable Market. Also, their Diseases and Remedies. And complete direc¬ tions for Caponising. Arranged from the best authorities in Europe and America. Illustrated by numerous original engravings. Forming the most Practical Manual for those who are desirious of raising poultry, that has been published in this country. Price $1, bound. Published by C. M. SAXTON, 121 Fulton st., New-York, And for sale at this Office. Also, Allen’s American Farm Book, $1. Allen’s Domestic Animals, 75 cents. „ Miner’s Am. Bee Keeper’s Manual, $1. Gunn’s Domestic Medicine (117th thousand,) $3. Jan. 1, 1850.— 2t. Stocks, Scions, Evergreens, Strawberry Plants, T> M. WATSON offers for sale at the Old Colony Nurseries , Ply- mouth, Mass., Stocks of Fruit Trees of first rate quality, suit¬ able for spring grafting and budding in the coming summer, at the annexed prices per 1000. Apple, 1 year, strong, $5 ; 3 years, trans¬ planted, $10 — Pear, 1 year, $8 ; 2 years, 815 ■, 3 years, transplanted $20 — Plum, 2 years, 815— Cherry, 2 years, $12 ; 3 years transplant¬ ed, $15 — Quince, large and fine, $18 ; 1 year, strong, $12 — Maha- leb, strong, $25 — Paradised, strong, $25 — St. Jean, (chvarfer) $5 per 100. Ash, Maple, Laburnum. Lime, SpanishChestnut, Poplar, Moun¬ tain Ash, Elm, Alder, &c., &c., 4 feet, at $3 to $8 per 100. Arbor Vitae, Norway Spruce, Scotch Fir, Balsam Fir, Silver Fir, Larch, Red Cedar, 1 to 2 feet, $5 to $10 per 100. SCIONS. Apple scions, (fine sorts) $1.50 per 100. Paradise cut¬ tings $8 per 1000. Scions of the finest sorts of pear of established reputation (say 30 sorts,) and of other fruits, $2 per 100, $15 per 1000. STRAWBERRIES. Burr’s New Pine, $4 per 100 ; Boston Pine, $1 ; Ilovey’s Seedling, $1 ; Richardson’s Early, Late and Cam¬ bridge (fine sorts) $1.50 per doz.; Early Virginia Scarlet, $1 per 100; Jenny’s Seedling. $3; Aberdeen Beehive. $5; Swainstone, $3 ; Myatt’s Eliza, $2 ; Crimson Cone, $2 ; Black Prince, $5 Deptford Pine, $3 ; Princess Alice Maude, $3 ; Keene’s Seedling, $2 ; Willey’s Seedling, $3 ; White wood, $1 ;— 25 cents to $1 per dozen. Also, Dwarf and Standard Pears, select Shade Trees, Shrubs and Climbers; Weeping Trees for lawns, Roses, Phloxes, Verbenas, Chrysanthemums, and other fine plants for masses, at low prices, of which a priced list will be sent, post paid, on application. Also, Pear seed of prime quality. Feb. 1, 1850.— 3t. New Scarlet Verbena-— Robinson’s Defiance. J. M. THORBURN & CO., 15 John street, New-Yotk, TTAVE now ready for delivery, strong plants of the above splendid Verbena, the finest in England, from whence they obtained it last June, fully testing its quality during the summer. The bloom is of the most vivid scarlet, with fine foliage, and so far from being in¬ jured by the heat of the sun, was rather improved, and continued a mass of flowers, rapidly covering the ground, while most others were destroyed by Ihe heat, nor ceased to flower in profusion till checked by frost at the end of October — after which, being taken up and removed into the greenhouse, flowered away till December,, and is now (January 21) fully out for a long succession of bloom. — It may be seen in perfection very soon by any one who will take tho- trouble to visit Astoria. Testimonials. — Gardencr^s Chronicle, (Dr. Lindley,) Aug. 28. — “ Robinson’s Defiance” is a most brilliant flower — fine in form and a good trusser — best of its class. Gardener'1 s Journal , Sept. 4. — “ Robinson’s Defiance ” — beautiful variety — form good — segments of the corolla broad, firm in sub¬ stance and flat — color, a brilliant scarlet — habit of the plant good, and a free bloomer. The Gardener, Sept. 18. — “Robinson’s Defiance” is a superior variety, the petals are stout, the flower and truss large and weili formed — color, a clear vivid scarlet — the plant is a strong and free grower, with a fine foliage and superior habit — we have not seen its equal. It received first class certificates and the highest commendation at the following exhibitions — “Royal South London,” Sept. 15— “ Slough,” Sept. 21 — “Norwich,” Sept. 23 — “Metropolitan,” Sept. 28— and the “ Chelsea Society.” The habit of the plant is equally adapted for potting or bed cul¬ ture, being short jointed with remarkably fine foliage, and a free bloomer. A lai-ge Italian vase filled with it at Astoria last summer, was the most striking object in the garden, and was adored by all gardeners and amateurs who observed it. It was first sent out in England in the Spring of 1848 at 7s fid sterling per plant, but was not successfully imported here till last season. A good stock of this beautiful Verbena, {warranted to answer des¬ cription ,) being now ready to send out, orders will be promptly exe¬ cuted with strong healthy plants at 50 cents each — $5 per dozen — six at same rate — with a liberal discount to the trade when a dozen or more are ordered. Also the following additional new Verbenas, from England : Anacreon — large bright rose, good habit and fine foliage, free bloomer and close set, pretty eye. Barkerii — scarlet crimson, good spreading habit and profuse- bloomer. Rosy Morn— light rosy crimson, large compact truss, good eye and free bloomer — a beautiful variety. Satellite — orange scarlet, exquisite form and trailing habit, well adapted for large pan pots or vases — foliage soft, serrated, and of a feathery style, extra fine — 50 cents each — or if the set of four is or¬ dered, $1.50 — have been proved a season, and fully answer descrip¬ tion. The following approved older sorts, $1.50 per dozen — Beauty Su¬ preme, Flambeau, Fireball, Major Ringgold, Mestosa, Mary Anne, Othello, Polk, Queen, Roseum Elegans, Smith’s Blue Bonnet, and others well adapted for bedding out or in patches. PETUNIAS— Hebe, Eliza, Beauty ofYorkville, Duke of Bedford and other good sorts— $2 per dozen. DAHLIAS in dry roots — all the prize sorts exhibited at Castle Gar¬ den last October— $5 to $15 per dozen. 0“ Plants of the new Verbenas can readily be sent by mail ; by shaking off the soil a half dozen will not weigh over an ounce ; by immediate potting on arrival and trifling care, will recruit in three or four days and be in advance and superior condition for turning out in the month of May— of course, much earlier, further south. Feb. 1, 1850— 2t. 94 THE CULTIVATOR Feb For Sale, TWO Short Horn Bull Calves, 1 year old in April next. Both are -1- descended from the bull Yorkshireman — bred by the late Tho¬ mas Bales, Esq. In color, one is red, the other red with a little white. Letters of inquiry, post paid, attended to. J. M. SHERWOOD. Auburn, Feb. 1— 2t. The American Fowl Breeder, A New and Valuable book, CONTAINING full information on Breeding-, Rearing, Diseases and Management of Domestic Poultry , And instructions concerning the choice of pure Stock, Crossing, Ca- ponising, See., &c., WITH ENGRAVINGS. By an association of Practical Breeders. The above valuable work is just published by John P. Jewett Sc Co., Cornhiil, Boston, mid it is offered at the extiemely low price of Twenty-five Cents per copy, to bring it within the means of every man interested in Poultry. £ iy~We want 100 Good Faithful Agents To sell this work in every county in New England, New-York, Pennsylvania and the West, in connection with Cole's American Fruit Book, AND Cole's American Veterinarian. Active anl intelligent men can make money at the business. Address, post paid, the publishers. JOHN P. JEWETT Sc CO-, Cornhiil, Boston. P. S. The American Fowl Breeder is done up with thin covers, and can be sent by mail to any part of the country. Any person sending a quarter of a dollar by mail, postpaid, shall receive a copy of the Sook. Feb. 1— 3t. A New Patent Compressing Churn. "C'EW of the ma- -*• ny recent in¬ ventions denomina¬ ted Churns, have merited the recom¬ mendations pub¬ lished by interested parties, and too oft¬ en the favorable opinion of the press. In fact, not m ue than one or two of the manykinds have been worthy of be¬ ing manufactured ; the only object of the patentees seem¬ ing to have been to hawk about the country selling Patent Rights for what they could get, which once sold, ends its existence, so far as the public are con¬ cerned, the purchaser of the patents only regretting he ever meddled with it. On the contrary, our own course has ever been, to sell or recom¬ mend only such articles to the farming public, as we know from our long experience in selling and manufacturing, to be well worthy of the recommendations given them through" our advertising. The Kendall, the Thermometer , and the Common Dash churns having composed our assortment, for want of better kinds. Until the improved churn, represented by the cut at the head of this advertisement came to our notice, we have not offered any thing new. This, although a recent invention, has been thoroughly tested during the past season, by a goodly number of dairymen in Chenan¬ go and Orange counties, with unprecedented success ; so much so, that we hazard nothing in pronouncing it the most desirable churn now before the public. Its construction is simple, having four pairs of broad blades or beaters all confined together, so set as to pass edgewise through the cream, as represented in fig. 2. (end view,) these floats, when turned iu the direction of the arrow C, cause the cream to be compressed, and pass between the blades from a to b ; this motion being continued until the butter will not pass through the openings at b ; then, by re¬ versing the motion, the bevel of the inner blade serves to throw the whole contents to the centre, where the butter rapidly forms into one solid mass, until the separation is complete. The flouts may be in¬ stantly removed, and the butter taken out. It received a Silver Medal at the fair of the American Institute, held at New-York, for being, in the opinion of the committee, the best churn ever offered for competition— nearly every other kind hi use being in the same exhibition. Some of the improvements in this churn, are : — There is no shaft through the centre. This form of float passes easily through the cream, and at the same time produces a greater amount of agitation than any others in use. This process of compressing and collecting the butter from the cream is not excelled by any previous invention. They are offered at about the same prices, according to size, as Kendall’s churns, and a liberal discount allowed to dealers. AU are warranted to give satisfaction, or may be returned. Albany Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, No. 369 Sc 371 Broadway. Albany, February 1, 1350. H. L. EMERY. Farms for Sale. rTHE Subscriber has several improved farms from 21 to 100 acres . each, in Milton, Saratoga county, which he will sell for one- third cash, with a credit of five to ten years on the balance. The produce can nearly all be marketed in the immediate neighborhood, at Albany or Troy prices. Farm or carpenter work would be re¬ ceived for two-thirds or three-fourths of the smaller parcels. Sev¬ eral sober and industrious carpenters would find constant employ¬ ment at good wages. For further particulars address (post-paid) Ballston Spa, N. Y. Feb. 1, 1850— It* _ SETH WHALEN. JUST PUBLISHED, ' BY DERBY, MILLER AND CO., AUBURN. THE AMERICAN FRUIT CUUTURIST, BY J. J. THOMAS, /CONTAINING directions for the Propagation and Culture of Y Fruit Trees, in the Nursery, Orchard, and Garden, with Descrip¬ tions of the principal American and Foreign Varieties cultivated in the United Slates. With 300 accurate illustrations. One volume of over 400 pages, 12 mo. Price $1 . A cheaper, but equally valuable book with Downing’s was want¬ ed by the great mass. Just such a work has Mr. Thomas given us. We consider it an invaluable addition to our agricultural libraries. Wool Grower. We predict for it a very rapid sale ; it should be in the hands of every l’ruit grower, and especially every nurseryman. It is a very- cheap book for its price. — Ohio Cultivator. It is a most valuable work to all engaged in the culture oi fruit trees. — Utica Herald. It is a book of great value. — Genesee Farmer. Among all the writers on fruits, we do not know of one who is Mr. Thomas’ superior, if his equal, in condensing important mattes-. He gets right at the pith of the thing — he gives you that which you wish to know at once ; stripped of all useless talk and twattle. No man has a keener eye for the best ways of doing things. Hence we always look into his writings with the assurance that we shall find something new, or some improvements on the old; and we are sel¬ dom disappointed. This book is no exception. It is full. There is no vacant space in it. It is like a fresh egg — all good, and packed to the shell full.— Prairie Fanner. Jan. 1, 1850. — 3t. Horse Powers and Threshing Machines. ■p PLANT, No. 30 Cedar Street, New-York, Agent for the Pro- prietor, for making and selling the “Warren” Improved Two and Four Horse Powers and Threshers. Also, “Trimbles.” Price of the “ Warren ” Two Horse Power and Thresher, only $80 do do Four do do do $110 Price of the “Trimble” Two Horse Power, (without Thresher,) $60 do “ Warren” do do do do $50 do do Four do do do $75 Bands, from $4.50 to $6. These latest Improved Threshers and Powers give universal satis¬ faction, and are deemed far superior to any others known heretofore for any thing like their cost. Cash Orders filled promptly. N. B. PURCHASING $ COMMISSION AGENCY. The undersigned also continues the business of the late E. Plant Sc J. Plant, (E. Plant Sc Co.,) of Purchasing for Orders, on Credit or for Cash, Dry Goods, Groceries, Hardware, See., See., for a commis¬ sion of 2j per cent. Produce, such as Sugar, Cotton, Tobacco, Pel¬ tries, &c., also received and sold on Commission. E. PLANT, Dec. 1, 1849— fit. No. 30 Cedar St New-York. Llood Opportunity for Situation. A GENTLEMAN in Eastern Va., desirous of engaging in other 1 *• pursuits for S or 10 years, wishes to arrange with some intelli- gc nt, upright, industrious, persevering farmer, from the north, — one v ho can come well recommended in every way, to take charge of his farm on the 1st March next, for a term of years, upon shares. Said firm is within easy distance of the markets of both Peters¬ burg and Richmond, and near James river. It contains 500 acres — 300 arable, well marled ; 50 acres of unclaimed meadow, 20 re¬ claimed, 5 in grass, 150 well set in clover : is excellent wheat, coni, and clover land, and easy to work and improve. There is 100 acres seeded in wheat. The land is well adapted to grazing, and has a fine range for sheep. There is a young orchard — 400 choice apple tiees, usual stock — utensils, &c.; good house, out-houses, garden, 2 barns, 400 feet of shedding for stock, 2 welLs, &c. The farm is well watered. He wishes it converted, as much as possible, into a grazing and dairy farm. He will furnish 6 hands, and provisions for one year, and” furnituref in house. To any man who can come suitably recommended, and who is able to invest $2,500 in additional stock (cows or sheep,) and uten¬ sils, manures, &c., he will give one-fourth of the clear profits for ten } ears, and the value of the stock he put in at the end of ten years — c r refund $2,500, and pay for all permanent improvement during that t:me. The farm must be improved as much as possible — as may be contracted. In selecting cows, it must be with a view to dairy; sheep, for wool and mutton. Any one coming, should bring per¬ sons skilled in dairy management. A peach orchard would be found extremely profitable. The entire management, except permanent improvements and alterations, will be given up to the party agree¬ ing. Direet to P, Cabin Point, Ya. N. B. His reason for requiring an investment, is to make the party more interested. The farm can" easily be made to realise $1,000 a year, or more, by good management. Hay commands $1, to $1.25. Butter, 20 to 25 cents. The form is perfectly healthy. December 1, 1849 — 3t. PATENT PORTABLE RAILROAD HORSE POWER. Patent Portable Railroad Horse Power, And Overshot Threshing Machine, and Separator. rpHE above celebrated machines have during the past year been more extensively sold and introduced than during any year pre¬ vious ; and what is most gratifying to all interested, they have given most unqualified satisfaction. Upwards of three hundred and fifty setts have been sold this season without supplying the demand. With increased facilities over those of the past season, for the ma¬ nufacturing, and some additional improvements in their construction and materials, they are now offered to the public with increased con¬ fidence in their superiority over all other threshing machinery, for the farmer’s own use and economy. Their durability is no longer questioned. They have been in use every season for the past seven or eight years, without any percep¬ tible. wear or expense other than the necessary oil, and a new plunk flooring for every twenty thousand bushels of grain threshed by them. Some of the advantages of these machines axe : Their portability and compactness, admitting of their use inside of barns during all weathers, thereby protecting both man and beast — and at the same time requiring no more room than for threshing with the flail. *> The whole may be operated by the force usually about the farm, without calling together the whole neighborhood, thereby enabling the farmer to thresh his own grain, and at such times as best suits his own convenience, or take advantages of markets. The One Horse Power, requiring, with a change of horses once or twice a day, but three men to thresh 75 to 100 bushels of wheat or rye, or double the quantity of oats or buckwheat per day. Or with the Two Horse Power, and two horses, without a change, and four or five men, double the amount per day. The prices will be about the same as last season, viz: For the One Horse Power, Thresher, Separator, Bands & c., com¬ plete, . . . $120 00 Two Horse do. , complete, . 150 00 Portable Saw Mills, for sawing wood, slitting boards, plank, See., for fencing or mechanical purposes, are also furnished when wanted, in complete running orddr, for $35. All articles warranted to perform equal to the above representa¬ tions, or may be returned and purchase money refunded. For further particulars see catalogue of Albany Agricultural Ware¬ house, furnished gratis on application or by mail ; or the agricultural papers and reports of agricultural socie ies for the' past three or four years. HORACE L. EMERY, Nos. 369 Sc 371 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. N. B. — JOHN MAYHER & C$., No. 197 Water Street, are the the only authorized agents for the above machines in the city of New York, of whom they may be obtained at the manufacturer’s home prices. CAUTION. — Since the above machines have become known and approved, and the demand for them greatly increased, manufacturers of other kinds have copied our descriptions, advertisements and en- ravings, with the difference of substituting their own names as ma- ers instead of the original. To avoid mistakes, we state that the euuine machines may be known by the mark \ Wheeler’s Patent ) istinctly stamped upon them ; and on exami- ( July 8, 1841. j nation and comparison, it will be found the only simple Rack and Pinion Power, without Intermediate Gearing, that can be used for the over shot Threshing Machine, without crossing of the bands, statements, descriptions and advertisements to the contrary notwith¬ standing. In this difference alone, consists the chief merits of this machine, and it is this, (secured by letters Patent,), which has given them such decided advantages over all other chain powers in use. A single glance at the several kinds, will satisfy any person of the truth and necessity of this caution. Albany, February 1, 1850. SSStW'*--' y Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. No. 197 Water street, ( near Fulton ,) New-York. ,T,HE subscribers would respectfully invite the attention of planters A and dealers in Agricultural and Horticultural Implements, Garden and Field Seeds, &c., &c., to their large and varied assortment of Garden and Field tools, See., which they are selling at the very low¬ est rates that they can be procured in the United States. Persons living at a distance can obtain an illustrated ” Catalogue, contain¬ ing a list of prices, on application by letter, post-paid. Those order¬ ing from us may depend upon their orders being promptly filled. The following are a part of the utensils kept for sale by us, which are considered the best in use, all of them having taken the highest premiums : — Wheeler’s Railway Horse Power, Threshing Machines and Separators, Grant’s Fanning Mills, of six different sizes, for Rice as well as Grain ; Mayher’s do.; Hovey’s Spiral Hay, Straw and Stalk Cutters ; Smith’s Smut Machines and Buckwheat Clean¬ ers; Beal’s Corn and Cob Crushers, for Feed, horse power; Sin¬ clair’s Corn and Cob Crushers, for hand or power ; Sinclair’s Hay, Straw and Stalk Cutters, hand oi horse power ; Greene’s Hay Cut¬ ters, 12, 18 and 24 knifes ; Mayher’s Hay and Straw Cutters, 8, 10, 12, 15, and 18 knifes ; Wheeler’s Stalk or Cane Cutter, Power Ma¬ chine; Mayher & Co.’s Corn Shellers, single and double-hand or power; Burrall’sCorn Shellers and Separators ; Warren’s do., wood and iron; Smith’s Corn Sheller and Separator, (power,) 1200 Bush¬ els per day; Virginia do. do., hand or power, 600 to SCO bushels per day ; Sinclair’s do. do. ana Husker, power ; Whitman’s Horse Power, Threshing Machine and Cleaners ; Taplins’ Horse Powers ; Mayher’s do. do.; Emery’s Threshing Machines, one and two horse power ; Emery’s Seed Sowers or Corn Planters ; Emery’s Saw Mill ; Emery’s Centrifugal Churns; Thermometer Chums, of different si¬ zes; Cylindrical Churns ; Atmospheric Churns ; Self-Acting Cheese Presses; Hay Presses; bachelor’s Corn Planter; Seed Sowers of different kinds ; Bark Mills ; Cider Mills ; Paint Mills ; Coffee Mills ; Corn Mills ; Fitzgerald’s Flouring Mills ; Prentiss and Pages’ Flour¬ ing Mills, Burr Stone ; Mayher & Co.’s Eagle Improved Polished Plows, of different sizes and patterns; Worcester do.; Mayher & Co.’s common do.; Freeborn do.; Prouty and Mear’s Plows of all kinds Center Draught ; Sub Soil Plows of different kinds and sizes ; Side-Hill do ; Double Mouldboard do.; Cultivators, Steel and Cast- Iron teeth ; Geddes’ Harrows ; Ox Yokes and Bows; Single and Double Wiffletrees; Ox Scrapers, of Wood and Iron, large and small; OxCarts; Farm Wagons; Mule Carts; Wheelbarrows; Canal Barrows ; Field and Garden Rollers, Iron and W ood ; Wheat Drills; Reaping Machines; Mowing Machines; Rice Hullers; Store Trucks ; Ground Augers ; Ox-leg and Trace Chains ; Pickax¬ es ; Grub Hoes ; Rakes, Scythe Sneaths, Grain Cradles, Crow-Bars, &c., &c. In fact, we have every thing wanted for Farming purpo¬ ses, got up in the best manner, style, workmanship, and of the very best material, of all the latest improvements. We have also for sale a large quantity of the best Seed and Spring Wheat, Oats, Corn, Barley, Rye, Peas, Beans, Turnip, Cabbage, Beet, Carrot, Parsnip, Onion, Radish, Asparagus, Clover and Grass Seed, raised express¬ ly for us, and warranted fresh — a very superior article. We also have a large quantity of Guano, Bone Dust, Lime, Plaster and other Fertilizers on hand, Ornamental and Fruit Trees, Shrubs, &c., of the best quality, furnished to order. Also, Wire Cloth, of all kinds ; Castings do., Steam Engines, Sugar Mills, Saw Mills, Shingle and Brick Machines, together with Force, Cistern, Well, and other Pumps. JOHN MAYHER & CO., Feb. 1, 1850 — tf No. 197 Water street, New-York. Seedlings. "DEAR, Plum, Cherry, Quince, Apples, Horsechestnut, Mountain x Ash, and Buckthorn Seedlings for sale. Also seed of the above kinds of trees. Every variety of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, and grafts of the celebrated Yirgalieu Pear of Geneva- For sale at the Geneva Nursery, by W. G VERPLANCK. Geneva, Nov. 1.— 6t.* 90 THE CULTIVATOR. Feb. Contents of this Number. Should the Farmer be a Man of Knowledge? by F. Hol¬ brook, . . . . . . . 65 On the Construction of Live Fences,. . . 67 Principles of Manures, by Prof. J. P. Norton, . Prof. Johnston’s Address at the Annual Exhibition of the N. Y. State Ag. Society at Syracuse, . . . 71 Annual Meeting of the N. Y. S. Ag. Society, . . . . . Answers to Correspondents — Abolition of Bull Fights in Spain, Mr. Van Rensselaer’s Devon Bull “ Major” — Crops of 1849, ) g. and Drainage, by John Johnston, . j Agricultural Economy, by W. L. Eaton — Water-tight Cel- ) lars, by A. B-, . J Bartlett’s Double Plow — Profits of Fowls, . 83 Wire Fences, by A. B. — Products of Labor and Capital . 84 Things in Virginia, by J. Bunch — Mode of Planting Corn, by ) W. R. Webb — Profits of the Dairy, by J. Wood & E. > 85 Fowler, . ) Fruit Culture — Houghton’s Gooseberry — Rotation of Crops — ) by D. T., . . . i..... . J Dictamnus Fraxinella, by D. T. — Transplanting Trees, by D. ) T.— Planting Shade Trees, Ac., by Wayne — Fire Blight, > 67 by I. Hildreth, . ) Winter Pears — Preservation of Verbenas, . 88 The Black Leg in Cattle, by Dr. Dadd, . . . . 89 Blind Teeth in Horses, by Wm. Little — Carbon as Food for ) qq Plants— Business Notices, . j Notes for the Month, . . . 91 ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 143 — The Buckthorn, . 68 144 — Planting Hedges,. . . . 68 145 — Osage Orange,. . . 69 146— Devon Bull 41 Major,” . 80 147— Houghton’s Gooseberry, . . 86 Fertilizers. T5ERUVIAN and Patagonian Guano, Bonedust, Plaster of Paris, Poudrette, and Combined Manure, u new and excellent article. A. B. ALLEN & CO., Feb. 1, 1850. 189 & 191 Water St., New- York. Agricultural Implements. npHE largest and most complete assortment to be found in the Uni- ted States, of Plows, Harrows, Rollers, Cultivators, Shovels, Spades, Hoes, Manure Forks, and Seed Planters. A. B. ALLEN & CO., Feb. 1, 1850. 189 A 191 Water St., New- York. Garden Tools and Pruning implements. A GREAT variety of these, of American and Foreign manufac¬ ture, constantly on hand. A. B. ALLEN A CO., Feb. 1.1850. 189 & 191 Water St., New- York. Field and Garden Seeds. T^NGLISH, French , Dutch and Belgian Field and Garden Seeds, fresh imported and warranted. American Field and Garden Seeds of last years’ crop, grown ex¬ pressly for our establishment, and warranted true of their kinds. A. B. ALLEN A CO., Feb. 1, 1850. 169 Sc 191 Water St., New- York. Trees ! Trees ! ! Trees ! ! ! ■JC’OR SALE, at Mount Ida Nursery, Troy, N. Y., a choice varie- tv of Fruit Trees, comprising Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, and Cherries, of the most approved kinds — the greater part of them worked from bearing trees, and all of them by the subscriber — there¬ fore he can recommend them with confidence. He would also say to those that have not had the experience, that trees brought from the South (if they do live) do not grow as thrifty for a number of years, as those raised in a Northern latitude, which many persons can prove from experience. He also pays particular attention to the transplanting of his trees so as to have them well rooted. Also, a good variety of Shade Trees, consisting of Scotch Elm, Sycamore, Linden, Horse Chestnut, Mountain Ash, Evergreen Privet for Hedges, China and Hardy Roses, Ac., Ac. Catalogues and other information can be had of the Nurseryman, _ Feb. 1— 6ms. _ JOSEPH CALDWELL. Kinderhook Nurseries. T'HE proprietor begs leave to inform his patrons and the public in general, that his stock of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, fyc., For spring planting, is large and thrifty, and embraces all of the best varieties introduced in this country, of Apples, Pears, Plums, Cher¬ ries, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Grape Vines, Gooseberries, Curiants. Strawberries, Sc c. Also, Hedge Plants. A large lot of Buckthorn Plants, Locust, Privet, Box, See. As¬ paragus roots, Rhubarb. Orders respectfully solicited, and will receive prompt attention. Articles will be carefully packed and shipped to any part of the coun¬ try. Catalogues furnished gratis to post paid applicants. Kinderhook, Feb. 1, 1350— 2t. H. SNYDER. 500 Seeds for Spring Sowing and Planting. bushels of superior Black Sea Wheat, pure, having been but one year raised in the States. 150 bushels of Clump wheat, a new article of spring wheat, of large berry, and said to be a good yielder, and is much grown in Canada. 150 bushels of Italian Spring Wheat. 100 bushels of Spring Rye. 75 bushels of very superior Broom Corn Seed. A large supply of choice Clover and Timothy seed, a low prices, at wholesale or retail. Garden and Field Peas, any quantity. A fresh lot of Garden Seeds, wholesale or retail. For sale at the Albany Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, No. 309 & 371 Broadway. Feb. 1, 1850. _ H. L. EMERY. Louisville (Ify.) Seed and Agricultural Store. TRIE subscriber offers for sale, 1 AAfl Vii-i&hole TToi it tmlrv Tallin* vn etc.’ aaorl 600 “ Red Top, “ 200 “ Orchard Grass, “ 200 w Prime Timothy K 500 e! “ Red Clover “ 2C0 “ Hemp « 100 “ Millet M 100 “ Buckwheat u Also, Lucerne and White Clover. 30, 000 papers Garden Seeds, assorted, and all varieties of Garden Seeds by the pound. 50,000 Fruit Trees, consisting chiefly of Apple, Peach, Pear, Cherry and Quince. Also, Grape Vines, Asparagus roots, Strawberry plants, Ac., Ac., from the nurseries of L. Young, H. P. Byram A Co., Jas. Orr, and G. G. Hikes of this vicinity. He also keeps every variety of Agricultural and Horticultural Im¬ plements on hand, and will be happy to fill orders (accompanied with cash or satisfactory reference) from all parts of the United States. Feb. 1— 2t. A. G. MUNN. Seneca Lake Highland Nurseries. Catharine , Chemung County , N. Y. TOURING last Summer, an agent of a Rochester Nursery, was at some of the villages in this part of the State, procuring orders for trees, and to some if not all persons of whom he asked patronage, took occasion to introduce my name, by stating “ that I purchased of that Nursery most of the trees I sold — that I had yearly at that place from eight to ten hundred dollars worth,” Ac., Ac. And on the de¬ livery of trees in the Fall, to counteract dissatisfaction on the part of those who had given him orders, falsely stated that I then owed it about 31000 — he having manifested a great disregard for truth, and a most disrespectful propensity. The facts are these : — In all my exchange and deal with any and all persons in this State, west of £pyuga Bridge, I never have pur¬ chased, had or received, $200 worth of trees. Nothing but self-defence would induce me to notice this, for I do think that above all things, Nurserymen, who claim the least iota of patronage, ought to adopt, and strictly adhere, to rules of honesty and fair dealing. Having 40 acres of Nursery and Standard Trees, I am well pre¬ pared to furnish at reduced prices, wholesale or retail, all kinds of FRUIT TREES cultivated in this climate, ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS, GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS, Ac., Ac. Trees carefully packed and forwarded by public conveyance to any part of the Union. Being located within two miles of the Chemung Railroad, used by the N. Y. A Erie R. R. Company, their agent's receipt will be for¬ warded by mail on their delivery. Packages going East or West will reach the Erie Railroad at El¬ mira, 16 miles South of this, and the Buffalo and Albany route at Geneva, 45 North, which makes it a very desirable location for send¬ ing trees by public conveyance. Neither the Pear or Plum Blight, or Peach Yellows, are known at this location. Trees can be furnished of the new popular “ Wagener ” Apple — also the ‘‘Douse” or “Hawley.” The Horticultural Advertiser, containing a priced Catalogue, fur¬ nished gratis to all post-paid applicants. Feb. 1. 1850— It. E. C. FROST. THE CULTIVATOR Is published on the first of each month, at Albany, N. Y., by LUTHER TUCKER, PROPRIETOR. LUTHER TUCKER & SANFORD HOWARD, Editors. $1 per fum.— 7 copies for $5 — 15 for $10. tt7=*All subscriptions to commence with the volume, (the Jan. No..) and to be paid in advance. 0“ All subscriptions, not renewed by payment for the next year, are discontinued at the end of each volume. O’- The back vols. can be furnished to new subscribers— and mav be obtained of the following Agents : NEW-YORK — M. H. Newman A Co., 199 Broadway. BOSTON — J. Breck A Co., 52 North Market-st., and E. Wight, 7 Congress-st. PHILADELPHIA — G. B. Zteber. Advertisements— The c..nrge for advertisements is «$1, for 12 lines, for each insertion. No variation made from these terms. “to improve the soil and the mind.” New Series. ALBANY, MARCH, 1850. Vol. VII.— No. 3. Neglected Manures— Bones, Analytical Laboratory, Yale College, 1 New-Haven , Conn., Feb . 7, 1850. ) Messrs. Editors— Having now called attention to some of the leading differences in the constitu¬ tion of manures, and to the substances which are most valuable in them, I shall proceed to mention particular instances in the various classes named. The extent to which fertilizers of every descrip¬ tion are wasted in this country, is exceedingly great; if the value of all that is thus lost in one year eould in any way be accurately ascertained, even over a comparatively small district, the ag¬ gregate amount would be found quite astonishing. Many farmers do not save much more than half of their farm-yard manure, permitting all of the urine and the drainings to be washed away by rains; of those who do endeavor to preserve their yard ma¬ nure in the best possible state, there are many who neglect means of fertilizing their soils that are far more powerful. We often see those who buy gua¬ no, poudrette, &c. , at high prices, and yet pass by 'quite as valuable manures that they might obtain for little or nothing. I propose to specify and describe some of these neglected manures, and to explain some of the pro¬ perties which establish their value. One of the most common of all, and one that till late¬ ly has been almost entirely thrown away among us, •is found in bones. Though this manure is now gra¬ dually coming into use, in most districts its excel¬ lence is still almost unknown, and incalculably the greater part of our bones are either thrown away, used for manufacturing purposes, or exported to en¬ rich the soil of Great Britain. In urging the importance of bones as a manure, I shall first give some details relative to their compo¬ nent parts. The bones of animals, birds, and fishes, when dry, do not differ greatly in their composition, although their appearance is so different. Bones of animals, in their fresh state, contain from five to thirty per cent, of water, mingled with a little fat ; those of fishes contain from 70 to 80 per cent, of water. When dry, the proportion of earthy matter in each is about the same. This dry bone is not, however, by any means all earthy matter ; about one-third of it is an organic substance called car¬ tilage or gelatine. It is soluble in water, and may be for the greater part, extracted by boiling, form¬ ing common glue; this useful cement, the cartilage of bones, is an extremely nutritious and concentra¬ ted food. When obtained from clean bones, the so¬ lution evaporated, and seasoned so as to be pala¬ table, little cakes may be made which will keep un¬ changed for a long time; small portions of these will retain the strength of the body in a degree cor¬ responding to that derived from a full meal of ordi¬ nary food. When a strong heat is applied, this or¬ ganic matter disappears, and the bone is left per¬ fectly white, but not reduced in size. If a little muriatic acid be mingled with water, and a bone placed in it for a few days, the earthy matter will be dissolved out, the bon© being again left of full size, but now perfectly flexible, so that it may be bent liko a piece of rope. In this way, we can prove that the cartilage and the earthy part are each distributed through the whole bone. If it were all earthy matter, then it would be brittle and liable to snap by a sudden spring or blow; the car¬ tilage, however, imparts so much elasticity that, unless in cases of great violence, bones ordinarily resist uninjured the shocks to which they are expo¬ sed. This cartilage owes its remarkably nutritious properties to the large quantity of nitrogen which it contains. The 60 or 70 per cent, of earthy or mine¬ ral matter which remains after the separation of the cartilage, is composed chiefly of phosphoric acid, in combination with lime, forming what is call¬ ed, as mentioned in my last letter, phosphate of lime. Beside this, there are small quantities of carbonate of lime, (lime and carbonic acid,) car¬ bonate of magnesia, &o. Thus then, in 100 pounds of dry bones, there are about 35 pounds of carti¬ lage, 50 to 55 of phosphate of lime, and 10 to 15 of carbonates of lime and magnesia. When it is considered that the cartilage is rich in nitrogen, and the phosphate of lime in phosphoric acid, we sec at once from what has been said as to the value of manures in a preceding letter, that bones must be remarkably fertilizing; in them we have the very requisites that were mentioned as the principal ones in all very powerful manures. Some writers have attempted to show that the be¬ neficial action of bones wTas due to the cartilage; others that it should be ascribed to the phosphates alone. I think that both are wrong, for the reason that each part contains substances in which most soils are deficient, and hence both are likely, in a majority of cases, to prove advantageous additions. One would suppose that as the cartilage is soluble, it would soon disappear, but this is not by any means the fact, for it seems to dissolve out very slowly under the earth’s surface. Berzelius tells of a soil in Sweden which had long been celebrated for its capacity of bearing grain. There seemed to be no reason why it should be so superior to other soils, but a close examination with a glass, discovered fine fragments of bone, and it was then remembered that this had been, according to tradition, an ancient battle field; the bones of the fallen warriors still continued to enrich its soil. When a quantity of these fragments of bones were collected and boiled, a thin jelly was obtained by dissolving out small portions of cartilage which thus remained in part, even after the lapse of so long a time, Both portions 98 THE CULTIVATOR. March, then, probably, continue to furnish food for the plant, until the bone finally crumbles quite away. The first effect is doubtless owing in a great degree to the cartilage, as that is most soluble. Having thus settled the question as to the value of bones, we proceed to consider the various modes of applying them to the soil, with reference to their ef¬ fect upon crops. The old plan was to plow in the bones whole ; applied in this way, their action was not so immediate as lasting: the whole bone decom¬ poses very slowly in the soil, and may be taken up after lying buried many years, scarcely changed as to its external form; it will be found, however, if it has lain near the surface, that the color has altered, that it has become light, honey-combed and brittle. A chemical examination will show that it has been slowly dissolving, and yielding its various constitu¬ ents to supply the wants of plants. The roots of any plant which can reach such a bone, will twine around it, insert themselves into its cavities, and show in every way, how eager they are for the food which it affords them. The decomposition of whole bones being so gradual, and it being difficult to dis¬ tribute them equally so that all of the plants might feel their influence, it was necessary to apply large quantities; from 70 to 100 bushels accordingly, were not an uncommon dressing for an acre. At this rate, all of the bones available to the farmer, would not go far toward manuring his land, and it became desirable to devise some more econo¬ mical method of application. This was found in crushed or ground bones. They are now in Great Britain, used in various stages of fineness; inch, half inch and dust, are three of the more common descriptions. Bone dust is the most active and the most speedy in its effects, so that a smaller quantity than that of the other kinds will produce an equal benefit to the crop. Being so fine, it decomposes more readily, and is therefore not as lasting. There is, nevertheless, better economy in its use, for it lasts a long time, even in a minute state of di¬ vision ; 8 or 10 bushels doing more good than 70 or 80 bushels of whole bones. Being powdered, the dust can be sown evenly over the surface, either by hand or machine, or can bo deposited in drills. A small quantity thus put on at short intervals, keeps the land constantly well supplied with as little waste as possible; it is also, by this system, always retained near the surface, and within the reach of roots. If the dust or crushed bones be heaped up ten days or a fortnight before required for use, and co¬ vered with earth, a heating and fermentation takes place which prepares for a more speedy decomposi¬ tion, and consequent fertilizing action in the soil. It is also found a very good practice to mix with fer¬ menting yard manure when it is intended to apply bone dust broadcast and plow it in. From the mention which has been made of nitro¬ gen and of phosphates in the grain of our crops, it might bo inferred that this manure is especially adapted to the increase of that part, and experience in England has amply proved this to be the fact. There are now several mills where bones are ground in the neighborhood of Meriden and Middle- town, Ct. I have been informed during the past season, that ten bushels of bone dust from these mills, per acre, brings up much of the worn-out land in that vicinity at once, enabling it to bear as much Indian corn as when it was first broken up from the virgin forest. I have no reason to doubt this report, as it only agrees with the results ob¬ tained in numberless cases abroad. There is yet another and most important method of applying bones, a notice of which must be de¬ ferred till my next communication. John P. Nor¬ ton. Of Flows and Plowing. Editors of the Cultivator — In the course of travel last summer in Massachusetts, I met with Mr. Nourse, of the firm of Ruggles, Nourse Sc Mason, plow-makers of world- wide celebrity. Wo- had a conversation about some improvements in the construction of the Plow, which are important in order to arriving at some results in plowing, as yet unattained, in the most desirable manner. We had not time then to talk up the matter so fully as to set¬ tle upon the exact form of castings for our purpose, and agreed upon another meeting in the winter, at a time when both of us might be more at leisure. I accordingly called upon Mr. Nourse, a short time since, at his warehouse in Boston, and accompanied him from thence to the Plow Manufactory at Wor¬ cester, where, with the other gentlemen of the firm, our subject was fully disoussed. It was agreed, on all hands, that while the green¬ sward plow has been carried to so high perfection of form as to do its appropriate work with great precision, neatness, and ease of draught, a plow suitable for turning stubble or fallow-cropped land, has been very much overlooked. It has never yet occurred to me by what principles of construction the two implements can be combined in one; for sod and stubble plowing are two distinct operations, involving quite different mechanical principles. The green-sward plow should enter the soil by a long and very gradually rising point, the wing or cut¬ ting share of which, should slowly widen, attaining its full breadth far in the rear ; the mould board should lift the furrow-slice by an easy progression, quietly and smoothly laying it over in an inverted position;, and the course of the plow through the ground should be so generally easy, natural and steady, as to re¬ quire but little help from the plowman, and the least practicable draught upon the team. The stubble plow should enter the ground more ab¬ ruptly ; and, by a generally shorter construction, and greater width of heel in proportion to length of mould-board, lift, and forcibly throw its loose fur¬ row-slice over into the proper place, leaving a clear channel behind it. Ease of draught cannot be stu¬ died so closely here as in the green-sward plow, ex¬ cept at the expense of good work. The beam, and the standard of the castings, where the two connect, should be several inches higher than in any plow I have ever seen, in order to prevent clogging. I have followed the plow many a day in rank stubble, and in turning under partly fermented manure in moist land, with a crotched stick in my left hand, poking away with all my might, to keep the stubble or lit¬ ter from gathering into a heap under the beam, and thus producing a baulk, or a shallow imperfect fur¬ row. Last spring I determined to attempt an im¬ provement in this particular. I got the standard of my stubble plow lengthened, and had a very high arching beam put in, which gave a space of eigh¬ teen inches between the sole of the castings and the bottom of the beam, — and that cured it of clogging. The mould-board of my plow, however, is not of proper form to turn stubble as it should be done. If a stubble-plow of the right construction were put into sod-ground, it would lift the turf quite abruptly, and lay it over in a broken, uneven man¬ ner. So when a green-sward plow, of appproved form, is put into loose, cultivated ground, we find that it lifts the soil to its highest or perpendicular point ,. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 99 and then, for want of sufficient force in the mould¬ board, or rather from being too narrow at the heel, about as much of the earth rolls the wrong way as the right ; and the general character of the work is bad. These ideas seem to me to be correct; and if so, it is evident that the best kind of work can not be done both in stubble and green-sward, by one and the same plow. For one, I feel the want of a sward plow that will turn a furrow a foot deep, and as narrow as is possibly compatible with that depth, and which shall not be liable to choke under the beam. When I commenced farming, my lands would not bear plow¬ ing over five or six inches deep. I have been gra¬ dually introducing the poor stratum below to the ge¬ nial influences of the atmosphere and of compost manure, until I hare made a soil of nine or ten in¬ ches, of uniform quality. But I haye got about as low as I can go with decent execution, until a dif¬ ferent plow from any I now know of, is made. My mowing-lands bear a pretty heavy aftermath; and when the plow is gunged to a depth exceeding nine or ten inches, the clear space left between the beam and the surface of the ground is so narrow, that I am constantly vexed with the wadding up of the long tangling grass upon the cutter of the plow, and thus prevented from maintaining the desired depth of furrow. Messrs. Ruggles, Nourse St Mason are now get¬ ting up patterns for a stubble and a breaking-up plow, which I think will meet my ideas exactly. When spring opens, I shall test them by a trial in the ground ; and if I find them to be the thing want¬ ed, I shall then send drawings of them for The Cul¬ tivator, along with remarks more fully in detail up¬ on their construction, and the desirable results they are calculated to produce. While walking through the establishments of these gentlemen at Boston and Worcester, observing the extent of their manufactures, and the many indica¬ tions of their ingenuity and enterprise in the same, I was forcibly impressed by a reflection upon the important influences their labors are imparting to our agriculture. They may truly be said to be be¬ nefactors of the farmers. Their Warehouse and Seed-store in Boston, contains an agricultural va¬ riety, almost as exciting to the visitor as the collec¬ tions of a Museum. Every kind of field and gar¬ den seeds, of implements and machines, may here be found, of the best quality, and in quantities to suit the purchaser. Their Manufactory at Worces¬ ter, is a little world of itself; and he who would like to see that which is to be done well done, — who prefers farming-tools possessing beauty, strength and durability, to those of a clumsy, heavy, and make-do construction, — may here find his tastes gra¬ tified, even to the turning of a screw. Surveying with delight, the great variety and uti¬ lity of the implements of husbandry around me, I said to myself — 1 here is striking evidence of the va¬ lue of the efforts of science and cultivated mind on behalf of Agriculture.’ If we wish now to perform any kind of labor upon the farm, we find a tool rea¬ dy for our use, by which we can do the work easier, better and cheaper, than we could ten years ago. The effect upon our farmers is great. It sets them upon thinking, and awakens pride and a determina¬ tion to farm it better every way. I have often been pleased in noticing the effects commonly following the first introduction upon a farm, of an improved modern plow, for instance. The owner takes it to his meadow, and to his surprise and delight finds that, with two or three cattle, and but little labor on his part, the sod can be laid over smoothly, and with mathematical precision, where formerly he had to hitch on twice as much team to draw his old plow, and put himself into all sorts of shapes to keep it right side up in the ground, or perhaps to keep it in the field. As he surveys his now smooth and regular furrows, and contrasts them with his usual course of husbandry, he begins to think about mending his ways generally; and I have noticed that the introduction of the new plow has often proved the starting-post in a better general system of farming. The observing man does not look for enlightened and correct tillage where the tools in use are rude and ill-shaped, nor does he often find it careless and improvident where those of improved construction have been introduced. Messrs. Ruggles, Nourse & Mason make their plows from patterns and by machinery of their own inven¬ tion, upon which they have expended a great deal of time, thought and money, to bring them to their pre¬ sent state of perfection . Their Eagle Plows now em¬ brace a great variety of sizes, forms and fixtures, fit¬ ted to all kinds of soil and modes of cultivation. The wood parts are made of the Worcester county white oak, of second growth. The forest oak is preferred to that growing in open land, because the grain is not so coarse, and the timber, when dry, is tougher. The beams and handles are sawed out by patterns nearly to shape, by the farmers around, and deli vered at the factory in a partly seasoned state They are then stacked up in a lumber-room to sea¬ son a year longer, and are occasionally overhauled to prevent the powder-post. The handles, when sufficiently seasoned, are first steamed, and then they can bo bent to any desired shape. Various machines afterwards dress, tenon, bore and fit them for use. The beams are first put into a machine which planes them to uniform thickness on the sides, and takes them out of wind; another machine brings the tops and bottoms to any curve that may be wanted, a pattern boing laid on for a guide which is adapted to the purpose ; others tenon and mor¬ tice the ends for the reception of the handles, cor¬ ner and check them, and bore the various holes for the clevis, standard bolt, Stc. A thousand beams and handles, of any one sized plow, having gone through these various operations, will all be alike in shapo, and any or all of them will fit their proper place without further trouble. When a quantity of plows of a given pattern are to be fitted up for mar¬ ket, the castings are placed upon a platform, to which is affixed the proper guages and guides to adjust the various parts of the plow to each other, so as to give the implement its proper land, pitch of beam, and pitch and height of handles ; and the uni¬ formity with which this may be done is so perfect, that any number of plows, of one size, will all be alike in these particulars. A furnace is attached to the manufactory, where all the various castings are made. Some 5,000 lbs. of iron are daily worked up. The best quality of metal known in the markets is used. Numerous experiments have been tried in order to arrive at that admixture of the different kinds of iron which shall combine the greatest strength, toughness, hardness and durability of castings, No other metal has been found to be so strong and hard as the best American. Great pains is taken in the construction of flasks, in moulding and casting generally, in or¬ der to produce a close correspondence to patterns', and a perfect fit when the various parts of the plow are to be put together. The plow-points, and the entire length of sole on the land-side castings, are chill-hardened, as it is termed, so that the whole bottom-surface of the plow, exposed to wear, is. 100 _ THE CULTIVATOR. March, thereby made more durable. The castings are taken from the furnace and placed in a vat, containing a solution of vitriol in water, which takes off the sand or scale from the iron . They are then put upon grind-stones revolving rapidly by water-power, brought to a polished surface, and afterwards coated with a blue varnish to prevent rust. Thus a new plow, when put to work, needs no scouring, and will keep bright in the most adhesive soil. In addition to the manufacture of plo-ws, these gentlemen make a great variety of other agricultu¬ ral implements, and all by machinery adapted to the purpose. When any new tool or machine, or any new form of an old one, is to be made, they set im¬ mediately about inventing machines by which it can be manufactured with accuracy, and which shall do the work of many men. I may conclude to give, in another communica¬ tion, drawings and descriptions of some of the more important articles of manufacture that I noticed, and which struck me as being very useful and per¬ fect. F. Holbrook. Brattleboro’ , Vt., January 20, 1850. Studies for the Farmer. Eds. Cultivator — Some weeks since, I received from my friend, F. Holbrook, Esq., of Brattlebo- xo’, Vt., in pamphlet form, a Report of the Ver¬ mont Legislature, on the formation of a “ Nation¬ al Board of Agriculture,’5 a copy of which was published in the December number of The Cultiva¬ tor . Of the importance and merits of the Report, I need not here speak ; it commends itself to the fa¬ vorable consideration of every intelligent, thinking farmer in the country, who may be so fortunate as to obtain a copy of it. As a text for a few remarks, I make use of the following short extract: “ Too many of our intelli¬ gent, enterprising young men — observing the sad condition of the soil, and trained to false impressions — suppose that the agricultural profession, instead of being an open field for the efforts of science to improve, is but an arena fit only to be occupied by the illiterate and unenterprising, under the guidance of blind tradition. They accordingly press in mas¬ ses into other callings, filling them to overflowing, and leaving the * 1 Art of Arts’ to its fate.” The above extract, is a truthful picture of the past, but we have many good reasons for hoping a brighter day is dawning; intelligent and educated men of all the varied professions and pursuits of our oountry, are turning their attention to the im¬ portance of this “ Art of Arts,” and they are in various ways, lending their aid and influence to its improvement. Their precepts and examples are having a visible and salutary effect upon the great mass of practical farmers throughout nearly all sec¬ tions of the older and long-settled parts of our country. And, added to this, the unwearied efforts of many of the master minds of the age, who from their laboratories, are scattering broadcast all over the civilised world, the great truth that agriculture is a science, as wTell as an art, and that by the ap¬ plication of correct scientific principles to the prac¬ tical labors of the husbandman, his crops may be readily doubled, or tripled, upon the same area of soil, and that the profits of his labors will be in¬ creased in nearly the same ratio, while at the same time the manual and brute labor will be greatly lessened. These statements are not problems, yet to be solved, for facts innumerable, both in England and in this country, have fully settled the question. But the above are pecuniary considerations, and they are not trifling ones, neither, in a community where “ dollars and cents” possess such a potency, such a charm. But there is another view connected with this subject, in which dollars and cents come not in competition. I mean the right culture of the mind of the farmer, for there have been, and are now, 11 false impressions ” in reference to this. The late Mr. Colman, in some of his writings, has the fol¬ lowing truthful remarks: “The time has been, when it was thought that any dunce could make a farmer,” But he said it “required quite as much intellect and study to make a good farmer, as it did to make a good Lawyer, Doctor or Minister.” To know how to skilfully wield the axe, the scythe, and the other implements of the farm, must be the result of long practice in early years, and it forms an important part of the young farmer’s edu¬ cation. To cultivate and improve the mind, (that attribute which so pre-eminently qualifies man to reason and investigate) forms another important part of the farmer’s education, and this, also, re¬ quires practice, united to study, and habits of close observation, for in the bosom of man his Maker has implanted instinctive longings to know and compre¬ hend the “how and the wherefore” of what he sees in the world around him, by which, and for which he lives. To gratify these “ instinctive long¬ ings,” it seems to me there is no other pursuit in which there is a wider range for useful study, and a broader scope for the application of a larger num¬ ber of the sciences for practical purposes, than in that of the farmer. The investigation of that beautiful and allwise arrangement of matter, that has so intimately and mysteriously linked together the dead earth, the liv¬ ing plant, and the moving animal, is a source of ever-living study and instruction. The study of the earth or soil, is of great practical use to the farmer, and necessarily brings him in contact with geology, one of the most interesting and instructive of the modern sciences. All soils were primarily the re¬ sult of geological agencies; the fertility of one soil and the barrenness of another, depends very much upon its geological formation, and the relative pro¬ portions in which the mineral constituents of the soil exist in it. But as there is no treatise on geology wholly or particularly adapted to agriculture, it must be studied as a science. The study of which will amply compensate any one for all labor bestowed upon it, for it carries the student in point of history back long series of ages before the appearance of man upon earth, and unfolds to the mind some of those mighty convulsions and throes of nature, that have fractured and rent asunder the solid strata, and uplifted them at every angle of elevation, and thus brought to the “ light of day,” the fossil remains of myriads of once living and organised creatures of the older world, great or small, of every shape, form and color. The study of these “ medals of creation” fills the mind with wonder and amazement, both in respect to the creative powers of the Deity, and the immense antiquity of this our globe. The host of extinct races of creatures and plants that onc-e flourished upon this globe, “though dead yet speak,” and they speak, too, of a length of time, so vast in the aggregate, so indefinite, that in contrast with them, the most ancient monuments of Greece or Rome, or the hieroglyphics of Egypt, are but as things of yesterday. Design is evidently stamped upon all the works of the Creator, and we have eve-' ry reason to believe that all those multitudinous changes to which this globe has been subjected in- by-gone ages, were but unbroken links in the great chain of events, as connected with the present ra- 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 101 ces of beings, and the state of things now existing upon this planet. Every one is aware of the different capacities of soils for the production of luxuriant crops. Yet, but a small portion of the weight of a plant is drawn directly from the soil ; only that portion that remains in the form of ash after the plant has been burned, was derived directly from that source. This is termed the inorganic portion, and seldom amounts to 10 pr ct., and in some species of plants it is less than 1 per cent. The 99 per cent, that is driven off by the process of burning, is called the organic part, and was derived from the gaseous constituents of the atmosphere and water. The study of the atmosphere in reference to the purposes of animal and vegetable economy, is a source of the highest intellectual enjoyment, and it most beautifully illustrates the wisdom and benefi¬ cence of its great Author. “ The atmosphere is a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbonic acid, water- vapor, and ammonia,- and every living thing on the dry land, animal and vegetable, is bathed in it, lives on it, and by it; and such is its adaptation to the wants of animals and plants, that neither class of living beings vitiate, or impair its suitableness for the other; but the very reverse of this, for each is the appointed means of preserving it in a salubrious state for the opposite class; the plant constantly ad¬ ding to it food for the animal, the animal constant¬ ly supplying food for the plant.'’ The above seems a wise law of reciprocity. Al¬ though there is a vast difference in the specific gra¬ vity of the several gases composing the atmosphere, they are kept in a complete state of mixture by the law of “ gaseous diffusion,” a law overpowering the almost universal law of gravitation. But an acquaintance with the qualities of the con¬ stituents of the atmosphere, implies some knowledge of chemistry, and for the most economical manage¬ ment of a farm, it seems necessary that the farmer should possess a competent knowledge of agricultu¬ ral chemistry, for the whole process, from the first movement of the germ of the seed he commits to the earth, up to the full maturity of the crop it produ¬ ces, is one continuous series of chemical changes and effects. Yes, farther than this; ’till his hay, grain, roots, &c., are converted into beef, pork, mutton, wool, 8ce. Said Mr. Quincy, — “ It is in the power of every man to reserve some portion of his time for these pursuits; and he will find that every addition to his stock of knowledge will make his walks pleasanter, the flowers the sweeter, and every thing more full of interest and meaning.” The farmer too, “should know something of the physio¬ logy of the vegetable world ; and every blade of grass, and ear of corn will speak to him of the benevolence and skill of the Great Contriver.” He should, too, possess some knowledge of mineralogy, and then eve¬ ry stone would partially disclose to him their great design, and every grain of sand bears unmistakeable marks of the fingers of a most exquisite artist. There are many more important branches of sci¬ ence connected with the well being of the cultiva¬ tor of the soil, but the length of this reminds me of drawing to a close; but I trust enough has been written to prove that the life of the farmer, is not necessarily , as some would have us believe, a life of incessant toil, and grovelling drudgery, wholly of the “ earth, earthy,” for “ the farmer is that fa¬ vored being who is permitted as it were, to stand in the laboratory of the Infinite One,” and from his fortunate position, he has the opportunity, if he will improve it, of deriving the highest moral, mental, and religious enjoyment. Levi Bartlett. i Sheep-- Varieties of the Merino. We have several times been requested to give “ the specific marks ” which distinguish the Saxon from the Merino sheep. The impracticability of laying down strict rules in reference to such distinction, will be in some de¬ gree obvious, when it is understood that what is called Saxon is but a variety of the Merino, as will appear from a brief notice of their history. The Merino is undoubtedly a race of great anti¬ quity, and from the earliest times has possessed qua¬ lities quite different from any other sheep. Under different circumstances, the characteristics of the race have been somewhat modified, and varieties under different names have sprung up; but in Eu¬ rope, the term Merino is applied to all the branches of the original stock. The Merino race has, in modern times, been chiefly disseminated from Spain ; though that coun¬ try, is not, probably, its original home. We are informed of the introduction to that kingdom of sheep of similar characters; and the name Mareno signifies from beyond the sea.* Pliny, and other ancient Roman writers, describe various breeds of Spanish sheep, distinguished by different colors, as ■ black, red, and tawny. Those bearing a reddish fleece, found in Bajtica, Grenada and Andalusia, were considered of the finest quality. They were probably taken to Spain from Italy, where they had been long known and highly esteemed under the name of the Tarentine breed. Their introduction into Italy has been attributed to the Greeks, by whom the breed had been obtained from Syria and the coast of the Black Sea. History informs us that Columella, a colonist from Italy, and uncle to a writer on agriculture of that name, introduced more of the Tarentine breed into Spain, during the first century of the Christian era It is certain, however, that Spain possessed sheep which were celebrated for the fineness of their wool previous to this period. But in reference to the ex¬ tent of the improvements effected by Columella, it has been observed, that “ as Spain was at that time highly civilized, and as agriculture was the favor ite pursuit of the greater part of the colonists that spread over the vast territory which then owned the Roman power, it is highly probable that the experiments of Columella laid the foundation for a general improvement in the Spanish sheep — an im¬ provement which was not lost, nor even materially impaired, during the darker ages that succeeded.”! It may be remarked, in passing, that there have always been coarse-wooled as well as fine-wooled sheep in Spain — the former being principally called Chunahs. The Spanish government, at an early day became so convinced of the great value of the Merinos, that a special edict was passed, prohibit¬ ing their exportation without royal license. This prevented a general spread of the race till after the overthrow of the Spanish dynasty by the French, under Napoleon. For several years, the most valuable Merinos in Spain were in possession of the Crown and its depend¬ ants. The principal flocks were the Escurial, Gua¬ deloupe, Paular, Infantado, Negretti, Montarco, and Aguerre. These varied in quality, according to the skill and care which had been bestowed in breeding and management. The Escurial were deemed superior to all the others in fineness of wool.! * Hon. Wm. Jarvis, t Youatt. t For particular descriptions of these varieties, see letter of Hon W. Jarvis, Cultivator for 1844, p. 127 ; Youatt’s Treatise on Sheep, p. 156 ; and Livingston’s Essay on Sheep, pp. 47, 48. 102 THE CULTIVATOR. March. Origin of the Saxon Merinos. — The first in¬ troduction of Merino sheep into Saxony, was made in 1765. They were obtained by a grant from the King of Spain to the Elector of Saxony. 11 One hundred and nineteen ewes and one hundred and ten rams were selected principally from the Escurial flocks, then the King’s private property, under the care and management of the monks belonging to the monastery of that name, and which were con¬ sidered the finest sheep in the kingdom.”* Spanish shepherds went with the sheep, and remained till the Saxon shepherds could be instructed in the details of management. These sheep were bred with great care, under the direction of commissioners appointed by the Elector to superintend the management of his flock, and af¬ ter the expiration of twelve years, or in 1777, ano¬ ther importation was made from Spain, consisting of one hundred and ten rams and ewes. According to Mr. Grove, these were selected from the best flocks of Leon, Escurial, Negretti, Montarco, &c., and were of very superior quality. From these stocks, the pure Merino breed rapidly increased in Saxony, and was finally extended into the neighboring German states. Its progress was at first strongly opposed by the prejudices of the people; but by the perseverance of the Elector and other influential individuals it became perfectly na¬ turalised, and after the lapse of several years, the fleece of the Saxon was brought to a degree of fine¬ ness excelling the best Spanish. It is thus seen that the Saxon is identical in blood with the Spanish Merino — that the former were, in fact, derived from a selection of the finer specimens of the latter, and that the superior fineness of the wool of the Saxons is attributable to the system pursued in their breeding and management. And here the question arises — Could not such an improve¬ ment be made in this country as well as in Saxony? We answer, yes: there is no reason why the appli¬ cation of the same skill and care to the same mate¬ rials, should not produce the same results in Ameri¬ ca as in Germany. There is nothing in our climate or soil which naturally tends to the deterioration of the fleece; and in the hands of some of our wool- growers, the finest stoeks that have been introduced from Spain and Saxony, have maintained their standard for many generations. We have had the Escurial and other Spanish stocks, from which the finest Saxon sheep were derived ; and where fine¬ ness of staple has been the object, their American descendants have possessed the quality, in a degree always proportionate to the skill to which they have been subjected. It does not, therefore, necessarily follow, that because sheep produce wool that is finer than ordi¬ nary Merino, they are Saxons, or that any of their ancestors came from Saxony. Wo might refer, by way of illustration, to examples in our own coun¬ try, such as the flock of the late W. R. Dickinson, of Steubenville, Ohio, and other flocks in Ohio, Vir¬ ginia and Pennsylvania, which were derived from this . f The great fact to be kept in view is, that the properties of animals, (including wool,) are mo¬ dified by the influences which are brought to bear on them — as food, climate, shelter, and especially the rules observed in the selection of stock for breeding. Thus the Merino sheep, in the course of * H. D. Grove. . 1 For an account of the origin of Mr. Dickinson’s flock, see Cul¬ tivator for 1848, pp. 10, 11. See also accounts of the origin of the nocks of Johu H. Ewing, Washington, Pa., Talbot Hammond, Brooke county, Va., and Jesse Edington, near Wellsburg, Ya.. iu trie American Shepherd , pp. 414, 419, 4y9, several generations, may be made to produce either finer or coarser, longer or shorter wool, than the original stock. It is not uncommon to find among the descendants of imported Saxons of the finest kind, sheep whose wool is coarser than much which passes under the name of Merino. There is evident¬ ly a tendency in the variety to return to its primi¬ tive condition — a tendency which the breeder, if he possesses the requisite knowledge and judgment, may overcome. The inquiry has been made, whether the shape or turn of the horns, affords any mark of distinction between the Saxon and Spanish sheep. We are not aware of any such distinction. The first Saxon sheep brought to this country, had generally wide spreading horns; many of those lately imported, have their horns curved close to their heads. It is well known that the turn of the horns in sheep and cattle, vary with the caprice or fancy of the breeder. The French or Rameouillet Merinos. — The breeds of sheep originally belonging to France, varied in character with the face of the country, and tho nature of the pasture; but until the intro* duction of the Merinos, they generally produced coarse wool. It might naturally have been expect¬ ed that as the country was only separated from Spain by the Pyrenees mountains, the valuable Me¬ rinos would have supplanted the breeds above men¬ tioned, at an early day; but such was not the case. In the beginning of the last century, however, the French statesman, Colbert, at his own expense, conveyed several Merinos across the mountains. Thirty years afterwards, a few more Merinos were introduced; but the prejudices of the people effect¬ ually prevented the spread of the breed ; and nothing important was accomplished towards their establish¬ ment in the kingdom till 1786, when the French go¬ vernment took up tho matter, and obtained in Spain 376 Merinos. They were selected, according to M. Gilbert, (as quotod by Livingston in his Es¬ say on Sheep,) from a great number of Spanish flocks in different parts of the kingdom. Sixty of them died on the passage. The remainder were sent to Rambouillet, about forty miles from Paris, where the government had an agricultural establishment devoted to fche improvement of domestic animals. Many of the sheep and lambs were destroyed by va¬ rious diseases in the course of the first year. Notwithstanding these disasters, the Rambouillet flock gradually increased. To facilitate the spread of the breed, a publication on the treatment of sheep, was drawn up by M. Gilbert, under the pa¬ tronage of the government ; a practical school for the instruction of shepherds was instituted, and two other depots for Merinos were established. But with all these efforts, the introduction of the Meri¬ nos was comparatively slow ; for when, (as stated by Youatt,) a census of the sheep in the kingdom was taken, twenty-five years after the establishment of the Rambouillet flock, there were thirty millions of the native breeds, and only two hundred thousand pure Merinos. What has been their comparative increase since that period, we have no means of as¬ certaining; but as the French people enjoyed a long- period of quiet and prosperity, and greatly increased their manufactures of every description, after the peace of 1815, it is reasonable to suppose that the Merinos are now extensively reared in the kingdom. The principal alterations which the Merinos ap¬ pear to have undergone in France, are increase in size, and in weight of fleece. What has been the aver¬ age increase in these respects, we have no data to show. Some which have been imported to the Uni¬ ted States., have weighed 200 lbs. each, and have 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 103 produced fleeces, of one year’s growth, weighing, in the dirt, from twelve to fourteen pounds. An English writer, describing the Rambouillet sheep, observes: “The Spaniards entertained an opinion that a looseness of skin under the throat and other parts, contributed to the increase of fleece. This system the French have so much enlarged on, that they have produced in this flock individuals with dewlaps almost down to the knees, and folds of skin on the neck, like frills, nearly covering the head.” It has been mentioned above that the French Me¬ rinos were originally selected from many flocks in different parts of Spain ; and hence, according to Gilbert, “ they were distinguished by very striking local differences, which formed a medley disagreea¬ ble to the eye, but immaterial as it affected their quality.” It is probable that the differences which at first existed in the flock, have operated to prevent an assimilation to a uniform standard in shape and size of carcass and quality of wool. Relative Profits of different Varieties of Sheep. — It is to be regretted that with all the con¬ troversy and strife between the advocates of differ¬ ent varieties, little or no light is brought out in re¬ ference to the main points which affect their relative profits. It is true that different varieties are adapt¬ ed to different circumstances; and between two lo¬ calities, for instance, differing widely in soil, herb¬ age and climate, it may not be difficult to say which of two breeds is best adapted to each. Neverthe¬ less, there are situations in which the varieties kept in this country chiefly for the production of wool — ■ Spanish, Saxon, French Merino, See. — may be deem¬ ed to meet on an equality. Such situations are farms which are well provided with shelter, and where summer and winter feed is abundant and wholesome. Now as regards the production of wool , what va¬ riety would yield the greatest profit under these cir¬ cumstances? In answering this questiou, it is not sufficient to refer to the weight of the fleece, to the price it would bring in market, or to the aggregate amount in money which each sheep annually affords. Neither of these can settle the point. Nor can it be fully determined by a comparison of the net pro¬ ceeds afforded by the wool of different kinds, in pro¬ portion to the weight of carcass — though it is ad¬ mitted that this would be an approximation towards the desired result. But who has even made a fair and reliable trial of this kind? The true test, how¬ ever, is comprehended in the question — What varie¬ ty will yield the greatest income in proportion to the land occupied, and the labor expended in manage¬ ment? It is in reference to the point here involved, that we want light. Who has ever taken two dif¬ ferent parcels of land, of equal quantity and quali¬ ty, appropriated one part to one variety of sheep, and the other part to another — carefully charging each with their respective expenses, and crediting the income? It seems to us important that measures should be taken to bring out information on this subject which can be depended on; and we would suggest that it is a proper question to be decided by agricultural so¬ cieties. In their hands, the experiments might be carried on free from the bias which belongs more or loss to individual rivalry. Let a committee of ju¬ dicious and disinterested men be appointed, under whose superintendance and direction the trials shall be conducted; and, that the point aimed at may be fully ascertained, let the trials be continued through a series of five years — the results from year to year being made public under the sanction of the com¬ mittee. The Question Settled. Eds. Cultivator— I am rejoiced to see in the October number of The Cultivator , that the long contested question in relation to the transmutation of wheat into chess, in the discussion of which so much feeling has been displayed, and such vast quantities of ink shed, has been finally settled, at least to the entire satisfaction of “ A Gleaner of Agricultural Knowledge.” , He says the question is settled, and most conclu¬ sively so in his mind, by evidence which cannot be contested, set aside, or explained away. Surely, the nineteenth century is destined to bear the palm from all the centuries that have preceded it, in grand and useful discoveries. The application of steam to navigation, the magnetic telegraph, and the transmutation of wheat into chess ! — all disco¬ veries of the nineteenth century, which is not half, gone yet ! a “ A Gleaner of Agricultural Knowledge,” should get the better of his modesty so far as to permit the world to know to whom they are indebted for such a valuable discovery, and for the settlement of so vexed a question ; — one upon which the brains of so many have been suffered to go wool-gathering in days gone by. The remarks of “A Gleaner” were of such a positive, sledge-hammer-like character, and came down so like “ a thousand of brick,” that I was forced to give in my adhesion to them; and so, be¬ fore I had got through with his communication, I had come to the conclusion that the question was certainly settled, firm as the rock of Gibraltar; and had made up my mind henceforth to be a transmuta- tionist — one of the straightest of the sect. But, lo! no sooner was the question settled, than it was imme¬ diately again unsettled by your criticism, appended to the communication of “A Gleaner.” It was only for a moment, however, that I felt any misgivings in the new faith which I had so recently adopted, as the conclusion of your remarks again re-assured me of its truth. Now in introducing the supposed case of the con¬ version of men into monkeys, I suppose you thought you was giving transmutation a tremendous thrust, whereas it has had the effect of more thoroughly confirming me in the faith, from the fact of its bringing to my mind an analogus (?) process, now going on in our midst, the degeneracy of our Afri¬ can population, and the process of transmutation of which they are the subjects, and through the effects of which they are rapidly being converted into whites ! Now if negroes can degenerate, as it is proved by ocular demonstration they do, and turn to white folks, why may not men be as easily 1 converted’ into monkeys, or wheat into chess? Our lots have truly fallen upon evil times. Not only do our blacks turn white, and oust wheat to chess, but even our timothy turns to chess, and our red clover to white. A few weeks since, I heard a farmer in this county assert, most positively, that timothy would turn to chess; and as evidence of the fact, cited a case within his own knowledge, by which he proved his position as conclusively as “ A Gleaner ” in The Cultivator , does his. I have frequently heard the idea advanced that red clover, after a few years, would degenerate and turn to white clover. As to the way in which white clover was introduced in this country, there are a variety of opinions. Some contending that it is red clover degenerated, others that it is a sponta- 104 THE CULTIVATOR, March, neous production, and I heard one man declare that it was brough in by a Yankee pedlar, and sold for xed clover seed — his father having purchased some ef the seed which proved to be white. It doubt¬ less proved a profitable speculation to the vender, such an one as Yankees are apt to engage in, as white clover seed is only worth from four to eight times as much as red ! With these few prefatory remarks by way of in¬ troduction, as the writers say, I shall now proceed to relate my experience in the transmutation of wheat into chess. In the fall of 1846, my father, with whom I was then living, sowed about ten acres in wheat. The ground had not been in wheat for some eight years before. The seed was so clear of chess that it was extremely difficult to find a grain. When harvest time came round, and the wheat was harvested and got out, the yield was only about six bushels to the acre, owing to its having been so badly frozen out in the winter. There were spots of a yard square or more perfectly bare of wheat. But where there was any thing, it was either wheat, or weeds of some kind, or timothy, which had been sown on the ground in the winter. There was scarcely a bunch of chess to be found in the whole field. While the farmers generally were lamenting that their wheat had frozen out and turned to chess, or cheat, as it is called here, ours had frozen out as bad as any, but it had not turned to cheat. This was a poser to the transmutationists, whose atten¬ tion was directed to the subject. Divers were the reasons advanced and supposi¬ tions ventured in accounting for so unheard-of a phenomena as that of wheat freezing out and not turning to chess ! Failing to convince the anties of the soundness of their doctrine, they would usually wind up by citing some half dozen eases, where clean seed had been sown upon clean ground, and a pretty fair crop of chess gathered in place of wheat. In the fall of 1847, we sowed about twelve acres out of the wheat grown that year, a part on new- ground, and the balance on old ground, that had not been in wheat for eight or ten years. We raised a good crop of wrhoat and no chess, or not more than could be chargeable to the few seeds that had been sown. In the fall of 1848, we sow’ed, between us, about 45 acres, out of the -wheat grown that year, still as clear of chess as when we began with it in ’46. Mine, some 15 acres, was very badly frozen out, so much so that had it escaped the rust, it would not have yielded more than five or six bushels to the acre; as it was, it was not worth cutting. A por¬ tion of my father’s wTas also badly frozen out. Yet, notwithstanding the havoc made by the frost, the transmutationist’s principal agent in the conversion of wheat into chess, I have no idea that in the whole 45 acres there could have been gathered a quart of clean chess. Now these are facts, and facts, like certain long¬ eared animals, are said to be “ stubborn things.” As to the question whether or not wheat may. can, will , or does turn to chess, I shall not protend to decide, either pro or con ; but would merely re¬ mark that in the course of iny observation, I have found that those who are firm believers in the doc¬ trine of transmutation, and consider it unnecessary to be very particular about cleaning their seed wheat, have their faith confirmed very often by their wheat turning to chess; while those who take the common sense view of the matter, that chess, like every other vegetable production, comes from the seed and no where else, and act accordingly , sowing clean seed on clean ground, seldom, if ever, have to lament over their wheat turning to chess.* Farmers generally have very vague and confused notions of the nature of chess. In the first place it is one of the most accomodating plants that grow. You may sow a gallon of the seed, in conjunction with a bushel and a-lialf of wheat, and if the wheat comes up and meets with no casualty, it will cover the ground, and you will scarcely see a head of the chess at harvest, over 6 inches in height. It is fre¬ quently seen in such cases not more than two or three inches high, with one or two fully developed grains on the top. But let the wheat be destroyed by freezing out, or grazing, and the chess, ready to fill its place, branches out, grows luxuriantly, and produces a glorious crop. Secondly, it is one of the hardiest plants in the world. The seed is in a man¬ ner indigestible, and is generally as capable of germination after passing through the stomach of animals, as before; and it may lie in the ground for years, under unfavorable circumstances, and when brought to the surface it will germinate and grow. Freezing seems to have no effect upon the plant, and grazing but very little. Thirdly and lastly, it is one of the most prolific of plants. My curiosity prompted me one day last summer, to count the seed on a common sized bunch of chess. Their number was 2,607. Supposing each grain capable of producing this number, and I have no doubt that it can, with any thing like a fair chance, such as having the wheat frozen out or destroyed in any way, and the increase of a single grain in three years, will amount to the enormous quantity of 37,- 718,342,543 grains. Jas. R. Hammond. Shandy Hall, Cooper Co., Mo., Nov. 22, 1849. Rural ©conomg. f Profits of Dairying. Eds. Cultivator — As thy columns are filled up with modes and results of farming, I take the liber¬ ty to send a statement for publication, of the man¬ ner I have conducted my dairy, and the proceeds of the same for the year 1849. My dairy consists of 30 cows, most of which are of common breed, though few are part Devonshire. They were fed as follows: on hay and upland pas¬ ture, with all the whey, except enough to rear three calves, and partially fatten four hogs. In addition, I fed during the season, sixty bushels of corn and oat meal, three-quarters of an acre of green corn, which, owing to the drouth, was not likely to come to maturity, and twelve loads of pumpkins, boiled and fed with whey, as was the meal. The following is my mode of making cheese: We strain the milk at night into a tin pan, which is sur¬ rounded by a wooden one, with a space of one and a-half inch which is filled with water. After the morning’s milk is put in, the whole is warmed to 80° by steam, operating upon the water. After the rennet is well stirred in, let it stand forty minutes, then cut it coarsely; let it stand fifteen minutes, then cut it. finer, and raise the heat to 90°. Work it occasionally with the hand for thirty minutes ; then * These remarks should 1 e remembered, as they show that faith, is in this case, a matter of practical importance. We have often inel with farmers who held the idea that chess, of itself, did not grow — it only came from wheat ! Consequently, it was of “ no use to be particular” about sowing the seed. \ We know many persons, however who do not believe in transmutation, and these farmers, (and this is a fact well worthy the consideration of the believers in transmutation,) grow no chess on their farms, and never have occa¬ sion to complain of the change of their wheat to chess.— Eds. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 105 draw off one-third of the whey, and work the curd fine and scald to 100°, if for home market— and if for foreign, 110°. Draw off the whey, and let the curd cool; put one pound of Ashton salt to for¬ ty pounds of the curd, and press very hard. I commenced operations 1st of 4mo., and up to 12mo. 29th day, I find the result as follows: 18;205 lbs. cheese, sold in New-York for 7 cts. per lb., _ $1274 35 550 lbs of Butter, . . . . . 80 75 $1355 10 Commission, boxes, and transportation, . $127 43 Nett proceeds, . $1227 67 Which gives to each cow 606 5-6tlis lbs. of cheese and 18 g lbs. of butter, worth $40.92, exclusive of calf, &c. The age of the cheese when sent to market, has averaged from 30 to 60 days. Otis Dillingham. Granville , Wash. Co., N. F., 1st Mo., 25, 1850. Large vs. Small Cheeses. The Ashtabula Telegraph, speaking of the great decline in the price of cheese in the northern part of Ohio, the last season, attributes it to the large size of the cheeses. “ It is stated by one of our most intelligent and cautious merchants, that his experience of New-York prices of cheese, acquired during his fall visit to make purchases, settled in his mind, conclusively, the form and weight of cheese intended for export or for city use. He found on inquiry at the highest sources, that while five and a-half cents was the top price for our large sized cheese, the small sizes, say from ten to twenty pounds, were quick of sale at nine and nine and a-half cents. This, he decla¬ red, was a fact worth knowing by a country mer¬ chant in the habit of buying cheese, and it is a fact worth knowing by those who make cheese. Large cheeses, however skillfully and carefully made and kept, are bad travellers. The principle of decom¬ position is inherent in every cheese, and nothing but dryness can arrest it; but in large dairies this de¬ gree of dryness is difficult of attainment,— is seldom attained. What is called heaving in cheese is sim¬ ply fermentation, and this is the first step to decom¬ position, which is inevitable, after the heaving has once occurred. The great losses heretofore sustain¬ ed by foreign merchants— purchasers oflarge cheese, have made them shy of the article, and their loss of character has led to their fall in value.” Dunlop Cheese. The following method of making this celebrated cheese, is given by Mr. Robert Gray, a practical Scotch Farmer, now residing in New Brunswick. It is taken from the report of the Directors of the St. John Agricultural Society: When more than the produce of one milking is used, the old milk must be heated to the same tem¬ perature as that newly drawn from the cows, or a little above it. This is best done by putting the milk, after taking off the cream, into a tin pan, and that again into boiling water. When the milk is properly heated, it is (together with the cream pre¬ viously drawn off,) and the new milk, put into a tub and well stirred together, and the steep applied. When the milk has coagulated, which will be in about 20 minutes, the whole should be stirred up and thoroughly broken by the hand. In ten minutes af¬ terwards the whey should be taken off', and the curd pressed against the bottom of the tub, till it is firm enough to be lifted into a drainer, or vessel with a porous bottom, when it is cut with a knife once in every ten minutes for an hour. It is then put into a cloth, and a pressure applied to expel the whey more thoroughly. When this is done and the curd gets dry and firm, it is put into a tub and carefully minced with the curd knife, and salt and a little ni¬ tre applied. The curd, with a cloth round it, is then put into a chcsset, set before the fire for three hours, and turned from time to time to preserve a uniform heat. It is then put in the press and a light pressure applied. At the end of an hour the cheese is turned upside down in the chesset, and a cloth drawn from boiling water applied. At the end of another hour, the cloth is again changed, and the cheese is left in the press till the following morning, when it is taken out, slightly heated before the fire, and again returned to the chesset and the press. When the wet cloths have been changed a time or two, a dry cloth is substituted and a greater pres¬ sure applied. The dry cloths are changed every two hours till the cheese is perfectly dry, when it is taken out, the chesset well warmed, and a thin cloth put into it. The cheese is then returned to the chesset for the last time, and subjected to a slight pressure for half an hour, when it is taken out and laid on a plank in a dry situation with a cloth thrown over it for a day or two, and turned over and rubbed with a coarse towel, (taking care not to break the edges,) every two days till it is sufficiently dry for keeping. To Make and Preserve Sausages. Eds. Cultivator — I send a receipt for preserving sausages, that is worth one year’s subscription to The Cultivator , to every family that makes much use of them that does not already know it. Although too late for the last killing time, it will soon come around to another. And while I am about it, I will give my mode of seasoning them, as I have done it for twenty years. For one hundred pounds of meat, 11 pound of fine salt, 6 ounces of black pep¬ per, powdered, and ounces of sage. For market or immediate use, a little more salt might be added. And now for preserving them. Immediately af¬ ter the meat is seasoned, make it up into small cakes, (say as large as the top of a teacup,) and fry them in the usual manner until nearly done — or quite done I think best. Then have clean small earthen or stone pots ready, and pack the cakes in as closely as possible till nearly full, pouring in the fat that comes out in frying them — then put a weight on, sufficient to keep -them down until cold. If there is not enough fat fries out to cover them, supply the deficit with clean melted lard. When they are per¬ fectly cold, it is best to put a little more melted lard on, as there will sometimes be cracks made in cool¬ ing— put a paper over them, and set them in a dry cool place, and they will keep from New Years till after the next harvest as good as when put up, or very nearly so. They will keep, I suppose, as well in large pots as small ones, until they are opened. It is only necessary to warm them up for use. Try it — there is no mistake in it. I have proved it. E. Oroasdale. Phil. Co., Pa., 1st Mo. 29, 1850. Feeding Cattle in Winter. — The American Farmer says, '■*' a neighbor of ours had an oblong tight box made, with a top — he filled this box with cut stalks, poured over them a pot of boiling water, shut down the lid and put a weight upon it, and thus cooked them with the steam. By the time the wTa- ter became milk-warm, the stalks were sufficiently cooked. For his milch cowTs, he had bran or mill feed mixed; and they w^ere always in a thriving condition,” 106 THE CULTIVATOR. March, Management of Bees. Eds. Cultivator — I have perused your valuable journal, The Cultivator , for several years past, and find it contains more important information for the young and inexperienced, as well as the aged and practical farmer, than any other periodical of the kind published in the State, and I might add in the United States. I take a number of journals devoted to the u improvement of the soil and the mind,” yet there is none, in my estimation, which affords as much useful knowledge to all classes of community as The Cultivator. I will state that I am now in possession of six elegantly bound volumes, which have cost me the price of two young swarms of bees. The informa¬ tion I have gained on this subject alone — the man¬ agement of bees— has more than doubly paid me for the volumes I now hold. And as there has been less said on this subject than most others, I feel in¬ clined to ask the inexperienced bee-keeper a few important questions : First, did you examine your hives of bees and honey after harvest, and satisfy yourself that each swarm had sufficient honey in store to keep them through the winter without being fed? Each swarm will consume some twenty pounds from the middle of October to the middle of April. If there is even a larger quantity left in the hive, the bees will thrive better the coming summer, and prove more profitable to the keeper. Secondly, is your Bee-House so constructed as to keep the blus¬ tering snow storms and cold rains from beating against the hives? If not, it should be so construct¬ ed. Bees can stand a great deal of cold during the winter, but they must be kept dry. Hives should be well ventilated. Have you examined your bottom-board, or holes intended for ventilation, to see if they are not closed with dead bees and other filth? If they are, the dead bees should be remo¬ ved. If not attended to, the chances are, the whole colony will be dead before spring. It is well to ex¬ amine your hives as often as once a month, during the winter. I have seen and used many well constructed pa¬ tented hives, yet I know of none that requires no attention. Bees require but little attention to keep them in a healthy condition, yet that little attention must not be neglected, if you would make them pro¬ fitable. C. G. J. Buffalo, N. Y ., Jan., 1850. Cows for the Dairy. Mr. Robert Gray, near Fredericton, N. B., in answer to an inquiry from the Directors of the St. John Agricultural Society, says — 11 From my expe¬ rience in the matter, I give a decided preference to Ayrshire cows for the dairy. I believe they will yield a greater quantity of milk, in proportion to the food they consume, than any other breed. Besides this, they are docile and hardy, and will thrive on pasture, and with a description of keep where such breeds as the Short-Horns would starve. They also possess more than average feeding qualities of their own, and when crossed with the Short- Horn or Dur¬ ham bull, the produce is an animal remarkable for early maturity and a disposition to fatten. If proof were wanting of the excellence of the breed, it would be found in the circumstance that they are carried to almost every quarter of the globe. Large droves are every year taken to England, and during the last ten years, considerable numbers have been taken to the Cape, the Isle of France, to Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and the United States.” Miscellaneous Items. Making Maple Sugar. — It is surprising how very general the practice is of boiling the sap in large cast-iron kettles. Sheet iron is much cheap¬ er, needs far less fuel, does not crust nor burn round the top, and is decidedly favorable to very clean su¬ gar. A simple mode of making sheet iron pans is described in the Ohio Cultivator — the pans being 4 or 5 feet by 2i, 9 inches deep, the bottom and ends one strip of good sheet iron, and the sides 1| inch plank. The edges of the iron are punched with holes an inch apart in a zig-zag line, a strip of slippery-elm bark placed between the iron and plank when nailed on, and the whole then placed on a brick “ arch ” which entirely keeps the fire from the plank sides. Hens in Winter. — S. W. Cole says that hens will never lay well in winter, unless they are made to C( scratch for a living.” This is done by bury¬ ing their grain several inches in gravel. He states that eight hens, winch did not lay an egg in a month in the winter, by adopting this course, lay 3 times as many eggs the following winter, as their whole feed cost. Feeding Cattle. — Cattle standing in cold mud¬ dy yards, exposed to the weather, consume about twice as much as those in sheltered stables kept clean and littered, and free from the accumulations of manure. ®l)e iLterinarj) HLpartment. Vermin on Cattle. Eds. Cultivator — It has long been known that a tincture of the seeds of the common blue Lark¬ spur {Delphinium consolidum ) wrill destroy lice on the heads of children, immediately and effectually. Having tried on cattle, with partial success, every¬ thing recommended in books, (except preparations of mercury,) I used larkspur seed in diluted alco¬ hol, and the insects appear to be entirely destroyed. The labor of applying it is much less than most other remedies, and it appears to have no injurious effect on the cattle to which it is applied. T. S. Gold. West Cornwall, Ct., Jan. 22, 1850. Ringbone. Eds. Cultivator — In the December number of The Cultivator , in answer to an inquiry, you re¬ mark, (l We know nothing of ringbone being fed by a bladder, situated in the heel or posterior part of the foot.” If you will turn to Cole's Veterina - rian, you will find it there described, and the ex¬ traction of the bladder, recommended as a remedy. From twenty years observation, I am satisfied that three out of four may be thus cured, and why not the other fourth, is beyond my ken, unless it is be¬ cause the operation is so slightly performed as to leave a connection between the bladder and the ringbone. But be that as it may, some of the worst cases I have ever known, have been permanently cured. For instance, a colt lame in three feet, all cured at once. A horse that had got into his teens, and had been for some months entirely useless, even, holding up the lame foot when he moved, was well in twro weeks after the operation, &c. The operation is very simple, and can be performed by any one, if the horse is properly secured, and will at most, do no harm. W. Waterbury , Ct., Jan. 25, 1850. We should like to have the opinions of experienced veterinarians in reference to this subject. — Eds. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 107 She fjorticultttral pepartnmit. CONDUCTED BY J. J. THOMAS, Pruning the Peach. Although we have nothing new to offer at the pre¬ sent time on this subject, yet as the time is approach¬ ing for attention to the necessary work, we would remind our readers briefly of some of the principal points and advantages. The peach, of all our fruit trees, is remarkable for its sensitiveness to shade. The leaves and bran¬ ches positively refuse to grow, unless they can feel Pig. 1. the sun-light. Hence, as the tree advances in size, the shoots in the central parts of the head, dwindle, die, and drop off, leaving the more central portions of large heads, with long naked limbs, bearing tufts of leaves only on their extremities, as shown in the annexed figure, (fig. 1.) It is not necessary for us to point out the evils of this result, so obvious to every cultivator. The remedy consists in keeping the leaf¬ bearing branches thinned out towards their extremities, so as to let the light into the centre of the head, as in fig. 2. This may be partly effected in trees which have been neglected, by cutting out shoots of some years’ growth Fig- & when necessary. But the best way is to cut off, near the close of winter, from one-half to two-thirds of every last year’s shoot, all over the tree, commencing this treatment as soon as the tree begins to bear, and repeating it annually as long as the continuance of the tree. This greatly reduces the weight of foliage, and thins the fruit. The crop borne on trees treated thus, is not so great as to numbers, but this defi¬ ciency is fully made up in measure, and the quality is incomparably improved. Such varieties as the Heath Cling, which are usually almost worthless, from being crowded on the tree, are the most easily thinned of their crop in this way — far more so than by the more frequent practice of picking off the young peaches. This shortening of the shoots is so perfectly sim¬ ple, that the most awkward workman can hardly go wrong, if he only attends to one point, that is to cut off two-thirds of the long shoots and half the short ones. He may do this with a knife, and aided by means of a good standing or self-sustaining lad¬ der. This mode of pruning the peach, although long ago practiced in some parts of Europe, has been but lately introduced to much extent here, where it has uniformly been attended with the best success. North American Pomological Convention., The proceedings of this Convention have been published, under the supervision of F. R. Elliott, in a neat pamphlet of 64 pages. It is occupied with a record of the discussions in the Convention ; and an extensive and minute report of the state of Fruit Culture in Illinois, by Dr. Kennicott, — and in New-York, by Dr. Wendell,- wTith shorter reports from Wisconsin, by F. K. Phoenix from Ohio, by F. R. Elliott, and from Vermont, by C. Goodrich. Altogether, it contains a great amount of valuable information on the adaptedness of fruits to the widely differing regions of the whole northern por¬ tion of the Union. The following are the results of the action of the convention, on fruits not brought before the conven¬ tion the previous year: — PLUMS. Smith’s Orleans — first-rate. Duane’s Purple — second-rate, ranking high for size and beauty. Lawrence Favorite — ftrst-rate — -not tested at the west. Long Scarlet — second or third-rate— handsome and fine for cooking. Lucombe’ s Nonsuch — nearly first-rate — poor bear¬ er. PEARS. Fondante d’ Automne, {Belle Lucrative ) — first rate. Dutchess of Angouleme — second-rate. Largely discussed, and taking its great size, free growth and productiveness into consideration, it was re¬ garded by most of the members as well worthy of cultivation — many regarded it as equal in flavor to the Bartlett — but in all cases, it was pronounced worthless, unless upon quince stock. Gansel’s Bergamot — first-rate — somewhat varia¬ ble— a moderate or poor bearer. Growth of the tree short and stumpy — leaves mealy. Napoleon — good second-rate — fine grower, and abundant bearer. St. Ghislain — in most localities, first-rate. Buff urn — a fine grower, but pronounced second- rate by most of the members, and first-rate by a few. Long Green — second-rate — very thrifty, a good bearer, regarded b}^ some as nearly first-rate. Julienne — rarely nearly first-rate, often second- rate, and frequently worthless. Never fine unless gathered before fully ripe. Frederick of Wurtemberg—ve ry variable. When at perfection, very large, exceedingly beautiful, with a brilliant cheek, not exceeded by any wax imitation- — needs thinning on the tree, and requires high cultivation — very large specimens had been produced by manuring the trees with bone-dust. Fulton — nearly first-rate, by some as second-rate —hardy, productive, and adapted to nearly all lo¬ calities. Passe Colmar — by some, as second-rate — by oth¬ ers as 11 king of pears ” — requires rich and careful cultivation to attain perfection, and skilful ripening. Beurre Diel — nearly always first-rate — best on quince stocks. 108 THE CULTIVATOR. March, I Beurre d' Amalis — second-rate. Dix — first-rate — long in coming into bearing — has sold in Boston for $2 per dozen, or $30 per bush¬ el — has rarely fruited in N. Y. or at the West. Easter Beurre — variously ranked as first and se¬ cond rate — requires ripening in a warm room, after being kept cool through the winter — if brought too early into the warm room, it shrivels. Bleecker' s Meadow — from second to fifth-rate. Beurre Bose — first-rate. APPLES. Roxbury Russet — first-rate. Hawthornden — second-rate ; first-rate for cooking — productive. Maiden's Blush — second-rate. Rambo — very highly esteemed at the West. Rawle's Jannette — highly esteemed at the West or SouthWest — blooms very late, and hence escapes spring frosts, and a constant bearer — a long keeper ■ — has kept in Kentucky till past midsummer. Root-Grafting Large Stocks. In grafting upon large two-year stocks, half an inch or more in diameter, must the graft be placed on one side of the stock so that the bark on one side of each may match? Would you in such case prefer a cleft graft to a splice? D. Herkimer Co., N. Y. In all cases of grafting common fruit trees, the line between the bark and wood must coin¬ cide at some point in both stock and graft. Hence it becomes ne¬ cessary to place the graft at one side. As we receive frequent inquiries on this sub¬ ject, we give the an¬ nexed figs, to make the operation plain ; where a is the large two-year stock, slo¬ ped and tongued for the reception of the graft b, which is also prepared with a cor¬ responding slope and tongue. The mode by which the two are joined by being firm¬ ly locked together, is shown in c. To fa¬ cilitate the wrapping of the wax-plasters, one side of the stock and its upper point are pared off with the knife, as shown in a, where the dotted line shows the origi¬ nal or full size of the face, after the first cut is made. This mode is better than cleft grafting, on account of the close contact effected by cutting the faces of the tongue, instead of splitting them as more com¬ monly practiced in cleft grafting; by the greater ex¬ pedition with which it is performed ; and by the greater ease with which the plasters or wax may be closely fitted. Camellias. — Ghent is somewhat remarkable for its nurseries and gardens; the Gardener's Chroni¬ cle says there are orders from England alone, ave¬ raging from 10,000 to 20,000 plants annually. Root-Grafting. The Diana Grape. This new seedling American grape, which origi¬ nated near Boston, appears now to have been fully tested, and has recently been figured and described in the Horticulturist and in Hovey's Magazine. The former work describes it as “ superior to the Isabella and Catawba,” and 11 the best of Ameri¬ can Grapes,” “ ripening a week or ten days before the Isabella.” It is of a pale red color, with less pulp and more juice than the Catawba, more deli¬ cate, and less of the peculiar wild taste of the na¬ tive grape. It is an abundant bearer. The Diana Grape. The following is the description in Hoveyfs Ma¬ gazine : — “ Bunch medium size, about four inches long, without shoulders ; berries medium size, round, closely set, forming a compact cluster, of a delicate pale red color, with a greyish bloom, not so dark as the Catawba; flesh with scarcely any pulp, juicy, rich and vinous, with a high, delicious flavor. Seeds generally two, rather small. Ripe from a week to ten days before the Isabella.” Cultivating Dwarf Pears. — Every intelligent fruit raiser is aware of the necessity of cultivating and manuring the soil well, for dwarf pear trees. S. B. Parsons states that he has 1700 trees on four acres — that he applied to this orchard last spring, $150 worth of manure, and gathered in the autumn 275 bushels of potatoes, 30 tons sugar beets, and a large quantity of turneps and cabbages — paying the expenses of manure and cultivation, and giving the pear trees a vigorous impulse. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 109 Wire Fences. In the last number of The Cultivator , A. B. at¬ tacks a statement, which gave strictly the results of ten years’ experience with a wire fence. He commits the most singular error of entirely overlook¬ ing one of the first principles of mechanics, in his calculations. A little more modesty of manner would perhaps have been better, in thus deciding on the experiments of another. In order to make the subject plain, it may be best to go into a little explanation. Suppose the wire, a b, ten feet long, is stretched so that a pressure against it sidewise, bending it three inches from a straight line, would snap it. Would the force thus required to break it, be as great as if the wire were drawn lengthwise? According to A. B.’s reason¬ ing, the force in either case wrould be equal; but according to experiment and mathematical reason¬ ing, the side pressure would be only about ONE TWENTY-FIFTH of the force required to draw it asunder lengthwise. Therefore, if a number 10 wire will sustain a longitudinal stress of 1500 pounds, as stated by Engineer Ellet, then a side pressure of more than 60 pounds would break it, if stretched as stated above. For, in the action of all mechanical powers and forces, as every one perhaps knows, whatever is lost in distance is gained in power. But in pres¬ sing the wire three inches aside, it is drawn only about an eighth of an inch in length; consequently the force exerted, moving 25 times as far, is increased 25 times in power. The dotted lines, a c, b c, show the position of the wire -when pressed aside. If the wire were di¬ vided into two equal parts at the middle, the two ends would form the two curves d c. The sines of these curves would be the distance moved by the side pressure; and their versed sines, (bearing a very small proportion to them, but varying with the dis¬ tance of the side pressure,) would show the actual increase in length in snapping the wire. In all the different modes of constructing wire fences, it will be observed that effort is made to stretch the wire straight, which increases their lia¬ bility to be broken, as shown above. I have seen a wire, strong enough to bear a draught lengthwise of 500 pounds, broken like burnt flax by a half year’s calf, after the wire was stretched with the moderate strength of a man. A rod of iron, one-third of an inch in diameter, wrill bear a force lengthwise of nearly three tons weight; but when slightly stretch¬ ed, I have seen such a rod broken by the bounding of a large steer against it. Albany and Rensselaer Horticultural Society. The annual meeting of this Society was held at the Rooms of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society, Feb. 6, 1850. Joel Rathbone, Esq., who had been the presiding officer of the society since its or¬ ganization, declined being a candidate for re-elec¬ tion. The officers elected for the current year, are Y. P. Douw, of Greenbush, President; E. P. Pren¬ tice, Mt. Hope, Herman Wendell, Albany, Stephen E. Warren, Troy, Amos Briggs, Schaghticoke, Vice-Presidents; B. P. Johnson, Albany, Secretary; Luther Tucker, Albany, Treasurer. The exhibition on this occasion, was not large, — 1 • — i> on account of the severity of the weather — the mercu¬ ry having been several degrees below zero ; but there was, nevertheless, a tolerable show of fruits and ve¬ getables, and a highly interesting display of plants and flowers — several of the specimens being new and in fine perfection. Messrs. Rathbone, Douw, Menand and Wilson, presented handsome collections of several kinds of plants. Mr. Wilson showed many varieties of Camellia Japonica, among which was the new seedling Abby Wilder , raised by Col. M. P. "Wilder, Boston. The specimen exhibited, fully supported the high encomiums that have been bestowed upon it, and by unanimous consent, it wTas placed first among many fine kinds brought out on this occasion. An herbarium, comprising upwards of one hun¬ dred specimens of plants, beautifully preserved, was offered for exhibition by Miss Eliza Cary, of Alba¬ ny. It attracted much attention and high praise. Messrs. Prentice, Morgan, Wendell, Gould, and others, each exhibited several varieties of apples. Dr. Wendell also showed samples of the Inconnue Yan Mons pear. Joseph Cary showed excellent specimens of Isabella grapes. J. S. Gould exhib¬ ited vei’y fine specimens of cauliflowers, which had been formed, chiefly, after the plants were dug, last fall, and planted in the cellar. Kirtland Pear. {Syn. Kirtland’s Seedling, Seedling Seckel.) One of the finest of all the new American pears, is the variety lately introduced to notice by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, of Cleveland, Ohio, and raised from the seed of the Seckel in 1819, by H. T. Kirtland, of Mahoning Co., Ohio. The fruit was exhibited The Kirtland Pear. at the fair of the N. Y. State Ag. Society held at Buffalo in 1848, from a specimen of which the ac¬ companying figure and description were drawn. A colored figure appears in the Proceedings of the North American Pomological Convention, lately published. Description. Size medium; form roundish-obo- vate, regular ; nearly the whole surface a rich cin- 110 THE CULTIVATOR. iiamon russet, resembling in this respect, the Doy¬ enne gris, reddened to the sun and greenish in the shade; stem three-fourths of an inch long, thick, curved, slightly sunk; calyx reflexed, in a moderate¬ ly deep basin; flesh very buttery, melting, rich, perfumed, of excellent flavor, equalled by very few sorts. It ripens early in autumn, before the usual pear season, which increases its value. The growth is vigorous. Dr. Kirtland states that l( in hardi¬ ness and productiveness it far excels the parent Seckel ; and in point of flavor it is esteemed as su¬ perior by many people.” !( Mulching Cherry Trees. Cultivators have often lost newly transplanted cherry trees by the drouth of summer, after they have come out finely in leaf, and given promise of vigorous growth. We believe that no tree is more benefitted than this by mulching, or shading the soil with a thick coat of leaves or litter. During the past very dry summer, some very decided proofs of its eminent advantages were furnished, where dwindling trees were speedily restored to health and thriftiness, where neglect had not proved fatal. A Cincinnati correspondent of the Horticulturist , who remarks that u nature always mulches,” states that by low heads, shaded position, and thorough mulch¬ ing, he has succeeded in raising flourishing trees in that unfavorable climate, where formerly he had lost every one the first or second season. Notes on Plums— The Curculio. I. Elfrey, or Elfrey’s Prune, of Downing. I think this plum is not sufficiently known. It is a thrifty, hardy seedling, which bears most abun¬ dantly. It is well, though very briefly described by Downing. Its fruit, when perfectly ripe, is nearly first rate. Considering also, its slight expo¬ sure to the curculio, and its adaptation to sandy soils, it certainly should rank with the best varieties. I know of two families who cultivate the finest va¬ rieties of plums, who yet prefer the Elfrey to every other, as a constant dessert plum. There are two facts in regard to it, not noticed in any of the books. The one is, the depth of its su¬ ture, on one side, extending often quite to the stone, even in the largest and most luscious specimens. The stone, too, as has been observed, frequently splits into two "when the plum is opened. The other facts relate to the shape of its buds. These are blunt at the base, and the whole bud appears as set on mechanically. This plum is very little liable to rot in hot and wet weather. II. A Plum without Name. I found on the grounds which I occupy, a plum which I consider very valuable, especially as a mar¬ ket plum, and which I cannot identify with any name in the books. As it produces the same from the suckers, it is of course a seedling. The tree has a most perfectly wild appearance. It is a slow grower, dwarfish, hardy, has a broad, spreading, very close head, with small, wiry, and rather drooping branches. It is slightly thorny ; and was mistaken by an intelligent grafter, for a wild thorn, and as such was actually grafted with a pear scion. Fruit, smallish, round, with a slight suture on one side; colored like the JBleecker, (Lombard of Dow¬ ning,) covered profusely with a very white bloom. The whole fruit, when divested of its bloom, is ex¬ March, ceedingly like the Lombard, only rounder, and with a little more acid next the stone, and a little later. Other valuable points of this Plum:— 1. Hardi¬ ness. 2. N early an annual bearer. 3 . It matures its fruit when profusely bearing, better than any plum of my acquaintance. 4. The tree is scarcely at all liable to the black knot. 5. It is equally safe from the curculio. 6. It flourishes in a sandy soil. 7. The limbs never break with over bearing, even when the fruit lies in actual heaps upon the tree . 8. The fruit never rots. Eatable specimens were found, on the ground, under my trees, as late as the 22nd of October. III. The Curculio. In the absence of novelty on this subject, corro¬ boration may be valuable. With an assistant, I spread two large sheets of white cloth under the tree, jar the tree suddenly, and kill the insect by a pinch of the thumb and fin¬ ger. Three or four visits to the tree, after the cur¬ culio begins, have been found sufficient. To jar the tree, I use a stick made like a short flat ball club,, covered with three or four thicknessess of carpet. With this in one hand, applied to a limb, and struck with a stone hammer in the other, the insect can be brought down with great certainty, I began with a long club covered with carpet, but found it bruised the bark quite frequently. To perfect this plan, I would cover a square frame of poles with white cloth, leaving a slit in one side to the centre of the frame, so as to admit the tree. The labor of taking care of a large plum orchard during the short season that the curculio works, is nothing to be compared with the value of the fruit saved. It should be known that plums, already stung, may be saved by cutting out the egg with the point of a sharp pen-knife. The curculio with his proboscis, turns up a little lip of the fruit, and lays his egg in its centre, where it may be seen like a minute drop of water. When the egg hatches, which it does, in a very short time, the worm drops down into the cavity made by the turning up of the lip, and finds his way to the centre of the fruit with, incredible swiftness. IY. Plums Killed by fresh Stable Manure. Having read, somewhere, that fresh stable ma¬ nure put around fruit trees in flower, would repel the curculio, I put some around my plum trees. As I had to take the manure when it was offered for sale, I was obliged to apply it a little earlier than I desired. Soon after a heavy rain fell, washing, of course, the soluble portion of the manure dowm up¬ on the roots of the trees. Quite a number of valua¬ ble bearing trees died outright, and numbers more were seriously injured. This was dear bought ex¬ perience. I doubt the feasibility of this plan of repelling the curculio. If the weather be dry or windy, it can do very little good, unless the quantity be large, and then you endanger your tree. Fruit trees growing near to stables and hog pens, would more probably be benefitted. C. E. G. Utica. Cultivating Young Orchards, &c. I observe that it is recommended in plowing among fruit trees, to use “ short whiffletrees.” A friend, I notice, uses leather traces, with a flap of the same sewed on the outside of each near the end, sufficiently large to cover the ends of the whiffletree, which pre¬ vents the possibility of galling the trees. I understand that the hickory tree may be grafted and transplanted successfully. I have tried graft- 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. Ill ing them but without success, and on account of •their being tap-rooted, they seldom live when trans¬ planted like other trees. I wish to ascertain the proper method of trans¬ planting hickories, and also the best time for cutting and setting the grafts. W. Waterbury , Ct. Jan. Horticultural Miscellanies, Mostly copied or condensed from the Proceedings of the North Ameri¬ can Pomologiccd Convention , 1S49. Wide Extension or Roots. — E. Harkness, of central Illinois says, “I have found the roots of young apple trees, not more than four inches in diameter, which had penetrated four feet downwards into the the clay subsoil, and ten feet from the collar of the tree/’ or occupying a bed of earth four feet thick and twenty feet in diameter. A tree one-quarter the diameter, or the size usually sold at nurseries, must have a proportionate extension; hence, in cut¬ ting a circle with the spade only a foot in diameter, in transplanting, a large portion of the roots must be cut off and left in the soil. Manure for Fruit Trees. — Dr. Kennicott, speaking of the fertile lands of northern Illinois, says, “ For fruit trees, especially the apple and quince, I have found barn-yard manure, half-decayed chips, charcoal, and ashes, [mixed] serviceable. I have tried lime, but except on a small peaty spot, without benefit. Mr. Dunlap says he has killed ap¬ ple trees with ashes— -perhaps he gave them too much. I have found them decidedly serviceable.” Yard manure alone is not recommended for that re¬ gion, and for peaches, plums and cherries, is consi¬ dered positively injurious. Fruits for Wisconsin. — F. K. Phcenix gives the following as the result of his experience with the cultivation of fruits in Wisconsin, where the thermometer often sinks to 20° below zero. Plums — Duane’s Purple, Smith’s Orleans, Emerald Drop, Imperial Gage, and Long Scarlet, prove tolerably hardy. Hardiest Pears — Urbaniste, Flemish Beau¬ ty, White Doyenne, and Easter Beurre. The Bart¬ lett, unusually tender. Of Cherries, Mayduke, Arch Duke and Downer, are hardiest. The Clin¬ ton grape is perfectly hardy — the Isabella needs covering. Of Apples, Early Harvest, Keswick Codlin, Dutchess of Oldenburg, Drap d’Or, Fameuse, Autumn Strawberry, Pomme Gris, and others, are hardy, and maintain their eastern reputation. Rhode Island Greening, Roxbury Russet, Baldwin, Rambo, Esopus Spitzenburgh, and others, are ten¬ der. The application of old, w’ell-rotted manure, in moderate quantities, induces an early maturity in growth in apple trees, and enables them the better to withstand the cold of winter. Leaf Blight in the Pear and Plum. — F. R. Elliott says, — “ The leaf-blight has been more extended in the pear and plum this season, than in any previous one in Ohio. Application of common salt and wood-ashes to one tree, and wood-ashes alone to another plum tree, has rendered them free from leaf-blight, and a continued healthy appear¬ ance throughout the season. Application of pou- drette, ground bones, ashes and lime, all mingled, have rendered pear trees healthy and free from leaf- blight, while those 30 ft. distant, without such ap¬ plication, have been affected. Fruits at Plattsburgh, N. Y.— J. W. Bai¬ ley states that he has found the application of leached ashes a preventive for mildew in the goose¬ berry. Out of 300 peach trees in bud, many were killed to within a few inches of the ground, and only about 20 of the inserted buds survived, having had no protection, and the thermometer being for nineteen days, below zero, and at one time 20° be¬ low. The most profitable apples at that place are Early Harvest, Bough, Toole’s Indian Rareripe, Esopus Spitzenburgh, Rh’d Island Greening, Swaar, Roxbury Russet. Fameuse has proved very fine, till lately affected with bitter rot. Westfield Seek- nofurther, of second quality, and moderately profit¬ able. Pomme Gris, “ the richest of all winter apples,” but too small for profit. St. Lawrence, profitable as a cooking apple. Rosseau, unprofita¬ ble; Bourassa, uncertain ; Yellow Bellflower, pro¬ mising well. Louise Bonne of Jersey. — This fine variety of the pear, so peculiarly adapted to the quince stock, is remarkable for its early productiveness. The N. E. Farmer states that two trees were bought in the autumn of 1848, by J. Washburn, of Plymouth, Mass, for $1.25 each. The next season he received a $6 premium for a select dozen of pears which they bore, and $3 for the pears. It is scarcely ne¬ cessary to say that their cultivation was by no means neglected. Grafting and Improvement. The address of J. R. Williams, before the Kalama¬ zoo Agricultural Society, Mich, contains much good sense. The following remarks on the ease with which every man may improve the quality of his fruit, are applicable to latitude and meridian of oth¬ er places besides western Michigan: — “ As it is with animals and vegetables, so it is with fruits. You can have stunted, astringent, crabbed fruits, or the most delicious. The precau¬ tion to send your neighbor’s boy to snip off a shoot from a fine tree, while you are stopping to decide the affairs of the nation with him — a few minutes taken to slide it under the bark, while you are wait¬ ing for a meal at home, will transform a useless shoot into a valuable tree, that shall furnish plea¬ sure and nutriment to generations of men. A few minutes improved now and then which would be otherwise idled away, will surround your dwelling with a grove, which shall prove of the greatest uti¬ lity, and delightful embellishment. I know men say they have no time, yet I have always observed that the men who make this excuse, have plenty of time to lounge at the tavern, — plenty of time to run after some mountebank or charlatan, plenty of time to litigate with a neighbor. No, man ! plant the tree. It will grow while you sleep. Bud it. Graft it. Nurse it, and it shall gladden the sight and please the palate of people yet unborn, and you shall have a memorial of your existence, springing from the green sod, when you shall repose beneath it. “Some five or six years ago, I found on the place where I reside, some scrubs of natural fruit. The tops of my trees my neighbors said were too large to graft. But they were grafted with considerable labor. My predecessor might have budded or graft¬ ed each with a single germ, and saved me nineteen- twentieths of the time and expense. Another set of men told mo the country was not natural for fruit. I put in the grafts and for years have had an abundance of delicious fruit for the table or cookery, for myself and my neighbors, in summer, fall, and winter, and I find none will eat it more greedily, than those who have no time to graft their own trees, and who curse the climate as unfit for fruit.” Suffolk Breed of Cattle. The origin of the various polled breeds of cattle, Is involved in some doubt. There has existed from the earliest times to which history reaches, a stock of wild cattle having generally this peculiarity, and they are carefully preserved at this day, in Chatel- herault Park, Lanarkshire, Scotland, — the residence of the Duke of Hamilton. But whether this is the parent stock of the present polled breeds, is a ques¬ tion not so easily settled. The most noted of the domestic varieties of polled cattle are the Galloway, the Angus, the Norfolk, and the Suffolk. Of the latter, represented by our cut, Martin gives the following description: (( In Suffolk, a breed of polled cattle, known by the name of Suffolk duns, has been long celebrated; though the dun color is now by no means a common character; indeed it is not preferred ; for with late improvements, other colors, as red, red and white, brindled, and yellowish or creamy white, have al¬ most abolished the dun. There can be little doubt but that the polled Suffolk cattle owe their origin to the Galloways; not that they are of the pure strain of the Galloways: on the contrary, they are the re¬ sult of interbreedings with them; and their chief qualifications are as milkers, rather than feeders; although, in this latter respect, even the lean cows when dried, show no little of the properties of their Galloway progenitors. A good Suffolk milking cow is lean and spare, with a light thin head, a clean neck, little dewlap ; slender, but short limbs ; a heavy and well-ribbed carcass, a large udder, and swollen milk veins. Generally the hip bones are high and prominent, the loins narrow, and the chine hollow. There is in all this, nothing of the true Galloway contour, and where the points characteristic of this breed prevail, though but in an inferior degree, the animal is fitter for the feeder than the dairyman. “Few cattle excel the Suffolk as milkers; a good cow, in the plentitude of her milk, will often yield six gallons a day; some have even yielded eight. “ The Suffolk dairy-farmers in general pay but little attention to their breed of cattle; or rather, are actuated by no sound principles. They usually kill the bulls in their fourth year, irrespective of their intrinsic excellence; and the valuable and the 'worthless share the same fate: consequently, should the progeny of any particular bull exhibit more than ordinarily good qualities, the chance is, that no advantage can be taken of the discovery, the sire having been slaughtered before it was made. Be¬ sides, the bull is in perfection from his fourth to his seventh year, and this is an important consideration. The heifers are also bred from at too early an age, before the system is fairly matured; in consequence of which their growth is stopped, or their constitu¬ tion enfeebled. Indeed, unless the cows display more than ordinary qualities as milkers, it is not unusual to fatten them for the butcher at four years of age; a plan which surely cannot be commended. “ When dried, the Suffolk polled cow acquires a good condition with considerable rapidity, and fat¬ tens to forty or forty-five stones; the meat is of good quality — that, indeed, of the ox very supe¬ rior. In the communication of John W. Proctor, Esq., published in our last volume, p. 373, some hornless cows belonging to Mr. Stone, are men¬ tioned as remarkable for the production of butter. Mr. P. has sent us the following letter, received by him from Col. Jaques, in reply to an inquiry relative to the importation of polled cattle. The stock therein described, was probably the source of many of the hornless cattle, erroneously called Galloways, which have been raised in New England. Ten-Hills Farm , near Boston, December 10, 1849. John W. Proctor, Esq. — In reply to yours of the 3d inst. , I will state, that the only importation of polled or hornless cattle, into New England, of which I have any knowledge, was made about 1797 to 1800. A gentleman by the name of Joseph Rus¬ sel, then residing in Boston, imported, I think, six cows and a bull, and placed them on what was then called Hog-Island, now called Belle-Isle, situated in the town of Chelsea. They were there bred pure for fifteen or twenty years. I visited the island frequently, and watched the progress of these cattle. I found them hardy, good handlers, taking on flesh readily, and as milkers, much above our common stock. The calves from the imported stock, were generally raised for breed¬ ers, and many were sold. Atone time, a large pro¬ portion of the cattle in Chelsea, were of this polled breed. But the people of that place gave little of 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 113 Dorking Fowls. At the great poultry show at Boston in November last, some very handsome Darking fowls were exhi¬ bited by Dr. E. Wight, of that city. They were bred by him from imported stock. They were of medium size, very beautiful in form, and uniformly of a clear white color. Dr. W. informed us that he had found the stock hardy and prolific; and that after numerous trials he had adopted them for general purposes, in preference to all others. The above figures were taken from a pair of Dr. W.’s Dorkings, and, excepting some unnaturalness of position, are good likenesses. The principal points which Dr. Wight prefers in his Dorkings, are given by him as follows: 11 A fine head, with' brilliant., reddish-tinged eyes; single or double combs, in both sexes ; a graceful neck, rather short than long; wide, deep, projecting breast; the body is not only long, but is round, rather than flat or square; and the legs, considering their large size, short, and invariably of a silvery white. They move with an approach to the majestic. Their co¬ lors are (those I have imported at various times) both white and speckled; but I preferred to retain the white, and have bred from them. My stock is now entirely white. A cross with the Dorking, im¬ proves the shape of most other fowls.” For a description of the Dorking breed of fowls, see Cultivator for 1849, p. 113. no attention to the preservation of the breed, pure, and they soon became more or less mixed in blood. The oxen of this stock, were rather ill-looking animals; often having little, loose horns, attached to the skin only, dangling about their faces. The pure blood cows were frequently allowed to go with any little runt of a bull. The late Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff purchased a farm in Chelsea some 30 years since, and soon after obtained several of these cows. I had frequent conversations with him in regard to them, and he always spoke highly of their milking properties. The blood of these cattle has been considerably disseminated in Massachusetts, New-Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, &c.; but I think it doubtful if the pure breed, possessing all the original distinguish¬ ing characteristics, can now be found in this neigh¬ borhood. There are several varieties of hornless cattle. The Scotch Galloways are celebrated as beef cattle, and are said to give rich milk, but not a large quan¬ tity. It is thought they have never been improved by crossing with any other breed. The Suffolk duns have been held in high reputation as milking stock. I am inclined to think the animals of the Russel im¬ portation were of this variety. Respectfully, &c., Samuel Jaques. Burning Straw. — An intelligent correspondent of the Prairie Farmer, says, if he had a thousand loads of straw he should want a good pile of dollars to induce him to set fire to it. He remarks that the rich prairies have a better supply of alkali than of vegetable matter, having been yearly burned from time immemorial. He mentions several instances in which the product was invariably greater where the straw was buried without burning. After liis heaps of straw have been soaked with rain, he treads them down with horses, and the next spring the rotted heap is spread on corn ground, where “it shows for itself.” On soils with much vegetable matter, burning may be perhaps the best. Peoria Pork Packing, — The number of hogs packed last year in Peoria, Ill., was about 30,000 114 THE CULTIVATOR. March, ®l)e JFarmer 0 Agricultural College. The Report of the Commissioners appointed to prepare a plan for an Agricultural School and Ex¬ perimental Farm, has been submitted to the Legis¬ lature by the Governor, who commends the subject earnestly to their attention. Having, in their preliminary remarks, demonstra¬ ted the necessity of some liberal provision for a bet¬ ter education of the agricultural class, and for eli¬ citing and disseminating information on the subject of agriculture, the Commissioners proceed to lay down their plan, the substance of which is compri¬ sed in the following extracts: Impressed with these considerations, and desirous of establishing a college for American farmers, the Commissioners, in pursuance of the request of the Legislature, have made full inquiry into the sub¬ jects submitted to them, and they feel sensible that an institution founded by the State of New-York, should be adequate to the just claims of the farmers, as a class, and worthy of the character of the State. To combine this with economy, and to make it an institution eminent alike for efficiency, science and practical skill, has been their aim. With these views, they beg leave to recommend that an agricul¬ tural college should be established, connected with an experimental farm of 600 acres, which would probably combine sufficient extent and variety of soil for the objects to be accomplished: the farm to be cultivated by the labor of the scholars, who are to be employed four hours a day in practical agri¬ culture, in all its various branches. Among these may be enumerated, the laying out the farm and garden in various modes, adapted to circumstances; the setting out of plants and trees; grafting, bud¬ ding, pruning, transplanting and rearing of fruit trees; the different modes of fencing grounds, with the relative advantages and cost of each; the vari¬ ous qualities of forest trees, in reference to fencing and building purposes; the best mode of breeding and feeding stock ; the comparative advantages of the various breeds; howr to discover defects, and the way to remedy or eradicate them; the proper time to sell produce, and how to put it in market; the manner of keeping farm accounts; and, in short, a full course of instruction as to the management of a farm. These scholars to be 16 years of age, to be apportioned among different counties — -say two for each Assembly district, to be nominated by the board of supervisors, and the expenses of their tui¬ tion, with board, washing, fuel and lights, to be only $100 per annum; as the produce of the farm, under proper management, will furnish no small part of the supplies of the table. Besides these scholars, there may he others admitted, at $25 per annum; who will board in the vicinity, at their own expense, but who will be required to submit to all the college rules, and to labor with the other pupils. The applicant for admission into this institution, should be well versed in the rudiments of a good English education, and should be subjected to a strict examination on the following subjects: gram¬ mar, geography, and arithmetic as far as propor¬ tions. In this examination, regard will also be had to the ability manifested in the ready and practical use of these rudiments, and to the proper mental disci¬ pline requisite foi* the successful prosecution of the course of studies contemplated in the institution. For the proper management of the institution, there will be required a President, who must a scientific and practical agriculturist. The plan, therefore of the Agricultural Committee, would re¬ quire the following professors, viz: A Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Manipulation. “ “ Natural History and Mineralogy. tc Mathematics, Engineering & Practical Surveying. “ “ Botany and Horticulture. “ u History, Law and General Science. u “ Veterinary Art and Anatomy. There should also be a farmer, having cnarge of the farm and stock, a gardener, carpenter, mason, and blacksmith, constantly employed, with the view of giving some practical knowledge of arts so essen¬ tial in the management of a farm. Allowing $2,000 salary for the president,. . . . $2,000 And 1,250 for each of the professors, . 7,500 400 each for the farmer, . . 1,600 1,000 for laborers, . . 1,000 Contingencies, . . 500 Stock lor blacksmith, . . . 300 $12,900 The students at $100 each, would contribute $25,. 600, leaving a surplus of $12,700, which, with the produce of the farm, would go far towards the sup. port of the college. The Commissioners would, however, recommend 1 to the Legislature to make an annual allowance for the support of the college, of at least $10,000, un¬ til it shall have been ascertained by experience that it can sustain itself. For the purchase of a farm of the extent required, and comprehending the proper variety of soil, an es¬ timate was made of $24,000, being $40 per awe. The buildings required would be one for lectures, sufficient for the accomodation of 500 students. The college halls, comprehending lecture and recitation rooms, library and chemical laboratory, 100 feet long and 60 feet wide, . . . $10,000 The dormitories, comprehending the president’s house, 560 feet long, 40 feet wide, . . . . 36,000 Chemical apparatus and library, . . . . 10,000 Farm-house and furniture, . . . 3,000 Barns and out-houses, stock and implements, . . . 10,000 A strict account of debit and credit should bo kept, under the direction of the President, with eve¬ ry department of the institution, and rendered an nually to the Legislature, on the first of February, so as to show the profit or loss of each department The institution should be located at some point con¬ veniently accessible from all parts of the State; and the pupil should be taught a varied system of farm¬ ing, adapted to any market, and also, how to sup¬ ply himself with the means of fertilizing land wher¬ ever he may he placed. * The course of instruction would require an at¬ tendance of six terms, one commencing the first of February, and continuing to the summer vacation; the other commencing about the 20th of August, and ending the middle of December. In summer, the scholars would ordinarily be required to labor 4 hours daily, while, in winter., the hours of labor would be one hour in the morning and two in the afternoon. The residue of the day would be occu¬ pied in studies, lectures and recitations. With such a course of education, rigorously car¬ ried out, our State would reap, in the benefits con¬ ferred on this important interest, a thousand fold all the expenditure made in such an establishment. Careful examinations would be made into all matters connected with agriculture ; comparisons had of the various modes of producing certain results, and re¬ cords preserved, showing which is preferable; au¬ thentic statements made of agricultural experiments, creating order and system, and reducing to science the heterogenous and often discordant mass of ma¬ terials collected in agricultural journals. The cha- 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 115 racter of the soils in different sections of the State would be carefully analyzed, and farmers instructed as to the most successful and proper plan of increas¬ ing and preserving their fertility. The best breeds of domestic animals would be here collected, and specimens distributed through the state, to improve the stock in the hands of farmers. Nor are these direct advantages, great as they un¬ deniably are, at all to be compared to those flowing from the general diffusion of a better system of ag¬ riculture. When we reflect that 100 young men, thoroughly instructed in scientific farming, are an¬ nually qualified for their business in this institution, it may well be deemed the normal school of farm¬ ers. In their several districts they will excite a spi¬ rit of emulation, both by precept and example. Farmers will feel that their noble pursuit, justly deemed the mother of arts, is honored by public at¬ tention, and become the care of the government: that in this Republic, as well as in ancient Greece and China, it is not beneath the dignity of those in authority, to encourage and honor a pursuit that is the chief intermediate agent between man and the bounty of his Creator. To carry out the views of the Commissioners, the undersigned would recommend that a law be enacted authorising the establishment of An Agricultural College connected with an Experimental Farm, ma¬ king the necessary appropriations for the object, and directing that eight commissioners, one from each judicial district, be appointed by the Governor, to locate such institution with authority to purchase the farm, and proceed forthwith to erect the neces¬ sary edifices, fixtures and appurtenances; to supply the same with suitable farm implements, farm stock and teams ; to procure suitable animals of all kinds for breeding the most improved farm stock; to pro¬ cure the apparatus for a chemical laboratory, and a philosophical apparatus; to purchase a suitable li¬ brary, not to exceed $5,000 in cost; to purchase and procure whatever may be necessary to put such institution in complete operation, and to select and appoint suitable persons to fill the several professor¬ ships and stations connected with the institution. The commissioners should have power to select three of their number to proceed to the erection of all such buildings and edifices, and fixtures and ap¬ purtenances ; and the procuring of such implements, farm stock and teams, (as may be necessary ;) to se¬ lect and procure suitable animals for breeding farm stock; to procure such chemical and philosophical apparatus, library, and other things as may be ne¬ cessary for said institution ; and for this service they should receive a compensation of $ per day, while actually employed. Premium Crops--- Bennington Co., Vt* Eds. Cultivator — Above twenty years ago, an agricultural society was formed in this county ; but it did not continue long. Another was established three years ago. Our fair last September was well attended. The show of cattle, horses and sheep, was large, and would have been creditable to larger counties. On the second day, an excellent address was delivered by Judge Ball, of Hoosick Falls, N. Y. The committees bn crops, lately met to award premiums. I send you herewith the substance of their reports. John S. Pettibone. Manchester , Vt., Jan. 19, 1850. Indian Corn — four acres — to Joseph Parker, of Rupert, the first premium. The product was 427 bushels and 47 quarts. The land had been down to meadow four years. The land was plowed deep, and 20 loads green manure per acre turned under. It was plastered three times, and about 12 bushels of ashes applied to the piece. The 2d premium on four acres was awarded to Lemuel Bottom, of Shaftsbury, average 68 bushels per acre. Land sandy loam. The three years pre¬ vious, down to meadow — 30 loads coarse manure per acre, spread on before plowing; plowed the 1st of May- — then harrowed and marked out both ways, 3 feet 1 inch apart; manured in the hill, 10 loads per acre; planted 15th May; seed rolled in plaster; hoed 3 times ; cut up about the 20th of September. Whole expense for four acres, $26.75. Best one acre of corn — the first premium was awarded to W. R. Dean, of Manchester, 111 bush¬ els 27 quarts per acre. Land, loam; plowed and rolled on the 9th September. In the spring, 55 loads of coarse manure were carried on ; then plowed, then spread on 10 loads fine manure and harrowed; planted 18th May, 3 feet 3 inches apart each way; seed, long 8 rowed corn. It was plastered soon af ter it came up, using half a bushel of plaster; hoed twice, plastered second time hoeing with % bushel. The land had been down to meadow ten or twelve years. The second premium to D. Spenser, of Shaftsbu¬ ry, 108 bushels; land had been down to meadow se¬ veral years; manure spread on before plowing, and ten loads sheep manure after plowing ; planted 3 feet 4 inches each way. Third premium on one acre, to Robert Ames, Manchester, 106 bush, per acre ; land gravelly loam ; 30 loads coarse manure spread on the acre and plowed in; harrowed, then spread on 12 loads fine manure; planted 3 feet 3 inches apart each way. F. Canfield, of Arlington, presented one acre; land gravelly loam ; crop much injured by the drouth ; gave 85 bushels per acre; the samples from this field were the best presented, being very hard and dry. Best half acre of corn, to George M. Vaughan, of Arlington, 57 bushels 17 quarts. The land on which this corn was raised had been, till about 1814, a pond of water. The outlet was at the southend. A sand ridge 50 or 60 feet above the water at the north end of the pond, was tunnelled by S. Deming, Esq., of Arlington, and the water drawn off" to the north. Nearly 30 acres of land was thus reclaimed. The descent from the tunnel was 8 or 10 feet lower than the pond, and the whole embankment was car¬ ried away, so that the stage road now passes through this gulf. The land was put down to mea¬ dow, notwithstanding there was a descent of 8 or 10 feet to draw off the water; and a channel 3 or 4 feet deep through the meadow, was cut by the cur¬ rent. Yet the land was sowed, and produced coarse grass. Mr. Yaughan has cut several ditches on the margin and through the meadow, or 3 feet deep.. Between these drains, the corn was grown. The advantage of draining was clearly demonstrated. The corn produced was a new kind, produced by a cross of the 8 rowed yellow corn, with the white 8 rowed and red blaze variety. These kinds were three years ago, planted side by side, and the seed select¬ ed which was most equally mixed, and planted the next year by itself, apart from any other corn ; and from seed selected from this crop, the corn of last year was grown. The sample presented was a beautiful 8 rowed yellow corn, each ear being mark¬ ed on the top with the red blaze. The ear is long, with a small cob. We were informed by Mr. Vau¬ ghan, that the top of the stalk or tassel, was of the red blaze mark. Mr. Vaughan is an enterprising young farmer, who by his industry and good jud.g> 116 THE CULTIVATOR. March, ment, is making great improvement in farming. A httle book knowledge would not injure such a farm¬ er. Barley — 1st premium to John W. Vail, of Ben¬ nington ; 50 bushels per acre; sowed after corn, with the two-rowed variety, 3^ bushels per acre; weight 47 i pounds. Four bushels is recommended to the acre, for seed. George Barnard, of Dorset, raised 25 bushels from I4 bushel of seed. Spring Wheat— Premium to Nathan Bates, of Shaftsbury; 22^ bushels, on msadow land turned over; one bushel western plaster per acre; no other manure. Rye — Premium to M. Wheelock, of Shaftsbury; 22^ bushels per acre; meadow turned over; no ma¬ nure. Buckwheat — one acre; premium to F. H. Can- field, Arlington, 33 bushels per acre. Oats — 1st premium to Alonzo Hinsdill, Benning¬ ton, 503 bushels on five acres. 2d premium to L. Bottom, Shaftsbury, 90£ bushels per acre. 3d pre¬ mium to S. Ames, Shaftsbury, 78 \ bushels per acre. Broom Corn — 1st premium to Alonzo Hinsdill, Bennington, 444 lbs. clean brush per acre. 2d pre¬ mium to P. M. Henry, Bennington, 375 lbs. per acre of clean brush. Growing Potatoes from Seed. Eds. Cultivator — I see by the January number of The Cultivator , that Mr. Charles W. Taylor, of Bucks Co., this State, has given you a statement in regard to the rot in potatoes still prevailing in his vicinity, and then goes on to say that he received some seeds of the potato from Rev. N. S. Smith, of Buffalo, and after giving tho result of his experi¬ ment, is 11 sorry to add that they rot as bad, or even worse, than any of our other kinds; although they had the advantage in regard to time of planting, manure, situation, &e.” Now as I also was a recipient of Rev. N. S. Smith’s favors, having received a half-ounce of his seed last spring; my experience with these seeds being somewhat different, or at least my success with them, leads me to a different conclusion, as re¬ gards their healthy nature; I will state the result. I also started the seeds in a hot bed, (about one- half of them) in the spring, and at the proper time transplanted the small plants to the open ground. As we had a long spell of dry weather in this sec¬ tion, commencing about the middle of June, and (with the exception of two or three sprinklings of rain,) continuing to the first week in October, a pe¬ riod of over 100 days. During all this time, vege¬ tation was at a stand still. These small potato plants consequently suffered severely, many , nearly one-half, died from the heat and drouth. The ba¬ lance remained stationary and barely alive, till a few weeks of moist and warm weather in October gave them a start, when frost arrested all further growth. I then took them up, and the produce was over a bushel, from the size of a pea, up to the size of eleven inches in circumference — of all sorts, si¬ zes, shapes, colors and qualities. Now as regards the rot. Although we had no rot, properly speaking, on any of our potatoes in this section of country, that I am aware of, last sea¬ son, yet the plants of all the old varieties appear to lack that healthy, vigorous and flourishing appear¬ ance, which in former times, (that is previous the rot being known,) belonged to the plants. Indeed it is a rare thing now, to find the common, or old varie¬ ties, producing flowers and seed balls, and the plants generally have a yellow and sickly appearance. On the contrary, these seedlings, when the wet weather commenced, at once put on a healthy, robust, and thrifty appearance, such as I had not seen for years. The plants were literally covered with blossoms, and had more the appearance of a row of flowering plants, than an esculent vegetable, producing seed balls in profusion ; owing to the lateness of the sea¬ son, however, they had not time to ripen. Now of course, I am not prepared to say that these seedlings will retain this healthy condition another year — or that they will escape the rot any more than the old varieties; but the presumption that they will do so, is greatly in their favor. J. B. Garber. Colum¬ bia , Lans. Co., Pa., Jan. 14, 1850. Application of Marl. Eds. Cultivator— “I have a great quantity of blue marl. I spread some on grass land one year, and it took all the grass out by the roots. I again spread some on the land another year, and plowed it in, but did not perceive any benefit from it. The marl is about one hundred feet above the tide, and is full of different kind of sea shells. My farm con¬ tains 477 acres of land, and there is about one hun¬ dred underlaid with this marl. The surface is a tough sod for about eight inches, and then you come to a rusty sand, about a foot deep, and then to a black or dark blue marl, soft and full of shells, about three feet deep ; then to a whitish marl, rather hard¬ er and full of shells, and when it comes to the air it slackens, like lime, so that you can shovel it up as you might a heap of ashes. I would like to know in what way it can be made profitable. Jo¬ seph Warton. Saint Andrews, N. B., January 15, 1850. We should be glad to receive suggestions in re¬ ference to the above. Eds. Sheep Husbandry. Eds. Cultivator — Mr. St. John, whose profita¬ ble sheep husbandry was noticed in your paper of this month, is beyond doubt a skilful shepherd, and many of your readers will be divided in opinion whe¬ ther his profits were 27 or exceeding 100 per cent. Now Mr. Pettibone, whose very intelligent com¬ munication was published in your paper in April last, will tell you that the hay those sheep consumed during the winter at $7 per ton, would cost $60. Mr. St. John will tell you that seven of those sheep did consume as much pasture as one cow. Estima¬ ting the pasturage of a cow at two shillings per week, would make the summer pasturage of these sheep worth at least $50. Now add two dollars and fifty cents for washing and shearing, and it would leave a little less than 7 per cent, profit on the cost of those sheep. In the estimated expense, no ac¬ count is made for grain fed to make sheep fetch, with¬ out their fleeces, 18 shillings per head, which cost but 9 shillings at their purchase, or for their care in summer, or the foddering of sheep and nursing of lambs during winter. Another consideration. Those lambs, to be year¬ lings now, must have been winter lambs; and their feed from January to July, is deserving some little consideration in the account; particularly when 45 sheep with them included, are estimated to be wmrth more than fifty of the original stock. It certainly can be no imputation upon our farm¬ ers that they do not grow wool enough to meet the consumption of the country, when they have no greater encouragement than the success of Mr. St. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 117 John, favored as he was in location, in good luck, in good sense, and in skill and experience. A Far¬ mer. Hillsdale , Feb. 4, 1850. Green an$ Dry Wood, Eds. Cultivator — u Green wood will last lon¬ ger than dry; and so will straw for cattle last lon¬ ger than hay . ’ ’ This declaration was long since made by an author calling himself “ The Prompt¬ er. ” But durability is one thing, and utility is an¬ other; and who has not learned the comparative value of green and dry wood? And yet how few lay up in store for an equinoctial rain, or a winter’s snow! And how many, otherwise good providers, perhaps, have put off the building of a wood-house for ten, twenty, or thirty years, and many who have one continue to simmer away their two barrels of water from nearly every cord they burn. All will admit these things ought not to be so ; but the most common objection to the timely preparation of wood, is the great amount of labor required at one time; and for this reason it is deferred to a " more convenient season,” or until it must be done. And now, as the time for getting good is close at hand, I would beg leave to present to your readers a remedy for some of these evils, and hope my breth¬ ren of the mallet and the plow, will not think me egotistical if I should make some allusion to my own experience. Let trees be fallen and cut at such a length that a team will draw them on a bob-sled, to the place desired. Lay them together on poles lying at right angles on the ground; attach a cross-cut saw to a horse-power so geared that the crank will make about thirty revolutions, while the horse goes once round a circle of about twenty feet diameter. If the horse is a good walker, this motion is quick enough for the safety of the saw, and if well con¬ structed, one horse will do the work; but two are better to keep up a strong steady motion. A light balance wheel is necessary to give regularity to the motion. Two posts should be erected about 2i or 3 feet apart, one side of each, nearly in line with the saw, a square groove in the sides, next the saw ; another piece fitted and screwed on at the top and bottom, with a corresponding grove; the wood about an inch apart, with the saw between. Next four pieces of hard wood so fitted as to slide in each groove and nearly touch the saw. Let each pair be screwed together above the saw with two wood screws, pinching a piece of hard leather at each screw, nearly to the thickness of the saw ; the lower piece between the lower screw and the back of the saw; the slides of sufficient length to keep the saw steady, and play so easily in the grooves as to rise and fall with the saw. There should be a safe and convenient way of raising and letting down the saw, without stopping the horse. I prefer a ten or at most a twelve inch crank, and a pitman, in two parts, introduced with a joint into a swing, suspended some ten feet above. A rail track thirty or forty feet long, placing the end of each bed-piece at the posts through which the saw plays. The car which carries the last end of the log, may be made with two wheels and an axle, with arms framed into the back side at such an an¬ gle that the ends will follow the wheels, and so bev¬ eled forward that the weight will be a little back of the bearing, and to this axle the log should be dogged firmly. The first end of the log should rest on a roller or windlass, the middle so girdled down that the log will keep the centre, and spikes driven in to draw the log forward. Apiece should be fas¬ tened to the out side of one of the posts, about even with the bottom of the log, for the block to rest on until it is sawed quite off, the other end to be rais¬ ed or lowered at pleasure. Without this, the block will frequently drop, taking a sliver with it which may make trouble. The pitman should find a rest¬ ing place when the saw gets through, so that if it is not raised immediately, it can do no injury. Such a machine has no electro, nor railroad speed, but it is got up mechanically; is a good investment of some fifty dollars; but if “ botched up,” it will probably prove a failure, and be thrown away in despair. I have used one four seasons. My cus¬ tom is to haul the wood on snow — a supply for a year or more; in the spring saw and split, throw¬ ing it into a pile; let it lie through the summer, and then put it into the wood-house. One man finds business enough to split and throw* back as fast as it will saw. I find it an easy and quiet wTay of making wood. For sawing wood exclusively, I would recommend a cast-iron horse powTer, writh just wTheels sufficient to get up the motion; as it would probably be the cheapest and most durable, and wThen the sawing was done for the season, it might be put away. A buzz saw might be connected to saw the limbs. The advantages of using mostly dry wood for a stove, are many. There is the joy-lighted counte¬ nance of the “ better half,” the pleasure of chil¬ dren, comfort of guests, the ready kindling, warm¬ ing and cooking; and when the wood is cut in this way, the uniformity of length, the saving of labor, the saving of logs that would otherwise go to wraste, the saving of chips, and the having it done up for the season. Calvin Stow. Braceville , Ohio, Jan. Muck as the Basis of Compost. Eds. Cultivator— The subject of manure, is one of increasing importance in the older sections of our country, and especially in New'- England. The in¬ creased facilities for transportation are bringing the products of the virgin soil of the west, in direct competition with our own, at the same time that our hill-sides are degenerating by continued crop¬ ping and the washing of rains. Far be it from us to decry the improvements in locomotion. We could not, if we would, and we would not if we could, put one straw on the track of the iron horse. We might as well dam up the waters of the Missis¬ sippi with bulrushes, as stop the flow of western products into our eastern markets. We do not murmur at this, but rather with an enlarged view of the prosperity of the whole country, gird our¬ selves anew for a noble competition with our wes¬ tern rivals. We do not propose to consider here what changes the eastern farmer might make in the products of his soil, to meet the new exigency in his situation, but rather very briefly suggest what change can be made in the soil itself. If any one thinks that the same crops can be raised, that his father lias raised before him, and with the same cultivation, he is be¬ hind the times. Fortunately there are few such among us. All the considerate, are looking to the compost-heap, as alone affording the ammunition wherewith to contend against our western rivals. As the basis of this compost-heap, I would urge the claims of muck, the partially decayed vegetable matter abounding in our swamps. With this re¬ source on his farm, every farmer can double his manure and consequently his products. I speak not from theory, merely, but from actual experi¬ ence, for in the past six years, the yield of my farm, 118 THE CULTIVATOR. March t3gMagBggBgagg«m«gsEgsanigai«5S«aa^ - - - _ ... __ . ? has been more than doubled, and the increase has been owing mainly to the use of muck in the com¬ post-heap ; and 1 am by no means satisfied that the maximum product has been attained. My mode of operation is to draw from the swamp whenever leisure permits, and line my barn and hog yards with the muck, a foot thick. Whenever the hogs have well composted their allowance, (and they work very cheap,) I give them another. Also under my horse-barn, and under my stable windows, I am sure to put a coat of muck, whenever there is a sprinkling of manure. By the side of my swamp, I draw out, mostly in the winter, different piles, and with one, mix a few ashes say one load of ashes to ten of muck, and with another a little manure, if it can be bought — say one load of manure to three of muck — and with another a dead horse from the neighboring village. These separate deposites are shovelled over as convenience may allow during the summer, and in the fall mostly used as a top-dress¬ ing on the meadows. I have never known lands thus treated that were not grateful for it, and did not pay good interest on the investment. Grass, T am satisfied, is the remunerative crop for most New England farms ; still on corn and potatoe grounds, I have found muck to operate with bene¬ ficial effect. With such a resource for manure, what eastern farmer need fear competition from his western neighbors, two days journey, or a thousand miles off? Berkshire. Potatoes from Seed. Eds. Cultivator — The following brief of some experiments, with my seedling potatoes last season, is respectfully submitted for the Cultivator. All the different varieties, though the season was much too dry for good crops, came off' in the ad¬ vance of former years. I planted as late as the 19th of June, on a patch of new land, just cleared from the stump, about 7 bushels of the very smallest of several varieties of my improved seedlings. They were the remnants from what I had selected and sold at home and abroad for planting. “ Too small to offer for sale as potatoes.” A large portion in size less than Robin’s eggs. The soil was too green and rooty for the plow ; it was broken with the grub hoe; a sandy loam, not at all manured ; the crop suffered much by the drouth, was hoed once, and lifted, after the frost had killed the foliage when in vigor¬ ous growth, and the product was good. A good portion of the crop range in size with large pota¬ toes. The u Buffalo Pinks,” 11 Rus$e)s” and 11 Eries,” were finely developed. Others also were good. The surface of the plat was too much inter¬ rupted with stamps and roots to allow any just estimate per acre. I planted a few “ Prussian Seedlings the pro¬ duct of seeds from the balls which I obtained di¬ rect from Germany. The tubers are of the finest specimens. Shall cultivate these Prussian Seed¬ lings with the expectation of adding to my lists for public inspection another most beautiful stand¬ ard seedling potato. I sowed my improved seedling potato seed at dif¬ ferent dates — 1st, March 1st ; 2nd, May 1st ; 3d, May 19th. The 1st and 2nd sowing was in hot bed , both of which did well, though the crops, on account of the drouth and prevailing sickness, were limited. But the third sowing, the 19th of May , was in open bed like cabbage-seed, and transplanted. Also in drills, in the field, where the plants remained and were cultivated the same as common potatoes. The product, notwithstanding the severity of the drouth, was abundantly satis¬ factory . The young seedlings were numerous , de¬ veloping new varieties, and several of fine appear- ance. Many of the tubers were as large as a hen’s egg. Mr. Ackerman , a gardener near me, sow7ed of the same seed the 25th of May in open bed, trans¬ planted in rich garden soil, and the product was equal to 200 bushels per acre. Six of the first sized tubers weighed 22£ oz. Others are equally suc¬ cessful with the sown seed. Good improved seed- ling potato-seed is sure to vegetate, produces very hardy plants, and may be used to great advantage by sowing it in open bed or in drills in the field, for the purpose of new varieties and producing seed for the next season. N. S. Smith. Buffalo, Feb., 1850. Experiment with Potatoes. Eds. Cultivator — The following is an experi- ment which I made last season in planting potatoes. The kind is called by some the “ Merino,” and by others the “ Red Mercer.” It is a large long red potato with sunken eyes and a great many of them. It is a good potato for the table at any time after reaching maturity, but it is the best in the spring. It yields well in all soils, but produces the best quality in a sandy loam. The soil on which the experiment was made, was a sandy loam, and had been in clover two years. Planted three feet apart side by side. The following is the product of eigh¬ ty hills of each: Kind. Yield, lbs. Yield, bush., lbs. Yield per acre. 1 large, . . 5.45 348 1 small,. . . . . 3.544 236 1 large slit lengthwise,. . . . 287 £ 4.474 290 1 large, cut in two,. . . . 1 large, seed end only.. 5.09 312 . . . 251 4.11 253 I large, root end only,’. . . . 2S7£ 4.384 281 The produce of the small ones were small, and of the large ones large. You are at liberty to do as you please with the above. G. T. Pearsall. Owcgo, Jan. 21, 1850. Ativice Wanted. Eds. Cultivator — My farm consists of about 220 acres, arable land, divided into seven lots, num¬ bered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. No. 1 is river bottom, sandy alluvial, medium quality ; average yield, 30 to 35 bushels corn, 10 or 11 bushels wheat per acre. Nos. 2 and 3 are identically the same ; 4 and 5 are upland, gently undulating, stiff red clay, and dry, quality inferior ; average yield per acre, say 20 bush¬ els corn, 8 bushels wheat ; clover and all the grass¬ es do pretty well on these five lots ; gypsum has a good effect. Nos. 6 and 7 we may regard as one field. The northern half was once a good clay mould ; but it has been skinned, and we have now the clay without the mould. It lies almost level- quality about equal to 4 and 5. The southern half is totally different from the northern half, and from any other lot yet described; and it is in regard to this .particular, that I want information. This ground lies perfectly level- — is, in fact, what we here call second bottom ; that is, a bench or flat of land lying from 5 to 10, sometimes 20 feet above the first or sandy alluvial bottom. Clay predomi¬ nates in this soil, and is sometimes, (that is in dif¬ ferent places,) blue, sometimes nearly white, then again yellow, but is mostly a gray. In it there is gravel and sand ; the gravel is small at the surface and increases in size as you descend. This is the poorest part of my farm — indeed, in its present con¬ dition, it is not worth cultivating ; it would not yield 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 119 more perhaps than 10 bushels corn per acre. It is rather wet, for the crawfish work over two-thirds of it. There is about forty acres of it. Can this land be made valuable? if so, how? I know thorough draining is the first step. What then? Lime costs us 40 cents per bushel, delivered, and we have a bad market for surplus produce. Under these circum¬ stances, I think, I can hardly afford to use lime. Would lime have a good effect on such land, for there is very little vegetable matter for it to act upon? I wTould give it up to the bushes and brambles, but that would be a bad example — and besides, it is in the centre of my farm — and of course, an eye-sore, that I would willingly get rid of, even at some pe¬ cuniary sacrifice. I could, without much expense, turn a small stream upon about one-half of it. Would not that be advisable? If so, should I suffer it to overflow it constantly, or only some few weeks at a time, through the year? Would you drain be¬ fore overflowing? Would animal manure benefit such land much? or would some other manure (leave out lime,) do better? — In short, what would you do for a soil so uninviting? Give me the mo¬ dus operandi. Blaze out a track, and I will try to follow it, no matter how crooked. While speaking of this part of my farm, I will mention that there are several low, marshy strips, passing through it, at the depth of 2^ feet from the surface. These strips continue soft and miry. What materials suit best for draining such a place? I have tried stones; but they sink with the superincumbent weight and choke up. How would you underdrain such land? As to the goneral improvement of my farm , I have adopted the following rotation of crops : No. 1. 1 No. 2. 1 No. 3. 1 No. 4. 1 No. 5. | No. 6. | NoT?. 1 yr 1 Corn, | - [ . ■— | Com | . - | ■ | Oyr Pasture Corn Oats with Clover Corn Syr Wheat Past’re Corn Clover Oats and Clover Corn - - 4 yr Corn 'Wheat Past’re Wheat Clover Oats and Clover Corn 5yr Pasture Corn Wheat Corn Wheat Clover Oats and Clover In this way I give more rest to 4, 5, 6 and 7, than 1, 2, 3, for the reason that the three last mentioned are much more productive, and improve as much with one year’s rest as the others with two. Ne¬ cessity compels me to cultivate in corn one of the river lots and one of the upland. Under this neces¬ sity, can I adopt a better rotation? If so, point it out. Rapid improvement of the soil is my object, without regard to profit. My means of making ma¬ nure are abundant — hundreds of acres of woodland, plenty of swamp mud, straw, weeds, corn-stalks, &c., &.c., with about 70 head of cattle, same num¬ ber of swine, 12 or 14 head of horses; and besides have Bomm^r’s method of making manure. Apro¬ pos: What is the common opinion with you in re¬ gard to that method? Could I profitably use it? Another question. Where thin upland (clay) ifc to remain in clover but two years to be turned under for wheat, would you recommend any mowing or pasturing the second season? Would it be better to let it alone and turn the whole summer crop un¬ der? Recollect, benefit to the soil is more my ob¬ ject than large crops. Ed. W. Jones. Clover Hill, N. C., Jan. 22, 1850. White Sugar Manufactory. Eds. Culvivator — During the past season we have, by availing ourselves of suitable machinery and apparatus, been able to make our entire crop of cane into white sugar, direct from the cane juice; and with about the same facility as in the ordinary way of boiling in open kettles. The mode wo have adopted is similar to that adopted in all refineries — by filtrations and concen¬ tration in vacuum — principally by the Deronne sys¬ tem. The machinery was constructed by the Novel¬ ty Works, New-York. We have made some in loaf, which has been pro¬ nounced very fine; and feel assured, when the mode becomes generally adopted, that white sugar may be obtained twenty-five per cent less than at present, saving thereby to the consumers, a vast amount, and to the producers and merchants, the heavy drainage of brown sugars — the drainage being an entire loss. Mr. Melsen’s process has been tried here, but anticipations have not been realized. S. Tillot- son. New River, La., Jan. 3, 1850. Preparing and. Sowing Clover or Timothy Seed, Eds. Cultivator — Take one bushel of clover seed, put it in a pile on your barn floor. Make 3 gallons of pickle, not quite strong enough to bear an egg, put it on the seed, mix it thoroughly, in the evening with a paddle or shovel, and then spread it on the floor, 4 inches thick. The next morning, wet it again as above ; then mix about one peck of plas¬ ter, by sprinkling 2 quarts upon it at a time, well stirred; spread out your heap again, and so on, till you have it so well dried writh plaster that the seed will not stick together. Sow while the seed is damp. One bushel thus prepared will make over one and a half bushels. The advantage of sowing in this way is, you save at least one-third your seed, and are almost certain of its growing. In the spring and summer of 1849, I sowed in four different pieces, 42 acres in the above way, 6 quarts to the acre, not one acre of which u missed.” I sowed nine acres in the u old way,” viz. the clean dry seed; 6 qts. to the acre. On the whole field there may be 2 acres of clover, not more. I also sowed 9 bushels of plaster on this field ; not any on the other. An experienced gentleman told me of this way, and that he had seldom if ever missed having plen¬ ty of clover, and thick enough too. B . M. Ellis, Muncy, Pa., Jan. 23, 1850. Timber for Flank Roads. We notice by some papers that serious apprehen¬ sion is felt that the vast amount of timber used for plank road, is likely to render all kinds of wood and lumber scarce throughout the county. Let us give one moment’s thought to this objection. Suppose that every township in the country has its plank road — a result which, independently of the wood consumed, would add immensely to the value of land and prosperity of the whole country. This would be a road for say every five miles, or one mile of road for every five square miles. A good single track, (and few roads need more,) re¬ quires about 160,000 feet of lumber; a thousand feet are about equal to a cord of wood in weight; consequently a quantity equal to 160 cords is need¬ ed for every five square miles. The average dura¬ bility, including the stringers, is about 8 years; or equal to the consumption of 20,000 feet of lumber, Drive thy business or it will drive thee. 120 THE CULTIVATOR. March, or 20 cords of wood per year for the five square miles, or 4 cords for each square mile. Now, in the thickly settled farming districts, not counting cities and villages, there are about 80 persons per square mile, or ten families averaging 8 persons each. These families consume on an av¬ erage at least 20 cords of fuel each yearly, (many consume 40 or 50,) or 200 cords per square mile. This is just 50 times as much as is required for the yearly use of the plank road. Again, nine-tenths of the fences in most parts of New- York are made of common stakes and rails; 48 of these are equal to a cord of wood, and will build 3 rods of substantial fence. It requires to fence one square mile into ten-acre lots, sixteen miles of fence. Throwing off six-tenths for waste and woodland, &c., and leaving ten miles, there are required for these ten miles no less than one thousand cords of wood in rails to fence each square mile; and if these last 12 years on an average, there are required yearly more than 80 cords for each square mile, or 20 times as much as for the plank road. A village of 1500 persons, consumes in each year about enough wood to build ten miles of plank road; and the yearly consumption of wood in such a place as Rochester, Syracuse, or Utica, would run a half- dozen roads in different directions into the country, each from ten to thirty miles long, estimating mere¬ ly the quantity of wood required. Water-tight Cellars. I notice in the last number of The Cultivator , the description of a mode of excluding water from cellars, by ramming in a space with clay between the wall and the earth, eight to twelve inches thick. Allow me to suggest another and cheaper mode. Plaster the whole inside, bottom and all, with two or three successive layers of water lime cement, making the cellar as tight as a water lime cistern. The water cannot get in at sides or bottom; and if two or three inches thick, and mixed with pebbles at the bottom; no rat, however ingenious, can pass it, after well hardened; and it makes a beautiful floor for the cellar. X. Preparation for Spring Wheat. Mr. Q. C. Rich, Chairman of the Committee on Field Crops for the Addison County (Vt.) Agricul¬ tural Society, makes the following remarks in refer¬ ence to the cultivation of wheat: II Wheat and Corn, we think, will be admitted to be the two most important grains grown in this county. Winter and Spring wheat has paid a fair profit for the outlay the past season, particularly winter, which has not been better in twenty years. The best preparation is a clover lay, but in case you have none, we would recommend plowing your land early in June, and sowing from one to two and a half bushels of Buckwheat per acre, to be turned under the last of August or first of September. The rapid decomposition of the vegetable matter warms the soil and makes it more friable — causes the wheat to vegetate, grow, and get a stronger growth — the roots to strike deeper than they would had you applied manure, or summer fallowed, as was the usual practice. The Black Sea (a spring variety,) is the only kind sown to any extent at this time. When it was first introduced into the county three-fourths to one bushel was considered sufficient to seed an acre; but now many are using two bushels; one and a half is believed to be prefe¬ rable. 5; Durability of IJnderdraius. A correspondent of the New England Farmer says that in walking over the grounds of the Duke of Portland, in the west of Scotland, he was led to examine the condition of a brush drain , construct¬ ed 32 years previously. The wood of the brush was found to be in an undecayed condition , and the drain acted as efficiently as newly constructly tile drains around it. This appears the more probable, when it is remembered that the brush is almost perfectly excluded from the external air, and most so on clayey ground. The string-pieces of plank roads, covered only by the plank, from the air above, are found to last 15 or 20 years. There is doubtless a great difference in different kinds of wood used as brush drain. Red cedar branches, buried in drains in clayey ground, would probably last beyond a life¬ time. The writer has seen wood dug up in exca¬ vating deep wells 30 or 40 feet deep, which appear¬ ed to be cedar, perfectly sound, and where it must have been deposited at the time of the great deluge. The correspondent above referred to, says that “ it is well known that so far as permanence is concerned, tiles do not, on an average, last more than 20 years.” The best ones now constructed, will however, doubtless last much longer, when not in decidedly unfavorable localities. Guano in Agriculture. — The opinion is gain¬ ing ground that guano is most advantageously ap¬ plied to wheat — the coarser nature of yard manure being more appropriate for corn. It is either plow¬ ed in, or perhaps better applied in autumn; 200 or 300 lbs. being usually enough for an acre. Accord¬ ing to T. S. Pleasants, in the Am. Farmer , the wheat and corn crops of the members of the Farm¬ ers’ Club of Sandy Spring, Maryland, where it has been much used for the past five years, have avera¬ ged as follows: 1844. — Wheat 10 bushels per acre Corn 24 u (l 1845. —Wheat 14 u ( ( Corn 20 ( i 1 1 (season unfav.) 1846. — Wheat 11| i ( (( (season unfav. f Corn 21 St (( 1847. —Wheat 15 u (l Corn 23 (s' (l 1848. —Wheat 18 ( l ( ( Corn 31 ( ( (( Insurance of Live Stock.— Col. J. M. Sher¬ wood, of Auburn, suggests, through the Evening Journal , the formation of a company for the insu¬ rance of live-stock. He observes — “ There is in this and the adjoining States, a large number of valuable breeding animals, horses, cattle and sheep. These are all liable to injury and disease, which oc¬ casions serious loss to the owners. The liability to losses frequently prevents persons from importing and introducing valuable breeding stock into the country. In order to obviate in some measure these objections, I propose thaX there be formed a New- York State Live Stock Mutual (or Stock) Insurance Company, and that persons willing to join in such a company give notice thereof to the Secretary of the New York State Agricultural Society before- the first of March next. When, if a sufficient num¬ ber of persons (or a sufficient amount of capital, if a stock company,) are found willing to join in such company, measures may be taken to organize one.” Such companies have long existed in England, where their utility has been very great, and we- think they would prove equally beneficial in this country. 185 0. THE CULTIVATOR. 121 21 ns tiier 0 to (Eorresponiinits. To PREVENT SEED CORN FROM BEING PULLED up by birds or squirrels. — A. L . , Apalachin, N. Y. Various preparations have been recommend¬ ed for this purpose j such as soaking the seed in copperas- water, coating it with flour-sulphur, coat¬ ing it with tar, &c . So far as we are acquainted, we believe the tar is most effectual; but its direct application to the grain, is liable to injure it; and to obviate this, some have adopted the practice of first coating it with plaster (gypsum,) and then coating it with tar. This, it is said, does not ob¬ struct the germination of the corn ; and the birds or squirrels will not pull it after they have found what it is. It is necessary that the corn should be well soaked in water before it is coated, otherwise the tar will not allow the penetration of sufficient mois¬ ture to produce germination. Coal Tar. — F. E. S., Braceville, Ohio. Coal tar is usually applied with a common w'hite-wrash brush. It is used as a paint for fences and out¬ buildings, and is considered a cheap inode of pre¬ serving them from decay. It also answers a good purpose for protecting iron against oxydation or rust. Destruction of Rats. — J. T. S., Bearmont, Pa. Arsenic is a deadly poison to rats, but can only be used where other animals cannot come to it. Compositions of phosphorus with ground glass, have been recommended. Cork cut in thin slices, and fried in lard, it is said will kill them. Dr. J. V. C. Smith of Boston, states that ground plaster, mixed with dry meal will bo eaten by rats, and that it wrill set in the stomach and kill them. Pro¬ fessional rat-catchers use substances to decoy the vermin into traps, or to places where they can be killed. The following is a composition used for this purposo : Powdered assafoBtida, grain. Essential oil rhodium, 3 drachms. (< lavender, 1 scruple. Oil of annisseed, 1 drachm. See Cultivator for 1846, p. 371, and 1848, p. 225. Moles. — S. M. T., Glen Cove, N. Y. There are various traps for catching moles. A cut of a good one was given in The Cultivator , vol. 10, (old se¬ ries,) p. 70. They are also destroyed by poison. Pills of bread, containing arsenic are laid in their tracks; small shreds of meat on which arsenic has been sprinkled, are used for the same purpose. It is said that the castor-oil bean, laid in their tracks will drive them away. Harvesting Machines. — E. S., Forty Fort, Pa. The most popular harvesting machines have hereto¬ fore been Hussey’s and McCormick’s. The address of the former is O. Hussey, Baltimore, Md. ; of the latter C. H. McCormick &t Co., Chicago, H. L. Emery, Albany, is agent for McC. & Co., and will have the machines for sale next season. Mr. J. II. Burrall, of Geneva, N. Y., manufactures a har¬ vesting machine, which, we understand, is favora¬ bly spoken of by those who have used it. Maple Sugar. — A. O. B., Claridon, 0. In Vermont, tin is considered preferable to iron for boiling syrup. You will find the directions you ask for for in our vol. for 1849, pp. 123, 262, and in that for 1847, pp. 24, 25. Boors. — J. R., Utica. There are only throe vols. of the ‘ 1 Memoirs of the Board of Agricul¬ ture.” Of the u Memoirs of the Philadelphia Ag. Society,” we have five volumes, which we believe comprise the entire series. We presume it will be a difficult matter to procure any of these vols. Bones. — J. H. M., Columbia, Pa. If you have no bone mills in your vicinity, we do not know how you will be able to w'ork them to advantage. The labor of crushing them by hand is considerable, and the bones may not be worth the cost. To dissolve bones in sulphuric acid, they are usually first broken in a mill, and then covered or saturated with the acid. Prof. Norton says, 11 Twelve lbs. of acid per bushel seems a good quantity to apply; but it must in all cases be previously diluted with once or twice its bulk of water. An excellent way of ap¬ plying it, is to place the bones in a conical heap on a bod of ashes, and slowly pour on the diluted acid. They will absorb nearly the whole; the outside bones should then be turned inside, and the whole will in a short time become soft and fit to mix with ashes for drilling or sowing.” Old tan bark. — If wood ashes can be cheaply obtained, the best way to convert tan into manure, is to mix it, in layers — say, a bushel of ashes, un¬ leached, to ten of tan — the heap to be made up in spring, worked over in midsummer and used the next season. Black-Sea Wheat. — J. W. , Bucks county, Pa. Mr. Emery, of the Albany Agricultural Warehouse, advertises this kind of grain. Hand-drill, or Seed-sower. — C. T., Kings¬ ville, O. Emery’s seed-planter will plant all kinds of seeds, from turnep seed to Indian corn. It is the kind generally used hero for carrots. The price is $14. Peas and Beans. — C. W. T., Trevose, Pa. Peas are much cultivated in the Canadas, in the northern portion of New-York, and in Vermont, New-Hampshire, Maine, &e. They grow better in those northorn regions than farther south, and are also comparatively free from bugs. Indian corn is less growrn at the north than in the middle and southern states, and peas are used to some ex¬ tent as a substitute for that grain. They are con¬ sidered quite as valuable per bushel, for feeding sheep, hogs, or horses, as corn. They yield from twenty to forty bushels per acre. The English field bean is not much cultivated in this country, and we are unable to refer to any particular trials which have been made with it here. The beans usually cultivated horo, are more valuable to sell as human food, than for feeding stock— -though for such animals as will eat them, either whole or ground, they are considered equal to corn. A good yield is twenty-five bushels per acre. Officers of Agricultural Societies for 1850. — Bennington county, Vt. — John S. Petti- bone, President ; Aaron Hubbell, Joseph Parker, Vice Presidents ; Harmon Canfield, Secretary ; Z a - dock Canfield, Treasurer. Oswego County, N. Y. — Hamilton Murry, Pre¬ sident; C. A. Tanner, Peter Devendorf, Vice Pre¬ sidents; James H. Wright, Secretary; J. S. Chand¬ ler, Corresponding Secretary ; Samuel Allen, An¬ drew Place, A. W. Severence, Executive Commit¬ tee. Wayne County, N. Y. — Joseph Watson, Pre¬ sident; S. E. Hudson, G. Center, N. Warner, J. Jenner, J. Borrodale, E. Flint, A. Hale, Vice Pre¬ sidents; D. Kenyon, Recording Secretary; R. tx. Pardee, Palmyra, Cor. Secretary; J. D. Ford, Treasurer; A. G. Parry, W. P. Nottingham, B. H. Streeter, E. N. Thomas, H. G. Dickerson, Wm. Rogers, V. G. Barny, Executive Committee. 122 _ THE CULTIVATOR. March, 3fotitf0 of ^Publications. The Country Gentleman — a Cottage , Villa , Farm and Garden Newspaper — This is the title of a new weekly newspaper commenced in London, the first of the present year, under the auspices of George Glenny, F. H. S., a well known and pop¬ ular writer on gardening matters, by whom the Horticultural Department is conducted. We are much pleased with the first No., the only one which has as yet come to hand; and cheerfully commend it to such of our readers, whether of foreign or na¬ tive birth, as wish to receive regularly a weekly newspaper from London, in which they will find, beside a journal of the news of the week, a record of the progress of the arts of culture in the garden, the orchard, and the conservatory , and on the farm. Price 6d sterling per No., equivalent to about $6.50 per year, to which is to be added, to the American subscriber, the ocean postage, which would make the cost here $8 to $9 a year. (See advertisement.) Proceedings of the Seneca County Agri¬ cultural Society. — We are indebted to John Delafield, Esq., for a copy of these proceedings. They comprise about 100 pages in quarto form, handsomely printed and bound, and embrace a gen¬ eral record of the doings of the Society for 1849. — Statistical tables are given of the agricultural pro¬ ducts of each town in the county for the year 1848. There are, also, several valuable addresses and es¬ says, from some of which we have already given ex¬ tracts in our columns. New Work on Diseases of Animals. — We un¬ derstand that Dr. G. H. Dadd, of Boston, proposes to publish, within a few months, a work to be enti¬ tled — “ Outlines of Anatomy and Physiology ; also, a General History of the llise and Progress of the Veterinary Science in England, with practical obser¬ vations on Feeding, Watering, Grooming, Shoeing, &c., &c. ; written with a view of teaching every man how to prevent disease in animals ; with plates ; containing also, a Compendious Dictionary of the Veterinary Art.” American Poultry Yard. — A work consisting of upwards of 300 pages relating to the origin, his¬ tory, and description of domestic poultry of all kinds, with directions for breeding, &c., with nu¬ merous illustrations; by D. J. Browne; with an appendix on the comparative merits of different breeds of fowls, with much statistical information on the subject, by Samuel Allen. The work is from the press of C. M. Saxton, New-York. Price one dollar. American Fowl-Breeder. — This is a manual lately published at Boston, comprising information in regard to breeding and managing poultry, their diseases, See. — with engravings — by an “ Associa¬ tion of Practical Breeders.”' It is offered at 25 cents per copy, and will be found useful to those "who keep poultry. The Family Visitor. — We have received the first number of a paper with this title, published at Cleveland, Ohio, by Dr. J. P. Kxrtland, S. St. John, and O. H. Knapp, editors and proprietors. — The design of the publication is to furnish such in¬ formation as shall tend to interest and improve the lflind — or as expressed by the publishers — a fami¬ ly paper, designed to instruct, enlighten, and inter¬ est the family circle.” Articles will be furnished on various branches of natural science, embracing zoology, geology, chemistry, &c,, accompanied by illustrations. Agriculture and horticulture will al¬ so receive attention, and information will be fur¬ nished on all subjects touching the philanthropic, political and general improvements of the day. — The 4< Visitor ” is issued weekly, at $1.50 per year in advance. The paper is handsomely got up, in the quarto form, and from the high standing of the editors, we presume it will deserve and receive a liberal patronage. Moore’s Rural New-Yorker. — This is the title of a paper, dating from the commencement of the year, published at Rochester, N. Y., by D. D. T. Moore, late publisher and associate editor of the Genesee Farmer. The New-Yorker is to be devoted to agriculture, horticulture, mechanic arts, science, literature, education, rural and domestic economy, reports of the crops and markets, and general in¬ telligence. Conducted by D. D. T. Moore; L. B. Langworthy, associate editor; Elon Comstock, T. C. Peters, corresponding editors; L. Weth- erell, editor of the educational department . The papor makes an excellent appearance in all respects, and we have no doubt will well fulfil its design. — Each number comprises eight pages, large quarto. It is published weekly, at two dollars a year. American Journal of Science and Arts. — The January number of this excellent work con¬ tains valuable articles on various scientific subjects, from the pens of Profs. Loomis, Dewey, J. D. Dana, Dr. Wyman, Dr. Darlington, S. S. Haldeman, John A. Porter, T. S. Hunt, and others. The work is published at New Haven, Ct., and is conducted by Messrs. Silliman &, Dana. Published every second month — $5 per year. Genesee Farmer. — Mr. D. D. T. Moore has relinquished his interest in this paper to Dr. Dan¬ iel Lee, who has for several years been associated in the editorial department of the paper. Dr. L. continues its publication, and it is edited by him in connection with James Vick, Jr. We have re¬ ceived the January number, which indicates that the good character of the work will be preserved. Patent Portable Railroad Horse Power, and Overshot Treshing Machine and Separa¬ tor. — The Prairie Farmer states that this ma¬ chine has been extensively introduced into Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, during the past season, and that the result has been a general conviction of its superiority over any sweep machine known there. The editor says — lt We have it from several persons using them, that with one of these implements, two horses and four or five men have done as much Avork, day by day, as threshers with eight horses and ten men operating along side of them. One man in¬ forms us, that he threshed one hundred and sixty bushels in a day, of wheat yielding only eight bush¬ els per acre. This we call large threshing. An¬ other informs us that his wheat yielded from seven to nine bushels per acre, with straw enough to pro¬ duce in common seasons twenty or twenty-five bushels. With the same span of horses working every day, and his machine elevated sixteen inches, his ordinary threshing was eighty bushels per day. Others in the same circumstances, by hard driving, or changing horses, have threshed from one hundred to one hundred and fifty, and in one case, as we have said, one hundred and sixty.” For further particulars, see p. 95, current vol. Acre in Yards. — An acre contains 4840 square yards, or 70 yards in length and 69 1-7 in breadth — or 198 feet by 220. 123 1350. THE CULTIVATOR. Motes for tl;e Monti;. Communications have been received since our last, from Prof. J. P. Norton, F. Holbrook, G. T. Pearsall, H., Daniel C. Douglass, J. C. H. , Dar¬ win E. Gardner, S. R. G., N. S. Smith, W. L. Ea¬ ton, Harry Betts, A New- York Farmer in Virginia, J. R. , Otis Dillingham, E. Croasdale, C. G. J., W., J. S. Pettibone, A Farmer, Berkshire, Eliza P. Benedict, A. B., A Subscriber. Books, Pamphlets, See., have been received as follows : Transactions of the Essex (Mass.) Ag. Society, for 1849, from J. W. Proctor, Esq., President of the Society, and from Gen. Wm. Sutton. Transactions of the Worcester (Mass.) Ag. Society for 1849, from John W. Lincoln, Esq. Annual Message of the Governor of Ohio, fVorn Hon. J. S. Cope¬ land. Proceedings of tho North American Pomological Convention, held at Syracuse, 14th Sept., 1849. The Application of Science to Farming, an address before tho Hampden Ag. Society, Oct. 4, 1849, by W. C. Goldthwait. An Address before the Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden Ag. So¬ ciety, Oct. 1849, by Prof. John P. Norton. Transactions of the Norfolk, (Mass.) Ag. Society, for 1849, the first year of its existence — a handsome octavo of 150 pages — from Hon. M. P. Wilder, President of the Society. The North British Agriculturist, several nos. from Mr. J. Johnston, Geneva. Sixteenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Lunatic Hospital, from the Superintendent, Dr. Gao. Chandler. Will “ H. C. W., Putnam Valley,” please favor us with his address ? Apples of 1846. — Mr. James Stewart, of Ho¬ bart, Delaware county, N. Y., has sent us four ap¬ ples, two of which grew in 1846, one in 1848, and one in 1849. They are all the produot of one tree, a seedling, on tho farm of Mr. S. They are re¬ markable from their property of long keeping; but we do not discover that thoy have any other quali¬ ties that would particularly recommend them. Fat Sheep. — Mr. B. McNeil, of Schoharie, lately brought to this city, on his way to Boston, forty-two fat sheep. They were purchased at $15 a head of George Goodyear, of Schoharie, who fattened them. They are mostly of the improved Cotswold breed, and that breed crossed with tho Bakewell or Leicester. Several of them weighed, alive, 300 lbs., and upwards each. Twenty-five of the lot were raised by Mr. George Clark, of Springfield, Otsego county, and tho others were raised in the same neighborhood. They were the finest lot of fat sheep we ever saw, of so great a number. Grafting GrapeVinks.— Mr. Curtis, member of Assembly from Onondaga county, stated at one of the agricultural meetings in Albany, that he had been very successful in grafting the Isabella on the common wild grape. He takes about fifteen to eighteen inches of the root of the wild vine, and in¬ serts in it a scion of the kind he wishes to propa¬ gate. It is done in the ordinary mode of cleft or “ split” grafting. The vine is planted so that the connexion of the stock and scion will be just below the surface of the ground. The operation is per¬ formed in the spring before the vines come into leaf. Mr. C. stated that he had vines so grafted, which bore considerably the first year, and sometimes they had made a growth of fourteen feet the first season . Good Corn crop.— J. W. Colburn, of Spring- field, Vt., Writes — 11 I have raised the past season, on four acres of ground, (Connecticut river alluvi¬ al,) within a few quarts of 416 bushels. It is of the variety known as the Brown corn ; eight-rowed, small cob, deep fiat grain, having a ohocolate col¬ ored tinge. In a rich soil, well prepared, and with clean and thorough cultivation, it will yield more than any kind I have ever tried; but on light and poor soils, and with ordinary culture, it will do nothing.” Cheese Dairies in Washington county, N. Y. — A correspondent in Middle Granville, informs us that from 150 to 200 tons of cheese were made in that town the past season. We publish this month, an account of the products and management of one cf these dairies, and are promised farther particu¬ lars hereafter. Sample of Wheat.— We have received from Mr. S. B. Parsons, of Colebrook, N. H., a sample of wheat, called 11 the Turkey wheat.” Its appear¬ ance is similar to that of the u Black Sea” wheat, when that variety first came into the country. The name also, implies that they are from the same region. But as the sample sent us is understood to be the product of a later importation, it may possess some valuablo qualities which the other has lost in accli¬ mation. Mr. P. informs us that it has succeeded remarkably well, having ripened perfectly free from rust, in neighborhoods where other wheat totally failed. Samples of Wool from Kentucky. — We have received from Mr. Washington Miller, of Win¬ chester, Clarke Co., Ky., some handsome samples of Merino wool. We are informed that they are in part from sheep purchased by him, about fifteen years since, of Lewis Sanders, Esq., of Grass Hills, Ky., and in part from sheep lately purchased from the eastern part of Ohio. The samples are all good, and those from Mr. M.Js own flock, show that there is no obstacle to the production of fine wool in Kentucky. Lawrence Scientific School. — By a circular, wo learn that the course of instruction in this de¬ partment of Harvard Univorsity commencing March 1, 1850, is to comprise the following lectures: 1, Engineering, by Prof. Eustis; 2, Chemistry, by Prof. Horsford; 3, Zoology and Geology, by Prof. Agassiz; 4, Anatomy and Physiology; 5, Botany and Vegetable Physiology, by Prof. Gray; 6, Ex¬ perimental Philosophy, by Prof. Lovering; 7, Mathematics, by Prof. Pierce; 8, Astronomy, by Messrs. W. C. and G. P. Bond. For particulars in regard to this valuable school, inquire of Prof. E. N. Horsford, Dean of the Faculty, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Agricultural enterprise in Canada. — A Ca¬ nadian paper notices the improvements in agricul¬ ture made by Chas. P. Treadwell, Sheriff of the Ottawa District. It is stated that he has upwards of two hundred acres of land ready for spring wheat, and that he cleared upwards of a hundred acres of forest last season. His extensive operations in draining are also spoken of; he having made up¬ wards of five miles of ditches with the spade, be¬ sides other ditches made by a plow designed for the purpose, drawn by four horses. He has also intro¬ duced the subsoil plow. The last Smithfield Show of Fat Cattle. — This exhibition was held at London from the 11th to the 14th of December last. In the six classes of oxen and steers, there were fourteen prizes; of which the Herefords took four, viz: one first prize, including the silver medal to the breeder, and the gold medal for the (i best ox or steer in the show- yard” — one second, and two third prizes; the Short-Horns took four — two first and two second prizes; the Devons took five — two first, two second 124 THE CULTIVATOR. March, prizes, and one third prize ; the West Highlanders one. In the three classes for fat cows and heifers, there were seven prizes ; of which the Short-Horns took six, including all the first prizes, and the gold and silver medals for cows and heifers; the Devons one — a second prize. Cochin China Fowls. — Within a few years, much has been said in regard to fowls under this name, specimens of which, having been presented to her Majesty, Queen Victoria, were kept at the royal residence, Windsor Castle. Mr. George P. Burn¬ ham, editor of the American Union , Boston, states that he has received from Mr. J. J. Nolan, of Dub¬ lin, some of this stock. From descriptions we have seen of these fowls for the last six years, we have never supposed that they differed essentially from other large Asiatic fowls, common in this country, under other names. This impression agrees with Mr. Burnham’s description of his imported fowls, which, though not 11 exactly,” he says, like some we have in this country, are still “ very similar, as regards the general characteristics.” Again, he says, “ they bear a resemblance to the best Shanghaes we have here, with the exception of the tail,” that of the Cochin Chinas being longest. We should like to know at what “ English Ag¬ ricultural Fair, this [Mr. B.’s] stock took the pre¬ mium, at the side of her Majesty Queen Victoria’s original Cochin Chinas?” 0“ Attention is invited to the advertisement of Mr. Howland, in this number. We have not seen the horse he offers for sale, but those who have rep¬ resent him to be a valuable animal. Correction. — In our report of the premiums awarded by the N. Y. State Agricultural Society on grain crops, in our last, Mr. Crispell’s crop of oats was stated 80 bushels per acre; but it should have been 85 bus. 20 qts. per acre. Glass Water pipe. — A specimen of this pipe has been left at our office by W . T. De Golyer. — We learn that over fifty rods of the pipe wrere laid for Union College, Schenectady, in 1848, wThich is still in use, and has been found free from every de¬ fect. It is not in the least corroded, and affords the water as pure as at the fountain. Further particu¬ lars in regard to the article may be learned by ad¬ dressing D. O. Ketchum. Agent Albany Glass- Works, Albany. Milk-House for Making Butter.' — We have received several inquiries for plans of houses or apartments for setting milk for making butter, and shall be greatly obliged if our friends will give us their views in regard to the subject. We should like to learn from those who have had experience in making butter both with spring houses and with¬ out, what they deem the best plan. What do the celebrated butter-makers of Pennsylvania say? Lands in Wisconsin. — A subscriber, who with others, is desirous of emigrating to Wisconsin, wishes to obtain information as to the best section of the state for farming, and the usual course of farming there, commencing with the prairie land in its natural state. Will some of our Wisconsin friends give us an article on this subject? Garden Tools and Pruning Implements. A GREAT variety of these, of American and Foreign manufac- ture, constantly on hand. A. B. ALLEN & CO., March 1, 1850. _ 189 & 191 Water St., New- York. Colman’s European Agriculture. "’C’UROPEAN AGRICULTURE, from personal observation, by i J Henry Colman of Massachusetts. Two large octavo vols. — price, neatly bound, the same as published in Nos., $5. For sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. Prices of Agricultural Products. New- York, Feb. 18, 1850. ^FLOUR — Genesee, per bbl., $5.50a$5.62— Michigan, $5.12 £a$5. GRAIN— Wheat, prime Genesee per bush., $1.23— Ohio, $1.10a $1,121. Corn, fine white Southern, 62ic. — Southern and Jersey yellow, GOc. Rye, 62|c. Barley, (prime) 70c. — Oats, 42a45c. BUTTER — best, per lb., 18a20c. — Western dairy, 12ali'c. CHEESE— per lb., 6a3c. BEEF— Mess, per bb!., $10— Prime, $6.50. PORK— Mess, (new) per bbl., $10.50a$10.62^— Prime,. $9. LARD— per lb., (tierces,) 6£c.— (kegs, prime,) 7c. HAMS — per lb., Smoked, 8a9c, HOPS — first sort, per lb., 14al6c. COTTON— Upland and Florida, per lb., 12al4c. — New O and Alabama, 12al4^c. WOOL— (Boston Prices.) Prime or Saxon fleeces, per lb., . 40a45c. American full blood Merino, . 36a40 do half do . 33o35 do one-fourth do, and common, . . 26a27 BRIGHTON CATTLE MARKET. Thursday , Feb. 14. At market, 850 Cattle. 100 unsold. Prices have declined still fur¬ ther. Less than last week, by 12^x25 cents. A very few at $6.25, by agreement. Discount upnn the weight alive 35 per cent., which would probably reduce the price to $6. We quote $6 for a small portion of the whole number. Good, from $5a$5.75. Fair $4.50 not require, on transplanting, that tedious process of wet-nursing which is indispen¬ sable to bring up those of a slow, lean, and stunted growth. [Cr“ Catalogues furnished, as usual, to post-paid applications. Syracuse, March 1, 1850 — 2t. Constantly on hand at the Albany Agricultural Warehouse fy Seed Store, Nos. 369 & 371 BROADWAY, ALBANY, N. Y. BLOWS of all descriptions adapted to the soil and modes of cultiva- M tion throughout the United States. Cultivators with Steel and Iron Teeth, for one and two horses, for all crops. Corn Planters, for hills and drills, and adapted for all kinds and quantities of seed per acre, with a perfection not otherwise attaina¬ ble. Emery’s Seed Planters, for Carrots, Turneps, Beets, Broom Cora, See., for hand or horse power. Several hundreds of the above hav¬ ing been sold and approved during the past 3 years, there is no lon¬ ger any question as to their utility. Reaping Machines, Hussey’s and McCormick’s, will be furnished on demand. A full and complete assortment of every kind of Implement and machine, as also seeds and grains for Field and Garden, required by the husbandman, constantly on hand, at the lowest manufacturer’s prices, and warranted to be in all respects what they are represented March 1— It. HORACE L EMERY. 126 THE CULTIVATOR March, Lynchburg (Ya.) Land Agent. 'THE undersigned has on hand, for sale, Fifty Plantations, ly- A ing in this section of the State — say from two to one hundred and fifty miles from Lynchburg. Prices from three to twelve dol¬ lars per acre. Mountain land, from thirty-five cents to two dollars. All communications, post-paid, promptly attended to. Lynchburg, Ya., Feb. 1— 2t* _ BENJAMIN WILKES. For Sale, 'TWO Short Horn Bull Calves, 1 year old in April next. Both are descended from the. bull Yorkshi reman — bred by the late Tho¬ mas Bates, Esq. In color, one is red, the other red with a little white. Letters of inquiry, post paid, attended to. J. M. SHERWOOD. Auburn, Feb. 1 — 2t. Seeds fo Sping Sowing and Planting. 00 bushels of superior Black Sea Wheat, pure, having been but ukjxj one year raised jn the States. 150 bushels of Clump wheat, a new article of spring wheat, of large berry, and said to be a good yielder. and is much grown in Canada. 150 bushels of Italian Spring Wheat. 100 busheis of Spring Rye. 75 bushels of very superior Broom Corn Seed. A large supply of choice Clover and Timothy seed, a low prices, at wholesale or retail. Garden and Field Peas, any quantity. A fresh lot of Garden Seeds, wholesale or retail. For sale at the Albany Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, No. 369 & 371 Broadway. Feb. 1, 1850. H. L. EMERY. Highland Nurseries, Newburgh, N. Y. (Late A. J. Fouming ff Co.) 'THE PROPRIETORS beg leave to inform their patrons, and the 1 public in general, that their stock of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, fyc., For Spring planting, is unusually large and thrifty, and embraces all of the best varieties introduced into notice in this country or Europe ; of Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Peach, Nectarine, Apricot. Grape¬ vines, Gooseberry, Currants, Raspberry, Strawberry, &e., &c. Portugal Quince trees, standards, extra size, each. . . .$1 00 do. do. quenouille, do. .... 1 00 Angers, (true,) extra . . . . . 1 00 Trees of the usual size ............................. 0 50 Also, Fears on Quince, and Apple on Paradise stocks, for dwarf trees. The stock of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, See., is very large ; and quantities to dealers, or planters on a large scale, will be furnished at greatly reduced rates. Hedge Plants. A large stock of Buckthorn, and Osage Orange plants. Also, a large stoek of Rhubarb and Asparagus roots. The entire stock haa been propagated under the personal super¬ vision of A. Savl, whose long connection with this establishment is some guarantee, from the reputation it has gained, (and the present proprietors are determined to merit,) as to the genuineness and ac¬ curacy of the present stock. Orders respectfully solicited, and will reeeive prompt attention, which will be carefully packed and shipped to any part of the Un¬ ion or Europe. Catalogues furnished gratis to post-paid applicants. Feb. 1, 1850— 3t. _ A. SAUL Sc CO. JUST PUBLISHED, BY DERBY, MILLER AND CO., AUBURN. THE AMERICAN FRUIT CULTURIST, BY J. J. THOMAS, CONTAINING directions for the Propagation and Culture of Fruit Trees, in the Nursery, Orchard, and Garden, with Descrip¬ tions of the principal American and Foreign Varieties cultivated in the United States. With 300 accurate illustrations. One volume of over 400 pages, 12 mo. Price $1. A cheaper, but equally valuable book with Downing’s was want¬ ed by the great mass. Just such a work has Mr. Thomas and Management of Domestic Poultry, And instructions concerning the choice of pure Stock, Crossing, Ca- ponising, Ac., Ac., WITH ENGRAVINGS. By an association of Practical Breeders. The above valuable work is just published by John P. Jewett A Co., Cornhill, Boston, and it is offered at the extiemely low price of Tioenty-five Cents per copy, to bring it within the means of every man interested in Poultry. £7“ We want 100 Good Faithful Agents To sell this work in every county in New England, New-York Pennsylvania and the W est, in connection with Cole's American Fruit Book AND Cole's American Veterinarian. Active and intelligent men can make money at the business. Address, post paid, tire publishers. JOHN P. JEWETT & CO-, Cornhill, Boston. P. S. The American Fowl Breeder is done up with thin covers and can be sent by mail to any part of the country. Any persor sending a quarter of a dollar by mail, post paid , shall receive a copy of the book. Feb. 1— 3t. Seedlings. New Scarlet Verbena— -Robinson’s Defiance. J. M. THORBURN & CO., 15 John street, New-Yotk, TTAVE now ready for delivery, strong plants of the above splendid Verbena, the finest in England, from whence they obtained it last June, fully testing its quality during the summer. The bloom is of the most vivid scarlet, with fine foliage, and so far from being in¬ jured by the heat of the sun, was rather improved, and continued a mass of flowers, rapidly covering the ground, while most others were destroyed by the heat, nor ceased to flower in profusion till checked by frost at the end of October — after which, being taken up and removed into the greenhouse, flowered away till December, and is now (January 21) fully out for a long succession of bloom. — It may be seen in perfection very soon by any one who will take the trouble to visit Astoria. Testimonials.- — Gardener's Chronicle , (Dr. Lindley,) Aug. 28.- — “ Robinson’s Defiance” is a most brilliant flower— fine in form and a good trusser — best of its class. Gardener's Journal , Sept. 4. — “ Robinson’s Defiance ” — beautiful variety — form good — segments of the corolla broad, firm in sub- clance and flat — color, a brilliant scarlet — habit of the plant good, and a free bloomer. The Gardener, Sept. 18. — “Robinson’s Defiance” is a superior variety, the petals are stout, the flower and truss large and well formed — color, a clear vivid scarlet — the plant is a strong and free grower, with a fine foliage and superior habit — we have not seen its equal. It received first class certificates and the highest commendation at the following exhibitions — “Royal South London,” Sept. 15 — “ Slough,” Sept. 21 — “Norwich,” Sept. 23 — “Metropolitan,” Sept. 28 — and the “ Chelsea Society.” The habit of the plant is equally adapted for potting or bed cul¬ ture, being short jointed with remarkably fine foliage, and a free bloomer. A large Italian vase filled with it at Astoria last summer, was the most striking object in the garden, and was adored by all gardeners and amateurs who observed it. It was first sent out in England in the Spring of 1848 at 7s 6d sterling per plant, but was not successfully imported here till last season. A good stock of this beautiful Verbena, ( warranted to ansicer des¬ cription ,) being now ready to send out, orders will be promptly exe¬ cuted with strong healthy plants at 50 cents e ach— $5 per dozen — six at same rale — with a liberal discount to the trade when a dozen or more are ordered. Also the following additional new Verbenas, from England : Anacreon— large bright rose, good habit and fine foliage, free bloomer and close set, pretty eye. Barkerii — scarlet crimson, good spreading habit and profuse bloomer. Rosy Morn — light rosy crimson, large eompact truss, good eye and free bloomer — a beautiful variety. Satellite — orange scarlet, exquisite form and trailing habit, well adapted for large pan pots or vases — foliage soft, serrated, and of a feathery style, extra fine— 50 cents each — or if the set of four is or¬ dered. $1.50 — have been proved a season, and fully answer descrip¬ tion. The following approved older sorts, $1.50 per dozen — Beauty Su¬ preme, Flambeau, Fireball, Major Ringgold, Mestosa, Mary Anne, Othello, Polk, Queen, Roseum Elegans, Smith’s Blue Bonnet, and others well adapted for bedding out or in patches. PETUNIAS — Hebe, Eliza, Beauty of Yorkville, Duke of Bedford and other good sorts — $2 per dozen. DAHLIAS in dry roots— all the prize sorts exhibited at Castle Gar- den last October — $5 to $15 per dozen. OCT’ Plants of the new Verbenas can readily be sent by mail ; by shaking off the soil a half dozen will not weigh over an ounce ; by immediate potting on arrival and trifling care, will recruit in three or four days and be in advance and superior condition for turning out in the month of May— of course, much earlier, further south. Feb. X, 1850 — 2t. "DEAR. Plum. Cherry, Quince, Apples, Horsechestnut, Mountain Ash, and Buckthorn Seedlings for sale. Also seed of the above kinds of trees. Every variety of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, and grafts of the celebrated Virgalieu Pear of Geneva. For sale at the Geneva Nursery, by W. G. VERPLANCK. Geneva, Nov. 1. — 6t.* Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. No. 197 Water street, ( near Fulton,) New-York. TMIE subscribers would respectfully invite ihe attention of planters -*• and dealers in Agricultural and Horticultural Implements, Garden and Field Seeds, &c., Ac., to their large and varied assortment of Garden and Field tools, Ac., which they are selling at the very low¬ est rates that they can be procured in the United States. Persons living at a distance can obtain an “ illustrated” Catalogue, contain¬ ing a list of prices, on application by letter, post-paid. Those order¬ ing from us may depend upon their orders being promptly filled. The following are a part of the utensils kept for sale by us, which are considered the best in use, all of them having taken the highest premiums: — Wheeler’s Railway Horse Power, Threshing Machines and Separators, Grant’s Fanning Mills, of six different sizes, for Rice as well as Grain ; Mayher’s do.; Hovey’s Spiral Hay, Straw and Stalk Cutters ; Smith’s Smut Machines and Buckwheat Clean¬ ers; Beal’s Corn and Cob Crushers, for Feed, horse power; Sin¬ clair’s Corn and Cob Crushers, for hand or power ; Sinclair’s Kay, Straw and Stalk Cutters, hand or horse power ; Greene’s Hay Cut¬ ters, 12, 18 and 24 knifes ; Mayher’s Ilay and Straw Cutters, 8, 10, 12, 15, and 18 knifes; Wheeler’s Stalk or Cane Cutter, Power Ma¬ chine; Mayher & Co.’s Corn Shelters, single and double-hand or power; Burrall’sCorn Shelters and Separators; Warren’s do., wood and iron; Smith’s Corn Sheller and Separator, (power,) 1200 Bush¬ els per day; Virginia do. do., hand or power, 600 to 900 bushels per day; Sinclair’s do. do. and Husker, power; Whitman’s Horse Power, Threshing Machine and Cleaners ; Taplins’ Horse Powers ; Mayher’s do. do.; Emery’s Threshing Machines, one andQwo horse power; Emery’s Seed Sowers or Corn Planters ; Emery’s Saw Mill ; Emery’s Centrifugal Churns; Thermometer Churns, of different si¬ zes; Cylindrical Churns ; Atmospheric Churns; Self-Acting Cheese Presses; Hay Presses; Bachelor’s Corn Planter; Seed Sowers of different kinds ; Bark Mills ; Cider Mills ; Paint Mills ; Coffee Mills ; Corn Mills ; Fitzgerald’s Flouring Mills ; Prentiss and Pages’ Flour¬ ing Mills, Burr Stone ; Mayher & Co.’s Eagle Improved Polished Plows, of different sizes and patterns ; Worcester do ; Mayher A Co.’s common do.; Freeborn do.; Prouty and Wear’s Plows of all' kinds Center Draught ; Sub Soil Plows of different kinds and sizes ; Side-Hill do ; Double Mouldboard do.; Cultivators, Steel and Cast- Iron teeth ; Geddes’ Harrows ; Ox Yokes and Bows; Single and Double Wiffietrees; Ox Scrapers, of Wood and Iron, large and small; OxCarts; Farm Wagons; Mule Carts; Wheelbarrows; Canal Barrows ; Field and Garden Rollers. Iron and Wood ; Wheat Drills; Reaping Machines; Mowing Machines-; Rice Hullers ;• Store Trucks ; Ground Augers ; Ox-leg and Trace Chains ; Pickax¬ es ; Grub Hoes ; Rakes, Scythe Sneaths, Grain Cradles, Crow-Bars, Ac., Ac. In fact, we have every thing wanted for Farming purpo¬ ses, got up in the best manner, style, workmanship, and of the very best material, of all the latest improvements. We have also for safe a large quantity of the best Seed and Spring Wheat, Oats, Corn,. Barley, Rye, Peas, Beans, Turnip, Cabbage, Beet, Carrot, Parsnip, Onion, Radish, Asparagus, Clover and Grass Seed, raised express¬ ly for us, and warranted fresh — a very superior article. We also have a large quantity of Guano, Bone Dust, Lime, Plaster and other Fertilizers on hand, Ornamental and Fruit Trees, Shrubs, Ac., of the best quality, furnished to order. Also, Wire Cloth, of all kinds ; Castings do.. Steam Engines, Sugar Mills, Saw Mills, Shingle and Brick Machines, together with Force, Cistern, Well, and other Pumps. JOHN MAYHER A CO., Feb. 1, 1850 — Vf No. 197 Water street. New-York. 128 THE CULTIVATOR. March, Contents of this Number. Neglected Manures— Bones, by Prof. Norton, . 97 Of Plows and Plowing, by Hon. F. Holbrook, . 98 Studies for the Farmer, by Levi Bartlett, . . 100 Sheep— Varieties of the Merino, . 101 The Question Settled, by Jas. R. Hammond, . 103 Profits of Dairying, by Otis Dillingham, . 104 Large vs. Small Cheeses— Dunlop Cheese-— To make and Pre¬ serve Sausages, by E. Croasdale — Feeding Cattle inj. 105 Winter, . . Management of Bees, by C. G. J. — Cow? for the Dairy — To Destroy Vermin on Cattle, by T. S. Gold — Cure for Ring- ) 106 bone, by W. — Making Maple Sugar, See., . . . Pruning the Peach— Proceedings of the N. A. Pomological ) Convention. . ) Root-Grafting Large Stocks— The Diana Grape — Cultivating) inQ Dwarf Pears, . J Wire Fences — Albany & Rensselaer Hort. Society — Kirlland ) Pear, . «*. . 1 Mulching Cherry Trees— Notes on Plums and the Curculio, by ) 11n C. E. (3. — Cultivating Young Orchards, by W., . j Horticultural Miscellanies— Grafting and Improvement, . Il l Suffolk Breed of Cattle, . . . A12 Dorking Fowls — Burning Straw, . . . 113 Plan for an Agricultural College, . 114 Premium Crops in Bennington County, Vt., by John S. Pet- ) 115 tibone, . ......) Growing Potatoes from Seed, by J. B. Garber — Application) of Marl, by J. Watson — Sheep Husbandry, by A Farmer, J Green vs. Dry Wood, by Calvin Stow — Muck as the Basis) ^ of Compost, by Berkshire, . ) Potatoes from the Seed, by N. S. Smith — Experiment with Potatoes, by G. T. Pearsall — Advice Wanted, by E. W. J 118 Jones, . Manufacture of White Sugar, by S. Tillotson — Preparing Clover Seed for Sowing, by B. M. Ellis — Timber for J 119 Plank Roads, . Water-tight Cellars, by X. — Preparation for Wheat — Du abil- ) j™ hy of Under-drains— Guano — Insurance of Live Stock,. . , . J Answers to Correspondents — Ag. Societies, . 121 New Publications — Wheeler’s Horse Power, . 122 Monthly Notices — To Correspondents, . 123 ILLUSTRATIONS. Figs. 148, 149— Pruning the Peach, . 107 150 — Root Grafting large Stocks, . 108 151 — The Diana Grape, . . . 103 152, 153 — Wire Fences— The Kirlland Pear . 109 154— A Suffolk Cow, . .' . 112 155 — Pair of Dorking Fowls, . 113 Geo. Glenny’s New Farm & GarJen Newspaper, “THE COUNTRY GENTLEMAN,” TS published in London, on Mondays in time for post, with the latest market prices of Corn, Meat, Cattle, Seeds, and Money, and is the very best weekly Review and Family Newspaper in England, as well as the acknowledged highest authority in all matters connected with Horticulture. Price 6s. 6d. per quarter in advance. Address GEO. GLENNY, March 1— 3t. 420 Strand, London. Bloodgootl Nurseries, Flushing , L. I. near New- York. KING A RIPLEY, PROPRIETORS, f'fcFFER for sale every variety of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, ^ Evergreens, Flowering Shrubs, Grape Vines, Hedge Plants, Raspberries, Strawberries, Ac. We have 20,000 Peach Trees, of one, two and three years growth, and our Fruit Trees generally, are of large size and thrifty. Orders sent to as at Flushing, or 244 Pearl St., New- York, (where Catalogues may be obtained gratis.) will receive immediate atten¬ tion, ami the trees packed with much care for transportation. March 1, 1850— It. Hamilton Nursery. rFHE proprietor of this establishment confines himself wholly to the propagation of hardy Fruit Trees, all of which have been ob¬ tained from the most reliable sources, or cut from bearing trees of well known varieties. About sixty vurieties of Plums and a large quantity of the Apples have been proved on his own grounds ; and all are cultivated with his own hands assisted by his son, who is soon to assume a personal interest in the business. And all the cutting of buds or grafts, and the labelling of Trees with the oversight of tak¬ ing up and packing being done by him in person, he feels confident of being able to give as good satisfaction as to correctness, as can be given by any other nursery. The stock of Apples and Plums is large and embraces numerous varieties, so that the fruit grower and amateur Horticulturist can each be supplied. A liberal discount to nurserymen and dealers in Trees. See lling Stocks of Apples and Plums for sale. Agents. — Geo. G. Sheppard, 145 Maiden Lane, New- York ; H. L. Stephens, Ilonesdale, Pa.; and Wm. J. Hamilton, Kingwood, Me Henry Co., III. Catalogues sent gratis to all post paid applicants. CHARLES HAMILTON. Canterbury, Orange Co., N. Y., March 1— It. To Fruit Growers. HPI-IE subscriber cultivates at his various nurseries, and has for sale at his residence, Eustis St., Roxbury , Mass., all the choice varie¬ ties of the Pear, Apple, Plum , Cherry , Peach, and other f ruit Trees. Raspberries , Gooseberries, Currants, Grape Vines, Strawberries, Asparagus Roots, fyc. ALso, several thousand Pear Trees on the quince, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years from the bud. Particular attention paid to the cultivation of the PEAR ; persons wishing extra sized trees, or Trees on Quince Stocks in a bearing state, will please call at the nurseries, and make their own selection. Buckthorn for Hedges, One, Two and Three Years Old. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, Herbaceous Plants, Poeonies, &c. Scions of all the varieties of the Pear, of established reputation, and also of other fruits. The whole for sale at the market price. SAMUEL WALKER, March 1, 1S50. — 2t. Roxbury, Mass. Nursery o f J. J. Thomas, Macedon, Wayne Co., N. Y. THIS nursery now contains many thousand fine trees, of large, x handsome and thrifty growth, consisting of Apples, Pears, Cherries, Peaches, Apricots, &c., and the smaller fruits, of the best standard sorts, and most of the finest new varieties ; [£7=” in all cases they have been projiagated for scde after being thoroughly praved in bearing. Q The collection of APPLES, consists of many thousand large trees, mostly 7 to 9 feet high, embraces the finest standard varieties, and nearly all the valuable new sorts. When purchasers desire, selections of the best for affording a re¬ gular succession of fruit throughout the season, will be made by the proprietor. A carefully assorted collection of hardy ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous pereunial plants, will be furnished at very moderate prices. Trees for eanal and railroad conveyance, -will be well packed in bundles, enclosed in strong mats, with the roots mudded and encased in wet moss, so as perfectly to preclude all danger of injury. ^ Allcommunic&tions, post-paid, to be directed Macedon, Wayne HT'The proprietor, wishing to make some alteration in his grounds now occupied with a fine growth of large sized apple trees, will fur¬ nish a good selection, chosen mostly by himself, of summer, autumn, and winter fruit, of the finest standard varieties, at $16 per hundred , without charge fbr packing, where the orders, with remittances, are received before the first of 1 mo. (April) next. Also, Cherry trees, 9 or 10 feet high, suitable for planting avenues, of the finest kinds only, selected by the proprietor, at $25 per 100. March 1— It. Fruit Trees for Sale. 'THE subscriber offers fruit trees al very reduced prices. Having -1- a large stock of the following kinds on hand, he will sell Apple trees at $12 per hundred. Cherry Trees, $25 per hundred, Frost Gage Plum Trees, $20 to $30 per hundred. Early Golden Apricot trees, from one to four years old (on peach stock) from $8 to $15 per hundred ; (on plum stock,) 30 cents. All the above trees are smooth and healthy. Isabella Grape Vines, 1 year old, $7 per hundred. 2 do $10 do. 3 and 4 do $12 do. 3 years old, transplanted, $14 do. The vines have all been annually cut to the ground, and have fine roots for planting. Also, a few thousand Fir Trees, from 1 to 3 feet high, at 8 cents pr foot. All other trees sold as low as at any other nursery. Fishkill Landing, March 1, 1850 — It. CHARLES DUBOIS. THE CULTIVATOR Is published on the first of each month, at Albany, N. Y., by LUTHER TUCKER, PROPRIETOR. LUTHER TUCKER & SANFORD HOWARD, Editors. $1 per aim.— 7 copies for $5 — 15 for $10. DlT^All subscriptions to commence with the volume, (the Jan. No..) and to be paid in advance. 0 Zr" All subscriptions, not renewed by payment for the next year, are discontinued at the end of each volume. DC?” The back vols. can be furnished to new subscribers — and may be obtained of the following Agents : NEW-YORK— M. H. Newman So Co., 199 Broadway. BOSTON — J. Breck & Co., 52 North Market-st., and E. Wight, 7 Congress -st. PHILADELPHIA— G. B. Zieber. Advertisements— The charge for advertisements Is $1, for 12 lines, for each insertion. No variation made from these terms^ “to improve the soil and the mind.” New Series. ALBANY, APRIL, 1850. Vol. VII.— No. 4. Culture and Manufacture of Flax. It is doubtless known to most of our readers that flax is largely cultivated in some parts of the coun¬ try, wholly for the seed, the stalks being thrown away. In some of the rich districts of Ohio, parti¬ cularly in the Miami Valley, this branch of agricul¬ ture is carried on to a great extent. A correspond¬ ent of the Ohio Dollar Statesman gives an interest¬ ing account of the flax culture of that section, with some valuable Suggestions ill regard to the manufac¬ ture of flax. He states the average yield of seed at ten bushels per acre, though in some instances it reaches fifteen bushels. The ordinary price per bushel in Dayton, where the seed is principally sold and the oil extracted from it, is eighty cents to a dollar ; but last year, owing to scarcity, the price ranged from a dollar and ten cents to a dollar and forty cents per bushel, of 52 pounds. The amount of seed worked up in the city of Dayton annually, is put down at 150,000 bushels. There are five mills, which, altogether, use ten hydrostatic pres¬ ses, some of them having a power of 1,000 tons each. The oil is principally sent to Cincinnati and thence to New-York, and the oil-cake is exported to England, where it brings $40 to $50 per ton, and is used for fatting cattle and sheep. The income which the crop affords per acre, after paying all expenses, is given as $3. This must be considered a small amount, though some additional credit may be allowed the crop from the fact, as sta¬ ted, that the farmers are able to obtain “ a much larger return of wheat, to be sown after flax, than used to be harvested when that crop followed in succession after corn, or even summer fallow.” The writer suggests that a system may be adopted by which the profits of the crop may be greatly in¬ creased. The quantity of seed, he thinks, may be brought up to 20 bushels per acre, and four to five hundred pounds of fibre maybe obtained in addition — the seed to average ninety cents to a dollar per bushel, and the fibre eight to ten cents per pound. The following extracts denote the writer’s views in regard to the proper course to obtain these results: To obtain so large a return of fibre and seed, an improved system of cultivation and rotation of crops will have to be put in practice. What this system is, I shall presently explain. Flax requires a rich soil, one that is calculated to produce an abundant yield of straw; and the subsoil within from eight to twelve inches of the surface, should be clay. This, however, is not absolutely necessary, but a strono- fibre, and an abundant yield of seed, are not so like^ ly to be obtained from a sandy soil, or where it is principally composed of vegetable remains to the depth of from one to two feet, as where the clay comes within from six to ten inches of the surface. The soil for flax should be plowed in the autumn to 'he depth of from eight to ten inches, and in the spring it should be again plowred, harrowed and rolled before the seed is sown. Instead of sowing from three to four bushels per acre, not more than two should be sown. The period for sowing the seed should invariably be governed by the following simple rule, that has, in all countries where flax is extensively grown, been found to give a large re¬ turn, even in adverse years. As soon as the indi¬ genous forest trees begin to put out their leaves, the sowing of flax should be commenced, and the entire operation should be completed by the time that the leaves are fully out. The seed should be covered very lightly, and as soon as the plants are above ground, a top-dressing of one bushel of salt, one bushel of plaster of Paris or gypsum, and two of common house ashes to be sown broadcast, will se¬ cure a vigorous growth, although the season may be very adverse for the flax crop. By the first of July, the crop will be ready to be pulled, and this operation will require a large force of hands, if the crop be large, to secure its being done at the pro¬ per season. As soon as the straw begins to get yellow, and whilst the capsules or seed balls have yet a light green color, the business of pulling the crop should be commenced, and as Soon as practi¬ cable after that period, the entire crop should be pulled. By early pulling, the seed will have a bright appearance, and the straw will have an uniform co¬ lor and texture, and be worth at least twenty-five per cent, more for manufacturing purposes, than if pulled when ripe. Flax maybe pulled in the neigh¬ borhood of large towns, where redundancy of labor of the right description, can usually be had for $3 per acre, including board, lodging, & c.; and in a densely populated neighborhood some distance from town for $3.50 per acre; which of course would in¬ clude binding and shocking. This expense may be considerably reduced by using a machine for pulling flax, that was invented at the village of Waterloo, Seneca county, New-York. This machine, by the aid of one horse, a man and a boy, will pull from three to four acres per day, performing the work, if the crop stands up tolerably well, with as much neatness as though it was done by hand. As soon as the straw becomes cured, it should be drawn to the barn to be threshed, which labor will require to be performed with the flail. The next process is water or dew-rotting; then follows the breaking and scutching, the latter of which finally prepares the fibre for market. Much skill is required to properly rot, break and scutch flax, but like all other branches of industry, it may be mastered, pro¬ vided those who engage in it are determined to over¬ come all difficulties. Competent hands may be had, consisting of experienced flax dressers who have emi¬ grated from the flax-growing countries of Europe in order to improve their condition, and those who en- 130 THE CULTIVATOR. April, gage extensively in the growth of this crop, should secure the services of men who understand the busi¬ ness in all its branches. The day has passed when flax can be successfully broken and scutched by hand labor. Breakers and scutchers to be driven by steam or water power, are the only means that are now thought practicable to manage flax so as to make lin¬ en goods sufficiently cheap to compete with cottons. Machinery can be had that will not cost beyond $400, which will clean in a proper manner from 500 to 600 lbs. of clean scutched flax per day. at an average cost, including the expense of rotting, of not more than two cents per lb. for clean scutched flax. Great improvements have been made in Ireland, in Scotland and in some portions of the United States, in the ma¬ chinery for the preparation of flax for market; and those who may extensively engage in the business, would do well to make themselves acquainted with those improvements, and employ such as have been found the most economical and efficient. The annual importation of all descriptions of flaxen goods in our country, cannot be much less than $10,000,000, and the high duty that is levied upon goods of this description, the exchange be¬ tween Europe and this country, the cost of trans¬ portation, &c., afford a guarantee of the most sub¬ stantial kind, for the profitable prosecution of the linen business. Machinery for some years past has been in successful operation in Scotland, in the north of Ireland, and in Leeds, England, for the spinning and weaving of flax goods, which turns out linen fabrics of the finest staple at nearly as low rates as what it costs to manufacture cotton goods. In Massachusetts, and in Paterson, N. J., similar ma¬ chinery has been for some time employed in exten¬ sive linen and shoe thread establishments, and the prospect now is, if the farmers will only come up to the work as they might do by employing more skill in their business, that the United States before long will be as independent of other countries for linens, as they have nearly become in cotton and woolen goods. The value of a good quality of flax in England, may be fairly quoted at from $150 to $300 per ton, at which price it might be sent to that market from Ohio, netting a fair profit to the grower, if machi¬ nery of the most improved description and skilful laborers be employed in prosecuting the business. The annual importation of flax and flax seed into Great Britain for the past ten years, has cost $50,- 000,000, and not a fraction of that money finds its way into the hands of the farmers of the United States. But what makes this matter still worse, a considerable portion of this flax is manufactured, on which the British manufacturer makes a large profit; it is then shipped to our country, a high duty is paid at the port of entrance; it is then sold at a considerable higher profit than if it were manufac¬ tured here. To place this great interest on its true and legitimate basis, we, as a people, must become not only the producers, but the manufacturers of linen fabrics, threads and twines; and by availing ourselves of the improvements effected in other coun¬ tries, where the growth and manufacture of flax is a leading branch of agricultural and mechanical industry, it wrill be found to be productive of the most important results to the inhabitants of this State. I am highly gratified in being able to inform you that a beginning, for the first time, has been made in this city, in the manufacture of flax goods, which affords the strongest evidence that an entire revolu¬ tion will shortly be made in the business of flax growing in Montgomery county. The establish¬ ment is owned and conducted by Messrs. McCann, Carnegie & Co., who have embarked some $15,000 in it, employing the most improved Scotch machine¬ ry, and also Scotch spinners and weavers. The firm purchase the flax straw of the farmers, paying for it at the rate of $7 to $10 per ton, according to quality and rot, break and scutch it themselves. The breaking and scutching apparatus are construc¬ ted on a plan very different from those in general use, which are driven by water power, performing the work with greater despatch and efficiency than any machinery for that purpose that has been intro¬ duced into this western country. The tow made by the scutchers is” manufactured at present into a strong and even carpet thread, and the clean scutch¬ ed flax is manufactured into twines, &.c., all of which will be sent to the Boston market. The Flax Rust— (Puccinia Lini.) EY AS A FITCH, M. D. In connection with the preceding article, we have thought it proper to give the following remarks, written for the forthcoming volume of the N. Y. State A g. Society’s Transactions , in reference to a malady which has in some instances proved very in¬ jurious to the flax plant, and a considerable hin¬ drance to its cultivation. — Eds. The disaster of which we are about to speak, is altogether the most baleful of any to which the flax crop in Eastern New-York is subject. And yet, in but a single instance do we find any allusion to it, in the botanical and agricultural works which we have at hand, though some of these latter profess to treat of 11 all ” the diseases and casualties to which this crop is liable. In the Transactions of the Society of Arts of the State of New-York, vol. ii, pp. 185, 187, is a short article from the pen of the Hon. Ezra L’Hommedieu, entitled “ Description of a late disease in flax on Long-Island,” in which we are informed that this disease first commenced in the town of Bridge- hampton, near the east end of that island, about the year 1803, and the following year extended eight, or ten miles further, and within two years thereafter was all over the eastern part of the island, “ so that there is but little flax raised.” In 1806, the same disease attacked the crops in Pittsfield and Rich¬ mond, Mass. It is described as a small black speck about the size of a pin -head, sometimes with a slight black streak about half an inch long proceeding from it; and this spot, it is stated, comes only upon or near the middle of the stalk, and does not make its appearance till the flax is pulled and dried. We think this description is drawn from specimens in the incipient stage of their growth, or else that at that early day the disease had not developed itself so far as to put on the marks which it now wears. On being dressed, the flax-stalk, it is stated, breaks in two where this spot appears; and though the affec¬ tion was popularly regarded as a kind of mildew, Mr. L’Hommedieu thinks it more likely that it pro¬ ceeds from the sting of an insect, which lets out the sap or juice, and rots the stalk in that part — though he had been unable to detect any insect which he could regard as producing this wound. We proceed to give the facts that are within our knowledge, respecting this disease. The “ flax-rust,” as it is termed by our farmers, seems to prevail more in some years than in others. In 1846, several fields were badly injured by it. The past, year, 1849, which was noted for its drouth, there was scarcely any of it. Upon one point, our flax-growers generally concur. Where it does ap- 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 131 pear, it is almost invariably upon flax growing upon land that has been fertilized by artificial manuring. It would hence seem that a rank, luxuriant growth, such as an unduly rich soil produces, was a promi¬ nent exciting cause of this malady. Crops of flax, moreover, that are unusually late, seldom escape. Gen. McNaughton, of Salem, relates to me a nota¬ ble instance, illustrating this fact. An old resident in his neighborhood, though a very worthy citizen, was always behind-hand with his work, so that he was never known to get his flax sown until some time in the month of May ; and he was never known to have a crop but what was badly rusted — -this dis¬ ease commonly making its access after the patches of flax on the adjoining farms had all been pulled. It is a little before the flax is gathered, that this malady usually makes its appearance. The earlier the attack, the greater is the injury. If it does not come on until just as the flax is being pulled, it is believed that it causes but slight damage. It comes in the form of black spots, looking as though a small drop of tar or some such substance, had previously been put upon the stem, and had spread out into a thin pellicle, concreting upon and adhering to the surface. If these spots have any different appear¬ ance in the incipient stages of their formation, none of my informants have observed it. They appear mostly upon the upper and branching parts of the stalk, but are sometimes scattered along its whole length,* and wherever one of these spots appear, it rots off and destroys that part of the fibres of the flax with which it is in contact. If the spots are only at the top of the stalk, the injury is but slight ; but when a solitary spot occurs any where near the middle of the stalk, every fibre with which it is in contact is lost ; for the reason that, when the flax comes to be dres¬ sed, as it is held under the knives of the dressing machine, the upper part of all those fibres which have been cut asunder by the rust-spot, is whipped out among the tow ; and when the operator turns the handful to dress its opposite end, the remaining part of these same fibres is similarly taken away. Hence a spot of this mildew reaching half round a stalk near its middle, occasions a loss of half the fibres in the stalk ; and this seems the more lament¬ able, because these wasted fibres are good flax, ex¬ cept the minute portion that was covered by the rust. As an example of the loss that is sometimes expe¬ rienced from this cause, the following may be rela¬ ted. Anson Collins, of Jackson, in 1846, sowed an acre of flax beside his barn, where the soil, it is evident, would be in a high condition as to fertility. It grew finely, and from its thrifty appearance, there was no doubt it would have yielded over two hundred pounds of dressed flax. But the rust inva¬ ded it, and from this cause alone, forty pounds was the entire product of the piece. I have had no opportunity of seeing this disease in the growing flax. A few specimens of it, however, found after much search upon dried flax, are now before me. These, I am assured, exhibit perfectly the usual appearance of this disease. The spots are about one-fourth of an inch in length, and reach about half way around the branches of the stalks on which they occur. They are of a coal-black co¬ lor, their edges well defined and visibly elevated above the level of the contiguous bark. A magni¬ fying glass shows that the epidermis or thin outer bark is unbroken, but is merely raised up, as it were in a blister, which has become black and gangrenous. There is no doubt, therefore, that these specimens are immature, and that had the flax stood a few days longer, the epidermis would have been rup¬ tured. Enough, however, is shown by them to clearly indicate the nature of this disease. It is obviously a parasitic fungus of the group Caeoma- ceje, or dust Fungi, of naturalists; and though its generic marks cannot be fully seen in these speci¬ mens, I have scarcely any hesitation in referring it to the genus Puccinia. In all the points of its his¬ tory as above narrated, the reader will have per¬ ceived a close analogy between this and the common grain-rust, ( Puccinia graminis of authors,) which so frequently attacks our oats, wheat, &,c. But this flax-rust is evidently a distinct species from the grain-rust. All the best authorities discountenance the idea that the grain-rust ever attacks any plants except those pertaining to the grain and grass fami¬ lies. That appears, moreover, in the form of long, narrow spots, whilst here the spots are broad, oval, and with rounded, or irregularly sinuated ends. The characters herewith adduced are ample for dis. tinguishing this species from the grain-rust, and from the* several other species of blight and mildew of which I have any knowledge.* The name Puc¬ cinia Lini, literally meaning the rust of flax , is therefore proposed for this species, and a more de¬ finite description of its structure is reserved, until it has been examined in its growing and matured state. To render this subject more plain to the general reader, it may be observed, that the rust-spots on flax, as on other plants, are occasioned by clusters or tufts of exceedingly minute mushrooms, which take root among the fibres of the inner bark, and by their growth raise up and distend the epidermis un¬ til it bursts; whereupon their seeds escape and float off in the atmosphere, or settle to the ground. How these nearly infinitesimal seeds find their way into the plant, to there vegetate, is not conclusively as¬ certained. The most plausible supposition appears to be, that they are disseminated in the soil, from whence they are imbibed by the roots of the plant, and are carried upwards by its juices, until they reach the appropriate places for them to grow. Drawing their nourishment from among the fibres of the flax, that portion of these fibres which is thus exhausted, withers and decays. Yet if the fungi have only commenced growing when the flax is pull¬ ed and dried, their further growth is arrested, and the fibres in which they have nestled are then but slightly disorganized. From the facts that have now been related, it ap¬ pears that the main safeguard against this malady, is early sowing upon ground that is not fertile to excess, especially from raw animal manures. Where, from the vigorous growth of the flax, there is reason to fear it may be invaded by the rust, as the period for gathering it approaches, it should be closely watched, and that part of the field parti¬ cularly examined where the crop is most luxuriant. And if it is discovered at any time that this blight is making its appearance upon the stalks so as to threaten serious injury, the crop should be pulled and dried without delay. Thus the loss which is otherwise inevitable, maybe averted. There is but one consideration that will cause any one to hesi¬ tate in adopting this course, and that is the dimin¬ ished amount of seed that is liable to be obtained if the crop is prematurely gathered. The rust, how¬ ever, does not commonly make its appearance until * How numerous are the kinds of rust, blight, smut, fee., which infest the vegetation of this country, is indicated by the fact, that that distinguished botanist, the late Rev. L. de Schweinitz, in his “ Synopsis of N orth American Fungi,” published in the Transac¬ tions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. iv, pp. 141 — 316, enumerates as known to him, forty-two species of Puccinia , and a yet larger number pertaining to each of the allied genera, Uredo and JEcidium April, 132 THE CULTIVATOR. near the time for pulling the flax, when most of the balls are so far advanced that the seed within them will ripen, though they are more immature than is desirable. The loss in the seed will therefore in most cases be small, compared with the loss that will be sustained in lint, if the crop remains many days ungathered, after this malady makes its ap¬ pearance. Agricultural Chemistry. Eds. Cultivator — -The application of Chemistry to Agriculture formed a new era in agricultural im¬ provement. Scientific minds brought their ener¬ gies to bear on the subject, and a vast amount of knowledge is the result of their investigations. The theories of active, inquiring minds which expe¬ riments seemed to sustain, were tested, — those that were true, established, and those that were false, abandoned, — and every truth developed, prepared the way for further discoveries. Science answers the interrogatories of Art, which must otherwise have remained in doubt ; for speculative experiments in agriculture lead to no results that can be relied on. Works on Agricultural Chemistry are so nume¬ rous, that all may furnish themselves with the means to become acquainted in some degree with the sci¬ ence of agriculture . The results of experiments con¬ ducted by deep-searching minds, have been given to the world. The operations of nature in the chemi¬ cal changes that are constantly taking place in the vegetable kingdom, are no longer shrouded in myste¬ ry ; for the laws that govern vegetation in its rise, growth and decay, have been searched out by sci¬ ence, and are now plainly understood. Prof. Liebig has given in his “ Familiar Letters on Chemistry ,* a great amount of information at once interesting and instructive j and it may be stu¬ died with profit by the farmer, manufacturer and merchant. The application of chemistry to physio¬ logy, is perhaps, not so generally understood as in its application to agriculture. It is true, man may live and breathe, eat, drink, and labor through a long life, in entire ignorance of the laws of his be¬ ing; without understanding how he lives, why he breathes, or in what way food sustains life, and adapts his system to endure labor. Still it is not to be denied, that with a knowledge of physiological laws, he might escape many of the ills of life that ignorance inflicts upon him. Everyone knows that the system daily requires a certain amount of food, but few know how much it requires, except as they are told by the appetite, and that is not an unerring monitor. Especially in the case of young children, ignorance is the rule rather than the exception, as to the quantity and kind of food necessary for life and perfect health. Food must contain all the ele¬ ments that form the various parts of the system, and what is required to sustain the waste that is constantly going on. But what are these elements? and why is one kind of food more nutritious than another? or why nutritious at all? Science alone can answer these questions. Flesh, blood and bone contain nitrogen and phosphates, therefore the food must contain these, or it cannot be converted into blood, which is the life -of the system. A part of the food must also consist of carbon and hydrogen, for the oxygen that is taken into the lungs in respi¬ ration, combines with these elements for the pro¬ * Chemistry, m its Application to Physiology, Agriculture, and Commerce. By Professor Liebig. Fowler & Wells, New- York. Price 20 cents. duction of animal heat. Hence, life cannot be sus¬ tained by gum, starch, sugar or spirits, because they contain neither nitrogen or phosphates, nor can respiration be continued without these in some form; that is, their carbon and hydrogen. In feeding ani¬ mals, a knowledge of this subject is important, in order to understand what substances are best adapt¬ ed to the growth of muscle and fat, or to give strength to labor. It would not do to feed animals on turneps or potatoes alone, as they contain from 75 to 92 per cent, of water, and but a small portion of nitrogen. It is well known that hay is better than grass for working animals, and still better is it to feed some with oats or corn. Chemistry as ap¬ plied to physiology, informs us in regard to all these matters, and is a study with which all farmers should be acquainted. A knowledge of agricultural chemistry is but lit¬ tle disseminated, even among that class of people that it is especially designed to benefit. Indeed, the science is not yet fully developed, for the field of investigation is extensive, and progress necessa¬ rily slow, owing to the complicated nature of che¬ mical examinations and experiments. But much has already been done, and the knowledge elicited is exerting a great influence in agricultural improve¬ ment. In the results of investigations that have been reached by different processes of reasoning and experiments, it would be strange if there was al¬ ways an exact agreement. But if there are errors, no doubt but in time they will be discovered and cor¬ rected. It is the generally received opinion, I think, that manures are valuable in proportion to the amount of nitrogen they contain. Dr. Dana main¬ tains this opinion in his Muck Manual , p. 123. 11 The nitrogen then, in dung, is that organic ele¬ ment, to which must be attributed its chief enrich¬ ing quality.” And on page 143, “A great part of the value of bone as a manure, depends on its car¬ tilage.” Liebig in Letter 16, says — 11 My recent researches into the constituent ingredients of our cultivated fields, have led me to the conclusion that of all the elements furnished to plants by the soil, and ministering to their nourishment, the phosphate of lime, or rather the phosphates generally, must be regarded as the most important.” p. 52, “ Bones contain from 30 to 36 per cent, of earthy matter — chiefly phosphate of lime, and the remainder is ge¬ latine. Their efficacy as manure does not depend, as has been generally but erroneously supposed, up¬ on the nitrogenized matter which they contain, but on their phosphate of lime.” pp. 14, 54. Liebig also maintains that the atmosphere contains a sufficient quantity of carbon and nitrogen, for all the purposes of vegetation, and if the other ele¬ ments exist in the soil, these will be supplied from the atmosphere. By a process of reasoning which appears perfectly correct, in which a great variety of facts and experiments are taken into considera¬ tion, he arrives at the following conclusion: — “ The effect of an artificial supply of ammonia as a source of nitrogen, is therefore, precisely analogous to that of humus as a source of carbonic acid — it is limited to a gain of time ; that is, it accelerates the development of plants. This is of great im¬ portance, and should always be taken into account in gardening, especially in the treatment of the kit¬ chen garden: and as much as possible in agricul¬ ture on a large scale, where the time occupied in the growth of the plants cultivated is of importance.” p. 52. The following extract shows plainly the import¬ ance of science in conducting farming operations successfully. If a farmer, without the guidance of 1859,. THE CULTIVATOR. 133 just scientific principles, is trying experiments to render a field fertile for a plant which it will not otherwise bear, his prospect of success is very small. Thousands of farmers try such experiments in various directions, the result of which is a mass of practical experience, forming a method of culti- vation which accomplishes the desired end, for cer¬ tain places $ but the same method frequently does not succeed— it indeed ceases to be applicable to a second or third place in the immediate neighborhood. How large a capital, and how much power are wasted in these experiments! Very different, and far more secure, is the path indicated by Science ; it exposes us to no danger of failing, but on the con¬ trary, it furnishes us with every guaranty of success. If the cause of failure- — the barrenness in the soil for one or two plants — has been discovered, means to remedy it may readily he found. “ The most exact observations prove that the me¬ thod of cultivation must vary with the geognostical condition of the subsoil. In basalt, gray'wacke, porphyry, sandstone, limestone, &c., are certain elements indispensible to the growth of plants, and the presence of which renders them fertile. This fully explains the difference in the necessary meth¬ ods of culture for different places; since it is evi¬ dent that the essential elements of the soil must va¬ ry with the varieties of the composition of the rocks, from the disintegration of which they originated. {! Wheat, clover, turneps, for example, each re¬ quire certain elements from the soil ; they will not flourish where the appropriate elements are absent. Science teaches us what elements are essential to every species of plants by an analysis of their ashes. If therefore, a soil is found wanting in any of these elements, we discover at once the cause of its bar¬ renness, and its removal may now be readily accom¬ plished.” p. 40. To all interested in scientific studies, this work will be exceedingly interesting, as it contains a great amount of valuable knowledge on the subject of which it treats. It is one of the books that far¬ mers need. W. L. Eaton. East Weare , N. H. Indian Corn. Eds. Cultivator — Taking all things into consi¬ deration, I think the Indian corn crop is one of the most important that is raised in this country. The grain is used largely as an article of human food, and for the sustenance of all our domestic animals. A few remarks in regard to its cultivation in New- England, may not be inappropriate at this season of the year. Preparation of the Ground. — The selection of the soil and preparing it for the crop is of im¬ portance. If you have an old tough meadow or pasture that you design for corn, plow it in Novem¬ ber, just before the ground freezes up. Lay the ground over smooth, to the depth of eight inches, following with a subsoil plow, and going down six or eight inches lower. Then make it smooth with the roller, and let it lie till spring. When it is suf¬ ficiently dry, harrow it with a fine-tooth harrow. If you have a good lot of compost manure, give a good top-dressing, and plow it in with a shallow furrow, leaving the old sw^ard undisturbed. If the soil is light and mellow, it is preferable to plow and subsoil in the spring, first spreading on the coarse unfermented manure, which is to be plowed in. For marking out the rows for planting, a C£ corn-marker” may be used to advantage. It is made by taking a piece of scantling, three inches square and ten to twelve Teet long, with teeth of hickory or white-oak, inserted at distances of two to four feet, according to the width designed for the rows. Then an old pair of wagon-thills and a pair of old plow-handles are put to it, and your marker is done. With a good horse to draw this implement, the ground may be made ready for planting very rapidly. It has formerly been the practice in Connecticut, -and still is to some extent, to plow corn-ground in¬ to ridges,— -particularly when the ground is in sward. This is done by turning two furrows to¬ gether, leaving a narrow strip between the furrows to be plowed afterwards. This mode requires a great deal of hard labor in the course of cultivating the crop. An experience of ten years leads me to the conclusion that a crop can be cultivated wTilh one-third the expense, where the ground is left flat, than where it is ridged; and I see no advantage in the latter mode, except where the ground is wet. The difference in the two modes is chiefly this:- — where the ground is ridged, the corn being planted between the edges of the furrows it comes immediate¬ ly in contact with the manure, springs up and grows rapidly the fore part of the season. Where the ground is left flat, and the manure turned under the furrows, the corn will often look feeble at first, and in growth will frequently be much behind that on ridges; and the inference, early in the season, is, that the ridged ground w7ill give the best crop; but as soon as the roots of the corn on the flat ground, get hold of the manure, (say about the 20th of Ju¬ ly,) the corn will shoot rapidly ahead, and the full force of the manure will be given to the stalk just at the time of forming the grain. Corn cultivated in this way, if the soil is deeply tilled, will often keep green, while that on ridges is dried up. Preparing Seed and Planting. — Many farm ers, at planting, shell the corn off the cob and plant it dry. Others soak it a few days in warm water. But when the seed is only treated in this way, it is very likely to be pulled up by birds and injured by worms. To prevent this, I first soak the corn in a strong solution of salt-petre; then take a quantity of tar, and having warmed it over a fire, pour it on the corn, and stir with a stick or paddle till the corn is all smeared with the tar; then add plaster till the corn will separate freely ; and have no trouble in planting. It is sometimes complained that tarred corn does not come up well; but wrhen it is arranged as here described, there is no trouble on this score. No birds, not even crows, will pull it up. Some of my neighbors, who planted their corn without tarring, and whose fields were strung entirely round with cord the past season, suffered much by these birds. There is something in the smell of tar which is dis¬ liked by birds. I have frequently seen half a dozen crows at a time, walking over my corn fields; but not a hill would they touch. The time of planting, will of course vary with the season. In this section, however, it may gene¬ rally be planted from the fifteenth to the twTenty- fifth of May. That which is planted late, often es¬ capes the spring frosts, which injure that which is planted early. Thus it often happens that corn planted the 10th of May, is cut down by frost, and gains nothing over that planted the 25th of the same month. After Culture. — Where the ground is flat, Ido not recommend the use of the plow at all; a light harrow, or a cultivator, is much better to go be¬ tween the rows. If the cultivator is drawn both ways, very little labor is afterwards required with the hoe, except to weed out the hills, thin out the 134 THE CULTIVATOR. stalks, See. Formerly, a great deal of useless labor was spent in hilling up corn — indeed, in dry seasons it was worse than useless, for the corn was injured by it. The earth hauled round the stalk does nut assist its growth, nor aid in holding it up — the brace roots, which come out as the stalk increases in height, support it ; and it has been observed, that in a heavy storm and thunder-gust, corn that is hilled will be broken down more than that which is not hilled. The ground which is kept level has also the advantage of more readily absorbing rain-render¬ ing the crop less liable to suffer from drouth, I generally give corn two regular hoeings, and af¬ ter haying, (say first of August,) go through the field with the hoe and clean out the weeds. My fields are generally clean, under this system ; but it should be made a rule to keep down the weeds at any rate. Harvesting, — My way is this j two hands take five rows, cutting the corn close to the ground. They leave a hill standing to form the centre of the shock, placing the stalks round it — never laying them on the ground. After the shock is made of sufficient size, take a band of straw, and having turned down the tops of the stalks, bind them firm¬ ly, and the work is done. Corn may be cut up as soon as the centre of the grain is glazed, even if the stalks are green . There will be sufficient nutriment in the stalk to perfect the ear ; and the fodder is much better than when it gets dry before it is cut. If the shocks are well put up, they may stand four or five weeks. The corn may then be husked out, and the fodder secured for win¬ ter use. L. Durand. Derby , Ct., March , 1850. Suggestions, in answer to inquiries of E. W. Jones. {Cultivator for March, p. 118.) Editors of the Cultivator — In the March No. of The Cultivator , your correspondent, Ed. W. Jones, Esq. , of Clover Hill , N. C., solicits advice as to the method he shall pursue to improve Lots Nos. 6 and 7, of his land. I feel some diffidence about putting forward the following remarks in re¬ ply to his inquiries, for there are so many local and particular circumstances which I ought to know, and yet which I cannot know, that any thing I can say will doubtless need to be received with many qualifications. Your correspondent will therefore please understand that in what follows, I am ad¬ dressing him, not in the language of advice, but in that of suggestion ; and if my remarks are of any value, they are very much at his service. The first thing to be done, in attempting the im¬ provement of wet land, of every description, is to drain thoroughly. You are doubtless well informed as to the various approved modes of draining, some of which, with such variations as your judgment will dictate, it is to be presumed will fit your case. After thorough drainage, and when the land is in grass, irrigation will probably prove advantageous. The water should flow gently over the surface, while the new grass is springing, and until it has grown sufficiently to cover the ground well, and then it should be taken off, or it will injure the quality of your hay. Too much water may be used, — thus drowning the grass roots and overcharging and chil¬ ling the land1. While water imbibed by the soil from rains, dews, or gentle irrigation, is particular¬ ly grateful and invigorating to the cultivated grass¬ es, stagnant water, or a soil surcharged with water, is destructive to them. After draining, the leading fundamental idea in renovating your barren clay should be, as it seems to me, to change its texture and alter its chemical con¬ stitution, This may be done by a proper system of manuring and a proper rotation of crops. A few of your first dressings of manure will need to be hea¬ vy, in order to start the land and perceive any marked results j and it would therefore be well to avail yourself of the vegetable substances which you say are abundant on your premises, and compost them with the droppings of your farm-stock : — say as much as two parts of muck, or of vegetable mould from the woodlands, to one of manure. Hav¬ ing provided such a compost, I would take one of the fields in hand and plow a surface furrow, say five or six inches deep, and following with the subsoil plow, loosen the lower stratum eight or ten inches deep, which will let in warmth and moisture, and extend the range for the roots of your crops. I would plow at that season of the year which, with you, is best adapted to assist in pulverization. With me , it would be best to plow late in the fall, for the frosts of winter help very much to break down and divide the clay. In the spring, I would spread 40 loads (or 20 cords) of compost per acre on the inverted furrows, and harrow and cross-harrow till all is fine and well mixed. Plant corn, if you please, work the land often with the cultivator or other pulverizer, and keep down all weeds, so as to have a clean surface for the following crop. I would next seed to grass with such grain and at such season of the year as is best calculated to insure a good catch of grass. In doing this, I would loosen and level the surface, without disturbing the sod underneath ; for its gra¬ dual decomposition there will keep the land lighter and mellower than it would be if the sod were again brought to the surface. In stocking to grass, I would sow the seed with a liberal hand. It should undoubtedly be a princi¬ pal object with you to fill the clay intimately with grass-roots. Penetrating the soil in every direction, these roots open, loosen, and finely divide it, and admit heat and moisture. When the land is^ again broken up, the decay of this mass of vegetable fibre, intimately pervading the soil, mellows it, forms a sort of reservoir to receive and retain moisture, and it furnishes important nourishment to the crops of the next rotation. I would, therefore, sow at least 12 lbs. of clover seed per acre, together with 12 quarts of herd;s-grass, and a half bushel of red- top seeds, or such other meadow grasses as you prefer, in like liberal proportions. By the end of the second year, the clover will mostly disappear, and the other grasses will then take possession and form a rich sward. The clover roots, filling the clay everywhere, have finely divided it, and in their decay, will add vegetable matter for the nourishment of the other grasses. While the land is in grass, use the irrigation. It will , among other things, thicken up the sward. If you please, you can top-dress the grass with alluvial mould, or sand or gravel loam, at the rate of from 40 to 100 loads per acre, with manifest advantage to the land and the grass. You are no doubt aware that there are no improvements in farming of a more perma¬ nent nature than those made by a judicious admix¬ ture of soils. But if this is inconvenient and costs too much, a top-dressing, either of fine farm-yard and muck compost, of muck and ashes, of muck and lime, of muck and alkali in any other form, or of any of the other highly concentrated manures, will be serviceable in increasing the crop and thickening up the sward. If, after the land has lain in grass for the space of four or five years, you have succeeded in getting 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 135 <& rich, thickly-matted sward, you have gained an important point. When this sward is plowed under fqr a new rotation, its mechanical and other influ¬ ences upon the clay will have an important bearing. As soon as this sward has formed, say in four or five years after seeding, plow again, running each plow an inch or two deeper than before, spread the same quantity of compost, and plant, sow and seed down on top of the decomposing sod, as at first. By pur¬ suing this course for a few years, you will probably succeed in forming a fertile surface soil, of good depth, well proportioned as to vegetable mould, es¬ sentially changed in texture and composition, and producing well, — particularly a fine quantity and quality of hay for winter forage. It strikes me that your rotation on the other five lots is rather hard for the land, I will suggest that if your rotation were, — 1st, corn, with manure — 2d, wheat, or other grain, with grass seeds — and then three years grass, your crops would all be hea¬ vier, and your land would improve faster with the same manure. However, I merely suggest. With regard to “ Bommer’s Method,” there are various good ideas and hints advanced in it that might perhaps be beneficial to follow, where one’s means for making manure in other ways are limited. But with your large amount of farm-stock, and your abundant supply of muck and other vegetable sub¬ stances, all the necessary manure can be made, if a system of composting and saving all is adopted. I have attempted to “ blaze out a track,” as you request; but in trying to follow it, you may perhaps find yourself in a condition somewhat like that of the traveller in a crooked and uncertain path, with trees imperfectly marked, and nightfall settling thickly around him. F. Holbrook. Brattleboro, Vt . The Dignity and Relations of Agriculture. Eds. Cultivator — In the brief history of the creation of man, given in the sacred Scriptures, we are informed that “ God formed man of the dust of the ground,” and that “every herb bearing seed, and every tree yielding fruit, was given to him for meat.” The study and practice of agriculture then, has this dignity; it is directly connected with the ques¬ tion of the origin and sustentation of the human frame, and the human race. The earthy origin of that frame is directly proved by the easiest chemical analysis; and its continued sustentation from the same source, is a matter of common and familiar experience. Accordingly, after man was created, he was pla¬ ced in a garden. The Hebrew word “gan,” means a hedged place, and is appropriately translated garden, i. e. a guarded place. The name of this garden was “Eden,” (Hebrew “ Aden,”) literal¬ ly pleasure or loveliness . Here then we have the proof of the security of man’s divinely appointed home, and the indication of the beauty of its loca¬ tion and scenery. We are further informed that “God put him in the garden to dress it and to keep it.” The Hebrew word “ aubad,” translated to dress, means to work, and is the root from which another word, (“ebed,”) which means a servant, is derived. The Hebrew word shamar, translated to keep, means to watch as a “watchman.” Hence then, we have this result: the original designation of man, was to a life of labor and enterprise. All this was arranged before sin had cursed the ground, and while man was in his primeval condition. Need another word be said then, of the utility, dignity, and I had almost said, divinity of agricul¬ ture. After this introduction, it may be well to say something of agriculture in its relations to utility and science. I. General Relations of Agriculture. 1. To the supply of Food, Raiment, Shelter, fyc. — All these are intimately connected with the culti¬ vation of the soil. Barbarous countries possess a very sparse popula¬ tion. Thus, Asiatic Russia has but two inhabitants to a square mile, the whole of Africa but five; while cultivated Europe has sixty-six. Again, half- civilized countries, as Equador and Venezuela, though possessed of a fine climate, and much fine soil, have a population of but two inhabitants to the square mile; while cultivated Belgium has 323, Holland, 254, and Great Britain, including Ireland, 223. It is true that these last countries are much the oldest, but this makes but a small part of the difference. A people who live almost entirely on flesh, as most barbarous nations do, require a larger territo¬ ry, even when it is cultivated, to support the same population, than when the inhabitants live partly or largely on vegetables. The reason is, that vegeta¬ ble food, when eaten by men, in the first instance, contains more nutriment than the same food convert¬ ed into meat. The fact, and its causes, that cultivated lands af¬ ford better raiment and shelter than uncultivated, is too obvious to need illustration. The savage hunt¬ er and fisher lives precariously, whether you regard his food, raiment or shelter. 2. To Health. — Man, and perhaps all animated beings, need exercise to promote health. The la¬ bors of the agriculturist, taken as they are in the free open air, under the light of the sun, under the impulsive desire of food and gain, become more healthful, on the whole, than any other species of labor. This is evident in the superior vigor and longevity of an agricultural population, in all ages and nations. It should not be forgotten, also, that the varied scenery, labors, and interest of such a population, do much to cultivate that mental vi¬ vacity and quiet on which good health is based. 3. To Mental Development. — “ Mens sana in sa- no corpore,” — i. e., a sound mind in a sound body, is an adage as old as it is true. A brisk, equable circulation of the blood, firm muscles, and steady nerve-s, are as important to the vigor and health of the mind, as of the body. 4. To Moral Improvement. — Whatever gives health to the body promotes mental calmness ; whatever fa¬ miliarizes man with the works of God, removes him from large associations and exciting scenes, plea¬ santly and usefully occupies his time and thoughts, and maintains the family state — that is favorable to moral improvement. All this is embraced in the pursuits of the tiller of the soil. Seldom, among them, are we struck with the perpetration of dark crimes and high misdemeanors, or the exhibition of towering ambition and violent political animosities. 5. To the cultivation of Social Sympathies . — Such sympathies are the sweetest in life, and are the foundation of all that is interesting in the idea of home. When correctly cultivated, they form the highest degree of social harmony, comfort and im¬ provement. Such results are no where so uniformly attained as in a rural population. 6. Agriculture is the necessary calling of per¬ haps four-fifths of the population of every age and country. — Food is the first want of man, the first objeot of wise and laborious pursuit. Except in 136 THE CULTIVATOR. April, positions peculiarly favorable to commerce and ma¬ nufactures, and the ready importation of bread, no community will embark largely in either of these pursuits, while a fertile soil and genial clime invite to agricultural pursuits. Many individuals too, in the fluctuations of business, or the pursuit of health, have recourse to it. An agricultural population is the main source, whence principally the Mechanic arts, the pursuits of Merchandise and Commerce, and the learned professions, draw fresh recruits to fill up the wasting ranks of each — a striking com¬ ment, alike on the sanitary influences of the one, and the destructive tendencies of the other. In tracing out these relations I need not state them all, since, in a loose manner of speaking, eve¬ ry single science or calling is nearly or remotely re¬ lated to every other. It is enough then, to state the more obvious of them. Nor is it needful here, that I should trace these relations with minute and scientific accuracy, as though writing a school book. It is enough to state a few obvious facts, leaving to books of science to fill up the blanks. II. The Scientific Relations of Agriculture. 1. To Geometry . — Whether the notion be true or false that this science rose in Egypt, among the far¬ mers of the Nile, who, by its aid, revived the land¬ marks which the annual floods of that river had effa¬ ced, weneed not stop to inquire. If it be a fable, it strikingly exhibits the impression of the ancients of the utility of this science to agriculture. In a new country, wild lands must be surveyed ; and Suc¬ cessive sales and subdivisions require resurveys in all lands. Fields, also, need to be measured and laid out for the ordinary purposes of culture and embellishment. Some knowledge then, of the rules, if not of the principles of Geometry, are essential to the culti¬ vator of the soil. 2. To Botany. — This science, whether contem¬ plating the systematic arrangement of plants, or the mutual relations and uses of their parts, is inti¬ mately connected with agriculture. Indeed, some knowledge of this science is implied in the rudest condition of this pursuit. The habits, structure and qualities of plants, the soil and climate best adapted to them, the best mode of culture, and the power of that culture to change and improve them, are all questions in which the farmer is interested. He learns that the grasses, what are often termed English grains, and potatoes, require only moderate heat and light, combined with a due degree of mois¬ ture. So also of the apple, pear and plum. On the other hand, Indian corn, pumpkins, squashes, mel¬ ons, tomatoes, cucumbers, and other tropical plants, require the highest degree of heat and light that our climate usually exhibits, with a less degree of moisture than the preceding class. The same re¬ mark applies to such fruits as peaches, grapes, apricots, and nectarines. Not less must the farmer understand the power of originating new plants by the union of old and nearly related varieties. But enough here on a topic that readily expands into volumes. 3. To Medicine. — The analysis of plants with re¬ ference to their qualities of nutrition, stimulation, &c., and of minerals constituting the natural or needful basis of all productive soils, naturally also developes their medical qualities. Hence it will be found, to a considerable extent, that the sciences of agriculture and medicine advance with equal pace. 4. To Chemistry . — This science teaches us that the whole material world with which we are acquain¬ ted, is made up of varied combinations of from 56 to 60 simple substances; and that about 12 or more of these enter, more or less commonly, into the con¬ stitution of those vegetables with which the farmer is acquainted, as well as into the constitution of all those animals which feed on those plants; that what thus is found in the animal and the plant must previ¬ ously have existed in the soil, and thus should be considered a necessary constituent of all soils adapt¬ ed to the growth of such vegetables. The bulk of all vegetable matter is composed of three elements, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen — in short charcoal and water, to which is occasionally added a little nitrogen. Combined with these, but usually in comparatively small proportions, are phosphorus, sulphur, iron, silica, potash, lime, allumina, man¬ ganese, and, it may be, a few others. Some of these last, as phosphorus, potash, silex and lime, are in- dispensible to almost every plant, sometimes to the herbage, at others to the seed, and often to both. Other mineral substances may be present in a soil, and, either intrinsically, or by the degree m which they exist, may prove poisonous to vegetation ; such are lead, arsenic, some forms of iron, magnesia, copper, &e. Chemistry will teach the farmer the influence of heat in the production of the peculiar secretions of tropical plants, and hence the relation between a hot and dry summer, and their valuable qualities. The effect of electricity, also, although not yet, ve¬ ry well defined, will be referred to this same science. So also, the system of manuring, as intended to add to the soil, substances indispensible to the growth of plants, but absent from that soil, or present in tot small a proportion, is explicable only by the science of chemistry. The philosophy of plowing, as tend¬ ing to break up the soil, and bring its minute parti¬ cles into an available condition, as well as to open it to the influences of heat, light and moisture, is also chemical. The germination of the seed in the soil, the growth of the plant, and the maturity of the seed or fruit, are all processes which are purely chemical. But the full illustration of this branch of the sub¬ ject, as in the parallel case of Botany, would be the work of volumes. 5. To Mineralogy and Geology. — All the mineral elements of plants being derived from the soil, it be¬ comes a question of importance to .ascertain their condition in that soil, and also their source. Mine¬ ralogy teaches us the rocky origin of all such ele¬ ments ; and investigates their state of combination with other, and often useless or noxious substan¬ ces ; and also the mode of their development, by the natural agencies of water, frost and chemical chan¬ ges, or by such artificial means as science may indi¬ cate. This science further developes the existence of some mineral elements, such as some of the forms of lime and phosphorus, ^that are the remains of a former condition of the world, when animated by a very different class of animals from those that now inhabit it. Hence, to a great degree, the mineral- ogical structure of a soil, settles the question of its adaptation and fertility. Soils, especially rich in phosphorus, lime, potash, and allumina, may often be cropped for a long time with little regard to al¬ ternation or stint. Again, as all minerals are originally derived from those vast rocky layers of which the earth was once constituted, so the geological indications of any country will go far towards settling the character of all those surrounding soils that were constituted by their disintegration. 6. To Astronomy . — The sun is the great and ob¬ vious source of both light and heat to the world. The seasons of the year and the progress of ve- 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 137 getation depend on the degree of these indispensi- ble stimulants. The general angle of incidence, with which light strikes the earth, settles the ques¬ tion of climate, in all its gradations, from tropical to polar. Ignorance and superstition have attribu¬ ted important influences on the weather and the sea¬ sons, as well as on other human interests, to the moon, stars, and signs of the zodiac. But science does not confirm these opinions, but shows them to be baseless and harmful. 7. To Zoology. — With one class of animals, the farmer is concerned for the purposes of draught, food and clothing. They are the horse, cow, swine, sheep, goat, goose, hen, silkworm, 8tc. With another class he associates an interest, as they are his auxiliaries in repelling the depredations of others that are noxious. They are such as the dog, the cat, various sorts of birds, and some classes of insects. A third class, mostly birds and insects, are famil¬ iar to him as destructive to the interests of the field crop, the garden and the orchard. With the forms, habits, &c., of each, the cultiva¬ tor should be acquainted, that he may know how to avail himself of the aid of the useful, as well as to repel the encroachments of the mischievous. An enlightened and discriminating view of this subject has corrected many popular errors. Many animals, once considered useless, and perhaps repul¬ sive in form and habits, are now found to be peace¬ ful and important auxiliaries to the gardener and farmer. Thus the toad, so unshapely to the eye, and once thought worthy to be a sort of personation of the evil one, is now known, not only to be not poisonous, but eminently destructive of innumera¬ ble insects. So also, many birds, once hunted with avidity, on account of an occasional injury to the field or garden, are now ascertained to accomplish a large balance of good. 8. To Mechanics . — The farmer needs carriages, various tools, especially for cultivation and seed sow¬ ing, reaping, excavation, &c. In the construction of these, reference should be had to the persons using them, and the quality of the soil to be cultivated, and the facility with which they may be used, and their durability. In nothing does the enlightened agriculture of some nations ap¬ pear more than in the wisdom of their machinery. 9. To Commerce. — The supply of agricultural productions, in an enlightened community in a ge¬ nial clime and upon a fertile soil, will be limited on¬ ly by the demand. This demand will depend on a well regulated commerce. A surplus of productions will itself be likely to originate commercial enter¬ prises and regulations. Hence will result a wise appropriation of the soil in any country, guided by its natural powers, and the foreign demand. 10. To Artistic Skill. — -Suppose the farmer to be instructed intellectually in all the facts and sciences of his calling, he yet needs wisdom to concentrate all upon his appropriate labors, that they may be performed with appropriate skill, at the proper time, and result ordinarily in abundant and cheap produc¬ tions, appropriate to the soil and the demands of commerce. Such results will ordinarily follow only where the cultivator has passed through a leisure apprenticeship of principles and manipulations; the one acquired in the field, the other in the study or the schools, and both pursued with a just apprecia¬ tion of the utility and dignity of agriculture. OBSERVATIONS.. Let the Farmer seek higher qualifications Per¬ haps some, after contemplating the preceding out- of relations, may be disposed to say that “such and such persons, in the past and present genera¬ tion, have been and are good farmers, without all this parade of education.” I answer, that in pro¬ portion to their skill and success, they had, at least practically, some of the advantages of such an edu¬ cation, advantages gradually acquired from experi¬ ence, observation and reading. And who shall say how much more successful they might have been un¬ der higher advantages from these sources. Again, is it not painfully evident that the want of knowledge and skill are a great drawback on the profitableness of much of the farming of the present day? How much loss results from the want of well-constructed tools, unwise plowing, ignorance of the proper rota¬ tion of crops, the just adaptation of crops to parti¬ cular soils, badly selected flocks and herds, waste of food in fattening animals, bad selections of fruits, &c. Now much of this loss would be prevented by a wise agricultural education, the cost of which, to a young man, would not be equal to the loss of a single year, arising from the mismanagement of his farm. Another reader of these observations, who admits them in all their force, will exclaim, “ how am I, a poor youth, ever to become a farmer if such be the needful qualifications?” Here you point out ten scientific relations of agriculture, each one of which would require at least a year of hard study in the attainment of its rudiments, a thing for which nine¬ ty-nine in the hundred of young men have neither money nor time.” I answer, there are various sta¬ ges in the path of improvement. Many a young man, who cannot get a collegiate education, nor spend two or three years at an agricultural school, may yet spend a year or two with some farmer of enlightened mind, and improved modes of culture. And if a poor young man cannot do even that, the simple fact, that his mind is awakened to a know¬ ledge of his own ignorance, and the existence of sources of light, will have the effect to arouse all his powers of attainment, so that his eye, his ear, and his mouth, are all henceforth to be opened in the ea¬ ger pursuit of appropriate knowledge. The spell of traditionary usage is broken, and he at once thrown into the path of certain, though it may be slow, improvement. Henceforth, he will seek new books appropriate to his calling; he will watch ex¬ periments in his own labors, and those of his neigh¬ bors. Thus, by the time he reaches middle age, ftO will have made the most desirable attainments in his calling. Others, meanwhile, with more means and higher advantages, will have become fitted to be Professors in the science of agriculture. Society will thus, on this subject, present a beau¬ tiful climax of attainment, from the first lessons and labors of the ardent youth to the sublime theories, and startling results, of the doctors of agricultural philosophy. Thus, the science of Agriculture, so fundamental to all the interests of human society, and so intimately related to almost all the other sci ences, will no longer bear the reproach of being conducted by machines as mindless as the patient ox or “iron horse” that impels his heavy machinery, but the agriculturist will be classed among the most enlightened students of the works of God, and be worthy to be considered the firmest pillar in the church and the state. At the same time the equipoise between rural and literary pursuits will be maintained, and men will no longer forsake the plow emulous of fame in the supposed elevated paths of science. 2. Let the Farmer feel an established conviction of the Dignity of his calling. — That calling is first in historic origin, first in necessity, first in comfort, 138 THE CULTIVATOR. April* first in varied qualifications when wisely pursued; and shall the laborer in the field look on his hard hand, brown skin, and well developed muscles — his plain, strong, but comfortable clothing, and dwel¬ ling, and equipage, as signs of inferiority and mean¬ ness? His is health, strength, contentment and in¬ dependence; his is a central and fundamental posi¬ tion in society, and shall he cower? The humble and learned divine, the skillful and humane physi¬ cian, the acute but honest lawyer, the enlightened teacher of science, the keen but honorable merchant, and skillful mechanic, are all honorable men, whose virtues and agencies are indispensible to the best good of society; and so are their wives, their sons, and their daughters, honorable; but not exclusively so; nor in a higher degree than the farmer who ho¬ nors his calling. If the tiller of the soil has here¬ tofore enjoyed less honor than the indispensibleness of his calling naturally accorded him, it was because he brought fewer of the lights of science- to bear on his toils than naturally clustered around them. Now, that science is simplified and made accessi¬ ble to all; let the farmer concentrate its rays upon the dark bosom of the earth until it is radiant with the light of philosophy, while it fills his “ basket and his “ store ” with its rich and varied produc¬ tions, and teaches him the wisdom, power and grace of God. C. E. G. Utica, N. Y. <&l)c ttetainarg Apartment. Bone Disorder in Cows. It has often been mentioned that in some parts of Europe, where land has been long pastured by milch cows, the animals are subject to a weakness of the bones, a disease which has been attributed to the exhaustion of the phosphate of lime in the soil. We have also mentioned that in the older settled parts of our own eountx'y, the same disease had made its appearance. The application of bones as ma¬ nure to the soil, or the phosphate of lime as it is found in some rocks, has been found to restore the necessary quality in the grass, and the animals be¬ come healthy. It appears, also, that “bone meal” has been given to the cows with good success. Mr. Wm. R. Putnam of North Danvers, Mass.., gives some valuable ideas on this subject, in a com¬ munication to the N. E. Farmer. He says — “ In a former communication I attempted to show that there was such a disease, caused by the want of proper food. It will be my object, at this time, to show why it may exist in some sections of the coun¬ try, and not in others. Those farmers, in this town, whose cows have been affected by it, have not been in the habit of raising stock, but they have sold their calves to the butcher. The farmer who keeps ten cows, usually sells annually eight calves. These at five weeks old, will weigh one hundred and twen¬ ty-five pounds each. Where this course has been pursued for fifty years, there have been taken from the soil twenty-five tons of animal matter, and but small return made to it by the manure voided by calves at this age. Now it will be obvious to every one that this will sooner exhaust the animal matter from the soil, than where they raise stock; for the ox that is kept until he weighs as much as the eight calves, will have voided a larger amount of manure. 11 It is the practice of most farmers here, to* pur¬ chase heifers that are-driven from New-Hampshire, Maine, and Vermont, in the autumn, before they are three years old, which are expected to calve in the snrinqr. This is a time when they will require the largest amount of animal matter to promote their own growth, and furnish nutriment for their off¬ spring. It is these young cows that are most likely to be affected by this disease. On Mr. Preston’s farm, alluded to in my last communication, for fif¬ teen- years before they began to use bone-meal, they were not able to keep any of these until they were six years- old. They became so stiff and feeble that they were obliged to dry them. Many of them were driven to New-Hampshire to a pasture that has al¬ ways been used for fattening cattle. There they fatted as well as cows that had never been diseased. “ I will give my reason why I think this disease has not shown itself any more in Hamilton; yet I think I have seen some signs of it there. When I see the boards about the cow-yard look as if the cows had been trying to eat them up, it is a sure sign of one form of this disease. The farmers in that town are in the habit of using a considerable quantity of hay from the salt marshes of Ipswich and Essex. I have never seen any analysis of this- grass; but, from the large quantity of lime in the shells of clams and muscles, found about these marshes, the inference is that it contains a large amount of phosphate of lime. 11 The pastures there may be as much exhausted of animal matter as here;. yet if the cow has had a full supply of it during the winter, she will be able to go through the summer without showing the want of it. It is the opinion, of some there, that the ma¬ nure made from salt hay is better than that made when the cattle are fed upon English hay. The in¬ ference from this is, that it furnishes something to the soil, which the other does not. It is the prac¬ tice of many there to keep a portion of their best salt hay until the time the cows go to pasture.. They will often eat it then., when they will not eat the best of English, hay.. 1 i It may not be, that those farms which have been cultivated the longest are most exhausted of animal matter. It depends more upon the manner of cultivation than upon the time. Perhaps we may ap¬ ply the same principle to feeding milch cows, that we act upon in feeding hens. When we see them trying to eat the lime from the walls of their coop, we think they need it to form the shell of their eggs, and we give it to them in oyster-shells, old mortar, and bones. So when, we see a cow trying to eat old bones, we should think that she needs something of this sort to furnish milk. cc In Dr. Dana’s Muck Manual, it is stated that the liquid evacuation of the cow contains a consi¬ derable quantity of phosphate of lime. When no attention is paid to preserving this, and the solid excrements are exposed to the air, the most volatile and valuable parts are lost. From this we may infer that where there is a barn cellar for. pre¬ serving the manure, the cows will not be so likely to have this disease, and experience will warrant the conclusion. It is there stated, also, that peat ash¬ es abound in phosphate of lime. By carting muck to our barn-cellars, to be wet by the urine of the cows, we not only increase our manure, but it will abound in that particular ingredient which the soil needs to produce proper food. for. milch, cowsd r Blind Teeth in Horses* Eds. Cultivator — In confirmation of Mr. Lit¬ tle’s statement in the February number of The Cul¬ tivator, concerning wolf or blind teeth in horses, I would add, that in the fall of 1849, I purchased a horse five years old. When delivered to me, after a long journey I discovered a dullness of the eyes,. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 139 accompanied with a slight weeping or running. Upon examination, the wolf-teeth were found in front of the grinders. The horse’s eyes continued to grow worse until I had the wolf-teeth drawn. — Immediately after, the eyes improved, and soon be¬ came bright and perfectly sound, and still continue so. E. Bridgton , N.. J., Feb . 23, 1850. ®lie horticultural ^Department CONDUCTED BY J. J. THOMAS. Transplanting. Much has been said on this very important art of altering the locality of a growing tree; but while so many trees are lost, and a still larger number stopped in growth by the operation, the subject can¬ not be regarded as done with. All the different parts of this work, come under one general requisite for success — which is, to take the tree up and set it out again just as it previ¬ ously stood , with as little violence to the different parts as practicable. 1. One of the most obvious points, is to take up the roots as nearly whole or uninjured as may be done. Instead of cutting off the roots close to the tree., the spade must be set far back from it; and if the tree be of such sort as has tough roots, it should be slowly drawn up by the strength of two or three men; but if the roots are tender, the tree must be lifted out, earth and ail, and the earth removed af¬ terwards by shaking. The roots of a young tree usually extend in a circle equal in breadth to its height. In the annexed figure, where a is the trunk of the tree, b b the circle of roots cut off by the spade in a hasty or careless removal, the great ma¬ jority of the roots left in the soil outside of this cir¬ cle, may be at once perceived. But as about one-half of the roots must be cut off, even in a careful lifting of a good sized tree, the top must be Tightened with the knife in a corresponding proportion. From apple trees, one half of last year’s shoots -should be cut off, and two-thirds or three-quarters from peach trees. If the head is too compact, this proportion of the shoots may be cut entirely out; but if the head is thin, one-half to three-quarters of each shoot may be cut. So great is the advantage of thus rendering the top lighter, that no person who has once given it a fair trial, can easily be induced ever to omit it, 2. A second very essential requisite, is to keep the roots moist while out of the ground. For this reason it is very useful to plunge them in a bed of soft mud, made on purpose, which coats over the stoats and preserves the moisture for a long time on their surface, until they can be again set in earth, or packed in wet moss for sending long distan¬ ces. Trees received from a nursery should al¬ ways be immediately buried at the roots in mellow soil, so that one by one can be taken out fresh and moist as wanted. Careless operators often take up trees and suffer them to remain more or less dried for whole days together; all the smaller fibres are thus killed, and the erroneous notion has hence arisen, that the smaller fibres are of no value. 3. A third requisite is to replace the earth com¬ pactly among the roots, leaving no interstices. If the earth is hastily and carelessly thrown in, vacan¬ cies will be left beneath the tree, which will cause great injury, if not death. To do the work well, the earth must be fine, and gradually sifted in from the shovel, spreading out all the roots with the fin- gers as the work proceeds. Dashing in a few quarts of water before the hole is filled, settles the earth well against all the roots, the surrounding earth soon absorbing the superabundant moisture, and leaving the tree firm. This close contact of soil, it will be observed, is assisted by the mudding of the roots, already described. There are several other points of minor import¬ ance, or occasionally very necessary, as paring off all bruised parts of the roots before re-setting; sta¬ king up the stem or throwing a bank of earth up around it, to prevent shaking about by the wind ; avoiding a water-soaked soil,- planting no deeper than the tree stood before, — or even placing the tree on the surface, and embanking upon it, if the soil be wet; and keeping the stem and branches moist, but not watering the roots, if the tree is too much dried, till the leaves appear. The subsequent success and vigorous growth of the tree, depend on three requisites . 1. First and most important, is a fertile soil. This may be secured for the tree while young, by digging large holes, and filling them (except in immediate contact with the roots) with very rich soil, or with short manure well mixed with soil. Young apple trees, as large as a riding stick, with holes seven feet in diameter thus filled, have borne a bushel of fruit each the fifth summer . By the time the roots have run be¬ tween these holes, the rest of the ground may have been enriched and deepened by manuring and plow¬ ing. 2. A second requisite, scarcely less essential, and indeed often more so with peach and some other trees, is to keep the soil mellow and clean at all times of the season. Even a crop of potatoes or ruta bagas lessen the growth of the trees, although immeasurably less so than sown crops or grass. 3. A third requisite is mulching during dry seasons. This consists merely in covering the ground 6 inches thick with litter, leaves, or similar substances, for several feet each way round the tree, during the hot and dry part of the year. It obviates watering, and assists to an almost incredible degree, the growth of the tree Street Shade Trees. We would briefly remind those who can feel the difference between bare lines of buildings, and dry, glaring, and dusty streets, on the one hand, — and the softness, luxuriance, the interminable beauty of masses of green foliage, and the refreshing shade of our finest forest trees planted in villages and by road-sides, on the other, — we would remind these that the time has now come for action — no delay must be made, if another whole year is too valuable to Be lo&t. April* 140 THE CULTIVATOR. Most of the directions, given in the preceding ar¬ ticle on transplanting fruit trees, are equally appli¬ cable to shade trees. But there is one all essential part of the work, without which failure is about as certain as the course of water down hill, and that is, the trees after being set out must be carefully pro¬ tected from the rubbing of street animals. We have seen trees five inches through, w7hich had been mo¬ ved with nearly a ton of earth on the roots, all de¬ stroyed the second year by the rubbing of pigs and cattle. The best, most substantial, and most dura¬ ble protection, consists of three posts in the form of an equilateral triangle, enclosing the tree, with horizontal cross pieces, or boards securely nailed to the posts. This frame will besides prevent those, who think a tree is a very handy object to hitch a horse to, from spoiling it by allowing the horse to gnaw the bark. “You will be exceedingly vexed/*' says a late writer, in allusion to such a disaster, “but will be consoled by the assurance that the own¬ er never knew his horse to do so before — and you will wish him and his horse at - the end of their journey!*5 A few brief directions for planting shade trees, may be summed up as follows: — 1. Dig the hole before the tree is taken up, for being large, its roots cannot be so easily protected from dying as a smaller tree, and it should therefore be out of the ground as short a period as possible. 2. If the trees are two to three inches in diame¬ ter, the holes must not be less than six feet in dia¬ meter, and a foot and a-half deep, and the roots of the tree taken up, of nearly corresponding size. 3. Cut round the tree two and a-half or three feet from the stem, and lift it out without tear¬ ing the roots or bruising the stem — not after the re¬ commendation published some years ago, as a very careful mode of removing, “ cutting the roots with an axe, and dragging the trees out with a yoke of oxen .** 4. Cut off or thin out one -half or three-fourths of the top, having an eye to the future shape of the tree. This lessens the number of leaves, the draught is less severe on the roots, the fewer shoots grow more rapidly and the wind has less power on the tree. 5. Plant the tree no deeper than before - as some one quaintly remarks, “nature has attended to the growing of trees some six thousand years, and can¬ not in this particular be improved upon.** 6. As soon as the tree is set, then immediately erect the tripod-protection, already described. 7. Cover the ground several inches deep with lit ter, in a circle six feet in diameter. The soil can¬ not be easily cultivated, and this mulching is the best substitute. Trees treated according to these rules, will begin to grow immediately, and will form handsome, rich, dense masses of foliage, in less time than those which are carelessly torn from the earth and hastily planted like a fence-post, can recover from the vio¬ lence which they have received. It is better to plant ten trees well, than twenty or thirty badly. Trees which have grown in the open ground are hardier and far better than those taken from the for¬ est. Thick woods afford almost the protection of a green house j and trees removed from them and set out in open air often perish solely in consequence of their tenderness. Those from borders of swamps are often better than those from upland, the soft mucky soil more perfectly admitting the entire re¬ moval of the roots. The dissimilarity of soil where they are placed, rarely proves of any detriment. As a general rule, such trees have succeeded much the best with us. This is also, particularly the case with evergreens , which always need a large cake of earth to be removed entire upon the roots. This cake should always be large enough to hold the tree stiff against the wind without any staking When this has been done, we have never lost a single evergreen tree by transplanting . In the borders of swamps, where the muck is shallow on a hard-pan, the roots of evergreen trees usually form a thick mat of roots, all near the surface -r cutting round one with a spade, allows the tree to be taken up with great ease, the whole mass of the roots and muck peeling readily off from the hard-pan. Inquiries Answered. AGE or TRANSPLANTED PEACH TEE2S. “Will Peach Trees, one year from the bud, bear as soon as those two years from the bud?** A. P. Clarkson, N . Y. According to the experiments we have made, peach trees of the usual size at two years, well treated, will eome into bearing decidedly sooner than one-year trees. Such trees need the shorten¬ ing-in process, as an indispensibl-e requisite to com¬ plete success, at the time they are set out. Treated in the best manner, and with the ground kept clear and mellow afterwards, such trees not unfrequently produce from two to three peeks of fruit the third summer. SHORTENING-IN CHERRIES. “Will it be a good plan to shorten -in my young cherry trees, which have become rather top-heavy by their vigorous growth, some shoots having made two and a-half feet the past season?** /. 1\ Home, N. F. No harm ©an result in cutting back the young shoots, to render the tree less top-heavy ; but, un¬ less the head is quite thinly formed, it may be advi¬ sable wherever a cut is made, to take off the entire shoot, which would in such case give the head a neat¬ er and cleaner appearance. It scarcely ever becomes necessary to prune the head of a cherry tree to let in the light, which is so essential for the peach. ROOT GRAFTING. “ In root-grafting, how long must the scion be-, and how far above ground when set out — must the ground be packed around it? Is paper as good as muslin for the plasters?** D. D. D. Ili&n, N. F. The graft should be about three or four inches long, and the tip must be just even with the surface of the ground, which prevents the danger of its be¬ coming too much dried. The earth should be close¬ ly packed around it for the same purpose. More care, however, is usually needed in packing well about the root below, careless workmen usually leaving interstices. A deep, inverted sod, where the soil is sufficiently fertile, is much better for set¬ ting out root-grafts than other ground, being attend¬ ed with fewer losses. Muslin is better than paper, as usually applied • — but if thin, tough paper is se¬ lected, and the wax applied copiously, it is fully equal to muslia. GRAFTING WAX. “ I notice in the American Fruit Culturist, that a cheap grafting wax is recommended composed of 6 parts of beeswax, 1 of rosin and 1 of linseed oil. As beeswax is rather high priced, is there not some mistake in this?** P. Ontario Co. iV. F. This mistake escaped correction in consequence of the distance of the author from the printing of¬ fice. It should he fi parts of rosin, 1 of beeswax, and 1 of oil. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 141 MARKET APPLES. Do you think the Tewksbury Blush would be profitable planted largely for shipping? What is the quality of the Northern Spy as compared with Rawle’s Jannet? The latter is a general favorite here.5’ H. A. Burlington , Iowa. The Tewksbury Blush is valuable for being a very productive apple, and a long keeper — but it is not of the highest quality, and is too small to become extensively popular. It is hard as yet to compare the Northern Spy with Rawle’s Jannet. The Jan- net has been but little proved side by side with the Spy, the former having scarcely ever fruited in New- York, (where the seasons are probably too short for it,) and the latter having never fruited at the west. It is absolutely essential to test every thing of the sort by actual trial. The Spy comes slowly into bearing, which is the chief reason its adaptation to Western New- York has not been ascertained. It is a more showy apple than the Jannet. DISTANCE OF PEACH TREES. ,l Will peach trees set ten feet apart, do as well as at twelve feet?” A. P. Peach trees which are not shortened-in, require a distance of twenty feet ; but by keeping the heads compact, they will not interfere with each other at twelve feet distance. Ten feet would be rather too close planting. By planting near, we get a great¬ er number of trees to an acre, and consequently a larger crop of peaches from an acre. A distance of 12 feet will allow three hundred trees per acre; twenty feet only a little more than one hundred. The ground should be well cultivated in any case, and the nearer distance thus becomes the more eco¬ nomical. The more numerous the trees, however, the more rapidly the soil is exhausted. Hence, hea¬ vier manuring becomes requisite. The objection that the trees are kept too small by shortening-in the heads, is not valid, because the large unpruned heads only bear fruit at the ends of the branches. Productive Strawberries. A correspondent of the Michigan Farmer , who has raised 30 bushels of strawberries on one-third of an acre, has been most successful with Large Early Scarlet, Hovey’s Seedling, Boston Pine, and Hudson’s Bay. The Large Early Scarlet produces double the fruitlof any other sort, continuing a month. Hovey’s Seedling yields a fair crop, and much larg¬ er fruit than any other, having obtained single spe¬ cimens measuring 4| inches in circumference. The land is trenched 18 inches or 2 feet deep, and enriched with a mixture of well-rotted manure and mould from the woods— -the rows are 2 feet apart, and every third year, the runners are allowed to oc¬ cupy the ground between them, and the old rows are spaded in. Large Crop of Water Melons. Late in May I turned over a piece of green sward that had been in grass for mowing until it was run out. On the 30th of May, 1849, I planted upon a portion of it one hundred hills of water me¬ lons, without any manure, the surface having been slightly mellowed by the harrow. They grew very slowly during the six weeks drouth that occurred between June 28th and August 9th, during which they were hoed three times, watered frequently with fresh water, and twice with soap suds. After the August rains, they grew with great rapidity. I gathered in September, (beginning on the 7th, fif¬ teen weeks from planting,) six hundred and fifteen melons, besides which, numbers that were rotten or very small, were not counted. About one-fifth of the whole crop were decayed at the heart, a con¬ sequence, I suppose, of sudden chills, a liability which is the main cause of disease in all the tropic¬ al plants which we cultivate. The quality of these melons was very fine, but the sale was bad, partly from the lateness of the crop, and partly from the lingering fear of the cholera. They were mostly from about eight to sixteen pounds weight, though many were heavier. Another plat of water melons, forwarded in hot beds, and set in richer soil, were much larger and earlier, but not better than these. The varieties I cultivated were — the Black Span¬ ish, the Carolina Green , the White Cored , and Im¬ perial. A long hot season is indispensible for water me¬ lons, especially if raised in open culture. This we had this year. The other main favorable circum¬ stance was the fresh green sward. Test of the Ripeness of a Water Melon. — A water melon that has just attained its full growth is solid, and heavier than the same melon when fit for the table. Its subsequent maturity consists first in a chemical change of its juices to a luscious sweetness, and secondly in a mechanical change, i. e., a drying out of the centre so that the melon be¬ comes hollow. This last change does not take place when the fruit is picked prematurely, or when it ri¬ pens late. We are now prepared to understand the test of maturity. If the melon be moderately pressed be¬ tween the hands, or better between the hands and knees, it will, if ripe, yield a slight cracking sensa¬ tion, both to the feeling and the ear. This is in consequence of the yielding of the hollow sides to the pressure. Although an experienced eye can judge, with some degree of correctness, of the con¬ dition of a water melon, I know of no certain test but the foregoing. C. E. G. Utica. Early Vegetables. Hardy vegetables may be planted as early in April as the ground will answer to work. Radish¬ es, lettuce, cabbages, turneps, potatoes, peas, &c., for early use, may be planted on warm soils almost as soon as the frost is out. If very severe cold oc¬ curs after the plants are up, some straw or hemlock boughs maybe spread over them, which will be a sufficient protection, and may be readily removed when no longer wanted. The best early varieties of peas are the Prince Al¬ bert, Early Kent, Early June (or Washington,) and the Cedo Nulli. The latter is a dwarf variety, requir¬ ing but little space, is prolific, and comes to matu¬ rity in about as short a time as the Prince Albert. The Early Kent is very popular in this neighborhood, where it has been raised for a few seasons. A good mode of raising early peas was descrihed in our last volume, page 93. A good mode of raising early potatoes is to sprout the tubers in warm horse-dung. They may be pla¬ ced in layers with the manure, either on the ground or in a box or crate. If the potatoes, when pack¬ ed for sprouting, are laid on small pieces of tough sods, the grass side downwards, they may be plant¬ ed with the sods, without breaking the sprouts or roots, which will greatly facilitate their growth. They should not be started too much before plant¬ ing, as it is difficult to prevent the sprouts from be¬ ing bruised or injured, if they are much more than I an inch long. If planted very early, they should be 142 _ THE CULTIVATOR. April, put on a warm and rather dry soil, to avoid the lia¬ bility of their rotting, if the weather is moist and cool. There are several kinds of early potatoes, but no one kind has a universal preference. There is much confusion in regard to the names of varieties. Sometimes several varieties are confounded under one name; but a more common difficulty is the at¬ tachment of several names to one variety. There are several kinds, differing considerably in appear¬ ance and quality, which pass under the name of Early June. Some are round, others oblong; some yellow inside, others white. A kind introduced from England, and there known as Shaw’s Early or Early Shaws, is here variously called by those names, as well as Early June, Mountain June, Fort potato, &c. The true sort is white, both inside and out, roundish in form, tending to become oblong on rich soil, or when it reaches an unusual size. It is one of the best kinds within our acquaintance. There are but few earlier kinds, and those few are poor yielders, and not superior to the Shaws in quality. They frequently grow to a size fit for eating, in eight weeks from the time of planting. When cooked be¬ fore they are ripe, or while growing, their quality is superior to most kinds in the same stage. They are hardy, yield well, and keep well. Twenty-five Hardy Shrubs. Frequent inquiries are made by those but little acquainted with ornamental shrubs, for the names of some of the most desirable and ornamental as well as the most hardy species. Among the hundreds which are offered for sale in nurseries, the following list has been given by A. J. Downing, and may be of service to those now about to commence the improve¬ ment of their homes by ornamental planting: — The most desirable 25 hardy deciduous shrubs, furnishing a succession of flowers or ornamental fruit from March to November : Pink Mezereon, ^Tapan Quince, white and scarlet, Dwarf double-flowering Almond, Double purple Tree Pseony, White Persian Lilac, Chinese White Magnolia, Soulange’s Magnolia, Sweet-scented Magnolia, (M. glauea,) White Fringe-Tree, Garland Deutzia, (D. scabra ,) Large-flowered Syringo, Broad-leaved Laburnum, Rose Acacia, Tartarian Tree-honeysuckle, red and white, Double white Hawthorn, Double pink Hawthorn, Sweet Scented Shrub, Dwarf White Horsechestnut, Fragrant Clethra, Oak-leaved Hydrangea, Venetian Sumac (or Purple Fringe,) Purple Burning Bush, (Euonymus ,) Buffalo Berry. To the preceding might be added, as superior to some of them, the Siberian Lilac, the Althea or Hi¬ biscus syriacus, and, although so common, the Snowball. Nor should some of the Roses be for¬ gotten. The following are given as some of the finest har¬ dy climbing shrubs Large-flowering trumpet creeper, [rather ten¬ der,] Queen of the Prairies Rose, Chinese Wista¬ ria, Sweet-scented Clematis, Double purple Clema¬ tis, Monthly Fragrant Honeysuckle, Chinese Twi¬ ning Honeysuckle, Yellow Trumpet Honeysuckle. [To which the Scarlet Trumpet Honeysuckle should by all means be added.] Horticultural Miscellanies. Mostly copied or condensed from the Proceedings of the North Ameri¬ can Pomological Convention , 1849. Climate of Illinois. — In northern Illinois, the winters are often very severe, the thermometer sink¬ ing to 20 degrees below zero; while in the southern part of the State, the cotton plant matures a par¬ tial crop, and the indigenous cane, though dwarf¬ ish, survives the winter. Apples of Northern Illinois. — Dr. Kennicott gives in substance the following: — Yellow Harvest — large, usually fair, excellent — young trees shy bearers. Keswick Codlin — not over good; the most early, uniform and enormous bearer. Rambo — receives the most praise further south. Oslin, Newtown Pippin, Roxbury Russet, — “mi¬ serably unproductive here.” Rhode Island Greening — shy bearer — also crack¬ ing at the collar of the nursery tree. Rawle’s Jannett — all speak highly of this for Illi¬ nois. Limber Twig — highly commended in southern II linois. White and Yellow Bellflower — “perfectly at home on our rich prairie soil.” Carthouse or Red Romanite — one of the most pro¬ fitable market varieties, from one end of the Mis¬ sissippi to the other. English or Poughkeepsie Russet — has produced the largest crops of all keeping apples, — six bushels hav¬ ing been produced on one tree the sixth year from planting out. The same was obtained from a Kes¬ wick Codlin. In planting, the holes were five feet across, 18 inches deep, the soil mixed with a little manure, good cultivation given, and the stems washed with soap-suds. Fulton Apple — an Illinois seedling, — the origi¬ nal tree being 19 years old, a foot in diameter, 25 feet high, and 28 across the top. Strawberries for Market. — F. R. Elliott, of Cleveland, Ohio, states the following experiment: Upon one-fourth of an acre, light loamy sand, ra¬ ther poor, not highly manured, planted in 1846, the variety known as Willey, in rows 2 feet apart, and plants one foot in the row. In 1847, 1345 quarts from this, sold for $145 in market. In 1848, 615 quarts sold for $63.35. These were both exclusive of those used in a family of twelve persons. Estimate of cost: — Use of l acre of land for 3 years, . $6 00 Planting and hoeing first year, . 4 00 do do second year, . 3 00 do do third year, . 3 00 Gathering first year, . 20 00 do second year, . . 12 00 $48 00 Receipts, first year, cash, . $140 00 do second year, cash, . 63 35 dc say for family use, . 10 00 - $213 35 Nett profit, . $165 35 [The Willey as a very productive variety, thought to be about equally so with Dundee and Burr’s old Seedling.] 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 143 Peaches in Illinois. — Dr. Kennicott (19 miles from Chicago) says that fine varieties sell for $1 .- 50 to $2.50 at the orchard, and $3.50 to $4.00 taken to market. One man some 30 miles west of Chica¬ go, sold $2,000 worth of peaches in 1847 from one orchard. The trees bear young — sometimes the second year — often the third- — but usuallly die in 6 or 7 years. Grape Cuttings. — The Mich. Farmer stales that Elijah Buck, a successful cultivator, has met with uniform failure in raising grapes from cuttings in the usual way of placing them nearly perpendicular or obliquely in the soil, not one in ten thus treated ever showing signs of growth. A different mode was afterwards adopted, by placing the cutting horizon¬ tally just beneath the surface. Not one in fifty failed. Hardy Grapes in Maine. — Alex. Johnston, of Wiscasset, states in Hovey’s Magazine, that the Isabella is the only variety of American grapes that will succeed in that severe climate. Even that re¬ quires ample protection in winter. One vine, three and a-half inches in diameter at the ground, and which had borne finely, had been killed by leaving it exposed. The Catawba is unfitted for that re¬ gion. Transplanting Large Trees with Balls. — The same correspondent describes a mode of remo¬ ving large evergreen trees with frozen balls of earth, requiring far less labor than the usual way of cutting round them through the hard frozen ground. The ground at the roots is covered in winter a foot deep with evergreen boughs, which keep it from thawing so soon in the spring, as the surrounding earth. The tree is then easily removed, roots, frost and all. Apple Trees in Illinois. --The fertile soil, hot summers, and severe winters of a large portion of the western states, render the culture of some kinds of fruit more difficult than at the east. It appears to be well established that apple trees budded and grafted on strong, full sized, entire roots, are more hardy than those raised by root-grafting as com¬ monly practiced. Prof. Turner, of Illinois College, states in the Horticulturist, that 60 root-grafted trees, 100 grafted on full seedling roots, and 60 budded near the ground, were transplanted under precisely similar circumstances in similar soil. In the following year, only six root-grafted trees were alive,* on the other hand, all the budded trees but six were living, as well as all the trees grafted on whole seedling roots. New Names to old Fruits. — The long time re¬ quired to prove the correctness of a fruit by coming into bearing, renders the public peculiarly liable to imposition from venders. Every year exposes some great humbug. For some years past, a grape has been sold very extensively, at a guinea a plant, un¬ der the name of Josling’s St. Albans. Robert Thompson, the greatest English pomologist, highly commended it. Josling is said to have obtained by its sale more than ten thousand dollars. It is now found to be an old sort, long known as the Chasse- las Musque, or Musk Chasselas. Winter Pears.— Hovey says, “our correspond¬ ent, Mr. Washburn, of Plymouth, informs us that he has just sold the last of his Easter Beurre pears, the produce of one dwarf tree. They brought him the handsome sum of twenty dollars; and less than a bushel of fruit. He finds no difficulty whatever in ripening the pears ; his practice is to let the fruit hang on the tree as late as possible, even after two or three frosts, if they are not likely to be very se¬ vere. Each pear is wrapped in double papers, and kept at an even temperature in a cool room, until wanted for use; they are then brought into a warm¬ er temperature, where in the course of a fortnight they begin to change color, and soon become fit for cooking. In this way they may be ripened off in succession from the middle of December to the mid¬ dle of March.” Manure for Fruit Trees. — The Horticulturist recommends, as one of the best manures for fruit trees, &c., the following: — Pour brine, ( old brine is as good as any) on fresh lime till slaked to a powder. Then make a heap of the fallen leaves of the trees, by sprinkling over every layer of leaves a portion of this compound of lime and salt, at the rate of four bushels to a cord of leaves. In a few weeks it will be ready for use. The proportion of salt to the lime is about as one to four. Grape leaves, thus treated, are recommended as best for grapes; peach leaves for peach trees, &c. Ripening of Apples at the South. — The fol¬ lowing statement of E. J. Capell, of Centreville, Miss., in the Horticulturist , shows the wide differ¬ ence between the periods of the ripening of apples in the northern states and at the south: — “ Early Harvest — 1st of July.” “ Bevan — early summer.” “ Holland Pippin— July and August.” “ Maiden’s Blush — ripens in August.” “ Golden Russet — ripens in September.” The preceding appear to be well adapted to the soil and climate of the south. Here, the Early Har¬ vest and Bevan ripen late in summer— the Holland Pippin and Maiden’s Blush at mid-autumn — and the the Golden Russet is a good keeping winter apple. The Diana Grape. From the experience I have had with this new va¬ riety, I should judge it difficult to grow from cut¬ tings, as in several attempts I have not succeeded, and I have understood that others have met with si¬ milar failures. The wood is slender, which maybe the cause. S. H. Colton. Worcester , Mass, 2d mo., 1850. Farmer’s Song. EY W. L. EATON. ‘ A rural life is the life for me,’ Away from the city’s strife, Where the breath of Heaven is pure and free, And nature ’s full of life ; Where the earth is clothed with a lovely green. The flowers smiling and fair, And the wisdom of God is distinctly seen, In all that flourishes there. We do not envy the man of trade, Whose life is with cares oppressed, Who only is happy as wealth is made, And not when others are blessed ; His life bound up in his merchandise, His heart absorbed in his gains, The beauty of earth shut out from his eyes, But not from his soul, its pains. We have nothing to do in Ambition’s ways, And do not envy the great, Puffed up by the hollow voice of praise, And perplexed with the cares of state ; Elated with hope or depressed with fear, They must run when the people call ; — We are happier far in our humble sphere, Than they in the Nation’s hall The gifts of Heaven are freely bestowed, The harvest our labor crowns ; No despots can reach our peaceful abode, We quail at no tyrant’s frowns. A rural home is the home we love, Away from the city’s strife, We bow to none but the God above — None know a happier life. 144 THE CULTIVATOR. April, Fig. 1 — Section of fence — A. shows the bank , which may be made any required height. The first wire is 4 inches from the ground — the second is 4| above that — the third 4£ — the fourth 6 — the fifth 7 — the sixth 8, and the seventh 9 inches apart. Construction of Wire Fence. Eds. Cultivator — I observe in your January number, a correspondent expresses his fears, that those who have constructed wire fences, will be dis¬ appointed as to their durability and efficiency ; that the swaying of the wire will have a tendency to break it off where it goes through the posts, and that the accumulation of water in the holes of the post, will rust the wire, and weaken and destroy it. If these premises were correct, the conclusions would not be so far out of the way. But I will say in all kindness that your correspondent, in this mat¬ ter, is deficient in that wisdom which is ‘£ profitable to direct.” I propose in this communication, to give my experience, and method of constructing Wire Fence. In 1845, I constructed the first wire fence that I, or any of my neighbors ever saw; it was something entirely new. This piece of fence is about twenty-five rods long. I have made more every year since, and now' have more than a mile of wire fence on my farm, and I think I shall make no other kind unless it may be around yards, where shel¬ ter from the wind is desirable. In the first that I made, which has stood nearly five years, the wire ap¬ pears as sound as when it was put on. I am of opinion that wire of the size of No. 10, will not be injuri¬ ously affected by rust, if it is not in contact with the ground, and care should be taken that it should not b.e. The advantages of wire fences over other kinds are, it costs less, is more durable, is not in¬ jured by high winds; is not likely to be broken by unruly cattle; where the frost heaves the post out, they may be driven down without difficulty; it ob¬ viates the difficulty of snow drifts where roads are thus fenced; gives an appearance of neatness to a farm, and a feeling of satisfaction to the owner that his crops are safe. The best method of construc¬ tion is to set the posts one rod apart, and three of smaller size between, so as to have the spaces four feet between the posts to which the wire is fasten¬ ed, by staples made of wire. The end posts of the line of fence must be firmly set and braced, as in the above engraving. I have a machine for Fig. 2 — A. Box for Tools and Staples. straining the wire, made similar to a wheelbarrow, with a reel 16 inches in diameter on an iron shaft 1$ inches in diameter, as in Fig. 2, with a long Fig. 3 — Manner of looping the Wire. crank for straining the wire, and a shorter one for reeling the wire on the machine. We unite the wire by looping it together as we reel it from the coil on to the reel; in reeling, one takes a coil un¬ bound in his left hand and delivers it with his right, as another turns the reel with one hand and guides the wire with the other, on which he should have a thick leather mitten to prevent laceration from the flaws and slivers on the wire. Enough should be reeled at one time to reach at least, the distance re¬ quired to be made. Place the machine about ten feet from the end post, in line with the fence to be made. A loop is formed on the end of the wire; one takes it from the reel to the further end post, and fastens it by driving a staple in the loop and another across the twist ; then turn the reel till the wire is drawn nearly straight/; then place the wire properly against the posts, and fast¬ en it by driving the staple about half way in ; then strain the wire as tight as you wish, drive the sta¬ ple in the end post near the reel, tightly upon the wire; as the reel slackens, turn the wire back and cut it; form a loop, and drive a staple across the twist, as at the other end; then drive the interme¬ diate staples not exactly tight upon the wire, and it is complete. For road fences, seven wires are sufficient, if a bank is formed by two back furrows with a plow, for dividing fields, six are sufficient, or five, where cattle and horses only are to be guarded against. One pound of No. 10 is about 23 feet, which at 5-| cts., is four cts. a rod, nearly, which for 7 wires, is 28 cts. a rod for the wire, which I think is less than any other material can be furnished for ; so that the wire, exclusive of the staples, will cost at that rate from 20 to 28 cents a rod. The whole cost of the fence, including posts, which are worth from two to four dollars per hundred, and the labor of erecting, is less than fifty cents per rod. The wire should be an¬ nealed before using, as it works better, and is not so apt to break in twisting. The tools necessary in making the fence, are two pair of pincers, to make the loops — such as are used by shoemakers will do — a hand-saw file for cutting the wire, a stick about four feet long, marked with the proper distances for the wire, by which the posts are to be marked for the wires. The best way that we have tried to make staples, is to take a piece of wire about 20 feet long, fasten one end in a vice and then upon a flat bar of iron, li or 2 inches wide, and about a quarter of an inch thick, wind the wire from the other end closely and tightly upon it; then with a sharp cold chisel cut the wire in the middle on both sides of the bar; 20 feet of wire will make about 120 staples, which can 1850. THE CULTIVATOE. 145 galloway ox. — ( see p. 146.) be done in a few minutes. Wire No. 11 is large enough for staples. The staples drive and h< Id much better by being flattened at the ends, and the durability of posts is much increased by charring the ends a few inches above the ground line. I think there would be no great difficulty in construct¬ ing a machine to make staples as fast as nails can be cut, and I hope some machinists will do it. The staples should be from f to 1 inch in length — three- quarters is best when driven into oak posts, and one inch for chestnut or cedar. I have been thus minute in this description, in compliance with the request of your correspondent in the February No. of The Cultivator , and I hope if any of your contributors can give further infor¬ mation they will let us hear from them. I consider the introduction of wire fences, the most important improvement in farming that has been made since the invention of the cast-iron plow, and that a greater amount of iron will be required for fence, than for railroads or any other purpose, and thus be¬ nefit an important branch of our country’s manufac¬ tures. Harry Betts. Brunswick, Bensselaer County , N. Y., Feb., 1850. Eds. Cultivator — Since my last communication to The Cultivator , relating to wire fence3 I have bought 60 pounds No. 10 wire, at 5| cents per lb., which confirms the statement I then made regarding the price. I think it was manufactured in Fairfield County, Ct., and were I to construct a mile of this fence in a straight line, I think I would employ but two posts, placing one at each end. These posts should be set at least 3 feet into the ground, and as it is supposed that the posts are much less liable to decay when the holes are filled with small or broken stones, instead of earth, (see Cultivator for 1-845, page 209,) I would adopt this method, raising the stones around the post a foot above the surface. A strong brace is placed against this post, the foot of which is so firmly planted in a hole directly under the line of the fence, against a flat stone, or plank, that it cannot yield when the wires are strained — the hole filled as above. The post is hewn flat on the side opposite the brace; small auger holes through the brace and post, are made at such dis¬ tances as the workman may wish the strands to be apart. The posts being thus placed at each end and an¬ gle of the line, the wire, which comes in a coil of a single piece, is introduced by inserting one end of it through the brace and post, and coiling it around a billet of wood, say 2 inches in diameter by 6 inches long, several times in each direction, by twining it around the strand between the billet and post in such a manner that it cannot roll when the wires are strained. The workman now takes the coil of wire and proceeds along the line, uncoiling as he walks, until he reaches the end of the coil. Another coil is now attached, which is done by laying the two ends on the ground, passing them some eight or ten inches by each other, and crossing them twice at about equal distances from the ends, like tying the first part of a common hard knot. A billet of wood like that at the post, except a few inches shorter, is laid on and the ends, brought up over the wood, and tied again, and twined around the main wires. In this way the workman proceeds, until he reach¬ es the other post, at the end or angle of the line, through which the wire is passed and drawn up as straight as can easily be done by the hands. It is there fastened to a billet of wood, as at the first post; each strand being thus extended with the same degree of tension, or as near as may be. The workman now proceeds to set large-sized common fence stakes. If the surface is undulating, on each eminence and in each hollow, these stakes are to be set into holes made with a heavy crowbar, two feet deep, and driven down with an axe or beetle, and about 15 or 20 feet apart, throughout the line. This being done, he again proceeds with hammer and nails and saw in hand, and inserts in the stakes saw cuts about 1-| in. deep, corresponding exactly with the holes and distances on the posts. Into these cuts the strands are placed, and a tenpenny nail is driven down nearly to the head, across the cut, confining the wire to the stake. This being done at each stake, no further strain¬ ing of the strands is necessary, wThen the surface is sufficiently undulating, but in most cases it will be necessary to attach a strainer, by means of a round stick, 4 inches in diameter, the same length of post above ground, with corresponding holes, and a two inch auger-hole near the centre. It is temporarily erected near the foot of the brace, the wires passed through, before passing through the brace and post, 140 THE CULTIVATOR. April, and before the stakes are set, it is carried along on the wires to the centre of the line between the posts. After the wires are put into the saw cuts, a lever is inserted in the large hole, by which the strainer is turned around until the wires are sufficiently strain¬ ed. The lever is left in, and a stick one inch in di¬ ameter and same length of strainer is put in an up¬ right position between the lever and wires, which holds it to its place. In no case should the wires be made to form angles, or even small circles. As a preventive, billets of round wood are used, and the holes in the strainer rounded off. The wire for a fence of the above description will cost about 17 cents per rod, and when designed for cattle and horses only, the whole cost I think, will not exceed 35 cents per rod. I am inclined to think that annealed wire requires no protection to pre¬ vent corrosion. It is said that annealed telegraph wires do not corrode to the injury of their strength, and it is fallacy to suppose that electricity prevents it, when no heat is conveyed to the Mures. A re¬ cent newspaper relates an instance of a poultry yard having been surrounded 15 years with annealed wires, and they are yet in a good state of preserva¬ tion. The annealing operation is easily performed, viz.: as a blacksmith heats the tire for setting on a wagon-wheel, allowing it to cool slowly. My cattle fence has 5 strands — top strand five feet, and bottom strand 22 inches from the ground — the space filled with the three remaining strands at equal dis¬ tances. A. B. ®I)e JFctrnur 0 Note-Book. Galloway Breed of Cattle. See Portrait — p. 145. This valuable breed of cattle derives its name from a district of country in Scotland called Gal¬ loway, embracing several counties. It may be fairly considered aboriginal, and evidently closely allied to the semi-wild stock of Chatelherault Park — the descendants of an ancient race, which in ear¬ ly times roamed unrestrained in the Caledonian forests. The true Galloways are without horns. Their color is generally black, though sometimes red and dun. Of all the polled breeds, they are the most highly prized, on account of their many excel¬ lencies. As observed by Professor Low — “ The breed of Galloway is peculiarly confirmed in its cha¬ racters, and thoroughly adapted to the condition of the country.” Various crosses have been attempt¬ ed with other breeds with a view of improving the Galloways ; but the results, in the end, have not answered expectation, and in the language of Mr. Youatt, — “The intelligent Galloway breeder is now perfectly satisfied that his stock can only be impro¬ ved by adherence to the pure breed and by care in selection.” It is for their superior grazing qualities that the Galloways are most esteemed. They fatten very easily, and their beef commands a high price in the English markets, it being fine in the grain, and the fat well mixed with the muscular parts. They are mostly slaughtered at three years old, and the ave¬ rage weight of those sent to the London market, is put down at 770 to 840 lbs. , the four quarters. The qualities of the breed for the dairy, are only mid¬ dling. The cows do not yield a large quantity of milk, but it is rich and affords comparatively a large proportion of butter, which is of the finest quality ; and the average annual yield per cow, where all the milk is devoted to butter, is 150 lbs., though larger returns are often obtained. The points of the Galloway ox, are thus given by Martin: — -A well-bred Galloway is of admirable form; all is close and compact; the barrel is round¬ ed and ribbed home to the hip-bones; the chest is deep, the shoulders thick and broad ; the neck short and thick; the head clean; the back straight and broad ; the limbs short, but extremely muscular; the skin moderate but mellow, and wTell covered wTith long soft hair, — that on the ears, which are large, is peculiarly rough and long. We think the Galloways would prove a very use¬ ful breed of cattle for many sections of this country, particularly the mountainous and hilly portions of the northern and middle states. We have, on for¬ mer occasions, expressed the belief that the intro¬ duction of these cattle and the West-Highlanders, would be a decided acquisition; and we trust that, through the aid of agricultural associations and en¬ terprising individuals, we shall, before long, have the pleasure of seeing specimens of these valuable breeds in the country. Southern Ohio. Eds. Cultivator — It is said all things were made for some good end — and surely it is wise to consider the design and fitness of things. One part of our country — by soil, climate, and market, is suited to one product — another, though not widely different perhaps, for an entirely different. It is pretty obvious that this part of our great country is well adapted to the raising of stock. Without alluding to our extensive and fertile bottom lands which skirt all of our numerous streams, per¬ mit me to occupy a little space in considering the character, quality and capacity of the hills. Most of them are filled with mineral wealth; iron and coal abound, with lime and marl, as well as the best qualities of stone and clay; — these however, are treasures to be developed in other years; the chief and always the earliest pursuit of a civilized people, is agricultural. The soil is of every variety — the rich, tenacious red clay, limestone loam, and light sand may all be found contiguous — the latter near streams. The timber consists of oaks of almost every va¬ riety, hickory, walnut, poplar, maple, beech, locust, mulberry and the vine. Water abundant and pure — showers more reliable than in a level country. Seasons mild, yet the air bracing ; with less change and less severity than those parts of country under either the influence of lakes or prairies. No marshes, and a very general exemption from the diseases incident to such districts. Skirted on the south by the Ohio river, by which, at a very small cost, we are enabled to send our products to a market at pleasure. As there are numerous streams which are naviga¬ ble for flat boats for from twenty to seventy miles interior, the facilities for cheap transportation are excellent — besides the canals and railroads projected and already completed. These lands are rough, but adapted to the most nutritious grasses; and while it is impolitic to plow very much, they are admirably adapted for stock of all kinds. Horses may be raised with profit, as we are nearer an eastern market than those with whom we come in competition. Cattle require but little care and thrive well; had I room, it would be easy to show that the dairy is eminently worthy of in¬ creased attention. Sheep of the larger breeds of 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 147 Merino can be grown by almost any of our farmers successfully, while the finest quality may be produ¬ ced by those who devote the pains and attention. No where is stock more uniformly healthy, exempt from those diseases which in some localities render the business hazardous. What we need is more attention devoted to the subject, more capital invested, and more care and skill in breeding. There are tracts of valuable land bordering upon the Ohio river, such as above described which at most moderate prices are open to the purchaser. Darwin E. Gardner. Marietta , Ohio , Feb. 5. Growth of Pumpkins. Eds. Cultivator — -Last summer I had several pumpkin plants come up in my garden spontaneous¬ ly j and as I devoted a part of the garden to pump¬ kins, I thought I would let some of them grow. They were not in the richest part of the garden, and I took no pains with them, only to keep down the weeds around them. Two grew very luxuriant¬ ly, and produced abundantly. I did not keep an exact account of the number that grew on one ; but there were over forty pumpkins, which would ave¬ rage nine or ten pounds a piece. The other produ¬ ced twenty-seven pumpkins, which averaged a fraction over 22 lbs. each. The heaviest weighed 33 lbs. The lightest weighed lbs. The whole amount was 601 lbs. The longest vine was 63 feet, and was still growing when I measured it. I enclose a few seeds, out of one of the 27 pump¬ kins. Perhaps they will not do any better or as well in your climate, than your common pumpkins, but you can try them, or let some other persons have them. Jacob Hitchcock. Dwight Mission, Che - rokee Nation, Jan . 24, 1850. Cabbage Culture. Eds. Cultivator — I am induced to ask, through your journal, what are the effects of growing cab¬ bages on soil? Is the crop an exhauster or renova¬ tor? There is a little community of us here engaged in cultivating potatoes and cabbages for the south¬ ern market. We are on the bank of the Ohio river, immediately below New-Albany, Ind. Our prac¬ tice is to take a crop of potatoes, and then a crop of Drumhead cabbage from the same ground in one season. We invariably find, that we can get a bet¬ ter crop of potatoes from the ground on which we took, the previous year, both a crop of potatoes and a crop of cabbages, than we can when we only take a crop of potatoes, and leave the ground idle till the following spring. We have reason to think our experience is not sin¬ gular in this matter; and we wish to know where the u protein compounds,” which a writer in the Edinburgh Review speaks of as being found in the cabbage on analysis, are obtained — do they come from the subsoil or from the atmosphere? Our soil is alluvial, rather sandy, and the subsoil similar to the surface for about thirty feet, when we come to a slate rock. We have had periodical overflows from the river, of three to five feet in depth, once in fifteen years, since 1800. In some in¬ stances, the water sweeps three or four inches from the surface, and in other places it deposites from one to two feet in depth. It is probable that the whole space our land now occupies, has in former periods constituted the channel of the Ohio. J. H. Collins. Locust Lawn, near New-Albany , Ind., Feb. 12, 1850. Juries in Civil Causes. BY DAVID THOMAS. A lawyer of great experience, after reading my remarks in The Cultivator for October 1849, page 315, said to me, “ that is correct as far as it goes, but it does not reach all the abuses that are practi¬ ced. The manner of selecting jurors, is often high¬ ly exceptionable. It was doubtless intended by the legislature that supervisors and assessors should choose the best men ; but it too often happens when these officers convene, and proceed to business, that if A— - is mentioned as a suitable person to serve in that capacity, the reply will be after this manner: “ Yes, but lie is actively engaged in affairs of his own, and it might be a great damage to him. We had better not impose such a burden on him.” So of B — , so of C — ; and in this way second rate, and third rate men have their names entered, and enough of them to make a jury trial but little better than a farce. li Again — the manner in which juries often arrive at the amount of damages, is iniquitous; and no¬ thing short of a burlesque on Courts of Justice. Suppose K — has slandered L — , and the latter asks damages. When the jurors have retired to their room, a difference of opinion is soon perceived, — and how do you suppose they make up their verdict? By carefully weighing the evidence, and trying to enlighten each other’s minds? Perhaps they do so at first; but such discussions soon become tiresome; and not unfrequently they proceed to chalk, and take the average !! Now then is the time for par¬ tialities and antipathies to bud, blossom, and bear fruit. The juror is no longer restrained by the ar¬ guments or opinions of his colleagues; but with a view to the average, and apprehensive that others may be as twistical as himself in an opposite direc¬ tion, — he marks down a sum which his sober judg¬ ment intimates is twice, or three times as great as it ought to be. In the mean time, others with a si¬ milar view, mark down only half or a third of what they believe to be just. The whole is then added together and divided by 12! and the foreman gives it in, under oath, as a true verdict according to law and evidence ! ! “ It is some comfort to know however, that the Court will generally set such verdicts aside, if the facts become known; but the utter worthlessness of juries in civil causes, is none the less palpable on this account.” Having forwarded to my learned friend, the pre¬ ceding sketch for revision, — he sent me by return of mail, the following supplement, — saying howev¬ er that he had no time to write on such subjects, except in the greatest haste. “ The habits of the great mass of those who are drawn to serve as jurors, do not render them the best judges of the intricate questions upon which they are called to decide, — not that they are defi¬ cient in natural endowments, or incapable by due training to resolve the doubts and difficulties which in every contested suit, must perplex men of the keenest intellect. We do not employ a blacksmith to make our coats, nor a carpenter to mend our watches, nor a physician to make our shoes, — and why? Simply because they do not understand the business, and others do. If I disagree with a neigh¬ bor as to our mutual rights, why should I refer the matter to 12 men whom I do not know, but of whom I may safely predict that they have been selected at random, and are no better at the solution of a diffi¬ culty than myself or my neigbor? Why not at oneo refer it for final decision to a judge, or a bench of I judges, trained to reflection by years of study, and 148 THE CULTIVATOR. April, by years of practice, which are the keenest of all sharpeners of intellect. Pay our judges good sala¬ ries, render them independent and at ease in a pe¬ cuniary point of view, and we can command the best intellect of the country to act as arbiters and um¬ pires between man and man. “ When we reflect that at every circuit of our Su¬ preme Court the most intricate questions come up for decision, differing in the different causes, and originating generally in kinds of business, or phases of circumstances with which “the gentlemen of the jury ” are in no wise familiar, — is it at all wonder¬ ful that juries so often disagree? or if they agree, that their verdicts are so frequently set aside? The puzzling of witnesses, and the laborious efforts of counsel “ to make the worse appear the better rea¬ son,” leaves nine jurors out ©f ten in a sea of doubt, from which they cannot emerge, except by the aid of the judge. He recapitulates the facts, explains the law, and declares the application of the law to the particular facts in the case, and then the jury may come to a lucid conclusion. But why not leave all to the judge at once? 11 It is a great error to suppose that it is an easy matter to act as a juror in an average of litigated causes. If the facts are perfectly plain, and the law equally so, it is true that juries can act with¬ out difficulty; but it so happens that when these things are so, there is little or no litigation. Men do not often go to law where their mutual rights or remedies are clear ; none but a dunce would do so; or now and then a man in a passion to revenge himself of an enemy, might venture a small sum in costs, to give his opponent as much trouble as he makes for himself, — but such cases are rare. “ As a general thing, it is only in cases of doubt that men get entangled in law suits; and then is the time they need the aid of learned judges, and not the opinions of their neighbors who are as ignorant as themselves. Give us juries in criminal cases; but in all civil matters, I for one, prefer to run the risk of corruption on the bench, rather than abide the decision of stupidity and prejudice in the jury box.” Plantation Railroads. Eds. Cultivator — About two years since, we eonstructed a railroad of Red Cedar, extending from the Mississippi river about midway of the plantation to the sugar house, — a distance of two miles — for the double purpose of transporting our sugars and molasses to the river for shipment, and carrying our sugar to the sugar house. It answers many other valuable purposes, to wit: — The labor¬ ers are conveyed to and from their work in less time and without fatigue. No mud or broiling sun im¬ pedes their way. The various supplies for the place, and articles of transportation, are carried on the road. Though last, not least, a higher considera¬ tion has been kept in view. Every sabbath morn¬ ing, all the people, white and black, are provided with cars to convey them to the church at the end of the road, to hear the word of God preached; the value of which no one can estimate. The cost of the road did not exceed one thousand dollars per mile. The greater portion of the road, (the rails being about six or seven inches square) is laid without cross ties; and seems to answer as well as that laid with ties — the ends of the rails being doweled to¬ gether, and a short plank at the ends laid under. The rails are bedded about half in the ground. The car wheels are without flanges, and are kept on the track by small horizontal wheels on a vertical axle, running inside the rails, and are not liable to run off. We feared flanges would cut the rails, as no iron is used. From present appearances the road may last twenty years. In our opinion the stock pays fifty per cent, per annum. Two horses are equal to twenty in the usual way. The heavi¬ est load we have carried on it, was a steam sugar boiler, (a locomotive boiler) weighing 14,000 lbs., and without apparently affecting the road. We believe railroads, both private and public are not yet fully appreciated. Let us have a railroad all the way from New- York to New-Orleans — then where could the Union be divided? S. St R. Tillotson. New-River , La., Dec. 30, 1849. _ _ Progress in Knowledge. Eds. Cultivator — Your able correspondent, Mr. Holbrook, in the February number of The Cul¬ tivator, very graphically portrays the controversy that has been going on for some years past, between the old and new school classes of farmers; I have, for a long time been an interested 11 looker on ” in this matter, and if I am any judge in human pro¬ gress, the old school or plow-jogger class are fast losing ground. The great number of agricultural papers that are distributed through the various sec¬ tions of our Union, are fast doing away the pre¬ judices that once so generally existed in the minds of practical farmers, against what used to be sneer- ingly termed “ book farming.” There seems to be a general belief springing up among a large proportion of the tillers of the soil, that there are special and unerring laws which go¬ vern the vegetable, as well as the astronomical world; and reading, thinking farmers are beginning to understand the workings of some of these laws. Ten years ago, how few farmers knew even the name of silex, or silica, and much less of the part it played in the composition of their grains and grasses. But now, thousands upon thousands of our common far¬ mers know all about silica. They know it is the material that gives stiffness to the straw ; and they know the use of spreading sand or gravel upon their reclaimed peat meadows and drained swamps, the soil of which consists mostly of decaying vegetable matter. They know too, what is meant by phos¬ phate of lime, and that it enters largely into the composition of the bones of animals; and they have learned too, that old bones can, by the efficient agen¬ cy of vegetable chemistry, be prepared to be again worked up into new bones, as well as old gold and silver coin, can, by the agency of the mint, be again wrought into new eagles and dollars. And they further know, that ammonia is not the name of some heroine of a novel, or love-tale, but an import¬ ant constituent of animal manure; finally, they have learned a great many other important things about book-farming. And with such instructors as Profs. Johnston and Norton, they are in a fair way of learning much more that will be of intrinsic va¬ lue to them. “ Science made easy,” seems to be the object of Prof. Norton’s letters, and that’s what we working farmers want — must have, to be inter¬ ested and benefitted by the labors of scientific men. Technical terms and formulas, are legal tender among the scientific, but they are at rather a dis¬ count among farmers at present, though we hope the day is not far distant, when the technical terms of chemistry will be as familiar among the intelligent part of the farming community as “ household words.” B. Warner , N. H., Feb. 19, 1850. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 149 A Wet Cellar made Dry. Eds. Cultivator — A writer in The Cultivator for February, under the head of “ Water-Tight Cellars,” after some correct observations on the evils and inconveniences of a wet cellar, remarks, that — “ every reader who has experience in the use of means to make a dry cellar, should communicate it to the public.” Being one who has known the “ evils” of a wet cellar, for nearly half a century, and which has within the last two years been con¬ verted into a dry one, I freely give the process for the benefit of all interested. My dwelling stands on a moderate swell, contigu¬ ous to an extensive piece of low ground, and the bottom of the cellar being so nearly on a level with it, though furnished with a drain, was never dry, and was often very wet. Flat stones and boards were resorted to as a temporary relief, till in some parts several strata had accumulated. The walls having been laid chiefly with such stones as were gathered on the farm, and without mortar, became a thoroughfare for rats, which till recently, bid de¬ fiance to the efforts for their expulsion. This, in connection with the evil first named, made it neces¬ sary that something thorough should be attempted, and the work was commenced accordingly. All the varied furniture of a cellar, such as potato and ap¬ ple bins, meat barrels, &c., was speedily removed. Several inches were pared off the bottom to make room for an equal amount of gravel. A trench was then cut entirely round the cellar, about six inches from the wall, which having been commenced on the surface, rendered this operation indispensable. The trench was carefully stoned with a double row of cobbles, and covered with flat stone, the surface of them being two or three inches below the general level. The old drain was re-opened and deepened sufficiently to receive the water from the inner drain. The next step was to procure a sufficient quantity of creek gravel to give a coating of two or three inches. The number of wagon loads used was five, the cellar being equal to about 30 by 20 feet. The gravel was made compact and sufficiently smooth to receive the mortar, by using a flat headed pounder. Mortar made of quick lime and sand was then applied to the wall, and the chinks generally filled. But in more places than one, before the mortar had become hard, those marauding, sagacious animals, whose intelligence seems hardly inferior to those who occupy a higher place in creation, made their accustomed inroads. But to the main subject. The necessary quantity of sand, say about sixty ! bushels, and four barrels of water-lime, being in readiness, the next step is to proceed to the mixture and application. Unless the sand is nearly free of pebbles, I think it best to sift it, though that is not indispensible. The proportion of each used, was one bushel of lime to three and a-half of sand, which being thoroughly mixed, was then reduced to the proper consistency for application. A vast quantity of water will be necessary, and if not at hand, it should be previously in readiness, as three hands will hardly be sufficieut to tend a single ma¬ son. The cement was spread from an inch to an inch and a-half thick, and the work completed in about eight hours. The cash expense was about $8, labor estimated at about $12. From four to six weeks are necessary for the bottom to harden suffi¬ ciently to walk on without injury. It is well, as a precautionary measure, to lay down a few boards after a couple of weeks, and let them remain until the cement has become so hard as not to receive foot prints. I have said the cost was about $20; the benefit of this improvement I will hardly trust myself to esti¬ mate. I have a dry cellar; the floor of which is as easily swept as that of any room in the house, and I am not aware that a quart of water has ever ap¬ peared on its surface as formerly, except from a sup¬ posed leak i-n a stone cistern, a few times, which was easily disposed of. And I would further say that the rats are beginning to find their case hope¬ less, it being a long time since they discontinued their unwelcome visits. G. Butler. Clinton , March 1, 1850. Flax with Barley. Eds. Cultivator — I have, for a number of years, been in the practice of loaning flax seed to sow, for the purpose of obtaining a supply of seed for manu¬ facturing into oil. For the last three years, the average yield has not exceeded ten from one, which is, indeed, a very ordinary yield. I have known farmers who had thirty from one, but it is consider¬ ed a good return, if one bushel produces twenty. I recently purchased from Mr. Lawrence Gard¬ ner, of Charlton, Saratoga county, N. Y., a little short of twenty bushels, which he raised among his barley, from a little more than a peek sown. Mr. Gardner assured me that the flax by no means in¬ terfered with the growth and yield of the barley — that it did not interfere with the harvesting, but on the contrary, it kept the barley so together as to render the harvesting less difficult. This yield of about seventy-five from one, is per¬ haps unprecedented in this country ; and it would be well for farmers, especially those who do not live at a great distance from Mr. Gardner, to ascertain his mode of sowing, so as to be able to effect such de¬ sirable results. X. We find in the Berkshire Culturist, an account of a crop of flax and barley together. It was rais¬ ed by Mr. Reed Mills, of South Williamstown, Mass. He states that he derived his information in regard to the crop, from The Cultivator , vol. iii, (new series) pp. 57, 127, 157. Last spring, he sowed an acre and a-half of ground with three bushels of barley and one of flax-seed. Before sowing, he soaked the barley in weak brine 24 hours, then rolled it in plaster, and added the flax-seed, mixing both together. He obtained 40^ bushels of barley, worth 67 cents per bushel ; 9 bushels of flax¬ seed, worth one dollar per bushel — the whole being worth $36.14 ; from which, deducting the expenses of cultivation, interest on land, &c,, $11.50, a net pro¬ fit was left of $24.64. Farming Economy. Eds. Cultivator — Twenty years ago it was a common saying among farmers, that all a man could make in farming, was enough to support his family, and, possibly, save a hundred or two hundred dollars a year besides. Farmers who held this idea, were no doubt, honest; they only judged of the profits of farming from their own management. Even now, a great many farmers suppose that in order to make money by farming, they must do all the labor them¬ selves; they say they “can’t afford to hire help.” This is evidently a great mistake, for if the farmer makes his own labor profitable, he could make that so w’hich he hires, under good management, and without that, no labor can be profitable. Labor in this country is high, in proportion to what it is in older and more populous countries ; but I do not regard this as a subject of regret, for who is “worthy of his hire” if the day-laborer is not? 150 THE CULTIVATOR. April, If the high price of labor operates against the in¬ terest of some, it tends greatly to improve the con¬ dition of the masses. As a matter of course, the farmer will save as much manual labor as possible, consistent with the proper cultivation of his farm. But a great point in farming economy consists in the adoption of labor-saving machines and improved implements. Yet a good deal of hand labor will always be required to carry on farming advantage¬ ously. The question is often asked whether capital laid out in farming can be made to pay . In reply, I would say, I have known many instances where mo¬ ney laid out in this way has paid well. It is true, that time is required for this result; but I believe that capital invested in farming, need never pay less than six per cent. ; and under good manage¬ ment, it may yield even eight to ten per cent, on the original stock. The culture of fruits — such as apples, pears, peaches, &c. — often yields a profit of eight to fifteen per cent. A great barrier to impi*ovement in farming, is the erroneous value which farmers often put on money. They seem to think that a dollar is worth much more than its equivalent in wheat, or any agricultural product. This leads them to hoard their cash with scrupulous care, fearing to trust the earth with the loan of a cent — the risk being so much greater, as they say, than on deposites in banks. This difficul¬ ty can only be removed by demonstrating to the farmer, the certain success of a better system of management; which will gradually inspire confi¬ dence that labor and money expended on the soil, shall not go unrewarded. L. Durand. Derby, Ct., Feb., 1850. _ Trial of Plows. The New-York State Agricultural Society offer the following premiums on plows — the premiums to be decided by a trial to take place at Albany, com¬ mencing on Tuesday, the 4th day of June next, and to continue until the committee are fully satisfied that they have arrived at correct results. Best Sod Plow for stiff soils, furrows not less than 7 inches in depth nor over 10 inches in width, . Diploma and $15 Second best do.,. . . . 10 Best Sod Plow for light soils, furrows 6 by 12 inches, Diploma & 15 Second best do., . 10 Best Plow for fallows or “ old land,” . Diploma and 10 Second best do., . 8 Best Subsoil Plow, . Diploma and 8 Best Side-hill Plow, . Diploma and 8 A general competition for these premiums is invi¬ ted, as the trials will be conducted and the decisions made without regard to any former trials or awards, and will be open to competitors from any part of the world. Competitors must become members of the Socie¬ ty, for which an entrance fee of one dollar will be required, and their names, together with the names and number of the plows intended for trial, must be given to the Secretary, B. P. Johnson, Esq., Alba¬ ny, on or before the 15th of May next. The plows for which premiums are awarded, must be deposited at the Rooms of the Society, if others of the same pattern are not already there. The committee to superintend this trial and award the premiums, consists of A. Van Bergen, Coxsackie; John Delafield, Oaklands ; J. Stanton Gould, Hudson; Sanford Howard, Albany; B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush. The committee will meet at the Society’s Rooms on Monday, June 3, to make arrangements for the trial. In deciding the general question — what are the best plows? the committee will be governed by the following principles: 1st, the character of the work performed; 2d, the power required in draught; 3d, quality of materials, durability and cost of the im¬ plements. For stiff soil, excellence of work shall consist, first, in leaving the furrow-slice light and friable; second, in so disposing the sod and all vegetable matter, as to insure its ready decomposition. For sandy soil, or that which is already too light, the points in regard to quality of work will be, first, thoroughly burying the vegetable matter, and se¬ cond, leaving the ground generally level. For fallows or old land, the principal point in re¬ ference to the quality of work, will be thorough pul¬ verization and friability of the soil. In determining the power required in draught, the most perfect instrument will be used, and the trial will be conducted in the most careful and thorough manner. The same implement for testing draught, and the same team, will be used for all plows in the same class. The plows may be held by the competitors or by persons appointed by them, as may be preferred. Importation of Animals from Asia. The Charleston (S. C.) Mercury states that Dr. Davis, of that city, has imported the Cashmere goat, a pair of Bramin cattle, and some “ Water oxen,” together with an assortment of useful poul¬ try. We suppose the Bramin cattle mentioned, be¬ long to the Zebu race, a description of which, with a cut, will be found in our volume for last year, p. 59. It was there mentioned, also, that the late Gorham Parsons, Esq., of Brighton, Mass., in¬ troduced, and for several years bred, this kind of cattle. The “ Water ox” is probably the common buffalo (Bos bubalus ) of Asia, eastern Africa, and southern Europe — an animal which naturally inhabits swampy grounds and marshes, and has the habit of wallowing in mud and water. It is sometimes used in Asia for labor in the cultivation of rice grounds, and its milk and flesh are used in some countries for human food. Among other remarks made in the paper above referred to, respecting the success of these animals in this country, it is said — “The Merino sheep, carried from its original locality, degenerates ; but in Saxony crossed upon a coarse wooled sheep, makes a supe¬ rior and more valuable animal than the Merino in Spain.” We do not think the Merino sheep generally dege¬ nerates when carried from Spain — that being the country which is probably alluded to as its “original locality.” It has not degenerated in the United States nor in Europe, except under unskilful manage¬ ment. In regard to fineness of wool, it has been i?n- proved in Germany ; as the finest wooled sheepof that country are, in blood, pure Merino. It may be true that some high cross of the improved Saxon with the common or “coarse wooled” sheep of that region, produces wool of a finer quality than the common Merino of Spain; but the original Merino blood is, nevertheless, that which is relied on as the founda¬ tion of the most perfect fleece. Wetting Brick in Laying. — The advantage of soaking bricks in water, to prevent the too rapid drying of the mortar, is so great, that a wall 12 inches thick built with wet brick, is considered bet¬ ter than one lfi inches thick with the brick un¬ soaked. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 151 trtitxz from $)rof. Norton — No. 4. Neglected Manures— Bones. Analytical Laboratory, Yale College, ] New-Haven , Conn., March 7, 1850. j Eds. Cultivator — The very important method for the application of bones, to which I alluded in the closing paragraph of my last letter, is that of dissolving them in sulphuric acid, the common oil of vitriol. Before describing the various ways of doing this, one or two other points must first be considered. The first which I would notice is, that the phos¬ phates of lime which compose bones, and in fact all of their earthy parts, are nearly insoluble in water ; hence their action, unless added in a state of extreme¬ ly minute division, or in very large quantity, is often tardy. It is sure and lasting, but the farmer often desires to produce an immediate effect, and that too without adding any very large quantity of the ma¬ nure which in his neigborhood may be expensive or only procured with difficulty. The second point relates to sulphuric acid. This is a cheap acid, costing by the carboy, from 2\ to 3 cents per lb., at least in the vicinity of large towns and cities. It is very sour, and extremely corro¬ sive, destroying animal and vegetable structures with great facility; it burns through flesh or clothing al¬ most instantly, and a very small portion swallowed is fatal to life. It flows thick and has all the ap¬ pearance of oil j placed upon wood it blackens and chars it, so that it looks as if it had been burned. When strong, this acid destroys all vegetable life, but when diluted, it becomes a valuable manure. If mixed with so much water that the liquid has no perceptible sour taste, and sprinkled over fields by means of a water cart or other convenient ma¬ chine, a very remarkable fertilizing effect is produ¬ ced on many soils, thus proving that the acid itself contains something useful to plants. In certain si¬ tuations it has been found to give very fair crops of turneps, without the aid of any other manure. We may now proceed to an account of the changes which take place when this acid is applied to bones, and of the beneficial nature of the compound pro¬ duced. Various ways have been recommended for dissolv¬ ing the bones, and I will mention a few of the most successful. The first step in all cases, is to dilute the acid with two or three times its bulk of water. If used of full strength, it chars and blackens, but does not dissolve the bones. When they are crushed into small pieces or powdered, one-tbird their weight of acid is sufficient to dissolve them; if whole and large, less than half will not do it completely. A very common way of managing the solution, is to put the bones into an old hogshead or other con¬ venient vessel, and then pour half or two-thirds the proper quantity of diluted acid upon them; they should be occasionally stirred, and if not dissolved after a day or two, the remainder of the acid may be added. Another way which I have found very effectual, is to break down the bones and lay them in a heap, on a place where the acid cannot soak away. It should be poured in successive portions on the top of the heap, at intervals of half a day, turning over and mixing thoroughly each time. By both of these methods the bones are finally dissolved, or at least crumbled down to a soft pasty mass, that is mostly soluble in water. The solution is more ready if the bones are powdered slightly, moistened and laid in a heap, to ferment a month before use. Several chemical changes take place while the bones are dissolving. When the acid is first, added, a bubbling up or effervescence occurs ; this is owing to the decomposition of whatever carbonate of lime may be present. The carbonic acid goes off, and the sulphuric acid unites with the lime, forming sul¬ phate of lime or common gypsum, which is as all know an excellent manure for most soils. The sulphuric acid then attacks the phosphate of of lime also, and unites with a portion of its lime, forming sulphate of lime again. The remainder of the lime is still united with all of the phosphoric acid; of course each pound of lime has much more of it than before, thus forming what is called a bi¬ phosphate or super-phosphate of lime, from its con¬ taining a double portion of phosphoric acid. This is much more soluble than the ordinary phosphate. The acid also acts upon the organic matter or ge¬ latine of the bones, bringing it into a state more readily soluble, and better fitted to supply the wants of plants. Thus we have sulphate of lime, super¬ phosphate of lime, and soluble organic substances; all being manures of great value, and in states ea¬ sily appropriated by the plants. The bones when dissolved, are sometimes applied simply mixwd with water. The water is added un¬ til no taste of sourness can be perceived, and the li¬ quid is then distributed by a water cart. It produ¬ ces in many cases most remarkable effects. In fact, when applied in this way, they are more efficacious than in any other, because they are more finely divi¬ ded and more evenly distributed. It is however, an inconvenient and expensive method, and hence it is more usual to mix the dissolved bones with charred peat, or ashes, or vegetable mould, or sawdust, in sufficient quantity to dry up the acid, and make a compound which can be sown by hand or by a drill machine. From the composition already given of this ma¬ nure, it is obvious that it must be one of much value, and the results of its application in practice, fully confirm our theoretical conclusions. It is found that for many crops, from two to four bushels of dissolved bones produce an effect equal to If? to 20 bushels of bone dust, which latter has al¬ ready been described as one of the most powerful manures used. It is a cheap application also; two bushels of bones would certainly not be worth more than 50 cts., and would weigh from 100 to 120 lbs. 50 lbs. of acid to dissolve them would cost $1.50, making a total expense of $2. This, with half the usual quantity of ordinary manure, is found quite enough for an acre, and thus appears to be far cheaper than any thing else that could be used with like effect. Bones enough to fertilize several acres in this way, could be collected in the course of a year on every farm, and their use cannot be too strongly recom¬ mended. The trouble of preparation is little, save in imagination, and few who once make trial of them in the way here prescribed, will meet with disap¬ pointment. The mixture of dissolved bones and peat or ashes mentioned above, is to be applied ei¬ ther broadcast or sown in drills. This latter me¬ thod is best in many cases, because it brings the manure in a position more directly and easily acces¬ sible to the roots. It should be sown in the bottom of a drill, then a light furrow over, and the seed above so as not to come in immediate contact with the mixture. This is for turneps and that class of crops. For wheat and grain it is best sown broad¬ cast or by a machine. Machines which sow the manures of this kind, and the seed at the same time, are used in England and would be valuable here. John P. Norton. 152 THE CULTIVATOR. lads anir ©pinions. Thorough and Enriching Culture. — The Working Farmer says that Samuel Allen, of Mor¬ ris, N. J., rented last year a field which had been planted two years in corn, and gave only 24 bushels per acre. He subsoiled it, and applied 200 lbs. of Peruvian guano and 200 lbs. of bone dust, compost¬ ed with charcoal dust, costing six dollars j and the result has been that he raised at the rate of 72 bushels of shelled corn per acre. Timber for Worm Fences, — Tn the discussions in the Legislative Agricultural Club of Ohio, one member stated that worm-fence rails, well kept from the ground, will last 20 years — another, that if well put up, the fence would last without repairs 8 years, when it should be re-layed every 4 years, adding two new rails each time. Handsome fences were made by splitting all the rails from the centre of the log of one shape, the ends notched together. The rails are found to last longest when cut in sum¬ mer, and the bark peeled, so that they will speedily dry as hard as horn, and not remain wet so as to become soft and half decayed by partial fermenta¬ tion. Black Walnut will thus last 40 or 50 years, and oak heart 20 or 30. Shell-bark hickory, peeled and seasoned, will last 20 years or more. Durability of Posts. — In the same discussions, one member said he had used burr-oak posts 7 years, and thought they would last 6 or 7 years longer. White oak will last, according to another member, ten or twelve years ; locust 20 years or more. An¬ other stated that cherry rotted in eight or nine years ; white oak in 10 to 14 years • black walnut in 9 to 10 years; locust 20 years. Much depends, it was affirmed, on the character of the soil ■ moist land causing a sooner decay than dry. Agricultural Papers. — The American Agri¬ culturist says that of the 20 million inhabitants of this country, more than three-fourths of whom are engaged in agricultural and horticultural pursuits, and most of whom obtain their entire support from these avocations, not one in two thousand, and we much doubt if there is one in three thousand, who subscribe for and read a purely agricultural paper! Corn Cobs. — The American Farmer says, “ we believe there is one-third as much nutriment in a bushel of the cobs, as there is in a bushel of the grain • and we know that cows or oxen, fed upon three pecks of the crushed and steamed cobs, in ad¬ dition to their usual quantity of hay or fodder, will keep fat.” Progress in Michigan.— According to the cen¬ sus of 1840, and the assessors returns in 1849, the increase in sheep and wool in Michigan, has been as follows : — In 1840, 99,618 sheep, and 153,375 pounds of wool — [rather small fleeces.] In 1849, 610,563 sheep, and 1,645, 750 pounds of wool. There is not so great a disparity in the quantity of grain. In 1840, there were 2,157,000 bushels of wheat, and 4,566,000 bushels of other grain. In 1849, there were 4,739,000 bushels of wheat, and 8,179,000 bushels of other grain. The Great Exhibition. — It is stated that the Committee, who have in charge the arrangements for the World’s Great Industrial Exhibition, to be held next year at London, have already determined to erect a building a mile in length, with five ave¬ nues each a mile long, and that this is only to begin with, as it is thought to be quite too small for the whole. This will appear more probable, when we April, remember that at the late exhibition of implements at the Fair of the Royal English Agricultural Socie¬ ty, 27 acres were covered by them. To understand well, all that is to be seen at the great approaching exhibition, will require about the same length of at¬ tentive observation, as the tour of Europe. Benefit of Deep Plowing. — The Michigan Farmer states that H. B . Lathrop, of Jackson Co., in that State, .put in a piece of wheat, plowing not less than eight inches deep. At the same time, a neighbor plowed an adjoining field, being careful that the plow did not run more than four inches deep. The deep plowing gave thirty-two bushels to the acre, and the shallow plowing only seven. A portion of the sub-soil often operates as manure, and a deep soil prevents excessive flooding, as well as excessive drouth. The result, however, may va¬ ry much with change in localities, but may be easily determined by experiment. Importation of Manures into Great Britain. — It is computed that the importation of guano into Great Britain in a single year, has been 219,764 tons, and that the importation of bones has been of equal amount, making an aggregate of upwards of 500,000 tons of fertilizers of this kind in one year, which at $5 per ton, amounts to an outlay of £2,- 500,000— ($12,500,000.) Mineral Manures. — An article in the Edin¬ burgh Quarterly Review, attributed to Prof. John¬ ston, speaking of the failure of certain “ patent mineral manures,” remarks — 4< Those insoluble ma¬ nures have now disappeared from our markets ; purely mineral mixtures, however, still retain an uncertain and temporary hold upon the public favor. But two facts are sure to banish them from the list of fertilizing substances, which can generally be relied upon in all soils and for all crops. These are, first, that plants do really obtain and require from the soil certain forms of organic food • and, secondly , that all naturally fertile soils do contain a sensible proportion of such organic matter. Sup¬ pose a soil to be deficient in this organic matter, a purely mineral manure, compounded, cannot sup¬ ply it ; and the application of such a manure upon such soils must be followed by a failure. But let it be naturally rich in such matter, and the mineral mixture may possibly be applied with a profit.” Richness of Milk. — An experienced farmer says, “ I find by churning the milk separate, that one of my best cows will make as much butter as three of my poorest cows, giving the same quantity of milk.” Lard Oil. — It is estimated that 11 million pounds of lard and fat pork will be used in a year in Cin¬ cinnati for making lard oil, nearly one-third being converted to stearine. The fat is extracted from the pork, after it is divested of the hams, by means of hot steam under about five atmospheres in large tanks. One establishment thus reduces 600 hogs per day. To Destroy Moles. — The Michigan Farmer gives in substance the following, which must go for what it is worth: — A lady farmer said the meadow moles had annoyed them greatly, and had destroyed two fine pear trees. She tried an expedient for them with triumphant success. Their subterranean passage was uncovered, and two cow’s horns, with the large ends from each other, placed in it, so that the moles, coming either way may enter the horns. Such is the “ natur of the crittur ” that it never backs out of a scrape, persevering ahead till it makes its way or dies in the attempt. The latter it does in the present instance. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR, 153 An0U>ct'0 to Corraponknts. Substitute for Wringing Clothes. —M. M. B., Boston. We have no information in regard to Robinson’s Drying Machine, except that given by our correspondent “ R.,” in our last volume, page 147. We shall feel obliged if any one will tell us where it can be bad, its cost, &c. Curculio. — *S. R. G., Bristol, Ct. Wehavenot a cut of this insect at hand. You will find a good mode of destroying it described in our volume for 1848, page 182. The insect is well described (with cuts,) in Thomas’ Fruit Culturist , pp. 315, 320. Sweet Potatoes. — S. D., Granville, N. Y. We doubt whether it would be an object to attempt the cultivation of sweet potatoes so far to the north. But if you are disposed to try them, get an early kind from New Jersey, place them in a hot-bed, and when the sprouts are two to three inches above the ground, break them off carefully, close to the pota¬ toes, and set them in hills or ridges, raised a few in¬ ches above the surface — two plants to the hill — the hills two by three feet apart. The soil should be loose and warm, and moderately rich. Dwarf Pear trees. — “ A Subscriber.” Dwarf pear trees are formed by grafting the pear on the quince stock. See any modern work on the culture of fruits. Wind-Mills. — E. G., Bradford Co., Pa. You will find some information on this subject in our vol. for 1846, p. 221. In a late number of the Boston Cultivator , Leander Morton, of Hatfield, Mass., gives a brief description of a windmill of his own invention. Its cost is said not to exceed one hun¬ dred dollars. He says — “ Run a shaft up through the roof of your wood house, with a fly wheel on the top, similar to a tub-wheel, bottom upwards, and build a round house around your fly wheel with doors opening to every point of the compass. If the wind is in the North and South, open your North and South doors, and give it a passage through, upon the extremity of the wings of the wheel. If in the East or West, open your East and West doors, with ropes attached thereto, to let on or shut off wind at your pleasure. Place a drum around the shaft in your wood house, with a connecting belt to the axle of your circular saw. Threshing Machines. — A. J. , Smyrna, Del. For a machine that will thresh the amount you speak of — 800 bushels per day — we would refer you to Jo¬ seph Hall, Rochester, N. Y. Separators. — A. J. Pitt’s separators we be¬ lieve work well. They could probably be had of Mr. Hall, at Rochester, or of J. A. Pitts, Spring- field, Ohio. Potatoes. — J. E., Warren County, Pa. Pota¬ toes do not usually do as well on the same ground year after year, as when planted in rotation with other crops; but if it becomes necessary to continue them on the same spot, plow in considerable vege¬ table matter, in the shape of litter or muck, with moderate dressings of animal manure. Grass seed sown with Buckwheat. — J. E. Land is sometimes seeded to grass with buckwheat, and in favorable seasons will catch well. Harvesting Machines. — G. B., Goderioh, C. W. See answer to inquiry under this head in our last number, (page 121.) Dorking Fowls. — We have seen fowls imported as Dorkings, as well as others bred here from im¬ ported stock, that had but four toes to a foot. We have no doubt that the fowls to which the name of Dorking was first applied, had five toes. Whether any of their descendants unmixed with any other blood, have only four toes, we cannot say. But fowls are now called Dorkings which are quite dif¬ ferent from those first described under this name. Carrots, Beets, &c.-— T. B., Kingston, C. W. The cultivation of these crops on the same land for for several years in succession, with good manuring, does not injure the land for grain crops. Stable Manure.— -T. B. We know of no ‘‘ar¬ tificial manures” that are preferable for “ crops in genera] ” to good stable manure. If the stock is fed liberally, as you say, with grain and roots, the manure is all the better. Apple Trees. — W. D. H., Berks county, Pa. Apple trees of good kinds can be bought here, of Wilson, Thorburn & Co., at $18 per hundred. Peat. — M. D. Jr., Lynchburg, Ya. Peat is bog earth, formed chiefly by the growth and decay of moss, in wet or swampy situations. Various aqua¬ tic plants and trees also grow in many instances, in these places. The plants add their annual growth, and the trees shed their leaves and drop their dead branches, and in time die themselves, and their trunks mingle with the other substances; and thus the mass accumulates. The lower portion becomes compact by pressure, and in the oldest bogs may be cut out in pieces, which may be dried and used for fuel. The modes of using it for manure have been often described by us. See Cultivator for 1847, p. 297. Carrot Seed. — M. D. Jr. The orange carrot and the white carrot are most productive. The seed of both kinds is kept at the principal seed stores in all parts of the country. Swine. — W. B. D., Pekin, Ill. There are no Berkshire hogs, nor any known as the “ Columbia breed,” in this vicinity. The Suffolk breed fattens easily. William Stickney, of Boston, has stock of this breed, imported by himself, for sale. Improvement of Sandy soils. — S. M., Win- sted, Ct. The best means of improving sandy soils, are to apply wood ashes, and well decomposed com¬ post manure. Sow red clover, six quarts or twelve pounds to the acre. If white clover does not “come in,” sow two quarts of that seed, per acre, mixed with the red. It has an excellent effect in binding the soil. If plaster is known to operate well on similar land in your neighborhood, sow about 100 pounds per acre, every spring. The plaster and ash¬ es may be sown and left on the surface; the manure should be well harrowed in, or covered with a light furrow. The grazing of sheep is very useful in compacting sandy soils, and in connection with clo¬ ver and turneps, has been practiced with much ad¬ vantage. See our volume for 1847, pp. 53, 261. Sale of Merino Sheep. — We are informed that Messrs. J. D. Patterson, of Westfield, Chautau- que county, and A. S. Patterson, of Perry Cen¬ tre, Wyoming county, N. Y., have lately purchased of Messrs. E. & W. Hammond, of Middlebury, and Jesse Hinds, of Brandon, Vt., upwards of 100 su¬ perior Merino sheep. For one lot of 20 young ewes, the price is stated to have been $20 per head. Advertisements. — Several correspondents have urgently requested that articles advertised in our columns should have the prices affixed to them, and we submit whether the interest of both buyer and seller would not be promoted by this measure. Per¬ sons might in many cases be induced to purchase at once, rather than to take the trouble to open a correspondence to learn prices. 154 April, THE CULTIVATOR. Mot n for t{re Monti; Our Premiums for Subscribers. We offered, it will be remembered, Twenty Premiums, to those who should send us, with the payment in advance, previous to the 20th of March, the greatest number of subscribers to The Cultivator for 1850. In announcing the result, it is proper for us to say, that none of our Agents in the cities are included among the competitors for the prizes, which will account for the non-appearance of their names in the list of those receiving Premiums. We annex a list of the twenty persons who have obtained the pri¬ zes ; and we lake this occasion to tender to them, and to all others who have so kindly acted as Agents, our most hearty thanks : 1. A. Cary, Fort Plain, N. Y., . ......... .245 subs. $50. 2. L W. Curtis, Madison, N. Y., . . . .204 . $40. 3. Wm. E. Calkins.Ticonderoga, N. Y., . . . .178 . $30. 4. H. & J. Brewer. Springfield, Mass,,. ..... 130 . $20. 5. C. P. Waller, Honesdale, Pa., . . 116 . $10 6. Wilson Dennis, Quakertown, Pa., . 114 7. Samuel Brooks, Edgefield C. H., S. C., . .113 8. L. Richmond, Woodstock, Vt., . . . 104 9. Hiram Mills, Lowville, N. Y., . 69 1 10. O. C. Chamberlain, Richfield Sp’gs, N. Y., 87 J 11. M. Davis, Jr., Lynchburgh, Va-, . 861) 12. James Wells, Johnstown, N. Y., . 80 ' 13 Willetts Keese, Peru, N. Y.,. . . . 76 14. L. Helmer, Ilion, N. Y., . 65 15. R S. Bartlett, Binghamton, N. Y., . 54 , 16. Wm. McKinney, Ida Mills, N. Y., . 51 f 17. J. H. Reid, Fredericton, N. B., . 46 ‘ 18. F. H. Fessenden, Bratlleborough, Vt.,.. . 42 J 19. A. N. Barber, Harwinton, Ct., . 41 | 20. Charles Root, Gilbertsville, N. Y., . 40 J To all the above, except the first four, we shall add to each pre¬ mium, a copy of the second volume of The Horticulturist. We shall also send a copy of the same volume, in addition to the Ameri¬ can Fruit Culturist to which they are entitled, to all those who have sent us thirty or more subscribers, as follows : W. H. White, . G. A. Ainsworth, . J. M. Hart, . Each $5.00 Each $3.00 Thos. Briggs, Jr., . H. Moore,. . . R. II. Van Rensselaer,. J. N. Sawyer, . . W. L. Avery . C. W. Kelloy?, . E. H. Townsend. 39 M. Crowell . . 32 38 F. B. Smith, . 38 Jas. La Roche,. . . 31 38 P. M. Ross, . 37 P. C. Stone, . . . . _ 31 36 E. Adams, . _ 30 36 A. Cornell, . . 30 35 J. Franc, ....... 35 S. C. Jackson,. . . 34 James Lee, . 33 R. S. Marshal,.. 33 O. F. Marshall,.. 33 C. C. Purdy, - . 30 32 J. B. Packer, . . . . 30 32 Jas. Culver, . . 30 J. W. Reed, ..." . To all others who have sent us 15 or more subscribers, a copy of Thomas’ American Fruit Culturist. Communications have come to hand since our last, from A. B., H., T. H. Collins, A Wool Dealer, C. E. G., Lotan Smith, Jacob Hitchcock, E., Da¬ vid Thomas, G. Butler, Levi Durand, C. F., F. Holbrook, F. Engle, G. H. Dadd, - -, Prof. Norton. D. D., Thos. Craighead, Jr., J. H. Salis¬ bury, Wm. R. Prince, R. W., A. S. Copeman, D. DO B oks, Pamphlets, &c.,have been received as foil > ws: A ’ ass before the Anderson District (S. C.) Farmers’ Society, No- v«_ n.ber 21, 1849, on the four principal means of improving the soh — Draining, Subsoil Plowing, Rotation of Crops, and Manu¬ ring, by Dr. O. R. Broyles. Annual of Scientific Discovery — a Year-Book of Facts in Science and Art, for 1850, from the publishers, Gould, Kendall & Lin¬ coln. A package of Seeds, from the Commissioner of Patents. Report of the Committee of Supervison of the first exhibition of Domestic Poultry, held at Boston, November, 1849, from Dr. E. Wight. Scions fiom a Se*;lling Apple, from W. Dennis, Quakertown, Pa. Grammar of Arithmetic, or an Analysis of the Language of Figures and Science of Numbers, by Chas. Davies, L. L. D., from A. S. Barnes & Co., publishers, New-York. Annual Report of the Board of Agriculture of Ohio, for 1848, from P. C. Stone, Esq., Tallmadge, Ohio — pp. 220. Guenon’s Treatise on Milch Cows, with Introductory Remarks on the Cow and the Dairy, by J. S. Skinner — pp. 68 — price, in paper covers, 37-£ cents, from the publishers, Bangs, Platt & Co., New-York. The same, from Mr. McElrath, bound, price 62^ cents. Address before the Hartford (Conn.) Ag. Society, by Simeon Hart, Esq., of Farmington. Agricultural College and Experimental Farm. — The Committee of the Assembly, to whom was referred the report of the Commissioners ap¬ pointed to mature a plan for an Agricultural Col¬ lege and Experimental Farm, together with that part of the Governor’s Message and other papers relating to the same subject, have brought in a bill for the establishment of such an institution. This bill makes liberal provision for effecting the general design and purposes contemplated, and proposes that the Comptroller be authorised to borrow, on the credit of the State, the sum of one hundred thou¬ sand dollars for establishing and carrying on the in- stitution. The bill has not yet been acted on, but we understand that a favorable feeling is manifest¬ ed in regard to its general features, in both branch¬ es of the Legislature. “Imported Short-horns — Mr. Bates’ Stock.” — We have received from Ambrose Stevens, Esq., a reply to the remarks of Mr. Chapman, on this subject, published in our January No. Having pub¬ lished Mr. Stevens’ commendation of his and Mr. Sherwood’s cattle, in our last volume, in which it was thought by Mr. Vail’s friends, that injustice was done to Mr. V.’s herd, it became a matter of duty to give place to Mr. Chapman’s reply. But as we can perceive no benefit to be derived by our readers from a continuance of the controversy, and as the question has a personal bearing on the interests of two public spirited importers of foreign cattle, we think it best to decline any further discussion of the points at issue, in our pages. Northern Farmers in Virginia. — We have re¬ ceived a communication from a gentleman formerly a citizen of the State of New-York, but who at present resides in Powhattan county, Virginia, on a farm of 700 acres, purchased by him a few years since. In relation to the advantages which that sec¬ tion possesses for northern farmers, he appears to have experienced some disappointment; and he comes to the conclusion that the investment of mo¬ ney in Virginia lands, will not generally prove pro¬ fitable, under any management that can be adopted, “ compared with the same expenditure of labor and money in the State of New-York.” He gives vari¬ ous reasons for this conclusion, the principal of which is, that the expenses which the farmer must necessarily incur there, are much greater, in propor¬ tion to his income, than at the north. Among the heavy expenses of the farmer in Virginia, he cites those of educating his children. He must either hire a teacher for his family, or pay very high charges for sending them to schools, often at a great dis¬ tance. Expenses of transporting produce to mar¬ ket are represented as much greater than at the north, and though what the farmer has to sell does not generally, command a higher price than in New York, everything he has to purchase is considera¬ bly dearer. Fine Cattle. — The butchers of Albany, pur¬ chased several fine animals for their usual display of meat on the 22d of February last. E. Kirkpat¬ rick purchased of Clement Leach, of Eaton Madison county, N. Y. , a pair of short-horned oxen, five years old, raised by E. Sheldon, of Sennett, Cayuga county, N. Y., which received one of the premiums on fat cnttle at the State Fair at Syra¬ cuse ; also a cow, five years old, apparently a mix¬ ture of Short-horn and Devon, which received the first premium on fat cows at the same show. J. Fredenrich purchased the fine Short-horn heifer of J. Barber, Homer, Cortland county, which took the first premium for fat heifers at Syracuse. These 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 155 were very superior animals — fully equal in fatness and weight in proportion to offal, to any we have ever seen in this market. Diana Grape. — Several of our subscribers have asked us to send them buds or cuttings of this grape. There are none to be had in this vicinity. Good Crop of Corn in Massachusetts. — Mr. Luther Butterfield, of Tyngsborough, Mass., informs us that Mr. Underwood, of that town, raised ninety bushels of corn to the acre last year. We should be glad to receive his account of the mode of cultivation. Livingston County Cattle. — Mr. Robert Rome, of Mount Morris, Livingston county, N. Y. passed through this city on the 16th of March last, with nineteen head of cattle, fatted by himself, se¬ veral of which were remarkably fine. Among them we noticed a pair of roan oxen, five years old this spring, half blood shorthorns, bred by Mr. R., weighing 4,820 pounds. They received one of the premiums on fat cattle at the State Fair at Syra¬ cuse. A pair of Devon oxen, five years old, bred by E. P. Beck, of Sheldon, Wyoming county, weighing 3,702 pounds. They received the first pre¬ mium for grass-fed cattle at Syracuse. A red Short horned cow, five years old, bred by Halstead, of Castile, weighing 2,075 pounds. A roan cow, in part of Short-horn blood, bred by Hon. A. Ayrault, of Geneseo, weighing 1,900. She received one of the premiums on fat cows at Syracuse. A heifer, three years old, in part of Short-horn blood, bred by Mr. Rome, weighing 1,608; three steers bred by him, same age and similar blood, weighing, 1,700 — 1,670 — 1,610 lbs. A pair of oxen, of the common stock, weighing 4,420 pounds. One of the first mentioned oxen, the Devon oxen, the two cows, and the three-year old heifer, were animals of a symme¬ try and quality seldom equalled. These cattle were designed for New-York, and will afford the epicures of that city such beef as they do not often get. Good Prices. — We are informed that Messrs. Hill, of Bridport, Vt., sold a three-year old colt, by Black Hawk, a few weeks since, to Col. Car- roll, of Maryland, for $1,500; and that they have lately sold a three-year-old filley, for $300. Other colts and fillies, two to three years old, are mention¬ ed as having been sold at prices of $300 to $600 each. An advertisement of Black Hawk for the present season will be found in this number. Mr. S. A. Gilbert, of East-Hamilton, Madison county, N. Y., passed through this city a short time since, with a substantial gelding and beautiful mare ; the former of which he purchased in Walpole, N. H., and the latter of Mr. Ingraham, of’ Chester, Yt. They were both by the wwll known horse, Gif¬ ford Morgan. The mare is six years old, well made, and a fast traveller. We understand the sum paid for her was $300. She will be an acquisition to the fine stock of Messrs. Ackley & Gilbert, whose horses, Morgan Hunter, and Morgan Chief, are ad¬ vertised in this number. It will be seen, also, that Messrs. Mason &. Co., advertise the fine horse Ma¬ jor Gifford. An advertisement of Mr. Burnett’s noted horse Consternation, will also be found in this number. The Yam Potato. — During the last two years, we have frequently heard this variety of potato mentioned as superior to most kinds in resisting the rot. Mr. Lotan Smith, of Sullivan county, N. Y., first brought this potato to our notice. He left some for distribution last spring, with Mr. Johnson, se¬ cretary of the N. Y. State Ag. Society, and several persons who raised them last season, have spoken highly of their productiveness, and of their good qualities for the table. Mr. Smith states that they out yield all other varieties he ever planted, not ex¬ cepting the Rohans, and that they retain their qua¬ lities later in the spring than other kinds. They re¬ quire a full season to grow, and should on this ac¬ count be planted early. By reference to Mr. S.’s advertisement in this number, it will be seen that he has the variety for sale. Eggs from Choice Fowls.— -We acknowledge the reception of several packages of eggs, viz., from Capt. Francis Alden, Dedham, Mass., sam¬ ples from a stock imported from Shanghae, China, by Mr. C. B. Marsh, in 1848, and from a stock known as the Forbes importation, from the same place; from Mr. John Fussell, Jamaica Plain, Mass., a sample from a stock imported from Shang¬ hae in 1849; from Dr. E. Wight, Boston, a sam¬ ple from his Dorkings, described in our last number. We saw specimens of Capt. Alden’s fowls, of the Marsh stock, at the great poultry show in Boston, last November, and noticed that they showed stri¬ king marks of having been bred with care and skill. They were very large — the hens weighing 8 to 9, and the cocks 10 to 12 pounds each — of good form, and quite uniform in color and general characters. We have not seen Mr. Fussell’s fowls; but are in¬ formed that they are similar to Capt. Alden’s. The laying qualities of both are said to be first rate. Loss in Importing Stock. — The sheep noticed in our Dec. No. of last year, page 378, as on their way from England to our correspondent, J. H. Reid, Esq., Fredericton, New-Brunswick, we learn with much regret, died on their passage. Mr. Reid has since, however, ordered another lot from Mr. Large, among which is a New Oxfordshire Ram, for which he pays .£50 sterling. Annual of Scientific Discovery: or Year Book of Facts in Science and Art, exhibiting the most im¬ portant Discoveries and Improvements in Mechanics, Useful Arts, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry. Astro¬ nomy, Meteorology, Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Geology , Geography , Antiquities ; together with a list of recent scientific publications; a classified list of patents; obituaries of eminent scientific men; and an index of important papers in scientific journals, &c. Edited by David A. Wells and George Bliss, Jr. Boston: Gould, Kendall & Lincoln. We believe this is the first attempt in this country, to embody the items of annual discovery; though books of this kind have been published for several years in Europe. The volume comprises nearly four hundred pages, handsomely printed and well bound. We cannot doubt that it will meet the approbation of the public, as it furnishes in a convenient form, a collection of the most important facts which have been brought out during the past year. The work is well arranged, and great care has been taken to insert nothing except on good authority. The edi¬ tors state that Professors Agassiz and Horsford, of the Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, have rendered them important assistance in preparing the work. \Oz‘ Our attention was lately attracted by a beau¬ tiful lot of Game fowls — four cocks and twelve hens — from the stock of Mr. T. C. Abrahams, West Troy, designed for Mr. J. H. Sticicney, Boston. False Economy. — The An. Agriculturist esti¬ mates there are ten farmers who waste $50 annually in manure, where there is one who pays a dollar for an agricultural paper, which would show him how to save it. 156 THE CULTIVATOR. April, United States Standard Bushel. —This con¬ tains 2150.42 cubic inches. Its dimensions are I8£ inches (inside) diameter, and 8 inches deep, and when heaped the cone must be at least 6 inches high. Prices of Agricultural ProductSe New- York, March 18, 1850. FLOUR— Genesee, per bbl., $5>62£a$5.75— Ohio and Michigan, $5.18fa$5.37. GRAIN— Wheat, Genesee per bush., $1 .2Sa$1.30— Ohio, $la$l. 15 — Canadian, $l.C6a$1.10. Corn, Southern, 56a57c. — Northern, 56o57c. Rye, 57a5Sc. Oats, Northern, 40a43c. — Southern, 33a34c. BUTTER — best, per lb., 18a23c.— Common state, 8al5c — Ohio, 7 «12c. CHEESE— per lb., 6£a5c. BEEF— Mess, per bbl., $8.75a9— Prime, $5.75a$6.12. PORK— Mess, per bbl., $10.37a$10.44— Prime, $8.94a$9. LARD— per lb., 6a6£c. HAMS — per lb., Smoked, 8a9c. HEMP — per ton, American dew-rotted, $155a$160. COTTON— Upland and Florida, per lb., Il£al3c. — New Orleans and Alabama, llial3fc. « WOOL — (Boston Prices.) Prime or Saxon fleeces, per lb.,. . 43a45c. American full blood Merino, . 39a42 do half do . 35a37 do one-fourth do, and common, . . 33«34 0“ At the great sale of wool in New-York, March 13th, about 300,000 pounds of American fleece wool was sold as follows : 13,000 lbs. common and quarter blood, . 33c 20,000 half blood Merino, . 34a35c. 44,000 three-quarters and full blood Merino . . 37c 35,000 Saxony and Merino, Pa., . 38^c 35,000 “ “ New-York, . 40c 25,000 “ “ “ extra fine, 43c 30,000 extra fine Saxony. (Washington Co., Pa..) . 46c 15,000 three~qrs. to full blood Merino, Pa. and Ohio, 38c 15,000 half blood, “ . 35 |c 30,000 three-quarters Merino, . 36 ^c 19,000 three-quarters to full blood Merino, . 38£ 20,000 full blood Merino and Saxony, . 45c 1,500 black fleece, . 34c 8,000 unwashed fleece, . 24£a27c There was a large attendance at the sale, of manufacturers from abroad. The wool was all purchased for home consumption, with the exception of about 80,000 lbs., which was bought by New-York speculators and dealers. About 80,000 lbs. was purchased by oue mill — the Manchester (New Hampshire) Print Works. NEW-YORK CATTLE MARKET. Monday , March 18. At Market — 1,500 Beeves, (1,000 Southern, the remainder from this State and the East,) 75 Cows and Calves, and 2,500 Sheep and Lambs. Beeves. — Owing to the inclement state of the weather, the attend¬ ance of the trade was comparatively sparse to-day, and the market closes inordinately dull. Good retailing qualities have been selling since our last at from $5.50 to $7.50 per cwt. as in quality. This is fraction lower. About 400 would remain over unsold. Cows and Calves — Rather dull of saie at from $20 to $30a$42. 50. Left over, 200. Sheep and Lambs — The supplies are gradually falling off. Sales at from $2.25 to $3.75a$5.50. 200 would be left over. Tribune. Osage Orange Seed for Hedges. A SUPPLY of fresh Osage Orange seed, just received from Texas — price $1 per quart, $7 per peck, $25 per bushel. Directions for raising the plants and managing hedges are given in the Ohio Cul¬ tivator , and will be furnished to each purchaser of seed. M. B. BATEHAM. Columbus, Ohio. April 1 — It. Madder Roots. TV/T ADDER sets selected for planting — price $1 50 per bushel if not 4**- less than 10 bushels are ordered. Will be carefully packed and forwarded by railroad or canal, if desired, adding cost of boxes. M. B. BATEHAM. Columbus, Ohio, April 1 — It. The Yam Potato. Tj'OR sale, 300 bushels of this excellent potato. The price will be -*• sixty-two and a-half cents per bushel, at the farm of the subscri¬ ber, or three dollars per barrel at the Erie Railroad, about 30 miles; distant. LOTAN SMITH. Liberty, Sullivan Co., N. Y., April 1 — It. Durham Bull for Sale. rFIIE subscriber has for sale a full blood Durham Bull, three years A old, bred by J. Haswell of Hoosic, from the stock of Judge Ball. Ilis color is white — is of good form, quiet and docile temper. He will be sold at the low price of $75, as he has been used for two years in the subscriber’s herd. J. W. PECKHAM. Easton, Washington Co., N. Y., April 1. — It.* Wire for Fences. TRON WIRE FOR FENCING, constantly for sale at New-York ■ prices. April 1, 1850. — 6t. Z. HOSMER, 110 Milk St., Boston. Ayrshire Stock for Sale. Cow eight years old, imported by the late Richard S. Gris- QNE ^ wold, Esq. Also, one Bull, “ Governor,” two years old, from Mr. Griswold's celebrated imported cow, “ Lady Rose.” Specimens of stock from the above named animals, may be seen at the residence of the subscriber. E. AT. WOODFORD. Cottage Farm, West Avon, Ct., April 1, 1850— It.* Morgan Hunter and Morgan Chief. "jV/TORGAN HUNTER will stand the coming season, at the stable -L’-L of S. A. Gilbert, East Hamilton. Terms $10 to insure. This fine horse is seven years old ; was bred in Springfield, Vt.; got by Gifford Morgan ; dam by the same horse. For figure and descrip¬ tion, see The Cultivator for 1849, page 216. MORGAN CHIEF, will be three years old on the 18th of June next. He is a very superior colt ; was got by Gifford Morgan, dam by Green Mountain Morgan. See The Cultivator for 1849, page 67. He will be kept for a few mares only, at the stable of H. R. Ackley, East Hamilton. Terms $10 to insure. ACKLEY & GILBERT. East Hamilton, Madison county, N. Y., April 1, 1850. — 2t. Fruit Trees, Scions, and Strawberry Vines. THE subscriber, general agent for Ellwanger & Barry, nurse- rymen, for the sale of Trees, can supply orders for any quanti- tities, or for Shrubbery and Scions of the best kinds, grown at Ro¬ chester; and where persons would wish a selection made of either, he would advise without charge. STRAWBERRIES. — He is also agent for M. G. Warn*®, for the sale of Strawberry Vines, which can be nicely packed in moss and sent over the Continent with safety, by express or otherwise. The kinds below mentioned are among the best grown : Burr’s New Pine, Crimson Ccne, Rival Hudson, Black Prince, Boston Pine, Columbus, Hovey’s Seedling, Bishop’s Orange Large Early Scarlet. The Burr’s New Pine, is one of the best extant, and the Rival Hudson for a market fruit is No. 1, and for preserving is the very best. Post paid applicants with funds enclosed, shall have prompt atten¬ tion. He refers to Mr. Tucker, publisher of The Cultivator. Printed Catalogues furnished free to applicants. Price of Strawberry Vines, 50 cents per dozen. Address JAMES LI. WATTS. Rochester, April 1, 1850 — 2t. Anti-Fyric Paint. FIRE, WATER, AND WEATHER PROOF. rpiIIS Paint, manufactured by “ The New-York Anti-Pyric Paint A Company,” is a new species. It is composed of materials en¬ tirely fire proof, being scarcely destructible by the blow pipe. It forms a coating impervious to air and moisture, and is completely fire-proof from all the ordinary causes of FIRE, whether Sparks, Cinders, or Heat from a neighboring building in flames. It is especially adapted for the following uses: — To protect Roofs from Fire and Leaking, Wood of all Kinds from Decay , Tint from Rust, Iron Work, 4*c., #e. And it. will effectually accomplish it by being properly applied. It is also the best Paint for the Walls of Brick Buildings, giving them the appearance and solidity of stone, and saving the necessity of using sand, which is annoying, and will last but a short time. Be¬ sides this, it NEVER PEELS OFF. See Certificate from Profes¬ sor Reid. Persons desirous of trying this Paint, are requested to call at the office of the subscriber, who keeps it constantly on hand for sale, and where every information will be given. GEO. G. SHEPPARD. Sole Agent for the N. Y. Anti-Pyric Paint Co., 187 Water Street, near Fulton. CERTIFICATE. N. Y. Hospital , Dec. 8, 1849. I have made an experimental investigation into the properties of a paint prepared by the N. Y. Anti-pyric Faint Company, named An¬ ti-Pyric Paint. Being acquainted with its composition, I would state, that it is of an incombustible nature ; and from the dense and adhesive qualities it is prepared of, that it is eminently protective against the action of the atmosphere, and will have the effect of pre¬ serving wood and other surfaces on which it may be spread, from decay. With regard to its Anti-Pyric qualities, I would say, from the experiments 1 have made, that there is no probability of shingles and other wooden surfaces painted with it, taking fire from showers of ashes and cinders, one of the principal causes of the disastrous character of our fires. I "consider that the “New-York Anti-Pyric Paint Company,” has brought forward a valuable and useful im¬ provement in a necessary article, and that it deserves the considera¬ tion of the public, as a safeguard against fires, and the earnest atten¬ tion of the Insurance Companies, as greatly lessening their risks. LAWRENCE REID, Professor of Chemistry, and Lecturer on Medical Chemistry, New York Hospital. April 1— It. 185 0, THE CULTIVATOR. 157 Ji ir. 2r ' New Patent Churn. rPHIS churn is of- fered to the pub¬ lic with the fullest confidence in its superiority over any other crank churn in use. It has all the advantages of the crank churn without having any of their objections, the iron rod is dispensed with and the difficulty of gathering the butter is removed, as this arrangement of the floats is the best for gathering of any ev¬ er before offered. For further particulars, see Catalogue of Albany Agricultural Warehouse, or February No. of Cultivator. The Silver Medal of the American Institute was awarded this eh urn, as the best of a large variety exhibited at their Fair in Octo¬ ber last. Also, Kendall’s, Gault’s and Dash Churns, constantly on hand at the Albany Agricultural Warehouse of H. L. EMERY, April 1, 1850. 369 & 371 Broadway. Emery’s Cylindrical Dynamometer. . ^ T^HIS instrument is in- C/S.'i - J- tended to be used as a comparative test of the power required to overcome the resistance of bodies under draft, & more particularly that of Plows. The com¬ mon spring instrument has many faults, among which the most import¬ ant are its vibration and its want of self Determi¬ nation in pounds of the medium force constant¬ ly required to perform the work. This invention is not only free from these faults, but it also indicates the absolute relative quantity of force expended in performing a given quantity of work. It con¬ sists of a strong iron cylinder with piston ground steam tight, the pistou rod passing through a stuffing box and terminating with a ring. The cylinder being filled with the proper fluid, and a small hole made through the piston, by applying the force to the ring, the piston is drawn out in a given time and by a given force. The State Agricul¬ tural Society, American Institute, and the Worcester Mechanics Association, each awarded the inventor a silver medal and the high¬ est recommendation for its correctness and utility. County Societies, Plow manufacturers and others desiring these instruments, can obtain them by addressing H. L. EMERY, Albany Agricultural Warehouse, April 1, 1850. 369 & 371 Broadway, Albany. Morgan Horse Black-Hawk. ’T'HIS well-known stallion will stand for the present season at the x stable of the subscribers ; terms, $20 the season. The superiori¬ ty of this horse as a stock-getter, is becoming more and more highly estimated, as his progeny increase, and their powers as fast trotters and durable roadsters are demonstrated. For particulars, see large bills. D. & D. E. HILL. Bridport, Vt., April 1.— 3t. The Imported Thorough-bred Horse /CONSTERNATION, will stand for mares the coming season, at ^ the farm of the subscriber, near the city of Syracuse. Terms. — Five dollars m advance, and five dollars additional if the mare .is got in foal. Mares left with the subscriber during the season, or until he consents that they shall return, will be insured for $10. Pasture 3 shillings per week. No mare taken except at the risk of the owner. J. B. BURNET. April 1, 1850.— 3t. The Morgan Horse MAJOR GIFFORD, will Stand the ensuing season on Mondays. Tuesdays and Wednesdays, at the stable of E. W. Sheldon, in Sennett. On Thursdays and Fridays, at the stable of S B. Rowe, in Camillus', and on Saturdays, at the stable of John C. Munro, in Bel- lisle . Major Gifford is seven years old this spring, his color a beautiful chestnut— was sired by the Gifford Morgan, his dam a pure Morgan. Breeders of good horses are invited to call and see him. Terms. — Ten dollars to insard. Pasturage furnished. Accidents and escapes at risk of owners. MASON & CO. April 1, 1850.— 3t* Colman’s European Agriculture. Tj^UROPEAN AGRICULTURE, from personal observation, by -Li Henry Colman of Massachusetts. Two large octavo vols. — price, neatly bound, the same as published in Nos., $5. For sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. Emery’s Seed and Corn Planter, For Hand or Horse Power. TRJIS is ac- -1- knowledged the bust ma¬ chine for the purpose, now in use. They have been in use four years, and the demand con¬ stantly increas¬ ing. The first premiums of the N.Y. State Ag. Society, the Massachusetts Charitable Association, the Ameri¬ can Institute, and at every county society where it has been exhibit¬ ed, have been awarded it. It is equally well adapted for all small seeds in drills, or Corn, Beans, Peas, &c., in either hills or drills, any quantity and distance apart, &c., &c. It is driven by a gear motion without bands, which insures a con¬ stant and uniform action. Price $14. For sale at the Albany Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 369 & 371 Broadway. April 1, 1850. H. L. EMERY. For Sale, THE horse SIR HENRY ECLIPSE. He is four years old, past, and is over seventeen hands high ; girth at the breast, where the collar rests, 5 feet 2 inches ; lengthwise, around the breast and rump, 13 feet 7 inches ; from inside of hip to shoulder, 1 foot 10 inches ; round the thigh, 3 feet 8 inches ; round the arm, 1 foot 11 inches. He is a dark chestnut, and is hardly excelled by any horse in the land ; and his stock bids fair to excel any of the horse kind ever in this country. At three years old, he took the first premium at Buffa¬ lo, for colts of that age, and if justice had been done, he would have taken the sweep-stakes at Syracuse. I also offer the horse PETER MORGAN or Morgan Messenger. He is five years old, past; is a dark bay; fast trotter; stands 15^ hands high, and is well shaped in all respects. If not sold, there will be notice in the May number of The Culti¬ vator, of the place of standing for these horses, the coming season. Any communication, post paid, will receive strict attention. JOHN D. SPINNER. Herkimer, N. Y., April 1, 1850 — It. r^HE Upright Saw Mill. For Sawing Curved work in Wagon making, Cab inet Work, fyc., Sfc., annexed cut represents the most simple and effectual arrange¬ ment for a saw mill for the purposes designed. As these are made, they are equally well adapted for our 1 Horse Power, or may be used bysteam or water power as desired. Its construc¬ tion is a simple frame with two uprights from 8 to 12 feet long, with 3 cross beams of 3£X6£ inch square. Near the upper end is hung a straight shaft with fly wheels D on each end, outside the frame. E. Two driving pul¬ leys, (one loose.) C. Wrist pins in fly wheels, to drive connec¬ ting rods. F. Connection of the driving rods, and lower part of saw gate. G. Table. B. Dog for holding down plank. A. Wind Box and Pipe, for cleaning away sawdust. These mills can be af¬ forded complete for $35, ready to be driven by horse, steam, or water power. They are war¬ ranted to be superior to any thing of the kind heretofore offered — and with one of the R. Road Horse Powers, is an important acquisition to mechanics having heavy or curved sawing to do. For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse of H. L. EMERY, April 1, 1850. 369 & 371 Broadway, Albany, N Y. N. B. The whole can be taken to pieces and packed for shipment to any part of the country. Weight about 300 pounds. 158 THE CULTIVATOR. April, Highland Nurseries, Newburgh, N. Y. (Late A. J. Downing § Co.) rpjjE PROPRIETORS beg leave to inform their patrons, and the public in general, that their stock of Fruit and Ornamental Trees , Shrubs, Roses, fyc., For Spring planting, is unusually large and thrifty, and embraces all of the best varieties introduced into notice in this country or Europe; of Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Peach, Nectarine, Apricot, Grape¬ vines, Gooseberry, Currants, Raspberry, Strawberry, See., &c. Portugal Quince trees, standards, extra size, each. . . .$1 00 do. do. quenouille, do. _ 1 00 Angers, (true,) extra . . . 1 00 Trees of the usual size . .... 0 50 Also, Pears on Quince, and Apple on Paradise stocks, for dwarf trees. The stock of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Sec., is very large ; and quantities to dealers, or planters on a large scale, will be furnished at greatly reduced rates. Hedge Plants . A large stock of Buckthorn, and Osage Orange plants. Also, a large stoek of Rhubarb and Asparagus roots. The entire stock has been propagated under the personal super¬ vision of A. Saul, whose long connection with this establishment is some guarantee, from the reputation it has gained, (and the present proprietors are determined to merit,) as to the genuineness and ac¬ curacy of the present stock. Orders respectfully solicited, and will receive prompt attention, which will be carefully packed and shipped to any part of the Un¬ ion or Europe. Catalogues furnished gratis to post-paid applicants. Feb. 1, 1850— 3t. A. SAUL & CO. Syracuse Nurseries, THORP, SMITH & HANCHETT, PROPRIETORS, Syracuse, N. Y. "ITTE have now standing in our nurseries, of suitable age and size ** for transplanting, More than 100,000 Fruit Trees , Consisting of the various kinds adapted to this climate, from which, persons desiring to establish Apple, Pear or Peach Orchards for profit, or those who wish merely to furnish their Gardens or Town Lots with a few select varieties for their own pleasure and enjoyment, can pro¬ vide themselves with all in quantity which may be wanted, and every thing in kind which is most worthy of cultivation. Our stock embraces, of Fruit Trees, Apple and Cherry, of extra size ; Peach and Plum, of the best early, medium and late varieties; Standard Pear, of unusual thriftiness and beauty ; Dwarf Pear , among which are the following choice kinds : Ananas, Duchess d’Angouleme, Madeleine, Bartlett, Doyenne White, Passe Colmar, Beurre Diel, do Boussouck, Summer Franc Real, do Piquey, Easter Beurre, Soldat Laboreur, do Capiaumont,Glout Morceau, Van Mons L. Le Clerc, Colmar d’Aremberg, Louise Bonne d’ Jersey, Vicar of Winkfield Of Ornamental Trees, 1,000 Horse Chestnuts, 10 to 12 feet high, very stocky, and well formed ; 1,000 Mountain Ash, American, 8 to 10 ft. high, wilh fine heads ; 500 do. do. European, 6 to 8 ft high, do do 500 Ailanihus . large and regularly shaped. And of Miscellaneous Productions , Fir Trees, Silver-leaved Abele, Snowballs, Michigan Roses (dou¬ ble,) Buckthorn, bearing Grape vines, Seedling Horse Chestnuts, 1 and 2 years old, Quince Stocks, Quince Trees, &c., See., Sec. All or any of which will be sold at very reasonable prices, At Wholesale or Retail. As no pains have been spared to give our Trees while in the nursery, a vigorous and healthy start, they do not require, on transplanting, that tedious process of wet-nursing which is indispen¬ sable to bring up those of a slow, lean, and stunted growth. OCP* Catalogues furnished, as usual, to post-paid applications. Syracuse, March 1, 1850— 2t. Take Notice. THREE Months Extra Pay and One Hundred and Sixty Acres of Land will be procured for all who enlisted for five years, or du¬ ring the war of 1812, and for all, including Volunteers who served in Mexico, and for the heirs of all who have died in the service. Information will be given to relatives, Free of Charge, by writing to G. F. LEWIS, Detroit, Michigan, (postage paid.) Those who do not know what became of their friends, write when and where they joined the army Feb. 1 — 3i.* A Rare Chance. THE subscriber offers for sale, or in exchange for serviceable hor- x ses or mares, his splendid bay Colt, of the “Surprise” stock. His interest in the Norman horse, makes it desirable to be free from $iis charge. The stallion offered, is nearly five years old, and from his size and muscular developments, promises finely. Some superior foals of his get, can be shown. Any communi *ation may bead- dressed to ROBERT B. HOWLAND, March 1 — 2t Union Springs, Cayuga Co., N. Y. To Fruit Growers. THE subscriber cultivates at his various nurseries, and has for sale -1- at his residence, Eustis St., Rozbury , Mass., all the choice varie¬ ties of the Pear, Apple, Plum, Cherry, Peach, and other Fruit Trees. Raspberries , Gooseberries , Currants, Grape Fines, Strawberries , Asparagus Roots, fyc. Also, several thousand Pear Trees on the quince, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years from the bud. Particular attention paid to the cultivation of the PEAR ; persons wishing extra sized trees, or Trees on Quince Stocks in a bearing state, will please call at the nurseries, and make their own selection. Buckthorn for Hedges, One, Two and Three Years Old. Ornamental Trees , Shrubs, Roses, Herbaceous Plants, Pceonies, &c. Scions of all the varieties of the Pear, of established reputation, and also of other fruits. The whole for sale at the market price. SAMUEL WALKER, March 1, 1S50. — 2t. Roxbury, Mass Trees ! Trees ! ! Trees ! ! ! "POR SALE, at Mount Ida Nursery, Troy, N. Y., a choice varie- x ty of Fruit Trees, comprising Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, and Cherries, of the most approved kinds — the greater part of them worked from bearing trees, and all of them by the subscriber — there¬ fore he can recommend them wilh confidence. He would also say to those that have not had the experience, that trees brought from the South (if they do live) do not grow as thrifty for a number of years, as those raised in a Northern latitude, which many persons can prove from experience. He also pays particular attention to the transplanting of his trees so as to have them well rooted. Also, a good variety of Shade Trees, consisting of Scotch Elm, Sycamore, Linden, Horse Chestnut, Mountain Ash, Evergreen Privet for Hedges, China and Hardy Roses, &c., &c. Catalogues and other information can be had of the Nurseryman, Feb. 1— 6ms. JOSEPH CALDWELL. Highland Nurseries, Newburgh, N. Y. A SAUL & CO., being about to clear oft' the entire stock of one of their nurseries, adjacent to the residence of Mr. A. J. Downing, they would call especial attention of Nurserymen, or persons about to commence the business, to the stock of trees there¬ on. They consist principally of Pears, including all the leading and standard varieties, from 2 to 4 feet high. Also, a lot of Plum and Cherry Trees, and some Ornamental Trees; many of which are good saleable trees. All of which will be sold at such reduced rates, as to make it cheap stock for young nurserymen to plant out. March 1 — 2t. Agricultural Warehouse, 193 Front Street, New- York. THE subscriber, manufacturer and dealer in Agricultural Imple- x ments, offers for sale one of the largest assortments to be found in the United States. Among which are the celebrated Premium Ploivs , which w. re awarded the highest premium of the New-York State Fair in 1847, and of the American Institute in 1S46, 1848, and 1S49. Also, the Centre Draught, Eagle, and all other Plows mostly in use. Corn Shelters, Straw Cutters, Fanning Mills, Portable Grist Mills , Horse Powers, Threshing Machines, Seed Sovjers, Wheelbarrows , fyc. All of which will be warranted to be of the best quality and sold at the lowest rates. JOHN MOORE, March 1— 3t. 193 Front Street. Highland Nurseries, Newburgh, N. Y. Late A. J. Downing Co. Of) f) f) O Apple Trees of the most approved varieties, for sale extra size } from 8 to 12 ft. high, and 3 to 5 years growth,) at $20 per hundred. Persons wanting trees to sell again, will be dealt liberally with. Feb. 1, 1850- - 3t A. SAUL & CO. Wanted. A YOUNG man with a small family to take charge of a nursery, who has some knowledge of farming, and is thoroughly ac¬ quainted with the propagation of Fruit Trees. He must be well recommended as a man of integrity, and to be moral and temperate in his habits. None other need applv. RUFUS WHITTIER. Chickopee, Mass., Feb. 1, 1850. — 3t. Transactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Society. 'TRANSACTIONS of the New-York State Agricultural Society, from 1841 to 1849, eight vols., price $8, for sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. Poultry Books. rjHIE American Poulterer’s Companion, by C. N. Bement — price The American Poultry Yard, by D. J. Browne and Samuel Al¬ len— price $1. The American Fowl Breeder, by an Association of Practical Breeders — price 25 cents. For sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR 185 0 THE CULTIVATOR 159 Stocks, Scions, Evergreens, Strawberry Plants, &c T> M. WATSON offers for sale at the Old Colony Nurseries , Ply- -*-*• mouth, Mass., Stocks of Fruit Trees of first rate quality, suit¬ able for spring grafting and budding in the coming summer, at the annexed prices' per 1000. Apple, 1 year, strong, $5 ; 3 years, trans¬ planted, $10 — Pear, 1 year, $S ; 2 years, $15 , 3 years, transplanted $20 — Plum, 2 years, $15 — Cherry, 2 years, $12 ; 3 years transplant¬ ed, $15 — Quince, large and fine, $18 ; 1 year, strong. $12 — Maha- leb, strong, $25 — Paradised, strong, $25 — St. Jean, (dwarfer) $5 per 100. Ash, Maple, Laburnum, Lime, SpanishChestnut, Poplar, Moun¬ tain Ash, Elm, Alder, Ac., &c., 4 feet, at $3 to $8 per 100. Arbor Vitas, Norway Spruce, Scotch Fir, Balsam Fir, Silver Fir, Larch, Red Cedar, 1 to 2 feet, $5 to $10 per 100. SCIONS. Apple scions, (fine sorts) $1.50 per 100. Paradise cut¬ tings $8 per 1000. Scions of the finest sorts of pear of established reputation (say 30 sorts,) and of other fruits, $2 per 100, $15 per 1000. STRAWBERRIES. Burr's New Pine, $4 per 100 ; Boston Pine, $1 ; Hovey’s Seedling, $1 ; Richardson’s Early, Late and Cam¬ bridge (fine sorts) $1.50 per doz.; Early Virginia Scarlet, $1 per 100; Jenny’s Seedling. $3; Aberdeen Beehive, $5; Swainstone, $3 ; Myatt’s Eliza, $2 ; Crimson Cone, $2 ; Black Prince, $5 ; Deptford Pine, $3 ; Princess Alice Maude, $3 ; Keene’s Seedling, $2 ; Willey’s Seedling, $3 ; White wood, $1 ; — 25 cents to $1 per dozen. Also, Dwarf and Standard Pears, select Shade Trees, Shrubs and Climbers ; Weeping Trees for lawns, Roses, Phloxes, Verbenas, Chrysanthemums, and other fine plants for masses, at low prices, of which a priced list will be sent, post paid, on application. Also, Pear seed of prime quality. Feb. 1, 1850.— 3t. _ Horse Powers and Threshing Machines. I1 PLANT, No. 30 Cedar Street, New-York, Agent for the Pro- prietor, for making and selling the “Warren” Improved Two and Four Horse Powers and Threshers. Also, “ Trimbles.” Price of the “ Warren ” Two Horse Power and Thresher, only $S0 do do Four do do do $110 Price of the “ Trimble” Two Horse Power, (without Thresher,) $60 do “Warren” do do do "do $50 do do Four do do do $75 Bands, from $4.50 to $6. These latest Improved Threshers and Powers give universal satis¬ faction, and are deemed far superior to any others known heretofore for any thing like their cost. Cash Orders filled promptly. N. B.. PURCHASING $ COMMISSION AGENCY. The undersigned also continues the business of the late E. Plant & J. Plant, (E. Plant & Co.,) of Purchasing for Orders, on Credit or for Cash, Dry Goods, Groceries, Hardware, Ac., &c., for a commis¬ sion of 2^ per cent. Produce, such as Sugar, Cotton, Tobacco, Pel¬ tries, &c., also received and sold on Commission. E. PLANT, Dec. 1, 1849 — fit. No. 30 Cedar St New-York. Poudrette. HTHE LODI MANUFACTURING CO., offer their new and im- A proved Poudrette, for sale at their usual rates : — 1 bbl. $2 — 3 bbls. $5, and $1.50 per bbl. for any quantity over 7 bbls., delivered free of expense on board of vessel in New York. At the Factory, where vessels drawing 8 feet water can come, it will be sold at 25 cents per bushel. The expense per acre in manuring corn with Poudrette, will amount to about $4, calculating 25 cents per bbl. freight, and all the necessary labor included. On land previously manured, or on good sward land, one gill to the hill is sufficient — on poor ground, a good crop can be raised by one gill at planting, and one at the last hoeing. The cost of the labor alone in manuring corn in the hill with barn yard manure, will amount to more than the first cost of the Poudrette, with freight and all charges added ; and the effects of Poudrette are quicker, more vigorous, and the corn reaches maturi¬ ty earlier. A fair trial, however small, is respectfully solicited. A pamphlet containing instructions for use, certificates from some of the first Agriculturists in the United States, and much valuable information will be sent gratis , to any one applying {post paid if by letter,) to “ The .Lodi Manufacturing Company, 66 Dey street, New. York. Feb. 1— 4ms. Isabella Grape Vines, /")F proper age for forming vineyards, propagated from and contain- ^ ing all the good qualities which the most improved cultivation for over twelve years has conferred on the Vineyards at Croton Point, are offered to the public. Those who may purchase will re¬ ceive such instructions as will enable them to cultivate the grape with entire success, (provided their locality is not too far north.) All communications, post paid, addressed to R. T. UNDERHILL, M. D.,No. 310 Broadway, New-York, will receive prompt attention. He feels quite confident that he has so far meliorated the character and habits of the grape vines in his vineyards and nurseries by im¬ proved cultivation, pruning, &c., that they will generally ripen well, and produce good fruit when planted in most of the Northern and all die Western, Middle and Southern States. March 1, 1850 — 2t. The American Fowl Breeder, A New and Valuable book , /CONTAINING full information on Breeding, Rearing, Diseases ^ and Management of Domestic Poultry, And instructions concerning the choice of pure Stock, Crossing, Ca- ponising, Ac., Ac., WITH ENGRAVINGS. By an association of Practical Breeders. The above valuable work is just published by John P. Jewett A Co., Cornhill, Boston, and it is offered at the extremely low price of Twenty-five Cents per copy, to bring it within the means of every man interested in Poultry. ITT" We want 100 Good Faithful Agents To sell this work in every county in New England, New-York, Pennsylvania and the West, in connection with Cole’s American Fruit Book, AND Cole’s American Veterinarian „ Active and intelligent men can make money at the business. Address, post paid, the publishers. JOHN P. JEWETT & CO-, Cornhill, Boston. P. S. The American Fowl Breeder is done up with thin covers, and can be sent by mail to any part of the country. Any person sending a quarter of a dollar by mail, post paid , shall receive a copy of the book. Feb. 1— 3t. Seedlings. HEAR, Plum, Cherry, Quince, Apples, Horsechestnut, Mountain Ash, and Buckthorn Seedlings for sale. Also seed of the above kinds of trees. Every variety of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, and grafts of the celebrated Virgalieu Pear of Geneva. For sale at the Geneva Nursery, by W. G VERPLANCK. Geneva, Nov. 1. — 6t.* Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. No. 197 Water street, {near Fulton ,) New-York. rpHE subscribers would respectfully invite the attention of planters and dealers in Agricultural and Horticultural Implements, Garden and Field Seeds, Ac., Ac., to their large and varied assortment of Garden and Field tools, Ac., which they are selling at the very low¬ est rates that they can be procured in the United States. Persons living at a distance can obtain an “ illustrated” Catalogue, contain¬ ing a list of prices, on application by letter, post-paid. Those order¬ ing from us may depend upon their orders being promptly filled. The following are a part of the utensils kept for sale by us, which are considered the best in use, all of them having taken the highest premiums : — Wheeler’s Railway Horse Power, Threshing Machines and Separators, Grant’s Fanning Mills, of six different sizes, for Rice as well as Grain ; Mayher’s do.; Hovey’s Spiral Hay, Straw and Stalk Cutters ; Smith’s Smut Machines and Buckwheat Clean¬ ers; Beal’s Corn and Cob Crushers, for Feed, horse power; Sin¬ clair’s Corn and Cob Crushers, for hand or power ; Sinclair’s Hay, Straw and Stalk Cutters, hand oi horse power; Greene’s Hay Cut¬ ters, 12, 18 and 24 knifes ; Mayher’s Hay and Straw Cutters, 8, 10, 12, 15, and 18 knifes; Wheeler's Stalk or Cane Cutter, Power Ma¬ chine; Mayher & Co.’s Corn Shellers, single and double-hand or power; Burrall’sCorn Shellers and Separators ; Warren’s do., wood and iron; Smith’s Corn Sheller and Separator, (power,) 1200 Bush¬ els per day ; Virginia do. do., hand or power, 600 to 800 bushels per day; Sinclair’s do. do. and Husker, power; Whitman’s Horse Power, Threshing Machine and Cleaners; Taplins’ Horse Powers; Mayher’s do. do.; Emery’s Threshing Machines, one and two horse power: Emery’s Seed Sowers or Corn Planters ; Emery’s Saw Mill ; Emery’s Centrifugal Churns; Thermometer Churns, of different si¬ zes; Cylindrical Churns ; Atmospheric Churns: Self-Acting Cheese Presses; Hay Presses; Bachelor’s Corn Planter; Seed Sowers of different kinds ; Bark Mills ; Cider Mills ; Paint Mills ; Coffee Mills; Corn Mills ; Fitzgerald’s Flouring Mills ; Prentiss and Pages’ Flour¬ ing Mills, Burr Stone ; Mayher & Co.’s Eagle Improved Polished Plows, of different sizes and patterns ; Worcester do ; Mayher A Co.’s common do.; Freeborn do.; Prouty and Mear’s Plows of all kinds Center Draught ; Sub Soil Plows of different kinds and sizes; Side-Hill do ; Double Mouldboard do.; Cultivators, Steel and Cast- Iron teeth ; Geddes’ Harrows ; Ox Yokes and Bows; Single and Double Wiffletrees; Ox Scrapers, of Wood and Iron, large and small; OxCarts; Farm Wagons; Mule Carts; Wheelbarrows ; Canal Barrows ; Field and Garden Rollers. Iron and Wood ; Wheat Drills; Reaping Machines; Mowing Machines; Rice Hullers; Store' Trucks ; Ground Augers ; Ox-leg and Trace Chains; Pickax¬ es; Grub Hoes; Rakes, Scythe Sneaths, Grain Cradles, Crow-Bars, Ac., Ac. In fact, we have every thing wanted for Farming purpo¬ ses, got up in the best manner, style, workmanship, and of the very best material, of all the latest improvements. We have also for sale a large quantity of the best Seed and Spring Wheat, Oats, Corn, Barley, Rye, Peas, Beans, Turnip, Cabbage, Beet, Carrot, Parsnip^ Onion, Radish, Asparagus, Clover and Grass Seed, raised express¬ ly for us, and warranted fresh — a very superior article. We also have a large quantity of Guano, Bone Dust, Lime, Plaster and other Fertilizers on hand, Ornamental and Fruit Trees, Shrubs, Ac., of the best quality, furnished to order. Also, Wire Cloth, of all kinds ; Castings do., Steam Engines, Sugar Mills. Saw Mills, Shingle and Brick Machines, together with Force, Cistern, Well, and other Pumps. JOHN MAYHER A CO., Feb. 1, 1850 — tf No. 197 Water street, New-York. 160 THE CULTIVATOR April, Contents of this Number. Culture and Manufacture of Flax, . . . The Flax Rust, by Dr. Fitch, . . Agricultural Chemistry, by W. L. Raton, . fsz On the Culture of Indian Corn, by Levi Durand, . Ido Suggestions in answer to E. W. J;, by F Holbrook, . 134 The Dignity and Relations of Agriculture, by C. E. G., . 13o Bone Disorder in Cows— Blind Teeth in Horses, by E., . 138 On Transplanting— Shade Trees, . 139 Answers to Horticultural Inquiries, . . 14U Productive Strawberries— Large Crop of Water Melons, by j 141 Twenty-five hardy Shrubs— Horticultural Miscellanies, . 142 The Diana Grape, by S. H. Colton— Farmer’s Song, by W. ) 14g L. Eaton , . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • •• • ■ J ... Construction of Wire Fences, by Harry Betts, and A. B.,. 144 Galloway Cattle— Southern Ohio, by D. E. Gardner, . 146 Growth of Pumpkins, by J. Hitchcock— Cabbage Culture, 1 147 by J. II. Collins— Juries in Civil Causes, by D. Thomas,. j Plantation Railroads, by S. Tillotson— Progress in Know- ) 148 ledge, by B., . . . . . . . . . J A Wet Cellar made Dry, by G. Butler— Flax with Barley, j 149 by X.— Farming Economy, by Levi Durand, . j Trial of Plows— Importation of Animals from Asia, . 150 Neglected Manures— Bones, by Prof. Norton,. . . . 151 Facts and Opinions, on various subjects, . 152 Answers to Correspondents, . . . . . . • • - - 153 Monthly Notices— To Correspondents, . . . . . lo4 ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 156 — Transplanting . . . . . . 139 157, 158, 159— Wire Fence . . . 144 160— Galloway Ox, . . . . *45 Geo. Glenny’s New Farm & Garden Newspaper, “THE COUNTRY GENTLEMAN,” IS published in London, on Mondays in time for post, with the latest market prices of Corn, Meat, Cattle, Seeds, and Money, and is the very best weekly Review and Family Newspaper in England, as well as the acknowledged highest authority in all matters connected with Horticulture. Price 6s. 6d. per quarter in advance. Address GEO. GLENN Y, March 1— 3t. 420 Strand, London. , Cherry and Apple Seedlings. Cl HERR Y (15,000) of the Mazzard varieties, averaging about one L foot in height, $10 per thousand. Apple (90,000) at fiom $3 to $5 per thousand— one foot and over, $5 per thousand. The above will be well packed and delivered in New- York, free of expense, on orders for 1000 or more accompanied by the cash. P PHILETUS PHILLIPS. Middletown Point, N. J.— It.* Webster’s Dictionary, Unabridged. Washington , Jan. 31, 1850. I POSSESS many Dictionaries, and of most of the learned and cultivated languages, ancient, and modern. But I never feel that I am entirely armed and equipped in this respect, without Dr. Web¬ ster at command. DANIEL WEBSTER. “I think it the most useful Dictionary of the English and American language extant.” HENRY CLAY. “ I find it an invaluable vade mecum .” WASHINGTON IR¬ VING. „ , . ... . “ Every scholar knows the value of a work, which, in addition to its etymological learning, has done so much to enlarge our acquaint¬ ance with the English vocabulary, both by the number of its words, and the accuracy and extent of its definitions.” WM. H. PRES¬ COTT. “ The etymological part surpasses any thing that has been done for the English language by any earlier laborers in the same field.” — ■ GEO. BANCROFT. “We recommend it to all who desire to possess THE MOST COMPLETE , ACCURATE , AND RELIABLE DICTIONARY OF THE LANGUAGE.” DAN’L. WEBSTER, . LEWIS CASS, THOMAS H. BENTON, And thirty other members of the IT States Senate. MILLARD FILLMORE, V. Pres. U. S. GEORGE N. BRIGGS, Gov. Massachusetts. WILLIAM B. CALHOUN, Sec. State Massachusetts. ROBT. C. WINTHROP, late Speaker U. S. House Rep. Chancellor FRELINGHUYSEN, N. Y. University. “ We rejoice that it bids fair to become the standard Dictionary to be used by the numerous millions of people who are to inhabit the United States.” Signed by 104 members of Congress. Framingham , Feb. 13, 1850. il Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary has been introduced into the several schools of this town, and we find that it is more used and more useful even than was anticipated. The copious list of Geogra¬ phical names, is an important feature of this work for schools, and is itself WORTH THE COST OF THE WHOLE WORK. B. G. Northorp, A. Aldrich, Carlton Parker, School Com¬ mittee of Framingham .” Published by G. & C. MERRIAM, Springfield , Mass., and for sale by Booksellers generally. JUST PUBLISHED, BY DERBY, MILLER AND CO., AUBURN, THE AMERICAN FRUIT CUUTURIST, BY J. J. THOMAS, /CONTAINING directions for the Propagation and Culture of ^ Fruit Trees, in the Nursery, Orchard, and Garden, with Descrip¬ tions of the principal American and Foreign Varieties cultivated in the United States. With 300 accurate illustrations. One volume of over 400 pages, 12 mo. Price $1. A cheaper, but equally valuable book with Downing’s was want¬ ed by the great mass. Just such a work has Mr. Thomas given us We consider it an invaluable addition to our agricultural libraries. Wool Grovjer. We predict for it a very rapid sale ; it should be in the hands of every fruit grower, and especially every nurseryman. It is a very cheap book for its price. — Ohio Cvltivator. It is a most valuable work to. all engaged in the culture oi fruit trees. — Utica Herald. It is a book of great value. — Genesee Farmer. Among all the writers on fruits, we do not know of one who is Mr. Thomas’ superior, if his equal, in condensing important matter. He gets right at the pith of the thing— he gives you that which you wish to know at once; stripped of all useless talk and twattle. No man has a keener eye for the best ways of doing things. Hence we always look into his writings with the assurance that we shall find something new, 01 some improvements on the old; and we are sel¬ dom disappointed. This book is no exception. It is full. There is no vacant space in it. It is like a fresh egg — -all good, and packed to the shell full.— Prairie Fanner. In the volume before us, we. have the result of the author’s expe¬ rience and observations, continued with untiring perseverance for many years, in language at once concise and perspicuous. — Albany Cult. For sale in New- York, by M. H. NEWMAN Sc CO., and C. M. SAXTON. Boston, B. B. MUSSEY & CO. Philadelphia, THO¬ MAS, COWPERTHWAITE & CO. *** Copies in paper covers sent by mail free of expense on re¬ ceipt of $1, post paid. Direct to DERBY, MILLER & CO. Auburn, April 1, 1850. — 3t. BENNETT’S AMERICAN POULTRY BOOK. The Poultry Rook And Fowl Breeders’ Guide. "DEING a Treatise on the Breeding, Raising, and General Man- agement of DOMESTIC FOWLS , with numerous original de¬ scriptions, and Portraits from Life. By John C. Bennett, M. D. This work will be found to contain a greater amount of original and other information, both practical and useful, in regard to Fowl Breeding, than is contained in all other American works together. It. will be illustrated with nearly FIFTY PORTRAITS of the most choice varieties of American and Foreign Fowls, some forty of which are from life, from drawings taken especially for this work, of the most important breeds, and se veral of them from Fowls very recently imported. The publishers have spared no expense to bring out this work in a superior maimer, both in regard to the engravings, the merits of the work, and the general execution of every part, of the book. And it is believed that the work will be found to contain more Practical Infor¬ mation on Breeding and Managing Domestic Fowls , than any work issued in this country. Price — in Muslin binding, 75 cts.; in Paper covers, 50 cts. PHILLIPS, SAMPSON & CO., Publishers, April 1 — 3t. 110 Washington St., Boston. Patent Kail Road Horse Power, And Overshot Threshing Machines and Separators , TYTO Threshing Machinery ever invented has met with so rapid an introduction, or given so general satisfaction as this. Four years since, and less than a dozen setts were made and sold within this State, where last season, upwards of three hundred setts were made and sold, beside many in Pennsylvania and the Western States. Farmers desiring to avoid the trouble, inconvenience and expense attending the employment of the ordinary lever powers and thresh¬ ers, are requested to examine our terms, descriptions', machines, &e. before purchasing, or again employing the large machines. For further particulars, see Catalogue of Albany Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. Agricultural Papers, and Reports of Agricultural Societies, See., Sec. H. L. EMERY, April 1, 1850. Nos. 369 Sc 371 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. THE CULTIVATOR Is published on the first of each month, at Albany, N. Y., by LUTHER TUCKER, PROPRIETOR. LUTHER TUCKER & SANFORD HOWARD, Editor*. $1 per aim®— 7 copies for $5—15 for $10. 0=” All subscriptions to commence with the volume, (the Jan. No..) apd to be paid in advance. All subscriptions, not renewed by payment for the next year, are discontinued at the end of each volume. Advertisements— The m arge for advertisements is $1, f°r 12 lines, for each insertion. No variation made from these terms “to improve the soil and the mind.’ New Series. ALBANY, MAY, 1850. Vol. VII.— No. 5. Jmprctmnmt of ©Ur Ccmiro. How shall oar Worn-out Farms be restored to Fertility ? Editors of The Cultivator— A few days ago, an enterprising, inquiring young farmer, asked me the question — “ How shall I bring up my poor old farm?” — As this question is often asked me, and be¬ ing persuaded that there are many young farmers scattered about, who really wish to be told how to go to work with the means immediately within their reach for the improvement of their land, I shall now attempt to give the substance of my reply to the young farmer, so far varying it as partly to answer the general question propounded at the head of this communication. To advanced farmers, my remarks may be quite common-place, but it should ever be borne in mind that there are those behind that want to come along up. I am aware that the course I am now about to advocate for the renovation of worn-out lands, in¬ volves, what, if you please, may be called a good deal of hard work; but, for wise reasons, it is our allotment, in any and all the various walks of this life, to be beset with difficulties that must be sur¬ mounted, and to reap our most substantial advanta¬ ges and enjoy our choicest pleasures, only as the re¬ ward of patient and strenuous exertion. To all such as are unwilling to use the means within their reach for the improvement of their soil, because there is work in it, I would say: — You are not fit to farm it here in New-England, at least; and it would be better for yourself, and all concerned, that you should immediately abandon the business, and be at something else, or go west, where you may find a virgin soil, and enjoy the inexpressible plea¬ sure of giving it a clean thorough skinning. The question very naturally arises here, which I will not now discuss, — Whether a diligent and careful hus¬ bandry of the means for making manure, and a li¬ beral application of that manure to the soil, is not, in the long run, the easiest , as well as the most agreeable and profitable course of farming in this land of barrenness? Much of our soil, under a long course of wearing tillage, has been deprived of its vegetable matter; and in supplying this material, we also supply va¬ luable inorganic elements which are contained there¬ in. We are led by observation to conclude that the presence of vegetable mould is a grand essential to fertility; we find that nature, every where, in ma¬ king her choicest soils, endows them liberally in this respect; its presence makes the soil more permea¬ ble to heat and moisture and more retentive of the same; it keeps land from packing down too hard, and helps the roots of plants to penetrate and range about at pleasure, — to find that genial air. and health-giving water and pasture, which cause the crops to mature into bountiful harvests. The ab¬ sorbent and retentive properties of vegetable mat¬ ter, make its presence desirable in the compost heap, also; for there it imbibes and retains those liquids and gases of the manure, which too many of our farmers, from negligence, or the want of a proper appreciation of their value, permit to run to waste. So we see, that by gathering up the waste substances on our farms that are rich in vegetable matter, and mixing them wTith the excrements of our farm-stock, we not only return to our tillage fields an important, deficiency, but with it, we also carry on rich fertilising saline matters, which would otherwise too often be lost. In other words, there are means within our reach, by which we may more than double the quantity, without detriment to the quality, of our manure. The first material I shall name, is swamp muck. The farmer who has an abundance of muck at his command, who understands how to manage it, and is willing to go at it resolutely, may be sure of ma¬ king his land productive. I know several men who, in a very few years, have added barn to barn, and filled them too, as the result of a vigorous and tho¬ rough system of muck-composting. To manage muck to the best advantage, the arrangements for draining the swamp should be so complete, that men and cattle need not work up to their knees in mud and water. This being done, a quantity of the muck may be got out into heaps on dry ground, to be used when wanted. It pays well to keep two years stock beforehand in these heaps. The atmos¬ phere will act favorably upon the muck, and it will be lighter to handle and draw; it will also crumble down to a fine powder, mix up better with the manure, and more completely absorb its liquids and gases. It is also well to get a year ahead with the compost, for by giving it more age and ripeness, the gases of the manure will all be developed and absorbed by the muck, and retained in the form of salts, and that, in turn, will expel all acidity, and thus the compost will be very much more effective upon the crops. A barn cellar for the reception of the compost should by all means be had, if the construction of the buildings and the shape of the ground will ad¬ mit of it. A layer of muck a foot deep may in the fall be spread over the cellar bottom, and when enough manure has accumulated under the scuttles in the stable floor to make a coat over the muck of 7 or 8 inches, the same may be spread. Then ano¬ ther coat of muck and manure, as before, and so on. If it can be so contrived as to get a year’s stock of manure ahead, the compost may remain in the cel¬ lar till after haying, and then, at leisure, be carted out into large compact heaps on the field where wanted. The heaps should be nicely laid up to pre^ vent unnecessary loss by evaporation. 162 THE CULTIVATOR. May* The most perfect way of composting muck, and, on the whole, about as cheap a way as any, is to have the planks of the cattle stalls just long enough for the animals to stand up or lie down upon, and immediately behind them let there be a trench, four inches deep and fifteen or eighteen inches wide. Into this trench, each morning, put a suitable quan¬ tity of muck, and all the liquid and solid excrements from the animals will fall upon it, and the whole, when thrown out, will be thoroughly intermingled. In this way, a very much larger proportion of the muck can be used than in any other, because all parts of it come into immediate and intimate con¬ tact with the manure-droppings, warm from the stock, and a powerful action at once takes place. A warm place may be provided in or about the barn to hold a number of loads at a time of the muck, and then it can be taken up on a wheelbarrow, and deposited in the trench. This may by some be call¬ ed extra labor ; but it comes at a season of the year when it can be done about as well as not, and a compost thus prepared, will produce extra good crops, wherever applied. I did this kind of work with my own hands two winters ; I found that it took, on an average half an hour longer, each morning, to do the ‘chores/ and I also found, in the spring, that my manure heap was very much larger and better by the means. If a cellar is not to be had, at reasonable expense, the compost may still be made in the trench, and thrown out at stable windows, in the usual way. In this case, it would be a matter of economy, in the long run, to build a shed-range in front of the sta¬ ble windows, to protect the manure from bleaching by storms, or evaporation by sun. If the idea of a trench seems too particular and no¬ tional a mode of farming, the planks of the stable floor may be laid with an opening of one-half inch between them, and so arranged that they can be readily taken up, and a laj^er of muck of 2 or 3 feet deep thrown under, to catch and hold the urine from the stables. In the spring, this will be found to be strong and good. The solid manure may be thrown out at the windows and afterwards mixed with muck, in the yard or in the field. If in the field, it is a good way to draw the muck to the spot where want¬ ed, and drop it in two winrows, as long as the heap is to be when done, with a space say of 6 or 8 feet between the winrows. Spread into this space, of the muck from each side, a suitable layer, and then drive up to the ends with the manure, and throw on a layer of it. Then another coat of muck and of manure and so on, until the heap is about five feet high, — the last layer being of muck. Two parts of muck may be used to one of manure. The heap should be laid up as lightly as possible, in order to promote fermentation. It should not be too high, for the bottom courses will not decompose, if too much compressed. In the spring, the bar . yard and sheds should re¬ ceive a good coat of muck, which should be occa¬ sionally plowed and worked over, and carted out in the fall, and another coat supplied. Each cow, yarded at night through the summer and fall, will prepare for use at least six loads of muck. The borders or one end of the yard may be the highest, so as to afford a dry place in a wet time, or there may be another yard for such times. If the yard is very large, it may be well to divide off a part of it for summer use, so as to concentrate the cattle droppings, and lessen their exposure to evaporation. I find that the compost prepared under sheds, is much stronger than that made in the open yard ; and I strongly suspect that it would be economy to have more shed room than most of us do. The hog-yard must not be neglected. If possible, it should be so located as to receive the horse ma¬ nure, and the washings from the house. Muck should be added at suitable intervals, and the hogs will show a specimen of workmanlike and thorough composting, — paying particular attention to tossing about the horse-manure, and mixing it with the other materials, so as to prevent injury from burn¬ ing. Horse-manure, if left in a heap by itself, be¬ comes almost worthless by over-heating. Muck and unleached ashes, in the proportion of four or five bushels of the latter to a-half cord of the former, is a good compost. I have never failed of raising large, sound, mealy potatoes with a dres¬ sing of this kind liberally spread upon a light warm loam. This mixture also makes a capital dressing for grass ground. Muck and good fresh lime, in the proportion of five cords of the former to a hogshead of the latter, (my hogsheads hold seven bushels each,) is a good compost, for either corn, potatoes or grass. A lay¬ er of six inches deep of the muck is spread down, and the lime is slaked to a dry powder as fast as wanted, by sprinkling on just water enough for that purpose, and immediately scattered over the muck; then another layer of muck and of lime, and so on, till the whole is mixed. It is better to crumble the lime to a powder than to put it on in lumps, because it becomes more thoroughly intermingled with all the muck, and if slaked no faster than wanted, and if put on immediately, while yet warm, there will be heat enough to produce a powerful fermentation at once. The best of fresh lime is the cheapest; for it will make more than twice its bulk when dry slaked, and its action upon the muck is immediate and strong. In composting muck.with either lime or ashes, the best success will depend upon the care and precision exercised in mixing the ingredients. The layers of muck should not exceed six inches in thickness, and then the alkali will penetrate them in every direc¬ tion, and all acids will thus be neutralised. Com¬ plete fermentation will be the most surely secured if the heaps are made up in hot weather, — as every one knows. Whenever I want to use more manure than I can make with my stock, as is frequently the case, I had rather depend upon these two composts than to be at the expense of the purchase and trans¬ portation of manure from abroad. If the farm does not afford muck, other materials may probably be found, with which to save the vo¬ latile and liquid portions of the manure, as well as to increase the heap. The extra accumulations of leaves and vegetable mould in the hollows and at the foot of hill-sides in the forest, may be dug up with profit. I collect more or less of this material every year. In the latter part of November, and until snow falls, it may be dug up with stout hoes made for the purpose, and with a wheelbarrow, put into a heap or heaps convenient for hauling to the barn and yards, in the winter. It is so light as never to freeze more than two or three inches, and can there¬ fore be handled at any time. It may be managed agreeably to the directions heretofore given for the treatment of muck, with this difference, — being free from hurtful acids, it is much sooner fit for use. It would not be advisable to take off this vegetable mould indiscriminately; but there are places where it gets to be four to six inches deep, and if taken off, a sufficiency for the wants of the trees will soon ac¬ cumulate again. In such instances, the deposites are probably worth more to the tillage fields than to 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 163 the forest. Often, too, a stone wall ora rail fence, bordering a wood-lot, will be half buried by an ac¬ cumulation of leaves in various stages of decay. Such deposites should be sought out and turned to good account. Last season I applied a compost, made of this vegetable mould and lime, to my pota¬ toes, and I never raised better ones. They came out in the fall large and clean, have kept well, and cook finely. Rich, thickly matted turf may be used for ma¬ nure. It should be dug about two or three inches deep, and placed in the yard in the spring, and fre¬ quently plowed and pulverised during the summer, and in the fall carted out and a new layer supplied. The hogs like it in their yards, and it is healthy for them. A lot of it may also be dug up and piled by itself, to rot, and then it can be more readily incor- porated with the manure from the stables. If the road-side does not afford good turf, it may be taken up near the fences in the fields. Where the farming has been bad heretofore, there will be high ridges or headlands beside the fences, and these maybe taken to the yards. Then there are hollows in the pasture and elsewhere, that receive riiore than their share of the riches of the farm; and by taking a portion from them to the compost heap, and from thence distribu¬ ting it back to the fields, the farmer may perhaps find his income increased. All waste vegetable substances, wherever to be found, should be gathered up and brought to the yards. A systematic saving of this kind, amounts to a very important matter, in the course of a year. In short, something must be used to absorb those portions of the manure in the stables and yards, which are too often allowed to escape beyond reach. To bring up a worn-out farm rapidly, such a ro¬ tation of crops should be adopted on the tillage fields as will give each of them a dressing of ma¬ nure at regular intervals, and those as frequent as possible. The depth of furrow should be gradually increased, bringing up an inch or two of the poor lower stratum at each breaking up, until a surface soil of uniform quality, of nine to twelve inches deep, is obtained. The compost should be spread on the top of well-turned furrows and harrowed in, and the land planted to whatever crop it is best to raise. The next season, the surface should be lev¬ elled and made mellow, without bringing up the sod, and sowed to grain and grass seed. The de¬ composing sod beneath will furnish food for the growing crops; it will keep the land lighter and mellower than would a half-dozen plowings and cross-plowings in the spring; it will hold moisture for the use of the young grass for several years, in consequence of the vegetable deeompositon beneath. Grass-seeds should therefore be scattered bountiful¬ ly at seeding-time, for thus the soil is filled with the kind of vegetation wanted, and a richer turf is formed with which to enrich the land at the next plowing. Clover should be profusely mixed with the other grasses, for by its system of large tap¬ roots it fills the soil, draws up a good portion of its sustenance from below the reach of the other grass¬ es, and the decay of its roots improves the surface soil. None of us like clover -for hay so well as some other grasses; but while our farms are poor certain¬ ly, and our object is to improve them, we cannot dispense with the advantages arising from the libe¬ ral sowing of it. I have often thought that if I had a poor farm to bring up, I would not at first attempt to raise much grain. In August or September, I would turn over as much of mowing-land as I could manure with 12 to 15 loads of compost per acre, spread the compost on the inverted furrows, and re-seed immediately to grass, without taking a grain crop. This dres¬ sing would probably improve the land as fast as 25 or 30 loads per acre would, if it were planted one year and sowed to grain the next, in the usual way; and thus all my tillage land could be sooner brought to doing something to remunerate labor. Worn-out pastures, level enough to plow, maybe improved as fast as leisure can be found to turn un¬ der two crops of buckwheat in a season, and then sow rye in the fall, and grass seeds on a late snow in the spring, — the rye to be fed off the following season, while the young grass is getting root. The rye should not be taken off in the form of a grain crop, for that would sap the land and defeat ali improvement. In the immediate vicinity of large villages, where pastures and pasturage are scarce and high, this kind of management would pay well. Steep unproductive hill-sides may be put into a more productive condition by planting them out to wood and timber; and in this day of rail roads and steam mills, no improvement can be made in some localities, that will, in the end, pay a better inte¬ rest. If planted to trees, these lands lay in a state of rest, soon the annual fall of leaves adds fertili¬ zing matter to the soil, the rains do not wash them so much as before, and thus they are gradually re¬ stored to fertility. If poor hill-sides are wanted for pasturage, they may be much increased in produc tiveness by planting out here and there the common white locust tree. It will improve the land and the quality of the feed in a very few years. Finally, there are numberless methods by which our poor old farms may be improved, and that too, in a way that shall pay as the improvements pro¬ ceed. I have taken up a subject that hardly has limits; but I will pursue it no further at this time. I will merely remark, that close observation, dili¬ gent study, and patient but strenuous industry, are the essentia] requisites to good farming in our older settled districts of country; and with these, the far¬ mer need not fear any rivals, no matter from what quarter they hail. F. Holbrook. Brattleboro’ , Vt., March 4,A850. Improvement bg framing. Uiiderdrainmg. Eds. Cultivator — The subject of draining docs not as yet appear to be thoroughly understood by a great many farmers. They suppose that they have done all that is necessary in this matter, when they have furnished a furrow, or shallow channel suffi¬ cient to draw off the surface-water before it rots the seed, or scalds out a young crop of corn or other grain. I believe the want of suitable drainage, is the most common cause of the failure of crops; yet the disappointed husbandman is often seen looking around him in vain for some more remote cause, suf¬ ficient to produce the effect. We are familiar with the many causes assigned for the repeated failures of the potato crop; but any person who has obser¬ ved the careless mode of cultivation adopted with this vegetable, will not hesitate to assign, as the ori¬ ginal cause, the damp vegetable mould, so often se¬ lected for the potato patch. It has been a common practice with farmers to plant that portion of the field to potatoes which was too wet for corn. When we add to this, the fact, that the .seed used, has been raised in the same way, and that the same pro¬ cess has been continued for many seasons, we need not be surprised at the result. It is more than pro¬ bable that the rapid degeneration of grains, grasses, 164 THE CULTIVATOR. May. vegetables and fruits, of imported varieties, is ow¬ ing to a want of thorough drainage more than to any unfavorableness of climate. Orchardists have not failed to observe the poor quality of the fruits of acknowledged excellence, when raised on cold damp soil. Not only the surface of the ground should be drained, but some plan must be adopted which will effectually remove all unnecessary moisture from the subsoil, to the depth of at least two feet. Open drains or ditches should not be entirely dispensed with. They are necessary to furnish a rapid pas¬ sage for the surplus waters in the spring, and to prevent the flooding of cultivated fields by the over¬ flow of upland swamps. An open channel is also necessary when some lawless brook is required to forsake the crookedness of his ways, and flow in a direct line. The smaller drains should be covered, to afford an unbroken surface to the plow. A cheap method employed in Europe is as follows. An ordinary ditch is made about two feet deep and fourteen inches wide at the bottom. A channel eight inches in width and depth, is cut in the bottom of the ditch. A rope of straw slightly twisted, and of sufficient size to fill the channel, is placed in it; the earth is then shovelled in, and the drain is com¬ pleted. The offsets between the two channels, are intended to aid in sustaining the superincumbent earth. The water will continue to filter through long after the straw is decayed. Could not the channel be filled with coarse clean gravel, as a sub¬ stitute for straw? If a larger quantity of water is to be discharged, a good drain may be made of pine or hemlock boards. Slit them to a suitable width, say nine in¬ ches, then with a common paint brush, cover them on both sides with tar and rosin melted together ; nail them in the form of a prism, place them at the bottom of the ditch, and cover with earth, as alrea¬ dy described. Or the passage may be made by pla¬ cing a row of brick edgewise, on each side of the ditch, and cover over with a layer of brick placed crosswise, which would require one hundred bricks to the rod ; or if a layer of bricks is required at the bottom, it would take 150. The draining tiles lately introduced, are a deci¬ ded improvement j Each farmer will of course de¬ cide upon the material to be employed, — whether wood, brick, glass, tiles, or iron. But let your fields be thoroughly drained by some method, as the first point to be attended to in successful farming, and then by careful plowing, improved manures and a proper succession of crops, you will receive the reward which the bountiful earth bestows upon in¬ telligent labor. D. D. C. Geneva, April, 1850. Draining. Eds. Cultivator-— I am not ignorant of the use of stone and tiles in draining. Without meaning to decry the use of either, and admitting that, in some circumstances, they are the most eligible materials for this purpose, I yet wish to describe another mode with which I am familiar, and which I have practiced with great success. The main material of my plan is hemlock lumber, in the shape of board and scantling. 1. The ground to be operated upon. — My upland grounds are sandy, and slope off into a swamp with a clay and clay-gravel subsoil, which also probably underlays the upland, as, just upon the brow of the side-hill, the water oozes out from beneath the sand, making the low land very wet, since, from the na¬ ture of the subsoil, the surplus waters cannot sub¬ side readily. The object of my draining is to carry oft the water from the side-hill across the low ground. 2. General course of the Drains. — I first made main drains from the hill, starting usually in some gully or natural ravine, and following the lowest ground, and so across the field. I tried to make other drains, intersecting these, and at nearly right angles, on the brow of the hill, but, from the spon¬ gy nature of the soil, I was only partially success¬ ful. Some of these last drains needed to to be tap¬ ped in the centre, by running a branch directly down the hill to the nearest point of the main drain, to prevent a fatal dripping down the brow of the hill. 3. Mode of Construction. — I dug my ditches from two to three feet deep, so as to have them be¬ low the frost and the subsoil plow. Sometimes it was needful, in crossing some point of land that made out into the desired course of the ditch, to dig much deeper for a short distance. They were usually made about one foot wide at the bottom. Where the ground was soft, I frequent¬ ly could dig but a rod at a time, before it was need¬ ful to lay the drain to prevent the sides from falling in. Occasionally it was convenient to begin the ditch at the upper end. Suppose a considerable por¬ tion of ditch dug, I laid my materials thus. If the ground were much descending, or the bottom were of loose sand or filled with sticks, I made it as level as possible and then laid down my boards, end to end fitting the ends pretty accurately. But if the ground were nearly level, and a firm clay or hard-pan, I used no board in the bottom. Upon this board or hard-pan I placed my scantling, which were sawed 2— {—4 , and were set in the narrowest side. I was careful to have the scantling break joints with the boards, as this would prevent the work from settling unequally. These scantling were placed, for the widest drains, 6 or 8 inches apart, and for narrower, three or four. They were tacked at the ends with nails to hold them firm. The top board was then laid on, and nailed with about six nails if twelve feet in length. Care should be ta¬ ken always to' have the top board sound and free from bad shakes, as it has to sustain a considerable weight. The water way also should be carefully cleared of all sticks and loose stones. Where the amount of water is large, and especially when the drain descends a hill, I leave the ends of the scant¬ ling a half inch apart, and saw them off sloping, so that an orifice is left open pointing up hill. A grass sod should be laid close to the scantling below this orifice. In case the end of a drain is at a spring or bed of quick sand, it will be needful to guard it, otherwisesome beds of quicksandwill discharge large quantities of sand in a short time. This guard may consist of loose brush fixed firmly around the opening. Generally, I take no pains to lead the ordinary water along the course of the drain into it, as it is sure to find its way through the chinks between the boards and scantling. Side drains are united to the main one by sawing out a few inches of scantling on one side of the main drain, and bringing up the end of side drain snug. Where a drain is laid deep, and in very heavy soil, I prefer not to throw back the soil just as it came out, but to mix muck with it to make it porous. Results. — I have laid, during the last five years nearly two hundred rods of such drain, and have had but a single failure. That was of a side branch running down a steep hill. The meadow moles had dug in at the head during the winter under the snow, which melting in the spring, deluged the drain, and carried so much sand down to the junction as to stop it up. It was readily and cheaply repaired. 165 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. By means of these drains, I have reclaimed six acres of ground, some of which was a shaking quag¬ mire, so that it is now good tillable soil. Expense. — I make no estimate of expense. The price of digging will vary greatly with circumstan¬ ces. The price of lumber will vary also with place. Suppose the boards to average ten inches in width, they will, with the two scantling, make fifty feet of lumber, board measure, to the rod. The cut nails will cost but little. Nor is the work of laying dif¬ ficult — less so, I think, than with any other mate¬ rial. The care of wise location, and of faithful and judicious construction, will be nearly the same, whatever be the material. When the lumber keeps wet, as it is likely to do in my case, it may be ex¬ pected to last a great many years. My greatest trouble is with the meadow moles, which seem to choose the soil over the ditches on account of its deeper, dryer, and softer character, and because their prey is more likely to abound in such a locality. In a country where lumber is cheap, I think this drain could be made more cheaply than any other, in permanently wet ground. It will be less liable to choke with sand than any other, and less liable to incidental injury from cattle, plowing, and the stroke of a crowbar, or the subsidence of the soil. And should the top-board, by any means be split and settle, it could hardly endanger the current of the water. This drain, as every other, needs to be carefully watched at the mouth, lest it should choke with the sand, which will always flow down in greater or smaller quantities. C. E. G. Utica , March , 1850. JSean anfr ea Culture. The Culture of Beans. Eds. Cultivator — At your suggestion, T give you my views of the bean crop, and my mode of cul¬ tivating it. I appropriate to this crop my light land, either of gravel or sandy loam, from which I should not expect a full crop of corn; although it may be ad¬ vantageously put upon land which will give 35 to 40 bushels of corn per acre. I prepare the ground as for a corn crop ; get the surface smooth by harrowing mr otherwise, then mark it with a marker, making three or four marks at a time. I usually mark two and a-half feet apart, but have no doubt they will do well at two feet. I then plant with a drill-barrow, following the track of the marker, by which I get straight lines and uniformity of distance. I plant twelve to fourteen quarts of seed to the acre, which I find abundant. More would injure the crop, by making the plants too thick. I now use Emery’s drill bar- row with which the beans may be planted with al¬ most perfect uniformity. That machine may be re¬ gulated to drop any quantity of seed desired, which I determine by trying it upon a smooth piece of ground or upon a floor. Three to four beans in a foot are enough. The time of planting must depend on the locality; a frost after the beans are out of the ground destroys them. They will ripen in ordinary seasons with me, ;f planted at any time before the 8th of June; but the 20th of May would give a better crop, if they escape frost in the spring. At the usual time of hoeing the first time, I turn my sheep upon them — if there is much grass or weeds among them — keeping a pretty strict watch upon them, turning them off as soon as they begin to take the beans, which they will not do until they have despatched the grass and weeds. They should not be turned in when very hungry, or they will take beans and weeds together for a while. As soon as the weeds and grass have made consi¬ derable progress again, I again put on the sheep. By this time the beans are 6 or 8 inches high. I then go through with a double mould-board plow, so set as to throw the furrow on both sides well un¬ der the rows, or, which is as well, use a cultivator with a double share in front, and half shares in rear, on each side turning outward. This I have found sufficient cultivation. If the weeds come up again, I put on the sheep again, after which the, beans will so cover the ground as to take care of the weeds themselves. I let the beans stand until they get so ripe and dry that I can pull one day and thresh out the next,, and often pull in the forenoon and thresh in the af¬ ternoon of the same day, which is better, as I avoid the risk of rain, which can hardly fail to injure them after pulling. I so divide my force as to thresh as I haul in, as they soon grow damp if heaped in the barn, and they then cannot be threshed clean with¬ out bruising. Care should be taken if they are not well dried in the field, to dry them after threshing. They should not be threshed in a machine, but with a flail. A man will pull three-fourths of an acre in a day,, and will haul and thresh about the same quantity - They are usually ready for harvesting by the mid¬ dle of September. Frost does not hurt them after: ripe. I lay them in heaps as I pull them, as large as a bushel basket or less, and in rows far enough apart to drive a cart between. The cost of the crop is about as follows.- Plowing, harrowing, and marking, per acre, . . . $1 75 Planting, with horse or man to draw machine, at say, 6 acres per day, at twenty-five oents, . . . . 25 Plowing or cultivating between rows, . . . . . 3® Harvesting, including use of team, say, . 2 50 Seed, . 50 Add for contingences 10 per cent., . 53 $5 83- The feed for the sheep is more than a compensa¬ tion for turning them in and out. Light land will give from 12 to 25 bushels per acre, depending upon the season and fertility of soil. The price of a good article is from $1.12-§ to $1.50 per bushel. The small round bean, called the “ pea bean ,” is prefer¬ red in market. If some are not fully ripe at harvesting, they must be thoroughly dried, or they will be discolored and injure the sample and the price. And ePs it is diffi¬ cult to dry them on the ground, from risk of rain,* which will be sure to injure them, more or less, I thresh them so lightly as to leave the green ones in the straw. I take care to save the straw, which I feed to cattle. Sheep are fond of the dried pods,, but will not eat the straw as well as cattle. If harvested as soon as ripe, the straw, if well taken care of, will pay one-half the cost of cultivation. The bean sends its roots deep in the ground, and exhausts the soil less than almost any other crop. Through its broad leaf, it draws largely upon the atmosphere for its growth. I have found a sensible difference in favor of the crops following beans, over those following grains. S. Cheever. Bemis Heights, Saratoga County, March, 1850. The Culture of Peas. Eds. Cultivator — In the northern section of our country, we consider peas a profitable crop. We deem them a highly nutritious food for animals, and 166 THE CULTIVATOR. May, iLgeictbk Pjtimologg. Motion ol Sap in Plants. reckon them worth as much per bushel for fattening hogs, as corn. The crop leaves the ground clean and mellow, furnishing an excellent preparation for other crops, especially wheat. We sometimes sow them with oats, in the proportion of one-third peas to two-thirds oats. The peas and oats, ground, are excellent food for horses, cattle, sheep or swine. A variety of peas which has rather a light vine is pre¬ ferable, as the ranker kinds are apt to overrun the oats, and lay too close on the ground, but the straw of the oats will hold up the lighter ones, so that both the oats and peas will fill well. A loamy soil, rather inclining to clay, is best adapted to peas. Early sowing generally gives the best crop. Very hot weather is unfavorable to their filling, and it is hence advisable to have the crop well advanced before the hottest part of the season comes on. A sod which was plowed the previous autumn, well harrowed, makes a good bed for peas, but any good sward, well broken up and mellowed, will answer — and if sod ground cannot be had, that which has been under cultivation one or more sea¬ sons may be taken. No manure is generally needed; but if any is put on, it should be a small quantity of that which is thoroughly rotted, ■ spread on the furrow and harrowed in. A large quantity of ma¬ nure, or that which is in a green state, makes too great a growth of vines and tends to blight. The quantity sown per acre Varies somewhat with the kind of pea, some being of a more spreading growth than others, and requiring less seed. It is usual also, to sow a larger quantity of very large peas, than of small ones, because the number of peas or germs is greater in the same measure of small ones. The large marrowfats, for instance, are double the size of some others. From three to four bushels of seed per acre is the quantity usually sown . The covering of the seed is best performed by a small plow, or by a cultivator. It is difficult to bu¬ ry peas with a harrow, many being always left on the surface, where it is attempted. A depth of about two inches is the proper one for covering. A good way is to pass the harrow over the field after the peas are sown, which will prevent them from rolling into rows or bunches, and then plow them in with a shallow furrow. The varieties adapted to field culture are the Canada field pea, the marrow¬ fat, and the black-eyed pea. The yield on good soil is from twenty-five to forty bushels per acre. To destroy the pea- weevil, or bug, which in some sections is so troublesome, immerse the peas in wa¬ ter* boiling hot, for two minutes; then take them out and mix plaster, dry ashes, or slaked lime with them, till they will separate in sowing or planting. No fears need be entertained that the hot water will prevent the peas from vegetating — not one in twen¬ ty will be hurt at all. T. M. Essex county , N. Y., March , 1850. Parsneps for Pigs. — The Sussex (Eng.) Ex¬ press, says, “ at our farm we have been in the habit of employing parsneps for this purpose for some* time. Upon reference to our books, we find that on the 11th of October, 1847, we put up two shoats of eleven weeks old, and fed them on skim milk and parsneps for three months, when they were killed, weighing 231 and 238 pounds. They were well fattened, firm in flesh, and the meat of excellent flavor. The quantity of parsneps consumed by them was nine bushels each. O” If a man could have half his wishes, he would double his troubles. Eds. Cultivator — I herewith send you some thoughts and facts upon the flow of sap, which were addressed to me by a respected friend, — a man of science, who has given to nature a wide observation. I have read his manuscript with much satisfaction, and think its publication in The Cultivator would afford equal pleasure to other readers. F. Hol¬ brook. Motion of Sap. Not circulation — suspension in winter — in spring, what causes its ascent — pecu¬ liarities of different plants, as birch, butternut , beech, oak, sugar-maple and grape — wonderful. In the human body, the arteries carry the blood from the heart to the extremities, and there, veins , beginning in extreme minuteness, take up the blood and return it to the heart. In the arteries, the blood is passed by pulsations; in the veins, it flows with a slow and insensible stream. From the blood is taken out, at the extremity of the arteries, the portion necessary to nourish the body; in the veins flows the unused blood, which is mixed on its way, with the wasted and lifeless matter taken up by the absorbents from every part of the system; and the venous mass is thrown by the heart through the lungs, to be purified and fitted for its object. This is a real circulation of the blood. In plants, there are vessels in the outer part or wood, to carry the sap into the leaves, or to the surface of leafless vegetables, where the sap is form¬ ed into latex or nutritious matter; which then is passed down the vessels in the inner bark to be con¬ veyed by the medullary rays inwards through the wood, and even into the pith, to support the whole by its nutriment. There is not a real circulation of the sap. By the vital operations of the plant in summer, the leaves and stems are gorged in autumn with nu¬ triment ; the absorption by the roots and leaves is diminished; the evaporation from the plant dimin¬ ishes, and less is absorbed by the roots; the motion of the sap slackens, and finally nearly ceases in winter, as the requisite compounds have been produ¬ ced in the plant. The vegetable world nearly sus¬ pends its operations in winter, as if resting in pre¬ paration for the active energies of spring and sum¬ mer. The elaborated sap or nutriment has merely descended to its needed places, and wood, starch, oils, gums, &c., have been formed. No descent of sap into the roots. In the autumn and winter, the roots have shot out new radicles, terminated b}r a sort of mouths, to take up the matter, that is, the sap, from the earth. In the sugar maple this sap is sweet. As the frost is leaving the earth, activity is seen in the roots, and the sap ascends through the plant, even to the buds, which are to form the leaves and flowers. The immediate cause of the ascent is not understood. The heat and light stimulate the buds into action, which uses up the contiguous sap, whose place is supplied by the ascent from below. Besides this, there may be another reason, viz: the expansion of the vessels, enlarging the spaces, and more than all, the operation of life, whatever that is. Some kinds of wood are more compact in winter than in summer. The observing farmer long ago found that a barn floor of frozen and green hemlock plank will be more close than the one put down from the same plank, unfrozen, in summer. The frozen 167 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. plank, full of sap, evidently enlarge as the frost leaves them, and they continue to expand by the heat. This contraction when frozen, and expansion by warmth, is always traiasverse and never lengthwise. In length, green and seasoned timber, fit and pre¬ serve their fitting, when mixed in a frame, perfect¬ ly well. There is a great difference in trees, and shrubs, and herbs, in their bleeding, as it called, when cut, and that difference is not yet explained. Cut off a twig of Lilac, Poplar, Eton, Oak, Pines, White Birch, &c., and very little sap will flow out in the spring, or at any season. Cut off a twig of some grapes, and the sap will flow in profusion in May and June. Cut down a Yellow Birch in winter, and no sap will flow from either part-; but, when the frost is wholly out of the ground, that stump will throw out a great quantity of sap, containing no sugar, for many weeks. The activity is in the roots alone, for the trunk and leaves are not there, nor any expansion above to lead up the sap. It is the activity of life. The stump of the oak, elm, beech, &c., operate not at all in this manner. But, if an incision is made in the trunk of a Yellow Birch, while the stump of the other is flowing, sap will issue in abundance from the incision, and only a part will ascend into the limbs. If the Butternut is tapped when in frozen ground, the sap flows abundantly till the ground is thawed, when it wholly ceases. This tree is late in the spring, in showing any action in its buds. The life in the roots would seem to be the moving power. It is well known that this sap yields a bitterish sugar, having the butternut taste, and quite cathartic. A coloring matter, rather nauseous, is also in it. The Sugar Maple, being tapped, sends forth abun¬ dance of sap when the ground thaws by day and freezes by night. If the freezing does not occur for two or three nights, it yields no sap; but if the freezing occurs, the sap runs abundantly. Hence, if a snow falls at this time, and the cold affects the earth to freezing, so great a rush of sap follows, that this is usually termed a sugar-snow. When the freezing ceases, the sap no longer runs from the ori¬ fice or incision, but there can be no doubt it flows from the roots to the extremities of the tree in pro¬ fusion. When a root of the Sugar Maple is cut in the time of the running of the sap from an incision, the sap flows out from both ends of the severed root and its severed parts. This fact has been lately proved by actual experiment, and the sap from each part found to be sweet. When an incision is made in the maple in sap time, the sap flows chiefly and nearly entirely from the upper side of the cut. This proves that it is the sap, already ascended into the trunk, which runs downwards and outwards by the incision. Does not the freezing of the ground compel the sap upwards into the tree, and detain it there so that it can be discharged by descent to the cutting made in the tree? Cut off a twig of the common cultivated grape after the frost is out of the ground, and like the Yel¬ low Birch, the sap will run f6r weeks. A tube has been fastened tight around the cut part, and the sap flowed to the height of twenty feet in the tube. In this is seen again the operation of that mighty prin¬ ciple, life. These differences are great and wonderful. How little is known yet of the causes of diversity. The subject is worthy of experiment and observation, only let there be care anil certainty. Saccharine. JJeglatelr Jllanuraf — Jflo. 5. Bones, Ivory Dust, Horn, Wool and Hair. Analytical Laboratory, Yale College, ) New-Haven, Conn., April , 1850. ) Eds. Cultivator — In addition to the method for dissolving bones by means of sulphuric acid, men¬ tioned in my last letter, I ought here to say a few words respecting a new process for reducing bones, which has attracted a good degree of attention in England. Steam is the agent employed. A boiler is made for the purpose, capable of bearing a pres¬ sure of from 30 to 40 pounds per square inch; in the lower part is the water box; this has a floor above, on which the bones are placed, and exposed to the action of the steam. According to the method which seems most advisable, a pressure of 25 to 30 pounds of steam is given for 24 hours. At the ex¬ piration of this time the charge is withdrawn, and the bones are found to be in such a state, that they can easily be crushed to a fine powder with a mal¬ let. This powder is said to produce remarkable effects upon turneps and other crops, even when applied in quite small quantities. By the continued steaming, every portion of the bones is brought into a very readily decomposable state, so as to be available at once for plants. The water which remains in the boiler, has a certain portion of gelatine from the bones dissolved in it, and of course should be saved, for sprinkling over the land as a top-dressing, or to mix into a compost heap. In order to prevent the gelatine from decompo¬ sing, and to avoid the consequent loss of ammonia that would ensue, it is recommended to mix salt with the powder before it dries. This also, in most cases, materially increases the value of the manure because it adds still another ingredient to the soiL The effects of this manure have not as yet beeia fully tested, in comparison with the other forms of bones mentioned, but during the coming season there will probably be extensive experiments. I have mentioned it here, that farmers may know what is meant by steamed bones, and may appreciate any results obtained by their use. I have lately had some of the ivory dust from comb factories, sent in for examination ; it has been analysed by Mr. Crane, one of my assistants. He found it to differ in composition from ordinary bone, as to its amount of phosphates. The following ta¬ ble gives the result of Mr. Crane’s analysis, as com¬ pared with two by Dr. Thomson, on other classes^ of bones. Organic matter, or gelatine, . . . Phosphate of lime, . Carbonate of lime, . Bones of Bones of Ivory a Sheep. a Haddock. Dust, .... 4.3.3 39.5 37.7 56.1 56.1 .... 4.5 3.6 3.£f little .... 1.4 1.6 1.5 99.8 100.8 99.2 This agreement in the composition of ivory with that of dried fish bones was quite unexpected to me, and is really very remarkable. In both, there is considerably more phosphate of lime present than in •other bones, and their value as permanent manures is of course greater. The above is one of those singular coincidences that we often find in chemis¬ try. It would not be supposed that ivory, so com¬ pact and so hard, was so positively identical in its composition with soft and brittle fish bones. The ivory dust of the comb, and other factories, where it is produced, is an extremely valuable ma¬ nure. It is already reduced to a fine powder, and 168 THE CULTIVATOR. May. is therefore much better for plants, just as bone dust is. This dust is also easily dissolved by acids if necessary, a much smaller quantity effecting the solution, than is required for the whole bones. I have heard in one or two cases, complaints that this manure, and other forms of bones, injured the land after a time, but found on inquiry that the evil was produced not by using bones alone, but by not using at the same time other manures. Phosphoric acid and lime are valuable constituents of a soil, but they are not all that it needs. The farmer who cultivates judiciously will supply everything that is necessary, and not attempt to keep up his soil by giving it two or three only, of the numerous sub¬ stances required. If farm yard manure in moderate quantity, had been applied with the bones, no injuri¬ ous results would have been experienced. Still another form of manure, which resembles bones in its composition, is horn. This, according to some examinations which I have made, contains when dried, about 40 per cent of phosphates. Horns are nearly indestructible in the soil, and cannot well be ground in mills, from their softness and toughness. The proper way to treat them would be with sulphuric acid, or to powder them by the steam¬ ing process mentioned above. In'either case, they would make a most valuable manure. Near manyfac- tories, there are large quantities of horn shavings to be had, and they should always be secured at once by the farmer as an article of much value. Their decomposition in the soil is quite slow, but their ef¬ fect is powerful, and of course quite lasting. For fear of surfeiting my readers with various forms of bones, and the virtues of phosphates, I will now pass on to some other class of fertilizing substances, that are suffering under unmerited neg¬ lect. Unfortunately, these are not difficult to find in almost any part of the country. One of the manures most highly valued in Eng¬ land and in Europe, is found in hair and wool. These are of similar composition. They contain but little a:sh, only from one and a-half to about two per cent. This ash consists chief! of chlorides and sulphates of potash and soda, with small quantities of phosphates. Sulphur is a substance which ex¬ ists quite largely in these, parts of the animal, amounting usually to about five per cent. From the small proportion of ash, it is evident that we must look to the organic part, in explaining the remarkable effect which these manures produce under nearly all circumstances. On analysis of this part, it is found to be particularly rich in nitrogen, containing about 17 per cent. This is sufficient at once to determine its value. Much of our ordinary farm-yard manure does not in its whole bulk, con¬ tain more than three or four per cent of this body, and yet it has a great influence in enriching the soil. How much more powerful must this class of ma¬ nures be, in which is four or five times as much ni¬ trogen as in barn-yard manure. The farmer is al¬ ways safe in concluding that a substance, in whose composition an analysis shows more than eight or ten per cent of nitrogen, is a very valuable and concentrated manure; always provided of course, that it contains nothing beside likely to be actually hurtful in its nature. When the per centage of ni¬ trogen ranges as high as in the present case, about 17 per cent, he may rest assured that he has found a manure of the most powerful description at pre¬ sent known. So far as my information extends, hair, refuse wool, and all substances of a like nature, are al¬ most entirely neglected in this country. I have known of many cases, where they were completely thrown away. In the neighborhood of woolen fac¬ tories, for instance, all the refuse and waste of the mills is of great value as manure. Besides the na¬ tural constituents of wool, it is saturated with oil and grease, which increase its fertilizing power. This refuse does not of course contain as much ni¬ trogen as the clean wool, or hair would do, owing to its admixture with dirt and other foreign substan¬ ces. Some recent analyses by Prof. Way, of the Royal Ag! Society, show that in the better samples, there is ten or eleven per cent. These cost in Eng¬ land from $15 to $20 and sometimes $30 per ton, and are found a very profitable application at such prices. The demand there is so large and constant , that it has led to adulteration in various ways ; linen and cotton rags, or clippings, among other things, are mixed with the woolen. Prof. Way found that some samples which appeared well to the eye, were really not worth more than from $4 to $8 per ton, in plaee of $20 or $30. Woolen rags decompose very slowly in the ground, and for this reason, disappointment is experienced in their effect on crops that require a speedy and powerful fertilizing action. They are most used for the winter grains, and for other crops that occupv a long period in their growth. The hop-growers of Kent and other counties of England, rely on woolen waste, and rags, as one of their most important manures; they bury it under the hop vines, and the influence continues in a most efficacious manner, for a number of years. In some situations, hair of various kinds may bo procured, and should always be carefully preserved; its composition being, as noticed above, the same as that of wool. I noticed in North Lincolnshire, Eng¬ land, an application of what they called cony dust. In clipping rabbit skins to obtain the fur for hat bo¬ dies, there is much waste of hair, and this with clippings from the skins, is swept up and sold at a high price, under the above name. It is used for turneps on light soils, at the rate of from 10 t,o 20 bushels per acre, and produces excellent crops. In the instance that I saw, they were dropping it in the bottom of drills. Where the refuse hair from tanneries could be ob¬ tained, it would also be an excellent manure; the lime which is usually mixed with it adds to its value, though making it decompose much more rapidly. I have now, perhaps, said enough to call atten¬ tion to this class of manures, and to convince farm¬ ers of their efficacy. They are not within the reach of all, and those who are in a position to obtain any of them, will, if they understand their own interest, take steps to prevent any further waste, by securing as much as possible for the enriching of their own fields. John P. Norton. ®l)e ikterinarjD ©apartment. Kingtoone in Horses. Eds. Cultivator — In answer to your inquiry concerning ringbone, we define it to be an exostosis, or bony tumor, originating from a bone. It is sit- tuated on the small pastern, (called os corona,) be¬ tween the shell of the bone and the periosteum cov¬ ering it. Sir A. Cooper calls a tumor of this nature, cartilaginous exostosis of the periosteum. 11 It originates in a deposition of cartilage, of a very firm texture, and similar to that which forms the ni¬ dus of bone in the young subject. The periosteum adheres to the external surface of the swelling. THE CULTIVATOR. 169 1850. Thus, on dissection, we discover — 1st. The perios¬ teum thicker than natural ; 2d. Cartilage immedi¬ ately below the periosteum; and, 3d. Ossific mat¬ ter deposited within the cartilage, extending from the shell of the bone nearly to the internal surface of the periosteum, still leaving on the surface of the swelling a thin portion of cartilage unossified. Consequently, when ringbone has been formed in this manner, the shell of the original bone becomes absorbed, and cancelli are deposited in its stead. In the latter stages of ringbone, (provided the natural process has not been interrupted by the firing-iron, &c.) the outer surface acquires a shell resembling that of the bone itself. A ringbone is composed of a cartilage for its basis, and an earthy salt or phos¬ phate of lime. This fact may be easily demonstra¬ ted by steeping the bone in acid, for by this means, it is deprived of the phosphate of lime, and the car¬ tilaginous structure remains of the same form and magnitude as the diseased deposits. So long as a ringbone is confined to either of the pastern bones, it is of little consideration ; for it does not occasion much inconvenience to the animal ; but should it show itself near one of the joints, it sel¬ dom fails to produce lameness, which is often of a per¬ manent nature. When this disease invades ligamen¬ tous structure, lameness generally accompanies it, probably on account of the tenderness of the parts. Ringbones, splints, spavins, and other bony depo- sites, though of great size and quick growth, are often unattended with lameness. I never knew of any “ bladder ” to be found in the situation alluded^ to by your correspondent. There are in the region of tendons small bursae, or sacs, formed of a tendi¬ nous expansion, and lined by a membrane similar in its texture to the synovial membrane of a joint ; which like it, secretes and contains a fluid resembling the white ol an egg; this fluid facilitates motion be¬ tween parts moveable on each other, by preventing friction; how this ‘‘bladder” can “feed ringbone,” I cannot conceive; for windgalls, which are nothing more or less than enlarged bursae (situated at the lower part of the canon, or shank-bone,) exist for years without any enlargement of the bone. “Mr. Cole recommends the extraction of the bladder.” I had the pleasure of a visit from that gentleman this morning, and he stated that the article referred to was compiled from a work on that subject, without any personal knowledge of his own ; I showed him several specimens of bony deposits, and he feels satisfied that my definition is correct. Various remedies have from time to time been re¬ sorted to for the cure of ringbone, and without suc¬ cess. I know of nothing that tends so much to pro¬ duce absorption and diminish lameness, as counter irritants. The removal of ringbone by an opera¬ tion, has been performed, yet such an operation re¬ quires much skill, and where there is no lameness, and the only object is to get rid of an eyesore, it had better not be attempted. G. H. Dadd, V. S. Spaying Cows. Eds. Cultivator. — As there are many inquiries relative to the best time for spaying cows, I would answer, not less than twenty days after calving, and any time from the first of April to the middle of June; and heifers at any time excepting in the ex¬ treme hot weather in summer, and at any age from three days up to twenty years, when intended for beef. Any further inquiries, either by letter or through The Cultivator on the subject, will be promptly answered. William C. Carter. East Bloomfield , March 2, 1850. ©l)e Pair^i. Bairy=8teamer. The above cut represents Farmer’s Dairy Steam* er, an apparatus for heating milk in the manufac¬ ture of cheese.* It consists of a boiler for the gene¬ ration of steam, attached to a stove or furnace. A pipe is attached to the boiler for conveying the steam to the vessel where the milk is heated. The milk is contained in a tin vessel, and this vessel is placed in a wooden vat of such dimensions as to leave a space of two inches at the bottom, sides and ends. This space is filled with water. When the milk is heat¬ ed, for the application of rennet, the steam-pipe is let into the water, and the steam let on and contin¬ ued till the milk is warmed to the required degree, which should be ascertained by plunging a thermo¬ meter into it. Dairymen are not exactly agreed as to the degree of heat to which milk should be raised ; but none recommend less than 82° or more than 90°. The use of an apparatus similar to the above, has been adopted in some of the largest dairies in this state, and is much approved. Mr. A. L. Fish, of Litchfield, Herkimer county, has highly recommend¬ ed this mode of heating milk. See Cultivator for 1848, p. 153, and for 1849, pp. 154, 183. One great advantage of this process is, that the heat is equally diffused through the whole mass, without any portion of it being exposed to an exces¬ sive degree. Mr. Fish observes — “ The more wa¬ ter there is in the larger vessel, the more uniform heat is conveyed to the milk.” The size of the tin vat for containing the milk has been given as fol¬ lows: — For a dairy of 30 cows, 2| feet wide, 6 feet long, and 19 inches deep. The night milk is strain¬ ed into the tin vat, which is surrounded with cold water, in order to keep it properly cool till next morning, when the morning milk is added, and the water heated by steam for “running up” the curd. A branch of the steam-pipe is connected with a tub or vat for heating water for washing utensils, &c., used in the dauy. ‘Premium Butter. The statements of the competitors who received the highest premiums on butter, at the last exhibi¬ tion of the N. Y. State A g. Society, furnish, per¬ haps, as good information as we can give, in answer to several inquiries concerning the best mode of but¬ ter-making. We have therefore prepared the fol- *For particulars in regard to this steamer, address G. Farmer, Herkimer, Herkimer county, N. Y. 170 THE CULTIVATOR. May, lowing article from the forthcoming volume of the Society’s Transactions. For the best fifty pounds of butter made at any time, the first premium was awarded to Horace Clapp, of Houseville, Lewis county. This butter was made on the 5th of September. The number of cows belonging to the dairy is forty, and the average product of butter for each cow for the sea¬ son, is 165 lbs. The milk usually stands from 36 to 48 hours, according to the weather, but is skimmed before it turns sour; the temperature of the milk- room ranges from 58 to 62 degrees. The cream be¬ fore churning is kept in a tin vessel, made for the purpose, and is set upon ice to cool to the proper temperature for churning — 55 to 58 degrees. The butter is worked with a l< butter-worker,” which is considered preferable to the hand. The Bonaire ground salt is used at the rate of six pounds to a hundred pounds of butter, during warm weather, and somewhat less in autumn. No saltpetre, or any substance but salt, is mixed with the butter. The mode of keeping butter in summer is to lay it down In tubs, leaving space at top for half an inch in thickness of salt, wThich is laid on, moistened with strong brine, and kept moist during warm weather. The cows are of the common stock, crossed to about one-fourth blood with the Short-horned breed. They are fed with hay only in winter, and grass in summer; they have access to salt at all times. For the best twenty-five pounds of butter, made in June, John Shattuck, of Norwich, Chenango Co., received the first premium. He keeps twenty cows. The milk is strained into tin pans as soon as drawn, and kept on racks in the milk-room, until the cream is removed, which is always done in warm weather before the whey appears, and in cool weather before the milk begins to turn bitter. The cream is kept as cool as possible after it is taken from the milk, and the sooner it is churned the better. Churning is done every morning in warm weather, tempering the cream with ice, so as to have it gather well and hard, in which state it is readily freed from the but¬ ter-milk. In warm weather ice- water is used to rinse the butter when it is removed from the churn ; the butter-milk is worked out clean, and the butter salted with ground rock-salt, at the rate of one pound to twenty pounds of butter. After it is thor¬ oughly worked, it is set in a cool place about 24 hours, when it is again worked so as to entirely free it from the butter-milk; then pack it in a firkin, which is covered so tight as to exclude the air, un¬ til the firkin is filled. Nothing but salt is mixed with the butter. For keeping through the season, cloths are spread over the butter in the firkins, and strong brine, made of rock-salt, is poured on. For the greatest amount of butter made from five cows in thirty days, John Holbert, of Chemung, Chemung county, received the first premium, and Nelson Van Ness, of Mayville, Chautauque coun¬ ty, the second. Mr. H.’s cows yielded in thirty days, (from May 23d, 1849,) 264^ pounds, or an average of 52 pounds 14 ounces per cow — and those of Mr. Y. N., 221 pounds — or an average of 44 pounds 3 ounces per cow. Mr. H.’s cows were of common stock, with a “ slight mixture ” of the Short-horned breed. Mr. V. N.’s were entirely of the common stock. Both herds were fed on grass only. _ _ Profitable Dairy. — George W. Goodnow, of Southborough, Mass., gives an acount in the Mass. Plowman of the produce of twelve cows kept by him during the last year. From the first of March to the first of December, he sold 2287 lbs. of butter, for which he received $524.79— butter consumed in the family during the same time, was worth $29.94 — milk sold, $77.76 — calves sold, $70. 71 — making a total of $703.20. ®iie horticultural department. CONDUCTED BY J. J. THOMAS. Summer Management of Young Trees. In answer to frequent inquiries, it may be stated that the first and great requisite in the successful treatment of newly transplanted trees, is to keep the surface of the soil for many feet around them clean and mellow by cultivation. This is important to all kinds of trees, but especially so to the peach. An instance occurred where a young peach orchard stood the first year in a clean and repeatedly culti¬ vated potato field, and the green shoots on all the trees at the end of the first summer measured from a foot and a half to two and a-half feet in- length — on an adjoining uncultivated piece of land, none of the shoots were three- inches long. A great mistake is often made by watering the roots of newly set trees, before the leaves expand, by which they become water-soaked and killed. A leafless tree is in a nearly dormant state, and throws off but little moisture. But as soon as the leaves expand, they exhale moisture rapidly, and a supply is tnen needed at the roots. Watering, however, usual¬ ly fails of the intended purpose. The water is poured on the top of the ground, and only serves to bake the surface, without ever reaching the dry soil fur¬ ther down. If watering is actually required, the surface should be first removed, and the water then poured in directly on the roots, replacing the remo¬ ved earth. An acquaintance who set out last year about 60 cherry trees, lost every one which was watered on the surface, consisting of about one-third of the whole. If trees have been dug up carefully and with unin¬ jured roots, and then well transplanted, — in the first place; and the soil kept mellow as already stated, in the second; they will usually have made so good a growth by midsummer, as to be beyond the dan¬ ger of drouth. But if the transplanting has been badly done, or the soil has been allowed to get hard, the careless cultivator will doubtless be reminded of his negligence by the death of a part of his trees. Watering a feebly growing tree, is at best but a very irregular way of supplying it with moisture. A greatly superior protection from midsummer heat and dryness, is mulching , or covering the surface of the earth for some feet round each tree with hay, straw, or other litter, several inches in thickness'. This covering keeps the ground soft and moist, and night dews are retained in the soil through hot sum¬ mer days. During the excessively dry season of last year, a row of newly set apple trees, standing on a high and dry piece of ground which could not be ea¬ sily cultivated, were observed to cease growing, and the leaves to assume a yellowish cast. They were immediately mulched. In a few weeks, they re-com- menced growth, and the leaves returned to a dark healthy green, although no rain had fallen during all this period. Cherry trees, which in spring or early summer, give strong promise of a flourishing growth, are frequently destroyed by a parching midsummer’s heat. To such, mulching is of eminent service. Mulching is not usually advisable for young trees I after the first season from transplanting, unless their 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 171 growth is feeble. As soon as the growth is sufficient to give the tree strong and well established roots, whether it be the first or second year, clean and mel¬ low culture is the best treatment which a tree can receive. Pruning the. Peach. A correspodent says, “ I have noticed that much is said about shortening-in the shoots of peach trees, commencing young and continuing annually — -but I wish to know what to do with my trees, now seven or eight years old, and which have never been pruned. Will it do to cut them after the leaves have begun to appear, as has been asserted?” We have found great advantage in pruning back the peach, even when the trees have been long neg¬ lected. A case once occurred where an old tree was greatly improved by the rough and random trimming it received from the tempest, which swept away a part of its limbs. The treatment which an old or neglected tree re¬ ceives, must be somewhat different from the annual shortening-in of young shoots. It becomes neces¬ sary to shorten-in on a larger scale, and with a freer hand. Even three or four feet may be taken off at a stroke, where the form of the tree appears to re¬ fruit, and to improve astonishingly the flavor. The above figures may possibly be of use, in pointing out more particularly the mode of performing this kind of pruning • a representing a common, well-grown, unpruned tree, and b the same, with such branches as may be cut away indicated by dotted lines. In connection with pruning, it is quite essential to give the trees a good mellow soil by cultivation, and if needful to enrich it by manure. Pruning alone, is insufficient to restore a neglected tree. With the two combined, those not actually enfeebled by old age, may be made to send out new and strong shoots, and to acquire the vigor of young trees. Their duration, with subsequent annual pruning, will be greatly increased. The pruning of the peach may be performed, ap¬ parently, quite as well, after the leaves are partly expanded, as early in the spring — such, at least, is the result of several experiments. In the more northern states, it may therefore be accomplished during the early part of the present month. Supports tor Runners. Small or slender climbers, as the Cypress-vine and other Ipomeas, the Madeira vine, Aristoloehia, &c. present the best appearance when supported on a light frame, with some symme¬ try or regularity of appear¬ ance. Some of these frames were figured in our first number for this year. More irregular or rampant climbers may be borne aloft on a post with holes cut through it at intervals, for the passing and repassing of the flexible stem with its thick¬ ly clustered branches. A still more wild and irregular ap¬ pearance is obtained by set¬ ting, as a post in the ground, the stem of a cedar tree, with portions of its larger branches left to support the climbing verdure. Both of these sup¬ ports were figured in this pa¬ per last year. Some difficulty has however been felt. The single post requires some care and skill to cover it properly; and the armed cedar post is not always easily procured. In its absence, the following is a good contrivance. A single post is planted with horizontal arms fixed in holes bored for this purpose, as shown in the above figure. More irregularity is obtained by placing these arms alternately at right angles with each other. No nails are used in this support; it is firm and strong, and if made of dura¬ ble wood, will last many years. Curious Insect»Catc!iers. The following very interesting fact is stated in S. B. Parsons’ New Haven Address, where he urges the importance of employing various animals for the destruction of insects, as the ferret is employed to destroy rats:— -“I recollect visiting some years ago, an intelligent physician in the West Indies, who had trained some lizards to take the flies from his face when asleep. To show me their skill, he leaned his head against the side of the summer house, closed his eyes, and immediately, half a dozen-bright little fellows, three or four inches long, appeared near him.- Their glistening eyes twinkled with expecta¬ tion, and the moment a fly made its appearance on any part of the Doctor’s face, one or more of them w„ould dart like lightning across his face, scarcely touching it, but carrying off the unfortunate fly.” The same Address further states that “ a French agriculturist had a hundred pairs of the bird called 172 THE CULTIVATOR. May, Kuikimanore, from the Sandwich Islands. During the season, he would let them loose at night and they would return in the morning, each pair de¬ stroying, as was estimated, some four thousand May- bugs. In Malta, small birds are kept to free the house of flies during the summer, and are found ve¬ ry effective. ” his strawberries to take a cold bath from the well at mid-day in the face of a hot summer’s sun with- out shrinking. In a dry hot time he will give, twice a day, every four or six feet square of his strawberry bed, a pailful of clear cold water.” Varieties of the Garden Pea. Strawberry Culture. An intelligent friend, residing at Palmyra, N. Y., has furnished us the few following notes of a visit to one of his neighbors, remarkable for his success in the cultivation of the Strawberry, and celebrated for the enormous size and productiveness to which he has brought different sorts as they have succes¬ sively passed under his hand. Whatever may be thought of the utility of large doses of cold spring water, one thing is certain, he has far outstripped all other gardeners in his vicinity, in his large, thickly trussed fruit: “A very rainy day suggested to me to drop in and spend an hour this afternoon with him and his social wife, who together live almost excluded from the world without, except by books and papers. For many years he has been remarkably successful with strawberries, and although he has cultivated one kind for two or three years, and then replaced them by another kind, and then again by another and still another, yet somehow he manages every year, no matter what kind he has in cultivation, to astonish us all by his enormous crops of fruit. “During the past three years he has given his al¬ most sole attention to the cultivation of Hovey’s Seedling, yet contrary to usual theory and practice, he firmly refuses to allow a single staminate plant to remain in their vicinity. Besides, the last sea¬ son, he allowed all his strawberries to cover the ground completely with runners, and yet from the many neighbors and others abroad, who visited his garden during the fruiting season, not a man could be found who had ever seen it excelled either in the extraordinary size or quantity of fruit, in any kind of strawberries. Not a foot of ground, or appa¬ rently a single plant, that was not covered with large and perfect fruit. Some days he picked two or three bushels, and could have picked much more. “ One bed was on the lower end of his garden, where I should think it might be a deep soil; but a smaller bed near his house, is on about six or eight inches of good soil over a stiff hard-pan, yet this bed has borne during the past two years, at least as large fruit and as great quantity, as the most favor¬ ed portions on the deeper soil below. “Now it may be curious perhaps to inquire, what is the secret of all this? for I have been ver}' careful to state only such things as I know to be facts. In answer, I would say after a close observation for a number of years, I am convinced it can be summed up in a single line, to wit, — Select good plants , — give them clean culture . — and plenty of cold hard water. “ The importance of clean culture every one un¬ derstands, but my friend is a little peculiar in his hydropathic views. He believes, from the careful -observation and experience of half a century, that hard water is far better for plants than soft water — that the lime held in solution is evidently useful to them* — and also that plants may be trained to receive cold water at all hours — hence he accustoms * If the mineral substances held in sol ul ion possess fertilizing pow¬ er, the experiment may succeed quite differently, so far as these af¬ fect its results, in different regions of country, where, on account of geological distinctions, these dissolved manures may be very unlike. —Ed' Last year experiments were made in the garden of the London Horticultural Society, on many va¬ rieties of the pea, obtained from different cultivators . for the purpose of comparison, and testing their re¬ lative merits. The results have been published at length, which we here present in a condensed form, embracing the principal facts. The sorts were all sown on the 21st day of 3d month (March.) The color refers to the peas when dry. Thompson's Early Dwarf— fit for use, June 28— height 2 ft.— pods, small, round, with 4 to 6 peas — white. Tolerably prolific. Bishop's New Long Pod— June 28—2 feel— straight, cylindrical— 6 to 7. Excellent, early, prolific. Far superior to Bishop's Early Dwarf. Prince Albert — June 20 — 3 feet. Resembles Early Kent and Early Frame, but one week later. Early Warwick and Early Race- Horse, generally proved to be Early Frame. Lady's Finger— July 4— 5£ to 6 ft.— long, cylindrical— 6 to 7— white Good, moderately productive Early Hero — July 6 — 5 to ft. — slightly curved — 6 to 7 — white. Peas medium size, good. Shilling's Grotto — June 27 — 4^ to 5 ft. — thick, short, badly filled — 4 to 6 — white. Bad bearer. Dwarf Branching Marrow — July 2 — 2 ft. — nearly straight, flattish — 6 — white. Moderate bearer. Stalk strong, short-jointed, leaflets broad, flowers large, cream-colored, peduncles short. Grim- stone’s Egyptian, found in an ancient Egyptian vase, (?) proved identical with Dwarf Branching Marrow. Queen of Dwarfs — July 20 — 18 inches — large, flat — 4 to 6 — large, white. Moderate bearer. Bellamy's Early Green Marrow — June 30 — 4£ to 5 ft. — long, straight, cylindrical — 6 to 7 — green or white. Good bearer, excellent. Sutton's Superb Green Marrow — July 14 — 5£ to 6 ft — flattish, nearly straight — 6 — large, green. Slightly harsh, moderate bearer. New indented Green Marrow — July 18 — 5 feet — (resembles Knight’s Green Marrow.) A good pea. Victoria Marrow — July 24 — 6 to 6£ ft. — nearly 4 inches long — gene¬ rally in pairs, straight, roundish — 6 to 8 — green. Good. Flack's New Large Victoria — July 2 — 2£ to 3 ft. — flattish, nearly straight — about 6 — blue or partly white. Peas large, pods me¬ dium. A good, dwarf, prolific variety. Bedman's Imperial— July 14 — 2£ to 3 ft. — slightly curved, roundish— 6 to 7 — large, blue. Valuable, prolific. New Imperial — June 20 — 3£ feet — small, cylindrical — blue. Infe¬ rior to many. McLean's Seedling — July 3 — 2 feet — large, nearly straight — very large, bluish. Excellent, prolific. British Queen — July 23 — 5 feet — large, straight, nearly round — about 7 — light green. Peas very large, good bearer. Gros Vert Normand — July 20 — 6 feet — slightly curved, flattish — 7 to 8 — bluish. Sugary, excellent, very productive. Fairbeard's Champion of England — June 30 — 5 feet — long, slightly curved — 7 to 8 — bluish. Sugary, very productive, excellent. Successful Treatment of Young Trees. As I promised to furnish you with an account of my management of fruit trees, I give you the fol¬ lowing : The soil on which I am forming my orchard, is gravelly, with some sand, and clay intermixed. A part is very fine gravel, and works easily; apart is coarser and stronger and will grow good corn. In the spring of 1848, I set out about one hundred trees, (mostly apple,) in the following manner: Large holes were dug, and a large farm wheel-barrow load of chip dirt, well rotted , put into each hole. The tree was then set by myself, carefully spreading out the roots with the hand, after having cut off the bruised parts with a sharp knife, and shortened back the top. A pail of water was dashed in as the earth was thrown in to settle it about the roots. The ground was planted with potatoes before the trees came, (which were received late in the season ;) the trees were carefull}r hoed during the summer, and now for the results: — All lived and grew finely but one cherry tree ; many grew a foot the first sea¬ son. In the fall, the ground received a heavy top- 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 173 dressing of manure, which was plowed under. The trees were earthed up, to prevent the mice from girdling them beneath the snow. In the spring of 1849, they were dug around for about 6 feet with a stout manure fork, the land plowed and sowed to onions, carrots, &c. The trees started vigorously, and grew till about the first of July, when the drouth was so severe that they ceased growing, the wood ripened well, scarcely making any second growth • the finest growth was about 15 inches on the ave¬ rage, some trees throwing out shoots 2 ft. in length. I intend to try some special manures upon them, and will give the results, if desired, at a future day, if life and health permit. In the spring of 1849, I set about 140 trees, and although the season was severe for newly planted trees in consequence of the drouth, I lost but one, and that was a cherry tree. They were set in a si¬ milar manner to those in 548, except that a compost of rich earth and well rotted manure was used in¬ stead of chip-dirt, and the trees were mulched with straw and coarse manure. The average growth was 6 to 8 inches j the land was planted to potatoes and corn; where corn was planted, 3 or 4 rows of pota¬ toes were planted next the trees. A hard strong hail injured the trees in the early part of the season, bruising them severely. In the fall, those set in ’49, were manured with a compost of leached ashes, muck, and well-rotted manure, with a small quantity of night soil, well mixed. About a bushel of this mixture was placed around each tree, which I intend to dig in this spring, as soon as the ground will do to work. The trees were all earthed up last fall, and I have not discovered any depredations of mice. The trees set are apple, pear and cherry. I am at a loss about pruning — ’but shall endeavor to form broad, spreading tops. If any one has had experience in the culture, pruning, &c. of young orchards, I should be glad to hear from such, through the columns of The Cultivator . J. Talcott. Rome , Oneida Co., N. Y., April 4. Manure for Fruit Trees. 11 What is the best manure for fruit trees, to spade or work in near the roots, of general application?” G. C. The following has been found, after several years experience, to constitute one of the best manures for fruit trees generally. A mixture of peat or swamp muck, with one-half to one-quarter of its bulk of stable manure, and about one-twentieih of leached ashes. These ingredients should lie in a heap together for a few weeks, and then be worked over. If for peach trees, the soap-suds from the laundry thrown over the heap will improve it. If for cherry trees, which will not bear high manuring, the proportion of peat or muck should be larger, and with less of yard manure and ashes. There are some other ingredients which may oc¬ casionally be added to advantage, as ground or dis¬ solved bones, night soil, &c., where a strong manure is needed. Profits of Fruit Culture. S. B. Parsons, in his recent address before the New Haven Horticultural Society, states that with¬ in a few miles of his residence there is an orchard of about 20 acres, producing $2000 a year, the ve¬ getables between the trees paying the cost of culti¬ vation — that the vineyards of Dr. Underhill, on Cro¬ ton Point, are said to yield a net profit of some $4000 per annum — that two cherry trees of his own yielded often, $30 — and that the net profits of the great Newtown Pippin orchard of R. L. Pell, at Esopus, are some $8000 per annum. Great Crop of Winter Squashes. A neighbor of mine raised last year (1849) a ve¬ ry remarkable crop of winter squashes. The seeds were mostly of the hybrid squash produced by a cross between the Seven Year Pumpkin and Green Flesh Melon, and originated in my garden in 1844, as de¬ scribed in your May number, 1848, page 150. The soil was a sandy loam highly fertilized with barn¬ yard manure, and the dressings of limestone, made by the preparation of building stone. The extent of ground occupied by this crop was 36 square rods, being a plat 9 by 4. This area includes the whole spread of the vines. The number of the fruit was about nine hundred. The weight of which was usually from about twenty to eighty-four pounds, of which last weight there were some three or four. The estimated average was forty pounds. This gives eighteen tons as the average of the whole crop, or one thousand pounds to the square rod, which would give twenty-five fruits of average size to each square rod, or about one squash to each 11 square feet. The yield of this small plot will be seen to be equal to eighty tons to the acre. A crop of beets or carrots of the same weight would amount to sixteen hundred bushels, estimating the bushel to weigh fifty pounds. I saw the squashes after they were gathered, and have no reason to suppose the weight was over-estimated, as I am accustomed to sell large quantities of this vegetable, and always sell them by weight. This prodigious crop is to be credited, partly to the quality of the soil, and part¬ ly to a long hot and dry summer, the crop being sa¬ ved from the extreme effects of drouth by subsoil water, at the depth of three or four feet. C. E. G. Utica, March, 1850. Trees of California. In FIartweg’s recently published account of his botanical tour in California in 1846, we find many interesting descriptions of the vegetable productions of that region, some of which cannot fail to inter¬ est our readers. The Californian Horse Chestnut, ( Pavia calif or- nica,) which must be in the highest degree orna¬ mental and showy, is thus described: — “ On the dry banks of the ravines, to the north¬ east of Monterey, the Californian horse chestnut is common. This extremely ornamental shrub or low tree rises to the height of twenty-five feet, is of a globular shape, and produces its fragrant whitish flowers of a delicate pink hue, in great abundance on spikes twelve inches long ; one of these spikes, which I had the curiosity to count, had more than 400 open flowers and buds upon it.” On the mountains, about 4,000 feet above the le¬ vel of the sea, he found the cones of the Pinus ma- crocarpa, or large-coned pine, measuring 15 inches in length, and growing on trees thirty or forty feet high. On the west flank of the great mountain range, the Abies bracteata was discovered, a re¬ markable fir, “ which attains the height of fifty feet, with a stem from twelve to ft f tee feet in dia¬ meter, one-third of which is clear of branches, and the remainder forming an elongated tapering pyra¬ mid, of which the upper part, for three feet is pro¬ ductive of cones.” The enormous growth of the forest trees in this region of the world, is strikingly exhibited in the Taxodium sempervirens , (known by the English names of Redwood and Bastard Cedar,) and in some 174 THE CULTIVATOR. May, species of the pine. The Taxodium is thus descri¬ bed:— “ In close forests it grows to an enormous size, averaging 200 feet in height, with a stem of six to eight feet in diameter, which is as straight as an ar¬ row, and clear of branches up to sixty or seventy feet. One tree, that is termed by the Americans “the giant of the forest,” is 270 feet high, with a stem measuring fifty-five feet in circumference at six feet from the ground. The bark of the redwood is from six to twelve inches thick, reddish and smooth ; the timber is of a beautiful red color, like pencil wood, fine, close grained, light, but brittle j it is well adapted for in and out door work, as the boards when seasoned, do not warp, nor is it attacked by insects. Large quantities of timber are annually exported to the Sandwich Islands; 1,000 feet of one inch boards, delivered on the beach at Santa Cruz, are worth 81.” Some of the gigantic pines were noticed in an at¬ tempted ascent of the snowcapped mountains in the early part of summer: — “Ascending the gradual ac- olivity, we left the region of the Pinus Sabiana, and entered that of Pinus Benthamiana, which seems to be the characteristic of the upper region. Some trees of this noble pine attain an enormous size. The largest I measured were 28 feet in cir¬ cumference [9 ft. diam.] and 228 feet high. Of equal dimensions is P . Lambertiana, which howev¬ er does not constitute masses by itself, but is thinly scattered among the former. The same is the case with a Thuja [arbor vitae] which rises to the height of 130 feet, by 12 or 15 in circumference.” The rapidity of vegetation under that cloudless sky, may be judged by the fact that during an absence of ten days from Monterey, bulbous flowers had dropped their blossoms, and fully ripened their seed. This ra¬ pidity is not much less, even in spring. “By the end of April, the prairies in the Sacramento Valley assu¬ med a different aspect ; 2 weeks ago, they w-ere a car¬ pet of flowers, which have now disappeared, and a yellow, sickly tinge pervades the whole.” “Most kinds had, during the fortnight since I first saw them in flower, ripened their seeds, and it was with diffi¬ culty I found a few grains of the beautiful little Lep- tosiphon aureus , and similar plants, which, between their taller neighbors, had almost become invisible.” Shipment of Fruit from Wayne County. We make the following extraet from Mr. Par¬ dee’s Address before the Wayne County (N. Y.) Ag. Society: We also learn what was to me an astonishing fact, that the offices in Wayne county, during the year 1848, cleared more dried fruit, by more than 30 per cent., than the entire state west of us, to and including Buffalo ; and also, more by 15 pr cent, than the entire state east of us. The offices west cleared 538,000 lbs. — those east, 610,000 lbs. — while Lyons and Palmyra cleared 708,000 lbs., or more than 30,000 bushels. This is indeed a noble tribute to the industry of the daughters of Wayne county ; (for the women and children do the most of this work;) for who can cal¬ culate the enormous amount of labor, in drying 150,- 000 bushels of apples, peaches and plums — this being the requisite amount to make the 30,000 bushels when dried. For several years past, the Palmyra office has cleared about 60,000 barrels of fine grafted apples per annum, or 150,000 bushels more of fruit; and if Lyons, Newark and Clyde together, send off as much more, (as they doubtless do from 50 to 100 per cent, more,) we then have the aggregate of 400,- 000 to 500,000 bushels of fruit, in a green and dried state, exported annually. Rose Cuttings. — One of the best methods of se¬ curing the success of these, is to stick the cutting about an inch deep into clean river sand — with pro¬ perly prepared soil about an inch below to receive the roots as soon as they strike. The clean sand prevents the roots from rotting. A correspondent of the Horticulturist succeeded with this when every other mode failed — and says he does not lose one in twenty. joints to Homtg Mm . A Letter ot Advice, FROM AN OLD FARMER OF HERKIMER COUNTY, TO A YOUNG MAN NOW IN VIRGINIA. As you lived with me, from a small boy to the time you was twenty-one, I claim the right to advise you. You should bear in mind that you are young, with¬ out property, and without wealthy or influential re¬ latives or friends to assist you ; and that your future prospects in life, both as to character and wealth, must depend entirely on your own exertions. Do not be discouraged on this account ; there is the more need of courage, perseverance and economy. There are many wealthy and influential farmers, particu¬ larly in western New-York and Ohio, who commen¬ ced with no more means than you have. They sa¬ ved a few hundred dollars, went in while the coun¬ try was new and land cheap, and grew into their present situation by their own industry and the im¬ provement of the country. You can do the same. The new states and territories offer an equal chance, and perhaps better, owing to the increased facility of travel, and the transportation of produce to mar¬ ket. One could hardly find a place now to locate, where he would not, in all probability, be reached in a few years, b}^ boats or cars propelled by steam. This was not formerly the case. Whether you are to be in a situation to support a family comfortably, and to bring up and educate your children well, or to have a scanty and precarious support from day’s work, is an important mat¬ ter to you, and now is the time to think of it, and make the necessary preparations; much depends on the course you take for the first three or four years. If you are industrious and prudent, and lay up mo¬ ney during this time, your chance will be good — while if you are slack and spend what you earn, your prospects will be bad ; your habits of thinking and acting during this time, will become so fixed that it will be hard to alter them. I speak of your family, because it is more than probable you will have one. “ Multiply and replenish ,” is a com¬ mand of holy writ. Your first object should be to establish for your¬ self a good moral character; without which you cannot expect to succeed well, and with it you can hardly fail of success. To effect this you should deal honorably and uprightly, keeping your word good on all occasions; be careful about making contracts and promises, but when made, fulfil them to the ve¬ ry letter. Be thorough and persevering, in whatever bu¬ siness you undertake, and engage in none but what is fair and honorable. Be careful and never do a dishonorable or a mean thing. Avoid law- suits; they are expensive, and 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 175 usually unprofitable, both in a pecuniary and moral point of view. Avoid gambling by all means; it is bad in itself, and will lead to many other vices. Be temperate in the use of intoxicating drinks; or what is much better, not use them at all. Avoid loose, drinking, gambling company, whe¬ ther they be rich or poor; whether they drink wine or whiskey. Habits acquired while young are hard to get rid of. Treat every one with respect, and all decent per¬ sons will respect you. Whenever you get a little money ahead, put it out in safe hands, on interest; better for the present to receive than to pay interest. If you have health, you can in a few years, lay up enongh to buy good land, in a new country, sufficient for a farm. Better not enter into speculation ; although some get rich by it, it is believed the majority fail. If a whole community should turn speculators, they would soon be in want of bread. Better to acquire wealth by the ordinary means of production. Better not buy horses and carriages, until you have use for them, and can make them profitable. The time to buy a thing, is when you really need it, cannot well do without it, can buy to good ad¬ vantage, make it profitable, and have the money to spare to pay for it. This you see, would exclude the purchase of pis¬ tols, bowie knives, watches, dogs, race-horses, &c. Young farmers in moderate circumstances, can get along without these things. I advise you to take a public newspaper. One from the city of New-York is best. You can get one for a dollar a year, (say the Evening Post or Tribune , as best suits your political views.) The postage is a mere trifle; and the money paid in this way will be worth to you twice the amount paid out for fiddling. Remember this; in our country, the man who does not read the papers is behind the times. They give a history of matters and things in general, as they daily transpire, and their reading keeps one up with the times. As you are farming, you had better take The Cultivator . Better to spend your leisure time reading than at cards. I am told you have taken, (in company with a partner,) a large farm and dairy on shares; if so, manage it thoroughly and with care and prudence. This will be both to your profit and credit. You, doubtless, have a written contract. Fulfil it in eve¬ ry respect; keep an exact and minute account be¬ tween the land owner and yourself. This will save trouble in making settlement, and will help to es¬ tablish your character as a correct business man ; while if your acoounts are loose and incorrect, you will have trouble in making settlement, and it will operate much to your disadvantage. A good char¬ acter as a business man, once established, is easily sustained, while it is hard to recover from a bad one. Remember that your only capital consists in your ability to labor, and in the improvemeut of your mind so as to turn your labor to good advantage; and that an honest, intelligent laboring man ought to be respected in any society, and is respected by all fair-minded men. Nature has so ordered it, that but “few men can be really great ” while every common-sense man can be honest, intelligent and industrious. I hope you will at least come up to this standard. In short, make up your mind to “do to others as you would wish them to do to youf and you will succeed. This is the essence of morality, and the best rule of politeness; adopt this rule, be industri¬ ous, go a-head, and all will be well with you. la ct0 anb ©jnnkms. ( Condensed from Books and Papers.) Raising Potatoes Cheaply. — The Michigan Farmer says that A. Z. Moore raises potatoes at small cost, as follows: — In planting, which is done while the plowing is progressing, the potatoes are dropped into every third furrow, the fourth furrow covering them. When up, the whole surface is har¬ rowed, killing weeds and not hurting -potatoes. A plow throws oui the potatoes in harvesting, and a fork removes all omitted by the plow. Steaming Chopped Food. — An English farmer, who keeps 90 head of cattle and horses, estimates that he saved thirty tons of hay in one year, by chopping and steaming a mixture of equal parts of hay and straw, and saving $270 worth of hay. The cost of the cutting and steaming was less than $20. Bees in Winter. — The New-Engldnd Farmer recommends the shading of bee-hives in winter, to prevent the bees becoming warmed into activity, and leaving the hive to be chilled to death on the snow — and also states that he has found by weigh¬ ing that bees consume honey much faster in the dry part of summer, when the flowers afford no honey, than in winter; that hives, kept uniformly cool in cellars, have scarcely lessened in honey through winter; and that the greatest losses have occurred where bee-sheds have faced the south, exposed al¬ ternately to hot sun, cold winds, and sharp nights. Loss of Heat. — By experiments made some years ago in Philadelphia, the following proportions of heat were radiated or thrown out into the room: Sheet iron stove with 42 ft. pipe, radiated 100 parts of heat, do do 13 “ “ 95 “ “ do do 5 “ “ 67 « U Cast 10 plate stove, 5 “ “ 45 “ U Open Franklin stove, 5 “ “ 37 “ (C Open coal grate, “ 18 “ 5C Common fire place, “ “ 10 “ u Close, and Liberal Feeding. — A. Todd Smithfield, R. Instates in the N. E. Farmer, that he had five cows pastured on a piece of land, but not feeling satisfied with the amount of feed they ob¬ tained, he sold one at the end of the year. He con¬ sequently found that the four yielded a greater nett profit than the five had done. “ Concluding in my mind,” says he, “that if four cows were more profitable than five, on the same principle three might be still better, (although I find no rule in “Adams” or “Smith” that supports this doctrine,) I accordingly disposed of another, and by taking a little extra pains with the three left, I churned more butter from the three than I had in any preceding year from the four or five.” Second-Growth Forests. — The same paper gives the experiment of John M. Weeks of Vt., who carefully excludes cattle from his woods, and allows the second growth to spring up freely where his fire wood has been. In a few years, the best and most thrifty of the young trees are trimmed up six feet, leaving about 800 or 1000 trees per acre. The va¬ lue and beauty of the eight acres thus covered with young growth, from one to seventeen years old, ex¬ hibits very strikingly the value of this trimming out. Two acres of this piece are young pines only six years old, and so vigorous and heavy is their growth, that he thinks there is more timber on the land than ever before, setting aside some of the largest pines. He intends to cut out soon about half of these young pines, leaving about 400 to the acre. Coarse Wool. — The Wool-Grower says that the present high price of coarse and medium wool, “is bringing in a large amount of foreign, and we should not be surprised if the importations this year should exceed at Least twenty millions.” 176 THE CULTIVATOR. May, LADY OIFFORD. Stock Cjtisbanbnj. Lady Gifford. The above figure is an excellent portrait of a mare, noticed in our last, as having been purchased by Mr. S. A. Gilbert, East Hamilton, N. Y., of Mr. Ingraham, Chester, Yt. We are informed that she was bred by Madison Aldredge, of Wea- thersfield, Yt. ,- was by the well-known horse Gifford Morgan, dam a bay mare owned by Mr. Aldredge. Her color is a dark chestnut, or brown. She has great depth and capacity of chest, and remarka¬ ble muscular development, combined with justness of proportion, which gives her great bottom and power. She has not yet been trained, but her natural action is of the right kind, and indicates .hat mature age and proper management only, are wanting to enable her show speed equal to the best. She has great spirit and fire, but withal so much intelligence and gentleness that a lady or child can safely drive her. Alderney breed of Cattle. In the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, in the English Channel, a breed of cattle has long existed, the cows of which have been much celebra¬ ted for the richness of their milk. This breed is said to have come originally from Normandy, France, where cattle of similar characters are still found. In the islands above mentioned, however, the breed has been of late years much improved, so that it is considered superior to the Norman stock. The improvement alluded to, has been produced chiefly by an association of farmers in Jersey. An account of the improvement effected by this society, has been given by Col. LeCouteur, in the fifth vo¬ lume of the Transactions of the Royal Agricultural Society. He states that these cattle were formerly ill-shaped, of poor constitutions, and great consu¬ mers in proportion to their weight. The farmers had looked only to the production of rich milk and butter, and the consequence was, that, though the cows gave good returns in this respect, they were less profitable than they might have been, had they possessed other valuable qualities, the union of which would not have detracted from their dairy produce. But these defects, we are told, have been in a great degree remedied. Col. LeC. observes — “ By hav¬ ing studied the habits of a good cow with a little more tendency to fatten than others, and crossing her with a fleshy well-conditioned bull of a stock that was also known to produce quantity and quali¬ ty of butter, the next generation has proved of a rounder form, with a tendency to make fat, without having lost the butyraceous nature.” For determining the comparative excellence of animals, the society have a “ scale of points” for bulls and another for cows, as follows: — Scale of Points for Bulls. P’ts. Art. I. Purity of breed on male and female sides, reputed for having produced rich and yellow butter, . 4 II. Head fine and tapering, cheek small, muz¬ zle fine and encircled with white, nos¬ trils high and open, horns polished, crum* 1850. 177 THE CULTIVATOR. ALDERNEY COW. pled, not too thick at the base, and ta¬ pering, tipped with black ; ears small, of of an orange color within, eye full and lively, . 8 III. Neck fine and lightly placed on the shoul¬ ders; chest broad, barrel hooped and deep, well ribbed home to the hips,.... 3 IV. Back straight from the withers to the set¬ ting on of the tail, at right angles to the tail. Tail fine, hanging two inches be¬ low the hock, . 3 V. Hide thin and moveable, mellow, well co¬ vered with soft and fine hair, . 3 VI. Fore-arm large and powerful, legs short and straight, swelling and full above the knee, and fine below it, . 2 VII. Hind quarters from the buckle to the point of the rump, long and well filled up ; the legs not to cross behind in walking, .... 2 VIII. Growth, . 1 IX. General appearance, . 2 Perfection, . 28 No prize shall be awarded to a bull having less than 20 points. Scale of Points for Cows and Heifers. P’ts. Art. I. Breed, on male and female sides, reputed for producing rich and yellow butter, .. 4 II. Head small, fine and tapering; eye full and lively. Muzzle fine and encircled with white; horns polished and a little crum¬ pled, tipped with black; ears small, of an orange color within, . . . 8 III. Back straight from the withers to the set¬ ting on of the tail ; chest deep, and near¬ ly on a line with the belly, . 4 IV. Hide thin, moveable, but not too loose. well covered with fine soft hair, . ' 2 V . Barrel hooped and deep, well ribbed home, having but little space between the ribs and hips; tail fine, hanging two inches below the hock, . . . 4 VI. Fore legs straight and fine, thighs full and long, close together when viewed from behind ; hind legs short, and bones rather fine; hoof small; hind legs not to cross in walking, . 2 VII. Udder full, well up behind; teats large and squarely placed, being wide apart; milk veins large and swelling, . 4 VIII. Growth, . 1 IX. General appearance, . 2 Perfection for cows, . 30 Two points shall be deducted from the number re¬ quired for perfection on heifers, as their udder and milk veins cannot be fully developed. A heifer will therefore be considered perfect at 28 points. No prize shall be awarded to cows or heifers hav¬ ing less than 21 points. Some of the improved variety of this breed, are said to possess nearly every good point in the scale, and they are, at the same time, fully equal to the old stock for the dairy-— some giving fourteen pounds of butter in a week, and ten pounds being common through the spring and summer months. We commend the above rules to the attention of our dairymen. With the exception of one point, a “thin skin,” we approve them. For our severe cli¬ mate, a skin of considerable substance is indispen¬ sable, though it should be mellow, and as the rule says, “well covered with soft hair.” Alderney cows have at various times been import¬ ed into this country; but we have not heard of the introduction of any of the improved variety descri¬ bed by Col. Le Couteur. They are doubtless much superior to the old stock in form and constitution. The old breed has not, generally, sufficient hardi¬ ness for the climate of the northern section of our country. Pedigrees of Short-Horns. Eds. Cultivator — In the January No. of The Cultivator for 1850, is a letter from Mr. Chapman, giving a part of Mr. Bates’ letter to the publisher of the print of his bull, Duke of Northumberland, in which Mr. Bates says he has the whole of the Duchess family in his possession, and that they are superior to all other tribes of Short-horns. Now I propose examining the pedigree of this bull, Duke of Northumberland, to see how much Duchess blood he has. For this purpose, I copy his pedigree from the Herd-book: 178 THE CULTIVATOR. May, “ Duke of Northumberland (1940,) roan, calved Oct. 15, 1835, bred by and the property of Mr. T. Bates; got by Belvidere (1706,) d. Duchess 34th by Belvidere (1706,) gr. d. Duchess 29th by Second Hubback (1423,) gr. gr. d. Duchess 20th by the 2d Earl (1511) gr. gr gr. d. Duchess 8th, by Marske (418,) gr. gr. gr. gr. d. Duchess 2d by Ketton 1st, gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. d. Duchess 1st, bred by C. Colling by Comet (155,) gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. d. by Favorite (252,) gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. d. by Daisy Bull (186,) gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. d. by Favorite (252,) gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. d. by Hubback, (319,) gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. d. bought by C. Colling from Stan- wix, by James Brown’s Red Bull, (97.)” Now we will count the cow bought from Stanwix as “ pure Duchess;” when she had a calf by Hub- back, the produce was half; the first produce of Fa¬ vorite was a quarter; the produce by Daisy bull was an eighth ; the second produce by Favorite was a sixteenth; the produce by Comet was one thirty-se¬ cond part; the produce of Marske (418) is one six¬ ty-fourth part ; the first produce of Belvidere, Du¬ chess 34th, is one one hundred and twenty-eighth part; and the second produce of Belvidere is one two hundred and fifty-sixth part. That is, the Duke of Northumberland had but one part Duchess blood, while he had two hundred and fifty-five parts of other blood. In this estimate I did not count some fractions, but they would have given him even less Duchess blood than the estimate above, had they all been counted. Now if Duke of Northumberland weighed two thousand and forty pounds, he had but eight pounds of “ Duchess tribe” in him. But I suppose this is enough to brag on. I heartily concur with Mr. Chapman in the hope that some of our enterprising breeders will import some of the best of Mr. Bates’ herd; but as .to the u pure, unalloyed Duchess tribe,” there is no such thing in existence. But I do not consider Mr. Bates’ stock any the less valuable on that account. The Oxford premium cow owed her excellence to the union of several tribes; particularly to the Princess, Daisy and Duchess tribes. None of the tribes have been, nor can they be kept “ pure and unalloyed ” for any length of time, without endangering their health, thrift and productiveness. Mr. Bates’ stock, if equal to their reputation, would be a great acquisition to the breeders of Short-horns in Ame¬ rica, particularly in those localities where the breeder was near market. But a circumstance men¬ tioned in his letter to the publisher of the print of the Duke of Northumberland, is indicative of great tenderness, or bad travelling, perhaps both. In that letter he says, Duke of Northumberland, in travel¬ ing twenty-six days, lost 392 pounds, or more than fifteen pounds a day. I suppose he was driven mo¬ derately, with great care. If his stock should in¬ herit this quality, they would be in a sad plight, when driven to market from Kentucky to New- York! However, I should like to have some of them; I would risk their travelling to nearer markets. Mr. Bates has been very particular in using the best blood, and in that way, has kept up the excel¬ lence and reputation of his stock. For this he has been largely indebted to the Daisy tribe, which I have not seen mentioned either in his or any other publication, and have been at a loss to account for the omission. His first Duchess cow, purchased in 1804, was by Daisy Bull (186,) and all his Duchess tribe are descended from her. So he began with half Daisy blood. That the Daisy tribe were equal in England in 1810, in the estimation of purchasers, is evident in the fact that at Mr. Charles Collings’ great sale, a cow of that tribe (Lilly) sold for four hundred and ten guineas— ten guineas more than any cow of any other tribe. And that they still kept up their reputation in' 1831, is proved by a certificate of George Coats, keeper of the English Herd-book. After giving the pedigree of Bertram (1716,) a bull of the Daisy tribe, (brought to America by Col. Powel, and brought to Kentucky by David Sutton,) he says: — “ This bull combines more perfection in form, handling, and dairy qualities, than any bull I ever saw. I consider him very much superior to old Comet, bred in my neighborhood, and sold by public auction for one thousand guineas.” Mr. Stevens, in the August number of The Cul¬ tivator, says that 3d Duke of Cambridge — “ is the only bull in America got by Mr. Bates’ ‘ crack prize ’ bull, Duke of Northumberland.” Now Locomotive (4242,) was not only got by Mr. Bates’ u crack prize ” bull Duke of Northumberland, but his dam was Mr. Bates’ “ crack prize ” cow Oxford. Lo¬ comotive was brought to Kentucky by Mr. Letton. Whilst I am writing, I will notice an error of Mr. Stevens, published in the American Herd-Book, p. 68. He says, in regard to Mr. Bates’ stock, — ‘‘Up to the introduction of Belvidere to his herd, he had adhered to his Duchess blood entirely, (except in the case of two or three cows put to Marske,) and produced a disposition to sterility. * * * * since 1831, Mr. Bates has used that blood, a union of the Duchess and Princess tribes, mainly, and has only resorted to any other in one instance, viz: Cleve¬ land Lad.” Mr. Bates has used other blood in many instances ; a few of which I will notice. Look at 3d vol. Eng¬ lish Herd-Book, page 355, you will see that the Duke of Cleveland was calved in 1831, bred by T. Bates, and got by Bertram (1716,) a bull of the Daisy tribe. In 1833, Duchess 35th was calved (p. 354,) by Gambier (2046;) Gambier was by Bertram (1716,) his dam of Mr. Charge’s stock. In 1835, Duchess 38th was calved, got by Norfolk (2377,) a bull of Mr. Whitaker’s breeding (p. 356.) In 1833, the Matchem cow had a cow calf by Gambier, and in 1834, a cow calf Oxford by Duke of Cleveland (1937;) both these bulls were by Bertram (1716,) (p. 494.) I deem it unnecessary to multiply cases, as these are sufficient. I think Mr. Stevens is also mistaken in saying — “ the pedigree of the Princess tribe of Short-horns, traces farther back than any one recorded in the Herd-Book;” but presume the reasoning by which I come to this conclusion would be uninteresting. Mr. Bates says in his letter to Mr. Vail, (published in the Agriculturist 1848, p. 125,) — “ No animals of the Princess tribe can now be had in England, worth sending to America, except what I have, des¬ cended from the Matchem cow, the dam of your Wellington ; and that tribe was only preserved by putting the Matchem cow to bulls of my Duchess family.” * * * “ I have been thus particular to let you know how highly I prize this tribe, the only one left of any value from the Princess tribe of cows.” Thus it appears that according to Mr. Bates’ opinion, he had all the Duchess tribe, and all the Princess tribe, that was worth anything. Notwith¬ standing Mr. Bates’ opinion, given above, I have no doubt the cattle imported by Mr. Stevens, of the Princess tribe of Short-horns, are really fine. S. D. Martin. (Near) Colbyville, Ky., March, 1850. Time for Heifers Calving. — A late English writer considers it a matter of great importance, that heifers should be so managed as to have their first calf late in spring, when there is an abundance of succulent food, inducing a large supply of milk. This is much better than to have them come in early in spring, when they have dry food only. The habit at first formed is apt to remain with them, and if they commence by giving a good supply of milk, they are apt to be good milkers afterwards. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 179 $l)e Jcirmer 0 Jfote^Uook. Culture of Indian Corn. Eds. Cultivator — Although not engaged, at present, in agriculture, I am not an indifferent spectator of its progress, and have witnessed with pleasure the success of several quite different modes of cultivating Indian corn. As the season for planting is now close at hand, I will call the atten¬ tion of your readers to a point in the cultivation of that crop, which if known, is not duly appreciated, and therefore much neglected. I mean the early culture of the plant. All intelligent farmers know that a deep, rich, dry and warm soil is the most suitable for corn, (and by deep plowing and manuring, most soils may be made so,) but they are not so unanimous in the belief of the benefit of deep plowing for corn, because good crops are occasionally grown on rich soils, and in favorable seasons, with shallow plowing. The va¬ lue of barn-yard manure to corn, may be inferred from the fact that even on some of the fertile lands of the west, already too rich for other cereal crops, the corn crop is benefitted by it, and it is the only grain crop to which it can be applied there with pro¬ fit. Deep plowing of a rich soil, is then the first step in corn culture, as it best secures the crop against injury from parching drouth, as well as ex¬ cessive rains, and furnishes a wider range for the roots to seek their nourishment. The soil should be well pulverised by the harrow, and marked out care¬ fully for planting into drills about 3 inches deep, un¬ less the surface is very level, and liable to be flooded by rains. Plenty of seed should be used, so as to ensure at least two, but never more than three thrifty plants in each hill. The spaces between the rows must vary with the kind of corn planted. The speedy germination of the seed, and the rapid and vigorous development of the young plant, exert an important influence on it, during the whole period of its subsequent growth to maturity ; therefore, to hasten germination, the seed may be steeped over night in some fertilizing li¬ quid, and rolled in gypsum or guano; or a little well rotted manure or compost may be put into the hill with the seed; and as seeds germinate most readily in fresh plowed ground, it is desirable that the plow¬ ing and other preparation of the ground, and the planting, should be done with as much despatch as is consistent with having it done well. The seed should not be steeped unless it is to be planted in fresh plowed or moist soil. The best time for planting in this neighborhood is from the 10th to the 20th of May. If the plowing and other preparation of the ground has been well done, and the corn is planted, it may be said truly of the cul¬ tivation, that — “Well begun, is half done.” As soon as the young plant is well up, start the cultivator, and run it as near the rows as possible; or if the plowing has not been thoroughly done, a small plow may be used for this first dressing, turn¬ ing the earth away from the plants. Then with po¬ tato hooks or similar implements, stir the soil around and between the plants, which will destroy a whole generation of weeds in embryo ; now drop a spoon- full of gypsum on every hill. This first early dres¬ sing promotes the growth of the young plants, and gives them the start of the succeeding crop of weeds ; and while your neighbor is “waiting,-” as he says, “ for his corn to get big enough to hoe,” yours will call loudly for a second dressing. His will be sickly, pale and spindling, in consequence of its struggle with the grass and weeds, which have nearly sup¬ planted it; while the large stem, the broad leaf, and the deep green color of yours, will indicate its healthy and vigorous growth. With double the la¬ bor, he cannot now half destroy the weeds; and by the time “ his corn,” as he says, “ is big enough for hilling,” you may with less labor have given yours three and even four dressings with the cultiva¬ tor and hoe — during which time its growth has been rapid, and it will be “setting for ears.” Keep the surface nearly level, and “earth up” slightly round the plants. The more the earth is stirred the bet¬ ter, especially during dry weather, and the cultiva¬ tion should be continued till it “sets for ears,” when it will so cover the ground as to arrest the further growth of weeds. And now some gypsum should be sown over it broadcast, and the labor of cultiva¬ tion is ended. The following advantages result from this mode of cultivation. It increases the quantity and qua¬ lity of the corn; it leaves the land clean, and pre¬ pares it for wheat or any other succeeding crop, or grass, as well, if not better, than a naked fallow; it hastens the maturity of the corn so that it may be cut up the last of August or first of September, in season for sowing wheat ; it may be husked and the stalks housed before the autumnal rains set in, and finally, (best of all) it is the most profitable. Seed-corn should be gathered in the field before the main crop is harvested. The largest of twin ears, and those of earliest maturity should be select¬ ed. Instead of deteriorating, corn may be much improved by this method. I omitted to state in its proper place, that at the second dressing the plants should be thinned out to three in a hill. A. D. G. Troy , N. Y., April. “A Little Land Well Tilled.” Eds. Cultivator — Farmers are very liable to err in cultivating too much land. They make their calculations to sow and plant so many acres, with¬ out taking into account the quantity of manure they have to apply, or the amount of labor they can be¬ stow. This not only subjects them to much haste and inconvenience, but their crops are not cultiva¬ ted as they otherwise would be, and the land is not left in so good condition when it is laid down to grass. There is still greater folly on the part of some, in the desire to increase their estates by the purchase of more land, when their system of half cultivation should admonish them that they had better sell than buy. “What is worth doing is worth doing well.” This should be the motto of farmers in the performance of all their work. A small farm well cultivated, is better than a large one half cultivated. Any one that has a good kitchen garden can see how profita¬ ble land may be that is manured and cultivated tho¬ roughly. Pursue the same course in all land cultiva¬ ted, and the profit would be in proportion. The majority of farmers do not know experimentally what an acre can be made to produce. Mechanics in our villages, and those that own but little land, generally manage to make that very productive. An illustration of what may be done on a small piece of land, came under my observation last fall, during a sojourn of a few days with a friend, in one of our manufacturing villages. About three years since, he purchased a piece of land for a house lot, its area not exceeding half an acre. After build¬ ing, he laid oift his ground, and planted some peach trees, two or three kinds of cherry and plum trees, some dwarf pear trees, a few choice apple trees, grape and strawberry vines, and currant and white 180 May. THE CULTIVATOR. raspberry bushes. On the remainder, besides hav¬ ing borders for plants and flowers, (by the way, I thought his household flowers the most interesting,) he raises all the vegetables necessary for family consumption. Some of the trees have already com¬ menced bearing,- he has a supply of strawberries, currants and raspberries in their season, and in a few years, will probably have a plenty of fruit, much better than can be obtained in market, because nicer and fresher, and the cost of it will be merely nomi¬ nal. The most of the labor of planting and culti¬ vating this ground has been done in spare moments, redeemed from the engrossing cares of manufactur¬ ing. This shows what can be done with small means, even when the cares of business leave but little lei¬ sure. Examples of this kind are becoming more numerous, as there is an increasing interest mani¬ fested in rural pursuits. Thorough cultivation is be¬ coming better understood and appreciated, and the example of good cultivators has a great influence over the careless aud negligent. W. L. Eaton. Weare, N. H. How to Prevent the mi timely Sitting of Hens. Eds. Cultivator — It is the sentiment of some benevolent persons, that hens should always be per¬ mitted to sit when they are disposed to do so. If they were in a state of nature, this would undoubt¬ edly be a safe rule, as they would then hatch one, and perhaps at most two broods. But the hen, when domesticated, and fed artificially, becomes a factitious being, and is no longer governed by natu¬ ral instinct merely, as in her wild state. Every one familiar with the breeding of fowls, well knows that they will sit, if permitted, in almost every month of the year. Fancy breeders may have the time and patience to take care of a brood of young chickens in January ; but the farmer, who must have a constant eye to profit, cannot. Chickens, in cen¬ tral New-York, should never be hatched later than the first of September. I once had a brood of six¬ teen chickens, hatched the middle of September, many of which died of a cold chill on the 2d of De¬ cember, although they were treated with ordinary care. The ordinary notion, that late chickens lay earlier than early chickens, is, I half think, true. It seems at first, sight, physiologically improbable. Possibly the reason may be, that they do not become so fat as earlier chickens. It becomes a question of interest then to every farmer, how he can most cheaply and readily pre¬ vent the sitting of hens at untimely seasons. The following suggestions, which I saw substantially in some book, many years since, will bear repetition. I have myself practiced them for five or six years, and know their value. The treatment consists in putting the hen wishing to sit, in close quarters, where she has light, food and water, but. no straw, and where she can see her associates. Three or four days confinement here will be sufficient. She may then be liberated, and will soon begin to lay again. I use for this purpose, a sort of lattice, made by nailing two or three dozen ordinary house laths across two or three poles or strips of board eight feet long. This is set leaning against the side of the barn, in some roomy place, with the ends stop¬ ped up. This is cheaper and more effectual than any other. To dip a hen into cold water, at a time when nature has thrown her into a fever, is often in¬ jurious to her health; and to tie a red or white rag to dangle behind her, thus making her alternately the terror and laughing stock of the whole barn¬ yard, is not generous. A. M. Live-Stock Insurance. The “ American Live-Stock Insurance Company, ” incorporated by the Legislature of the state of In¬ diana, publish the following classes of hazards and rates of annual premiums: Bates for Horses. — 1st. Horses employed for agricultural purposes, under $125 per head in value, . 3 pr cent. 2d. Over $1.25 and under $200, . “ 3d. Hackney, gig and carriage horses, under $200 pr head in value, for country, . 3£ “ do do for city, . 5 “ 4th. Dray horses, for general use, under $200 per head in value, . 5 « 5th. Horses, $200 per head and upwards in value, for coun¬ try, . 5 “ “ “ “ in city, 5£ “ 6th. Stallions, of under $200 in value, . 6 xford and 3d Duke of Cambridge. I brought 3d Duke of Cam¬ bridge to America, and this left but one son of Duke of Northumber¬ land, (1940,) at Mr. Bate^5, and Mr. Bates did not in his lifetime part with that son. I designed to place before breeders the fact, that there is in this country but one bull, the get of Mr. Bates’ best bull, and that if they wish the blood of Mr. Bates’ they could no where else in America, than from Cambridge, get Mr. Bates' blood , through the particular channel of a resembling and superior son of Mr. Bates’ best bull, Duke of Northumberland, (1940.) The last sentence of the paragraph which I have quoted from my August article, is this : — “ Breeders desiring the blood of Mr. Bates, can no where else in this country procure it with such high charac¬ teristics of style, quality, symmetry and substance.” This sentence is the text ; its disproval the object of Mr. Chapman’s whole article. Never was an unfortunate sentence so misconstrued. In an article printed In Canada, it is made the basis on which to charge me with having asserted, “ that from Mr. Sherwood, [through 3d Duke of Cambridge,] and from him alone, the Duchess blood can be procur¬ ed ” [in this country.] In letters addressed to others, and by the re¬ ceivers shown to me, this sentence is made to mean, “ that the 3d Duke of Cambridge possesses more of Mr. Bates’ Dutchess blood than any other bull in America,” and I am charged by its use with so saying , and designing so to say. Mr. Chapman makes it mean the same thing, but does so by way of inference, or deduction. His words are : — ■ No one will deny, that if any one animal from a herd possesses the power of imparting to his produce ‘ higher characteris¬ tics of style, quality, symmetry and substance,’ than any other ani¬ mal from the same herd, he must possess more of the choice blood of that particular herd. To question this, is at once doubling the effica¬ cy of blood animals.” That is, my position, if it be true, must be true, because 3d Duke of Cambridge has more of Mr. Bates’ choice blood than any other bull in America. This is the meaning which, by deduction Mr. Chapman places on my words. Having done this, he proceeds to prove, by quoting Mr. Bates’ opinions, in his own words, from public printed letters, that the choice blood of his herd, in Mr. Bates’ opinion, is the Duchess blood. No one ever doubted that this was his opinion, who either knew Mr. Bates or had read his printed or private letters. I know such was his opinion. Mr. Chap¬ man then gives from the 4th vol. of the Herd Book the pedigrees of 3d Duke of Cambridge, and Mr. Vail’s Duke of Wellington, and by these pedigrees shows that Cambridge has by his sire one cross of Duchess blood, and that Wellington has two by his sire and the sire of his dam. The precise quantity which Mr. Chapman gives to each is }, i. e. 2-8, of Duchess blood, to Cambridge, and 3-8 to Wellington ; and therefore he concludes, that Wellington must be a better bull than Cambridge. Logical conclusion! Now all this shows a total want of knowledge of breeding and of pedigrees in general ; and in in special of the particular pedigrees which Mr. C. gives of the ani¬ mals under his consideration. But to explain this as to the pedigrees, would require too much space noio, and I pass it. If Mr. Chapman be correct, then it would be true that a bull got by one of Mr. Bates’ Dutchess bulls, dam by a Dutchess bull, grand- dain, a poor roadside tack, would be a better getter — would impart more ‘ high characteristics of style, quality, symmetry and sub¬ stance ’ — than a bull got by a Duchess bnll, out of a pure, full bred, stylish, shorthorn cow, of another approved tribe. Such an absurdi¬ ty no one, I think, would maintain, save Mr. C. and those who helped him to produce his article. On Mr. Chapman’s rule, if sires have each the same amount of Duchess blood, they would possess and impart equal “ style, quality, symmetry and substance.” Yet no two full brothers were ever equally good animals and equally good getters. Duke of Northum¬ berland, [1940,] and 2d Duke of Northumberland, [3646,] were full brothers. The first was superior as an individual, and very superior as a getter. The last was far inferior to his brother as an individual ; far inferior as a getter. The 3d and 4th Dukes of Northumberland were full brothers and twins. The 3d Duke Mr. Bates never used ; he was far inferior, both as an individual and as a getter, to the 4th Duke. The 3d and 4th Dukes had more Duchess blood than their half-brother Duke of Northumberland, (1940,) and were far, veryfar, inferior to the Duke of Northumberland, as individuals and as get¬ ters. Mr. Vail’s Duke of Wellington, (3654,) has more Duchess blood than his half brother Locomotive, (4242,) and yet Locomotive was a far better animal and better getter than Wellington. Mr. Har¬ vey’s bull, (6658,) son of Locomotive, a distinguished winner even in Great Britain, is vastly superior to any thing ever got by Welling¬ ton. Duke of Cleveland, (1937,) the sire of the dam of Mr. Vail’s Duke of Wellington, (3654,) was a Duchess bull, and was so inferi¬ or, that Mr. Bates says of him, “this bull never exceeded in weight forty stones of fourteen pounds per stone, when above three years old;” that is, 560 pounds, deadweight; not half the proper weight of a merely fair animal of that age. (See the London New Farmer’s Journal, Aug. 8, 1842.) Duke of Northumberland, (1940,) at the same age, weighed, live weight, 2520 lbs. Sink one-third live weight, and his dead weight would be 16S0 pounds ; just three limes the weight of Duke of Cleveland. Could any thing be more despicable than the Duke of Cleveland, (1937)? Yet, he had more Duchess blood than Duke of Northumberland, (1940,) by one-half. The second best bull, as an animal, ever bred by Mr. Bates, in his opinion, was the first Duke of Cambridge, (3638,) a full brother of 3d Duke of Cambridge, and winner of the head prize in his class at the show of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, in 1840 — an animal for which he was offered more money than for any other, ex¬ cept Duke of Northumberland, (1940.) And yet 1st Duke of Cam¬ bridge had only one-fourth as much Duchess blood as Duke of Cleve¬ land, (1937.) 1st Duke of Cambridge was refused to Earl Spencer by Mr. Bates, at a very large price, and when sold to go to Austra¬ lia, Mr. Bates said of him, “ He is too good a bull to remain in Eng¬ land, out of my own herd.” And so he was exported at twenty-one months old. Mr. Bates’ Duchess bull, Short-tail, (2621,) the sire of Mr. Vail’s Duke of Wellington, had more Duchess blood than Bel¬ vedere, (1706,) for Belvedere had none; and yet Short-tail was an inferior animal, deficient in every point, except his brisket and his handling, and was at best only a moderate getter ; while Belvedere, (1706,) was magnificent as an animal, and the best getter that Mr. Bates ever used, and was the sire of the best animals he ever bred. Mr. Renick, the agent of the Ohio Cattle Company, who went to England to purchase for them, said of Belvedere, that “ lie was the best and finest bull he ever saw in England or America.” The best cow which I saw in Mr. Bates’ herd was a Duchess, and was not got by a Duchess bull; but was by Belvedere, (1806.) The poorest of the whole herd was a Duchess, and ivas got by a Duchess bull. An¬ other Duchess cow, got by a Duchess bull , was a very superior cow. The two last were equal in Duchess blood ; and yet, their pro¬ duce were like themselves — from the superior one, superior, from the inferior one, inferior. Oxford premium cow, the dam of Mr. Vail’s imported Duke of Wellington, (3654,) was got by Duke of Cleveland, (1937.) Her half-sister, Oxford 2d, was got by Short-tail, (2621.) Short-tail and Duke of Cleveland had the same precise amount of Duchess blood, and of course Oxford premium cow and her half-sister Oxford, 2d, had also the same precise amount of Duchess blood. Yet Mr. Bates ne¬ ver kept on his place any thing out of Oxford premium cow, which he could sell ; never used a bull out of Oxford premium cow, for any purpose, even to get steers. Yet he never sold an animal out of Ox¬ ford 2d. at all — and in a letter to Mr. Vail, printed in the American Agriculturist, he says he would not sell her produce, of which he then had four, for five hundred guineas [$2,500] each ; nor, indeed, would he sell them at any price. The full brother and the sons of Oxford, 2d he used to his whole herd, except herself and her daughters. And Mr. Bates was right ; for Oxford 2d, and all her produce, are vastly superior to Oxford premium cow and her produce. Mr. Vail commissioned me, when in England, to select from Mr. Bates’ herd a young bull. I could not get for him such a one as I approved, at a suiting price ; and I did not, therefore, execute the commission. Mr. Bates offered me, for Mr. Vail, a bull calf, by 2d Beverly, (5963,) — (a good Duchess bull) — dam Oxford, 4th, by Duke of Northumberland, (1940.) grand-dam , Oxford premium cow; but a regard for Mr. Vail’s interest made me refuse the offer, though the price suited. I saw the calf's dam; I saw Mr. Bates’ opinion, as shown by his practice, and acting accordingly, refused the calf. I have cited these peculiar examples, to show by animals having Duchess blood, the utter absurdity of Mr. Chapman’s notions of breeding. I have compared animals to show his errors, and he set me the example. I have confined myself, in my comparisons, to the blood that he selects for his comparisons, and have, like Mr. C., quo¬ ted Mr. Bates’ opinions, as printed, and his practical ones, as shown by his breeding. Having refuted the positions of Mr. Chapman, shown him in error, and proved that ray position may be true, and not in consequence of the reasons he assigns, let me state what my words so often quoted, do mean, and what they only can be made to mean, by any construc¬ tion of the sentence. I mean, and only mean that 3d Duke of Cam¬ bridge will impart Mr. Bates’ blood, in some degree, more or less ; that in himself he is [he bull having the most “style, quality, sym¬ metry and substance,” of all the bulls that have ever come to Ame¬ rica from Mr. Bates' herd ; that he will get produce with more “style, quality, symmetry, and substance,” than any bull from Mr. Bates’ herd in America. Now I mean this, and nothing more ; and not that he had or would impart more Duchess blood. 190 THE CULTIVATOR. May, Mr. Chapman does not pretend to deny my positions, when con¬ strued as I have here set them forth. He makes another issue. I ad¬ mit that Mr. Vail’s Wellington has more Duchess blood than Cam¬ bridge. I never thought he had not ; never said he had not ; and ne¬ ver wrote or spoke a sentence that would in any manner, directly or indirectly, indicate such a thing ; and but from misconception or de¬ sign, I never would have been charged, directly or by deduction, with the assertion, that “ from Mr. Sherwood, and from him alone , the Duchess blood can be procured,” nor with the assertion, direct or consequential, “ that Cambridge has more Duchess blood than any bull of Mr. Bates’ breeding in America.” Mr. Chapman institutes a comparison between Mr. Vail’s animals and Cambridge, in point of Duchess blood , giving pedigrees. I could investigate these pedigree, and will hereafter. He wisely makes no comparison between those animals in their physical character. I could, but will not now , though I will hereafter. I will merely say, that excellence in the physical animal consists of “ style, quality and substance,” and excellence in blood consists in having good blood, unmixed with bad blood ; and as like begets like, it is necessary that animals should have their descent , not only from pure blood , but from animals ivho were characterised by physical excellence. I know Mr. Bate’s herd, and certainly am not to be instructed in the excellence of Mr. Bates’ Duchess tribe, by those who have never seen a single animal of it. Mr. Chapman has stated matters to which I now make no allusion, but I beg to assure him that I will return to them here¬ after, when it will be more proper to discuss them than now, and when I shall not be charged, as I have been, with views and purpo¬ ses which I have never entertained. A. STEVENS. May 1, 1850— It. Sir Charles. THIS fine young horse, owned by Titcomb & Waldron, of Wa- A terford, N. Y., will be kept this season by Philip R. Argotsin- ger, one mile from Johnstown, Fulton county, N. Y. He was got by Morse’s Grey, dam a Messenger mare. May 1, 1850— 2t. _ _ The Thorough- tored Imported Horse Leopard, "O RED by the Duke of Bedford, is pronounced by the best judges in Canada and the States, as being superior to any blood horse ever imported from England. This horse will stand for mares at J LAPJIAM’S. For pedigree, &c., See., see English Stud book, and the Racing Calendar for 1846 — also, advertisement in The Cultivator for 1859. Terms $7 service, $10 season, $15 insurance. Peru, Clinton Co., May 1, 1850— 2t. O. K. LAPHAM & CO. The Old Gifford Morgan, 'THE highest blooded Morgan Stallion now remaining, will x stand the coming season at the stable of Benjamin Gates, in Walpole, N. H. Terms $25. $5 of which to be paid at the time of service, and the remaining $20 if the mare prove in foal. Pasturage furnished on reasonable terms. A- ARNOLD, Walpole, May 1 — 5t.* Agent for the Proprietors. The Morgan' Stallion CLIFFORD MORG AN, JR., will be four years old May 29, 1850. ^ Was sired by Gifford Morgan, G. sire, Woodbury Morgan, G. G. sire, Justin Morgan. His dam was sired by Sherman Morgan, and he by Justin Morgan. The G. dam of Gifford Jr., was sired by Justin Morgan. This combines in Gifford Morgan, Jr., more of the Morgan blood ihan is possessed by any other Stallion in this State. In color, size, form, and action, he closely resembles his sire. He will be kept on my farm at $10 for each colt. E MARKS. Fairmouut, Onondaga Co., April 15, 1850. — It.* Morgan Horse General Gifford, THIS justly celerated horse will stand the coming season at Lodi Village, Seneca County, N. Y. He was got by Old Gifford Mor¬ gan, out of a pure Morgan mare. In his size, color, form and ac¬ tion, he closely resembles his distinguished sire, and is one of the ve¬ ry best specimens of this invaluable race of horses. Terms of insurance, $12. Good pasture provided at the usual rates, and all noeessary atten¬ tion given to mares from a distance. Accidents and escapes at the risk of the owners. May 1, 1850— 3t. _ CHARLES W. INGERSOLL. Morse’s Grey. THIS celebrated horse will stand the ensuing season at the stable * of James Rice, in Spiegletown, three miles north of the village of Lansingburgh He is a beauiiful dapple grey, 15f hands high, strongly and finely proportioned ; has trotted his mile in two minutes and fifty seconds ; is a square trotter, and combines first-rate trotting qualities, and great powers of endurance, with unsurpassed gentle¬ ness and docility. His colts are justly celebrated for speed, bottom and good temper, are eagerly sought after in the market, and com¬ mand prices varying from $150 to $500. The very high reputation of his stock as road horses, and the ex¬ traordinary prices they command, render him by far the most profit¬ able horse to breed from of any in the country. Gentlemen sending mares from a distance, may rest assured that they will have such attendance and keeping as the owners desire, and upon the most reasonable terms. The horse will be under the charge of his former owner, Mr. Calvin Morse. Terms, $10. Insurance to be agreed upon. Communications addressed I. T. GRANT, P. M., Junction, Rens¬ selaer county, will receive prompt attention. May 1, 1850 — 2t. The Well known Hunter and STEEPLE CHASE HORSE, WAXY POPE.— This celebrated imported horse will stand for mares the ensuing season, at the stable of the subscriber, 2£ miles west of the village of Fonda. The season will close Juiy 4th. Terms— $10 the season. Insurance by agreement. Pedigree. — Old Waxy, the sire of WAXY POPE, was by Sir F. Pool’s Waxy ; his dam Prunella, (also, the dam of Penelope, Para¬ sol, Podargus, Pioneer, Pawn, Pope Goan, Picquet and Prudence, the best of their day at New-Market,) by Highflyer ; great dam Promise by Juap, Julia by Blank : great dam by Partner— Sir F. Pool’s Waxy was by Pot-8-o’s, the best bred son of Eclipse, his dam Maria by King Herod, grand dam Jisette by Juap ; Swordsman, the s;re of the dam of Waxy Pope, was by the Duke of Grafton’s Prize Fighter, his dam Czara by Eclipse— there can be no more fashiona¬ ble or better combination of blood than this. A colt of his get took the first premium on three-year-olds at the State Fair at Saratoga, and three of his stock took premiums at Sy¬ racuse. All mares parted with before foaling time, will be held as season mares, and charged accordingly. All accidents and escapes at the risk of the owners. Fonda, May 1, 1850— It* _ JOHN J. BOSHART. Morgan Horse Black- Hawk, THIS well-known stallion will stand for the present season at the stable of the subscribers ; terms, $20 the season. The superiori¬ ty of this horse as a stock-getter, is becoming more and more highly estimated, as his progeny increase, and their powers as fast trotters and durable roadsters are demonstrated. For particulars, see large bills.. D. & D. E. HILL. Bridport, Vt., April 1. — 3t. The Imported Thorough-bred Horse CONSTERNATION, will stand for mares the coming season, at w the farm of the subscriber, near the city of Syracuse. Terms.— Five dollars in advance, and five dollars additional if the mare is got in foal. Mares left with the subscriber during the season, or until he consents that they shall return, will be insured for $10. Pasture 3 shillings per week. No mare taken except at the risk of the owner. J. B. BURNET. April 1, 1850.— 3t. _ _ Morgan Hunter and Morgan Chief. lyrORGAN HUNTER will stand the coming season, at the stable ±JL of S. A. Gilbert, East Hamilton. Terms $10 lo' insure. This fine horse is seven years old; was bred in Springfield, Vt.; got by Gifford Morgan ; dam by the same horse. For figure and descrip¬ tion, see The Cultivator for 1849, page 216. MORGAN CHIEF, will be three years old on the 18th of June next. Lie is a very superior- colt ; was got by Gifford Morgan, dam by Green Mountain Morgan. See The Cultivator for 1849, page 67. He will be kept fora few mares only, at the stable of LI. It. Ackley, East Hamilton. Terms $10 to insure. ACKLEY Sc GILBERT. East Hamilton, Madison, county, N Y., April 1, 1850.— 2t. The Morgan Horse ■jyTAJOR GIFFORD, will stand the ensuing season on Mondays. J-TX Tuesdays and Wednesdays, at the stable of E. W. Sheldon, in jSennelt. On Thursdays and Fridays, at the stable of S. B. Rowe, in Camillus, and on Saturdays, at the stable of John C. Munro, in Bel- lisle • Major Gifford is seven years old this spring, his color a beautiful chestnut — was sired by the Gifford Morgan, his dam a pure Morgan. Breeders of good horses are invited to call and see him. Terms. — Ten dollars to insure Pasturage furnished. Accidents and escapes at risk of owners! A.SON & CO April 1, 1850.— 3t* Wire for Fences. TRON WIRE FOR FENCING, constantly for sale at New-York prices. Z. HOSMER, April 1, 1850 - - 6t. 110 Milk St., Boston. Emery’s Seed and Corn Planter, For Hand or Horse Power. TLIIS is ac- knowledged the best ma¬ chine for the purpose, now in use. They have been in use four years, and the demand con¬ stantly increas¬ ing. The first premiums of the N.Y. State A g. Society, the Massachusetts Charitable Association, the Ameri¬ can Institute, and at every county society where it has been exhibit¬ ed, have been awarded it. It is equally well adapted for all small seeds in drills, or Corn, Beans, Peas, Sec., in either hills or drills, any quantity and distance apart, &c., &c. It is driven by a gear motion without bands, which insures a con¬ stant and uniform action. Price $14. For sale at the Albany Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 369 & 371 Broadway. ADril 1. 1850. H. I, EMERY. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 191 JUST PUBLISHED, BY DERBY, MILLER AND CO., AUBURN, ' THE AMERICAN FRUIT CUETURIST, BY J. J. THOMAS, /"'10NTAININ& directions for the Propagation and Culture of C Fruit Trees, in the Nursery, Orchard, and Garden, with Descrip¬ tions of the principal American and Foreign Varieties cultivated in the United States. With 300 accurate illustrations. One volume of over 400 pages, 12 mo. Price $1. A cheaper, but equally valuable book with Downing’s was want¬ ed by the great mass. Just such a work has Mr. Thomas given us We consider it an invaluable addition to our agricultural libraries. Wool Grower. We predict for it a very rapid sale ; it should be in the hands of every fruit grower, and especially every nurseryman. It is a very cheap book for its price.— Ohio Cultivator. It is a most valuable work to all engaged in the culture oi fruit trees. — • Utica Herald. It is a book of great value.— Genesee Farmer. Among all the writers on fruits, we do not know of one who is Mr. Thomas’ superior, if his equal, in condensing important matter. He gets right at the pith of the thing— he gives you that which you wish to know at once ; stripped of all useless talk and twattle. No man has a keener eye for the best ways of doing things. Hence we always look into his writings with the assurance that we shall find something new, or some improvements on the old; and we are sel¬ dom disappointed. This hook is no exception. It is full. There is no vacant space in it. It is like a fresh egg— all good, and packed to the shell full .— Prairie Farmer. In the volume before us, we have the result of the author’s expe¬ rience and observations, continued with untiring perseverance for many years, in language at once concise and perspicuous.— Albany Cult. For sale in New- York, by M. H. NEWMAN & CO., and C. M. SAXTON. Boston, B. B. MUSSEY & CO. Philadelphia, THO¬ MAS, COWPERTH WAITE Sc CO. *** Copies in paper covers sent by mail free of expense on re¬ ceipt of $1, postpaid. Direct to DERBY, MILLER & CO. Auburn, April 1, 1850. — 3t. BENNETT'S AMERICAN POULTRY BOOK. The Poultry Rook And Fowl Breeders 5 Guide. "DEING a Treatise on the Breeding, Raising, and General Man- •*-* agement of DOMESTIC FOWLS , with numerous original de¬ scriptions, and Portraits from Life. By John C. Bennett, M. D. This work will be found to contain a greater amount of original and other information, both practical and useful, in regard to Fowl Breeding, than is contained in all other American works together. Tt will be illustrated with nearly FIFTY PORTRAITS of the most choice varieties of American find Foreign Fowls, some forty of which are from life, from drawings taken especially for this work, of the most important breeds, and se veral of them from Fowls very recently imported. The publishers have spared no expense to bring out this work in a superior manner, both in regard to the engravings, the merits of the work, and the general execution of every part of the book. And it is believed that the work will be found to contain more Practical Infor¬ mation on Breeding and Managing Domestic Fowls , than any work issued in this country. Price— in Muslin binding, 75 cts.; in Paper covers, 50 cts. PHILLIPS, SAMPSON & CO.. Publishers, April 1— 3t. 110 Washington St., Boston. New Patent Chum. THIS churn is of- A fered to the pub¬ lic with the fullest confidence in its superiorly over any other crank churn in use. It has ail the advantages of the crank churn without having any of their objections, the iron rod is dispensed with and the difficulty of gathering the butter is removed, as this arrangement of the floats is the best for gathering of any ev¬ er before offered. For further particulars, see Catalogue of Albany Agricultural Warehouse, or February No. of Cultivator. The Silver Medal of the American Institute was awarded this churn, as the best of a large variety exhibited at their Fair in Octo¬ ber last. Also, Kendall’s, Gault’s and Dash Churns, constantly on hand at the Albany Agricultural Warehouse of H. L. EMERY, April 1, 1850. 369 & 371 Broadway. Transactions of the N. Y. State As?. Society. 'TRANSACTIONS of the New- York State Agricultural Society, A from 1841 to 1849, eight vols., i rice $8, for sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. Patent Rail Road Horse Power, And Overshot Threshing Machines and Separators , 1YTO Threshing Machinery ever invented has met with so rapid an -L^1 introduction, or given so general satisfaction as this. Four years since, and less than a dozen setts were made and sold within this State, where last season, upwards of three hundred setts were made and sold, beside many in Pennsylvania and the Western States. Farmers desiring to avoid the trouble, inconvenience and expense attending the employment of the ordinary lever powers and thresh¬ ers, are requested to examine our terms, descriptions, machines, &c. before purchasing, or again employing the large machines. For further particulars, see Catalogue of Albany Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, Agricultural Papers, and Reports of Agricultural Societies, See. ‘ See. H. L. EMERY, April 1, 1850. Nos. 369 & 371 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. Agricultural Warehouse, 193 Front Street , New- York. THE subscriber, manufacturer and dealer in Agricultural Imple- 1 ments} offers for sale one of the largest assortments to be found in the United States. Among which are the celebrated Premium Plows , which wore awarded the highest premium of the New- York State Fair in 1847, and of the American Institute in 1846, 1848, and 1849. Also, the Centre Draught , Eagle, and all other Plows mostly in use. Corn Shelters, Straw Cutters , Fanning Mills, Portable Grist Mills, Horse Poivers, Threshing Machines , Seed Sovrers, Wheelbarrows , Sfc. All of which will be warranted to be of the best quality and sold at the lowest rates. JOHN MOORE, March 1- — St. 193 Front Street. Horse Powers and Threshing Machines. T7 PLANT, No. 30 Cedar Street, New- York, Agent for the Pro- prietor, for making and Selling the “Warren” Improved Two and Four Horse Powers and Threshers. Also, “Trimbles.” Price of the “ Warren ” Two Horse Power and Thresher, only $80 do do Four do do do $110 Price of the “ Trimble” Two Horse Power, (without Thresher,) $60 do “Warren” do do do do $50 do do Four do do do $75 Bands, from $4.50 to $6. These latest Improved Threshers and Powers give universal satis¬ faction, and are deemed far superior to any others known heretofore for any thing like, their cost. Cash Orders filled promptly. N. B. PURCHASING $ COMMISSION AGENCY. The undersigned also continues the business of the late E. Plant & J. Plant, (E. Plant & Co.,) of Purchasing for Orders, on Credit or for Cash, Dry Goods, Groceries, Hardware, &c., &c., for a commis¬ sion of 2^ per cent. Produce, such as Sugar, Cotton, Tobacco, Pel¬ tries, Sc cf., also received and sold on Commission. E. PLANT, Dee. 1, 1849 — 6t. No. 30 Cedar St New- York. Fruit Trees, Scions, and Strawberry Vines. THE subscriber, general agent for Ellwanger i cultural Warehouse, DLOWS. The Albany, Pe • Wrought Iron Beam P!o. patterns and makers. All wai purchasers, for the purposes best materials and workmans!; GUANO. Peruvian, Africa or sack. FENCE WIRE. All sizes for sale low. ill, Worcester, Boston, Cast and >f all sizes and the most approved ted to work to the satisfaction of y are designed, and to be of the >d Patagonian Guano, by the ton qualities, suitable for fences, SEED CORN. Dutton, Eigin-Rowed, White Flint, Sweet, Early and Late, Tuscarora, Darling’s and Canada varieties, in large or small quantities. GARDEN SEEDS. All varieties, new and genuine, by the pa¬ per, or in quantities for gardeners and dealers. CULTIVATORS, and Double Mould Board Plows, of various sizes, for cultivating and hilling Corn, Potatoes, Ac. For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse of H. L. EMERY, May 1, 1850. 369 & 371 Broadway, Albany, N Y. Peruvian Guano, Bone Dust, Plaster, Poudrette. pHREE hundred tons best Peruvian Guano, in lots to suit purcha- L sers. One thousand barrels Bone dust, both sawings and ground. Five Hundred barrels Poudrette. Two Hundred Tons Plaster of Paris, ground fine and in barrels. Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, A. B. ALLEN & CO., May 1 — It. 1S9 & 191 Water Street, New-York. Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. No. 197 Water street, (near Fulton,) Neiv- York. pHE subscribers would respectfully A invite the attention of planters and dealers in Agricultural and Horticul¬ tural Implements, Garden and Field Seeds, &c., Ac., to their large and va¬ ried assortment of Garaen and Field tools, Ac., which they are selling at the very lowest rates that they, can he procured in the United States. Persons living at a distance can obtain an ■ illustrated ” Catalogue, containing a list of prices, on application by letter, post-paid. Those ordering from us may depend upon their orders being promptly filled. May 1, 1850— tf. JOHN MAYHER A CO., The American Dive Stock Insurance Company, At Vincennes , Ind. f) HARTER unlimited. Granted January 2, 1850. OCT* Capital $50,000 ! -=Q] For the Insurance of HORSES, MULES, PRIZE BULLS, SHEEP AND CATTLE, of every description, against the combined risks of Fire, Water, Accidents and Disease. Losses paid in 30 days after proof of death. Directors. — Joseph G. Bowman, Hiram Decker, M. D., Isaac Mass, George D Hay, John Wise. Alvin W. Tracy, Hon. Abner T. Ellis, Abm. Smith, Hon. Thomas Bishop. Joseph G. Bowman, President. B. S. Whitney, Secretary. Wm. Burtch, Treasurer. (0=° Agents solicited for all parts of the Union. May 1— 2t. Bam bo rough 9s Celebrated Grain Fans XT AYE taken TWENTY-FIVE PREMIUMS and FOUR SIL¬ VER MEDALS — taking the premium at every exhibition. Among them the Delaware and Maryland Stale fairs, the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, (silver medal,) and all the leading societies in Pennsylvania. New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. Fifty -seven hundred have been sold within a few years. They are universally pronounced by those who have used them, to clean fast¬ er and better, and with less power, than any other fan ever tried. Farmers who want the best article going, should get one. For sale by J o’nn Bamborough, Lancaster, Pa.; D. Landreth, Phi¬ ladelphia; Bamborough A Co., Trenton, N. J.; Bamborough A Co.. Delaware City, Del.; John J. Heckert, Port Deposit, Md.; Ezra Whitman. Baltimore, Md. ; Jos. Taylor, Elkton, Md.; Samuel P. Smith, Cumberland, Md.; Elgin Russell, Petersburg, Va. O" Rights for sale. Address, JOHN BAMBOROUGH, May 1, 1850 — It.* Lancaster, Pa. THE CULTIVATOR Is published on the first of each month , at Albany , N. Y.} by LUTHER TUCKER, PROPRIETOR. LUTHER TUCKER & SANFORD HOWARD, Editors. $1 per aim, — 7 copies for $5-— 15 for $10. 0“ All subscriptions to commence with the volume, (the Jan, No.,) and to be paid in advance. 0s* All subscriptions, not renewed by payment for the next year, are discontinued at the end of each volume. O3’ The back vols. can be furnished to new subscribers — and may be obtained of the following Agents : NEW-YORK— M. H. Newman A Co., 199 Broadway. BOSTON — J. Breck A Co., 52 North Market-st., and E. Wight, 7 Congress-st PHILADELPHIA— G. B. Zieber. Advertisements— The cnnrge for advertisements is $1, for 12 lines, for each insertion. No variation made from these terms. “to improve the soil and the mind.5 New Series. ALBANY, JUNE, 1850. Vol. VII.— No. 6. Improvement of tl je Soil. Management of Sandy Lands. Some soils are too light, and others too heavy for profitable cultivation; and it was long ago held to be one of the cardinal principles in farming, to “ make light land heavier and heavy land lighter.55 The difficulties attending the successful cultiva¬ tion of a sandy soil, arise chiefly from the want of coherence in its particles at the surface. From this cause it parts too easily with moisture, and with the gaseous portion of manures. Seeds placed in such soils may fail to germinate, or may be blown from their beds by winds, and the young plants are liable to be destroyed from the same cause. It is true, that when plants are once fairly started in sandy soil, they will often sustain themselves during drouth, better than in a soil of compact texture ; be¬ cause the mechanical relations of the soil in the for¬ mer case, favor the ascent of moisture from below, and also allow the ready extension of roots to a great depth. Hence, as before indicated, the prin¬ cipal defect to be corrected in a sandy soil, is the looseness of its surface. To insure the germination of seeds, and to secure the young plants in their places, the soil must be made firm enough to resist the action of winds. One of the best substances to apply to a sandy soil, is clay. Common clay, although composed chiefly of sand or silex, owes its adhesiveness to an¬ other substance it contains, called alumina; and hence, by the application of clay, we increase the adhesive principle. It is fortunate that most sandy tracts are underlaid with clay, at a greater or less depth, and in many instances it may be obtained and applied at a cost which would render it a profitable means of improvement. A coating of stiff clay, two or three inches thick, will convert almost any sandy soil into a good loam. Prof. Norton, in his address at Northampton, (1849,) observes “ The want of alumina is not easily supplied, except in situations where clay can be procured. When it can be had, a load of it is frequently of more value than a load of manure, be¬ cause it has not only an immediate effect, but also permanently improves the land. I know of one farmer near Hartford, who has carted clay by his return teams from that city, a distance of nearly nine miles. He assured me that it paid him well, and that a full load of stiff clay was worth, on his soil, two loads of manure. * * • This addition of clay is not alone useful as bringing new and valua¬ ble ingredients to the soil; perhaps its principal va¬ lue consists in the power it gives the soil to retain moisture, and the manures which are applied to it. Thus it is the means of lasting improvement.55 W. C. Goldthwait, Esq., in an address delivered at Springfield, Mass., last fall, observed: — “ If land is too porous for want of clay, then supply what is wanting. Nature has fortunately so disposed the different kinds of earth, that no part of our territo¬ ry is very remote from a deposite of the best clay. This costs nothing but the labor of removal, and though in most cases it will not act as a manure, yet it will render the effect of all manure more last¬ ing, and render the soil more moist and more fit for future cultivation. * * * * I have tried some ex¬ periments of this kind, putting on about eighty cords to the acre, or say three inches in depth. * * * * Some may prefer a lighter dressing, but in farming as well as elsewhere, ‘work once well done is twice done.5 The effects of this course of treat¬ ment are exceedingly durable. Fields within my knowledge that were so treated a long time ago, have exhibited the beneficial effects after a lapse of twenty-five years. It should be remarked that much care is necessary to see that the clay is thoroughly .mixed with the soil, or much of it will prove little better than blocks of stone. Exposure to the frost before plowing in, is one of the most efficient means of accomplishing this. Water expands in freezing; hence moist earth expands under the influence of frost, and becomes disintegrated. The use of the harrow, after the clay has frozen and dried, will be exceedingly efficient.55 It is, no doubt, true that the beneficial action of clay on sandy soils, consists chiefly in its rendering them more tenacious; but some clays abound in the elements which produce fertility and supply the food of plants. They become, under the effects of drain¬ age, and proper exposure to air and frost, very pro¬ ductive, especially in grass. This is strikingly the case with clays in the Connecticut Valley ; and the stiff blue clay of Albany, when its tenacity is suffi¬ ciently overcome, forms a rich soil. Prof. Emmons analysed this clay, and gives the following as its composition : Water of absorption, . 4.25 Organic matter, . '. . 1.17 Sulphate of lime, . 1.00 Silicates, . 69.02 Peroxide of iron and alumina, . 17.24 Potash,. . . . 0.14 Carbonate of lime, . 4.00 Magnesia, . 3.00 •98.82 Prof. E. remarks — “It appears from numerous examinations which we have made, that clays con¬ tain more or less vegetable matter; they all blacken previous to ignition, and give off the odor of burn¬ ing vegetables.55 The above analysis shows a fail- proportion of lime in the states of carbonate and sulphate — as well as potash and magnesia. It- shows in fact, a richer soil, except in vegetable mat¬ ter, than most of those ordinarily called good. So that we not only increase the tenacity of sandy soil by adding such clay to it, but we, at the same time 194 THE CULTIVATOR. June, furnish elements which are directly useful in the growth and perfection of plants. Wood-ashes are also an excellent manure for san¬ dy soils. The potash dissolves a portion of the silex or flint, and the soil becomes more close in its tex¬ ture. It is probable that all alkalies have a similar tendency. Hence urine and guano, which contain much ammonia, are particularly valuable for sands — they furnish the nitrogen of plants, and improve the physical character of the soil by making it more compact. Unfermented animal manures, mixed with straw or other vegetable matter, are not proper for sandy soils. They increase the defect which it is wished to remedy; that is, render the soil more open, which, according to the weather, causes the manure either to dry up and its strength to evaporate, or to be leached into the earth by rains. It is found best in all cases, so far as we have been acquainted with the improvement of this kind of soil, to apply animal manure in the form of well rotted compost. The objection which has been made, that this mode of managing manure causes a waste of its valuable properties, is not well founded. The absorbent substances, peat or litter, which should be mixed with the manure, will prevent the escape of the sa¬ line and gaseous portions — the ammonia will com¬ bine with the carbon, and remain sufficiently fixed till the manure is applied to crops. Manure in this state does not make the soil more dry, but rather at¬ tracts moisture to it, and consolidates its particles. Several kinds of plants have a beneficial effect in binding sandy soil. On very light sands, some kinds of reeds, which will grow in such situations, are planted. Prof. Norton states that the Arundo arenaria is planted in the blowing sands of some parts of Holland and Belgium, which were former¬ ly not only of no value, but were often driven by winds over cultivated fields, burying the crops and the fertile soil. He states that the roots of the plant run forty to fifty feet, sending up a shoot at every joint, and that he has walked over immense sand heaps, the surface of which, even to the bleak and exposed tops, was bound together by this plant. Another plant which is much prized in Europe, in the improvement of sandy soils, is spurry. We do not know that this plant has been cultivated in America. Prof. Johnston, in his late lectures in this city, observes — “ Of all food for cattle, spurry grows best on light, sandy soil. In Europe it is considered an exceedingly milk-producing food for the cow." It appears from the accounts we have of it, that it is not adapted to the very lightest and poorest soils, but will grow on those which will not bear ordinary cropping. It is cultivated largely on the sandy soils of Flanders, and according to Thaer, is the most nourishing, in proportion to its bulk, of all forage, and gives the best flavored milk and but¬ ter. It is said, also, to be particularly valuable for plowing under — producing a large crop. It is well worthy of a trial in this country. The clovers, red and white, are among the best plants for a sandy soil, though they will not at first flourish well on the poorest sands. The red clover is enabled, from its long roots, to draw nourishment from a great depth in the soil, and in common with other plants of the same family, ( Leguminosa ,) it has the faculty of drawing much of its support from the air. On these accounts, it is one of the best crops which can be grown as a fertilizer — that is, to be plowed into the soil. The carbon of the at¬ mosphere, and the soluble mineral elements of the soil, are combined by the plant, which, by its de¬ composition furnishes a store of food for other crops. The white clover has a more binding effect on the soil than the red, on account of the peculiar cha¬ racter of its roots, one set of which start near the surface and extend in a lateral direction, fastening the soil in a thick net-work. The manures of which we have spoken, especial¬ ly ashes, greatly favor the growth of clover. Plas¬ ter, or gypsum, also, on many soils, produces a great growth of this plant. In improving sandy soils, the application of these substances in the out¬ set, may in many cases be found expedient, in order to insure the first crops of clover. The cultivation of sandy land has of late years received much attention in various parts of Europe. In Great Britain, as well as on the continent, much of the light soil which formerly produced scarcely any thing, and was deemed of little value, is now made to produce good crops of wheat. The feed¬ ing of sheep, in connection with the growth of clo¬ ver and turneps, has always been deemed an impor¬ tant auxiliary in the improvement of this kind of soil. It is by this course, and the application of bones, that the light soils of Norfolk have keen made to produce some of the best wheat crops in England. The same kind of soil in other districts, has likewise been greatly improved. Prof. Norton in speaking on this subject, observes: — “ I have seen in the North of England, a fertile tract, cover¬ ing what was a few years since a wide moor, bleak and desolate. In the centre of the flourishing farms, on a small hill, stands a stone pillar, some seventy feet in height, bearing on its base an in¬ scription signifying that it was erected in former days to guide the traveler, bewildered on those dreary and trackless wastes. Many of the farms immedi¬ ately surrounding that pillar,, now produce thirty- two bushels of wheat to the acre.” The writer of an English prize essay on the cul¬ ture of wheat, says the course which has been pur¬ sued with light soils, “established the fact that the clover root was a better bed for wheat than a fal¬ low, the sheep’s treading and droppings were a much better dressing than lime or barn-yard manure; and that blowing sand could, in eight or even four years, be adapted to the production of as many bushels of wheat to the acre as the naked, open, laborious fal¬ low.” He thinks the most suitable manure for wheat is bones, in connection with the droppings of sheep, left while feeding on the land; and observes — “ In the bones, the phosphorus, which is so es¬ sential to the formation of the grain, is supplied, and the urine and dung of the sheep supply the other constituents necessary for perfecting the plant in straw and grain.” The improvement of light and sandy soils is be¬ ginning to attract attention in this country, and some examples of very successful cultivation of such soils might be named. In Rhode Island, and in some parts of Massachusetts and Connecticut, tracts of more or less extent are fairly reclaimed and brought under a profitable course of cropping. Several trials have been made in cultivating the sandy plains near Albany, which deserve notice. Mr. J. McD. McIntyre is the owner of 900 acres of this land, eight miles from Albany, which came into his possession about ten years since at $10 an acre. It was then mostly covered with pitch pines, gene¬ rally of small size — the whole growth not amount¬ ing to over twelve to fifteen cords of wood to the acre. In some places, the growth was only small bushes, and scattering shrub-oaks. Mr. Mcl. be¬ gan farming on this land as an experiment, deter¬ mined to proceed cautiously and on a comparatively small scale, till the profit or loss should indicate the I proper course. The first results having been favor- 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 195 able, he has lately extended his operations ; has now cleared in one body, 90 acres, to which he is ma¬ king yearly additions; and intends to go on in this way till he has made a farm of 500 acres. His course of procedure in regard to this land, has latterly been to plow it as soon as the wood and bushes are off, and plant potatoes. The yield has never been less than 100 bushels to the acre. Last year seven acres yielded in the aggregate 900 bush¬ els. No manure is applied to this crop. The pota¬ toes have been sold at from 50 to 621 cents per bushel. The crop has generally more than paid all expenditures on the land, including clearing, culti¬ vation, &c. The second season, the land is sown to oats and clover, to which is added, on the more moist portions, timothy and red-top. The first crop of oats usually averages 40 bushels per acre. The clover is either mowed or pastured with sheep — sometimes mowed the first year and pastured the second. It is then, usually, plowed again, 15 loads (30 bushels to the load,) of rotted manure applied to the acre, and planted to corn, potatoes or tur- neps. The best portions are taken for corn, and the average yield of this grain has been 40 to 45 bushels per acre, and in one instance, 63 bushels per acre were obtained. The yield of turneps has been from 400 to 550 bushels per acre. Last year, not¬ withstanding the prolonged drouth, seven acres gave 2,800 bushels. The land is then laid down with oats, clover and grass seeds. The second course of crops — that is, after the land has been once in clover — is usually better than the first. Ten acres of oats in one instance gave 610 bushels — or 61 bushels per acre. The weight per bushel last year, when oats were generally light, was 35 lbs. The crop of clover has been from one to two tons per acre — the best portions yielding, at the second course, fully two tons. Sheep, (South Downs,) are the principal stock kept on the farm. There were last year 120 head of sheep, two oxen, two cows, and three horses. This stock did not consume all the hay, ten or twelve tons being carried off the farm. The turneps are fed, in quantities according to the condition and cir¬ cumstances of the sheep — -ewes with lamb and such as suckle, receiving the greatest allowance. Clover hay, passed through a cutting machine, is their dry food in winter. This farm is generally rather level ; but there are many knolls of greater or less height. The level part is not subject to become very dry, except at the surface; the knolls are lighter, and in some in¬ stances the soil is liable to be moved by winds. Af¬ ter they have once been set in clover and pastured with sheep, they remain stationary. Where clear¬ ings have latterly been made, the lightest knolls, where the soil would be most likely to be blown, have been left in trees, and the underbrush being removed, these little groves, covering the principal eminences, give the fields a picturesque and park¬ like appearance. An experiment was tried in feeding off turneps with sheep, in the fall, on two acres of some of the lightest of this land. The sheep were put on in November, and when they had cleared off the crop, the ground was plowed. The next spring, it was sown to barley, and the yield was 42 bushels per acre. The only manure was the fifteen loads per acre for the turneps, and what was left by the sheep while feeding them off. The soil was much com¬ pacted by the tread of the sheep and enriched by the manure and urine — the benefit of the course be¬ ing seen in all the succeeding crops. The soil be¬ came well swarded with clover and grasses, and still retains its tenacity. Mr. Mel. considers clover, turneps and sheep, the chief instruments of improvement for this land. It is certain that the land grows richer, produces lar¬ ger crops, and supports more stock per acre under his system. The farm has derived little benefit from foreign manures. The application of manures purchased in the city, was once tried, but, with the cost of transportation, was found to be too expen¬ sive. Care has been taken, however, to save every thing which could be converted into manure on the farm. One considerable advantage of this soil is, that when crops are fairly started, they are comparative¬ ly sure, whatever may be the season as to wetness or dryness. They are not likely to suffer seriously either from excess or deficiency of moisture. The large average product of Mr. Mcl.’s farm, is owing in a great degree to this fact. So constant has been the growth of herbage on this farm through the sea¬ son, that even in our extreme drouths, the pastures have supported from four to six sheep per acre. We might refer to other examples of the profita¬ ble cultivation of this kind of land — especially to some tracts devoted to the production of vegetables for market — but the length of this article renders it necessary to defer further accounts till another oc¬ casion. Agricultural UHacuasions. Wheat Culture. The discussion in relation to the culture of wheat, which took place at Albany, at one of the weekly meetings held during the past winter, brought out some useful facts which we think are not generally known, and their insertion in our pages may interest and benefit our readers. Mr. Brewer, of Tompkins county, said he had cultivated wheat for more than twenty years, and would give some of the results of his experience. A part of his farm, which in 1830 was an open com¬ mon, has been wholly devoted to wheat and clover since that time — Laving produced thirteen crops of wheat and eight of clover. The soil is rather a gra¬ velly loam. His farm is on one of the hills, towards the head of Cayuga Lake, which it is said were burned over by the Indians every year. He had made various experiments in plowing at different depths — from three inches to seven inches — and has always had the best crops where the furrows have been the shallowest. Usually plows but once for wheat; has sometimes plowed in May, but had no better crops than when he plowed in September, just before sowing. The yields he had obtained were from sixteen to twenty-six bushels per acre. On new land — stiff* soils for instance — it might be ne¬ cessary to plow more than once for a wheat crop, and in such cases it might be better to plow deep the first time. Mr. B. stated that he had made some trials with various quantities of seed per acre, as 1{, If, 2 and 2\ bushels, and had usually got the best returns from the latter quantity; that is, 2\ bushels of seed had given from 2 to 3 bushels more yield per acre than 2 bushels of seed, and 6 bushels more than 1| bushels seed. He had not been plagued with rust but once in twenty years. Was seldom annoyed with the Hessian fly or with the wheat midge; but the wheat has often been much injured by these in¬ sects in vallies, when it was not noticed on the hills. Has commenced sowing wheat in drills; sowed a 196 THE CULTIVATOR. June. part of his crop in this way last fall ; the drilled portion looked much the best at the setting in of winter. Saw two fields of wheat last year, adjoin¬ ing each other, on one of which the seed was drilled in, and on the other sown broadcast; the drilled yielded much the best. Drilled wheat stands the winter best; the small ridges between the rows are constantly working down, and keep the roots of the wheat covered. Mr. B. spoke of the Etrurian wheat, which had lately been introduced, and had so far done well — it weighed 64 pounds to the bushel. Mr. Lawrence, of Yates county, differed from the preceding speaker in regard to the proper depth of plowing. The remarks in favor of shallow plow¬ ing, seemed strange to his ear. The farmers of Yates improve their land by deep plowing. The farm which he occupied had been rented for many years previously to its coming into his possession, and had been plowed about four inches deep, and produced 12 to 15 bushels of wheat per acre. He at once plowed it six to seven inches deep, and rais¬ ed the first seasen 30 bushels of wheat to the acre. It was the general expression, in his county, that deep tillage was the best for all crops. He had tried subsoiling; first plowed with a com¬ mon plow, seven inches, then run the subsoil plow the same depth — cross plowed before sowing wheat — has invariably had the best crops where he lias subsoiled — has sometimes subsoiled a portion of a field and left the remainder plowed only in the ordinary way, and the yield is always in favor of the subsoiled part. His is a strong lime-stone soil, and he intends to subsoil his whole farm, being satisfied that it will pay. He makes great use of clover as a ferti¬ lizer, and uses plaster to benefit the clover. Never could perceive that plaster benefitted the wheat much, but it greatly increases the growth of clover. He attributes the improvement of the soil by clo¬ ver mostly to the roots; they penetrate the earth to the depth of two to two and a-half feet, and raise the soluble substances on which the plant feeds, to the surface, where, by decomposition, they supply food to the wheat crop. Mr. L. said wheat was formerly raised in Yates county chiefly on fallows; but latterly, the more common course is to take first corn, then barley, then wheat — the corn generally manured — but it must be remembered that this cannot be done on a poor soil. He had tried wheat after various kinds of grain, but it does best after barley. The system of drilling wheat is beginning to be practiced in Yates county, and Mr. L. concurred with what had been before said in regard to the advantages of this mode of sowing. Palmer’s is the kind of drill most in use in his neighborhood, and it gives good satis¬ faction. The quantity of seed sown can be regula¬ ted to a quart to the acre. It covers the seed one and a-half to two inches deep. The rows are nine inches apart. The cost of the machine is $55. The best varieties of wheat in Yates county, are the Hutchinson, Soule’s and Flint. Many preferred the Hutchinson on account of its earliness and free¬ dom from rust. It would ripen two weeks earlier than the red chaff. Mr. L. thought they raised as good crops of wheat in Yates as in any county in the State. He had himself raised forty-four bushels per acre on sixteen acres, in 1846. Lieut. Gov. Patterson said his experience was in favor of deep plowing. The wheat lands in the Genesee valley, when new, produced about fifteen bushels of wheat per acre. They were plowed shallow — the. farmers generally had not then suffi¬ cient strength of team to plow deep; now they plow much deeper than formerly, and obtain from twenty five to thirty bushels per acre. In Livingston coun¬ ty, thirty-five bushels per acre were obtained on some farms. Some farmers there, now plow ten inches deep. Deep tillage has many advantages; an important one is, that it enables crops to stand drouth. As to varieties of wheat, the old red chaff bald had done best with him, and he had tried ma¬ ny kinds. The Soule’s variety had done better than the flint; but two crops of the red chaff are better than three of the flint. The blue-stem is being in¬ troduced, and meets with favor. The proper time to sow wheat in the Genesee valley, is from the 15th to 25th of September. If sown earlier than this, it is very liable to be injured by the Hessian fly. As to the quantity of seed per acre, he thought a bush¬ el and a-half. if thrashed with a flail or trodden out by horses, was about right; if the seed was thrash¬ ed with a machine, two bushels per acre were neces¬ sary. The difference was owing to the wheat be¬ ing broken in passing through a machine, so that many of the grains would not germinate. In re¬ gard to summer fallowing, he had had better success with wheat on ground so prepared than in any other way, and thought he could raise wheat in that way cheaper than he could raise corn or oats. As a crop to precede wheat, he considers peas preferable to any kind of grain, or any crop, except flax. The cheapest manure for wheat is clover, though he would use all the manure from the barn-yard; consi¬ ders a good crop of clover equal to twenty loads of ordinary yard manure per acre. His practice is to sow six to eight pounds of clover seed per acre — seed costs about ten cents per pound — in spring sows 100 pounds of plaster per acre — pastures the clover till latter part of May and plows it under in June — could never see that plaster benefitted the the wheat, but it makes the clover, and the clover makes the wheat. He is much in favor of the sys¬ tem of drilling wheat. Wheat put in by this me¬ thod is less likely to be winter killed. The roots of grain that is sown broadcast, are often injured by the earth being blown off from them; by the drill system, this is prevented — the earth which forms the ridges between the rows being blowm over the wheat, keeping the roots covered. His wheat crops have sometimes been forty bushels per acre — has raised 30 bushels per acre on sixty acres. Mr. Cowles, of Onondaga county, said there was great variety of soil in that county — that on which oak and chestnut constituted the chief timber growth, was best for wheat; but 30 years ago this kind of land was generally thought good for nothing. When it was first tilled, it was plowed about four inches deep, and it did not produce very well; now it is plowed from seven to ten inches deep, and the crops are good and the land is growing better. On this kind of land, plaster benefits all crops; but on some other soils plaster has no apparent effect. On the chestnut and oak lands, the best crops of wheat are obtained by sowing about the first of September. He had noticed the effect of different crops on wheat. A field was sown as follows: — one-third with peas, one-third with barley, one-third with oats; the next crop was wheat ; it was best after the peas, next best after barley, and poorest after oats. So far as his observation had gone, wheat was generally poor¬ er after oats than after any other crop. On his land wheat was generally best after a summer fal¬ low. As to varieties, the old fashioned flint was best — the. Canada flint next best. He related an experiment: a neighbor of his took some winter wheat — a white variety — put it into tubs, wet it, and left it to freeze — it being in the winter season. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 197 It remained frozen till spring, when it was sown ; the produce was a red spring wheat, which had been continued in his neighborhood until this day. This experiment convinced him that all wheat was of one species, and that varieties might be origina¬ ted by causes unusually affecting the germ or the plant. Lieut. Gov. Patterson had no reason to doubt the result of the experiment just cited ; it brought to his mind the long-contested point of the transmuta¬ tion of wheat into chess. He had known chess produced under circumstances which seemed to favor that hypothesis. He knew a piece of new land, just cleared from the forest, at a considerable dis¬ tance from any other cleared land, sown to wheat, and on a swale, in the middle of the piece, there was scarcely anything grown but chess. Mr. Lawrence said he could not believe that a grain of wheat ever produced chess. All the cases of supposed transmutation that he had ever heard of, could be explained without resorting to such an unnatural idea. It was sometimes said that clean wheat was sown, and it produced chess. He had often examined wheat that was called clean, and found chess enough among it to produce all that was grown among the wheat. In wet places the wheat would die out, but the chess would grow all the better, and people were astonished at the quantity. Mr. - , (whose name we did not learn,) made some remarks in regard to smut. He had sown a piece of ground with seed wheat that was a little smutty, but scarcely enough to be noti¬ ced — did not apply lime or anything to prevent smut, and the crop was two-thirds smut. His son sowed some of the same seed, prepared by soaking in brine, and then limed, and the crop had hardly any smut in it. He inquired whether this accorded with general experience. Several gentlemen re¬ plied that they had never been troubled with smut when the seed was treated with lime, alkali, or vitriol. ■Neglected Jltatroves— SNo. 6. Blood, Flesh, Animal Charcoal, Glue Refuse, Coal Ashes, Adulterated Manures. Analytical Laboratory, Yale College, ) Nevj-Haven , Conn., May, 1850. J Eds. Cultivator — In my last letter, I called at¬ tention to several powerful manures, remarkable for the large quantity of nitrogen which they contained ; there are quite a number more of the same class that are valuable, and I will select two or three of them. One of the most efficacious and energetic manures known, is to be found in flesh, of every description. Under this head, I include the blood, as that has nearly the same composition as the flesh. They both contain some 15 per cent, of nitrogen ; owing to this, and to the quantity of water which enters into their composition, every form of flesh and blood is strongly disposed to speedy putrefaction. This is seen in the flesh of animals, and of fishes after death, especially whenever the temperature of the air is a little elevated. This facility of decay, although it has its disad¬ vantaged, causes them to produce an immediate ef¬ fect when applied as manures. In France, blood is dried and sold in the form of cakes ; these if kept dry, will remain unchanged for a long period. The same thing may be accomplished with flesh, but on¬ ly at the expense of much time and trouble. There are few farmers but have seen the remarkable effect produced by some small dead animal, when buried under a vine or young tree, or under a portion of some growing crop. It pushes the plant rapidly forward, makes its foliage luxuriant, and of a dark green, healthy color. On thefield of Waterloo, the huge graves which were indiscriminately filled up with men and horses, were distinctly marked out for years, by the superior luxuriance, and the vivid green color of the grain which grew over them. Facts tending to a similar conclusion, as to the great value of these manures, abound in almost eve¬ ry section of the country, and yet for the most part they are entirely neglected. If a horse, or cow, or sheep dies, it is drawn out to some lonely place, where the crows and dogs soon make away with its flesh. This is not, I am aware, true of all places j I know of some regions where they are too wise to throw away such rich manures, where animal flesh, fish refuse, See., is eagerly sought after; these are not, however, the majority. I have been told of a case near the capital city of one of our largest states, where the offal from the slaughter houses, was allowed to accumulate year after year, in a hollow, down the bank of which it was thrown. The farmers would not pay for it even so much as six cents per load, and many of them would not take it away for the mere expense of cartage. This mass of material would have brought from $5 to $15 per ton, in England, and would have been eagerly sought for at that price. When manures of this class cannot be used imme¬ diately. they should be made into compost, by mix¬ ing with large quantities of some absorbent mate¬ rial ; if this mixture is sprinkled over with gypsum occasionally, nearly all escape of valuable substan¬ ces may be prevented. Another valuable manure, which owes much of its efficacy to blood, is to be found in the refuse ani¬ mal charcoal, or bone black, of the sugar refiners. Some refiners now employ gelatinous alumina large¬ ly for purifying sugar, in place of blood, but where the latter is used, the worth of the manure is great¬ ly increased. The use of alumina deteriorates it. Various valuable substances besides blood are pre¬ sent, as the impurities of the sugar, and usually some gypsum also ; the animal charcoal itself is sim¬ ply burned bone's crushed to a powder. We have then in this refuse, an abundance of nitrogen in the blood, and of phosphates in the bones, the two most important essentials for a good manure. It is worth $5 to $10 per ton, in England and France; in this country, it has been almost given away, so far as my experience of its use has extended. In the yards of glue factories, a refuse accumu¬ lates. which is in England called scutch. It con¬ sists of variable proportions of animal matter, hair, &c., mixed with lime, this last partly as phosphate. This substance has an exceedingly offensive smell, and is largely used by the farmers. It varies a good deal in its composition. Prof. Way, chemist to the Royal Ag. Society, has lately examined several sam¬ ples, and considers them worth from $5 to $6 per ton. This manure then, would not bear a long transportation, but would be valuable to farmers near the glue works. The English and Scotch farmers, have in their zeal for refuse manures, gone in many cases to the opposite extreme; and have paid large sums for va¬ rious substances because they were refuse, and seemed cheap, which turned out to be almost value¬ less. Prof. Way gives some instances of this kind; one of these is so remarkable that 1 will insert it here. It was an artificial manure or mixture, sold as remarkably adapted to the turnep crop, and greatly puffed as made from cheap refuse substances. 198 June THE CULTIVATOR. of a valuable nature. The price was nearly $40 per ton, and large quantities were disposed of. Great disappointment was experienced in its effects, and a sample was analysed by Prof. Way; his re¬ sult was as follows: Water, . 4.93 Sand and Clay, . 74.16 Organic matter, . 4.43 Phosphate of Lime. . trace. Oxide of Iron and Alumina, . 13.88 Carbonic acid, . trace. Sulphuric acid, . none. Lime, . 1.05 Common salt, . 1.62 100.07 This, as shown by the analysis, was nothing more than a red soil, crumbled down to a tolerably fine powder, and was a most unparalelled piece of im¬ position. Most of the dealers, when making up such manures, add something to them which has a most powerful and offensive smell; this causes them to take with the farmers at once. They have learn¬ ed that guano, animal manures, &c., have such smells, and hence conclude that all highly scented substances are fertilizers. If the dealer can suc¬ ceed in imparting a most intolerable odor to his. worthless mixture, he is pretty sure to find a ready sale at good prices. A man must not then, in this business, follow his nose too implicitly, but must call in the aid of other senses also. If a high price is to be given for a manure, it should be one of ac¬ knowledged character and value. As concentrated fertilizers come into more gene¬ ral demand in this country, and as their importance becomes fully appreciated, dealers will doubtless be found, who will attempt impositions of a similar character. I perceive already, advertisements of various artificial manures ; these may so far as I can say, be of good quality, but I would still urge the necessity of caution, in all cases where the dealer is not known to be honorable, or where he cannot give some sufficient guarantee as to the quality of the article that he sells. In the preceding letters, I have indicated nume¬ rous natural manures heretofore in a great degree disregarded; some of which may, in almost every locality, be obtained without much difficulty or ex¬ pense. Many of these are entirely neglected as re¬ fuse, and others can be bought for a mere trifle. I would then recommend that the farmer, before pay¬ ing largely for such manures as guano, and others of the same class, look carefully about him and see if there are not to be had some such substances as I have named, that may bo made available by a lit¬ tle exertion and perseverance, in collecting and pre¬ serving them. There are few neighborhoods where a man who is watchful, cannot in the course of a year, collect a considerable quantity of these otherwise neglected substances. When all of the farmers come to un¬ derstand their true value, they will no longer permit them to leave their own land, and the supplies will of course become limited. Before their importance is generally known, those who are in favorable lo¬ calities for the collection of such materials, have an opportunity of enriching their soils with compara¬ tively a very small outlay. I have hitherto mentioned, with the exception of bones, manures whose worth depended for the most part, on their organic portion, and on the nitrogen which this contained. There is another important class, consisting of manures wholly or chiefly inor¬ ganic, some notice of which seems necessary. The value of wood ashes, seems now to be quite generally recognised; among those who can ever pretend to be good farmers, they are no longer neg¬ lected. Coal ashes, however, are generally thrown away, and in the large cities immense quantities are thus wasted. We have as yet, no detailed series of * analyses, from which to calculate the actual value of these ashes. Some partial investigations made in my own laboratory, show that they contain seve¬ ral pounds in 100, of soluble substances. These are of the same class as those which occur in wood ash¬ es. In many places the soap makers will give a small price for these ashes, thus showing that they are able to extract some alkaline matter from them. All this, is of course valuable for the soil. I am in¬ tending to pursue the investigation of this subject on the first opportunity, and hope to lay before the community some important results. In the mean time, I have no hesitation in saying, that these ashes will pay well for their preservation ; and that it would be an object for farmers in the vi¬ cinity of cities, to send in their teams for a portion of the vast quantities which are annually thrown away. In the course of a conversation a few days since, with a very intelligent gentleman, who has a farm near Hartford, Ct., he informed me, that according to his experience, coal ashes were worth upon his land, from one-third to one-half as much as wood ashes. This was reliable practical evidence, and was in accordance with the views that I had previ¬ ously entertained. John P. Norton. Composition of Hog and Cow Manures. BY J. H. SALISBURY, ALBANY. Per centage of water , dry matter and ash, in Hog Manure. Cow Manure. Per centage of water, . . 82.30 77.40 do dry matter, . . . . . 17.70 22.60 do ash . ....... 3.64 3.11 do ash, calculated dry matter.. . . on the . 20.565 13.761 About four-fifths of the weight of these manures is water. The hog manure contains about five per cent, more water than the cow manure. It will be noticed too, that these manures are decidedly rich in inorganic matter. A little over one-fifth of the dry matter of the hog manure is ash, while the ash of the cow manure is less than one-seventli of its dry matter. Composition of the Ash. Hog Manure. Cow Manure Silicic acid, . . 45.525 51 . 275 Carbonic acid, . 0.145 Siilnhurie acid . . . . . . . 4.120 60.065 Phosphoric acid and per-oxide of Iron, . 29.295 13.160 Lime, . Magnesia, . . 2.870 1.690 . 1 160 1.730 Potash . . 3.320 4.150 Soda,. . . . 10.740 19 145 Chlorine . . 0.305 0.370 Organic Acids, . 1.825 99.366 99.555 Proximate Organic Analysis. Hog Manure. Cow Manure. With the Without the With the Without the water. water. water. wattr. Chlorophyl, fatty matter. i 1.016 and wax, . 0.51 2.252 0.25 Fibre and other bodies, in¬ soluble in water and al¬ ' cohol, . 15.86 70.022 15.86 64.445 Albumen, . 3.21 14.172 5.46 22.187 Casein, . . 0.26 1.148 0.1S 0.731 Dextrine or gum, . . . . 1.88 8.300 1.88 7.639 Sugar and Extract, . . . 0.93 4.106 0.98 3.982 22.65 100.000 24.61 100.000 Water and volatile organic products, . . , 77.63 74.95 100.28 99.56 Per centage of ash in fibre, 16.078 13:871 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 199 The percentage of albumen in the dry matter of these manures is evidently greater than the per centage of albumen in the dry food eaten. This corresponds with experiments of Boussingault ; that though the weight of the dry manure voided by an animal is always considerably less than the dry food eaten, yet it is sensibly richer in organic matter and nitrogenized bodies. The reason of this, is that re¬ latively a larger proportion of carbon is given off through the lungs in respiration, than there is of nitrogen compounds and inorganic matter assimila¬ ted by the system. Comparative view of the percentage quantity of the inorganic and organic bodies in equal weights of the hog and cow manures. (Calculated from the foregoing results.) HOG MANURE. COW MAN URE. 1000 lbs. one ton. 1000 lbs. one ton. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Silicic acid, . .... 16 • 571 33 142 15 .947 31 .894 Carbonic acid, . 0 • 162 0 324 0 .045 0 .090 Sulphuric acid, . 1 • 500 3 .000 1 .886 3 .772 Phosphoric acid and per oxide of iron, . 10 • 663 21 .326 4 .080 8, .160 Lime, . . 1 ■ 045 2 .090 0 .526 1 .052 Magnesia, . 0 • 422 0 .S44 0 .538 1 .076 Potash, . 1 ■ 208 2 .416 1 .301 2. .602 Soda, . . 3 .909 7. .818 5 .954 11. .908 Chlorine, . 0 111 0, .222 0 .015 0. .030 Organic acids, . Chlorophyl, fatty matter and 0. 759 1. .518; 0 .568 1 .136 wax, . . 4, .218 8. .436 1. .980 3. .960 Fibre, . 131 .151 262, .302 125. .503 251. .006 Dextrine or gum, . 15 .546 31 .092! 14, .888 29. .776 Sugar and extract, . 7 .691 15 .382! 7, .761 15 .522 Albumen, . . . 26. .434 52 .868 42 .233 84, .466 Casein, . 2 .150 4 .300 l, .425 2 .850 Water and volatile organic products, . 1552 .600 774 .950 1549 .900 1999 840 1999.680 999.600 1999.200 There is a marked difference in the composition of these two manures ; and this difference affords, I think one reason why their effect on the grain crops general¬ ly is so different. In organic products they do not materially differ, except in albumen, and in this the cow manure is the richest by about 31 lbs. to the ton. This large per centage of albumen in the cow ma¬ nure (if this body were as essential as phosphoric acid) would argue that this manure is the best; but experience teaches otherwise. Every farmer knows that generally, in the grain crops, a given weight of good hog manure is worth double its weight of cow manure. The cow manure is the richest in so¬ da by about 4 lbs. to the ton. But the essential difference in the value of these manures, appears from the foregoing analyses to reside mainly in the phosphoric acid. Of this the hog manure contains about 21 lbs. in the ton, while the cow manure has but 8 lbs. in the same quantity. Thus it will be seen that in phosphoric acid, hog manure is the rich¬ est by about 13 lbs. to the ton of the manure before it is deprived of water. In a ton of dry hog ma¬ nure, there is 95.40 lbs. of phosphoric acid, and in the same weight of dry cow manure 36.32 lbs. ; giv¬ ing a quantity in the former greater than that imthe latter by 59.08 lbs. to the ton. In the cultivation however, of potatoes and the root crops generally, cow manure is considered in the main to be equally as good, if not better than hog manure. The foregoing results would incline to the same conclusion, from the fact, that the com¬ position of the former manure corresponds more nearly with the food required by the last mentioned crops; while the composition of the latter is more analogous to the food required by the grains. It may be well to state, since the dung of the same animal varies in composition with the food eat¬ en, that the cows which afforded manure from which the foregoing results were obtained, were fed prin¬ cipally upon hay ; and the hogs, during the summer, upon grass and potatoes, and during the fall and winter upon potatoes, with some pumpkins, apples and soft corn. The manure from the hog sty was of a poorer quality comparatively than that from the cow stable, on account of a little admixture of chaff and straw which had been thrown in for nesting. Jbrrign (fforasponfona. On the Silk Culture of Austria. Stuttgardt , Feb. 21, 1850. In the 14th century the enterprising Venetians introduced the culture of silk into their country, from whence it gradually spread over all those re¬ gions of Italy favorable to the silk worm. In the mountainous regions of Lombardy, where the ever refreshing air of the Alps mingles with the hot rays of the Italian sun, producing a balmy atmos¬ phere in which the mulberry tree bears the most ten¬ der leaf, and where the worm thrives and spins the most perfect thread, silk culture has been brought to a great degree of perfection, and the silk of Lom¬ bardy is celebrated all over Europe. There is no branch of industry which yields such rich results from so small an outlay for land and la¬ bor as silk growing; agriculture prospers in connec¬ tion with it, because the mulberry tree takes but lit¬ tle nutriment from the soil, feeds mostly on the balmy air, and leaves the full strength of the soil to the perfection of grain. It does not interfere with the principal operations of farming; after the ground has been prepared for the spring crop, the worm then begins to burst forth from its winter cell, and in 40 days passes through all the stages of metamor¬ phose, and the glossy cocoons furnish the industri¬ ous silk grower with the means to secure his other crops, and all necessary domestic comforts. The reeling and twisting operations give employ¬ ment to women and children during the greater part of the year, and enable this densely inhabited country to support a large population; and, al¬ though England brings great quantities of silk from the East Indies, and the silk crop of France and other countries is steadily on the increase, never¬ theless, the demand for Italian silk has been con¬ stantly advancing, with a fair prospect of: continu¬ ing to do so. According to the last official returns, the yearly production of cocoons in Austria is estimated at— In Lombardy, . 248,000 Cwt. In the Venetian provinces, . 190,000 “ In Tyrol, . 30,000 “ In Hungary, . 5,000 “ In the Military colonies, . 4,000 11 In Dalmatia, Bohemia, &c. &c., . 10,000 “ 488,000 Cwt. Or, in a round sum, 500,000 cwt. of cocoons. According to the official statistics, there are now in Lombardy 842,000 Jochs* of land planted with mulberries; a Joch produces on an average 29-| lbs. of cocoons; in Brianza it amounts to nearly 50 lbs. of cocoons per Joch. The mulberry orchards increase in Lombardy with every year; districts which served as pastures are now planted with this valuable tree, giving to the whole country the aspect of a garden. In the highly cultivated provinces where land is scarce, the less valuable grapevine must make room for the mulberry tree. According to the estimate * An Austrian Joch is 1.422 acre. 200 THE CULTIVATOR. made in the year 1835, the number of mulberry trees in Lombardy amounted to 16,573,123, without bringing into calculation the mulberry hedges, from which great quantities of leaves are gathered. A middle-aged tree yields per year, on an ave¬ rage 70 to 110 lbs. of leaves, and 20 lbs. of fresh leaves are calculated for 1 lb. of cocoons. The yearly crop of cocoons in Lombardy amounts to 248,000 cwt., which would require, according to the above estimate, 4,860,000 cwt. of mulberry leaves. The price of leaves varies; but 2 fl. 20 kreutzers per cwt.* is considered a low price; ac¬ cording to this estimate, the crop of mulberry leaves amounts to 1 1,340,000 florins ; from this sum 2,025,- 000 florins must be deducted for gathering the leaves, &c., and 9,315,000 for ground rent. One ounce of worm eggs, or 1| loth, yields 67 Vienna lbs. of cocoons, which require 1,333 Vienna lbs. of leaves. Silk culture, as well as farming is carried on by persons who rent the land or trees for half the silk crop; the land owners furnishing one-half of the worm eggs, and the colono or renter, the other half of the seeds, and all the labor and care the worms require. Raw Silk. — The crysalides within the cocoons, are killed by exposing them to the hot air of heated ovens or to steam; the cocoons are then thrown in¬ to boilers or kettles filled with warm water ; the threads of 3, 4, 5 or more cocoons are united to form one thread; the product is called raw silk. The kettles are mostly heated in the common way, but of late, and especially in Lombardy, they are now heated by means of steam; and for a large reeling establishment, the steam is generated in one or two boilers, and is conducted to the kettles by means of pipes, whereby not only a great deal of fuel is eco¬ nomized, but the silk produced in that way is consi¬ dered better and of a handsomer appearance, which is ascribed to the uniform temperature which can be kept up with steam. To each kettle two women are required, one to attend to the reeling (malstra) and the other to turn the reel. Upon this operation depends the evenness and beauty of the thread. The silk growers therefore pay great attention to it, and the superior quality of Lombardy silk is to be ascribed to the perfect management of this simple operation. The number of kettles in use in Lombardy during the above mentioned operation amounts to about 40,- 000 which are employed in about 3,500 Filandas, to which 90,000 persons are required. The operation of reeling lasts from 40 to 50 days; in this space of time the cocoons are all converted into raw silk. The wages for an overseer, are from 35 to 50 kreutzers; for a maestra, 22 to 30 kreutzers; for the hands to turn the reel, from 8 to 13 kreutzers per day exclusive of a meal (minestra.) They must keep close at wopk from early in the morning till late in the evening, with only one hour’s recess. The quantity of wood required for heating the kettles in the ordinary way, averages 50 to 60 lbs. per day ; when steam is used, half the amount of fuel is sufficient. To each kettle belongs a reel, and it is estimated that a reel can work up 800 lbs. of cocoons in 50 days. 11| lbs. of cocoons yield 1 lb. of raw silk; in Brianza it requires less cocoons for 1 lb. of silk, but on an average 1 lb. of raw silk requires 12 lbs. of cocoons. _ * _ * One Florin is 50 cents. The florin has 60 kreutzers. June, In the operation of reeling, arises an offal con¬ sisting of a coarse kind of thread which covers the cocoon. This layer .must be carefully removed. The husk which covers the crysalides is used for bed covers, or spun for common silk stuffs. The offal or strata amounts to 10 per cent, of the weight of raw silk, and sells for 12 to 24 kreutzers per lb. The price of raw silk averages 12 florins 30 kreutzers per pound. Filatores or Twist Mills. — At the Filatores the raw silk is twisted for the warft (organzin) and weft (trama.) It is done by means of large ma¬ chines, set in motion by water and horse power. Twisting is carried on the whole year round; this operation makes a loss on silk from the breakage of the threads, knots, &c., whiah amounts to from 3 to 6 per cent. In Lombardy, the number of Filatores amounts to about 500, which employ 3,750 men, 7,040 women and 2,015 children. To twist a pound of silk, costs from 1 fl. 27 to 1 fl. 34 krs. ; when to this, the cost of reeling is added with 44 kreutzers per lb., the expense of working up the cocoons into twist, costs about 2fl. 15 kreutzers per pound. The total value of silk of the different countries of Austria, is estimated at 50,500,000 florins, which is to be divided: — For the Cocoons, . 42,700,000 florins. Reeling or producing Raw Silk . 2,900,000 Twist, . 4,400.000 “ Offal, . 500,000 “ The raw material has a value of about 43,000,- 000 fl., which amount is increased to about one sixth of its value, or 7| millions through the operation of reeling and twisting. Although silk culture is carried on in the same manner all over Lombardy, the Venetian kingdom, and the southern part of Tyrol, yet each province produces a peculiar kind of silk, each bearing a dif¬ ferent character. The best silk is produced in Bri¬ anza; it is superior to any in Italy, or in the whole world; the next best is that of Varese, in the pro¬ vince of Como, and Bergama. Silk culture has especially been improved in Bri¬ anza, through the influence and labors of the silk- growers’ societies of Mayland and Como. Through various improvements and good management, silk has there obtained greater lustre, softness and sup¬ pleness, which was formerly only possessed by the silk of Turin. The finest and most glossy stuffs are manufactur¬ ed from the silk of Brianza, and the industrious and highly intelligent inhabitants of that district are considered masters in the treatment of the silk worm, as well as in the operation of reeling and twisting. Bergamos silk has an old established reputation, and is much sought after for the English market. Brescia silk comes next, then Cremona, and that of a part of Mantua, where silk culture has been of late much increased and improved. Lodi and Pavia are, from their low situations and practice of irrigating the meadows and fields, less favorable to the culture of silk. The worm there spins a coarse and less uniform thread, which is to be ascribed to the dampness of the atmosphere, in which the worm works more sluggishly than in pro¬ vinces of a greater altitude, where the air is more pure and dry. Verona and its vicinity, with several districts of Mantua, produce the most celebrated sewing silk. It is not long since the operation of reeling was left in the hands of inexperienced reelers, who pro¬ duced a dirty, unequal and spotted thread; but of late, more attention has been paid to the operation ; the cocoons are now picked and the double ones 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 201 thrown aside, because they always yield an inferior article. Verona is the great depot for sewing silk Padua and Rovigo furnish twisted silk, (tortigli- ata,) of which cords of all colors are made for the Levant market. Vicenza and Bassano’s principal products are dou¬ ble thread Tram silk; it is rather heavy and not ve¬ ry supple, which is ascribed to the hard water used in reeling; it seems that that operation is not well attended to, and the careful removal of the coarser threads on the outside of the cocoon is much neglect¬ ed, which makes the thread less uniform and pure. The silk of Tyrol has a fine appearance, and it would be still more even if the maestras would pay more attention to cross the thread properly in reel- ing . The silk commerce of Italy has its principal seat in Lombardy. It has undergone great changes du¬ ring the last forty years, and Italy now produces the best silk, and much more than any other country in Europe. The facility with which silk is grown and the great profits it yields,, induced the silk growers to extend this branch of industry as much as possible. In the year 1800, the total amount of silk grown in Lombardy alone, was estimated at 1,800,000 lbs. which has since increased to 4,000,000 lbs. ; it may perhaps, in the next twenty years, runup to 6,000,- 000 lbs. The political difficulties with which Italy has had to contend since the beginning of this century, have much impeded the development of the culture of silk. Napoleon’s policy of the continental system closed the English market to the Italians. The East India Company brought to England, Bengal silk as a substitute for the Italian silk; though of an inferior quality, it answered very well for certain articles. In the years 1800 — 1802, . . . . do 1803—1805, do 1806—1808,..., do 1809—1811, do 1812—1814, Suma, . Mean average, . . . , But in the years 1815—1817, 1818—1820,, 1821—1823,, 1824—1826,, 1827—1829, 1830-1832,, In the year 1833, . do do 1834, . Suma, . Average, . Italian Silk. Asiatic Silk. Pounds. 2,011,680 2,437,160 1,917,080 2,280,740 3,147,540 Pounds. 1,350.870 1,306,580 1,704,390 1,198,710 2,516,690 11,794,200 786,280 8,077.240 538,483 1,281,280 3,633.000 4,024,500 5,144,000 6,024,600 5,308,500 1,883,400 1,631,095 2,903,600 2,497,140 4,432,780 4,689,640 5,857,880 6,138,750 1,794,100 3,143,127 28,930.375 1,446,519 31,457,017 1,572,851 The foregoing tables show that in former periods, the quantity of Italian silk brought into the market, over reached the quantity of Asiatic silk nearly 50 per cent. In the second period, the importation of Asiatic silk increased considerably; the Italian silk enjoyed an equal share of increase. Of late, a considera¬ ble quantity of silk goes to Germany and Switzer¬ land, and the average exports of Austria, are — To London, . . 1,330, 100 lbs. To Lyons, . 1,695,000 “ To Germany and Switzerland, . 2,552,500 li To Russia, . 169'600 “ According to the official reports, the quantity of silk in Lombardy has increased three-fold within 40 years, and the price doubled; consequently, the in¬ come from silk has increased six-fold in forty years The same official reports estimate the value of ex¬ ported silk to 30,446,640 florins; the amount con¬ sumed in the Empire to 12,000,000 fl. ; together, to 42,446,640 florins. To raise 438,000 cwt. of cocoons, requires, 8,760,- 000 cwt. of leaves ; calculating that one man can ga¬ ther 50 centners in 40 days, employs 175,200 hands in gathering leaves. To every f metric ounces of eggs, — the labor of one woman is calculated to raise the worms, yielding about 100 lbs. of cocoons, which requires 438,000 hands. Reeling 6,386,000 lbs., employs for 50 days, .... 150,000 hands. To twist 4.56S.OOO lbs., requires, during 200 days, 20,000 u The preparation and manufacture of stuffs from the offals, . . . 13,000 “ Together, . 796,200 Individuals About one-sixth of the whole population of the Lombardy and Venetian kingdoms is thus engaged in this branch of industry. C. L. Fleischman. IRRIGATION. Editors of The Cultivator — While in Wor¬ cester, Mass., a few days since, I was invited by Col. J. W. Lincoln to examine his system of irriga¬ tion, and to accompany him down the Blackstone river into Rhode Island, to look at the watered mea¬ dows which so frequently occur on that stream. I was agreeably surprised to find such an extensive and systematic use of water for the purpose of irri¬ gation ; and feeling quite an interest in the general subject of watering land by artificial means, I will attempt a description of what I saw in my recent journey, and state some of the principles of the ac¬ tion of the water of irrigation. Col. Lincoln has 30 acres of interval land, situa¬ ted on the margin of the Blackstone river, which he has been watering from that stream, for twenty years. A portion of the land had been imperfectly irrigated by a previous owner; but when the Colo¬ nel took possession of the land, he found the ditches in so bad a state, and so poorly arranged, that he commenced entirely anew with a thorough and sys¬ tematic process. The surface of the meadow is considerbly uneven, and it required some skill and care in laying out the ditches so as to conduct the water over the meadow. He thinks that if the thing were to be done again, he should first graduate the surface so as to get the water over the land with greater facility. As it is, however, every part is well watered. The ground is, as is usual with alluvial lands, highest near the stream , descending thence towards the foot of the uplands, and also descending with the river. On the side of the meadow joining the higher lands, there is a hollow, running through the entire length of the junction, with branches diver¬ ging, and some of them extending across the inter¬ val ; and these hollows are very convenient for draining off the surplus water of irrigation. Where- ever it is necessary to convey the water across these hollows in order to distribute over land beyond them, an embankment is raised, with the carrier ditch in the top, and thus the water is conducted over at the proper level. Cheap stone culverts are constructed in these embankments, in order that the trench drains may not be interrupted in their work of drain¬ age. A thorough dam is thrown across the river, a little way above the meadow; in it are strongly se¬ cured gates, easily opened or shut, as more or less water may be required ; a stone flume receives the water from the dam, and passes it into a main car¬ rier ditch, running from thence through the entire length of the meadow on the highest ground. Small- 202 THE CULTIVATOR. June, er sectional carriers branch out as nearly at right angles with the principal carrier as the surface of the interval will admit, and with such frequency as to conduct the water on to every level of the land. Little gutters are made with a hoe, in the sides of these sectional carriers, through which the water flows in small streams, and then trickles over the entire surface of the ground. To determine the particular place for these ditches, so as to get the water properly over the land, is a work of skill, and requires a practiced eye, together with the aid of a spirit level, and the frequent sticking down of small stakes, for the guidance of the plowman in turning his furrow for the sectional ditches. It is not found advisable to give much descent to the water in the carriers, because it would have too much tendency to the lowest place, and would not flow over the land with sufficient equality. One or two inches fall in every ten feet of length, is enough. Flumes made of plank, with gates in them, are placed in the main carrier ditch, at suitable intervals, and al¬ so at the mouth of the side carriers, and by opening and shutting these gates, the water is taken off the land at one place, and let on at another, at plea¬ sure. When the water is first let into the ditches, if any slight inequalities in the sides or surface of their banks occur, by which the water escapes before they are filled, enough earth is taken from the bottom of them to make all level, so that the water may serve all parts of the land equally. Trench drains are made in the hollows, to conduct off all surplus wa¬ ter, and prevent water grasses from appearing in the sward. In cutting the trench drains, a careful examination with the aid of the level was made, in order, if possible, to give the drains such a direc¬ tion as should conduct the water to land on some lower level, where it could be again used for irriga¬ tion. Much advantage was in this way gained. In these various ways the waters of the Black- stone are conducted to, and spread over thirty acres of land. The ditches once made, nothing more has ever been necessary in order to thorough irrigation, save the making of slight repairs in the sides of the ditches, occasioned by meadow moles, and the feet of the cattle while feeding off the aftermath. As I walked over this irrigated ground, observing the rich sediment with which the never failing wa¬ ters of the river were charged, the thoroughness and convenience of the dam, gates and ditches, for controling the irrigation, and the evidences of the fertility which had been imparted to the meadow, I thought to myself, here is going on that “gallant operation ” so quaintly and yet so tersely described by old Walter Blith in his English Improver . He remarks — “ If either thy land be gravell, or of a sound warm sandie, or mixed nature, and any whit descending, then any running streame will have a gallant operation. The warmer, lighter, and sound¬ er is the land, the greater is the advantage. These particulars discovered, out of question thou hast a wonderful advantage before thee, especially if thou hast any great length and quantity of land along the River, or by a great roade way side, or else hast any good land floods from great townes or ci¬ ties, make as much of these advantages, and ap¬ prise them as thy lands, for though hereby thou canst make thy lands no more, yet thou mayst make them so much better, almost as thou canst desire. And so doe but a little consider of the way of both fit¬ ting thy land to thy water, and thy water to thy land, with the truest, naturalest, and properest seasons for bringing it on and taking it off, and thou shalt see an admired issue. For this seriously observe, that the water running trickling among the grasse and upon the earthe, leaving her thicknesse, soyle, or filth, which I call richnesse, among the grasse, and upon the earth, and itself runneth away into the drayning trench, and troubleth thee no more, and so the goodnesse of the water is as it were riddled, screened, and strained out into the lands, and the leanesse slideth away with it.” Col. Lincoln’s meadow is naturally of an exceed¬ ingly light sandy soil, with a loose open subsoil, so much so that at the commencement of the irrigation, it was difficult to cover parts of it with a grass sward at all. But by appropriating the “wonder¬ ful advantage” afforded by the river, by “fitting the land to the water, and the water to the land,” lie finds that “the” natural “leanness slideth away,” and a remarkable fertility takes its place. His in¬ terval now gives him an average yield of two tons of hay per acre, per annum. There has been no season, however moist, for the past twenty years, that he has not derived much benefit from the artifi¬ cial watering. The Colonel thinks there are no means so cheap or expeditious as those afforded by irrigation, for im¬ proving and rendering permanently productive, all dry, barren, sandy, or gravelly lands. Give him water, he says, and just so far as he can spread that, he has no occasion to draw and shovel manure, for the water will bring on, and diffuse, and estab¬ lish fertility. At the commencement of this enter¬ prise, he took down his old barn, and erected ano¬ ther in its place, of much larger capacity; and al¬ though the crops from the farm for the first few years did not quite half fill the new barn, yet there is now no spare room, — the increase being in the greatest degree owing to the irrigation. The arti¬ ficial watering is indirectly advantageous to the whole farm; for while the meadow yields vastly more hay than formerly, it yet requires no manure from the yards; the extra produce supports a much lar¬ ger stock of cattle, double the manure is in conse¬ quence made, all of which is spread upon the up¬ lands, — thus giving a progressive improvement to all the land. The hay from the irrigated land is found to be of a very milky quality, and the cows and other stock are very fond of it for its softness and succulency. Then, too, there is a full bite of aftermath on the meadow for the cattle in the fall, which comes at a time when the upland pastures are used up for the season. Now that the ditches are all completed, it takes but a half hour to an hour each day to manage the irrigation; but this daily attendance, however, must not be remitted; on the contrary, much depends up¬ on careful attention and the exercise of judgment, for if the water is not frequently changed from place to place, it will stagnate in the soil, wild grasses will spring up, and the quality of the hay will be injured. No part of the meadow, therefore, recei¬ ved the water more than two days in a week, and after the grass has got well started in the spring, the water is not usually continued more than one day in the week, in one place. In this way the water is used, from early spring to late autumn, sa¬ ving an interval commencing two to three weeks be¬ fore haying, and ending at the close of that busi¬ ness. The best success is found to follow, where the water can be made to flow gently over the sur¬ face, — a rapid current being apt to carry off fertili¬ zing matters, and a sluggish inactivity being apt to bring in wild grasses. Gentle, but constant activi¬ ty of the water, is therefore considered to be a lead¬ ing maxim in the irrigation. “It is observed,” says Prof. Johnston, “that 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 203 the good effects of irrigation are produced only by running water — coarse grasses and marsh plants springing up when the water is allowed to stagnate. Running water comes upon the field charged with gaseous matter, with oxygen and nitrogen, and car¬ bonic acid, in proportions very different from those in which these gases are mixed together in the air. To the root and to the leaf also, it carries these gas¬ eous substances. The oxygen is worked up in aid¬ ing the decomposition of decaying vegetable mat¬ ter. The carbonic acid is absorbed by and feeds the plant. Let the same water remain on the same spot, and the supply of these gaseous substances is soon exhausted. In its state of rest it re-absorbs new portions from the air with comparative slow¬ ness. But let it flow along the surface of the field, exposing every moment new particles to the moving air, and it takes in the carbonic acid especially with much rapidity, and as it takes it from the air almost as readily, again gives it up to the leaf or the root with which it first comes into contact. But further, if water be allowed to stagnate over the finer gras¬ ses, they soon find themselves in circumstances in which it is not consistent with their nature to exhib¬ it a healthy growth. They droop, therefore, and die; and are succeeded by new races, to which the wet land is more congenial.” In addition to the watered meadow, Col. Lincoln has several acres of upland, situated on a southern slope, which he irrigates temporarily by turning on a small stream issuing from springs in the highlands beyond, and which receives sufficient accessions from the rains and melting snows of early spring to adapt it to that purpose. The brook is brought on to this land at the highest point in the slope ; a ditch, made by the^ plow, runs aross the land, at right angles with the descent, and the water, trick¬ ling over the lower side of the ditch, diffuses itself over the surface for a considerable breadth, until it is caught by another ditch, lower down, and par¬ allel to the first, when it is again spread, and so on, to the bottom of the slope. If for any reason it is desirable to bring the water on to the land at a low¬ er point than the first named ditch, it can be done by regulating the gates at the mouth of the ditches. In this system of irrigation it is not found to be so important as in the flat land mode, to change the water from place to place frequently, though it is still well to vary its course at short intervals, giving equal benefit to all portions of the land. Col. Lincoln thinks that irrigation should not be neglected by any farmer who can turn even a small stream, or springs, on to his grass lands for only a few weeks in the spring. On land thus partially ir¬ rigated, the grass starts very early, the earth hav¬ ing acquired a thicker covering, is afterwards less affected by drouth, and the crop of hay, although less than on lands receiving a more constant water¬ ing, is yet much superior to that on adjoining land, of equal quality of soil, on which water has not been turned. There are many temporary streams, form¬ ed in hilly districts in the spring of the year by the rains and melting snow, that collect in their course a rich sediment, which may be arrested and distribu¬ ted by the water among the grass roots of our pas¬ tures and mowings, instead of passing to the river to make a useless deposit in its bed, or aiding to fill up a neighboring mill-pond. Oftentimes, too, by throwing a cheap embankment or dam across the lower end of valleys among the hills, these waters may be bottled up for a more prolonged use. Even spring water, containing no perceptible se¬ diment, is found in practice to be very beneficial in irrigation. Prof. Johnston remarks that “in lime¬ stone districts, these waters are generally impreg¬ nated with carbonate of lime, and in other districts again, the springs contain gypsum and common salt, and sulphate of soda and sulphate of magnesia, and thus are capable of imparting to plants many of those inorganic forms of matter, without which they cannot exhibit a healthy growth.” Sir Humphrey Davy remarks that “even in cases where the water used for flooding is pure, and free from animal or vegetable substances, it acts by caus¬ ing the more equable diffusion of nutritive matter already existing in the land; and in cold weather it preserves the tender roots and leaves of the grass from being affected by frost. In 1804, in the month of March, I examined the temperature in a water meadow near Hungerford, in Berkshire, by a very delicate thermometer. The temperature of the air at seven in the mornifig was 29 deg. The water was frozen above the grass. The temperature of the soil below the water, in which the roots of the grass were fixed, was 43 deg.” Sinclair, in his Code of Agriculture , remarks that “clear spring water, in the state in wffiich it issues from the hills, is certainly of a fertilizing quality; anol in either cold or hot weather, it moderates the temperature of the soil. Clear spring water may also be used longer than the foul or muddy, being less apt to render the grass gritty and unwholesome; hence some give a preference to clean watered crops.” Several interesting experiments have been made by distinguished philosophers, showing the effects of pure water upon vegetation. “Mr. Boyle dried in an oven, a proper quantity of earth proper for vegetation, and after carefully weighing it, planted in it the seed of a gourd. He watered it with pure rain water, and it produced a plant which weighed fourteen pounds, though the earth producing it had suffered no sensible dimuni* tion.” “A willow tree was planted by Van Helmont, in a vessel containing a thousand pounds of earth. This plant was watered with distilled water; and the vessel was so covered as to exclude all solid matter. At the end of five years, upon taking out the plant, he found it had increased in weight 119 pounds, though the earth had lost only two ounces of its original weight.” There is another theory as to the action of sim¬ ple water when used for irrigaton, which I will state. It is believed by some that all plants excrete certain matters from their roots which are hurtful to other plants of the same kind; that the cultivated grasses, being in time affected by their own excre¬ tions, do not continue permanently healthy in the same site, and therefore mosses and other inferior plants, spring up and extirpate them; that the wa¬ ter of irrigation, in its descent through the soil and subsoil, washes away this excrementitious matter from the roots of the grasses, and carries it off in solution ; and that hence, in a good degree, the healthfulness and verdure of irrigated meadows. After taking a good look at Col. Lincoln’s irriga¬ tion, I accompanied him down the river into Rhode Island, to view the watered meadows which there so frequently occur. Some of the meadows pre¬ serve their original surface, and the ditches are laid out, and the water distributed, in a way precisely like that practiced by Col. L. Other meadows have been graduated by the plow and scraper, so as to present a surface best adapted to s}rstematic irriga¬ tion . A mound of earth is raised, extending through the centre of the meadow in its entire length, and a carrier ditch, starting from the dam in the stream, 204 THE CULTIVATOR. June, enters this mound, and passes the water through the interval. The land on each side of the main car¬ rier is laid out in beds of forty feet in width, at right angles, lengthwise, with the main carrier. The beds are made quite crowning in the centre, by frequently back furrowing the soil with the plow. Sectional ditches cut through the centre or most crowning part of these beds, take the water from the main ditch, and pass it the entire length of the beds. Frequent little openings are made in the top of the sides of these sectional carriers, through which the water flows, and then it spreads each way from the ditch, over the entire surface of the beds, passing into the dead furrows, when used profusely, and by them it is carried to a main trench to be con¬ ducted to land on a lower level, or else back into the river. Flumes and gates #re placed in the main carrier at suitable intervals, and also at the mouth of the side carriers, so that the water can be chan¬ ged from one section to another, as desired. It struck me, upon viewing these graduated mea¬ dows, that they were in the long run, of a cheaper construction than those where the surface is left in its natural state. Once done, they are right for all time, the irrigation is easier managed, the water more perfectly distributed and drained off, and its effects, in consequence, are more beneficial. I should remark that all the irrigated fields which I saw in my recent journey are invariably of a light dry sandy soil, with an open subsoil. It is found, however, in practice elsewhere, that almost all soils are benefitted by irrigation, if water does not stag¬ nate for want of proper drainage. Sinclair remarks that “irrigation is not restricted to any particular* description of soil. Land natu¬ rally wet may be greatly improved by it, when ac¬ companied by drainage, and it is equally beneficial to that which is dry. Rich loams produce the great¬ est crops, even though waters be not of the first quality. Peat bogs, when properly drained, will likewise yield good crops. Irrigating adhesive clays is expensive, and the benefits from it do not so soon appear ; but it is evident, from a meadow near Long- leat, that even this sort of land may, by good man¬ agement, be thus rendered more fertile; and it is well known that some of the best meadows in Glou¬ cestershire, and at Woburn, are upon a clayey sub¬ stratum. The most suitable soils, however, are those of a sandy or gravelly nature; more especial¬ ly when they can be irrigated by muddy streams, the sediment of which corrects their excessive open¬ ness. Indeed, by means of the warm and rich wa¬ ters of a low, fertile and populous district, impreg¬ nated with mud, and full of animal and vegetable manures, almost any soil may be converted into a rich meadow.” Finally, the theory of the advantages of irriga¬ tion is thus summarily stated by Stephens, in his Book of the Farm. “ Could the hand of man,” he remarks, “ distribute manure around the roots and stems of grass as minutely and as incessantly as tur¬ bid water; could it place a covering of woolen tex¬ ture upon each blade and around each stem of grass, as completely as water can embrace each plant and keep it warm; could it water the grass as quietly and constantly as the slow current of irrigation ; and could it wash away hurtful matter from the soil as delicately from the fibres of the roots of grass as irrigating water, there would be no need of irriga¬ tion ; the husbandman could then command at will verdant pasturage for his flocks and herds, through¬ out the year, and in the driest season. His mechan¬ ical agency would be as effective as irrigation; but .constituted as the relative state of things at present are between man and the action of physical laws, he employs irrigation as an instrument of his will, and induces Nature to assist him in maintaining his live stock by an application of her peculiar mode of acting, under his own guidance, but in which she undoubtedly displays her superiority over him, both in perseverance and dexterity.” I have prolonged my article to a great length; but believing that the subject of irrigation is not very generally understood, and that the art is much less practiced than it should be where so many ex¬ cellent natural facilities for it exist, I have thought it advisable to be at considerable pains in citing au¬ thorities sufficiently to explain its principles, and turn attention to its practice. F. PIolbrook. BraUnono’ , Vt., April 30, 1850. ®lie Qortiaxltnral IBtpartmmt. CONDUCTED BY J. J. THOMAS. Pear-Tree Blight. John Randolph once remarked to his physician, “in the multitude of counsellors there is confusion ,” which is true when hasty and partial opinions are given. This is strongly illustrated by the discus¬ sions on the Pear-tree Blight. “ It is always caused by the freezing of winter,” says one. “ It is always produced by the burning heat of summer,” says another. “It is owing to succulent growth, produced by injudicious cultiva¬ tion,” asserts a third; “it comes on like a pesti¬ lence or the potato rot, uncontrolled and unaverted by any skill,” responds a fourth. Some have dis¬ covered that it is caused by an insect girdling the interior bark; others, that it results from the poi¬ sonous sting of an insect in the branches. Many maintain that particular varieties only are strongly liable to this disaster, and many more, that it attacks all sorts alike. In addition to previously advanced opinions, we have received a communication from E. J. Genet, of Greenbush, N. Y., in which he confidently ad¬ vances the belief that he has discovered the true cause; but the length of his communication, and the very narrow limits of the Horticultural Depart¬ ment of this paper, preclude its publication entire. We can furnish only an abstract of his theory and observations. At or a little before mid-summer, in the absence of dew for several nights, he observed liquid drops falling from a pear tree, which were subsequently found to proceed from minute aphides thickly covering the shoots or branches, and which had at first escaped notice from the identity of their color with that of the pear bark. The varnish which these insects exude, is regarded as a poison, absorbed by the pores of the bark, and preventing also the natural perspiration. These insects were observed to continue for about ten days, when they disappeared. They are doubtless worthy the atten¬ tion of fruit growers, and may under certain cir¬ cumstances produce the death of the tree or branch¬ es ; but it would be deciding from too limited data to say that this is the usual or universal cause. Ob¬ servations must be made with great judgment and accuracy through all parts of the country, — through a long series of years, — through all the variations of seasons, — under all modes of cultivation, — in all varieties of soil , — and in various latitudes and cli¬ mates, to enable any one to overthrow all previous opinions, and to establish a single theory applicable alike to all cases. But it is always interesting and 1850. 205 THE CULTIVATOR. useful to receive and record all the observations which may be made, relative to this formidable ma¬ lady. The following remarks of our correspondent, re¬ lative to the 'periodical appearance of the fire-blight, will be new to our readers, but we fear the rule will be regarded by some as established as much by its exceptions as by direct evidence: — “ The same disorder prevailed among the apple, pear, and quince trees, on the banks of the Hudson in 1780, and continued its ravages until 1793. Twenty-two years after, (1802,) it again made its appearance, and continued its attacks for 4 or 5 years. Again 22 y«ars elapsed, and in 1824 the same disorder prevailed, and lasted 4 years; — and in 1846 we were once more sufferers from the same cause — our pear trees are still prostrated by its fa¬ tal attacks. This disease has been called by some “fire blight” — it has been attributed to a “coup de soliel” — one writer says it is produced by the aphis lanata, a small insect covered by a fine white wool • — the insect which came under my observation, is very different in every characteristic — so small as to escape notice in the first stage; and so similar to a Jly at maturity as to mislead an inattentive obser¬ ver.” Experiments in Raising Seedling Peaches. The cultivation of the peach having engaged some of my attention. I collected all the fine sorts I could get ; still for a while I had no good ripe peach¬ es. Seven years ago, I went to Mr. Conklin’s ex¬ tensive peach orchard about the 20th of September, and bought two bushels on purpose to get the seeds. We sought the very best we could find; his early peaches were nearly gone; I took the last on the trees. That brought the ripening of them to the period I picked the peaches off, 20 days later. The Columbia was just beginning to ripen ; I got the first ripe. That brought, them two weeks earlier than the original. I planted the stones in rows, like planting potatoes, only covered shallow, following nature as near as I could. All brought the same sort in color and appearance. The result is, 1 have the Morris White through the season ; the Columbia and Early York also, so that the whole space is now filled with the same species from last of August to 20th October, and any farmer, if he has one superi¬ or peach tree, can raise seedlings from it, and change to early and late to last the whole season. But plant the stones when fresh, if you expect to raise a good tree, for if they become dry, you will get a poor peach something resembling the original, but worthless. My seedlings, out of about 500 trees, which I planted seven years ago, contain on¬ ly about four trees that are not as good, and many much better than the original. Thos. Craighead, Jr. Whitehill , Cumberland Co., Pa., March. The importance of raising new varieties which shall be severally better adapted to the various and widely differing localities of our broad territory, than existing sorts, is becoming strongly felt by the cultivators of fruit. Experiments therefore, like the preceding, are of much interest and value, and our correspondent appears to have been unusually successful in the excellence of his results. The opinion is by no means uncommon, that by planting apple seeds and peach stones in the fruit, or perfectly fresh, the seedling will very nearly re¬ semble the original. This result can be confidently asserted only after repeated experiments in both ways side by side. Whether this has any influence whatever, is not perhaps as yet established. It is probable that the peculiar character of the seedling is chiefly if not wholly stamped upon the seed at the time of the impregnation of the ovule by the float¬ ing pollen; after causes may modify the result, but if so, in but small degree. At any rate, we do not find any modifying effect by freshness or age, in any of the common seeds sown .by the farmer, nor any thing of the kind in the cucumber, melon, and squash. Ed. The Peach Crop. Throughout Western New- York, there is a most promising appearance of an abundant crop of peach¬ es. The trees are loaded with blossoms. In a large portion of the northern States, appearances are equally favorable. Northern Ohio will doubtless afford an abundant supply, but in the central por¬ tions of that State the crop is thin, although in ma¬ ny localities a fair product will be obtained. It sometimes occurs that the crop is destroyed or in¬ jured late in spring, or after the present period, but such occurrences are unusual. We must not, how¬ ever, be too confident in advance, as it is better that our hopes should be exceeded than disappointed. Sweet and Sour Apple. I have observed several remarks on the Sweet and Sour apple in The Cultivator . I am in possession of a few facts which I have never seen published. The apple that I am ac quainted with has been grow¬ ing in what was formerly my father’s orchard ever since my recollection ; there are now but three trees living; they do not mix as well as formerly. On 2 of the trees I have not observed any except sour ones for two or three years; on the other tree, they still mix pretty well, though they are mostly all sweet or all sour, growing promiscuously. The sour apple is a perfect Rhode Island Greening, conse¬ quently a winter apple; the sweet is a fall apple, about half the size of the Greening, which causes the mixed apples to grow in ridges. The sweet ap¬ ple is an agreeable, pleasant apple. I have never seen the kind any where else. The wood of the tree is curly. Benj. Macomber. Grand Isle, Vt. The above described variety has been considera¬ bly cultivated in various parts of the Northern States. It is a very singular peculiarity of the fruit, that certain portions, and often the whole ap¬ ple, by a sort of diseased or imperfect growth, fails to develop the acid qualities of the juice. This im¬ perfect growth is shown by the smaller size of the sweeter portions, and by its whitish or blanched co¬ lor. A similar mixture of imperfect and healthy vegetable growth may be seen in the leaves of the ribbon grass; and the tendency to sweetness or in¬ sipidity in blanched substances is shown in celery and sea-kale, and in potatoes kept excluded from the light. It is a very common notion that this variety was originally produced by cutting through the centre, the buds of a sweet and sour apple, and joining the halves of each at the time of budding. But such a result is a physical impossibility. For in common budding and grafting, the union always takes place by the "granulations of the newly forming wood ; a bud consists of a great number of minute and concentrically folded leaves, and all these edges cannot be made to coincide, much less to adhere together. If it were possible to cut directly through the vital point of the bud without killing it, and the two parts could be made to adhere; then, as in eve¬ ry other instance of union between two dissimilar varieties, each part would maintain its own identity. 206 THE CULTIVATOR. When a sweet tree is grafted with a sour fruit, all the parts above the graft will bear sour apples; and all parts below, if branches are allowed to shoot out, will bear sweet apples. In the same way, if it were possible to make the two parts of a bud ad¬ here, which is wholly improbable, then one side of the resulting tree would bear sweet apples, and the other sour apples, each sort being perfectly distinct. The Sweet-and-Sour apple is evidently a distinct va¬ riety, produced from seed, resembling the Rhode Is¬ land Greening in flavor, but differing in the growth of the tree. We have heard a great many persons assert that this variety was certainly produced by the two halves of the buds ; but we have never been able to find the man who had performed the opera¬ tion or seen it done. Ed. Influence of Grafting on Varieties. “ Is it true that the straight upright shoots of an apple tree set as grafts, will produce straighter trees than the lower and curving side shoots? and that the trees from grafts cut from young unbearing trees will be longer in coming into bearing?” C. T. It is a common opinion that a difference is produ¬ ced in the new tree by the part of the tree from which the grafts are cut. Experiments, however, made under the observation of the writer, do not fa¬ vor this opinion, as no difference could be observed in the results produced. Cultivators sometimes ar¬ rive at erroneous conclusions by reasoning by false analogy. The improvement in the Indian corn and other crops, by successive selections of the seed, has induced some to think that similar changes may be made by successive selections of grafts. But where seed is planted, a new individual or new variety is produced at each germination ; while grafting or budding is only a perpetuation of the same individu¬ al or variety. It may indeed be modified for the time being, by external and constantly acting caus¬ es, but its nature cannot thus be permanently chan¬ ged. The quality of a pear is often greatly changed by grafting it on the thorn, apple, or quince; but it again resumes its former character, when grafted back to its original kind of stock. A certain va¬ riety of the apple may be changed in quality and productiveness, by being transplanted into a differ¬ ent soil; but trees propagated from the latter and set back into the former soil, will not retain any of the change. No permanent influence appears to be wrought upon the variety To make Peach and other trees bear Young. S. W. Cole says, “ To induce early bearing, particularly where trees are luxuriant and barren, clip off the extremities of the branches in July, about one-third of the new growth; this will pro¬ duce blossom buds the latter part of summer, for a crop the next season. We have found this very successful.” A. J. Downing says, “ If you wish to bring fruit trees into bearing at an early age, pinch off the shoots the first of July, and again at the end of six weeks.” Soap-Suds for the Grape. A. J. Downing says “ I have seen an Isabella grape produce 3,000 fine clusters of well ripened fruit in a single season, by the liberal use of manure and soap-suds from the weekly wash.” The effect of soap-suds on other plants is some¬ times surprising. A cypress vine, which had re¬ mained stationary r - a fortnight when about two inches high, immediately commenced growing after a good watering with soap-suds, and grow about 6 inches the first five days. The peach is much bene- fitted by soap-suds. Peaches and the Curculio. The following extracts from a letter of a distin¬ guished amateur cultivator, present some interest¬ ing facts, relative to the liability of different peach¬ es to the attacks of the curculio: — Serrate Early York — “This is the best peaclrof its season, ripening with me, 3 to 5 days after the Early Tillotson — it is not quite so ricn a peach as the Tillotson, but more hardy — a good bearer, and what is better than all, the curculio does not touch it — while they will, literally, eat up the Tillotson, stone and all!” Large Early York — “ The very best, out of 25 kinds, that I have growing — the tree is hardy, a fine grower, a great bearer, and the fruit is exempt from the curculio.” “How is it, that the curculio will work at a peach quite downy, when those with smooth skins, on an adjoining tree, will not be attacked at all? The Large Early York is quite a smooth-skinned peach; Hills’ Chili, standing next to it, carries as much wool as a sheep on its back — still the latter suffers dreadfully from their attacks, while the former is not touched at all.” D. T. Mosei.ey. Skaneate- les, N. Y., April, 1850 The Tree Box — ( Buxus semper virens.) This beautiful evergreen is quite hardy at this place — one and a half miles east of the Cayuga Lake — though I should be apprehensive of injury, where the thermometer at any time in winter, indicated twelve or fifteen degrees below zero. I have one about 8 feet high, and very bushy. One spring, the leaves on shoots of the last year, had as¬ sumed a yellowish cast, but they soon recovered their color, and there is not a dead twig on the whole tree. Loudon in his Encyclopsedia of Plants, enumerates three species of Buxus, all natives of the Eastern world. Speaking of this kind, he says, it is a na¬ tive of most parts of Europe from Britain south¬ wards, and is very abundant in different parts of France and Switzerland. It abounds in many coun¬ tries of Asia, as about Mount Caucasus, in Persia, China, and America .” The last name however, is probably a slip of the pen, as it is not known to be indigenous to this continent. The box grows well under the shade and drip of trees. Like the Yew, it bears clipping; and some¬ times it is made to assume very fanciful forms. Such objects as novelties indeed, may interest us for the moment, but a correct taste will be more charmed with the wild luxuriance of nature. I) . T . Great- field, near Aurora, N. Y., 4mo., 1850. Scions for Budding. The wood of rose cuttings should be well matured, especially if they are to be sent great distances by Express, or to be kept some days before using. When detained on the way — and small parcels are sometimes overlooked — the most succulent, or least ripened wood, always suffers the most. Two years ago, I had 56 kinds of rose. cuttings sent me from Virginia; but they were kept back by some unwor¬ thy agent, longer than the time required from Liver¬ pool to New-York, and every one perished, though the most succulent were the most decayed. Except where the buds are set with very little delay, no sei 1850. fHE CULTIVATOR. 207 on less mature than a twig that has flowered, should he chosen. D. T. _ Leaf-blight in the Plum. Accident often teaches valuable lessons to the ob¬ serving. The following interesting fact is mention¬ ed by F. K. Phoenix, in the Prairie Farmer: — “I called on Mr. Truesdell of Elgin. The leaf-blight had troubled the plum trees last year for the first time. On one spot he showed me, they seemed won¬ derfully vigorous and healthy, while all about them were more or less stinted with the blight. On in¬ quiry I learned that in that place there was former¬ ly a cellar which had been filled up, and in the great depth of the soil, the roots had sustained themselves against the blight.” Expeditious Budding. The same writer says, “ The Messrs. Overmans (of Canton, Ill.) are the greatest “ live ” budders I ever saw, or I may say, ever heard of, — the two brothers having set, as I learned, 3250 buds in one day! The buds and stocks, however, were previ¬ ously prepared.” This was very good work, but there is a “ live budder” now in Western New- York, who set about half that number, or equal to one of those individuals, in a day, and prepared his own buds; and yet, budding must be a great deal easier in Central Illinois where trees grow so rapid¬ ly, than here, for our friend Phoenix says in the same article, “With apple trees it did not seem as if a bud could fail, — no matter whether the stocks were large or small, or the work nicely or coarsely done. In fact, after investigating the matter pret¬ ty closely, I became almost satisfied that it was enough barely to strip off a bud and fling it at a stock, to have it take!!” As a proof of the wonderful rapidity of the growth of apple trees in that region, it is stated that a very irregularly planted orchard was observed on one nurseryman’s grounds, and on inquiring the cause why they were planted in such disorder, it ap¬ peared that these trees were what they called culls , which were to be cleared off a year or two before, but had been neglected by the owner. Thus left, they had actually run away from him, having be¬ come orchard trees! Buds too, will make a good growth the same season they are set. No wonder that nurserymen there can afford to sell all kinds of trees at six cents a-piece, as we have seen adver¬ tised. The Peach Worm. Our readers will bear in mind, we hope, that all peach trees suffering from attacks of the peach worm, should be thoroughly examined and cleared of these intruders, before the end of the present, month. The exudation of gum at the surface of the ground, mixed with the pulverised bark, is a sure indication of their presence. The mode of dislodg¬ ing them is well described by a certain distinguished horticulturist in Downing’s Magazine, under the in¬ cog. of “Old Digger”— “ You can do this good turn for a peach tree in five minutes, by lifting the soil around it two or three inches deep, laying bare the stem just between wind and water, as the old sailors say. If all looks clean and smooth there, very well; replace the soil again . If, on the other hand , you see gum, then look out for the enemy. Scratch a moment with your knife where the gum oozes out, and you will get on his trail; cut into the bark till you find him — in the shape of a white grub, three-quarters of an inch long — and when found, ‘make no note of it,’ but settle his accounts as rapidly as you can. “ This grub comes from an egg laid in the bark, in summer, by the winged insect. Unless the crea¬ ture is wonderfully abundant, it contents itself with looking about for the tender bark at the surface of the ground. On this account, it is a good plan to outwit the rascal by heaping up a little cone or pile of wood ashes, tan or sand, say six inches high, around the trunk The sole object of this is to guard the soft place in the bark at the neck of the tree. On this account you must clear away the pile every fall, so as. to let the bark harden again. If you do not, but keep it there winter and summer, you will find that it does no more good than blow¬ ing against the wind — for the very plain reason that the bark becomes tender at the top of the pile, in¬ stead, of the surface of the ground, as before.” The same eminent writer gives us the results of an experiment in treating these little fellows with hot water; which however, for general use, will not be found quite so convenient for the worm, as the knife : — “ I have satisfied myself by experiment, (though I am sorry I have not yet had time to get up the theory,) that a good dose of hot water is a means of bringing-to many a peach tree just about giving up the ghost. It seems to rouse the vital powers; and if there is life enough left, a good scalding at the neck seems to produce a reaction that is at times quite wonderful. “Three years ago I had two trees, a peach and a favorite apricot, that had been failing for a couple of seasons — often thought before that very servicea¬ ble trees. They had been rather badly treated by the worm, to be sure, but that had been attended to in time, and the roots appeared to be in very fair condition. Still, the trees dwindled, looked sickly, and bore little or no fruit. As a desperate remedy, I resolved on a trial of hot water. I removed the soil directly round the neck of the tree, making a basin three inches defep and twenty inches across. Into this I poured twelve gallons of boiling water. “ To my great satisfaction the trees, instead of dying, immediately pushed out vigorous shoots, took a healthy appearance, and made a fine growth of wood, and have since borne two crops qf delicious fruit. I experimented last year, again, with equal success, and now am ready, like old Dr. Sangrado, to prescribe hot water in all desperate cases.” Profits of high Culture.— At one of the Bos¬ ton Agricultural Meetings, George Pierce, of West Cambridge “advocated the high culture of fruit trees, and raising no crops among them after they were large. From four apple trees which he set in 1839, he gathered last year, (10 years) twenty-nine barrels of choice fruit, twenty barrels of which sold for $100. He sold $997 worth of fruit, the past season, from eight acres of land.” Gardens in France.— A writer in the Revue Horticole says there are 600,000 hectares (over 1,- 000,000 acres) of gardens and orchards in France, giving employment to about 2,500,000 persons. A very large proportion of these are undoubtedly mar¬ ket gardens. 0“ What maintains one vice will bring up two children . The master’s eyes will do more work than both his hands. 208 THE CULTIVATOR. June, VILLA IN THE TUDOR STYLE. Rural 3lrcljttertnre. Design for a Villa. The accompanying designs were originally fur¬ nished for the Horticulturist , by Mr. G. Wheeler, architect, Hartford, Ct. , and from his explanation of the plan, we take the following: This design is that of a country residence, suited to the demands of a family of taste and wealth, and is made in the Tudor Gothic style of architecture, adapted to the wants of the present day. Principal Floor. The disposition of the plan provides for a large dining and drawing-room, which communicate with each other, and also, by means of glass doors in the side of the rooms, with a conservatory or plant ca¬ binet,* an arrangement which would be found very beautiful in effect, and convenient for many pur¬ poses. There is next to the drawing-room, and commu¬ nicating with it, a boudoir, or ladies’ room ; and the dining, drawing, and this latter room opening en suite ; the space capable of being thrown open, on occasion of company, would be found very liberal. Next to the boudoir is the library, a large well lighted, and handsome room. All of these rooms, with the exception of the library, are fourteen feet high, and large in proportion. A kitchen, large staircase and entrance halls, pan¬ try, &c., and back staircase, complete the accom¬ modations on this floor. Entrance is gained to the house by means of an angular porch, consisting of a single pillar, from which spring two arches, stopping against the wall of the house, and resting on corbels on either side of the spacious entrance doorway. This porch might, if desired, be made very much larger, so as to admit of a carriage driving through, and permit¬ ting visitors to enter under cover. Over the library and kitchen is a large room, which it is intended, in the present instance, should be used either as a private chapel or large li¬ brary • but if such an arrangement is not de¬ sirable, the room could be divided into three chambers, or otherwise distributed as may be required. The boudoir forms the lower story of a species of tower, which is carried above the roof. The large angular bay of the drawing¬ room is also extended to the room over, which room would thus make a very spacious and desirable chamber. The style of the house is one that would be peculiarly adapted to those localities where the scenery was rather sylvan than wild, and on an undulating lawn, stretching away to a broad river or lake, and backed by tree clad hills, would look very well. The material might either be entirely stone, or brick with stone dressings 5 the latter being a fre¬ quent and very appropriate manner of building in this style. The windows should be glazed in a manner ac¬ cordant with the spirit of the design, and the inte¬ rior of the rooms protected from the heat of the sun by inside shutter blinds, made to slide into the walls, whilst there might be in the drawing and di¬ ning-rooms, sliding doors, glazed or otherwise, which could be made to entirely shut off the bays, either to contract the size of the rooms in cold wea¬ ther, or to shade the rooms from the sun in the mid¬ dle of the day during the summer. 185 0. THE CULTIVATOR. 209 department. Inflammation of the Lungs in Horses. The transportation of live-stock by railroads, has been latterly much adopted on the principal lines in this country. It is, in many cases, cheaper to con¬ vey animals in this way, besides avoiding the great loss of weight which takes place, especially in fat animals, when they are obliged to travel to market. The present season, many horses destined for sale in New-York and Boston, have been brought to Al¬ bany by Railroad from Western New-York. On reaching Albany, it has been common for them to tarry several days, in order to recruit and appear in the market in the best possible condition. Many of these horses, while stopping here, have been attack¬ ed with inflammation of the lungs, which in several cases has terminated fatally. The disease has sometimes been so violent and rapid in its prog ss 212 THE CULTIVATOR. June, that death has ensued within twenty-four hours. We are informed that the frequent occurrence of this disease in horses brought by railroad, has been a discouragement to that mode of conveyance. Without pretending to a particular knowledge of the circumstances, we will venture to suggest that the primary cause of the disease is the confinement of the animals in a heated and vitiated atmosphere in the oars. Their sudden transfer to the open air, or to an atmosphere of much lower temperature, produces the effect so well described by Youatt. “ The discharge from the skin is at once arrested, and the revulsion, or pernicious effect of the sudden stoppage of a natural evacuation, falls on the lungs, too much weakened and disposed to inflammation by heated air and poisonous fumes. ” The first diffi¬ culty is probably accelerated in many instances by overfeeding, and want of exercise. As a prevention of the disease, the better accom¬ modation of the horses in their railroad transit, should be the first object. The next should be to feed moderately, using constant care in regard to the protection of the animal from the effects of changes of temperature, giving daily exercise, with good grooming. Should the evacuations from the bowels indicate constipation, the administration of simple cathartics will be safe. A dose of Epsom or Glauber’s salts — half a pound to a pound, accord¬ ing to the symptoms — may be given. But in a dis¬ ease of so important a character, it will be safest, when it makes its appearance, to entrust the animal to the care of a skillful veterinarian. Ringbone. Eds. Cultivator — In a preceding number of The Cultivator , I discover a number of communica¬ tions on the subject of ringbone in horses. I have been in the habit for the last fifteen years, of opera¬ ting on horses for this complaint, which has caused me to notice what kind of horses are most afflicted with it, and I find those that are the longest jointed are the most numerous subjects. Seldom do I see one on a French horse, and never, with but one ex¬ ception, on a mule. Hence the careful necessity of attending to this particular point in breeding. The causes of ringbone are numerous ; such as standing on a hard floor, running in the pasture, leaping fences, and in horses of mature age, being put to heavy loads, &c., &c. These causes produce a leakage, and the sinova, or juice of the fetlock joint issues into a bladder or spongy substance at the back part of this joint, and it is from thence conveyed by two conductors down on each side nearly to the edge of the hoof, where it becomes ossified and gradual¬ ly increases until it forms what is very justly called a ringbone. I extract this spongy substance, or bladder, taking particular care at the same time to cut the convey¬ ors off' — thus stopping the escape of the sinova. In answer to “W.” in your March number, as it respects all operations not being equally as success¬ ful, I know of no reason why they should not be, provided they were skilfully done. I know of no cases where I have operated, but what have proved equally successful under similar or like circumstan¬ ces. Where the complaint has been of long stand¬ ing, and as a natural consequence, the hoof has be¬ come much contracted, of course the lameness will not be cured until the hoof arrives at its natural state. If the complaint occurs in a colt, and the operation is performed as soon as the bunches are perceptible, he never will be lame at all. But I have known many instances where the ope¬ ration did no good at all, and what is still worse, entirely ruined the animal. Hence the necessity of the operation being performed by one skilled in the art. I know much prejudice exists against this mode of treating the ringbone; but I know it will effect a cure if performed rightly, as many instan¬ ces attest the fact. S. G. Cone. Unadilla, March 15, 1850. ®l)e JFarmer’s Nok-3Sook. Jersey or Alderney Cattle. Eds. Cultivator — In your May number you say you are not aware that any person has imported the “Improved” Alderney cow, from Jersey. Col. Le Couteur, last year, did me the favor to select for me one of the best and highest grades of the pure Alderney breed. She certainly is a fine cow, and I would not sell her for two hundred dollars. I have also the pure Alderney stock, imported by my late friend N. Biddle, at a cost of two hundred dollars a head. My four year old bull I consider perfect. I have also, three of the pure Alderneys imported by Dr. Physick, of Germantown, with which I am as much pleased as with any of my stock, and presume I have as large a herd of Alderneys as any man in the country • and this I am satisfied with — that any one who can keep one cow, and wants good milk for the use of his family, ought to have an Alderney. R. L. Colt. Paterson , N. J. We are glad to hear that Mr. Colt has introdu¬ ced a cow of the improved Jersey or Alderney va¬ riety. We think it will prove a valuable dairy stock. At a meeting of the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society, in April last, Col. Le Couteur made some observations on these cattle, which are worthy of attention. He referred to the scale of points (see last No. of this paper,) for deciding the relative merits of animals. He said the system had worked well, and that during ten years he had been secretary to the Jersey Society, he had never known a case of absolute dissatisfaction. In reference to characteristics, he remarked that 11 the cows which had the inside*of the ear tinged with a deep yellow color were invariably found to yield butter of a rich orange color, while those with ears of a light¬ er tint furnished butter of a correspondingly inferior quality, and of a paler hue. In the finest stock, too, the eye of the cow was soft and placid, while that of the bull was lively and full of fire. The ‘ac¬ tion’ of Jersey cattle also indicated not only their muscular power and their mode of employing it, but that general conformation and adaptation of parts which constituted excellence : a finely bred Jersey animal, Col. Le Couteur remarked, ought to w’alk off the ground like a race-horse.” In reference to the term Alderney, which has been applied to the cattle of the Channel Islands, he said the island of Alderney had belonged to his great-grandfather, who introduced into it great numbers of the Jersey cattle, but which, from the inferiority of the pasturage, soon deteriorated, and at the present time there was scarcely an animal in Alderney that he would think worth purchasing. He said many animals were passed off as of the true Jersey breed, such as those from Normandy and Brittany, some of which were ol a black and black and white color, and very interior to the genuine Jersey stock. The best cows of this breed, in the flush of feed in May and June, had given sixteen pounds of butter a week. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 213 Mental Culture. Eds. Cultivator— Time has been, when it was thought that mental cultivation in a farmer, would unfit him for the humble toils of husbandry ; when it was thought unnecessary for him to cultivate those faculties, which alone distinguish him from the brute. And I blush for human nature, when I find many in the present age, who believe that intelli¬ gence is detrimental to the interests of the farmer ! But, thank Heaven! I believe that these relics of a barbarous age — these mists, which during the long- night of ignorance, have gathered about the human mind, — will vanish before the flood of light which is dawning upon mankind. Then will our hardy yeomanry appreciate their own strength; and then, but not till then, will others award them the respect which is their due. Man, without mind, is lower in the scale of exist¬ ence than any being which has animal life. Brutes are endowed by nature with instinct; which reason in man, renders unnecessary. But when man is destitute of reason — when the fire of intellect be¬ comes extinct — then we can see how much the mind has to do in forming the man! But still there are thousands who practically say that mind is not ne¬ cessary. Oh, what absurdity! As though there were nothing to be attained, nothing worth striving for, save a mere animal existence; to eat, sleep, then die and be forgotten. The pleasure arising from the cultivation of our mental powers, would alone be a sufficient recom¬ pense for all our study and toil. Every faculty of our nature, when exercised in its legitimate sphere, is in itself, an inexhaustible source of enjoyment. Hence the greater the number of faculties called into action, the greater will be our means of enjoy¬ ment ; hence those who cultivate only the physical powers, leaving the mind in a state of inactivity, will reap but a small portion of the happiness which they might have enjoyed, had they understood and follow¬ ed the teachings of nature. And further, as every organ is strengthened by exercise, and as the plea¬ sure derived from the action of any faculty depends upon its strength, and the facility with which it acts, so the more we cultivate our minds, the great¬ er will be the happiness derived therefrom ; and as the more we accomplish the more difficulties we overcome, the greater will be our strength ; we shall thus fit ourselves for still nobler efforts, and still higher flights toward realms which science has not yet explored. Considered in a moral point of view, the neglect of mental culture cannot appear otherwise than as the basest ingratitude. Few would treat with in¬ difference the favors of a friend, yet how many treat the mind — the greatest gift of God, as though its only use were to minister to our animal passions! The fact that God has bestowed these faculties up¬ on us, is a sufficient proof of our duty to cultivate them. But the greatest complaint among farmers is, that they have no time to study. But what is the rea¬ son? Why cannot the farmer find time for mental improvement, as well as the mechanic? Alas! I fear that the chief reason will be found in the fact that it is not considered necessary; yes— knowledge is considered useless in those who form the founda¬ tion of civilized society! As well might we expect to rear a durable structure upon a foundation of sand , as to expect the fabric of society to rest se¬ curely upon the rotten foundation of ignorance. If knowledge is not necessary to the farmer, then cer¬ tainly those who do nothing but consume the fruits of his toil, do not need it. But a brighter day is dawning upon the human mind. The time will soon come when the farmer will possess and be content with “ An elegant, sufficiency, content, Retirement, rural quiet, friendship, books. Ease and alternate labor, useful life, Progressive virtue and approving Heaven.” May Heaven speed the day when the light of truth shall illumine every mind with its heavenly ra diance! Sylvanus. East Weare , N. H. Shrinkage of Corn. Eds. Cultivator — Knowing that a great differ¬ ence of opinion exists among farmers as to the loss of corn by shrinkage or drying, from the time it is cribbed in the fall, till spring, — say the latter part of March, I determined to satisfy myself on this point, — at least so far as a single experiment could determine. On the 23d of November last, the day on which we finished husking, I measured two bushels of ears in a standard bushel, as accurately as I could. I then weighed each bushel, and found the weights 43^ lbs. and 44 lbs, respectively. The number of ears, 58 in one and 60 in the other. I had one par¬ cel shelled, and got 33^ lbs. by weight, and half a bushel and half a peck by measure, and 10 lbs. of cobs. The corn was spread in a dry airy place, where it remained till a few days since, when it had lost just half a peck, or 20 per cent, by measure, and a fraction over 3 lbs. or 10 per cent, in weight. This shows a difference of 10 per cent, between the' loss by weight and measure. How is this dif¬ ference to be accounted for? Is it owing to the mi¬ nute division of the water in the corn, that while we find a loss in weight that should occupy a space less than three pints, there is an actual loss of eight pints in bulk? The cobs of this parcel were acci¬ dentally destroyed; so that I was prevented from ascertaining the loss on the cob. The other bushel of ears was kept in a dry, airy place, and shelled a few days ago, and gave just half a bushel of corn, weighing thirty and a quar¬ ter pounds. The cobs of this parcel, weighed seven and a quarter pounds. These are the facts, as gathered from my small experiment. The corn was a variety of the white, between the Gourd-seed and Flint — a mixed variety having from ten to twenty-six rows. The corn was in good condition for housing, at the time we finish¬ ed husking. N. W. McCormick. Independence, Cecil Co., Md. , March 25, 1850. How is it ? Eds. Cultivator — If I read them right, some agricultural chemists maintain that manures are valuable as they contain nitrogen ; others say their greatest value depends on their phosphates. Prof. Norton, in his article on “Neglected Manures, ” Cult, for March, says the value of bones depends upon both these substances. A question or two, if you please. Many farmers, perhaps the majority, in winter and spring throw the manure from their stables and cattle hovels ‘ out doors,’ and leave it exposed to ‘ rain and shine,’ till wanted for use. Now how is such manure injured the most; — by the escape of the ammonia into the air, or by the wash¬ ing out of the phosphates and liquid parts, by the rain? It is generally known that manure is best to be kept under cover, but why it is so, is not so gene¬ rally understood. But when kept under cover, care 214 THE CULTIVATOR. June must be taken, or it will heat and drive off the am¬ monia. What effect does this have on the value of the manure? A correspondent of The Cultivator , May, 1849, p. 139, says a neighbor of his spread his green manure over his yard that it might lay through the summer and mull. After becoming thoroughly mulled, would it be worth more than 20 per cent? Cannot some one enlighten the unscien¬ tific on this subject? W. L. Eaton. Stump Machines. Agreeably to the request of a correspondent, we herewith give cuts and descriptions of two stump machines. Fig. 1 represents one that has been used extensively in Vermont and the northern part of this State. It may be made by any farmer, and can be operated with a good degree of efficiency and dispatch. The cost of the apparatus is about $100. It is said to have been invented by two brothers by the name of Manchester, of Burlington, Vt., in 1828. It is described as follows : “It is simply the wheel and axle on a large scale. The uprights should be 11 feet high, 10 by 12 ii di¬ es square, of hard wood. The sills 7 by 9 inches square, 14 feet long and turned up at the ends, sled runner fashion, to enable it to slide easily on the ground. Let the posts be firmly morticed into the sills, and well braced. The axle or shaft, should be white oak, ash, or maple ; 18 inches in diameter, with the gudgeons 8 inches. It should be 20 feet long, and 2 pins should be driven into it, outside the posts, to keep them together. The wheel should be about 18 feet in diameter, with 8 spokes; 4 of which should go through the axle, and the other 4 set as deep as possible into the shaft without cutting away too much wood, for fear of weakening it. The spokes are to be white oak plank, 8 by 3 inches square. Let the felloes be sawed out of 4 inch plank, and planked by two courses of inch boards on the two sides, in such a manner as to “ break joints,” (as the phrase is,) with the first set; thus, and at the same time, to form a groove to keep the rope from slipping off. Then get two strong chains made of 1\ inch iron, and 12 feet long each. Fast¬ en one end of each by a strong staple to the axle, and on the other end of one have a hook, on the oth¬ er a large link or ring. Then fasten one end of a 1% inch rope on the wheel, give it two or three turns around it, and your machine is complete. Now bring your two yoke of cattle, and one assistant; hitch them to the staples, (which should be in each end of each sill,) and drive where you like. Dig a hole under the main root of the stump, (on one side if possible.) and pass vour chain under it. Hitch your cattle to the end of the rope, and they will draw any stump that ever grew in the ground.” Fig. 2 represents a very powerful stump machine, invented by R. Hall, of Owego, N. Y., which re¬ ceived the premium and silver medal of the New- York State Agricultural Society in 1846. The fol¬ lowing extract from a description written by Geo. J. Pumpelly, Esq., of Owego, will give a good idea of its operation. a small horse to work it to advantage. Its cost, with all the chains, levers, &c., is from $300 to $400. “Upon some of our best lands in the southern counties, the Stump Machine must precede all ag¬ ricultural implements but the axe. The expense is considerable, being from 15 to 25 cents per stump, but the ground is thereby thoroughly cleaned to any depth. The stumps are either made into fence or burnt; the plow and harrow do their work, the seed is sown, and the effect is like magic; the unsightly stumps are gone, and the -whole field is like a gar¬ den. “ There are four or five different, kinds of stump machines now in use in this county, and some of them work very well; but Hall’s is the most power¬ ful, most convenient in the application of power, and is least likely to get out of repair.” Exhibition of Works of Industry of all Nations in 1851. The Commissioners having in charge the arrange¬ ments and management of this grand exhibition, have fixed on the first day of May, 1851, for its opening. They will be prepared to receive all arti¬ cles intended for exhibition, at some place in Lon¬ don, to be hereafter named, on and after the first of January, 1851, and goods will be received till the first of March, after which none will be received. In the plan of the exhibition, the articles to be of¬ fered for prizes, are comprised under four general divisions, and jthe principles on which the prizes will be awarded, will be understood from the following extracts from a circular issued by the Commission¬ ers : “ In the department of Raw Materials and Produce, prizes will be awarded upon a considera¬ tion of the value and importance of the article, and the superior excellence of the particular specimens exhibited; and in the case of prepared materials, coming under this head of the Exhibition, the juries will take into account the novelty and importance of the prepared product, and the superior skill and ingenuity manifested in the process of preparation “In the department of Machinery, the prizes will be given with reference to novelty in the inven¬ tion, superiority in the execution , increased efficien¬ cy, or increased economy, in the use of the article exhibited. The importance, in a social or other point of view, of the purposes to which the article is to be applied, will also be taken into considera¬ tion, as will also the amount of the difficulties over¬ come in bringing the invention to perfection. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 215 “ In the department of Manufactures, those articles will be rewarded which fulfil in the highest degree the conditions specified in the sectional list already published, viz. : — Increased usefulness, such as permanency in dyes, improved forms and arrange¬ ments in articles of utility, &c. Superior quality, or superior skill in workmanship. New use of known materials. Use of new materials. New combinations of materials, as in metals and pottery. Beauty of de¬ sign in formor color, or both, with reference to utility. Cheapness, relatively to excellence of production. “ In the department of Sculpture, Models, and the Plastic Art, the rewards wfill have reference to the beauty -and originality of the specimens ex¬ hibited, to improvements in the processes of pro¬ duction, to the application of art to manufactures, and, in the case of models, to the interest attaching to the subject they represent.” All articles of foreign growth or manufacture, it is stated, must come under the charge and sanction of the “ Central Authority of the country of which they are the produce;” and that ‘‘it will rest with the Central Authority in each country to decide up¬ on the merits of the several articles presented for exhibition, and to take care that those which are sent are such as will fairly represent the industry of their fellow countrymen.” The Executive Committee of the N. Y. State Ag. Society, have requested the President of the United States to designate a Commission to take charge of such articles as may be sent from the different states. Information has been given that the space on the ground of the exhibition, allotted to this country, is 80,000 square feet, one half of which will be requi¬ red for alleys, and the other half will be devoted to articles for exhibition. We shall give further par¬ ticulars in regard to this exhibition, when we learn the action of the Executive of the General Govern¬ ment in relation to it. Culture of Millet. The culture of millet is chiefly recommended in this country for making hay. For this purpose, it is a good substitute for clover and the ordinary grasses. When, therefore, from any cause, a suffi¬ ciency of hay is not likely to be obtained from the latter sources, millet may be advantageously resort¬ ed to. It is a plant which will grow quite well on rather thin soils, and it grows so fast, that when it is up and well set, it is seldom much affected by drouth. In this latitude, it is commonly sown in June. Half a bushel of seed to the acre, is the usual quantity, sown broadcast and harrowed in. For the finest quality of hay, it is thought advisable to sow an additional quantity of three or four quarts of seed. The ordinary yield of crops may be put at from a ton to a ton and a half of hay to the acre. It should be cut as soon as it is out of blossom ; if it stands later, the stems are liable to become too hard to make the best of hay. In curing, it is best to put it in cocks when fairly wilted, letting it re¬ main in this situation for twelve hours, in order that it may undergo a sweating , which improves the hay, troth by the development of its saccharine qualities, and by doing away with its stiffness and harshness, making it soft and more agreeable to the animals. There are several varieties of millet. That knovrn as the German, is perhaps most common in this country. It grows, ordinarily, to the height of about three feet, with compact heads from six to nine inches in length, with yellow seed. There are some sub-varieties of this, as the white and purple seeded. The Italian millet is larger than the preceding, reaching the height of four feet, in tolerable soil, and its leaves are correspondingly larger and thick¬ er. The heads are sometimes a foot or more in length, are less compact than the German, being composed of several spikes, slightly branching from the main stem. It is said to derive its name from be¬ ing cultivated in Italy, though its native habitat is India. It is claimed by some, that this variety will yield more seed than any other, and the seed is ra¬ ther larger; but the stalk is coarser, and would pro¬ bably be less relished by stock. The seed or grain of various kinds of millet has sometimes been used, when ground into meal, for bread. The seed is also used in various European countries as a substitute for sago, for wTiich it is considered excellent. It is also a valuable food for poultry — particularly for young chickens, which, from the smallness of the grain, can eat. it readily, and it appears to be wholesome for them. If the greatest amount of seed is desired from the crop, it is best to sow it in drills two to tw7o and a- half feet apart— using a seed drill for the purpose. This admits of the use of a small harrow or cultiva¬ tor between the rows, while the plants are small, wrhich keeps out the weeds. The crop will ripen more uniformly in this way, than broadcast, which enables the farmer to cut if when there will be the least waste. The seed shatters out very easily when it is ripe, and when the crop ripens unequally, it cannot be cut without loss; because either a portion of it will be immature, or if left till it is all ripe, the seed of the earliest falls out. It should be closely watched, and cut in just about the same stage that it is proper to cut wheat — while the grain may be crushed between the fingers. It may be cut with a grain cradle, and when dry, bound and shocked like grain ; but it should be threshed out as soon as prac¬ ticable, on account of its being usually much at¬ tacked by birds, many kinds of which are very fond of the seed. In particular localities, they assail the crop in such numbers, from the time it is out of the “milk,” till it is harvested and carried off the field, that it is no object to attempt to ripen it. This crop is sometimes sown in drills when it is only intended for fodder, being cut and cured in bun¬ dles, as corn-stalks aie cured. It is best to pass it through a cutting-machine, before feeding it to stock; indeed, all millet hay will be fed with less waste in this way, than if fed to animals without cutting. There is another species of plant, (Sorghum,) of¬ ten called millet, several varieties of which have been introduced and more or less cultivated in this country. It is also popularly called Egyptian corn. It is closely allied to the broom corn, the head be¬ ing similar in structure, and the seed similar, except that in most varieties of the sorghum, the outer co vering does not adhere, as in. broom corn. The plant bears a strong resemblance while growing, to Indian corn. There is also some resemblance in the grain, and it is extensively used as food by ma¬ ny oriental nations, from which circumstance it is supposed to have been confounded by some writers with the American maize, or Indian corn. A varie¬ ty under the name of “African purple millet,” was some years since introduced, and recommended for cultivation as a soiling crop. But we believe that this, as well as other varieties, have failed to an¬ swer the recommendations for this purpose, — at least, they possess no advantages over Indian corn, and they are now cultivated here merely as a curiosity. 216 THE CULTIVATOR. June. Notices of Jhiblucttions. Elements of Scientific Agriculture, or the connection between Science and the art of Practical Farming: a Prize Essay of the New- York State Agricultural Society. By John P. Norton, Pro¬ fessor of Scientific Agriculture in Yale College. Albany: Erastus H. Pease & Company. 1850. . The design of this work, in the language of the author, is to “clearly and distinctly explain the great principles that are involved in the applications of science to agriculture.” In reference to the man¬ ner in which this design has been carried out, we cannot better express our own views than by the adoption of the language of the committeo by whom the examination of the essay was made and the prize of $100 awarded: — “As a work of science, it em¬ bodies every principle and fundamental feature of Agriculture which has been developed to this period, and having the stamp of truth arrayed in simple yet perspicuous language, it would seem expedient that no effort should be spared to carry this work to the home of every man, whether directly or remotely connected with the pursuit of Agriculture. Until science shall unfold to us other facts, and further developments of nature’s laws, this work should be the elementary text-book for every person who studies the cultivation of the earth; it should form a prominent object in every school-district in the state, and be strong alike in the affections of teacher and pupil.” The committee closed their report by recommend¬ ing that the work be adopted by the publishers of books for the school-district libraries. The Execu¬ tive Committee of the State Agricultural Society, have also passed a resolution authorising the print¬ ing of one thousand copies at the expense of the Society, to be awarded as premiums. We are con¬ fident the work will meet with a ready demand, and that it will be read and studied with great satisfaction and advantage by all who are interest¬ ed in the principles of agriculture. The Advocate of Veterinary Reform, and Outlines of Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse; containing also a Veterinary Dictionary; by G. H. Dadd, M. D., Boston. The principal object of the first division of this work, appears to be to produce what the writer calls “ reform,” in the treatment of the diseases of ani¬ mals. This reform is to consist, mainly, in the abandonment of ‘ ‘ destructive agents,” so called — in other words, blood-letting, and poisonous sub¬ stances. As a substitute for this, the work under consideration advocates a system which seems to contemplate rather the prevention than the cure of disease. The directions in reference to this point are, in the main, such as would be approved by persons acquainted with the subject. We agree to the old adage that “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure ;” 'still, with the strictest obser¬ vance of this rule, we apprehend animals will some¬ times be sick, and in such cases it will be necessary to adopt the best means for relief and cure. It is impossible to say what these are, under all circum¬ stances ; but the propriety of restricting the cata¬ logue of medicines to those wholly of a “ botanic ” origin, (whether poisonous or harmless,) will pro¬ bably be doubted by many successful practitioners, whose opportunities for observation and the acquire¬ ment of knowledge in the veterinary art, have been neither few nor small. The same remark may be made in reference to the rejection of the lancet, in the treatment of disease. It is not our present pur¬ pose, however, to make decisions where “ doctors disagree.” Dr. Dadd’s book contains much that is valuable beyond controversy . It is handsomely printed and bound, and comprises upwards of three hundred pages. The Farmer’s Guide. — We have received the second number of this work, which we take occa¬ sion again to recommend. The single chapter on Meteorology, which is completed in the second number, is more than worth the price of the whole work. We will remark in reference to its change of title from “ The Book of the Farm,” that we are authorized to say that such change has been made with the full understanding and consent of Mr. Stephens, and the Edinburgh publishers. The Poultry Book : A Treatise on Breeding and General Management of Fowls; with numerous Original Descriptions and Portraits from life. By John C. Bennett. Boston: Phillips, Sampson & Company. This is a work of 310 pages, 12mo., printed and bound, in excellent style, and in general execution is superior to any work of the kind which has ap¬ peared in this country. It will probably have an extensive sale. The Family Kitchen Gardener; containing plain and accurate descriptions of all the different species and varieties of culinary vegetables; with their botancal, English, French, and German names, alphabetically arranged, and the best mode of culti¬ vating them in the garden or under glass; with a description of implements and medicinal herbs in general use; all descriptions and characters of the most select fruits, the management, propagation, ect., illustrated with twenty-five engravings; by Bobere Buist. New-York: C. M. Saxton. This is a well-known, standard work, which has passed through several editions. The present edi¬ tion is handsomely printed, and makes in all respects a creditable appearance. We can safely recom¬ mend the work to all who wish information on the subjects of which it treats. The American Bird Fancier; considered with reference to the breeding, rearing, feeding, man¬ agement., and peculiarities of cage and house birds; with remarks on their diseases and remedies ; drawn from authentic sources and personal observation ; by D. J. Browne. New-York: C. M. Saxton. This is a neat little volume, copied chiefly from various European authors. It is “got up” in beautiful style — the type and the illustrations being of the very best character — and from a glance at the contents, we presume they will be found useful to those persons for whom they are designed. Song of the Plowman. See, the morning breaks away, Waken plowman to your toil ; From early dawn to gloamin’ grey, Guide the plow and till the soil. Draw the furrow wide, and deep, Scatter widely — never spare ; Let the harrow o’er it sweep — The faith of future bread is there. Nature now her aid is bringing, Green the dewy blade is springing ; Hear the lark above it singing — The faith of future bread is there. The vernal sun ail brightly glows, Diffusing life and joy around ; The genial showers so mildly flow, Imparting freshness to the ground. Cattle on the lea are feeding, Fleecy flocks the hills adorning ; Beauteous flowers their blossoms spreading, Charm the eye and cheer the mind.— Selected. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 217 3h\u for tlje Monttj. Communications have been received, since our last, from E. J. Genet, A Farmer’s Wife, W. L. Ea¬ ton, Hon. F. Holbrook, Prof. J. P. Norton, Obser¬ ver, J. A. H. Ellis, M. H., A Gleaner, Norfolk, H. L. Brown, *, S. P. Rollo, A. W. P., A Connecti¬ cut Farmer. Books, Pamphlets, &c.,have been received as follows : Elements of Scientific Agriculture: by Prof. J. P. Norton, of Yale College. From E. H. Pease & Co., publishers, Albany— price 75 cents. The Poultry Book : by J. C. Bennett, M. D. From the publishers, Phillips, Sampson & Co., Boston— price 75 cents. The Story of a Family: by the author of the “Maiden Aunt.” From E. C. Little & Co., Albany — price 50 cents. The Family Kitchen Gardener : by Robert Buist. From the pub¬ lisher, C. M. Saxton, New-York. An Introduction to the Water Cure : by T. L. Nichols, M. D., — (price 12£ cents,) and Thoughts on Domestic Life: by Nelson Sizer, (price 12£ cents,) from the publishers, Fowlers & Wells, New-York. A choice collection of Ornamental Plants, from A. .1. Downing, Esq., Newburgh. A bundle of Apple Trees, containing over thirty of the best varie¬ ties, from J. J. Thomas, Macedon. Seeds of the “ Round Borneo ” Citron Melon, which took the first prize at the last annual exhibition of the Penn. Hort. Society, from Thomas Hancock, Ashton Nurseries, Burlington, N. J. The American Fruit Culturist.— Copies of this work were sent by mail, the last week in March, to all our Agents who were entitled to it, by having sent us fifteen subscribers and $10. We regret to learn, as we do from various letters, that many of those to whom it was sent, have failed to receive it. Upon inquiry, we have ascertained that many copies of it have been detained in the Philadelphia post-of¬ fice, for some cause to us unknown. We shall en¬ deavor to ascertain the cause, and have them for¬ warded as soon as possible. Trial of Plows. — The trial of plows under the direction of N. Y. State Ag. Society, as noticed in our April number, is to commence on the 4th inst. A piece of ground, which will afford a fair field for the contest, has been selected in Greenbush. We understand that a large number of entries have been made, and there is every prospect that the occasion will be one of interest. Correction. — In the notice of a sale of stock by Mr. Vail, in our last number, a mistake occurred in regard to the name of the purchaser, which was stated to have been Mr. Humphrey. The purchase was made by Mr. Edward Belknap, of Henri¬ etta, Jackson Co., Michigan; and consisted, as we learn, of the bull American Comet, 2^ years old, by Meteor, at $300 — -the cow Esterville, (bred by Mr. Prentice, of Mount Hope, and by him sold to Mr. Vail,) at $300 — cow Victoria by Wellington, $200— and two heifers at $100 each. Patent Office Report — Part II. — This com¬ prises the agricultural portion of the report, which has been presented to Congress, and 150,000 copies ordered printed. It was drawn up by Dr. Daniel Lee, who has submitted in connection with it, some “ suggestions for the improvement of agriculture,” arranged under the heads of Agricultural Educa¬ tion, the Ravages of Insects, Analysis of Soils and Fertilizers, Preservation of Provisions, Improve¬ ment of Domestic Animals, Distribution of Seeds, How cities exhaust the Fertility of Land, &c. Many of the suggestions, under these several heads are of an important character, and eminently wor¬ thy the attention of all who desire the promotion of this fundamental interest. Porcelain Ware. — In our volume for 1848, we noticed the crockery ware manufactory of Messrs. Lyman & Co., Bennington, Vermont. At the time of our visit to the establishment, they had just com¬ menced experiments in the manufacture of fine porce¬ lain, and also a new kind of ware, both of which have, we learn, been entirely successful. The Phi¬ ladelphia Ledger notices some of the ware, which has been exhibited in that city, wffiich is said to equal in beauty and quality, the best china or porce¬ lain known. In addition to the qualities of strength, durability and beauty, it is said to be afforded at lower prices than similar articles of clay ware. Its uses are not confined to the usual crockery ware, but the inventors make from it door-knobs, daguer¬ reotype frames, fancy brackets, letters for signboards, figures for numbering, and almost everything of the sort. Sale of Mr. Sheafe's Short-Horns. — By the advertisement of Mr. Allen, in this number, it will be seen that this herd will be sold at public auction on the 29th of August next. The occasion will fur¬ nish a good opportunity for the purchase of good stock of this breed. Several of the animals, which we have seen at Mr. Sheafe’s farm, are of superior quality, especially for the dairy. The bull Exeter we have not seen, but are assured by competent judges, that he is an animal of rare excellence. Transmutation. — We have another article from UA Gleaner,” on this subject, which he particu¬ larly desires to have published. Could any good arise from its publication, we would cheerfully comply with his request, long as the article is. We are certain, however, — just as certain as we are that no one in these days can perform a miracle, — that our correspondent is deceived as to what he supposes to be a fact. He asserts that, in his boy¬ hood, “ a ten acre field was sown with wheat — that it came up, and looked extremely promising, both in the fall and spring,” and that “ this entire field yielded chess-heads with wheat stalks .” He saw this himself, and consequently thinks he cannot be mistaken; and yet, and we say it with all proper respect, we should just as soon have credited the statement if he had said that the wheat-stalks bore Indian corn, with potatoes at the roots. The one is just as likely, in our opinion, to have occurred, as the other. Great Plowing Match in Canada. — >A plow¬ ing match for a prize of $400, took place near Thornhill, C. W., on the third of May last. The competition was between the townships of Vaughan and Scarboro— twenty plowmen being selected on each side. The match created great interest, and four thousand persons are said to have attended the trial, among whom was the Governor General, Lord Elgin. The contest was so close, that much diffi¬ culty attended the decision; but the prize was final¬ ly awarded to Scarboro. Short-Horn Bull Locomotive. — In reference to the inquiry in regard to this bull, published in our last, we have received a letter from Dr. Mar¬ tin, of Kentucky, stating that he is dead. The Curassow. — We learn from the Southern Cultivator that John W. Boddie, of Oak Ridge, Ga., has procured from South America a pair of curassows, which are so well domesticated that he keeps them in his poultry yard. We are informed, also, that R. L. Colt, Esq., of Patterson, N. J., has specimens of some of the curassow family. It is a bird nearly equalling the turkey in size, and its flesh is said to be of excellent quality. It has been 218 THE CULTIVATOR. June domesticated in several instances in Europe, and we hope its introduction to our own country, may be the means of adding it permantly to our list of do¬ mestic birds. Clod Crusher. — Robert Chisolm, Esq., of Beaufort, S. C., writes — “ Since I wrote you last I had one of the clod crushers I alluded to, made and tried on very stiff clay-swamp land, where in con¬ sequence of the roots and its roughness, I could not use any harrow ; and was quite pleased with its working. It will require four oxen or horses to draw it, but I think it cheaply worked even at that, and a light harrow after it would put the land in excellent order for sowing any of the small grains. ” A. W. P. — We notice your advice in regard to the publication of “foolish articles, ” but to us it appears as “ foolish” to ask how to prevent hens from scratching , as to tell how to prevent them from sitting. Vegetable Cutter. — We have seen a machine for cutting vegetables, invented by Willis Avery, of Salisbury Centre, N. Y. It is in some respects different from any which has before come to our no¬ tice. It is made of different sizes, according to the usses required. A small size is adapted to cutting potatoes into slices suitable for frying, &c. It it sold at $5. It can be regulated to cut the pieces of any thickness, and does its work perfectly. A larger size is adapted to cutting all kinds of vege¬ tables for stock, and is sold at $8. This size, it is said, will cut a bushel in two minutes. Answers to (Eorrapontaita. Cultivation of the Cranberry. — L. H. H,. St. Lawrence county, N. Y. The best directions we have seen on this subject, were given in our vo¬ lume for 1847, p. 34. Bone-dust and Lime. — S. P. R., Stephentown, We presume the application of bones, and perhaps lime, also, would benefit your land ; but the actual profits arising from the use of either, in any particu¬ lar case, can only be determined by an experiment in which they should be compared with other manures. Stone and Wooden Drains. — B. McS., Virgi¬ nia. Covered drains of boards and scantling will answer a very good purpose, and in a clayey soil, will last many years. Drains of stone are often made, and will draw if well constructed, and well covered with turf, so that the earth cannot wash in. Stones broken to the size of a hen’s egg are consi¬ dered best; but those of two or three pounds weight are sometimes used. Tiles, are, however, consi¬ dered more effectual than any other article for drains. See May No. of the current vol. Cultivator , pp. 163, 164, and vol. for 1849, pp. 174 to 176. To Prevent the Scratching of Hens. — A. W. P., Rye, N. Y. If grain is soaked in a solution of copperas, or in urine, or is coated with tar, as is mentioned in regard to corn, in our April and May Nos., fowls will not eat it, and will soon get tired of scratching for it. Fowls may be prevented from scratching in various ways. They may be fet¬ tered by a string or strip of leather fastened to their legs so as to allow them to waddle about, but not permitting sufficient stretch of the legs to scratch much; or a piece of cloth, or thin pliable leather, may be tied over each foot and around the leg. We have seen the nail of the longest toe broken off with a hammer, which entirely prevents the fowl from scratching while it remains sore, and is, to some ex¬ tent, a prevention afterwards; but it is too barbar¬ ous to be recommended. Prices of Agricultural Iprobucto. Albany, May 20, 1850. [Review of the Market for the last month.] FLOUR —During the past month there has been a good demand for flour, with considerable fluctuation in quotations. The market, at the close of last month became gradually firmer, and prices conti¬ nued to advance steadily until the 8th or 10th instant, (mainly indu¬ ced by the difficulties in the navigation of the canal,) when the price fell off’ and the large receipts caused a dull market. These receipts having been worked off, the market within a day or two has again advanced and quotations mark a higher figure than we have seen for several months, and the tendency of prices is to a still further im¬ provement. The receipts by canal are now light, and the prospect of supplies from the Western States, as shown by the receipts at Buffalo, is in a measure cut off, the favorable time of the Southern Markets of Cincinnati, St. Louis, &c., drawing everything in that direction. The sales during the month have been 25,000 to 30,000 bbls., chiefly of the better grades of State and Western ; the market at the close may be quoted at $5a$5.25 for ordinary to good State, $5.25a$5.37£ for favorite do.. $5.37£a$5.62£ for mixed to straight Michigan and Ohio. $5.62£ for Pennsylvania, $5.62|a$5.8H for pure Genesee, $5.87 |a$6 for fancy Genesee and Ohio, and $6.12£o$6.374 for extras. GRAIN. — There has been a good milling demand for prime wheat, but the receipts have checked operations ; the sales have only been of prime Genesee, which rateably commands higher figures than flour; the sales add 9,000 bushels at I31al34c., closing firm at the higher figure, with an upward tendency. The only sale of Canal Rye reported was a lot of 2,000 bushels at 56|c. 561b3. In Barley, there has been a fair business done, though the greater portion of the receipts by canal had been sold to arrive ; the sales reported were about 10,000 bushels, four-rowed chiefly, at 68a69c., closing at 65a 66c., and 18,000 do., two-rowed chiefly, at 68a70c., and closing at 64 a65c.; some lots which were held above the views of buyers, and shipped to N. Y., have been purchased there on Albany account, at lew figures ; the season is now over. Oats have been in active de¬ mand, exceeding the supply, which is very good, and prices have steadily advanced ; the sales reported have been 54,000 to 55,000 bushels canal, at prices ranging from 42|a44|c., closing fairly at the higher figure. Corn has been in brisk demand, and the market since the opening of the canal, has had a gradually improving tendency ; an active demand both for the home trade and for shipment, is anti¬ cipated which the gradual advance of the article abroad supports; the sales reported, of all descriptions during the month, have been about 135,000 bushels, ranging from 58a60J,c. for Northern Yellow, 58a60c. for flat Yellow and high mixed, and 57a60c, for western mixed, clo¬ sing firm at our outside figures. In malt, we noticed sales 50C0 bush, at 80a81|c. WHISKEY. — The light receipts have restricted sales ; the transac¬ tions for the month are 740 to 750 brls., closing at 23|c., 23£ for 8. P., and including a small parcel Ohio brls. at 23c. PROVISIONS. — The sales have been confined almost exclusively to cut meats ; we notice one or two small parcels of Mess Pork, ci¬ ty packed, at $12a$12.50, and of Mess Beef, at $10. In cut meats, sales 50,000 to 60,000 lbs. at 9c. for smoked hams, city cured, and 7 a7§ for western do.; 6c. for city cured shoulders, and 3c. for sour hams ; we also notice a sale of 700 packages Chicago cut meals at 6c. for hams and 4c. for shoulders. SALT. — The first cargo of salt was taken at 10c. for bags, and 106|c for barrels, to the extent of 7500 packages. HOGS.— We notice sales of several hundred head live hogs, at 3 5-16a3^c. SEED. — The business is closed; we have no sales of moment to report. WOOL. — Until the new clip is received, business witl be dull ; the transactions during the month have been unimportant. Prospects for the Clip of Wool of 1850. We are indebted to a gentleman who has been for years familiar with the wool-trade, for the following article, for which we return our thanks. We are happy to inform our readers that we expect similar reports for each month. — Eds. The depresssion in the wool manufacturing and wool-growing in¬ terests of the United States in 1848, caused something of gloom in regard to the market value of wool in the spring of 1849 ; and it was confidently anticipated in all quarters that prices would rule but lit¬ tle higher than in 1848, for the then approaching clip. After the shearing season was over, however, a nev/'impulse was felt, and the prices of all grades, particularly for medium and low qualities, gra¬ dually advanced until February, 1850, when they had reached a point from 4 to 6 cents a pound higher than in February, 1849. The dif¬ ference between prices in the latter year, as compared with 1848, was greater from August to January, than at the period above men¬ tioned. This advance was caused partly by an active spirit of spe¬ culation, and partly by the brightening prospects of the manufactur¬ ing interests. The stock of domestic wool now remaining on hand is very small, and consists chiefly of the fine Saxon grades, for which there is less demand than for the lower qualities ; and prices nave receded since February The stock of woolen goods in the market, both foreign and domestic, is large, the spring sales having fallen short of the ex¬ pectations of both manufacturers and Merchants. The rates at which recent sales have been made are about the same as in November last, excepting for some styles of the finer fabrics, which have declined ; and it is believed that the manufacturers of this description of goods 1850 THE CULTIVATOR 219 are not so well remunerated for their labor, and the capital employed as those who make the medium and low qualities. Judging from the present state of the cloth trade, and the small stock of wool remaining in market, it is supposed that the opening prices for the coming clip will be somewhat above those of last sea¬ son ; and that whatever advance, if any, which may follow, will not bo so rapid as in 1849 ; and that should the supply of medium and low wools fall short of the demand, (which seems probable, should all the machinery be kept in motion,) the prices may rule nearly as high in the course of the year as they did last year. For the finest Saxon grades a similar result cannot be expected, as the supply somewhat exceeds the present demaitd. The prospect, however, in regard to these qualities may be changed for the better, by an ad¬ vance in the prices of fine broadcloths and cassimeres, a result which is probable, though not certain. It is believed that the clip of wool of 1850 will fully equal that of 1849 — less in some sections and more in others ; and that upon the whole this important branch of agricultural industry will be fairly rewarded. Full Blood Durham Bull fT'OR SALE. A white bull, 3 year;, old, well made. Bred by J. A M. Sherwood. Price $40. ' II. B. HOWLAND. Union Springs, June 1, 1850 — 3t. Full Blood Berkshire Figs. Books for the People. rniiE AMERICAN FARM BOOK, or compendium of American Agriculture, containing a concise and plainly written Exposition of duties pertaining to the Cultivation of the Earth, the Management of the Farm, &c. &c., on practical scientific principles; by R. L. Allen. The cheapest and most valuable book for a farmer ever printed; being a complete guide, both practical and scientific, for the management of the Farm. Price $1 in cloth, 75 cents paper. BROWNE $■ ALLEN'S AMERICAN POULTRY YARD.— Price $1 in cloth, gilt binding; 75 cents in paper covers. Compris¬ ing the Origin, History and Description of the Different Breeds of Domestic Poultry, with directions for their Breeding, Crossing, Rearing, Fattening and preparation for market; including specific directions for Caponising Fowls, and for the treatment of the princi¬ pal Diseases to which they are subject. Drawn from authentic sour¬ ces and personal observations. Illustrated by numerous engravings. AMERICAN BIRD FANCIER — Considered with reference to the Breeding, Rearing. Feeding, Management and Peculiarities of Cage and : louse Birds. Illustrated with engravings, by D. J. Browne, author of the “ Sylva Americana,” “The Amercian Poul¬ try Yard,” &c. Price, in cloth, gilt, 50 cts.; cheap edition, 25 cts. THE AMERICAN BEE-KEEPER'S MANUAL , Fourth edi¬ tion. By T- B. Miner. Price $1, in cloth. “ The most complete work on the Bee and Bee-Keeping we have yet seen.” — N. Y. Tribune. rpilE subscriber offers for sale a fine lot of young Boars and Sows, at prices from $2 to $4. The boar they were raised from took the first premium at the Buffalo Fair. * R. B. HOWLAND. Uuion Springs, Cayuga county, June 1 — It. Importation and Sale of Stock. TV/TR. L. G. MORRIS, of Mount Fordharn, Westchester County, -LYX N. Y., left New- York on the 17th April, for Europe. One of his main objects is to obtain agricultural information generally, and especially to purchase such domestic animals as are calculated to im¬ prove the stock of the United States, He purposes to attend the sale of the Short-horn cattle belonging to the estate of the late Thomas Bates, Esq., of Kirkleavington, Yorkshire ; but will not confine his purchases to that herd. He expects to return to America in Septem¬ ber next, and the second annual sale of cattle from his own herd, will take place in October. Whatever stock he may import, will be at his place at the time of sale. Printed catalogues of the animals to be sold, will be issued in due time. June 1. 1850— 4t. C. M. Saxton. 120 Fulton street , New- York, {up stairs.) IT AS just published THE FAMILY KITCHEN GARDENER, containing plain and accurate descriptions of all the different species and varieties of Culinary Vegetables, with their Botanical, English, French and German names, alphabetically arranged, and the best mode of cultivating them in the garden or under glass, with a description of implements and medicinal herbs in general use. Also, descriptions and charactejrs of the most select fruits, their management, propagation, &c., illustrated with twenty-five engra¬ vings. By Robert Buist, author of the American Flower Garden Directory. Rose Manual, &c. Price 75 cents, cloth ; mail edition, 50 cents. _ _ _ June 1— It. Kinderhook Woo! Depot. T'HIS enterprise will be continued upon the same principles as A heretofore, viz : The FLEECES will be thrown into sorts, according to style and quality. A discrimination will be made between wool in good or bad con¬ dition. All who desire it can have their clips kept separate. Sales will invariably be made for cash. The charges will be, for receiving, sorting and selling, one cent per pound, and the insurance, which will be 25 cents on $100 for a term of three months. Liberal advances in cash, made on the usual terms. Reference can be had to Dr. J. P. BEEKMAN, Kinderhook. B. P. JOHNSON, Albany. T. W. OLCOTT, “ R. H. KING, “ Messrs. FREELAND, STUART & Co., N. Y. City. Messrs. M. D. WELLMAN & CO., Massillon, O. ' R. CARTER, Chicago, Ill. Messrs. OGDEN & JONES, Chicago, Ill. JOHN F. GILKEY, Kalamazoo, Mich. SAMUEL PATTERSON, Washington Co., Pa. R. A. ALLEN, Liberty, Bedford Co., Va. DrRECTloNs for Shipping. — Sacks should be marked, “II. BLANCHARD & Co., Kinderhook. N. Y.” The connections be- tween the varions transportation lines are so regular, that in ordina- ry cases, contracts can be made for shipping to East Albany, (oppo¬ site Albany,) if sent by the Northern route ; and T. L. Green, a°-ent for the Railroad at that place, will forward to Kinderhook. If sent by the Southern route, contracts can be made to New- York, and J. H. REDFIELD & CO., corner of Broad and South Sts., agents of the S wiftsure line of Tow-Boats, will forward to East Albany. The initials of the owner’s name should be upon each sack, and an in¬ voice forwarded to us at the time of shipment, stating the number and weight of each bale ; also contract prices for shipping, if any are agreed upon. ' June 1— 2t. THE A1WERIC AN ARCHITECT— Complete in 24 numbers, at 25 cents each, or $5 for 24 numbers. $6, bound in 2 vols. DAN APS PRIZE ESSAY ON MANURES— A new and enlarged edition. Price 25 cents. ILLUSTRATED TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF ANI¬ MALS — Being a History and Description of the Horse, Mule, Cattle. Sheep, Swine, Poultry and Farm Dogs, by R. L. Allen. Price 75 cts. cloth, 50 cts. paper. GUNN'S DOMESTIC MEDICINE, or Poor Man’s Friend, in the hours of affliction, pain and sickness, a safe and reliable guide. Raymond’s copy, price $3. Published by C. M. SAXTON, Agricultural Book Publisher, June 1, 1850— It. 120 Fulton st., New-York. Webster’s Quarto Dictionary. ■\T7TniOUT reserve or qualification, the best extant. — President vv Olin. “ Surpassed in fullness and accuracy by none in our lan¬ guage.” — President Wayland. “ It far excels all others in giving and defining scientific terms.” — Pres. Hitchcock. “ The standard wher¬ ever the English is spoken, it deserves to be, must be, is, and will be.”— Prof. Stowe. “An honor to the language.” — Pres. Humphrey. “A copiousness, perspicuity, and accuracy, not found in any other.” — Pres. Day. “A great improvement on all which have preceded.” — Pres. Bates. “Worthy of general patronage.” — Pres Woods “Most complete, accurate, and reliable of the language.” — Pres Beecher , Pres. Larrabee , Pres. Keller , Pres. Woolsey, Pies. Blanchard , Pres. Smith. Pres. Knox , and Chancellor Freliv ghuysen. Published by G. & C. MERRIAM, Springfield, Mass., and for sale by Booksellers generally. J use 1. — It. Good’s Family Flora, "C'MBRACING the three comprehensive and important department^ which include all that is necessary or useful to be known res¬ pecting Plants, viz : I. THE BOTANICAL ANALYSIS, extensive and thorough, effectually perfecting those in Botany who possess only the first prin¬ ciples of the science. II. THE NATURAL HISTORY, more particularly adapted foi the general reader, and embracing the cultivation and propagation of plants. III. THE CHEMICAL AND MEDICAL PROPERTIES AND USES, showing in a popular form the importance and application of plants in the various diseases of the human family. The whole embellished with colored plates painted by hand, from original drawings copied from nature. These plates are excellent samples for young persons learning draiving or painting. Yol. I. contains an extensive glossary of botanic terms — forty-eight plates of plants, No. 1 to 48 inclusive, each colored, separate and in¬ dependent — with the usual letter press matter to each, and an uncom¬ monly striking likeness of the late John Mason Good, M. D., F. K. S., &c. &c., with a notice of his life, writings, character, &c. Over 300 pages, large octavo, bound, price $4 — colored. PETER P. GOOD, Publisher, Elizabethtown, Essex Co., New Jersey. Apply as above, per mail, and the whole of the work for 2 years, may be forwarded through the Post Office to any address in pamphlet form, (postage 30 cents.) Thus individuals may obtain the first vol¬ ume, as above, on remittance of $3 (postage free,) and bind it to suit their own tastes. O5” The Family Flora cannot be obtained on so good terms in any other way. June 1 — It. The Norman Horse. HPHIS Thoroughbred Stallion will stand for mares the present sea- son, on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, at Union Springs, Cayuga County; on Fridays at Canoga, and Saturdays at Bearytown, in Seneca County. Pasture 3 shillings per week. Mares at the risk of the owner. ROBERT B. HOWLAND Union Springs, June 1, 1850.— 2t. 220 THE CULTIVATOR. June, WHEELER, MELICK & CO.’S AGRICULTURAL WORKS, 'THE above cut represents one of Wheeler’s Single Horse Powers A and Threshers, operating on a common barn floor. Inside the cover of this number of The Cultivator, its readers will find a large cut, illustrating the operation of a Double Power and Thrfesher. For details respecting the qualities and character of these machines, and the names and location of some of our agents, the subscribers refer to their Advertisement in the May number of The Cultivator. The article which we give below from the “ Valley Farmer,” pub¬ lished at St. Louis, State of Missouri, is but oi*c of a large number of notices equally favorable, which have appeared in different Agricultural Papers, showing the high esteem in which these ma¬ chines are held iff the diferent grain producing States of the Union. These Powers and Threshers, with a variety of other agricultural machines and implements, are manufactured by Wheeler. Melick & Co., at their Agricultural Works, Albany, and sold at 'Wholesale & Retail by the manufacturers, and by their Agents in the different States of the Union. WHEELER, MELICK & CO., Hamilton Street, corner of Liberty and Union sts., June 1, 1850. Albany, N. Y. Extract from an editorial article in the Valley Fanner, for April , 1850. “ Wheeler’s Horse Power and Thresher. This machine, manufactured in Albany, N. Y., has taken the precedence wherever used, of all others. Large numbers have been sold in the East, but until very recently it has not been introduced into the west. In the May number of the Farmer, we shall publish an extended notice ac¬ companied by an engraving. The editor of the Prairie Farmer says that with this machine, 2 horses and 4 or 5 men have done as much work, day by day, as Threshers with 8 horses and 10 men, operating along side of them. “ For several years, we have been urging the want on the part of Farmers, of a small horse power which each one could own, keep, and use with his own help, without being obliged to call on his neighbors, to assist him in getting out his grain. This implement meets that want, so far as we can judge.” Circular. THE subscribers are making and vending J. W. SHERMAN’S New Seed Drill and Broadcast Sower , Constructed upon a new principle ; cheaper, simpler, and more du¬ rable and accurate , than any similar machine now in use. We are building three different qualities of these machines. No. 1, is a superior Drill and Broadcast Sower, and will sow fine Ma¬ nure (such as Plaster, Ashes, Guano, &c.,) Broadcast , or in the drill rows, any desirable quantity per acre, at the same lime of drilling in the grain. It is well finished, substantially made, of good material, and warranted — at the low price of $65. No. 2. is built for drilling all kinds of grain. It will also sow fine manure, broadcast, on crops. Price $55. No. 3, is a plain Wheat Drill ; simple, accurate, substantial. Price $45. None of our mach ines vAll clog in the runs ; they cannot do so with the most difficult kind of seed; THE DISTRIBUTING PRINCIPLE BEING ENTIRELY NEW. We are prepared to supply all orders. Those wishing to purchase drills, would do well to see ours before purchasing elsewhere. The sooner the order is given, the more sure you will be of getting your Drill in time. N. B. — Persons wishing to make or sell our Drills, are offered a good chance. A large descriptive bill will soon be issued with cuts. All commu¬ nications or inquiries [post paid,] will receive prompt attention. Address Sherman, Foster & Co., Palmyra, Wayne county, N. Y. Those wishing it, can see the machines at Foster, Jessup & Go’s Machine shop, Palmyra; where they will also find the best Thresher and Separator, Revolving Horse-rake, (spring teeth,) wheel Cultiva¬ tors, and other agricultural implements; warranted superior. Call and see. Mr. SHERMAN is agent for the sale of McCormick’s Virginia Reaper. SHERMAN, FOSTER & CO. Palmyra, June 1, 1850 — 2t. Great Sale of Short Horn Cattle. ’T'lIE subscriber will offer for sale, without reserve, at public auc- tion, on Thursday, the 29lh day of August next, at 1 o’clock, P. M., on the farm of .T. F. Sheafe, Esq., at New Hamburg, Duchess Co., New York, about 35 head of Short horn cattle, including cows, heifers and calves. This herd was mostly bred by Mr. Sheafe, and 1 do not hesitate to say, that I think it one of the very best in the United States ; and I have seen and particularly examined nearly all of them. Great at¬ tention was paid in the commencement of this herd, to the milking properties of the animals forming it and this, together with fine points and good growth and constitution, have been steadily kept in view in its breeding. There is but one cow in the herd which gives less than 20 quarts per day, in the best of the milking season, while one has -/Veil over 29 quarts per day, and made 15 pounds 3 ounces of butter per week, and two others have given respectively, 31 and 36 quarts per day. Their color is of the most fashionable and desirable kind — red, red-and-wliite and a rich strawberry roan — only one white cow in the lot. They are of good size and fine style, and all in calf to the superb imported bull Exeter, who will also be offered for sale at the same time. Pedigree of Exeter. — Exeter is of the Princess tribe of Short horns — was calved in June, 1848, and bred by Mr. John Stephenson, of Wolviston, Durham, England. He was got by Napier, (6,238,) out of Jessamine, by Commodore, (3,452) — Flora, by Belvidere, (1,706) — Jessey, by Belvidere, (1,706) — Cherry by Waterloo, (2,816) &e. See English Herd Book, Vol. V., for full pedigree. Exeter was selected for Mr. Sheafe, by a first rate judge of Short horn stock, and was considered one of the very best bulls in England. Quite a high price was paid for him ; and it is believed that his supe rior, if even his equal, has never before been imported into this coun¬ try. He carries an enormous brisket for his age, and his style, handling, and quality are of the finest kind. His color is mostly a beautiful yellow red, which is a bright red with a fine golden or saffron undertinge, arising from a rich yellow skin. He is the only bull of this peculiarly desirable red , ever imported inlo America. Calves got by him, out of this herd of cows, will fetch a high price the moment they are dropped. Mr. Stephenson, the breeder of Exeter, now stands at the head of his class in England, and his stock is of the highest repute. It is en¬ tirely of the Princess tribe, and traces its pedigrees, without any al¬ loy or Galloway blood, back to pure Shorthorns, for upwards of two hundred years; a matter of no small consideration to those who wish a superior fresh cross. Catalogues of the above stock, with pedigrees in full, are now rea¬ dy’- for distribution. ’ Southdown Sheep. — A choice flock of this superior breed of mut¬ ton sheep, will be sold on ihe same day as above. Suffolk Swine. — One boar and several breeding sows and pigs, of this fine breed of swine. Working Oxen. — A handsome pair of red working oxen. A. B. ALLEN, 189 Water st., New-York. June 1, 1850— 3t. (T^R ASS. ^ Grain, & other scythes from the ce- 1 e b r a t e d Nor. Wayne Scythe Co., late R. B. Dunn’s. Having sold these scythes for several years with uniform good success — (not one in a hundred having failed and been returned) — he does not hesitate to recommend them as equal if not the best in use. For sale by H. L. EMERY, June 1, 1850. Nos. 369 & 371 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. Hrnm’s Scythes. 1850 THE CULTIVATOR. 221 PATENT RAILROAD HORSE POWERS, AND OVERSHOT THRESHERS & SEPARATORS. With recent important improvements. Manufactured at the AGRICULTURAL WORKS, and sold , wholesale and retail, at the AGRICULTURAL WAREHOUSE AND SEED STORE OF HORACE L. EMERY, Nos. 369 & 371 Broadway, Altoan , N. Y. •THE Subscriber has at great expense of time and money done much to introduce these machines throughout the country gene¬ rally, and with such success that he is fully satisfied of their superior¬ ity over every other kind of Threshing Machinery in use, with which he is acquainted. Probably no other machines yet invented have met with so rapid an introduction, gone so extensively into use, or given such uni¬ versal and uniform satisfaction. The rapidly increasing demand has induced him to erect during the past years, (1848 — 1849,) a spacious manufactory in this city, to facili¬ tate the manufacturing, and better supply the wants of the farming community. These increased facilities, together with his extensive Ware rooms, and complete assortment of every desirable article of Implement or Seeds wanted by the farmer, enable him to offer great inducements to the public to purchase their supplies of and through him, whether for their own use or to sell again. Particular attention is called to the RAILROAD HORSE POW¬ ER, & OVERSHOT THRESHING MACHINES & SEPARA¬ TORS, as recently improved, by which the application of power is applied from the Endless Platform to the shaft of the driving band wheel, in such a manner as to remove the liability of breaking of links and wearing of the small wheels , and the slipping and wearing of the links and pinions in consequence, is wholly avoided. Greater Strength, Durability, and Lighter Friction are secured. All of which being important points not before attained in these machines. They are^c ompar atively light and portable — the One Horse Pow¬ er, complete, weighing about 1100 pounds ; the Two Horse Power, complete, weighing about 1900 pounds. When they are to be often removed, an axle and wheels are attached, forming of itself a wag¬ on. When in use, one pair of wheels are removed. They are operated by the weight of tire horse or horses, at an ele¬ vation of about one and a-half to two inches to the foot, or 16 to 22 niches, according to the weight of the horses. Three men, with the one Horse Power and a change of horses twice a day can readily thresh from 75 to ICO bushels wheat or rye ; or four men, with a Two Horse Power, with the same team, can thrash from 150 to 200 bushels wheat or rye, or double that quantity of oats or buckwheat per day. All can be operated inside of barns, in stormy weather, when men. and teams could do little else to advantage. The Thresher is Overshot, and is driven without any crossing of bands. The feeder stands erect and is not annoyed with dust. There is no liability of accident from the spikes, &c. — as no hard substances can injure or break them. A Separator is attached to all the Threshers, and answers an admirable purpose for separating the straw from the grain, leaving it with the fine chaff, fit for the Fan¬ ning Mill. They have been exhibited in operation by the subscriber during the past three years, at all the principal State and County Fairs of New-York, Massachusetts, Ohio and Canadas, and been extensive¬ ly introduced and used among the farmers of those states, and Ver¬ mont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennes¬ see, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin and Michigan. The First Premiums of the Societies have been awarded them, and the highest ecomiums of committees and farmers have been bestowed upon them for their Simplicity, Efficiency, Utility, Durability and Cheapneess. They can be taken in pieces and packed very compactly, and for¬ warded to any part of the country, by railroad, canal or steamboats. He has efficient agents for receiving and forwarding machines in all the principal towns and cities in the states of New-York, Michi¬ gan, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa. Wisconsin, Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, Vermont, &e.; and all machines delivered on board boats, cars, &c., and freights always contracted for at the lowest rates, and shipping bills made out and forwarded, without extra charge for same, insur¬ ing speed, safety, and reasonable charges for transportation. Terms CASH, or approved notes, or city acceptances, at thirty y sixty, or ninety days, with interest. They are warranted to operate as represented, or may be returned to the subscriber or his agents, of whom they have been purchased, within three months, and purchase money refunded. For further particulars, see Catalogue of Albany Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, Agricultural Papers, and Reports of Agricultural Societies, &c.j &c., or by addressing the subscriber, postage paid. A liberal discount allowed to those persons ordering and selling the machines in their vicinity, and agents wanted to sell and put them in operation, where not introduced. Having had long experience in the manufacture and sale of agri¬ cultural machinery, he feels assured the public will hazard nothing in purchasing their Agricultural Implements and Machinery of and through him. For the satisfaction of those unacquainted with him, and his manner of doing business, he would refer them to the follow¬ ing gentlemen : Luther Tucker, Ed. and Pub. Albany Cultivator, and Treasurer N. Y. State A g. Society, Albany. Sanford Howard, Associate Editor Albany Cultivator, Albany. E. P. Prentice, Esq., President N. Y. S. A. S., Albany, N. Y. George Vail, Esq., Ex. Presd’t do do Troy, N. Y. A. Van Bergen, Esq. do do do Coxsackie, N. Y. J. M. Sherwood, Esq., do do do Auburn, N. Y. B. P. Johnson, Esq., do and present Secretary N. Y. S. A. S. J. McD. McIntyre, Rec. Sec. N. Y. S. A. S., Albany, N. Y. D. D. T. Moore, Esq., former Ed. and Pub. Gen. Far., and present Ed. and Pub. of Rural New-Yorker, Rochester. Jas. Vick, Esq., Ed. and Pub. Gen. Far., Rochester. J. A. Wight, Esq,, Ed. of Prairie Farmer, Chicago, Ill. C. N. Bement, Esq., late Ed. and Pub. Am. Jour, of Ag., Albany. Ruggles, Nourse & Mason, Manufacturers and Dealers in Ag. Implements, Worcester and Boston, Mass. John Mayher & Co., Dealer in Ag. Implements, New York. "ITTILCOX, Downers, and other approved Revolving Horse Rakes, * * light, strong and durable. Several hundreds were sold the past season, with fullest satisfaction to the purchasers. Dealers in the article can be supplied on liberal terms. FENCE WIRE. All sizes and qualities, suitable for fences, for sale low. CULTIVATORS, and Double Mould Board Plows, of various sizes, for cultivating and hilling Corn, Potatoes, Ac. Albany Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 369 & 371 Broadway. June 1, 1850. H. L. EMERY. 222 THE CULTIVATOR June, JUST PUBLISHED, BY DERBY, MILLER AND CO., AUBURN, THE AMERICAN FRUIT CULTURIST, BY J. J. THOMAS, /CONTAINING- directions for the Propagation and Culture of C'' Fruit Trees, in the Nursery, Orchard, ana Garden, with Descrip¬ tions of the principal American and Foreign Varieties cultivated in the United States. With 300 accurate -illustrations. One volume of over 400 pages, 12 mo. Price $1. A cheaper, but equally valuable book with Downing’s was want¬ ed by the great mass. Just such a work has Mr. Thomas given us We consider it an invaluable addition to our agricultural libraries. Wool Grower. We predict for it a very rapid sale ; it should be in the hands of every fruit grower, and especially every nurseryman. It is a very cheap book for its price. — Ohio Cultivator. It is a most valuable work to all engaged in the culture oi fruit trees. — Utica Herald. It is a book of great value. — Genesee Farmer. Among all the writers on fruits, we do not know of one who is Mr. Thomas’ superior, if his equal, in condensing important matter. He gets right at the pith of the thing — he gives you that which you wish to know at once ; stripped of all useless talk and twattle. No man has a keener eye for the best ways of doing things. Hence we always look into his writings with the assurance that we shall find something new, or some improvements on the old ; and we are sel¬ dom disappointed. This book is no exception. It is full. There is no vacant space in it. It is like a fresh egg — all good, and packed to the shell full — Prairie Farmer. In the volume before us, we have the result of the author’s expe¬ rience and observations, continued with untiring perseverance for many years, in language at once concise and perspicuous. — Albany Cult. For sale in New- York, by M. H. NEWMAN & CO., and C. M. SAXTON. Boston, B. B. MUSSEY & CO. Philadelphia, THO¬ MAS, COWPERTHWAITE & CO. *** Copies in paper covers sent by mail free of expense on re¬ ceipt of $1, post paid. Direct to DERBY, MILLER & CO. Auburn, April 1, 1S50. — 3t. 10,000 Acres ©I Long Island Land for Sale, At Lake Road Station , or Irvington. THE undersigned is, and has been for several years, engaged in the ^ improvement and cultivation of the wild lands of Long Island. The fact being now fully established, beyond any doubt, that the land in the middle parts of the Island, along the borders of the L. I. Railroad, is as good and productive, when cultivated in the same manner, as any other part of Long Island. 10,000 acres are now of¬ fered for sale, in parcels to suit purchasers, from 10 acres, to 100, or 1 ,000, at a very low price, and on favorable terms. This tract is near the geographical centre of the Island, being about equi distant from Long Island Sound, and the Great South Bay, (the Island being about 13 miles wide there,) and 48 miles from New- York. There are many highly cultivated farms in the immediate vicinity, on the north and south side of this land,- — having been settled and cultivated more than 150 years. It is well watered, being bounded on the north by the famous Ronkonkama Lake — has also a large and never failing stream running through it. The lake and stream are full of fish — perch in the lake, and trout, in great abundance and of large size, in the stream. The country abounds in game, deer, and wild fowl. The climate is mild and perfectly healthy, the surface is smooth, gently undulating, with an inclination to the south of about 15 feet to the mile — the soil — free from stone, easy and pleasant to cultivate — is a loam, large portions of which may be called a heavy loam, or it is of sufficient tenacity to make sun-burnt brick, right out of the surface— -is from 18 inches to 3 and 5 feet deep, and is susceptible of the highest degree of cultivation. The railroad passes through this tract, affording easy and constant communication with the Brooklyn and New- York markets, where the highest price in cash, can always be had for every article that the farmer and gardener can produce. To capitalists, an excellent opportunity is here presented to obtain a large tract of valuable land at a low price, possessing all the advan¬ tages for settlement of a new country, without any of the privations, — but with all the privileges and comforts of an old one. Apply to A. B. Allen, Esq., Editor of the American Agriculturist, 187 Water Street, New- York, or to E. F. PECK, 306 State Street, Brooklyn, L. I. 03?= Lake Road is an important and central depot on the Railroad — there are large buildings and a settlement there. May 1, 1850— 3t. Trees ! Trees i ! Trees S ! f T^OR SALE, at Mount Ida Nursery, Troy, N. Y., a choice varie- ty of Fruit Trees, comprising Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, and Cherries, of the most approved kinds — the greater part of them worked from bearing trees, and all of them by the subscriber — there¬ fore he can recommend them with confidence. He would also say to those that have not had the experience, that trees brought from the South (if they do live) do not grow as thrifty for a number of years, as those raised in a Northern latitude, which many persons can prove from experience. He also pays particular attention to the transplanting of his trees so as to have them well rooted. Also, a good variety of Shade Trees, consisting of Scotch Elm, Sycamore, Linden, Horse Chestnut, Mountain Ash, Evergreen Privet for Hedges, China and Hardy Roses, &c., &c. Catalogues and other information can be had of the Nurseryman, Feb. 1— 6ms. JOSEPH CALDWELL Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. No. 197 Water street* {near Fulton,) New- York. TRIE subscribers would respectfully invite the attention of planters and dealers in Agricultural and Horticul¬ tural Implements, Garden and Field Seeds, &c., See., to their large and va¬ ried assortment of Garden and Field tools, &c., which they are selling at the very lowest rates that they can be procured in the United States. Persons living at a distance can obtain an k( illustrated ’ ’ Catalogue, containing a list of prices, on application by letter, post-paid . Those ordering from us may depend upon their orders being promptly filled. May 1, 1850— tf. . JOHN MAYHER & CCb, Wire for Fences. TRON WIRE FOR FENCING, constantly for sale at New- York 1 prices. ' Z. HOSMER, April 1, 1850 -6t. 110 Milk St., Boston. The American Live Stock Insurance Company, At Vincennes , Ind. Cl HARTER unlimited. Granted January 2, 1850. Capital $50,000 !=£U For the Insurance of HORSES, MULES, PRIZE BULLS , SHEEP AND CATTLE, of every description, against the combined risks of Fire, Water, Accidents and Disease. Losses paid in 30 days after proof of death. Directors. — Joseph G. Bowman, Hiram Decker, M. D., Isaac Mass, George D Hay, John Wise. Alvin W. Tracy, Hon. Abner T Ellis, Abm. Smith, Hon. Thomas Bishop. J oseph G. Bowman, President. B. S. Whitney, Secretary. Wm. Burtch, Treasurer. 0s" Agents solicited for all parts of the Union. May 1 — 2t. No Humbug-. THE undersigned, after 20 years’ experience and much research, -I has discovered a cheap chemical compound, easily applied, which completely prevents the ravages of the Bee-moth, and which canJ>© adapted to each and every kind of hive, whether patent or otherwise. This discovery he will impart to any individual on the receipt of one dollar. It being understood the purchaser shall hold himself honor¬ ably pledged, not to impart the information to others. The whole contained in a circular, to which is added several valuable sugges¬ tions in the construction of hives and management of bees, worth more than any patent hive in existence. Address, post paid, SETH WHALEN, May 1, 1850—31 * Ballston Spa, N. Y. Burbank or Morgan Chief. THIS Horse will stand the present season at the stable of the subscribers in Warren, Mondays and Thursdays : at Waits- field, Tuesdays and Wednesdays ; and at the village in Rochester, Fridays and Saturdays. This horse was sired by the celebrated Old Woodbury Morgan, afterwards known by the name of Burbank Morgan. His dam was known by the name of Empress, and was sired by the origi¬ nal Justin Morgan Horse. It will therefore be seen that this horse possesses equally as much Morgan blood as either of the four Stal¬ lions sired by the Original Morgan, and more Morgan blood than any other stallion now living, except the Old Gifford, which was sired by the same horse. For further particulars, see our bills. WRIGHT & ELDREDGE. Warren, Washington county, Vt., May 1, 1850 — 2t.* Jolm A. Pitts, Manufacturer of THRESHING MACHINES and DOUBLE PINION HORSE POWERS, 69 South St. Paul Street, Rochester, N. Y. THE subscriber continues the manufacture of the celebrateed i ‘‘Pitt’s Separator.” It is the same machine that has stood, and now stands unrivalled by any machine for Threshing and Cleaning Grain, in existence. It has been exhibited at State and County Agricultural Fairs, in the United States and Canada,— al¬ ways receiving the First Premium. The Horse Power, for strength, ease, durability, and cheapness of repair, is unequalled. The driving wheel is six feet in diame¬ ter, driving two full pinions, each receiving equal power ; 2 bevel wheels, driven by the full pinions, connect with two. pinions, on the line shaft ; thus it will be seen, this Horse Power is double the strength of any single geared Power. It may be driven with from two to ten horses, depending upon the power required. The Machines have fully sustained all I claim for them; I there¬ fore solicit orders from those who would secure the best Threshing Machine and Horse Power. Please address as above. JOHN A. PITTS. Rochester, Maj " ^SSO — 3t. _ _ Poultry Books. rjRIE American Poulterer’s Companion, by C. N. Bement — price The American Poultry Yard, by D. J. Browne and Samuel Al¬ len — price $1. The American Fowl Breeder, by an Association of Practical Breeders — price 25 cents. For sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. _ Transactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Society. TRANSACTIONS of the New- York State Agricultural Society, from 1841 to 1849, eight vols., price $8, for sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 223 BENNETT’S AMERICAN POULTRY BOOK. The Poultry Book And Fowl Breeders’ Guide . BEING- a Treatise on the Breeding, Raising, and General Man¬ agement of DOMESTIC FOWLS, with numerous original de¬ scriptions, and Portraits from Life. By John C. Bennett, M. D. This work will be found to contain a greater amount of original and other information, both practical and useful, in regard to Fowl Breeding, than is contained in all other American works together. It will be illustrated with nearly FIFTY PORTRAITS of the most choice varieties of American and Foreign Fowls, some forty of which are from life, from drawings taken especially for this work, of the most important breeds, and several of them from Fowls very recently imported. The publishers have spared no expense to bring out this work in a superior manner, both in regard to the engravings, the merits of the work, and the general execution of every part of the book. And it is believed that the work will be found to contain more Practical Infor¬ mation on Breeding and Managing Domestic Fowls , than any work issued in this country. Price — in Muslin binding, 75 cts.; in Paper covers, 50 cts. PHILLIPS, SAMPSON & CO., Publishers, April 1— 3t. 110 Washington St., Boston. I. T. GRANT & CO.’S PATENT FAN MILLS AND CRADLES. We continue to -*• manufacture these celebrated Mills and Cradles. They have been awarded six first premiums at the New- York State Fairs, and at the great American Institute in New York, and several County Fairs, always taking the first premium over all other mills. The manufacturers feel confident, therefore, in offering these mills to the public, that they are the best in use. During the year 1847 they were introduced into England, by Mr. Slocum, of Syracuse. They were very favorably noticed by the English papers ; and from a communication of Mr. S.’s, published in the Transactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Society, for 1847, it will be seen that they were tried by several large farmers, and highly approved. One farmer, it is stated, set aside an almost new winnowing machine, for which he paid £18, ($90) and used Grant’s for cleaning a crop of 300 qrs. (2,700 bushels) of wheat, and several hundred bushels of mustard seed. We have lately made some valuable improvements in the article, though the price remains the same as before. Our fans are extensively used and highly approved at the south, for cleaning rice. We are permitted to make the following ex¬ tracts from letters received from Hon. J. R. Poinsett, of South Ca¬ rolina : — “ The fan you sent last summer, [1848] has been success¬ fully used to clean dirty rice, and winnow that from the threshing floor. It answers every purpose.” In relation to another of our fans, he writes, (April 23, ’49.)—“ Both this and the first mill you sent, work very well ; and the last, which is the largest that can be well worked by a man, cleans the dirty rice perfectly, and is altogether the best wind-fan I ever used for that purpose.” The great encouragement we have received from dealers and agriculturists, has induced us to greatly enlarge our business, and we hope by strict attention, to merit a further patronage. Orders will be thankfully received, and receive prompt atten¬ tion. I. T. GRANT & CO. Junction P. O., Rens. Co., 8 miles north of Troy May 1, 1850— tf. Morgan Horse Black-Hawk. THUS well-known stallion will stand for the present season at the stable of the subscribers ; .terms, $20 the season. The superiori¬ ty of this horse as a stock-getter, is becoming more and more highly estimated, as his progeny increase, and their powers as fast trotters and durable roadsters are demonstrated. For particulars, see large bills. D. & D. E. HILL. Bridport, Vt., April 1.— 3t. Sir Charles. T’HIS fine young horse, owned by Titcomb & Waldron, ofWa- terford, N. Y., will be kept this season by Philip R. Argotsin- ger, one mile from Johnstown, Fulton county, N. Y. He was got by Morse’s Grey, dam a Messenger mare. May 1, 1850— 2t. The Old Gifford Morgan, fTHE highest blooded Morgan Stallion now remaining, will stand the coming season at the stable of Benjamin Gates, in .Walpole, N. H. Terms $25. $5 of which to be paid at the time of service, and the remaining $20 if the mare prove in foal. Pasturage furnished on reasonable terms. A. ARNOLD, Walpole, May 1 — 5t.* Agent for the Proprietors. The Thorough-bred Imported Horse Leopard, T>RED by the Duke of Bedford, is pronounced by the best judges in Canada and the States, as being superior to any blood horse ever imported from England. This horse will stand for mares at J. LAPHAM’S. For pedigree, See., See., see English Stud book, and the Racing Calendar for 1846 — also, advertisement in The Cultivator for 1859. Terms $7 service, $10 season, $15 insurance Peru, Clinton Co., May 1, 1850— 2t. O. K. LAPHAM & CO. The Imported Thorough-bred Horse /CONSTERNATION, will stand for mares the coming season, at the farm of the subscriber, near the city of Syracuse. Terms. — Five dollars in advance, and five dollars additional if the mare is got in foal. Mares left with the subscriber during the season, or until he consents that they shall return, will be insured for $10. Pasture 3 shillings per week. No mare taken except at the risk of the owner. J. B. BURNET. April 1, 1850.— 3t. The Morgan Horse TV/TAJOR GIFFORD, will stand the ensuing season on Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays, at the stable of E. W. Sheldon, in Sennett. On Thursdays and Fridays, at the stable of S. B. Rowe, in Camillus, and on Saturdays, at the stable of John C. Munro, in Bel- lisle. Major Gifford is seven years old this spring, his color a beautiful chestnut— was sired by the Gifford Morgan, his dam a pure Morgan. Breeders of good horses are invited to call and see him. Terms. — Ten dollars to insure. Pasturage furnished. Accidents and escapes at risk of owners. MASON & CO. April 1, 1850. — 3t.* Morgan Horse General Gifford. rpHIS justly celerated horse will stand the coming season at Lodi -*• Village, Seneca County, N. Y. He was got by Old Gifford Mor¬ gan, out of a pure Morgan mare. In his size, color, form and ac¬ tion, he closely resembles his distinguished sire, and is one of the ve¬ ry best specimens of this invaluable race of horses. Terms of insurance, $12. Good pasture provided at the usual rates, and all nocessary atten¬ tion given to mares from a distance. Accidents and escapes at the risk of the owners. May 1, 1850—31. CHARLES W. INGERSOLL. Morse’s Grey. npHIS celebrated horse will stand the ensuing season at the stable ■*- of James Rice, in Spiegletown, three miles north of the village of Lansingburgh He is a beauiiful dapple grey, 15f hands high, strongly and finely proportioned ; has trotted his mile in two minutes and fifty seconds ; is a square trotter, and combines first-rate trotting qualities, and great powers of endurance, with unsurpassed gentle¬ ness and docility. His colts are justly celebrated for speed, bottom and good temper, are eagerly sought after in the market, and com¬ mand prices varying from $150 to $500. The very high reputation of his stock as road horses, and the ex¬ traordinary prices they command, render him by far the most profit¬ able horse to breed from of any in the country. Gentlemen sending mares from a distance, may rest assured that they will have such attendance and keeping as the owners desire, and upon the most reasonable terms. The horse will be under the charge of his former owner, Mr. Calvin Morse. Terms, $10. Insurance to be agreed upon. Communications addressed I. T. GRANT, P. M., Junction, Rens¬ selaer county, will receive prompt attention. May 1, 1850— 2t. Colman’s European Agriculture. TVUROPEAN AGRICULTURE, from personal observation, by ^ Henry Colman of Massachusetts. Two large octavo* vols. — price, neatly bound, the same as published in Nos., $5. For sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. 224 THE CULTIVATOR. June, Contents of this Number. Management of Sandy Lands, . . . Discussion on the Culture of Wheat, . . Neglected Manures, No. 6, by Prof. J. P. Norton, . . . Composition of Hog' and Cow Manures, by J. H. Salisbury, On the Silk Culture of Austria, by C. L. Fleischman, . Irrigation, by Hon. F. Holbrook, . . . Pear-tree Blight, by E. C. Genet, . Raising Seedling Peaches, by T. Craighead, Jr— The Peach Crop — Sweet and Sour Apple, by B. Macomber, . Influence of Grafting on Varieties — To make Peach and other Trees bear Young— Soap Suds for Trees— Peaches and the Curpulio, by D. T. Mosely— The Tree Box, and Scions for Budding, by D. T., . Leaf Blight in the Plum — Expeditious Budding — The Peach Worm, &c., . Rural Architecture — Design for a Villa, . Poultry and Poultry Books, by Observer, . Inflammation of the Lungs in Horses, . . . Cure for Ringbone, by S. G. Cone— Jersey or Alderney Cat¬ tle, by R. L. Colt, . Mental Culture, by Sylv anus— Shrinkage of Corn, by N. W. M’Cormick — How is it? by W. L. Eaton, . Stump Machines — Great Industrial Exhibition at London,. . . . Culture of Millet, . Notices of New Publications — Poetry, . Monthly Notices— To Correspondents, . ILLUSTRATIONS. 193 195 197 198 199 201 204 205 206 207 208 209 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 Fig. 168 — Design for a Villa — Elevation, 169— Ground Plan, . J uo 170— A Group of Poultry, . 209 171 , 172— Stump Pullers, . 214 THE HORTICULTURIST, AND Journal of Kurd Jirt & Rural Satoc. Edited by A. J. Downing, Author of '■'•Landscape Gardening ,” “ Designs for Cottage Residen¬ ces, ” “ Fruits and Fruit Trees of America ,” Sfc., $6. rnQ all persons alive to the improvement of their gardens, orchards or country seats, — to scientific and practical cultivators of the soil, — to nurserymen and commercial gardeners, this Journal, giving the latest discoveries and improvements, experiments and acquisi¬ tions in Horticulture, and those branches of knowledge connected with it, will be found invaluable. Its extended and valuable corres¬ pondence presents the experience of the most intelligent cultivators in America ; and the instructive and agreeable articles from the pen of the Editor, make it equally sought after by even the general read¬ er, interested in country life. The “ Foreign Notices ” present a summary from all the leading Horticultural Journals of Europe ; the “Domestic Notices,” and Answers to Correspondents, furnish copious hints to the novice in practical culture ; and the numerous and beautiful Illustrations, — Plans for Cottages, Greenhouses, the Fi¬ gures of New Fruits, Shrubs and Plants, combine to render this one of the cheapest and most valuable works on either side of the Atlan¬ tic. The Fifth Volume of the Horticulturist will be commenced on the 1st of July, 1850. All or either of the back vols. can be sup¬ plied. New subscribers will be furnished with the fiist four vols. for $10. Terms — Three Dollars per year — Two copies for Five Dollars. All payments to be made in advance, and orders to be post paid. [£?=• All Agents for The Cultivator, and Post Masters general¬ ly, are invited to act as Agents for The Horticulturist. LUTHER TUCKER, Albany, June , 1850. Publisher , Cultivator Office , Albany , N. Y. Harvest Tools. i GREAT variety of Scythes and Snaths, Grain Cradles, Hand and Horse Rakes, Hayforks, &c. A. B. ALLEN & CO., May 1 — It. 189 & 191 Water Street, New-York Allen’s Improved Portable Railroad Horse Power , Thresher and Separator . rPHE advantages of the above horse powers are — 1. They occupy but little more space than a horse. 2. They can be moved by the weight of the horse only, by placing the machine at an angle of 10 or 15 degrees. 3. They are easily transported, simply construct¬ ed, not liable to get out of order, and move with little friction. The Overshot Threshers consist of a small spiked cylinder, with a concave top, and possess these advantages. 1. They have a level ta¬ ble for feeding, thus enabling the tenders to stand erect, and control the motions of the horse and machine by means of a brake, by which accidents are avoided. 2. In consequence of the spikes lifting the straw and doing the work on the top, stones, blocks, &c drop at the end of the table, and are not carried between the spikes. 3. The overshot cylinder does not scatter the grain, but throws it within three feet of the machine. 4. This arrangement also admits of at¬ taching a separator , high enough from the floor or ground to allow all the grain to fall through it, while the straw is deposited by itself in the best condition for binding. 5. Neither grain nor straw are bro¬ ken by this machine. 6. The cylinder is long, which admits of fast¬ er and more advantageous feeding; it is smaller and with fewer teeth than ordinary threshers, thus admitting of more rapid motion and faster work with less power; and the diminution of teeth in the c) nder is fully made up by an increased number in the concave top, w .ch is stationary. 7. Tlje separator is a great, advantage in dimin¬ ishing the labor of raking out the straw, as it leaves the grain in the best condition for the fannning mill. Three men with a single pow¬ er, can thresh 100 to 150 bushels of grain per day ; and four men with a double power, twice that quantity. All the above are com¬ pact, and can be carried where wanted, complete, or they may be readily taken apart and packed for distant transportation by wagon or otherwise. Price of single Power,. . . $80 :c “ Thresher, . $28 “ Separator and fixtures, . $7 “ Bands for driving, &c., . $5 “ Wood-sawing machine, complete and in running order, . $35 Price of Double Power, . $100 “ with Thresher, Separator, &c.,. . . $145 to $150 All the above are sold singly or together, as desired, and are war¬ ranted to work well and give satisfaction. Also, Taplin’s 20 feet Circular, and the Cast Iron Sweep Powers. Enquire at the Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store of A. B. ALLEN & CO., June 1, 1850.— It. 189 Sc 191 AVater St., New-York. Constantly on Hand and tor Sale At the Albany Agricultural Warehouse, T>LOAVS. The Albany, Peekskill, AVorcester, Boston, Cast and Wrought Iron Beam Plows of all sizes and the most approved patterns and makers. All warranted to work to the satisfaction of purchasers, for the purposes they are designed, and to be of the best materials and workmanship. GUANO. Peruvian, African and Patagonian Guano, by the ton or sack. For sale at the Agricultural AArarehouse of H. L. EMERY. June 1, 1850. 369 Sc 371 Broadway, Albany, N Y. Grain Cradles, YUITH Dunn’s Scythes, the best known. These cra¬ dles are from the most celebrated makers known, and so construct¬ ed that they are readily packed in dozens, and if necessary, box¬ ed up for transportation — 6 dozen can be easily packed in the space usually required for a single cra¬ dle. For dealers, or farmers at a distance, this is found a great con¬ venience, as safety and cheap transportation are secured. They are offered to the trade on as liberal terms as by any other manufacturer or dealer. Albany Agricultural Warehouse of IJ. L. EMERY, June 1, 1850. 369 & 371 Broadway, Albany. Peruvian Guano, Bone Dust, Plaster, Poudrette. 'JTIREE hundred tons best Peruvian Guano, in lots to suit purclia- One thousand barrels Bone dust, both sawings and ground. Five hundred barrels Poudrette. Two hundred tons Plaster of Paris, ground fine and in barrels. Agricultural AVarehouse and Seed Store, A. B. ALLEN & CO., June 1 — It. 189 & 191 AVater St., New-York. Splendor. rPIIE Short Horn bull known as OLD SPLENDORS will ■L be kept the present season on the farm of Jacob AV. Page, Sen- nett Corners, Cayuga Co., N. Y. Splendor, (bred by Thomas AVed- dle,) has been owned several years in Avon and Lima, Livingston county ; and the fact of his having served one hundred cows the past season on the farm of his late owner — Mr. AVarner, of Lima — ts sufficient evidence of his value as a getter. Terms $5 a cow. Sennett, June 1, 1850— It * JOHN R. PAGE. THE CULTIVATOR Is published on the first of each month , at Albany , N. Y.} by LUTHER TUCKER, PROPRIETOR. LUTHER TUCKER & SANFORD HOWARD, Editors. $1 per aim.— 7 copies lor $5 — 15 for $10. O^All subscriptions to commence with the volume, (the Jan. No..) and to be paid in advance. OUt" All subscriptions, not renewed by payment for the next year, are discontinued at the end of each volume. 0s* The back vols. can be furnished to new subscribers — and mav be obtained of the following Agents : NEW-YORK — M. H* Newman Sc Co., 199 Broadway. BOSTON — J. Breck & Co., 52 North Market-st., and E. Wight, 7 Congress-st PHILADELPHIA— G. B. Zieber. Advertisements — The cuarge for advertisements is $1, for 12 lines, for each insertion. No variation made from these terms “to improve the soil and the mind.” New Series. ALBANY, JULY, 1850. Vol. VII.— No. 7. THE HAY CROP. The hay crop is the most important of any produ¬ ced in the Northern and New-England states ; but a large proportion of our farmers fail to derive the full benefit of it, from the want of proper manage¬ ment. Too many evince a carelessness in reference to making hay, which they would not think of al¬ lowing with grain, or any other crop of equal value. The contrast in the condition of the stock of differ¬ ent farmers, through the winter and spring, is very striking. The stock of one man is seen to thrive and even fatten, during the time they are kept on hay, while that of another constantly pines from the time it leaves the pastures, and in spring is poor and feeble. It is not uncommon that this difference is seen where there were equal opportunities for hav¬ ing good hay, and sometimes when the greatest quantity has been fed out to the herd which is in the worst condition. The difference alluded to, arises chiefly from the quality of the hay ; and the quality of the hay de¬ pends on the herbage of which it is composed, on the stage in which it is cut, and on the process of making. The amount which would be actually gained by having hay made in the best manner, would be incalculable. It is practicable to have it of such a quality, that a given quantity will produce nearly as many pounds of meat, butter or cheese, as the grass itself would have produced, if it had been eaten in a green state. We have spoken above, of animals being fattened on hay. This is an idea, which, if generally un¬ derstood and practiced upon, would be of great be¬ nefit to farmers. A few are already aware of its importance, and their practice should constitute ex¬ amples for others. Many do not seem to realize that hay can be made to serve any other purpose than barely to carry their animals through the winter — to keep them from starvation. Yet they, rely on grass for the chief growth of their stock, for their beef and mutton, and dairy products; apparently overlooking the fact that hay is but dried grass, and that, if the drying was effected in the most per¬ fect manner, there would be no loss of nutrient pro¬ perties. In deciding on the course to be pursued in curing hay, we should in the first place, understand what are the properties in grass which it is wished to se¬ cure, and which afford sustenance to animals. These may be said to be chiefly starch or sugar, gum, and wax, and oil. The following extracts from the report of Dr. Thomson, in reference to researches and experiments on the food of animals, undertaken by order of the British government, show the im¬ portance of these substances in grass, and furnish useful ideas in regard to the general subject: “When grass first springs above the surface of the earth, the principal constituent of its blades is water, the amount of solid matter being compara¬ tively trifling ; as it rises higher into the day, the deposition of a more indurated form of carbon gra¬ dually becomes more considerable; the sugar and soluble matter at first increasing, then gradually diminishing, to give way to the deposition of woody substance. 11 If, as we have endeavored to show, the sugar be an important element of ^he food of animals, then it should be an object with the farmer to cut grass for the purpose of haymaking at that period when the largest amount of this substance is contained in it. This is assuredly at an earlier period of its growth than when it has shot into seed, for it is then that woody matter predominates; a substance totally insoluble in water, and therefore less calcu¬ lated to serve as food for animals than substances capable of assuming a soluble condition. This is the first point for consideration in the production of hay, since it ought to be the object of the farmer to preserve the hay for winter use, in the condition most resembling the grass in its highest state of perfection. The second consideration in haymaking is to dry the grass under such circumstances as to retain the soluble portion in perfect integrity. “ The great cause of the deterioration of hay, is the water which may be present, either from the in¬ complete removal of the natural amount of water in the grass by drying, or by the absorption of this fluid from the atmosphere. Water when existing in hay from either of these sources, will induce fer¬ mentation, a process by which one of the most im¬ portant constituents of the grass, viz., the sugar, will be destroyed. The action necessary for decom¬ posing the sugar, is induced by the presence of the albuminous matter of the grass; the elements of the sugar are made to re-act on each other in the moist state in which they exist, in consequence of the presence of the water and oil, and are converted into alcohol and carbonic acid. “ That alcohol is produced in a heated haystack, in many cases, may be detected by the similarity of the odor disengaged to that perceptible in a brew¬ ery. We use this comparison because it has been more than once suggested to us by agriculturists. “ The amount of soluble matter taken up by cold water is, according to actual trials, as much as five per cent., or a third of the whole soluble matter in hay. We may therefore form some notion of the in¬ jury liable to be produced by every shower of rain which drenches the fields during hay harvest. It is not only, however, the loss which it sustains in re¬ gard to the sugar and soluble salts, that renders hay so much less acceptable than grass to the appetite of cattle. The bleaching which it undergoes in the sun, deprives it of the only peculiarity which distin¬ guishes the one form of fodder from the other ; grass THE CULTIVATOR. 226 July, deprived of its green coloring matter, presents ex¬ actly the appearance of straw, so that hay ought to be termed grass straw. It is obvious from the ex¬ periments made, that the operation of haymaking, as usually conducted, has a tendency to remove a great proportion of the wax in the grass. Thus it was found that rye-grass contained 2.01 per cent, of wax. Now as 387^ parts of rye-grass are equivalent to 100 parts of hay, and as 387^ parts of grass contain 7.78 parts of wax, it is obvious that 100 parts of hay should contain the same amount of wax; but by ex¬ periment it was found that 200 grains of hay con¬ tained 4 grains of wax, which is equivalent to 2 per cent, almost exactly the amount contained in grass. Hence it appears that no less than 5.78 grains of wax have disappeared during the haymaking process. The whitening process which the grass undergoes in drying renders it apparent that the green color¬ ing matter has undergone change ; but that it should have been actually removed to such an extent, or at least have become insoluble in ether, is a result which could scarcely have been anticipated without actual experiment.” The farmer may not be able to adopt in general practice, a system of curing hay which would en¬ tirely prevent the loss of some of its valuable qua¬ lities ; but experience proves that a system which ap¬ proximates to this, is perfectly feasible in this coun¬ try. The practice of all who make the best of hay, agrees as to general principles. We have alluded to the fattening of stock on hay, and in establishing a criterion for the quality of hay, we think it would be fair to estimate it in proportion to its value for this purpose. It might be objected to this, perhaps, that the properties which would most promote the secretion of fat, might not impart the greatest de¬ gree of muscular strength ; but it should be remem¬ bered that severe exercise is not required of the bulk of the farmer’s stock, and in reference to work hor¬ ses and oxen, the requisite strengthening principle may be supplied through other food. The finer species of grasses, such as blue-grass, ( Poa pratensis ,) red-top (Agrostis ,) and a little sprinkling of white and red clover, produce the best hay. Timothy (Phleum pratense,) is in considera¬ ble repute for hay in some sections, and it makes a profitable hay for exportation, on account of its large yield, but it is less relished by stock, (except horses,) than the above kinds. It seems to be ad¬ mitted by all who have had experience with hay cut at different stages, that it should be cut before it is past bloom. Dr. Thomson has well said that “ it ought to be the object of the farmer to preserve the hay in the condition most resembling grass in its highest perfection,” and that its point of perfec¬ tion u is at an earlier period of its growth than when it has shot into seed.” If it does not fall down, it should be allowed to come into full flower; but if it lodges or cripples it will soon sour, and if the crop is very heavy will rot, and the fermenta¬ tion which takes place, will, more or less, destroy the roots. Hence lodged grass should always be cut without delay, except where the lodging occurs only in trifling patches, and in parts of the field not easy of access. If the grass is cut at the stage mentioned, there will be a vigorous second growth, which on rich land will afford a good autumn crop, for mowing; or it may be fed off by stock, as best suits the wants of the farmer. The early cutting also favors the permanency of the sward ; the vitali¬ ty of the grass is not exhausted, as it would be by the formation of seed. The practice of the best haymakers, is to mow the grass closely to the ground, to spread the swaths evenly and lightly, as soon as the dew is fairly off, and the outside of the swath somewhat dried. Rake and cock the hay before sunset. If the wea¬ ther has been fair and drying the first day, and is so the next, the curing may be so well completed in the two days that it will do to go into the barn or stack, unless there is a very large burden, or it is in a very green state. The cocks should be opened on the second day after the ground has become dried and warmed, and the hay should be thoroughly sha¬ ken and left so light and open that the air will im¬ mediately strike through it; and it will generally be necessarjr to turn it in the middle of the day to ensure its perfect dryness. Should the weather on the morning of the second day appear unfavorable, the hay may stand without injury till the third day ; or if it should be spread out on the second day, and should fail of being sufficiently dried, it should again be put in cocks, and the drying completed the first favorable day. In putting it in the barn, an advan¬ tage maybe derived by letting it remain on the wa¬ gons, when practicable, overnight — especially such loads as are least dried. The partial heating which it will undergo in the load, will greatly aid its cu¬ ring, and the tendency to fermentation will be bro¬ ken up in unloading, by its exposure to the air, and it will afterwards remain in an unchangeable state, so long as kept dry. Clover makes good hay if cut at the right time and rightly managed. The writer, after having tried various modes of making this kind of hay, gives the preference to making it chiefly in cocks. It can be made in this way with less expense of labor, and the hay is superior in quality to that produced by any other mode. The medium, or what is common¬ ly called the southern clover, is the best for hay, as its stems are finer than the larger, or northern kind. It is best to cut it when the greatest number of heads are in full bloom, and as they do not all bloom at once, the first which come out will, of course, be turned before the majority will have reached that stage. When the swaths are wilted, they may be pitched into cocks with forks, taking care to lay up the fork fulls in such a way that the hay will stand the wea¬ ther, which is easily done with a little care. It may be put in such cocks as will make forty to fifty pounds each, after it is dried. If carefulfy put up, it may stand in this situation for several days with¬ out injury. It should be examined from day to day to see how the process of curing advances, and when its appearance and the prospect of fair wea¬ ther indicate that the curing can be completed in one day, the cocks should be turned over so as to expose the bottom to the sun, and they should be lightened up a little, in order that all the dampness shall be driven off. It should be handled carefully in loading, lest the driest portion should be broken up, and the heads and leaves more or less wasted. Clo¬ ver that is made in this way is not liable to heat in 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 227 the mow or stack, and from the leaves and heads being saved, and the* whole being cured in the most perfect manner, it is much relished by all animals. When used, it is best to pass it through the cutting machine, as it can be fed with much less waste when cut up, than when distributed to stock in a long state. The cut herewith given represents a machine for spreading hay — or what is called in England a hay- spreader. It has been used in that country for se¬ veral years, and we presume would be highly useful in many sections here. It consists chiefly of a frame and wheels, resembling alow, one-horse cart ; between the wheels, a set of horizontal rakes are made to revolve rapidly, their motion being in a di¬ rection opposite to that of the wheels. This motion is given from the wheels, through cog wheels, to the axle on which these rakes turn. It is obvious that the wheels must be attached to the frame, with¬ out any axle passing between them, as that would interfere with the motion of the rakes, the axle of which is nearly a foot higher than the hubs of the wheel. The teeth of these rakes, by their rapid motion, strike the hay in the swath, lift it upwards, and scatter it behind the machine. The rakes consist of light pieces of timber, five and a-half feet long, (so as to spread two swaths at once,) to which are attached the iron teeth, which are spikes seven inches long, fastened loosely so as to swing freely, and to fall back when they strike stones or other obstructions. Centrifugal force keeps them straight at other times. In long- hay, a very thin, broad cylinder, incasing the frame work which supports the rakes, is necessary to pre¬ vent clogging. As the hay frequently winds upon the hubs of the wheels, a covering upon them like the mud-protector of a carriage, would be of value. ®1 )e Rmeroer. Poultry and Poultry Books. The American Poultry-Yard ; comprising the origin, history and description of the different Breeds of Poultry ; with complete directions for their breeding, crossing, rearing, fattening, and pre¬ paration for market ; including specific directions for Caponising Fowls, and for the treatment of the principal diseases to which they are subject ; drawn from authentic sources and personal ob¬ servation; illustrated with numerous engravings. By D. J. Browne. New-York: 1850. The above title informs us that the contents of the book are “ drawn from authentic sources, and personal observation;” a statement which some persons may not dispute, though many rea¬ ders would doubtless have been gratified if some marks or directions had been given, which should have indicated the particular parts to be credit¬ ed to each of the sources named. True, Mr. Browne informs us, in his prefatory address, that — “ In order that he may not be accused of the re¬ proach [?] of ‘strutting in borrowed plumes,’ he has the candor to confess that he has made a free use of the labors of Pliny, Columella, Cuba, Aldro- vandi, Mascall, Reatimur, Mowbray, Parmentier, Flourens, W. B. Dickson, J. J. Nolan, W. C. L. Martin, and Rev. E. S. Dixon, without giving them, in numerous instances, such credit as the punctili¬ ous critic would seem to demand.” From this imposing array of ancient and modern authors, the reader will doubtless be deeply impres¬ sed with the vastness of Mr. Browne’s researches, and the immense labor he has incurred in thus em¬ bodying the knowledge of ages, on the subject of poultry. In the “free use” which he has made of the writings of these authors, he says he has some¬ times had occasion to “change the language,” in order to 11 Americanize the subject,” &c., though he still claims as original, “much of the matter and several of the illustrations.” If, under these cir¬ cumstances, confusion has ensued in regard to the rightful ownership of “ plumes,” it has been owing to the difficulty of recognition- — the heterogeneous mixture of feathers rendering it impracticable to say, in all cases, to what bird they belonged. In his arrangement of varieties, Mr. Browne takes the serrated upright comb as the typical dis¬ tinction of the genus, and as the Spanish fowl has this feature more developed than any other breed, he selects that as the general representative, pla¬ cing it at the head of the list. Next to this he pla¬ ces the Dorking fowl. Let it be borne in mind that the basis of this arrangement, is the “ serrated up¬ right comb,” and upon this basis, he ranks the Dorking fowl next to that taken as the type! The consistency of this can be judged of by those ac¬ quainted with the latter variety. Certainly, there are few breeds which have less affinity with the Spanish than the Dorking, in regard to the comb. Even Mr. Browne himself tells us that the Dorkings have “ single, double, or large, flat, rose-like combs.” The stock of Mr. L. F. Allen, which is referred to by Mr. Browne, has very large rose combs, in many instances, and so have many of the best Dorkings in this country, whether imported or bred here. Even the figures which Mr. Browne gives of the breed, show the double comb. In Mr. Browne’s account of the Dorking fowl, we have an example of what is probably meant by “change of language to Americanize the subject.” In Mr. Martin’s work, before referred to, is a des¬ cription of this variety, as he had found it in a visit personally made to Dorking. The following ex¬ tracts, placed in juxtaposition, show with how lit¬ tle “change of language” Mr. Browne was in this instance, enabled to “Americanize his subject:” Extract from Mr. Martin. “ Daring a recent visit of some weeks to Dorking, though we vi¬ sited the market regularly, and ex¬ plored the country round, on one or two occasions only did we meet with pure white birds. In all however, more or less white pre¬ vailed ; but the cloudings and markings of the plumage were unlimited. Many were, as we observed, marked with bands or bars of ashy gray, running into each other at their paler margins. Some had the hackles of the neck white with a tinge of yellow, and the body of a darker or brownish red color, intermixed irregularly with white.” Extract from Mr. Browne. “During all my rambles, in various parts of the country, on¬ ly on one or two occasions did I meet with pure white birds. In all, however, as far as my know¬ ledge extended, when pure-blood¬ ed, more or less white prevailed ; but the cloudings and markings of the plumage were unlimited. Many were marked with bands or bars of ashy gray, running in¬ to each other at their paler mar¬ gins. Some had the hackles of the neck white with a tinge of a darker or brownish red, inter¬ mixed irregularly with white.” The attempt to prove the great antiquity of the Dorking breed, whether white or “ speckled,” by reference to Pliny and Columella, will probably pass current with some, but the fallacy of the rea¬ soning will be at once detected by those who have much acquaintance with the subject. The idea seems to be adhered to that the five-toed fowls des¬ cribed by those writers, must have been Dorkings, merely because tliey had five toes. Hence Mr. Browne calls the Dorkings a “race.” He says- — “ This race has the peculiarity in having a supernu¬ merary toe on each foot.” But the extra toe is no distinction of “race,” nor is it peculiar to the Dor¬ kings. It is not unfrequently seen among some of the smallest Bantams, and is occasionally met with among the crested, or Polish varieties of fowls. E. S. Dixon, in the late edition of his work, states that it frequently appears in the Cochin-China, from which he infers the near affinity of the Dorking with that fowl. It is a freak which is not referable 228 THE CULTIVATOR. July, to any race , or to fowls of any special affinities. Its appearance among the fowls of Surrey and Sus¬ sex (England.) does not appear to be of remote date. I do not find it spoken of by any writer pre¬ vious to Mowbray* whose work was first published about the close of the last century. Arthur Young, in his “ Survey of Sussex f written soon after the commencement of this century, speaks of the Dor¬ kings. He says — “ The five-clawed breed have been considered the best; this, however, is a great mistake, and took its origin in some fowls with this peculiarity that happened to be very large and fine. It is a bastard breed.” I see no reason to doubt that it is an accidental variety of the fowls kept in Surrey and Sussex fifty years ago. In regard to the latter, Mr. Young adds to the remarks already quoted, the following — “ The fowls of the Sussex breed, used at the table of Lord Egremont, have frequently astonished the company by their size.” Richardson says “the Sus¬ sex is but an improved variety of the Dorking, si¬ milar in shape and general character, usually of a brown color, but possessing the advantage of want¬ ing the fifth toe;” and in his article before referred to, written for the Irish Agricultural and Industri¬ al Journal , he says — “ The Sussex has latterly, to a great degree, superceded the Dorking in popular estimation,” 8 tc. Instead of saying that “the Sus¬ sex is a variety of the Dorking,” would it not have been more in accordance with facts, to have said the Dorking is a variety of the Sussex? But to return to Mr. Browne’s classification. We have seen that he reckons the Dorking second to the Spanish, on the ground of the “ serrated upright comb.” Next to the Dorking, or the third remove from the Spanish, he places the Cochin China fowl, and this is represented by a figure, in which the comb is upright and deeply serrated — showing, on the basis of his arrangement, a much greater re¬ semblance to the type than the Dorking, which takes precedence over it in the list. Next to the Cochin-China, is placed the “ Kulm, or Great Malay fowl,” and in the figure accompa¬ nying the description, the comb is neither upright nor serrated; but is described as “low, thick , desti¬ tute of serrations ,” &c. Yet the Game fowl, which is placed the sixth remove from the type, has the “ serrated upright comb,” strikingly developed. He copies (without credit) a part of Dixon’s account of the “ Pheasant Malay fowl,” which it * It is proper to remark, that the name of Mowbray is believed to be fictitious — the work referred to having' been written, as some as¬ sert, by John Lawrence, author of several books on cattle and hor¬ ses, published forty to fifty years ago. See prefaces to Dickson’s and Boswell’s works on poultry. is said “ may claim the sad pre-eminence of having given rise to more disputes than any bird of its tribe, always excepting the game-cock.” This “ Pheasant- Malay,” he asserts, has occasion¬ ed the idea that certain fowls are a cross of the pheasant. But whether the idea in regard to such a cross be sound or not, his own reasoning shows that this “ Pheasant-Malay fowl ” did not give rise to it. He takes his description, which he consi¬ ders very “graphic,” from “a late English writer ;” and this writer says — ■“ I have a strong suspicion, from various peculiarities, that they are of compa¬ ratively recent introduction into this country, [Eng¬ land.] Baker, of London and Chelsea, (one of the best fancy dealers,) told me they were a breed from Calcutta.” But the idea of fowls being produced by a cross of the pheasant, is by no means “ recent it has been held for a long time, and is mentioned by nearly all English writers on poultry. Upon the whole, it seems probable that this “ Pheasant-Ma¬ lay” fowl is a variety found in the East Indies, which bears a strong resemblance to the English game-fowl. Specimens of stock derived from Su¬ matra, corresponding, mainly, to Dixon’s descrip¬ tion of the Pheasant-Malay, were exhibited at the poultry-show at Boston, last fall, and are still bred in the vicinity of that city. I am unable to say, from what I have seen, whether they are an abori¬ ginal breed. But how is Mr. Browne to be understood? He tells us, in the first place, that those “ Pheasant- Malays ” gave rise to the idea that there were fowls derived from a cross with the pheasant, though they, (the “Pheasant Malays,”) he says, have no more of the blood of the pheasant, “ than the Cochin- China or ostrich fowl,” has of the blood of the os¬ trich; and yet in the very next sentence, he tells us that “ hybrid birds, produced between the pheas¬ ant and common fowl, are of frequent occurrence!” These hybrids, he continues, “ are considered un¬ productive among themselves, but when paired with the true pheasant or the fowl, the case is different ;” that is, they will breed with the fowl or with the pheasant. Now to what does all this amount? First, we are told that the idea of fowls being part pheasant, is all a mistake — the idea has no foundation, but took its risefr om fowls that have no affinity with the pheasant; second, it is admitted that half-bred pheasant fowls “are of frequent occurrence and third, that they are capable of breeding when “paired with the true pheasant, or with the fowl!” Thus making a solecism, scarcely equalled by the plea of the Irish pettifogger, who defended his cli- 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 229 Fig. 175 — Great Malay Foivl . ent, first, on the ground that he never borrowed plaintiff’s kettle ; second, that it was broke when he borrowed it; and third, that it was not broke when he carried it home. Suppose some of those half-bred pheasant fowls, which are of such “ frequent occurrence,” should be “ paired with the pheasant or with the fowl,” and an offspring should be produced — a result which Mr. Browne admits has been realised. The proge¬ ny from the second cross with the fowl, would be a fourth pheasant, and that from a cross with the oth¬ er parent would be three-fourths pheasant. There are abundant means of showing that this has been done, to say nothing of Mr. B.’s tacit admission of the fact, and is it unreasonable that fowls so bred should be called pheasant fowls? On the contrary, is it not much more proper to apply the term phea¬ sant to such fowls, than to those which it is ac¬ knowledged have no more blood of the pheasant, than the Cochin-China fowl has of the ostrich? With another example of Mr. Browne’s mode of “ changing language,” we will leave these Phea¬ sant Malays. Dixon speaks of the avidity with which these fowls are purchased in England; Mr. Browne speaks on the same subject, and the lan¬ guage of the respective authors, is given in the fol¬ lowing extracts: Extract from Mr. Dixon. “ - the buyer readily piys bis money down, thinking he has got a nice fowl and a taste of pheasant into the bargain — some¬ thing like the Frenchman, who was delighted at breakfast, on finding he was eating a little chicken, when he had. only paid for an egg.” Extract from Mr. Brovme. u - the buyer readily pays his money down, thinking that he has got a nice fowl, and a taste of pheasant into the bargain — some¬ thing like the Paddy, who was delighted at breakfast, on finding he was ‘ ating a little hen,’ when he had only paid for an egg.” We come now to the Game fowl, placed by Mr. Browne, ostensibly on the basis of the “ serrated upright comb,” the sixth variety from the type; yet in none of the varieties thus far named, except the Spanish, is the comb so uniformly single, serrated and upright, as in the Game. In regard to the origin and affinities of the game- fowl. Mr. Browne adopts the singular language of Dixon, viz., that “it approaches nearer to the Ma¬ lay and Pheasant-Malay, than to any other variety of fowl.” That the game-fowl bears a resemblance to what is called the “Pheasant-Malay,” is, as be¬ fore intimated, not unlikely; but it is plain from Dixon’s work — notwithstanding this strange com¬ pounding of terms — that the Malay and Pheasant- Malay do not resemble each other. Mr. Dixon Fig. 175 — Game Fowl. gives a communication from Mr. A. Whitaker, whom he considers “ accurate authority,” in which it is said— “They [the Pheasant- Malays] have no re¬ semblance to the Malay, except that the cocks are rather high on the leg, the hens being the re¬ verse.”* The absurdity of the idea of the near re¬ semblance of the game-fowl with the breed known as the Malay, and which Mr. Browne figures as such, is obvious to those who are well acquainted with the different varieties of fowls, and may be ap¬ parent to all, by a comparison of the accompanying cuts. Fig, 173, is the Javanese Jungle fowl, (Gallus bankiva of Temminck;) fig 174, Sonnerat’s Jungle fowl, (G. sonneratii, Temm. ;) fig 175Great Malay fowl, (G. giganteus , Temm.,) (and is the same fig¬ ure that Mr. Browne gives for the Malay;) fig 176 Game fowl. The three first of these are given as representations of fowls still found wild in the south¬ ern part of the Asiatic continent, or in the islands of Sumatra, Java, &c. They are considered by natu¬ ralists distinct races, though capable of interbreed¬ ing and producing a mixed stock which may be per¬ petuated. There are some other wild stocks, which it is not important to notice here. But if the ori¬ gin of the game fowl is to be referred to one of these, the question of course arises, with which has it the greatest affinity of characters? Without oc¬ cupying space with particular descriptions, it will be seen, merely by reference to the figures, that it must have required a “fertile imagination” to discover that the game cock “ approaches nearer to the Malay than to any other variety of fowl!” As well might it be said that the fiery and swift¬ footed Arabian courser, “approaches nearer” to the huge and slow-moving Flemish or English draught-horse, than to any other variety”’ The “free use” which Mr. Browne makes of the writings of others, is exemplified more or less, in all parts of the book, but in this chapter on the game fowl he has even saved himself the trouble of “changing the language” — having copied verbatim to a large extent, from the works of Martin and Dixon, with no mark of credit whatever; though he has condescended, in the same chapter, to attach quotation marks to extracts from anonymous wri¬ ters. As we proceed, we find Mr. Browne describes what is commonly known in this country as the Bol- * Dixon’s Ornamental and Domestic Poultry p. 312. 230 THE CULTIVATOR. July, ton Grey or Creole, under the head of “ Golden and Silver Hamburgh fowl,” although he afterwards describes two top-knot varieties under the names of “Golden Spangled Hamburgh” and “Silver Spangled Hamburgh” — making but a trifling varia¬ tion in the names of very different fowls — the head of the one being surmounted by a large crown of feathers, and that of the other entirely destitute of this striking appendage. The next is the Cuckoo fowl, the description of which is taken from Dixon. It appears to be no¬ thing more than what is here known as the Domin¬ ique, though this is noticed separately in another part of Mr. Browne’s book. He makes seven varieties and sub-varieties of the crested fowl: viz., “ the Lark-crested fowl,” “the Golden Spangled Hamburgh,” “the Silver Span¬ gled Hamburgh,” “the Black Polish,” “the Black topped White Polish,” (now supposed to be ex¬ tinct,) “the Golden Polands,” and “the Silver Po¬ lands.” The Bantams are separated into five divisions: viz., “the Yellow or Nankin Bantams,” “the Se¬ bright Bantams,” “the Black Bantams,” “the White Bantams,” and “Creepers.” It is impossible to see the propriety of some of these distinctions, inasmuch as a single pair of either the yellow, black or white, will produce all these (so-called) varieties. An instance is known to the writer, where a pair of brown colored birds, whose parents were imported from Java, produced a progeny the first season of breeding, which showed all these different colors, as well as the red and spangled. Mr. Browne finishes his arrangement, with a chapter on “ Mongrels and Barn-Door Fowls,” in which he describes “the Jago,” “ the Shanghae Cochin-China,” [?] “the Plymouth-Rock,” “ the Jersey Blue,” “the Ostrich,” “the Booby,” “the Bucks county,” “the Dominique or Dominica,” and “the Blue-Dun ” fowls. In the remainder of the book, Mr. Browne has embodied much that is valuable, taken chiefly from the works of Martin, Dixon, and authors quoted by them — adhering generally to the rule adopted in the outset, of “changing the language” sufficiently to “Americanize the subject.” Observer. IRRIGATION. Eds. Cultivator— I have long been aware of the importance of fertilizing land by means of wa¬ ter, and what can be more rational, when by che¬ mical analysis we find that the water of many streams, contains a large quantity both in suspen¬ sion and in solution of animal, vegetable and mine¬ ral substances, and also that it is a compound, even in its purest state, of hydrogen, oxygen, carbonic acid, &c. ? By the same analysis, also, we find that the principal ingredients for the support of plants, are these identical substances. Here, then, the wonderful effect of irrigation upon the soil, is at once accounted for; and with regard to this won¬ derful effect, I will here refer the reader to Brews¬ ter’s Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, and especially to the articles under the heads of Irrigation — Agriculture — France. It has long been practiced to a greater or less extent, in every habitable country on the globe, between the 60th degrees of north and south latitude. The Hon. Daniel Webster, on witnessing in England, the great effects of irrigation, made particular inquiry as to the rules, results, &e. , which, with his usual clearness, he communicates to his agricultural friends after his return home. If in the cool .and moist climate of England, three crops of hay and grass are obtained in one season, and their irrigated lands rent for double the price of other lands, why may not the American farmer real¬ ize at least equal advantages in a more favorable climate? Indeed, the farmer who has the power of fertilizing a portion of his land with water, has a treasure in his possession, and he who neglects to avail himself of its benefits, is certainly slow in the comprehension of his interest. That water operates as a powerful fertilizer to the soil, when made to flow over it, is fully proved by the fact that on up-land which has been irrigated and used for pasture or meadow, the water being afterwards withheld, and the land subjected to the plow, an unusual heavy crop of grain is always the result — far exceeding the product of other parts of the same field not irrigated. Thus water, when applied to grass, on lands adapted to grain, performs the dou¬ ble office of increasing the growth of the former, and at the same time imparting a durable fertility to the soil for the benefit of the succeeding crop of grain. Rye, however, even when growing, is much benefited by slight irrigation after the appearance of the blossom, and Indian corn can scarcely be watered too much after the appearance of the silk and tassel, and a luxuriant growth will be the result. It is probably the hayfield, however, from which the farmer may derive the greatest advantage from irri¬ gation . A meadow, for instance, which will produce 3 to 4 tons of first quality of hay per acre (which has been effected by this means, even as far north as Vermont,) for an unlimited term of years, without the expense of any other manure ; but in case he consumes his hay on his farm, contributing largely towards his stock of manure for other fields — such a meadow may well be regarded by its owner as of great value. Indeed, let a comparison be made with regard to the net profit, with almost any other crops obtained from an equal quantity of land, for a term of years, and it will be found that the amount of labor and other items of cost required to put the crop into a marketable state, will throw a large balance in favor of the irrigated meadow. It there¬ fore becomes a question to the farmer who posses¬ ses the means of irrigation, whether it would not promote his interest to set apart his irrigated lands, even if suitable for grain, as permanent meadow', and exempt them from regular rotation. Objections have been made, by some, that the hay of irrigated meadows is less nutritive and less pala¬ table to cattle than other hay. This objection wrill only apply where the water has been allowed to flow too profusely and too late in the season; and this may be entirely avoided by wdnter and spring irrigation, properly conducted. As increased ferti- ty of the soil is an object with every farmer, I am decidedly of the opinion that from the first freezing of the earth in autumn, to the entire cessation of freezing in spring, is by far the most suitable and proper time for fertilizing all lands with water. An argument in favor of this, is, that several months of each year are added to the time for the wfater to impart its fertility ; which is so much clear gain of time in addition to the common method ; and the earth is kept through the whole winter considerably above the freezing point, and should a sheet of ice extend over the entire field, it will do no injury but protect the earth beneath from freezing. Professor Davy ascertained that the temperature of the earth beneath a lid of ice, on a wrater mea¬ dow in England, was 14 degrees warmer than the air above, in a very mild wintry day. In this case, on the water being withheld, at the time above sta¬ ted, the field will be several weeks in advance of 231 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. other lands, and an early crop may be put in, or if the field is designed for meadow or pasture, it is here that the first green mantle of spring is spread out, and it is here that the farmer’s cattle find the first herbage of the season, and indeed linger latest in fall, for with a few judicious waterings in sum¬ mer, it holds out later in autumn than other lands. I can point to a piece of tillage up-land, which a few years ago was a dry, barren spot, but is now like a rich garden, made so solely by water. A stream of what is called hard water, (rendered so ^probably by the sulphate of lime it contains,) has been diverted from its course, and spread over the surface for about six months of each year, and by filtering into and through the soil, has deposited an immense amount of fertilizing matter, as was clear¬ ly shown by a recent crop of Indian corn. The hills below the line of the ditch, yielding double the quantity of those above the line, and but a few feet apart. It was also noticeable, that while worms had seriously injured the corn above the ditch, not a hill was molested below, as far as the water had reached. And here I will remark that on all irriga¬ ted lands the grasshopper ceases to be “a burden” to the farmer, and the same may be said of all the various insects and worms that prey upon vegeta¬ tion, whose combined depredations often deprive him of one-half of the product of the hay-field. Indeed, every description of vermin, which burrow beneath, or live on the surface, always to the an¬ noyance of the farmer, find no resting place on irri¬ gated land. Time will not now^permit me to go into a general detail of directions in relation to fertilizing land with water. I will observe, however, that all irri¬ gation, after vegetation has commenced in the spring, should be, if practicable, applied only in the night, or between the setting and rising of the sun, and gradually discontinued as the season advances, and by the first of August entirely withheld, ex¬ cept to supply the deficiency which may be need¬ ed in the absence of rains. I am aware that but small portions of a country can be benefitted by irri¬ gation, yet when we look at the extent it is practiced in the eastern hemisphere, where the surface is more flat and level than here, it certainly can be done to a still greater extent in many of these states. In¬ deed, there are methods adapted to both level and hilly districts, which can be as easily resorted to here as in foreign countries. When the least doubt exists with regard to the practicability of irrigation, the eye should not be trusted without the aidof a cor¬ rect leveling instrument. All streams seek and flow through the lowest grounds and valleys in their vi¬ cinity ; consequently by the laws of gravitation, aid¬ ed by the spring freshets and rains, the soluble salts, the finely divided organic matters, and the richest parts of all soils, are gradually moving towards the place where waters flow, and are continually pass¬ ing away with the current, and this forms one of the drawbacks upon the permanent fertility of soils. To arrest these matters from wholly passing away and being lost, is one of the important ends of ir¬ rigation. Even the smallest rills which flow but a few weeks in spring, may in most cases be diverted from their natural courses, and spread upon meadow or plow lands, in a few years rendering other and more expensive manures unnecessary as far as their waters reach 5 and it is certainly a great addition to the value of any farm, if the location admits of a portion of the same being fertilised by means of water, without going to an unreasonable expense. With this view, a careful examination of every stream which the farmer has at his command, should be made, and this, in most cases, can easily be done. A. B. On the Acclimation of Tropical Plants. Eds. Cultivator — By acclimation I mean, here, the capacity of vegetable productions to adapt themselvqs to a decidedly colder climate than that in which they originated ; an adaptation accomplished usually, in a gradual manner. A plant may be said to be acclimated when, although its foliage may not have acquired that expansion, nor its fruit that fla¬ vor that it usually acquires in its native clime, yet both are of such a character as to render the plant available for the purposes of life, much as in its na¬ tive clime. The simple, and universally recognised fact, that nature has bestowed an appropriate vegetation up¬ on each clime, a vegetation marked, in most cases, by well ascertained limits, — limits which spontane¬ ous nature has, after no lapse of time, transcended; this fact, I say, would seem to answer the question of acclimation in the negative. What educated man thinks of meeting with apples, pears, cherries, wheat, oats and turneps growing at the equator; or who would look for coffee, oranges, or pine apples at Boston? All feel that here we are principally concerned in the cultivation of those vegetables that the hand of nature originated here, or some¬ where near this parallel of latitude. What then are the facts in regard to acclimation? Can tropical plants, by a progressive cultivation, or by a sudden but careful removal to the north, be brought at length to flourish, say at Boston or Buf¬ falo, as in their native clime? The answer in gene¬ ral, is — -no, not in a single instance. Not only will they not produce perennially, or through the whole year, or resist frost, but, during the short season of production, they will be exposed to liabilities un¬ known to them in their native climes. There are about seventeen tropical and semi-tro¬ pical plants cultivated here, besides numerous other plants and flowers that are occasionally seen. They are the artichoke, bean, cucumber, corn, egg plant, watermelon, muskmelon, nasturtion, okra, pepper, potato, sweet potato, pumpkin, squash, sunflower, tobacco and tomato. Most, and perhaps all of these present also varieties, and some of them very numerous. Now in what sense can these seventeen plants, (more or less,) be considered acclimated, some of them, as corn, potatoes, beans, &,c., having been cultivated at the north for more than two hun¬ dred years? I answer — 1st. The least degree of frost kills them accord¬ ing to the degree of its severity, now, just as it did the first year of the introduction of any variety of these plants. Not the least power to resist frost has been acquired. Indeed, plants produced by seed fresh from the tropics, resist frost just as well as old varieties of the same plants that have been cultivated here for a century. In 1849, I cultivated a potato whose ancestor was imported from Bogota the year before, and also seedlings of the same, the seed being grown here in 1849. During the same year, I also cultivated a muskmelon and a winter squash from St. Thomas, in the West Indies. And yet they resisted the autumnal frosts just as well, and no better, than our old varieties of the same ve¬ getables.. 2d. A cold summer, especially if it be wet, will sicken the most of these plants, so that they will die, or not fruit at all, or at least produce a fruit of little or no value. The potato, and proba¬ bly the nasturtion, are exceptions to this rule, from 232 THE CULTIVATOR. the fact that, though tropical, they are also moun¬ tain plants in their own country. Corn and beans also exhibit considerable hardiness, but yet are not unfrequently a failing crop. The other varieties must almost habitually be cultivated with extreme care to secure a good crop, and often, with every precaution, are a total failure, even when not cut off by frost. # 3d. When started early, in favorable seasons, i. e., those that are long, warm and dry, they do well. They nearly all require from 15 to 20 weeks to mature their fruit, and these weeks must all be comprehended within warm weather; the potato and artichoke be¬ ing, I believe, the only tropicals that will germinate in cool weather, and they, it will be seen, are tu¬ bers, and not seed, usually. If then any one sea¬ son does not open early enough, and extend far enough into the autumn to afford at least fifteen weeks of warm weather, the most of tropicals, be¬ come a failing crop. Hence it is wise to start the more tender sorts in hot-beds in the spring. 4th. If we wish strong and sure seed of these plants, we must see that it ripens in warm weather, or, at the very least, the fruit must get its growth in such weather. Late planting, or a cold summer will be sure to produce seed that is thin and imper¬ fect. and of feeble and uncertain vitality. The due elaboration of tropical seeds requires heat as an in¬ variable law. 5th. These tropicals are nearly all susceptible of a shortened 'period of growth in northern cli¬ mates. The first year or two, after tropical plants are brought from the south, they are ripened with difficulty.. The three plants, noticed above in No. 1, evinced this. The muskmelon with much difficul¬ ty ripened but two fruits on thirty hills; the squash did not mature at all; and the potato, at the ap¬ proach of late frost, was all in bloom. The seed¬ ling tubers of these potatoes did not. acquire, usual¬ ly, more than one-fourth the size of other seedlings, raised from seed obtained from old home varieties. If, with the utmost care, you can get seed fresh from the tropics, to ripen one crop of seed, there is al¬ ways hope that in subsequent years, it will so much contract the period of its growth as to be capable of advantageous cultivation, at least after a few years. 6th. In the cultivation of tropical plants, little dependance should be placed on seed imported di¬ rectly from tropical climates. Not only will its sea¬ son of growth be probably too long, as already seen, but, from some perhaps inexplicable connection be¬ tween plants, and the soil and climate in which they grow, they need to be produced from seed grown on the soil and in the climate where the plant is to be durably cultivated. Hence generally, our chief use of seed, brought directly from the tropics, should be as a basis of new and strong varieties to be gained often, in the first instance, with considerable diffi¬ culty, — varieties which, when grown from the first, second or third crop of home grown seed, will be likely to exhibit plants much better adapted to pe¬ culiarities of climate than the originally imported seed was, This fact is not confined to tropical plants, but it is a law somewhat general in vegeta¬ ble physiology. Some of the finest apples and peaches of the United States, do not sustain their reputation in England, and some other parts of Eu¬ rope, — and the reverse. So fine varieties of pota¬ toes brought from Wales, England and Scotland, do not succeed well here, generally. In our own coun¬ try, some varieties of fruit fail of their peculiar qua¬ lities, when removed a few miles from the spot on which they originated. The seedling potato noticed July, above in No. 1, though eminently hardy in respect to climate, is yet liable to injury from a small black flea, as our native varieties are not, and showing the need of re-production, in this climate, so as to se¬ cure a firmness or other peculiarity of tissue which will resist this enemy. The foregoing considerations are those that seem most important to be noticed on the question of the acclimation of tropica] plants. And now, what is the result? It is this, and only this. Such plants as can ever be cultivated here at all, are capable, by suc¬ cessive re-production, of shortening their period of maturity, so as to come within the limits of our or¬ dinary summers. This is especially true of corn, po¬ tatoes, beans and pumpkins. Almost all the others frequently fail unless forwarded in hot-beds. It is possible also, that the foliage of some tropicals may here acquire a greater power of resisting chills than they possess in their native country. But I am doubtful of even this, since, after having cultivated the most tender of these tropicals for many years, and often almost by the acre, I have not found any tendency to such increased hardiness. Any hope then, of ever making these plants ca¬ pable of bearing the frost, is as vain as that of con¬ verting a bulrush into a cedar of Lebanon; or that of accustoming the lion, the camel, and the elephant to a northern winter, in common with the deer, the wolf, and the fox. Our climate presents very wide extremes of tem¬ perature, exhibiting at once the summer heats of Spain and Italy, and the wintry cold of Sweden. The heat of our summers, beklg thus nearly tropic¬ al, is found quite sufficient to mature such tropical plants as are accommodated to their length. Hence, although vegetation starts later in the spring, and closes earlier in the autumn, than in England, its progress in midsummer is so much more rapid, in consequence of its intense heat, that tropical plants mature here, and produce fruit, equal to that of southern climes, — fruit that will not grow at all in England, Holland, and the north of France. It is most unfortunate for the science of agricul¬ ture, that we have, so far as rny acquaintance ex¬ tends, no well written treatise on the cultivation of tropical plants. So low is the state of society in all the states of tropical regions, that the people do not know the capabilities of the soil and climate which they possess, nor the susceptibility of im¬ provement inherent in their fruits and vegetables. Hence, with soil and climate so much inferior, we yet cultivate melons, tomatoes, squashes, &c., in size and flavor, decidedly superior to the same fruits cultivated there. Many of tjjese plants, as varie¬ ties of the bean, pepper, squash and nasturtion, are known to be there biennial, and some even peren¬ nial. There is some reason also to suspect that the tomato, and some sorts of melons, are more than an¬ nual, when cultivated in their native climes. It will be seen that the preceding remarks are ap¬ plicable especially to central New-York, but the leading principles of this article are applicable to all northern climes, whose summer heat compares at all with ours. The preceding illustrations have been confined to herbaceous plants, and mostly to such as are techni¬ cally . sailed vegetables, but the principles apply equally well to fruits growing on wood stems, such as the peach, and the grape especially, which are semi-tropical in character; — and also remotely to the cultivation of the apple, pear, apricot and quince. The above facts are hastily thrown out, in the hope that some one favorably situated will pursue 1850. THE CULTIVATOR, 233 the subject, and give to the public a full exhibition of facts and principles in a department of horticul¬ ture which has heretofore been left in the dark. C. E. G. Utica , March, 1850. Things Necessary to the Successful Pursuit of Agriculture. Eds. Cultivator — It would be impossible, with¬ in the precincts of a short article, to cover the ground occupied by this topic. All that can be done here is to throw out a few suggestions upon the subject. It is often .said of farming, “ Oh! yes, it is a ve¬ ry fine thing to write about, and talk about, but when it comes to the labor of it, it is a great deal of hard work for a very little money. ” No doubt, as farming is generally conducted, this is a truth ;• — but are there not disadvantages connected with the pursuit of agriculture, as it has been followed in times past and at the present day, which would ope¬ rate as strongly against the profits of any other oc¬ cupation as it has done against agriculture? Among the many, let us look at a few facts. Suppose a man, anxious to enter into business, should buy him a fine store, and fit it up with many conve¬ niences for the reception of goods, and then should find out that in so doing he had expended all his ca¬ pital, and had nothing left to buy goods with, would not this, even with all the facilities of the credit sys¬ tem, hamper his prospects for business so much as to render his success very doubtful? And does not this bear a strong analogy to many cases among farmers? We will suppose a man to come in posses¬ sion of a farm of fifty acres of land, with the neces¬ sary buildings for farming purposes, and one thou¬ sand dollars in cash. Now do I not state a fact, when I say that instead of keeping the $1,000 as a capital to conduct the business of the farm with pro¬ fit and success, seven men out of nine would seek at once to buy more land, investing the $1,000 in this way, and perhaps even buying so much more land as to run them in debt $1,000, thereby laying them under an interest of $60 or $70 a year, besides depriving them of any capital wherewith to improve their newly acquired property. In this situation, then, no matter what a man sees which might be an improvement, and one of very great advantage too to his farm, he is obliged to let it go “to a more convenient season,” for want of means to carry it through. Men require capital for the successful pursuit of trade, commerce and manufactures. Is it at all wonderful then, that capital should be re¬ quired for the successful pursuit of agriculture? Nay, is it not more wonderful that men can start as they often do, with little or nothing, make a small payment upon a farm, and bringing bone and mus¬ cle in direct opposition to capital, after a long strug¬ gle, by the aid of perseverance and economy, finally gain the victory? It is always and ever a long and desperate struggle, this struggle of bone and sinew against 6 or 7 per cent, interest. Even sage expe¬ rience often stands aghast, and sighs to think that what it knows would pay so well, must yet be left undone for want of means. But give a man who can win this battle, a farm, and a capital adapted to its size and situation, and my word for it, he can make agriculture a source of profit. I will next name experience, as an essental to the successful pursuit of agriculture. Experience — ah, what a volume does that one word express. Expe¬ rience in trade, in commerce, in manufactures, — who thinks of entering into and hopes for success in any of these branches of social life, without expe¬ rience; and shall he hope for success in agriculture without it? Does the tyro in mechanics, seek to build a house before he learns to plane a board? — Does he not learn his art, step by step; and is not agriculture an art, and must it not be learned by practice, by study, by experience? Without expe¬ rience, what is it? It is to the wise in other pursuits, a stumbling block. How many men have there been, who, tired of a life of toil amid papers and ac¬ count books, — tired for a time of brick walls, of vain and empty pageantry, — have determined to spend the rest of their days amid green fields and shady groves? They become farmers— but, alas, few qualifications have they for this vocation. They bring with them habits of body and mind al¬ most unknown to the agriculturist, and after spend¬ ing a few years in what is to them a hermitage, with impaired fortunes, and disgusted with all that appertains to agriculture, they again seek the busy marts of trade. Had agriculture been to them a pro¬ fitable investment , they might have liked it; but it was a losing business. Alas, experience was want¬ ing to teach them how to invest their capital. If a man has a taste for agricultural pursuits, and capital enough to see him safely through all the ru¬ diments of the science, and to bear him through all the hard knocks that his purse will get from a want of experience— if, in short, be has capital enough to pay for his experience, and taste enough for ag¬ riculture to consider it well spent, it may do; but let no man of very limited means undertake to con¬ duct the business of a farm without experience, un¬ less he wishes to make shipwreck of his property. And what I say here, I say again is not peculiar to agriculture. No man can be a good lawyer, a good doctor, a good merchant, a good mechanic, without practice, study, experience; why then should he be a good farmer without them? Order , System and Economy without these, no man can be successful in conducting the business of a farm ; but as these subjects have recently been dis¬ cussed at some length and with much ability, in the pages of The Cultivator, I shall only make a re¬ mark or two concerning them. If a man neglects these things, capital will be expended without a profitable return, and even experience will be of lit¬ tle avail. That man cannot expect to prosper, who leaves everything at odds and ends. If grain is sown, and cattle pastured in adjoining fields, with little or no fences around them, in all human proba¬ bility the grain will be destroyed. If pigs are al¬ lowed to wander about a man’s yard, and now and then to get into his garden, it is not very likely he will have many vegetables for his table— and so too of a hundred other things which might appear very simple to be mentioned in a book or paper, but which are nevertheless true. Such things certainly exhibit a want of order, a lack of system, and ve¬ ry poor economy. I shall now mention Book-farming, as a very ne¬ cessary thing for the successful pursuit of agricul¬ ture. Yes; book-farming — that terrible bug-bear to the so called practical farmer— for notwithstand¬ ing all the attempts which have been made to define book-farming, and to show that it is in the main but the gathering up of practical experience, still the practical man, as he calls himself, flies from it as the wild horse would from before the locomotive. I am sometimes ready to ask, were there ever men in the world, savage or civilized, so blind to their true interests as many of our farmers are? — Books have been written upon almost all subjects; — trade, commerce, manufactures, the sciences, the mechan¬ ic arts, navigation, have all come in for their share ; 234 THE CULTIVATOR. July, but does the merchant, the manufacturer, the me¬ chanic find fault with them? Does the navigator, as he sails over the wide expanse of ocean, throw aside the chart that was to guide him on his way, and when he nears some perilous shore, some rocky coast, does he exclaim- — “ Charts are of no use to me — I heed them not — if there are hidden rocks here I will strike them, and then I will know where they are again for myself.’’ Suppose for a moment that something too theoretical has been advanced, — some¬ thing that practice will not bear out, — is it the right way to correct the error to turn one’s back upon everything that has ever boon written — to pronounce it all bad and dangerous, and to brand it with infa¬ my? Have not wild theories been advanced at dif¬ ferent times in philosophy and the sciences? How have they been corrected? Why simply by men read¬ ing them, reflecting upon them, and by the aid of their intellects, working out truth from amid the mass of rubbish beneath which it was buried. And so too must the truths of agriculture be worked out from the mass of rubbish beneath which they are bu¬ ried . Farmers, we are here in an age of improvement; inventions and discoveries are crowning every art and science. Shall we remain torpid, while every thing around us is teeming with the impress of in¬ tellect? Depend upon it, we are but in the infancy of our occupation so far as mind is concerned. Can any man of ordinary intelligence look upon the pre¬ sent system of agriculture without discovering in it some of the grossest errors? Men wonder that ag¬ riculture is not more profitable; but are too indif¬ ferent to seek for remedies. Let us awake from this indifference — let us seek and examine — let us bring hidden things to the broad daylight— summons che¬ mistry, geology, philosophy, mathematics, to our aid, and press onward to develop new resources and principles. H. C. W. Putnam Valley , N. Ir., March, 1850. JfogUctcb JHamn*c0 — JCo. 7. Liquid Manures, Tanks, &c. Analytical Laboratory, Yale College, ) New-Haven , Conn., June, 1850. j Eds. Cultivator — Having now mentioned in succession, a variety of manures in a number of classes; having called attention to the fact of their being almost universally neglected, and to the leading characteristics which in the several cases constitu¬ ted their chief value, I propose to leave this subject, lest your readers should find it becoming tedious. It is far from being exhausted, indeed it is but begun: still enough has been said to call into exercise on the part of attentive readers, a spirit of watchfulness that nothing worth saving shall escape them in future. In the present letter, I shall notice the great waste of liquid manure, which occurs in many parts of the country, and the imperfect methods of at¬ tempting to preserve it, which are often adopted. Chemical analysis shows the liquid manure, or urine, of animals, to contain many valuable fertilizing substances. It is always particularly rich in nitro¬ gen, also in the alkalies, potash and soda, and in car¬ bonic and sulphuric acids. The excrements of birds contain both the liquid and the solid part together, hence their great richness; this fact alone should convince the farmer, that in losing the liquid he greatly reduces the value of his solid manures. The nitrogen in fresh urine exists there chiefly in the form of a substance called urea; this consists in a large part of nitrogen, and if dry may be exposed to the air for a long time, before it undergoes any perceptible change. In the presence of water how¬ ever, and the other substances with which it is as¬ sociated in urine, a species of fermentation soon commences; it is then speedily changed into car¬ bonate of ammonia, which readily escapes into the atmosphere. In warm weather, the smell of this ammonia escaping may be perceived after the lapse of a very few hours. If the fermentation be allow¬ ed to proceed, the whole of the nitrogen will be transformed into carbonate of ammonia, and the lar¬ ger part of this will evaporate into the air. If this constituent can all be retained, and the liquid ap¬ plied to the crops, it is found to be a powerful ma¬ nure. Prof. Johnston states, that at Flanders the urine of each cow is valued at about $10 per annum. Scarcely less valuable are the drainings from the dung heaps, or from barn-yards. These . contain, large quantities of ammoniacal substances, and al¬ so of useful mineral ingredients, dissolved out from the solid parts of the manures. They undergo the same fermentation as urine, but more slowly, and the ammonia also escapes in this case. Where the ma¬ nure, as is to be seen in many yards, is exposed to constant washing by rains, nearly everything solu¬ ble in water is gradually dissolved out, and it is thus rendered quite inferior in quality. The question now arises, how are these valuable liquids to be preserved? and how is the loss of their ammonia to be prevented? The method of accom¬ plishing this, may vary with circumstances and sit¬ uation. Where it is practicable to build the barn upon a side hill, there is probably no better plan than to form a cellar beneath it, where all of the solid ma¬ nure can be thrown from above, and the liquid con¬ ducted down upon it. A layer of peat or muck up¬ on the floor, would prevent any thing from soaking through and escaping. In certain situations, ma¬ nure kept in this way becomes too dry, and does not decompose properly ; in all such cases the liquid ma¬ nure would be doubly valuable. Some farmers turn in hogs to root over and compost the material in such cellars. Manure made in this way is neither exposed to evaporation, nor to washing, and one load is worth two or even more, of the bleached and washed straw and stalks, which we see being cart¬ ed out from some yards. If it ferments too much, it is necessary to turn it over to check fermentation ; mixing earth and sprinkling plaster over the top is also a good practice. In cases where the formation of the ground does not admit of a convenient cellar under the barn, a tank is the most advantageous receptacle for the li¬ quid drainage. This may be made by digging a square hole at the lowest part of the premises, and rendering it water-tight by a lining of planks, brick or stone. This is far better than an open hol¬ low, such as may be seen in many yards. These are not only disagreeable to the eye, and a source of many inconveniences, but they expose the liquid to the full evaporating and decomposing influences of the sun, so that it decreases and deteriorates in a very rapid manner. Many farmers think that a tank must necessarily be made of great size, or it will overflow. If all the water from the eaves of the farm buildings be allowed to flow into it, such a necessity exists, but if this water is carried away by separate drains, as it should be, then the quantity flowing into the tank cannot be excessive. During the summer, except where much stock is kept, or after showers, little li¬ quid would be collected; especially if the yard were 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 235 spread with muck. Where there is much stock, a drain should be made to lead their urine directly in¬ to the tank. The next question that arises, is relative to the dis¬ position of this liquid from various sources, after we have got it into the tank. From what has been said, it will be seen that it is extremely liable to ferment and putrify,and to lose a large portion of its most va¬ luable ingredients ; this will not happen quite so soon in a covered tank as in the open air, under the influence of the sun, but still it cannot during warm weather be delayed long. There are several methods of treatment which have beed found successful. Some farmers mix two or three times its bulk of water, thus retarding the fermentation until they have leisure to distribute the liquid over their fields, with a common water cart. In most cases this would be a troublesome mode of management. A more convenient way, is to pump it up, and pour it upon the surface of manure and compost heaps, sprinkling them over with gypsum at the same time. Where neither of these plans will answer, it is quite practicable to preserve the ammonia by sprink¬ ling in occasionally a little sulphuric acid, say one or two pints; this converts the carbonate of ammo¬ nia into the sulphate of ammonia, a compound far less volatile than the carbonate. The same effect may be produced by adding gypsum or sulphate of lime; sulphate of ammonia is formed in this case also. The propensity that gypsum has to form this compound, when it is brought into contact with am¬ monia, explains its beneficial action in arresting the escape of that gas from fermenting manure heaps. Even when ammonia is rising so as to be visible in white fumes, and perceptible to the smell, a sprink¬ ling of gypsum will arrest all further escape for a considerable length of time. In situations where it is convenient to employ them, peat, peat ashes, wood or coal ashes, rich mould, &c., are good materials to throw into these tanks; they will absorb nearly all of the valuable parts of the manure. The tank soon fills up in this case, and must be cleaned out at comparatively short intervals. These methods of using the liquids from the barn¬ yard, and the stables, are all perfectly simple and practicable, while at the same time they involve lit¬ tle expense. The manure saved is of the most pow¬ erful character, and will upon trial be found to add very greatly to the resources of any farm. The subject of water from the sewers of towns, has lately attracted much attention in England, and Prince Albert has quite recently made public a plan for extracting on a large scale, the valuable substan- es which it contains. He proposes a large upward filter, — that is, to bring the water into a recepta¬ cle under such a head, as to force it upward through a filter of sand and gravel. The clear water passes off above, and the solid matter remains below the filter, to be taken out and used for manure, I think that certain practical difficulties would attend the working of this plan, and the Prince seems to have overlooked the fact, that the clear water which runs away contains everything that is soluble in water, and of course much that it is important to preserve. In any case, the system would be too expensive for this country, but is worthy. of mention as showing how much value is placed upon this species of re¬ fuse abroad. Wherever land lies so that it can be irrigated from the sewers of large towns, such irri¬ gation will be found a most effectual and economi¬ cal method of enriching it. For my next communication I shall endeavor to select some more savory subject than has occupied our attention in the preceding letters of this series. John P. Norton. govticultural Apartment CONDUCTED BY J. J. THOMAS. NOTES ON GARDENS AND NURSERIES. A few observations made of some of the gardens and nurseries in the vicinity of Boston, about the first of the sixth month (June,) may prove interest¬ ing to such of our readers as have not had opportu¬ nity for personal examination in that place, so emi¬ nent for horticultural improvement. Graperies ofiJ. F. Allen, Salem. J. F. Allen, regarded as the most eminent grape culturist in America, has erected a number of grape houses, having in the aggregate, a running measure of about 500 feet, containing grapes, peaches, nec¬ tarines, and cherries, in the highest degree of cul¬ ture. The forcing grape house had hundreds of bunches of large, fully grown, and ripe Black Ham- burghs, hanging in rich clusters overhead, together with many other of the best foreign sorts, mostly ripe. Some of the bunches were nearly a foot long. The most rich and showy variety was Wilmot’s New Black Hamburgh, the clusters being heavy and compact, with the berries about an inch in diame¬ ter. The Cannon Hall Muscat, the largest grape noticed, had slightly oval berries more than an inch long. The house containing these specimens was the second forcing house, the earliest ripened grapes being all gone. Another house is devoted to retarding, the fruit not ripening till winter. The forcing, cold, and re¬ tarding house, furnish ripe grapes the year round. The earliest grapes have sometimes ripened a month before the late ones had disappeared. The peach house was lined with over a hundred feet of nectarine trees, loaded with partly grown fruit. One tree of Hunt’s Tawny was full of rich, golden, ruddy-cheeked nectarines, fully matured. A part of the peaches, with fruit about two inches in diameter, were beginning to redden. It may be remarked however, to those not familiar with forcing fruit, that while early ripened grapes are usually of delicious flavor, forced peaches are comparatively insipid. Another house presented an exhibition of ripe cherries. The Elton was particularly fine, the fruit being an inch or more in diameter. The Black Tartarian did not succeed so well. It will be ob¬ served that at this time, peaches, nectarines, and cherries, in open ground, were but a few days past the season of blossoms, and that the cold, damp weather had materially injured and retarded the house fruit. — — Buckthorn Hedges. Good specimens of buckthorn hedges were seen on the grounds of J. C. Lee, of Salem, forming a close thick growth about six feet high. The only defect was in their being sheared too broad at top, the sides being nearly perpendicular, and the growth being shaded at bottom, was not sufficiently vigor¬ ous and dense. The most perfect specimen was in the garden of Otis Johnson, of Lynn, the hedge being over seven feet high, and four feet and a-lialf thick at bottom, tapering with sloped sides to a sharp edge at top. It presented a very close and smooth wall of verdure from bottom to summit. It was 9 years old. Although but little thorny, it 236 THE CULTIVATOR. July? would doubtless prove a very safe and efficient farm fence, or form a good fruit-garden boundary. Fruit Gardens and Nurseries. The nursery of Hovey & Co., at Cambridge, is decidedly the best in the vicinity of Boston, and one of the best in America. The broader alleys are lined with rows of specimen fruit trees, among which there are one thousand of the pear, consisting of about six hundred different varieties. They are mostly on pear stocks, and are trained as pyramids, and average about seven feet high. Nearly all are in bearing. They are the finest collection we have seen. The green-houses, hot-house, and conserva¬ tory, are in the aggregate about 400 feet long, and are densely filled with rich and rare plants. A lemon tree was loaded with fruit, many specimens measur¬ ing four inches long, and three in diameter. A beautiful drooping acacia about 15 feet high, and an Agave americana, (century plant,) expected soon to bloom, are among the interesting objects of the collection. Hovey & Co. occupy 36 acres of ground, and they have one of the most extensive collections in America, embracing fruit and orna¬ mental trees, shrubs, &c., down to the most delicate green-house plants and annual flower seeds. The great and celebrated collection of specimen fruit trees of the late Robt. Manning of Salem, now under the charge of his son, the present Robert Man¬ ning, is a place of great interest to the pomologist. Nearly 1000 kinds of the pear have borne fruit here. There are some pear trees growing on quince stocks, about 25 years old, still healthy and vigorous, al¬ though they have not received high cultivation. The grounds and fruit garden of Otis Johnson, of Lynn, are remarkable for the perfect neatness of their keeping, and the high state of vigor and thrif¬ tiness of the trees. Some hundreds of dwarf pear trees trained in the pyramidal form, exhibited the excellence of the culture they received. This gar¬ den has long been celebrated for the large number of premiums its specimens have taken at the exhi¬ bitions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. The nursery of H. H. Crap© of New-Bedford, is well filled with one of the finest collections of pears for sale that we have seen. He confines his atten¬ tion mainly to this fruit. About 30,000 trees are of good size for transplanting. He states that the Deodar Cedar and the Scarlet currant both prove perfectly hardy on his grounds. An excellent nursery for hardy trees only is that of S. H. Colton of Worcester. It occupies 20 acres. In addition to the fruit trees with which it is mainly occupied, there are many thousand of the American Arbor Vitae (or white cedar of New- York) for screens and hedges, for which purpose it is becoming much sought. Fruit Garden of J. M. Earle. J. M. Earle, (President of the Worcester Hor¬ ticultural Society,) furnished many interesting facts on fruit culture. Among all the new pears, he re¬ gards the Paradise d’Automne as decidedly the most promising of the autumn varieties, for that locality. Its growth is rapid, and so far as has been proved, it is quite productive. He is confident that the cracking and failure of the White Doyenne cannot arise from exhaustion of soil, the disease having within a few years, made its first appearance at Worcester, on young and old trees alike. In some instances, however, on trees standing closely side by side, of equal size, age and treatment, the branches being interwoven, one tree bore worthless fruit, while the other was loaded with large, fair and per- feet specimens. He has fruited the Diana grape, but does not re¬ gard it so valuable, all its qualities considered, as some have represented. It is however, a very de¬ sirable sort, ripening about three weeks before the Catawba, and is of high flavor. But unless well cultivated, the fruit is small. The published figures give a fair representation of the finer bunches un¬ der high culture. With the best treatment (which it shonld always receive) its growth is nearly as vi¬ gorous as that of the Isabella. Evergreen Screens. The grounds of J. P. Cushing, near Boston, fur nish some very fine specimens of evergreen screens, bordering the carriage ways when the side view is to be concealed, or where they lead to the back buildings. The trees employed for this purpose are chiefly Norway fir, American Arbor Vitse, Ameri¬ can White Pine, and Balsam fir, and are 20 or 30 feet high, about 8 feet apart, not sheared, but form¬ ing a close and effectual screen. An Arbor Vitae hedge, four and a-half feet high, presented the smoothest and most perfectly dense wall of verdure we have ever seen. It has stood fourteen years, and is kept well sheared. Grounds of James Arnold, New Bedford. These form one of the most perfect specimens of modern gardening on a limited scale in America. Only two or three acres are occupied, yet within this space there is more variety, in open lawns, winding walks, groups of shrubs and plants, dense screens of verdure, changing vistas, and rustic ar¬ bors, than is afforded by some other places of ten times the extent. All is in the most perfect finish and keeping. The fruit and kitchen garden is sur¬ rounded on three sides by a massive wall of granite twelve feet high, the inner face being wholly cover¬ ed with fruit trees, trained upon the trellis. Under glass, were noticed fine ripe clusters of the Black Hamburgh grape, and full grown peaches were red¬ dening. Cultivating Orchards. For a few years past, about eighty thousand dol¬ lars’ worth of fruit trees have been annually set out into orchards in the single state of New-York. If these were all treated in the best manner, in prepa¬ ring the ground, in carefully transplanting, and in good care and cultivation afterwards, each year’s planting would probably be worth to the owners in ten years, not less than three millions of dollars, so far as their value may be measured by a sum of mo¬ ney. The question arises, what proportion of this great number of trees are actually advancing wTith full promise of wffiat they might attain? What por¬ tion will really become in ten years, by the best treatment, full-sized, healthy, and productive? Several intelligent individuals have given it as their opinion that not one half of the trees that are set out, ever survive the third year. A very large number are certainly lost by careless removal, has¬ ty transplanting into hard ground, and total sub¬ sequent neglect. But of those whieh survive, there are undoubtedly not one-tenth, that make half the growth they would attain under good management. We have seen whole orchards of young peach trees, smothered to death the first summer by the heavy growth of meadow grass w’hieh nearly enveloped them. A far larger number, however, are those which are not killed outright, but which linger year after year with a slow and feeble growth. Now, this 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 237 tardiness is altogether unnecessary. Peach trees as far north as forty-three degrees, have been made to yield the third summer from transplanting, three peeks of peaches, and apple trees the fifth summer one bushel, each. An eminent pomologists now liv¬ ing in western New- York, set out a large fruit gar¬ den after long years had silvered his head with white¬ ness; yet for the past twenty years he has annually enjoyed a profusion of fruit from this identical fruit garden. The secret consisted simply in treating his trees as well as every good farmer treats his corn and cabbages. “ But we cannot afford to give so much attention to our trees — the rich man only can do this,” says the laboring farmer. What! not afford to be econo¬ mical? The man of small means is the very person to save his trees after he has paid for them; he is the very man who should not spend his coin to have feeble and fruitless orchards. Let him buy half the number, and apply the other half of the purchase money in taking care of what he has, and he will soon become the gainer by the operation. It is how¬ ever a great mistake to suppose that much expense is needed. Enriching the land is largely paid for by the heavy crops of potatoes, carrots and ruta¬ bagas which grow between the rows while the trees are small, and by the equally heavy and more valu¬ able loads of ripe fruit profusely yielded afterwards. The expense of plowing once a year, and harrowing four times, is perhaps not half the first cost of the orchard, to say nothing of the annual crops afforded ; while it soon renders it quadruple the value of the neglected plantation. Why do not farmers apply the same wit and wisdom to the management of their or¬ chards that they do to their corn and clover crops? Why should they not, when many who fortunately have already full grown orchards, get more in monied value from them than from all their farms besides? The difficulty is rendered greater in most cases by the very inconvenient machinery used for plowing near the rows. A plow drawn with a two-horse team, with double whiffle-trees, cannot safely ap¬ proach nearer than three feet to a tree, and every plowman dreads a task which is commonly attended with mutilated bark on one hand, and wide grassy 11 balks,” on the other. A great improvement is made by placing one horse ahead of the other, with short single whiffle trees, especially if the draught traces of the hinder horse are conside¬ rably lengthened to allow running to right or left. A wide error is committed in cultivating orchards by those who forget that roots extend far beyond the circle measured by the branches. The whole surface of the ground is covered by the net-work of roots, where full-grown trees stand 20 or 30 feet apart. The larger and more obvious roots, it is true, are near the base of the trunk; but all the finer ones, which so largely contribute nourishment, are spread at great distances. Hence all orchards which have made some years of growth, should have the whole surface cultivated and kepi mellow, and not narrow strips or small circles just at the foot of the trees. Profits of Fruit Culture. The following facts, exhibiting the large profits which may be derived from the skilful culture of fruits, are furnished by S. W. Cole, of Boston, who is a remarkable fact-gatherer, and who remarks, ‘‘ we give some extreme cases, and others which common skill may compass. The cultivator will do well with medial success. Yet it is well to have a standard of extraordinary attainment, or the perfec¬ tion of excellence, as a goal for those who inscribe on their banner * excelsior.’ ” “ Mr. Moses Jones, of Brookline, in this vicinity, a most skilful cultivator, set 112 apple trees 2 rods apart, and peach trees between, both ways. The eighth year he had 228 barrels of apples, and in a few years from setting the trees, $400 w'orth of peaches in one year; and the best part of the story is, that large crops of vegetables were raised on the same land, nearly paying for the manure and labor. The tenth year from setting, many of the apple trees produced 4 or 5 barrels each, the land still yielding good crops of vegetables, the peach trees having mostly gone by old age. Mr. J. grafted a tolerably large pear tree to the Bartlett, and the third year it produced $30 worth. “ Mr. S. Dudley, a very successful cultivator in Roxbury, an adjoining city, sold the crop of cur¬ rants from one-eighth of an acre, for $108, the next year for $125, and he had good crops for several years. He picked 500 quart boxes from one-eighth of an acre the next season after setting the bushes in the fall. He had $25 worth of cherries from one Mazzard tree. “We saw, in Natick, Ms., on the banks of the 'classic Charles,’ on the farm of M. Eames, Esq., an apple tree grafted to the Porter when 75 years old; it soon bore, and the seventh year it produced 15 barrels, which sold at $30. The original Hurl- but apple tree produced 40 bushels in one year and 20 the next. The original Bars apple yielded 60 bushels in one year. N. Wyeth, Esq., Cambridge, in this region, had from a Harvard pear tree 9 bar¬ rels of fruit, which sold for $45. ‘A farmer would not plant an orchard, thinking he should not live to eat the fruit; his son had the same view's; but the grandson planted for posterity, yet his predecessors shared in the fruit also, for the grandfather drank hogsheads of the cider. “Hovey states that a Dix pear tree, in Cambridge, produced $46 worth of fruit at one crop. We saw in Orange, N. Jersey, 100 bushels of apples on a Har¬ rison tree, which would make ten barrels of cider, then selling at $10 a barrel in N. York. “Downing says that the original Dubois Early Golden Apricot, produced $45 worth in 1844, $50 in 1845, $90 in 1846. A correspondent of the Horti¬ culturist says that Mr. Hill Pennell, Darby, Pa., has a grape vine that has produced 75 bushels year¬ ly which sell at $1 a bushel. James Laws, Phila¬ delphia, has a Washington plum that yields 6 bush¬ els a year that wTould sell for $60. Judge Linn, Carlisle, Pa., has 2 apricot trees that yielded 5 bushels each, worth $120. Mr. Hugh Hatch, of Camden, N. J. has 4 apple trees that produced 140 bushels, 90 bushels of which sold at $1 each. In 1844, a tree of the Lady Apple, at Fishkill Landing, N. Y., yielded 15 barrels that sold for $45. THE HORTICULTURIST. This excellent periodical, which for the amount and value of its matter, and pre-eminently for its practical utility, stands without a rival, loses none of its interest with the appearance of each successive number. We cannot, probably, better acquaint such of our readers as do not see it, with the nature of its character and contents, than to give a few' condensed extracts from the single number for the past month, (May,) at the same time they will ob¬ tain much valuable matter. Raising New Pears. An excellent article from the pen of Samuel Walker, President of the Massachusetts Horticul- 238 THE CULTIVATOR. July, tural Society, urges the importance of raising seeds for new varieties of the pear by crossing, regularly and systematically conducted; no country having probably produced so many good varieties of this fruit, in proportion to the number of seedlings fruited, as the United States. He proposes to have two good varieties, growing side by side of each other, distant from any other sorts. By way of il¬ lustration, he suggests that the following varieties be made use of for this purpose: — No. 1, Bloodgood, f To be grown side by side to pro- “ 2, Williams’ Bon Chretien, { duce seed for summer varieties. No. 3, Seckel, i To be grown side by side lo pro- “ 4, Louise Bonne of Jersey, {duce seed for autumn varieties. No. 5, Dix, | To be grown side by side to pro- “ 6, Beurre d’Aremberg, { duce seed for ivinter varieties. “The trees to be grown at three different loca¬ tions, at least one-fourth of a mile apart, and out of the influence of any other pear trees. “The seeds of all the varieties should be taken from the fruit when fully ripe, kept separately, and labelled as follows, viz: — ££ No. 1, Bloodgood, fertilized by Williams’ Bon Chretien. “ No. 2, Williams’ Bon Chretien, fertilized by Bloodgood. “No. 3, Seckel, fertilized by Louise Bonne of Jersey. “ No. 4, Louise Bonne of Jersey, fertilized by Seckel. “ No. 5, Dix, fertilized by Beurre d’Aremberg. £ No. 6, Beurre d’Aremberg, fertilized by Dix. Seeds thus raised and carefully labelled, I think, would command a good price. I would rather give five dollars for a paper of one hundred pear seeds fertilized as above, to raise pear seedlings from, than I would to pay one dollar for a bushel of seeds, collected indiscriminately.” Varieties of Fruit for the South. M. W. Phillips, of Edwards, Miss., after trying a great number of sorts, is satisfied that the best varieties now cultivated at the north, are at present the best that can be planted in the southern states. He says “if there be a single peach to excel Early Tillotson, or Early York (serrate,) or Crawford’s Early, or some others, that are natives, I never saw them,” although he has 150 varieties from all lati¬ tudes, in bearing. He gives the following list, “ripening for 75 days, from the 20th of June to Sept. 1st,” and remarks, “ if there are indigenous peaches, from Mason & Dixon’s Line to the Rio Grande, ripening in suc¬ cession, superior to those, I will give 100 dollars for them, that is for a tree of each sort:” — Early Tillotson, Early York, (serrate,) George IV, Hoffman’s Favorite, Crawford’s Early, Poll’s Melocoton, Early Red Rareripe, Bellegarde, Oldmixon Cling, N. Y. White Cling, Buist’s Yellow, Red Cheek Melocoton, Brevoort’s Morris, Bergen’s Yellow, Crawford’s Late, Druid Hill, Monstrous Pavie, Smock Late. How to Cultivate the Apricot. A sound practical article from the editor, recom¬ mends as the chief requisite for success, and to pre¬ vent the frequent loss of the trees fromvarious causes, 1* To keep the trees low, and to head back the shoots in spring, avoiding the practice of trimming up to a naked stem, anti thus exposing the bark to the action of the hot sun. 2. To provide a deep, well drained soil, well fertilized with wood ashes. 3. To plant in a cool aspect, to prevent the too early swelling of the buds, and their consequent danger from spring frosts. 4. To prevent the loss of the young crop by daily jarring down the curculio on spread sheets. “Where only half a dozen trees are culti¬ vated, there is no mode of making war upon this in¬ sect so sure and reliable, jarring the trees daily du¬ ring the month of May, with a pounder, (sheathed at the end with india-rubber,) gathering the insects upon the sheets, and destroying them.” The expe¬ rience of a correspondent is added, that though pre¬ viously unable to depend on his trees for a single apricot, after putting the jarring system into prac¬ tice he actually obtained three thousand most beau¬ tiful and luscious apricots the first season of trial, from five trees. Long Catalogues. We are glad to perceive by an article copied from the Gardener’ s Chronicle , that Prof. Lindley has made a severe assault upon the long lists of many nurserymen, which have long led to such endless confusion. He remarks, “ We have heard of one gentleman who numbered 1200 roses in his list, among which were about 350 wild briars, some of which had a little hair on their leaves, and some had none, some had double teeth, some had single, one sort had ovate hips and another oval, and so on. There exists we believe to this day a collection of Pseonies formed upon the same enlightened principle ; and we have no doubt that similar collections of Daffodils, Michaelmas Daisies, or Catmints, may be found in some sequestered garden. “ This harmless folly, like many other crotchets, destitute of all elements of longevity, could scarce¬ ly exist, one would think, in this utilitarian age. We are therefore witnessing at the present day col¬ lections giving way to selection; ‘hard pruning’ ap¬ plied in all directions to those old bushes of barren, half dead wood ; and a few select plants, thoroughly well grown, replacing the empty pots and moribund sticks which invariably characterised the collections of our worthy forefathers and their ancient sons as long as they remained among us. It is therefore not a little curious to find a race of worthy men still unconscious of the change in public feeling, and con¬ tinuing to publish interminable lists of this and that, as if the rage for collections was as fresh as ever “ Some recent lists of nurserymen and seedsmen afford amusing examples of this. One grower of roses offers 607 sorts of that flower; another, 850; a potato salesman’s catalogue has 160 sorts; a Dah¬ lia-grower’s 3 or 400; a Geranium-grower’s, as ma¬ ny; a seedsman invites attention to his 38 sorts of cabbage and 61 sorts of peas!” Strawberries. An Albany correspondent furnishes some excel¬ lent practical hints on the culture of this fruit, and strongly recommends a moist soil. He informs us that “a gentleman who is a good fruit-grower, in¬ formed the writer that the largest and finest straw¬ berries he had ever seen were grown upon a terrace, from the slope above which issued a small spring, the water finding its way over the surface where the plants grew, and keeping it constantly wet.” Paint and Sand. “Wheejler s durable paint for outside work, is made as follows:- — Take 50 pounds best white lead, 10 quarts linseed oil; \ lb. dryers; 50 lbs. finely sifted clean white sand; 2 lbs. raw umber. Tho¬ roughly mix and dilute the whole with the oil, adding a very little (say half a pint) of turpentine. A wire brush is used, which does not eut through with the sand.” - Destroying Plant Lice. The following simple and safe remedy is given. “Pour one quart of boiling water upon one ounce of shag tobacco; let it stand until cold, and then strain and bottle it for use ; it will keep good a year if not wanted. One sprinkling of this will destroy THE CULTIVATOR. 239 1850. the green fly upon any plant, without the least inju¬ ry to the plant itself. The best method of applying it, is to take the plant in one hand, and holding it with its head downwards, with a feather or brush sprin¬ kle the tobacco water on the under part of the leaves, or if the plants are not in flower, all over them. Destroying Mice in Nurseries. J. W. Hooker, of Rochester, completely effects this object by boring inch and a-half holes into wooden blocks, ramming in a quantity of corn meal and arsenic, and distributing them, with the mouth inclined downwards, in the most exposed places. The holes need filling each autumn. Native Flowers. Phlox divaricata is one of our most showy plants at this season, presenting masses of pure white, white with a blue eye, or pale purple ; and more rarely, light red, or deep purple. Unlike many other plants from the woods, it agrees well with garden culture, where it sends up many stems, sometimes more than fifty from one root; and though each stem is “few flowered,” yet the aggregate is 12 or 15 inches in height, and tends greatly to beautify the border. Its specific name ( divaricata ) is derived from its form, or the manner of its growth; but it is a curi¬ ous circumstance that our best botanists differ wide¬ ly in regard to the meaning of this term. The En¬ cyclopedia of Plants defines it, “ growing in a straggling manner,” and S. F. Gray, (Nat. Arr. British Plants) “very open, and growing in many different directions ;”— while Louis-Claude Richard has it, “spreading out from the stem so far as to form more than a right angle with it above ” — Beck, “diverging so as to turn backwards ”— Darlington, “spreading so as to form more than a right angle with the stem above ” — h,nd Webster “turning off so as to form an obtuse angle above, and an acute angle below.” Now from these definitions, I should infer that Linnaeus had the first meaning in view when he named this species, for I have seen nothing about it to warrant the application of the second de¬ finition. D. T. 6 mo. 5, 1850. Layers. I have found that “a forked stick ” to hold down the branch or shoot, is attended with much inconve¬ nience, and now employ a substitute that suits me exactly. The inconvenience is that the proper length of the stick, chiefly depends on the softness or firmness of the soil; for we cannot tell without trying, how far the stick can be pressed in. If the ground is very mellow, and the stick rather short, it will not hold its place against the spring of the layer; and if the earth is hard, and the stick rather long, it must be cut shorter, on the old principle of “cut and try.” Besides it is often difficult to find forked sticks in a garden, just when we happen to want them. Well, now for the substitute. Take slender sticks, 8 or 10 inches long — whether cut from rods, or split from boards and shingles-— and sharpen them . Press the layer firmly in the bottom of the trench, and set one of the sticks on one side, touching it at an angle of 45°; and then another stick in the same manner on the opposite side, and it is done. The sticks may enter the ground 2 inches, or four inches — as far as a reasonable pressure can force them — it matters not which; and there they are, firmly fixed in their positions. D. T. Fruits for Central Illinois. Information is constantly and eagerly sought in relation to the sorts of fruit adapted to the new West. Fruit cultivators are constantly removing to those regions, and wish to know what to carry with them; and older settlers are becoming rapidly awakened to the importance of having orchards of fine fruit. The following list of apples for central Illinois, is given by F. K. Phoenix, of Wisconsin, a very accurate and skilful cultivator, in the sketch of a trip through the former State,* and is the re¬ sult of his deliberations, in connexion with those of E. Harkness, one of the best nurserymen of Illi¬ nois . The following are 11 good, and worthy of cultiva¬ tion, though varying in merit.” Yellow Bellflower, White Bellflower, Red Romanite, Rawle’s Jannet, Michael Henry Pippin, Newtown Pippin, Limber Twig, E. Harkness regards ble on many accounts,” Sweet June, Autumn Swaar, Rambo, Early Harvest, English Golden Russet, English or Winter Russet, Rhode Island Greening, Esopus Spilzenburgh, Seeknofurther, Milam or Harrigan. the Yandevere as “ valua- and he esteems highly the Fall Pippin, Fall Wine, Domine. The following are rejected: — Yellow Ingestrie, Roseau, Pennock, Pumpkin Sweet, Monstrous Pippin, Dutch Codlin, With several other varieties, none of which appear to be of much value any where. Another cultivator regards the Fameuse and Bel¬ mont as the best fall apples. C. R. Overman, of Canton, central Illinois fur- nithes the following list of 25 varieties: — Summer. Yellow June, Sweet June, Carolina Red June, Early Red, Early Harvest, Trenton Early. Maiden’s Blush Fall Wine, Rambo, Newtown Spitzenburgh, Bullock’s Pippin, White Bellflower, Yellow Bellflower, Rhode Island Greening, Esopus Spitzenburgh, Talman Sweet, Autumn. Fameuse, Fall Pippin. Winter. White Winter Pearmam, Limber Twig, Red Romanite, Northern Spy, Pryor’s Red, Rawle’s Jannet, Green Newtown Pippin. Bean meal for Milch Cows. — We have on for¬ mer occasions alluded to some trials that have been made in feeding milch cows with bean meal, the re¬ sults of which seemed to show that it was a highly valuable article. At a late meeting of an English Farmers’ Club, it was stated by a member, that no¬ thing was so good for cows in milk, either as regard¬ ed the produce of butter or cheese, as bean meal. Equinoctial Storms.-— Dr. Ray of Woodward College, kept a record of observations for fourteen years ; during this period, ten of the equinoctial days were either clear, or fair and pleasant days ; two were partly clear, but more than half cloudy; while the remaining two were entirely cloudy and partly rainy. In addition to this, he found that by taking a period of one whole month, that is two weeks be¬ fore, and two weeks after the equinox, there were five “ bad spells ” of weather; while in nine of the years there was no weather that could be called un¬ pleasant. * In the Prairie Farmer. 240 THE CULTIVATOR July, 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 241 Network State Agricultural Societg. Trial of Plows. Agricultural Rooms. — Meeting Ex. Committee, June 4. Present — E. P. Prentice, President; A. Van Bergen, Vice President ; J. McD. McIntyre, H. Wendell, M. D., Luther Tucker, B. P. Johnson, and delegates from Ulster, Oneida, Wayne, Saratoga, Duchess, Ontario, and Hartford, Conn. The Judges appointed for the trial were present, as follows: — Hon. A. Van Bergen, Coxsackie ; John S. Gould, Hudson; Sanford Howard, Albany; B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush. Absent — J. Delafield. Hon. Peter Crispell, Jr., of Ulster co., was substituted in the place of Mr. Delafield. (A letter was recei¬ ved from Mr. Delafield, expressing his great regret that his engagements in taking the survey of Sene¬ ca county, rendered it impracticable for him to be present as he had intended.) The following competitors entered their plows for trial - E. J. Burrall, Geneva — 3 Plows — Shell-wheel Iron Beam, Stiff Soil, and Stubble Plow. A. Gileert, New-York — 2 Plows — Mooer’s patent for stiff soils. French & Smith, Rome, Oneida co. — 3 Plows — Michigan Sod and Subsoil, Michigan Joint Plow, Michigan Plow. W. U. Chase, Amsterdam — 3 Plows. A. Fleck, Montreal— Wilkie’s Scotch Plow. N. B. Starbuck, Troy— 5 Plows — Starbuck’s Trojan, do. Iron Beam, do. No. 3, do. No. 4, do. Side-hill. Peter Auld, New Hartford, Oneida co. — 2 Plows. Miner, Horton & Co.. Peekskill — 4 Peekskill Plows. H. L. Emery, Albany — 1 Plow. Bosworth, Rich & Co., Troy— 5 Plows— Cast Iron Beam and Sod Plow, Side-hill do., Subsoil do., Stubble do. John Randerson, Schodack — 1 Plow. Prouty & Mears, Boston— 4 Centre Draft Plows, and Side-hill and Subsoil Plows. Eddy & Co., Union Village, Washington co. — Washington Co. Plow, Side-nill do., Subsoil do., Grubber do., Stubble do. R. R. Finch & Co.., Peekskill — 2 Empire Plows. Making upwards of 40 plows entered for the trial. The trial commenced on Tuesday, June 4, on the farm of J. J. Lansing, Greenbush. The stubble, or old land, was first plowed. For this 14 plows were entered, viz: — Fleck’s Wilkie Plow, French & Smith’s Michigan Plow, Eddy’s Washington Co., Randerson’s Schodack Plow, Miner St Horton’s Peekskill Plow, Starbuck’s Trojan Plow, Auld’s ‘‘improved” Scotch Plow, Prouty & Mear’s Two Centre Draught Plows, Bosworth, Rich St Co.?s Iron Beam, Finch’s Empire Plow, Emery’s Albany Plow, Burrall’s Shell-wheel Plow, Chase’s Amsterdam Plow. The trial of these plows occupied the judg¬ es until Thursday. On Thursday, 3 Side-hill plows — Prouty’s, Rich’s and Eddy’s, and also 2 Subsoil plows, Prouty’s St Rich’s, were tested. On Friday, 26 plows were entered for sod land— Stiff soil ; viz., 3 by Prouty 8c Co., 3 by Miner, Horton Sc Co., 4 by Bosworth, Rich Sc Co., 3 by French Sc Smith, 1 by Emery, 2 by Chase, 1 by Burrall, 1 by Eddy Sc Co., 1 by Randerson, 3 by Starbuck & Co., 2 by Finch, 2 by Gilbert, 1 by Fleck, and 1 by Auld. The trial of these plows was completed on Sat¬ urday afternoon. On Tuesday, June 11th, the trial on Sandy soils commenced on the Island opposite the city, above the Boston Railroad Depot. For this trial 24 plows were entered, all of which were tested, and the tri¬ al completed on Wednesday afternoon. All the plows were tested upon each of the lands with the dynamometer, the same team being used for each plow, so as to secure as near as possible, an equal draught, so far as the team was concern¬ ed — the plows being guaged to cut furrows as near as possible of an equal depth and width. Wherever there were variations, they were noted by the judg¬ es, and will be taken into consideration in making up their final award. In addition to testing the draft while plowing the different kinds of soil, the plows were also test¬ ed with the dynamometer, by hand power, operated by a windlass. This gave a steady and uniform mo¬ tion, and secured a fair test of the power required to draw each plow — the soil and turf as nearly equal as it was possible to obtain it. It has been the object of the Executive Commit¬ tee to have this trial as full and complete as it was possible to make it, so that another trial could not be necessary, unless some new and important improvements should be developed. They are not aware that anything has been overlooked on their part or on the part of the judges, that would have made the trial more perfect, and it gives them great pleasure to be assured by the competitors, and other distinguished plow manufacturers in the coun¬ try who were present, that their arrangements were in all respects satisfactory, and the best calculated to elicit the qualities of the various plows, of any that they had ever witnessed. Every plow that was presented, has been tested, it is believed to the full satisfaction of the competi¬ tors. The exhibition of plows has probably never been equalled. Such has been the expression given by gentlemen, both manufacturers and others, who have examined the plows presented and tested, as well as the work performed by each. For durabili¬ ty, neatness of workmanship and material, the per¬ fection of finish, the adaptation to perform the work of the farmer, it is confidently believed that so fine a display has not before been seen in an equal number of plow's. The work performed by all of the plow's has been such as to merit and receive the approbation of the great number of persons who have been in attendance upon the trial. The awrards of the judges wTill be made as soon practicable, consistent W'ith a due and careful exam¬ ination of every question that has a bearing upon the subject. The importance of their decisions is apparent, and the subject w7ill receive at their hands, all that deliberate and careful consideration which it demands. When the aw-ards are made, they will be announced to the successful competitors, and will be made known to the public, probably, at the Annual Fair of the Society in September, when it w7ill be necessary for the plows to which the premi¬ ums have been awarded to be on the grounds, if not already deposited in the Museum of the Society. B. P. Johnson, Sec’y. ®l)t Jarmfr’s Note-Book. Short Horn bull 3d Duke of Cambridge. The engraving on the opposite page is designed to represent the Short-horn bull 3d Duke of Cam¬ bridge, at present the property of J. M. Sher wood, of Auburn, and A. Stevens, of New-York by whom he was imported from England. His pe¬ digree as given in the fourth volume of the Herd- Book, page 614, is as follows: 3d Duke of Cam bridge (5,941,) roan, calved September 14. 1841, bred by Thomas Bates; got by Duke of Northum berland (1,940,) dam Waterloo 2d, by Belvidere (1,706,) grand-dam by Waterloo (2,816,) great grand dam by Waterloo (2,816.) This animal was imported in 1849, together w'ith several heifers, and a notice of them was given in our last volume, page 130. He is a bull of rare ex¬ cellence. both as regards shape and quality. He 242 THE CULTIVATOR. received the first premium as the best Short-horn bull over three years old, at the show of the New- York State Agricultural Society at Syracuse. Two of the heifers imported with him, received the two highest prizes in their class. A Sheep Question. Eds. Cultivator — In your March number, at the conclusion of your article on the “Varieties of _ the Merino,” you say, “ Now as regards the pro¬ duction of wool, what variety would yield the greatest profit under these circumstances? In an¬ swering this question, it is not sufficient to refer to the weight of the fleece, and to the price it would bring in market, or to the aggregate amount of mo¬ ney which each sheep annually affords. Nor can it be fully determined by a comparison of the net pro¬ ceeds afforded by the wool of different kinds, in pro¬ portion to the weight of carcass — although it is ad¬ mitted that this would be an approximation towards the result. But who has ever made a fair and reli¬ able trial of this kind?” On turning to Morrell’s American Shepherd, I find some light on these questions, which, to me, is pretty conclusive. On pages 229 and 243, under the head of Winter Management of Sheep, will be found the following table and remarks: — “Veit was Professor of Agriculture in the Royal Institute of Bavaria, and his work is full of experi¬ ments and calculations at that seat of Ag. Science. He makes the following observations : — The need of fodder is proportioned to the weight of the sheep, and two and a-half pounds of the value of hay is required daily for every 100 lbs. live weight, to keep the animal in a profitable state. Hence the follow¬ ing amount of fodder is required: For a long wool German sheep, his wei ght 100 lbs., 2.50 daily. Infantado Merino, do 88 “ 2.20 “ Grade Saxons, do 75 “ 1.87 “ Electoral Saxons, (pure,) do 62 “ 1.55 “ In connection with this table, Mr. Morrell quotes from Spooner’s English work on Sheep — “An ox re¬ quires 2 per cent, of his live weight in hay per day; if he works, he requires 2\ per cent. ; a milch cow 3 per cent. ; a fatting ox, 5 per cent, at first, 4^ per cent, when half fat, and only 4 per cent, when fat. Grown sheep take up 3| per cent, of their weight in hay per day, to keep in store condition.” It must be understood by the reader that, in this esti¬ mate as well as all others, good hay is the standard of nutriment, and that if any grain or other food is used as an equivalent, allowance must be made for the quantity of hay accordingly.” On page 243 are the following comments on the above: — “Now we will suppose, taking Veit’s state¬ ment as the standard, that the average weight of a flock of sheep is 801bs. per head, and the fodder¬ ing 150 days; this will give 2 lbs. daily to each, and for 150 days 300 lbs., and consequently for that pe¬ riod 100 will eat 30,000 lbs., or 15 tons. “ This certainly seems a low estimate as to the quantity a sheep requires daily, it being 66-100ths less than the English standard, as rendered by Mr. Spooner. But different breeds and their subdivisions vary so materially in weight, that to form a correct estimate, the sheep master should weigh some of each of different ages of his flock, and by classify¬ ing them according to their relative size, he may feed with greater accuracy. He must remember, however, that sheep when growing, of any breed, require as much food as when they have arrived at maturity; and growing sheep should never be stint¬ ed. July, “Another important consideration must not be lost sight of, namely, the quality of the hay. If it is coarse, much of it the sheep will reject; and conse¬ quently an allowance of from 10 to 25 per cent, must be made accordingly. It is for this reason, old mea¬ dows produce a better quality of hay than new ; that from the former being finer, and more miscellane¬ ous. Sheep are very fond of clover hay, and will increase more rapidly in flesh if it is provided for them, than by any other description; but the quan¬ tity in bulk, comparatively, they require of it, is enormous. “From the above premises, we are enabled to de¬ duce an exceedingly important fact, which, if always duly considered, will be the means of avoiding the serious blunders hitherto so frequently committed by American breeders, namely, that it requires an equal amount of food to produce a pound of flesh , or a pound of wool, without regard to the size of the sheep, or the breed. This is indeed a truism, and therefore self evident. But by way of illustra¬ ting the point, let us select one of each of the rival breeds of England — the South Down and Leicester; we will suppose the live weight of the former, when in store condition, to be 100 lbs., and that of the Leicester or Bakewell, 150 lbs., which is probably, in general, the relative disproportion. Now it is clear, taking the estimate of Mr. Spooner, the Down sheep will consume 3g lbs. of hay daily, while the Leicester will need about 5 lbs. Is the latter, how¬ ever, more or less profitable than the Down? Clear¬ ly there is no difference, for the offal is relatively the same, and so is the proportion of the valuable parts — the flesh and wool. The expenditure of food for the Leicester is'greatly the largest, but on¬ ly in proportion to the difference of value derived from the additional size of the carcass. Thus it is seen, the pound of everything costs alike, and all circumstances being equal, the profits are the same.* “ But we will go farther, and instance the Merino and' Saxon, alike distinguished for wool-growing purposes. The Saxon, it will be remembered, is of the same race, being only a sub-variety of the Me¬ rino. Let a selection be made of one of each, which combines to the greatest extent, their perfec¬ tions respectively. By taking the standard of Yeit, as shown in his table, of the live weight of a pure Merino, say 88 lbs., and that of a pure Saxon, say 62 lbs., (which is- nearly the comparative weight when pure,) the Merino, if fed at the rate of 2% lbs. of hay per 100 lbs. of live weight, consumes 2.20 lbs. daily, and the Saxon 1.55 lbs., a difference, it will be noticed, of nearly 40 per cent, less than the Merino. Now, both being supplied with this pro rata of ration daily, the Merinos will produce 40 per cent, more of wool and flesh, at an expenditure, however, of 40 per cent, more of food. Thus it is clear that the pound of wool and flesh, in both cases, costs precisely the same. Hence it may be laid down as a rule by which the unwary may learn, that, after knowing the usual average weight of carcass and fleece of a given breed, if he hears of any very extraordinary individual instances of either, it may be ascribed to extra feeding, and a cost ac¬ cordingly. “Let not the reader, however, misapprehend the point in question. The breeds of sheep vary much in the quantity of wool they respectively produce, and individuals of a given breed will often outstrip * Let it be understood by the reader that the point is wool and flesh, and not fat, which.it will readily be conceded that several breeds of animals will gather more rapidly than others, arising either from im¬ proved conformation or more quietness of habit. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 243 their fellows, although fed in the same fold, in the amount of wool they will yield. But if two are se¬ lected of the same breed and of equal weight, and fed precisely alike, and all other circumstances equal, if one shears a heavier fleece than the other, it will be found, on weighing, to lack an equal amount of flesh, which his comrade has acquired at the expense of his covering. This has arisen from the difference in the assimilation of food — in the one case, more for the formation of wool than the other.” If I understand, Messrs. Editors, anything of animal physiology, I think Mr. Morrell’s ideas are about correct, and if you will have the goodness to publish them, it may at least serve to allay the jea¬ lousy and warfare between Saxon and Merino breed¬ ers. A Sheep Man. Venice, N. Y. Folding Harrow. This form of harrow was introduced by George Ged- des, Esq., of Onondaga county, in this state. The cut herewith given combines the general principles of Mr. G.’s harrow, but differs from his in the mode of fas¬ tening the teeth. He has the teeth driven through the timber from the upper side, and they hold by their wedge-like form. Those re¬ presented by the cut, are let through the timber from the under side, with a washer below, and a nut and screw on the top; by which the teeth are firmly secured in their places, and the liability of their being loosened or lost, is obviated. This harrow will work well on any kind of ground, but is greatly superior to the common kind on rough land, as its joints enable it to fit the ine¬ qualities of the surface. The following table shows the number of teeth in the several sizes, and their prices. In answer to an inquiry, we state that they can be had of H. L. Emery, Albany. 14 teeth, for one horse, . $8 00 18 teeth, for one or two horses, . 9 50 22 teeth, for two lighthorses, . 11 00 26 teeth, for two heavy horses,. . 13 00 30 teeth, for two or three horses, . 15 00 The Tahle-Eand of Thibet. An English traveller, Dr. J. D. Hooker, who has been for some time engaged in making various observations in Thibet, describes many interesting things in reference to the country and its inhabit¬ ants. The Thibetans are a pastoral people, roaming with their flocks and herds during the summer season, from place to place. The animal from which they de¬ rive their principal support is a peculiar species of the bovine tribe, called the Yak or Grunting ox. The milk of the females is used by the people for various purposes. It is made into curd, which is eaten with herbs and milk. Butter is also made from the cream; but the mode of churning is, perhaps, as novel as some of the modes for which patents have been granted. Dr. H. describes it as follows: — “They have two kinds of churn ; one is a goat-skin in which the cream is encased and beaten, stamped upon, and rolled; the other is an oblong box, a yard in length, full of rhododendron twigs, frosted with butter and — maggots.” The Thibetans have ponies, some of which Dr. H. and his party rode. He says they “ never mis¬ sed a foot,” in the worst places. “Sharp rocks, deep stony torrents, slippery paths, or pitch dark¬ ness, were all the same to them.” They are des¬ cribed as “sorry looking beasts;” but it is stated that a Thibetan chief who weighed sixteen stone, (or 224 lbs.) rode one down a mountain slope of “thirty miles of rocks, stones and streams,” and the animal showed no symptoms of fatigue. A Mechanic’s House. This is a plan of a house built last year for a me¬ chanic in an adjoining town. It is one story high, 24—j— 28 feet, with an addition 14— {—1 6 feet, in which the chimney for the kitchen is built, containing an oven and arch kettle. There is no fire-place in the house, stoves being preferred. A. cellar stairs, B. chamber stairs, s. s. stoves. There is room in the chamber for 2 good sleeping apartments. The house is built with boardwalls clapboarded outside and plas- stored inside, making the walls solid, and of course there is no place for rats or mice. The windows are double, each sash containing four lights, each 9J)y 14 inches. The cellar is 14 feet square, and 7 feet deep; the walls of split granite, pointed and plastered; the underpinning of split stone laid in the best manner. Whole cost about $500. It will be seen that, for a small family, this house is very convenient. There is room enough for all practical purposes, and what is equally important, no waste room. The old fashion of building a large two story house to look at, and putting up a one story addition to live in, is becoming obsolete, and smaller, more tasteful and convenient dwellings are being built instead. If any one has a house built after a better plan than this, I - -am glad of it. W. L. Eaton. East Weave, N. H. Chiccory or Succory. Coffee, as prepared for sale in the several coun tries of Europe, is said to be greatly adulterated by an admixture of the ground root of a plant called chiccory. The variety used for this purpose is call- 844 THE CULTIVATOR. July? ed in France, chiccoree de cafe. It is supposed to have been derived from Egypt, where, as well as in Arabia, it is much used as human food. The adul¬ teration of coffee by this substance, is thought by some to rather improve than injure the flavor of the coffee, and even to render it more wholesome. The demand for the roots for this purpose, has rendered its cultivation very profitable in certain districts. The plant is also cultivated for forage, the tender stems and leaves being much relished by cattle and sheep The plant is perennial, and will, it is said, yield good crops year after year, on the same ground. The North British Agriculturist gives the following directions in regard to its cultivation: “ To do justice, it should be sown on clean land, in good condition, to insure a fair return. After the land has received a deep winter furrow, and been twice plowed in spring, and perfectly clear of root weeds, we would recommend it to be sown in drills, at from 11 to 16 inches broad, according to the rich¬ ness of the soil. The drills may be formed by a neat slight paring plow; from 4 to 5 pounds may sow an acre, as the plants, when left for food, should stand from 4 to 8 inches apart in the row. Some advise not to sow till May, as some of the plants, if sown earlier, may be apt to run to seed the first year. Should the plants be intended to remain for years to yield forage, a few plants running to seed the first season can do little harm. If the stems be cut over before they are far advanced, the root will receive little damage. We have found it a safe practice to sow about the middle of April ; but where the root for grinding is the object, as they, in that case, are all to be taken up for use in the autumn, it may be as well to defer sowing till the end of April, after which period few will be found to run to seed the first season.” The best time Cutting Timber. A pamphlet has been published under the supervi¬ sion of A. S. Roberts, Esq., Corr. Secretary of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, in reference to the best time for cutting timber for fen¬ cing and other agricultural purposes. It embra¬ ces the substance of letters received from various persons, who had been requested to communicate the results of their observation on this subject. The writers do not profess to found their opinions on ex¬ periments conducted in such a manner as to fully settle the question ; on the contrary, so far as con¬ clusions are given, they are drawn from such facts as have fallen in the way of the respective individu¬ als. For this reason, it is not, perhaps, strange that they should present great diversity — -some being in favor of the winter as the best time, others the spring, others midsummer, and others autumn . Se¬ veral, perhaps a majority, of the writers are in fa¬ vor of June, or that part of the season when the bark will most easily peel off. Such has been the conclusion to which our own observation has tended. It may be here suggested as probable, that the ge¬ neral durability of timber cut at this season of the year, is attributable to its being divested of its bark as soon as cut, and exposed at once to the dry¬ ing influence of the atmosphere, which soon evapo¬ rates the moisture, causing so great a shrinkage as effectually to close the pores, rendering it there¬ after almost impervious to the agents of decomposi¬ tion. Mr. Roberts suggests the propriety of soaking fresh-cut timber in a solution of lime. He thinks the sap might in this way be displaced by a deposite of lime, or that the lime might combine with the acid of the sap, which would thus be neutralised and rendered inactive. The suggestion is reasonable and is not unsupported by actual results. Mr. R. quotes from what he considers a “ well- written ar¬ ticle by an anonymous correspondent ” of the Ame¬ rican Agriculturist , vol. viii, p. 274, in reference to the causes of decay in timber. That article was certainly ‘’well written,” and attracted our atten¬ tion when it appeared originally in the London Gardeners' Chronicle , by whose editor, the celebra¬ ted botanist, Dr. Lindley, it was probably writ¬ ten. It had the signature of “ B.,” in the Agri¬ culturist. _ Strength of Wire. As the subject of wire fences is now receiving considerable attention, and as inquiry hasbeen made in regard to the strength of different descriptions of wire, we give the following table from an essay which lately received a prize from the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland . It shows the num¬ ber of pounds each of the sizes of various kinds sustained before breaking. The lengths tested were ten feet. The wire called “common ” was the or¬ dinary wire of commerce, and is said to be made mostly from the coarser sorts of iron. The pre¬ pared ” wire is made from a finer description of iron , is more carefully manufactured, and is superior in quality to the former. “Charcoal” wire is consi¬ dered the best and strongest of any of the qualities made. It is drawn from iron which is worked chief¬ ly by wood charcoal. The “annealed” wire is considered “ the very worst that can be put into a fence. From its being soft, it is readily stretched by any weight or pressure that may be brought to bear against it ; and as a consequence is thrown from one side to the other, as stock may happen to touch it.” It is said also, to oxydise, or rust more easily than any other kinds. Common Wire. No. 8 broke with 590 lbs. t No. 6 do. do. 844 do. \ Without perceptibly stretching. No. 4 do. do. 1269 do. ) Annealed Wire. No. 8 broke with 605 lbs. — stretched about 4| inches. No. 6 do. do. 832 do. — do do 3 do. No. 4 do. do. 1282 do. — do do 2 do. Prepared Wire. No. 8 broke with 955 lbs. — stretched about 1 inch. No. 6 do; do. 1380 do. — do do f do. No. 4 do. do. 2163 do. — do do j do. Charcoal Wire. No. 8 broke with 1274 lbs. No. 6 do. do. 1762 do. No. 4 do. do. 2656 do. ! Stretched about the same as pre¬ pared wire. Good and Bad Management. During a rifle in our county not many weeks ago, I could but notice a noble looking orchard, of a hun¬ dred trees, planted more than twenty years ago, by the man who now lives upon it. Yet that orchard hardly produces good fruit enough to supply the fa¬ mily of the owner, and the sour dwarfed fruit is of no particular value for swine or cider. His neigh¬ bor not far off has an orchard some fivn years young¬ er, of about half the size, and in a more unfavora¬ ble location; yet he supplies himself and many of his neighbors, and sells enough of his noble pippins and greenings to pay his hired men, and keep his bill for family groceries from accumulating. The se¬ cret of all the difference is, the latter man actually expended $5 in grafting that orchard, and has occa¬ sionally expended an hour’s labor in pruning and cul¬ tivating those grateful trees. During that ride, I saw a man feeding ten long, lank, lean swine, which will hardly furnish his fami- 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 245 ly with pork, bacon and lard, for a twelve month. Before I had travelled five miles farther, I saw an¬ other man with seven, about the same age, and he will probably have nearly a ton of pork to sell. Another man’s fences, outbuildings and garden, were a disgrace to the man, a disgrace to the neigh¬ borhood, and to the county - while another as great¬ ly honored himself in them all; thus making it ap¬ parent to my mind that a man can as signally honor or dishonor himself on a piece of ground only large enough for a garden, as on a farm of 100 or 500 acres.— R. G. Pardee’s Address. Dairying in St. Lawrence Co.., N. Y. Eds. Cultivator— Perhaps it may not be unin¬ teresting to many of your readers to hear something from us, especially those at the west, who regard us as almost in the frozen region. I am inclined to think that many of the accounts of products from different parts of the country, that appear in your pages, are among that class of farmers who are both able and willing to expend more in their business than a great majority of farmers are able to do. I have had 100 acres of land previous to last year. I now have 130 acres; have frequently cut from 70 to 80 or 90 tons of hay, and raised my own grain, and some to spare. My best crop of spring wheat (for I raise no other) 30 bushels per acre— China wheat. Last season was uncommonly dry with us, no rain at all having fallen for many weeks. The hay crop was light, and the pastures were dried up. Meadows after haying, dried and sunburnt — there being no after feed at all. Grain was light. Hay was sold this spring at $10 per ton, and then was drawn from 5 to 30 miles. Bear these things in mind, as you read the amount of butter and cheese from my dairy last season. The cheese weighed from the press 8,343 pounds- But¬ ter, twice thoroughly worked, 2,200 pounds. Num¬ ber of cows in May, 25; bought in June and July, and sold in October. Average number about 28. Averaged nearly 300 pounds of cheese and 80 pounds of butter per cow. I reckon 3 pounds of cheese for each pound of butter, according to the estimate of some Ohio dairymen, which would equal about 534 pounds of cheese per cow. I should like to hear from other dairymen in our county and in Vermont, through your columns. G. A. Hanchet. Potsdam , May , 1850. On the Height of Corn. Eds. Cultivator— In the year 1842, I travelled through a portion of the state of Ohio. The season was a poor one for corn. I measured three differ¬ ent fields on the Raccoon creek, in Licking county, and found it thirteen feet high. I was told that on the same soil, it grew sixteen feet in good seasons. I saw a field of two hundred acres on the bank of the Muskingum, near Coshocton, where the height was said to be the same as aboye. The largest corn that I saw in my own state, that year, was between Syracuse and Fayetteville. It was eight feet high. This I have found to be the usual height of our best yellow corn in some of our most favorable seasons. There is one remarkable difference between the northern corn and the gourd seed varieties, which are cultivated in Ohio and far¬ ther south. The ear of the southern corn unites with the stalk above the centre of it, while our north¬ ern corn unites with it below the. centre. C. E. G. Utica. Sale of the Bates Short-Horns. The public sale of this noted herd of cattle took place on the 9th of May last, agreeably to previous notice. We have not received a detailed account of the sale, but the following extract from a letter received from L. G. Morris, Esq., who attended as a purchaser, will show that several of the ani¬ mals are to come to this country. The letter is da¬ ted Kirkleavington, May 10. “ The great Bates sale took place yesterday. The attendance was from three to five thousand, from al¬ most all parts of the world. The average price was about 63 guineas, the highest price 205, and the lowest priced sound animal was 30 guineas. Mr. Colling’s sale reached higher prices, but it was when England was in a more prosperous state than it now is; and the terms of sale more liberal than these.* Mr. Bates’ heirs and executors are in chancery, and all business done through a receiver, who made the terms half cash down, and balance on delivery of the animals, which was to take place five or six days at farthest from the date of sale. The risk of the animals immediately on being struck down was to be borne by the purchaser. I purcha¬ sed three head, and Mr. Becar of Smithtown, Long Island, purchased four head. I did not make my purchases until I had examined all the herds of any note in the counties of Yorkshire and Durham, which are the finest Short-horned sections in the world; and even then I did make my final selection until I had re-examined Mr. Bates’ herd several times. The only animals I bid on, I purchased.” Farming in Rhode Island. Mr. S. B. Halliday, of Cranston, R. I., gives an account in the Providence Journal, of the pro¬ ducts of his farm for 1849, from which we take the following. The size of the farm is not stated, nor is the number of cows kept for the dairy, mentioned. “ Of potatoes, I have dug about 1200 bushels; turneps, 1200 bushels; carrots, 600 bushels; pars- neps 200 bushels; table beet, 1000 bushels; mangel wurtzel, 500 bushels; spinnach, 300 bushels; toma¬ toes, 200 bushels; white cabbage, 20,000 heads; sa¬ voy cabbage, 25,000 heads; broccoli, 2000 heads; lettuce, 20,000 heads; egg plants, 400; salsify, (oyster plant,) 2000; rhubarb, (pie plant,) 3000 lbs.; asparagus, 1000 lbs.; pickles, 20,000; corn, 2000 bushels, ears; rye, 100 bushels; millet, 20 tons; green rye and clover, 40 tons; English hay, 10 tons; buckwheat, 3 tons; 250 lbs. spinnach seed; 200 lbs. beet seed; 40 lbs. of turnep seed. In ad¬ dition to this, we raise nearly all our small seeds, such as celery, carrot, radish, &c. The dairy yields for the year, about 20,000 gallons milk.” The Cheese Trade. Henry Kemp & Co., of New- York, have issued a circular in which it is stated that the supply of cheese brought to the tide-waters of the Hudson for the year 1849, was 42,097, 818 pounds, against 43,- 278,526 pounds in 1848. The decrease the past year is artributed to the severe drouth of last summer in Western New-York and Ohio. The export of cheese to Great Britain from New-York, is said to have reached last year 12,000,000 pounds, against 15,386,836 in 1848, being a decrease of one-fifth. * At the sale of Mr. Charles Colling’s herd, in 1810, 47 animals brought £7115.17$. The- highest price for bulls was 10C0 guineas, for Comet ; and the highest price for cows was 410 guineas, for Lily. Another bull, Petrarch, brought 365 guineas ; and the cow Countcsa 1 400 guineas. Eds. 246 THE CULTIVATOR. July, This decrease is attributed to the inferior quality of the cheese. Of good cheese probably double the amount exported last year would be taken by Great Britain. The receipts of cheese at New-York in 1834 were only about six million pounds, from which they have gone on in a regular gradation of increase to 1848, when 43,278,526 pounds were received. The exports to Great Britain commenced in 1840 with seven hundred thousand pounds, and have in¬ creased to fifteen million pounds in 1848. Water Lime, &c. Eds. Cultivator — I should like to be informed how water lime, or the common cement used in lay¬ ing stone to guard against water, will do on wood. Will it do to plaster a coat of it over the roofs of old buildings? If so, what is the mode of preparation? Do you prepare the mortar different from that used in laying stone? I should like advice also on the subject of laying water lime pipe, to conduct water for common watering purposes. What are the ad¬ vantages and disadvantages of this kind of pipe, as compared with lead pipe? And, lastly, what can I do to prevent plum and cherry trees from blistering, or raising black bunches, and what is the remedy to restore them to soundness? J. A. Cheney. Cooperstown, May 19, 1850. Rotation ot Crops. Edmund Ruffin, Esq., of Marlbourne, Va., a successful farmer and well-known writer on the subject of agriculture, gives the following as a ro¬ tation which he has practiced with advantage: 1st year — Corn, (on grass land, grazed the pre¬ ceding year until July or August only,) — and se¬ condary crop of peas, planted or sown among the growing corn. 2d year — Peas, sown broad-cast, and plowed un¬ der in September, for 3d year— Wheat on pea-fallow — clover sown. 4th year— Clover — (which receives all the stable and barn-yard manure) — first growth mown, where fit, and second plowed under in August and Sep¬ tember, for 5th year — Wheat on clover fallow. 6th year — Pasture, from spring until the wheat fields are cleared to admit the grazing stock. To Plow in Clover, Weeds, &c. Those who have undertaken to plow in green crops, know the difficulty frequently attending the operation, on account of the liability of the plow to be clogged, and the vegetable matter being left uncovered. A correspondent of the American Farmer gives the following description of a con¬ trivance he has adopted, which is stated to answer the purpose completely: Saw off a block from some hard, durable, and heavy wood; say about ten inches long, and three and a half or four inches in diameter; then take a piece of trace chain, about three feet long, confine one end to the block, by driving a small staple in the end, having first passed the staple through an end link of the chain. Point the other end of the block, and attach a larger chain in the same manner to that. Tie the short chain (attached to the square end of the block,) to the rod which passes through the mould- board and beam of the plow, by wrapping it around the beam at that place; drop the block in the bottom of a furrow which has been already opened, (of course on the mould-board side,) draw up the long chain, and attach that to the clevis pin or clevis ;— be sure that you have both chains just tight enough to permit the block to lie in the furrow; al¬ low no slack. The short chain gathers the clover, weeds, &c . , and bends them down; the weight of the block prevents the chain from rising, and the plow laps the dirt over the weeds, whilst they are in a recumbent position. I am this day turning under weeds as high as the heads of the plowmen, who are almost wholly concealed. Saving Clover Seed. Eds. Cultivator — In the January number of the Cultivator is an inquiry from C. W. Cathcart, respecting the saving of clover seed at the East. I will give you onr mode in Litchfield county, Conn. At the proper time for securing the crop, we go with our scythes and mow when the dew is on, be¬ ing careful to stop as soon as the dew is off. In cloudy or foggy weather we mow all day. We let it remain in the swath until it is cured, then rake it into winnows, and roll it into small heaps while it is damp with dew. In the after part of the day, thrash or tread it off from the straw, either on the barn floor or on a bed made in the field for the pur¬ pose. If it is threshed in the field, it will be necessary to take up the chaff every night, as it gathers moisture from the ground, which greatly retards the cleaning. We consider it best, when we can, to use the barn floor, and let the seed remain until we finish the field. By keeping the chaff level on the floor, we can work to advantage until the chaff accumulates to the depth of three feet or more. The greatest difficulty, in treading it from the straw with cattle or horses, is the time required to shake the chaff from the straw, so that it will not be thrown out with the straw; but in my opinion it is decidedly best to use oxen in thrashing. In this way a load the size of a ton of hay can be thrashed at three or four floorings, and three turnings to each flooring will make it entirely clean. We then carry the chaff to the mill, where it is cleaned in good order for market, for one dollar per bushel. The machine is manufactured by Harmon Baldwin, Esq., of Washington, Litchfield county, Conn., and was put up and set running in this vicinity, for (I think) $120. The machine requires but a small power to carry it, probably not an eighth of that required for a run of provinder stores. A Sub scriber. Harvesting Grain. Eds. Cultivator. — Grain Harvesting is an important business of the farmer, and when the sea¬ son for performing it arrives, every other business should give place to it. From observation, I am satisfied that farmers generally let their grain stand too long before cutting. When left to get ripe, a great deal shells out and wastes in the harvesting; but if cut when the straw is green, this waste is saved, and the flour is of better quality, and the grain is heavier, as has been proved by experiment. In good weather, wheat and rye may be taken up in one day from the cradle or sickle, bound in con¬ venient bundles, and set up in shocks of four, ten, or twelve bundles each. With wheat or oats two bundles may be laid, crossing each other on the top of the shock, which will serve to shed off the rain. With rye, a shock of bundles set up with the butts well braced, and no cap sheaf set on, is found to cure better, and in case of a long storm, is less liable to sprout than when shocked in the old way 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 247 with a cap-sheaf. Grain shocks will generally cure in from eight to ten days of ordinary hay weather} and as soon as cured, let them be secured. I have known persons to let their grain stand from four to six weeks in the shock, and whenever I see such management, I am always inclined to think that such persons think or care but little for im¬ proved farming. L. Durand. Derby, Ct., June 4. JDoirastic (Sxonomg, Hecipcs, Set. Preserves and Jellies.* General Directions. — Gather fruit when it is dry. Long boiling hardens the fruit. Pour boiling water over the sieves used, and wring out jelly bags in hot water the moment you are to use them. Do not squeeze while straining through jelly bags. Let the pots and jars containing sweetmeats just made, remain uncovered three days. Lay brandy papers over the top, cover them tight and seal them, or, what is best of all, soak a split bladder and tie it tight over them. In drying, it will shrink so as to be perfectly air-tight. Keep them in a dry, but not warm place. A thick leathery mould helps to preserve fruit, but when mould appears in specks, the preserves must be scalded in a warm oven, or be set into hot water, which then must boil till the preserves are scalded. Always keep watch of preserves which are not sealed, especially in warm and damp weather. The only sure way to keep them without risk or care, is to make them with enough sugar and seal them, or tie bladder covers over. Strawberries. — Look them over with care. Weigh a pound of sugar to each pound of fruit. Put a layer of fruit on the bottom of the preserving ket¬ tle, then a layer of sugar, and so on till all is in the pan. Boil them about fifteen minutes. Put them in bottles, hot, and seal them. Then put them in a box, and fill it in with dry sand. The flavor of the fruit is preserved more perfectly, by simply packing the fruit and sugar in alternate layers, and sealing the jar, without cooking, but the preserves do not look so well. Currants. — Strip them from the stems. Allow a pound of sugar to a pound of currants. Boil them together ten minutes. Take them from the syrup, and let the syrup boil twenty minutes, and pour it on the fruit. Put them in small jars or tum¬ blers, and let them stand in the sun a few days. To Preserve Currants to eat with Meat. — Strip them from the stem. Boil them an hour, and then to a pound of the fruit, add a pound of brown sugar. Boil all together fifteen or twenty minutes. Currant Jelly.— -Pick over the currants with care. Put them in a stone jar, and set it into a ket¬ tle of boiling water. Let it boil till the fruit is ve¬ ry soft. Strain it through a sieve. Then run the juice through a jelly-bag. Put a pound of sugar to a pint of juice, and boil it together five minutes. Set it in the sun a few days. Cherries.— -Take out the stones. To a pound of fruit, allow a pound of sugar. Put a layer of fruit on the bottom of the preserving kettle, then a layer of sugar, and continue thus till all are put in. Boil till clear. Put them in bottles, hot, and seal them. Keep them in dry sand. Raspberry Jam — No. 1.- — Allow a pound of su- *-From Miss Beecher’s Domestic Receipt Book. gar to a pound of fruit. Press them with a spoon, in an earthen dish. Add the sugar, and boil all to¬ gether fifteen minutes. Raspberry Jam — No. 2. — Allow a pound of su¬ gar to a pound of fruit. Boil the fruit half an hour, or till the seeds are soft. Strain one quarter of the fruit, and throw away the seeds. Add the sugar, and boil the whole ten minutes. A little currant juice gives it a pleasant flavor, and when that is used, an equal quantity of sugar must be added. 2ln0tDcr0 to Correopontimto. Bark Lice. — A. B. P., Boone Grove, Ind. The insects you send are a species of bark louse — Coe- cidce. They are very common on apple trees in most parts of the country, and are supposed to have been introduced here from Europe. The best de¬ scription we have seen of the insect, is given by Dr. Harris, in his “ Insects Injurious to Vegeta¬ tion.” He says — “ The limbs and smooth parts of the trunks of apple trees are sometimes completely covered with these insects, and present a very sin¬ gularly wrinkled and rough appearance from the bodies which are crowded closely together. In winter these insects are torpid, and apparently dead. They measure about one-tenth of an inch in length, and are of an oblong, oval shape, gradually decreasing to a point at one end, and are of a brownish color, very near to that of the bark of the tree. .... In spring, the eggs are readily to bo seen on raising the little muscle-shaped scales, be¬ neath which they are concealed. These eggs are of a white color, and in shape very nearly like those of snakes. Every shell contains from thirty to forty of them, embedded in a small quantity of whitish friable down. The young on their first appearance are nearly white, very minute, and nearly oval in form. In about ten days they become stationary, and early in June throw out a quantity of bluish- white down, soon after which their transformations are completed, and the females become fertile and deposit their eggs. These, it seems, are hatched in the course of the summer, and the young come to their growth and provide for a new brood before the ensuing winter.” The time when these insects hatch depends, of course, on the climate or location. Some of the insects sent us from Indiana, were hatched when they arrived here, 20th of April. As to remedies, Dr. Harris observes: ec The best application for the destruction of the lice, is a wash made of two parts of soft soap and eight of water, with which is to be mixed lime enough to bring it to the consistence of thick white-wash. This is to be put on the trunks and limbs of the trees with a brush, and so high as practicable, so as to cover the whole surface, and fill all the cracks in the bark. The proper time for washing over the trees is early in June, when the insects are young and tender. The insects may also be killed by using in the same way a solution of two pounds of potash in seven quarts of water, or a pickle con¬ sisting of a quart of common salt in two gallons of water.” Cultivation of Tobacco. — u A Subscriber,” Great Barrington, Mass. You will find much in¬ formation in regard to the culture of tobacco in the valley of Connecticut river, in our volume, for 1844, p. 89; and in that for 1847, pp. 361, 362. Kinds of grass for Michigan. — 11 Experi¬ enced Farmer.” If the soil of the lt oak open¬ ings” is pretty rich, the Kentucky blue-grass ( Poa July, 248 THE CULTIVATOR. pratense) will probably grow well. If sown by it¬ self, one bushel of seed will be required. Try red- top ( Agrostis ) with white clover ( Trifolium re¬ pens) a bushel of the former with three quarts of the latter. Red-top will also do well to mix with clover for hay. Sow the medium or southern clover, ten pounds to the acre, with half a bushel of red- top seed. Timothy, as you say, is inclined to die out on very dry land, and none of the grasses will last as long here as in soil that is more moist. For shady or wood-land pastures, sow Kentucky blue- grass, and orchard-grass (Dactylis glomerata.) If mixed together, use half a bushel of the former with a bushel of the latter. Satis ani ©pinions. (Condensed from Books and Papers.) Subsoil Plowing. — A correspondent of the Agricultural Gazette says he formerly made a point of plowing at least ten inches deep when preparing for turneps; but be is more successful in growing them by keeping the manured soil near the surface, and loosening the substratum with the subsoil plow, going about seven inches deep with the first plow. Four Calves at a Birth. — B. Gates, of Mere- wether county, Georgia, writes to the Columbus In¬ quirer, that on the 9th of February a cow of his brought forth four female calves, all alive and well. Two calves at a birth are not uncommon, three are very rare, but four are so far out of the usual course, that the occurrence deserves to be recorded. A Valuable Cow. — Henry Jennison, of West Newton, Mass., gives the Plowman an account of the product of his cow for one year, or from April 2d, 1848, to the same period in 1849. First, he sold her calf at four weeks old for six dollars, then thirty gallons of milk at ten cents per gallon ; made three hundred and sixty-eight pounds of butter, which sold on an average at twenty-four and a-half cents per pound; during winter sold twenty-four gallons of milk at fourteen cents per gallon. No es¬ timate was made of milk used in a family of three persons. The cow had one acre of pasturage, and was fed with one quart of meal per day for two months, with green corn in the driest of the season ; and after haying, was turned into “ full feed.’5 The income may be stated thus: Calf, . . . $6 00 30 gallons milk, . 3 00 368 lbs. butter, . 90 06 24 gallons milk, . 3 36 $102 42 New Jersey Marls. — It is well known that cer¬ tain sections of New Jersey have been greatly im¬ proved in regard to the productiveness of the soil, by the application of marl. In Monmouth county, according to Professor Mapes, in the Working Farmer, “lands which ten years ago were worth but ten dollars per acre, are now producing large crops, simply by coating them with a few bushels of marl, taken from within a few feet of the surface. ” This marl we understand to be what is called green sand. Professor M. states that some of it contains 13 per cent of potash, and that the quantity requir¬ ed to fertilize an acre, does not exceed one hundred bushels. Some of the marls, however, are said to contain an excess of sulphate of iron, and when they are applied in large quantities, injure vegeta¬ tion. Professor M. observes “ that the continued use of marl, while it supplies many of the inorganic constituents of plants, must eventually cause the disappearance from the soil of all its inorganic matter, and hence the necessity of its renewal from time to time by the additions of decomposed peat, turf, river mud, and other organic matters.” Sound Advice. — Rev. Morrill Allen, in re¬ signing his post as president of the Plymouth, Mass., Agricultural Society, says — “My strong desire that your future labors may be attended with distinguish¬ ed success, prompts a caution against concentrating efforts in a few specific and favorite objects; let every branch of the farmer’s interest attract atten¬ tion, and in the just measure be taken under your patronage. Endeavor to walk in the light of sci¬ ence, but prize cheaply theories not reducible to practice. In the numerous speculations on various agricultural topics, which abound at the present time, we are in danger, without great caution, of being led into errors. Speculative minds in the ar¬ dor of inquiry, often forget that in practical life facts should always take precedence of theories. Use with vigilant care the varied means of scienti¬ fic improvement now enjoyed, and practical im¬ provement will be proportionably accelerated.” First County Agricultural Society in the State of New York.— -By the following paragraph from a “Historical sketch of the Village of Water- town,” given in the Business Directory for ^hat place, published by N. L. Burdick, it appears that Jefferson county w7as the first in the State to estab¬ lish an Agricultural Society. It has been kept up with great spirit, and has been an important instru¬ ment in advancing the prosperity of that enterpri¬ sing county: — “ The agricultural interest of Jeffer¬ son embarked early in measures to elevate the im¬ portant labors of that branch of industry to a high¬ er scale of efficiency and usefulness. In 1818, in Watertown, in a building on the site of the Ameri¬ can, was organised the first County Agricultural Society ever established in this State. James De Le Ray Chaumont delivered the address. That distinguished stastesman and patron of learning, public improvement, and agriculture, De Witt Clinton, was also present, and spoke in support of the views and objects of the Society. Guided and sustained by the sagacity and public spirit of the farmers of this county, the society has continued to flourish, and its annual fairs will not suffer by com¬ parison with similar exhibitions throughout the State.” Explosion of Air-tight Stoves. — Prof. Hors- ford, in a paper lately read before the “American Academy of Arts and Sciences,” thus explained the phenomenon of tffe explosion of the so-called air-tight stoves. It is proper to remark that these accidents are latterly of rare occurrence, and with the self-regulating valve, which is now attached to the best of these stoves, it is believed such accidents would never happen. “After the wood has been fired, and the supply of air for some time shut off, on re-opening the draft, and sometimes without, oc¬ casional explosions of great violence have occurred, attended with the blowing out of the stove door, and in some instances producing still greater injury tothestove. The probable explanation is this. Af¬ ter firing the wood and shutting off the draft, de¬ structive distillation commences. Inflammable gases issue from the wood, which, mingling with air derived from the pipe or remaining still un¬ consumed, furnish an explosive mixture, which the first jet of flame, or perhaps the incandescent coal, causes to explode.” 1850 THE CULTIVATOR. 249 Matts for tl;e Mont!;. Communications have come to hand, during the past month as follows: J. A. Cheney, A Sub¬ scriber, J. W. G., An Experienced Farmer, D. T., James Tufts, W. L. Chambers, H. Wether- wax, G. A. Hanchett, An Old Farmer, A Sub¬ scriber, L. Durand. Books, Pamphlets, &c.,have been received as follows: The Philosophy of Electrical Psychology, by John B. Dods — from the publishers, Fowlers & Wells, New- York. Analysis of the Apple, by J.H. Salisrury, M.'D.— and Analysis of the Rhubarb, by the same — 16 pages 8vo. — from the Author. First Report of the Geology of Alabama, by Prof. M. M. Tuomey, Geologist to the State, See., from Gov. Collier. Report of the Maryland State Agricultural Chemist, James Hig¬ gins, M. D., for the past year. Fourth Report of the Board of Agriculture of Ohio, from J. L. Cox, Esq., Zanesville. A. B. — We shall be glad to have you continue the subject, as you propose. The American Fruit Culturist. — This work has been mailed to every agent entitled to it by our terms. The postmaster at Philadelphia stopped those which should have passed through his office, on the ground that books had no right to go by mail. He, however, informs us that he has, at our request, forwarded the copies which were detained at his office. But if any person entitled to the work, has failed to receive it, we will forward a second copy on being apprised of the failure. Correction. — In our last, the price of Professor Norton's “ Elements of Scientific Agriculture," was stated at 75 cents. It should have been 50 cents. The Plow, Loom, and Anvil. — The third vo¬ lume of this periodical commences with August. The well-known industry and energy of its editor, J. S. Skinner, Esq., continue unrelaxed, and its pages are well filled with useful matter. It is pub¬ lished monthly, at $2 a year, in advance. J. S. Skinner, Philadelphia, Editor and Publisher. See advertisement. The Difference. —Mr. J. S. Craig, of Madison, Ind., speaking of the failure of the wheat crop in his neighborhood, last year, says — “One man told me he had sown six bushels, and did not gather the amount of the seed. I replied, ‘I have done better than that, my crop having averaged 15 bushels per acre; to which he said — ‘0, a poor man, with a large family, can't afford to put his land in such nice order as you had yours;’ ‘ but,’ said I, ‘ the chief difference between us is, I feed my corn fodder in the stables and yards, you feed your’s in the roads and lanes.’ Would you believe it! I have three adjoining neighbors, who feed their cattle in the road and lanes, if it happens to be in the most con¬ venient place, and don’t seem to care about the loss of manure. Yet their rotation is corn, oats, wheat, without allowing the land any rest in clover or grass, and giving it but very little manure, till it has almost refused to produce wheat. I find, now, the opinion is almost universal, that it is useless to sow wheat, without manuring the land in some way. " Breed of Swine.— Mr. O. F. Marshall, of Wheeler, Steuben co., N. Y., writes: “ We have a peculiar kind of hogs in this section, which have been bred here over 50 years. They became nearly ex¬ tinct about the time the Berksliires were so popular ; but we have, with a good deal of exertion, restored them about as pure as formerly. They are similar in shape to the Berkshires, but their color is red or sandy, and they have very fine hair. When pure- blooded, the tails of the pigs come off, when about three or four weeks old. They were introduced here by the late judge Hammond, father of S. H. Hammond, Esq., district attorney for Albany county.’’ Agricultural School in Massachusetts. — The following gentlemen have been appointed by the Governor of Massachusetts commissioners on the subject of an agricultural school, v.iz: Hon. M. P. Wilder, Dorchester; Rev. Dr. Edward Hitchcock, President of Amherst College; Sam¬ uel A. Eliot, of Boston; Eli Warren, of Up¬ ton; and Thomas E. Payson, of Rowley. Transplanting Locust Trees. — A corres¬ pondent informs us that the sprouts of locust trees, if taken up in the spring, and set in open places in the woods, will grow well, and become valuable for timber. We have heard it said that locust trees planted in this way are not likely to be attacked by the borer. The figure of “ Third Duke of Cambridge,’’ given in our present number, was engraved for the forthcoming volume of the Transactions of the New York Agricultural Society. We are authorized to say that this volume, the publication of which has been unavoidably delayed, will shortly make its appearance. Royal Agricultural Society. — The Council of this Society have made arrangements to hold their annual show of cattle for 185 1, in Hyde Park, in connection with the Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations. The usual show of imple¬ ments by the Society will be omitted on that occa¬ sion, as the Exhibition will comprise a similar de¬ partment. The show of the Royal Society for the present year will be held at Exeter in July, com¬ mencing on the 15th. This Society at the present time comprises 5,261 members: namely, 90 life governors, 169 annual governors, 267 life members, 4,356 annual members, and 19 honorary members. Correction. — In the communication of “A. S. F.” in our May number (pp. 181, 182,) it was stated that chloride of lime was used for seed corn, in the proportion of half of the former to a bushel of the latter. It should have been half a pound to a bushel of seed; and the distance between the corn- rows should have been three instead of three and a half feet. Tax on Dogs. — It is well known that the keep¬ ing of sheep in Ohio has been attended with heavy losses in many instances, on account of their des¬ truction by dogs. After several ineffectual at¬ tempts to procure the passage of a law by the legislature, authorizing a tax on dogs, an act was passed at the last session, authorizing seventeen counties to collect the sum of fifty cents a year from every person who owns or keeps one dog, and one dollar for each additional dog kept by the same person. One-half of the money raised by this tax is to go to the common school fund, and the re¬ mainder is to be set apart to compensate persons sustaining losses by having sheep killed by dogs. Thibet Sheep. — -Prince Albert has sent a communication to the Council of the Royal Agri¬ cultural Society, giving the results of an attempt to naturalize a hardy and prolific race of sheep from Thibet, at her Majesty’s farm at Osborne. “ Lionizing.’’ — Thos. D. Burrall, Esq., in his address before the Ontario county Agricultural So¬ ciety, observes — “ The whole system of lionizing , THE CULTIVATOR. 250 July, and running after sights is a national vice which has too often made us ridiculous, and which should especially be avoided at our Fairs , lest they even¬ tually become so mixed up with new additions as to have nothing left to the farmer but the name. They should look to this in time, and never forget to res¬ pect themselves and protect their interests. Ever bearing in mind that as a class they form an import¬ ant part of the great conservative power of the State, and that they are bound to make that power felt and respected.” New Work. — Messrs. Derby & Miller, book¬ sellers, Auburn, will issue soon a new work on rural affairs, entitled U The Farmer’s Every Day Book; or. Sketches of Social Life in the Country, with the Popular Elements of Practical and Theoretic Agriculture, and 1,200 Laconics and Apothegms relating to Ethics, Religion, and General Lite¬ rature ; also 500 receiuts on Hygeian, Domestic and Rural Economy. u Would you be strong ? Go follow up the plough ; Would you be thoughtful ? Study fields and flowers ; Would you be wise? Take on yourself a vow, To go to school in Nature’s sunny bowers. Fly from the city, nothing there can charm — Seek wisdom, strength and virtue on a farm.” We intended to have given a chapter from it this month, on “ The Commercial Importance of Agri¬ culture,” but are under the necessity of deferring it. From the high character of the author, as well as from the few pages we have seen of the work, we have no doubt it will have an extensive sale. The Oneida County Agricultural Society will hold its next fair at Rome, on the 17th, 18th. and 19th days of September. This, we believe, is the first instance of one of our county fairs con¬ tinuing three days, and we are glad to see that the farmers of this rich and fertile county take suffici¬ ent interest in the subject to warrant a three-day fair. Benj. N. Huntington, Rome, President. L. T. Marshall, Vernon Center, Secretary. Long Island Lands. — The attention of farmers intending to change their location, is particularly invited to the advertisement of Dr. Peck, setting forth the inducements offered by the lands on Long Island. Price of Mustard Seed. — The editor of the Ohio Cultivator states that 6£ cents per pound is the price at which manufacturers in Ohio are willing to contract for good seed, next fall. A letter is published from Messrs. Fell, of Philadelphia, sta¬ ting that owing to the fluctuations in the market, and generally low prices, they do not recommend the cultivation of mustard on a large scale, to the western farmers, especially, 11 as long as the foreign seed is admitted at the present rate of duty.” Heavy Pigs. — Benj. Lyman, of Columbia, Ct., gives the Mass. Plowman an account of the weight of several pigs killed in that town since the first of December last, as follows: Hubbard Barstow killed a pig 8 months old, weight 360 lbs. Jonathan Clark “ “ 9 “ **■ 387 John Davenport “ “ 8} “ “ 390 “ John Ticknor killed an old hog, “ 610 “ Animalcules on Human Teeth. — Dr. H. J. Bowditch, of Cambridge, Mass., states as the re¬ sult of many microscopic examinations of the accu¬ mulations on the teeth of healthy persons, that of forty-nine individuals, most of whom were very par¬ ticular in the care of their teeth, animal and vege¬ table products were found in every instance except two. In those cases the brush was used three times a day, and a thread was passed between the teeth daily. Windsor soap was also used by one of thtese I two persons, with the brush. Dr. Bowditch tried the effect of various substances, in destroying the animalcules, and especially tobacco, by which they seemed to be in no way incommoded. Soapsuds and chlorine toothwash invariably destroyed them. Industrial Exhibition of 1851. — Preparations are already in progress for the transmission of the productions of American genius and ingenuity to the approaching great Industrial Exhibition which takes place in 1851 in London. A meeting of the Central Committee for the United States convened at the National Institute, in the Patent Office, Washington, on Thursday, the 13th ult., Hon. Millard Fillmore presiding, and Prof. W. R. Johnson acting as secretary. Among the various communications read at the meeting, was one from the secretary of a former meeting, held on the 27th of last month, containing the names of those ap¬ pointed on the Central Committee, among which are the following: Hon. Millard Fillmore, Hon. Levi Woodbury, Professors Joseph Henry and Alex. D. Bache, Com. C. Wilkes, Lieut. M. F. Maury, Col. J. J. Abert, and Thos. Ewbank, and others. 21 in number. — N. Y. Evening Post. Red Cedar Posts. — All kinds of Cedar are known to be very durable, but the heart of red ce¬ dar is perhaps, preferable on this account, to any other kind, and those parts of the tree which are most knotty, will probably last longest. E. Bourne, in the Mass. Plowman , states that on examining some red cedar posts set by his father 48 years since, he found those which were taken from the butt-end of the tree, a little decayed on the outside ; but those from the second and third cuts of the tree, were perfectly sound. Profits of Fowls. — Bradford Packard, of West Bridgewater, Mass., states in the Plowman that he kept an accurate account with twenty fowls, (eighteen hens and two cocks,) for one year, from January 1st, 1849. He obtained 2434 eggs, the average price of which was fourteen cents per doz¬ en, making $28.90; he raised twelve chickens, va¬ lued at 25 cents each, giving an aggregate of $31. 89. The food the fowls ate during this time was 15 bushels of eorn, which cost $10.89, leaving a net profit of $21.01. To decoy Rats. — Mix a shilling’s worth of Spanish flies in a pint of the best French brandy, cork it well, and after shaking, let it stand six weeks, and it will be fit for use. A few drops of this liquid is said to entice the rats from their holes into any kind of trap. Wool Market— June 19, 1850. The shearing has actively progressed for the two past weeks, and is now nearly completed, excepting in the northern portion of this and some of the Eastern States. The appearance of a much dread¬ ed epidemic in the spring of 1849, caused a general paralysis in the business of the country, and greatly aided in depressing the prices of wool, more particularly in the Western States. The absence of cholera, general prosperity of most business pursuits, and abun¬ dance of money facilities in the large northern and eastern cities, have produced a very different feeling in regard to the clip of 1850, and especially in the Western States, as contrasted with 1849, ai though the prices of cloths are about the same now as one year ago. The advance of wools in the Northern and Eastern States, com¬ pared with 1849, is from 2 to 3c. ; while in Ohio, Michigan, and other Western States, it is from 4 to 6c. per lb. The excitement in the Western market has been and still is very great, growing out of the competition amongst buyers, in combination with the causes above- mentioned; and purchases have been made on speculation at so high rates, as to leave no margin for profits ; and it will be fortunate if, in many instances, actual losses are not sustained. No reliable estimate can be made of the quantity of wool shorn, until near the close of the year. The opening prices, so far as they can now be ascertained, are as follows : Common to I blood Merino, . 25a27c. i tof do. 28a30c. | to full do. 31a35c. Full blood Saxon, . 36a40c 1850 THE CULTIVATOR 251 |)ri«0 of Agricultural jjJrcimcts. [Review of the Market for the last month.] Albany, June 20, 1850. FLOUR.— Since our last report there has been a good steady trade, and Eastern demand for flour, but with little or no specula¬ tive movement. The upper tendency of quotations noticed m our May report, continued till the early part of the present month, when for a day or two the market became weaker, but subsequently ral¬ lied ao-ain. This fluctuation which has been regulated solely by the tone of the N. Y. Market, is ascribed on the one hand mainly to the uncertain character of the reports of probable receipts from the '’Vest, which hitherto have proved larger than was anticipated, and on the other to the active demand at that market for the Eastern trade, for New Orleans, and for Canadian, and low grade State flour for the British Provinces The market here may be quoted at ft5-44“*?;5b4 for ordinary to good state, $5.62-£ for mixed western, $5.69a$5. to for straight do., $5.87Aa$5.94 for fancv do. and state from good Western Wheat, $6a$6.12£ for Genessee, $6.12£a$6.25 for fancy Genesee and Ohio, $6.37£a$6.75 for extra Genesee. These quotations show a considerable advance upon those given in our May report. The stock of flour here is good, consisting principally of the better brands of State and Western flour. GRAIN— The supplies of prime Genesee wheat during the month, although larger than those of the previous month, have been small ; the milling demand for these descriptions has been good, taking all offering at an advance of 16al8c. on the closing quotations in our May report; the sales are 13.000 bushels principally Genesee, at 115c. for Wisconsin to arrive, 132al38c. for Mediterranean, and in¬ cluding some 10,000 bushels Genesee at 137«150|c., the market to¬ day being very firm at 150c. for prime Genesee, and 148c. for a prime lot of Lancaster Co., Penn., both to arrive within a day or so, with a good demand, buyers offering 147c. for Genesee. In corn there has been a good demand which has been checked by the light re¬ ceipts. The supplies which have been kept back several days by the break at Bushnell’s Basin, are now coming in, and a more ac¬ tive market is anticipated. The improving tendency noticed in this article in our May report, continued to the 1st inst., when Northern round Yellow sold at 69c. and Western mixed at a trifle off that fig¬ ure ; the market retained its firmness for some days, but for want of supplies nothing was done ; and after the receipt of the unfavorable advices from Europe, by the Atlantic on the 9th, and the Canada on the 13th inst., prices gradually fell off, the market closing yester¬ day at 60a60J for Western low and high mixed, and 60£ for flat yel¬ low. Northern Yellow round unless in prime condition is not taken, and may be quoted at 62a62£c. numerally. The sales since our last are 200,000 bush, including 25,000 bnsh. Western mixed, reported sold yesterday for delivery in all August at 56c., and 20,000 do. in two lots on the 28th ult. to arrive, at 66£c. The tendency of the market at the close, was to a further decline. Rye has been more active, and prices have varied with the quotations of other grains. The market has ranged from 62^a65c, which latter point it reached on the 31st ult., and subsequently declined to 60 Jc., at which figure it sold on the 18th inst. The sales of canal are 25,000 bush. In bar¬ ley we notice sales of about 6,000 bush., two rowed at 65c. Oats have been active, with a good speculative demand ; the sales here and to arrive, since our last, have reached 120,000 bush., including 40,000 bush, to arrive on private terms. The balance taken in lots as they arrived, closing at 47c, with a steady demand. The highest figure obtained since our last report, was on the 1st and 2d inst., when 52c. was paid. FEED. — The high price of the coarse grains has produced a de¬ mand for feed ; the inquiry is good, but the high figures asked re¬ strict sales. The transactions are about 30,000 bush. ; 13al4c. for Jbran, 15c. for shorts, 17-i-e. for Port Byron shorts, 19«25c. for second quality fine feed, and 103c. for middlings. SALT. — The sales of bag salt embrace 22,000 bags at 11c. ; bar¬ rels are lower, and sell to some extent at 100al03c ; we also notice sales of 300 to 400 sacks, Liverpool at 130c. per sack. WHISKEY. — The limited quantity offering restricts sales. The transactions reposed are about 900 brls. The market is now dull at 25c., at which hgure the last sales were made. Buyers offer only 24c. for S. P. The highest quotation reached this month was 26-^c. WOOL. — The sales since our last report have been very limited; some 10,000 lbs. were taken at 34c. for super., and 31c. for No. 1 pulled. The lots of the new clip offering in the street are taken a1 26a34e., according to grade. PROVISIONS. — The sales of Mess Pork during the month have been about 500 brls. Stale Mess, principally on private terms, and part at $12.25al2.50 for State Mess, and $11 for Western. Beef Hams $15.50, with sales 106 brls. The sales of cut meats have been to a fair extent ; the transactions add up some 80,000 lbs. at 8c. for smoked hams ; and 4|a5^c. for do. shoulders. There have been further sales of live hogs at 3£a3fc. Morgan Horse General Gifford. TVHIS justly celerated horse will stand the coming season at Lodi Village, Seneca County, N. Y. He was got by Old Gifford Mor¬ gan, out of a pure Morgan mare. In his size, color, form and ac¬ tion, he closely resembles his distinguished sire, and is one of the ve¬ ry best specimens of this invaluable race of horses. Terms of insurance, $12. Good pasture provided at the usual rates, and all nocessary atten¬ tion given to mares from a distance. Accidents and escapes at the risk of the owners. May 1, 1850— 3t. CHARLES W. INGERSOLL. The Plow, the Loom and the Anvil TS a Monthly Journal of never less than 64 pages, beautifully print* ed, on the best paper, and conducted by J. S. Skinner, founder of the first agricultural journal published in the United States. The object of this journal is to teach the Farmer and the Planter, not only what is transpiring to improve practical agriculture, but to prove to them, b> argument and illustration, how the prosperity of American Agriculture is blended with, and promoted by, the prospe¬ rity of all other Industrial pursuits in our own country. The following are taken from hundreds of the like; to show the bearing and merits of the work. The July (1850) number will be the first of the next (third) vol¬ ume, and will be a good time for subscribers to commence. Back volumes to be had. P. S. — Particular attention is paid to the woolen and iron interests as connected with Agriculture. Hillsborough , Ohio , 6th February , 1850. * * * I will only add that the zeal and ability with which “the Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil,” has been conducted thus far, and the promise it affords for the triumph of the principles it advocates, demand of its patrons, and the friends of protection and national pros¬ perity and independence , everywhere, renewed and more persevering efforts to extend its circulation, and, as I would not recommend oth¬ ers to do what I would not do myself, I engage and hereby pledge myself to be one of 1000, or 100, to procure five new subscribers to “ The Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil,” and in default, take that number myself, for gratuitous distribution. I hove the honor to be, Very respectfully, ALLEN TRIMBLE. Note. — The words in italics emphasised by the writer. Mr. Phinney, writer of the following, is well known as one of the most accomplished and practical farmers in New England : Lexington , Mass. As for my opinion of your new work, “ The Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil.” In the first place, I have been actually astonished that one hand and head could do so much. I want more time than is allowed me in the day and night hurry of court business to express my views of a work so broad in its range, and so eminently calcula¬ ted to be of great utility to the interests of the whole country. I most sincerely believe it will do more to promote the cause of agri¬ culture, to give a healthy tone to the great body politic, and to re¬ concile conflicting parties than all the noisy declamations of hot-bed politicians. In short, it is just what the country wants , and must con¬ vince every owner of land, that if he would thrive by ihe plough, it must be by bringing it into proximity with the loom and anvil. I had not seen a single number of the work till I received the sev¬ en numbers forwarded by you, and regret that I have so long been deprived of the pleasure of perusing its interesting pages. Every New England man, woman and chi Id, owes you a debt of gratitude that should at all times secure to you open doors and open hearts. With kindest wishes, that you may for a long time to come be en¬ abled to pursue your useful labors, I am, very sincerely, your friend, E. PHINNEY. Senate U. S., Washington. I was much gratified at the perusal of your speech (at Middletown, Connecticut,) which exposed the fallacies of our free trade politi¬ cians. The true cause of the depression of agriculture in our coun¬ try is to be found in the fact that we purchase and pay for immense quantities of foreign bread, meat and vegetables, when we pay for "the articles manufactured abroad which we consume. I trust your labors may open the minds of our farmers to this truth. Let them see that when they wear a coat made of British broadcloth, they must pay for the food the manufacturer consumed while engaged in making the cloth. With great respect, your obedient servant, J. R. UNDERWOOD, Of Kentucky. To the Editor of the Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil. Extract from Hollidayseurgh, Pa., 1 9th March , 1850. J I wish your “Plough, Loom, and Anvil ” was read by every far¬ mer in our country ; it would be a perfect panacea for many of the evils with which we are oppressad. It would produce as great a sensation as fire in a barn among rats. But there is a good time co¬ ming, there is every now and then a star appearing in the horizon that did not previously exist. I hope to be able to do something to advance the interests of your journal, but can’t promise to enter Go¬ vernor Trimble’s list, as too many of our farmers would rather read political squibs, than anything that concerned their calling. Yours respectfully, JOSEPH DYSART. Nashville , Dec. 30, 1849. Every man in the United States ought to read “ The Plough, the Loom and the Anvil.” MAKE R. COCKRILL. The terms of subscription to The Plough, the Loom, and the An¬ vil, are— in advance for two subscribers, or for two years, $5 -, for one subscriber $3 a year; or $10 will pay for six years, or for five subscribers for one year. The next July number will be the first of the next volume. Address J- S. SKINNER, July 1 — It. 70 Walnut street, at his cost and risk. Poultry Books. rpHE American Poulterer’s Companion, by C. N. Bement — price 1 $1. The American Poultry Yard, by D. J. Browne and Samuel Al¬ len — price $1. The American Fowl Breeder, by an Association of Practical Breeders — price 25 cents. For sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. 252 THE CULTIVATOR July, A Brief Account of the Uncultivated Lands on Long Island, in 1850. IN answer to numerous inquiries relative to tlie uncultivated lands on Long Island, and for information concerning them, the atten¬ tion of the public is directed to the following brief account of their position, natural capabilities, and the facilities they offer the city mechanic, the market gardener, the fruit-grower, the dairyman, and all others who are in quest of a new home. These lands are mostly in the interior or middle parts of the Island, and probably were at first neglected more from their remote situation, than anything else, being inland , as it is commonly ex¬ pressed by the inhabitants. In fact, there does not appear to be any other cause for the origin of the discredit in which this portion of the island has long been held, than that it was a few miles from the shores, and therefore not so desirable to the early settlers as the lands bordering on the beau¬ tiful bays and harbors that surround them. Indeed, all the first settlements were made near the shores ; for the waters afford great privileges, added to the pleasures and com¬ forts of life, as they abounded with fish and wild fowls in great variety ; and which were a means of subsistence to the inhabitants then, as now. There is no other way to account for the strange and singular neglect of the middle regions of this Island. The east¬ ern parts of it are highly cultivated, with a soil by nature no better than that now under consideration; the northern and southern shores, nearly its whole length, have been settled and cultivated, as long as the western part of it ; more than two hundred years. By reference to the old maps of Long Island, it will be seen that the settlements are as above described, and that the middle portion, for about forty miles long, and from six to eight miles broad, are entirely a blank. The Long Island Railroad passes through nearly the centre, from east to west, of this unimproved tract, which com¬ mences at Farmingdale, distant thirty-one miles from the city, and extends to Riverhead, about forty miles. The “ Great Hempstead Plains” are nearer the city, being only about sixteen miles distant. There are in this tract about 17,000 acres of the most beautiful land, capable, in every respect, of the highest cultivation, and belongs to the town of Hcampstead, in com¬ mon. It cannot be sold without a popular vote of the inhabitants, a majority of whom have always opposed the sale of it; and it is probably for this reason, alone, that it is at present unimproved ; for the soil is equal to any other part of the Island of like extent. It is, in truth, a prairie, and the only one east of the Alleghanies, and was, in the early history of the country, considered as a great curiosity, and as such, was visited by great numbers of people from the differ¬ ent colonies, and by' the early European travelers, but was not then regarded as barren. It was more than one hundred years ago that Long Island ob¬ tained its distinctive appellation of the “ Garden of America,” and was then considered as highly fertile and productive, and described as such by all those who wrote anything about it previous to the Re¬ volutionary War. Had the middle parts of the Island, along the borders of the railroad, been cultivated as the other parts, the lands there would now present the same appearance that those under cultivation now do. Long Island was, in the early history of the country, regarded as highly fertile, as will appear by the following extract from the An¬ nual Report of the American Institute, to the Legislature of the State of New York, for the year 1847, from page 6SS. “ A work of 1670, proves this a rare and curious book, Denton’s History ; or a Brief Description of New York, formerly called New Netherlands (this has been called one of the gems of American History, being the first printed description, in the English language, of what is '"now the great, wealthy, and populous State of New York.) Long Island is not spoken of in this, nor any subsequent work for a great many years, as being of poor soil * * * it is everywhere spoken of as being exceedingly fruitful, with a pleasant and healthful climate, and beautiful streams and bays, abounding in all kinds of fish and water fowl.” The Island was then (1670) settled on the eastern parts of the towns of East and South Harripton, and all the north shore, in¬ cluding the towns of Huntington and Sinithtown, and the settle¬ ments in the north part of Brookhaven, so that, the whole island was at the time of this author well known; for he say's, “ The Island is most of it very good sovle, and very natural for all sorts of English grain, which they sowe, and have very good increase of, besides all other fruits and herbs common in England. “The fruits natural to the Island, are mulberries, posimons, grapes, huckelberries, cranberries, great and small plums of several sorts, raspberries and strawberries ; of which last is such abundance, in June, that the fields are died red; which the country people per¬ ceiving, instantly arm themselves with bottles of wine, cream and sugar, and instead of a coat of mail, every one takes a female upon his horse, behind him, and so rushing violently into the fields, and never leave till they have disrobed them of their red colours, and turned them into the old habit. The greatest part of the Island is very full of limber, as oaks, white and red, walnut trees, chestnut trees, which yield stores of mast for swine ; also maples, cedars, saxifrage, beach, birch, holly, hazel, with many sorts more.” Then follows the enumeration of a variety of herbs and flowers which the country naturally affords, “Yea, in May you shall see the woods and fields so curiously bedecked with roses and an innu¬ merable multitude of delightful flowers, not only pleasing to the eye, but to the smell, that you may behold Nature contending with Art, and striving to equal, if not excel, many gardens in England.” Such is the description given of this Island bv all the early writers. The Hon. Gabriel Furman, in a very able and interesting ad¬ dress, delivered at Jamaica, October 10th, 1844, before the Queens County Agricultural Society, say's the first printed history of New Netherlands, published by Vanderdonck, at Antwerpt, in 1650, gives a similar description of the fertility of Long Island. The streams of the Island are numerous and of remarkable clear¬ ness and purity. The old author above (Denlon,) says of tile “ Rivers and Riverels which empty themselves into the Sea ; yea, you shall scarce travel a mile, but ymu shall meet with one of them whose Chrystal streams run so swift, that they purge themselves of such stinking mud and filth, which the standing or low-paced streams of most brooks and rivers westward of this colony leave lying, and are by the Sun’s exhalation dissipated, the air corrupted, and many fevers and other distempers occasioned, not incident to this Island.” All this part of the Island is covered with a rank and vigorous growth of vegetation, and has probably produced a crop of wood, pine, and oak, fit for the New York market, every 18 or 20 years, for the last 100 or 150 years, besides having been burnt over a great number of times during the above-named periods. From this fact alone, may be seen its productive power ; for any land that will roduce wood, and the various kinds of vegetation that this land pro- uces, must be capable of cultivation to the highest degree ; and there can be facts enough adduced to prove beyond a doubt that this is true of almost all that part of Long Island now uncultivated and wild, along the borders of the railroad. There never has been an attempt made to cultivate any portion of it that has failed ; in every instance where it has been fairly tried, it has succeeded. There are now many farms and gardens, highly productive and fertile, that were a few years since reclaimed from the same kind of land. It is the opinion of the best agriculturists of the state of New York, and other men of high intelligence and practical skill and knowledge of agriculture, who have examined these lands, that there is no reason why they cannot be cultivated by ordinary means, and rendered as prodvetive and as valuable as any other lands on the Island. Among those who have seen these lands, and expressed opinions favorable to their cultivation, is Judge Meigs, of the American In¬ stitute. He says that “Long Island contains all those materials, calcareous and others, necessary for high and profitable cultivation, and that these lands, for the various productions of the garden, field, and orchard, are very highly adapted, and also for the vine and silk mulberry.” Dr. Underhill, celebrated for his cultivation of the grape, at Cro¬ ton Point, has examined this portion of Long Island, and says, “there can be no doubt that all these lands can be rendered highly productive and fertile without any difficulty, and by the same means that will cultivate and enrich any other land.” He further says, he is “ willing to stake what reputation he has as an agricul¬ turist, that these lands are susceplible of most profitable cultivation for the vine, the peach, the apple, and other orchard fruits, and the usual productions of the garden and field.” Professor Ren wick, of Columbia College, says, “ those portions of the soil from Hempstead Plains, have been analyzed in his labo¬ ratory (in Columbia College,) and “ were found to partake of all the constituents of a fertile soil, in large proportions, and only re¬ quire the application of quicklime and other decomposing substances to render them fit for, the process of cultivation ; ” and says of the scrub-oak lands, “that it is a fact, that in many parts of the coun¬ try those lands called ‘ oak barrens,’ and neglected for a time, have been found to be the best wheat lands, and these lands of Long Island may prove of the same character.” Professor Mapes is also of opinion that these lands may be easily cultivated. The late T. B. Wakeman, Esq., and General Chandler of the American Institute, have given opinions, after having examined these lands, favorable to their successful and profitable cultivation. Charles Henry Hall, Esq., whose skill and judgment are undoubt¬ ed, in all matters relating to agriculture, expresses his entire belief in the feasibility of rendering these lands eminently productive ; that the climate and soil of Long Island are favorable to a high de¬ gree of perfection to all kinds of fruits and plants that grow or can be raised in this latitude. A. B. Allen, Esq., editor of the American Agriculturist, says there is no doubt that these lands can be successfully cultivated, and Mr. Allen’s opinion on the subject of clearing it of roots, or of breaking it up and rendering it fit for the plow and hoe, is deserving of very great consideration. One great objection urged by the people of the Island against any attempt to clear and cultivate the part of it under consideration, is the great difficulty and expense in clearing the land of the growth of bushes, which, as commonly done by hand, by means of a large hoe. or mattock, and costs too much. Mr. Allen thinks that it can be broken up by the plow for about three or four dollars per acre, and he has had great experience in all matters pertaining to the clearing of new land. It is now found by experience that crops can be put in these lands by the harrow, and thus cleared at even less than by plowing. Evidence of this kind can be adduced to almost any extent, and there are no facts that can be brought against it, and all the opinions to the contrary are founded upon ignorance and prejudice. Samuel A. Smith, Esq., of Smithtown, in an address before the Suffolk County Agricultural Society, at Commac, in the fall of 1846, said of these lands, “ that they had always considered them only fit for deer to roam over, and foxes to dig holes in, and they knew no other reason for such opinions than that their fathers had told them so ” — that they never had made any attempts to cultivate these lands, and therefore "did not know from any fact that they were unfit for cul¬ tivation. The situation of these lands is extremely favorable, and even desi¬ rable. The Long Island Railroad passes directly through the un¬ cultivated parts of the Island— thereby affording easy and certain ac¬ cess during the whole year, having, in this respect, a great advan¬ tage over even those places on the coast or bays that are esteemed the most valuable — for, by the railroad, the market can be reached at all seasons and at all times, without reference to wind and tide, and unobstructed by ice, as the bays and harbors are for three months in a year. The surface of this part of the island is varied, or gently undula 1850. THE CXJLT1V A1 Oil 253 ting, with a southern aspect, having a descent of from twelve to twenty feet to the mile, from the ridge of hills about one mile north of the railroad, to the shores of the great South Bay, a distance of five or six miles- The summit level of the railroad, at Hicksville, is 142 feet above tide water, and at Lake-Road Station, 48 miles from the South F er- ry of New York, it is 90 feet — it will therefore be seen that the sur¬ face is not a “dead level— a great dreary plain,” but sufficicienlly varied. In passing through on the railroad, the appearance, from the cars is altogether unfavorable, and the impression left on the mind, to an ordinary observer, is erroneous. The excavations for the road arc, in most cases, so deep as to go below the upper stratum of the earth, or the proper covering of the Island, and into the sand and gravel, of which it is everywhere composed below the surface. Hence the appearance of sand and coarse gravel, that is seen on the borders of the railroad. This fact can be easily ascertained by any one who doubts it, by digging through the surface stratum anywhere in the vicinity of the village of Jamaica, or in those finely cultivated fields along the rail¬ road, either east or west of that place, a very few feet, say from one and a half to two and a half feet deep, will turn up the same kind of sand and gravel as seen along the toad to the east of Hicksville and Farmingdale. The whole prospect from the road after leaving the last above- mentioned place, is barren and desolate, and without a careful exa¬ mination and knowledge of the facts herein stated, the conclusion would be that the land was in itself necessarily sterile and barren ; for, in addition to the sandy and gravelly appearance, the absence of the trees, and in much of the distance, a stinted vegetation, or in some places none at all, on the immediate borders of the railroad, seem to confirm the opinion that it is as sandy and barren as it has ever been represented. The explanation of this may be found, first in the fact that the un¬ even and irregular growth of wood or trees being of different heights or sizes, some very small and scattered, whilst others ore larger, and which is in consequence of the time or period that has elapsed since the land was cut over. On some places the growth is one year old, on others two, five, seven, ten, &c. Besides having been cut over, it often happens that it is burnt over, which always has a tendency to kill the timber and wood, and destroy vegetation. Nearly all the great region of wood and wild land through which the railroad pass¬ es, has been burnt over two or three times in five years. The first fire after the opening of the road was tremendous — terrific. Atone time it lasted nearly two weeks, and seemed as though it would con¬ sume the whole Island. There was a great amount of combustible matter on the ground and in the woods, and the earth was exceed¬ ingly dry, and the effect of the fire was in the highest degree scath¬ ing — consuming almost every particle of vegetable matter on the surface of the eayh. For miles in extent, nothing could be seen but the smooth and blackened surface, and the charred bodies of such trees as had escaped destruction. The fire happened in the month of April, and the land over which it had passed looked like a furnace that had suddenly been extinguished, as black and desolate as fire could make it. Yet as soon as the sun and showers of spring and summer came, the whole was again clothed with verdure— vegetation could be seen there, literally “ bursting into life.” It was truly astonishing to see with what vigor, power, and rapidity the leaves and plants, and flowers sprung forth to deck the earth again in green. The writer of this well remembers with what interest he watched the returning signs of life in the vegetable kingdom there, and the great impression that its return so speedily, so luxuriantly and so powerfully" made on his mind— how soon the restoring energies of nature were brought into action to repair the injury that had been done to the earth’s surface. There is on each side of the railroad, distant about twenty rods, and running parallel with it, what is termed a fire road. It is a cleared path, about twenty feet wide, which has been cleared of all the bushes and roots, by grubbing. The object of this “ fire road,” or path, is to prevent the fire from crossing over it, and passing into the woods, in case of the combustible materials along the road ta¬ king fire from the sparks from the engine. The space between the railroad and these fire roads is burnt over every spring and fall, with a view to kill and destroy all vegetation, and all vegetable matter on it, in order to prevent the recurrence of fires ; and this fully accounts for the extreme barren appearance along the borders of the road. The forest productions of this part of the Island are such as to con¬ vince the most skeptical th at the soil is capable of yielding, when cultivated like other parts of the Island, in the same abundance. Immediately on the plains along the borders of the railroad the trees are chiefly pine, with a thick and vigorous growth of underwood or bushes, such as scrub oak, whortleberry, vines and grasses. A little to the north, are found the chestnut, hickories, the varieties of the oak. as white, black, or yellow oak, black walnut and locusts — all of which exhibit the most vigorous and thrifty growth. Indeed, so rapidly do trees grow on this part of Long Island, that about 18 years are considered sufficient to produce a crop of wood suitable to cut into cord wood for the New- York market, and there is no par* of this state, (New-York,) where timber will grow so fast as on Long Island. If the soil were barren and destitute of the support¬ ers of vegetation this certainly would not be the case. It may be here remarked that the locust, now so abundant in many parts of the Island, and so valuable as timber, is not a native, but was brought from Virginia, or from further south, by one of the Sands family, ■who settled near Sands’ Point in about the year 1660. Mr. Sands was a seafaring man, and traded between the West Indies, the sou¬ thern colonies, and New-York. The whole region of the Island, now in waste and wild, might be very easily transformed into a beautiful forest of locust, hicko¬ ry or oak, to great advantage and profit compared with its present condition. This growth of forest trees is evidence tnat fruit trees can be successfully cultivated ; and this opinion is sustained by the facts of the case; for whenever any attempts have been made, and proper care and attention bestowed, the most complete success has followed. The nurseries of Flushing have long been celebra¬ ted for their extensive and choice varieties of fruits. Peaches have been successfully raised on almost every part of Long Island, notwithstanding opinions have been advanced to the contrary. There were peaches of the largest size and finest flavor raised at Huntington, and exhibited at the agricultural Fair at Commac, in the fall of 1846. The Rev. J. Pillsbury, (now of Illinois,) cultivated successfully, a fine variety of fruit, including peaches, at j mithtown, Long Is¬ land, a few years since. The peach orchard of Mr. John J. Stoothoff, at Jamaica, is such as to encourage others on the Island to cultivate this delicious fruit. For a particular account of this beautiful and flourishing peach orchard, and its productions, see the American Agricultur¬ ist, Feb. No., 1848. It will be sufficient to say, the year being the second of bearing, the orchard, containing about 2,500 trees, yielded abou’ 2,637 baskets, worth $2,600. The whole product from 27 acres of land was 3,646. Peas and potatoes were cultiva¬ ted between the rows of peach tress, and asparagus in some parts of the land. The soil upon which this orchard is planted is as much like the soil of these uncultivated lands, as it can be ; it is impossible to discover any d'fference in viewing it, and it is not probable, that a careful analysis would show any difference. A few remarks on some of the privileges which the surrounding bays and waters afford, may not be uninteresting. They are not more than three, four or five miles distant from almost any part of these lands ; and in these waters are found various kinds of fish and wild fowl for the sportsman. In the^streams that flow f.om the Island, the waters are remarkable for their purity, and for being but little affected with drouth. These streams are full of trout of large size and fine flavor. The Long Island Railroad is to be the great means of changing this great wilderness from its present wild and waste condition to the habitation of man, to convert it into gardens and cultivated fields. The railroad now brings this part of the Island almost within the sound of the city bells, and affords constant and regular means of access at all seasons of the year, thereby enabling those who will now take up and settle these lands, lohave the benefits of the New-York and Brooklyn markets, with as much ease and eco¬ nomy as the inhabitants of the western part of Queens county have formerly had. It is to the interest and welfare of the whole Island to have these lands settled and cultivated — it will add great¬ ly to its wealth and population. To the railroad, it will be of es¬ sential service and benefit ; it is a plain matter of fact, that every settlement made on the borders of the railroad must necessarily furnish a certain amount of business and travel for the road. Lake Road, or Irvington, is one of the most beautiful sites of the inland parts of the Island. The soil there is of superior depth and quality, well adapted to the cultivation of all kinds of fruit, such as pears, peaches, grapes, and apples; and grain, as wheat, corn, rye, oats, buckwheat, as well as for every variety of vege¬ tables raised on any part of the Island. The whole glebe, or tract of land to the south of Ronkonkoma Lake, and to the east of Connetquot River, is the very best of all the uncultivated land on Long Island, and when cultivated, will be equal in quality and value to any land, and the situation is ex¬ tremely desirable for settlement and -residence The wood or timber on this tract is oak, hickory, chestnut, locust and pine ; and it may be here stated that similar land a httle to the north or south of this tract is valued at and sold for $50 to $100 per acre, whilst this tract is offered at the very low price of $10 per acre — or from $10 to $20, according to location — a large part of the purchase money of which may remain at 6 per cent, interest for a term of years, if desired by the purchaser. The title is as good as can be to any land in the State of New-York. Lake-Road Station is the Half-Way House, between Brooklyn and Greenport, and the most central and important depot on the Long Island Railroad, for freight and passengers, being the termi¬ nus of a morning and evening train of cars, for the accommoda¬ tion of the morning and evening travel between Lake Road Depot and New-York. EDGAR F. PECK, July 1 — It. 306 State st., Brooklyn, N. Y. The Norman Horse, 'THIS Thoroughbred Stallion will stand for mares the present sea- I son, on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, at Union Springs, Cayuga County; on Fridays at Canoga, and Saturdays at Bearytown, in Seneca County. Pasture 3 shillings per week. Mares at the risk of the owner. ROBERT B. HOWLAND. Union Springs, June 1, 1850. — 2t. Dunn’s Scythes. ^.R A S S u Grain, & other scythes from the ce- 1 e b r a t e d Nor. Wayne Scythe Co., late R. B. Dunn’s. Having sold these scythe? for several years with uniform good success — (not one in a hundred having failed and been returned) — he does not hesitate to recommend them as equal if not the best in use. For sale by H. L. EMERY, 254 THE CULTIVATOR July. Importation and Sale of Stock. "Jl/TR. L. G. MORRIS, of Mount Fordham, Westchester County, N. Y., left New-York on the 17th April, for Europe. One of his main objects is to obtain agricultural information generally, and especially to purchase such domestic animals as are calculated to im¬ prove the stock of the United States, He purposes to attend the sale of the Short-horn cattle belonging to the estate of the late Thomas Bates, Esq., of Kirkleavington, Yorkshire ; but will not confine his purchases to that herd. He expects to return to America in Septem¬ ber next, and the second annual sale of cattle from his own herd, will take place in October. Whatever stock he may import, will be ai his place at the time of sale. Printed catalogues of the animals to be sold, will be issued in due time. June 1, 1S50 — 4t. No Humbug. THIE undersigned, after 20 years’ experience and much research, -*• has discovered a cheap chemical compound, easily applied, which completely prevents the ravages of the Bee-moth, and which can be adapted to each and every kind of hive, whether patent or otherwise. This discovery he will impart to any individual on the receipt of one dollar. It being understood the purchaser shall hold himself honor¬ ably pledged, not to impart the information to others. The whole contained in a circular, to which is added several valuable sugges¬ tions in the construction of hives and management of bees, worth more than any patent hive in existence. Address, post paid, SETH WHALEN, May 1, 1850 — 3t* Ballston Spa, N. Y. Kinderhook Wool Depot. T^HIS enterprise will be continued upon the same principles as heretofore, viz : The FLEECES will be thrown into sorts , according to style and quality. A discrimination will be made between wool in good or bad con- dition. All who desire it can have their clips kept separate. Sales will invariably be made for cash. The charges will be, for receiving, sorting and selling, one cent per pound, and the insurance, which will be 25 cents on $100 for a term of three months. Liberal advances in cash, made on the usual terms. Reference can be had to Dr. J. P. BEEKMAN, Kinderhook. B. P. JOHNSON, Albany. T. W. OLCOTT, “ R. H. KING, “ Messrs. FREELAND, STUART & Co., N. Y. City. Messrs. M. D. WELLMAN & CO., Massillon, O. R. CARTER, Chicago, Ill. Messrs. OGDEN & JONES, Chicago, Ill. JOHN F. GILKEY, Kalamazoo, Mich. SAMUEL PATTERSON, Washington Co., Pa. R. A. ALLEN, Liberty, Bedford Co., Va. Directions for Shipping. — Sacks should be marked, “H. BLANCHARD Sc Co., Kinderhook. N. Y.” The connections be¬ tween the varions transportation lines are so regular, that in ordina¬ ry cases, contracts can be made for shipping to East Albany, (oppo¬ site Albany,) if sent by the Northern route ; and T. L. Green, agent for the Railroad at that place, will forward to Kinderhook. If sent by the Southern route, contracts can be made to New-York, and J. H. REDFIELD & CO., corner of Broad and South Sts., agents of the Swiflsure line of Tow-Boats, will forward to East Albany. The initials of the owner’s name should be upon each sack, and an in¬ voice forwarded to us at the time of shipment, stating the number and weight of each bale ; also contract prices for shipping, if any are agreed upon. June 1— 2t. Trees ! Trees ! ! Trees ! ! J TpOR SALE, at Mount Ida Nursery, Troy, N Y., a choice varie- -*• ty of Fruit Trees, comprising Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, and Cherries, of the most approved kinds — the greater part of them worked from bearing trees, and all of them by the subscriber — there¬ fore he can recommend them with confidence. He would also say to those that have not had the experience, that trees brought from the South (if they do live) do not grow as thrifty for a number of years, as those raised in a Northern latitude, which many persons can prove from experience. He also pays particular attention to the transplanting of his trees so as to have them well rooted. Also, a good variety of Shade Trees, consisting of Scotch Elm, Sycamore, Linden, Horse Chestnut, Mountain Ash, Evergreen Privet for Hedges, China and Hardy Roses, &c., & c. Catalogues and other information can be had of the Nurseryman, Feb. 1— 6ms. JOSEPH CALDWELL The Old Gifford Morgan, TRIE highest blooded Morgan Stallion now remaining, will stand the coming season at the stable of Benjamin Gates, in Walpole, N. H. Terms $25. $5 of which to be paid at the time of service, and the remaining $20 if the mare prove in foal. Pasturage furnished on reasonable terms. A. ARNOLD, Walpole, May 1 — 5t.* Agent for the Proprietors. Colman’s European Agriculture. T^UROPEAN AGRICULTURE, from personal observation, by 1 ^ Henry Colman of Massachusetts. Two large octavo vols. — price, neatly bound, the same as published in Nos., $5. For sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. Circular. rpHE subscribers are making and vending J. W. SHERMAN’S New Seed Drill and Broadcast Soiver, Constructed upon a new principle ; cheaper, simpler, and more du¬ rable and accurate , than any similar machine now in use. We are building three different qualities of these machines. No 1, is a superior Drill and Broadcast Sower, and will sow fine Ma¬ nure (such as Plaster, Ashes, Guano, &c.,) Broadcast , or in the drill rows, any desirable quantity per acre, at the same time of drilling in the grain. It is well finished, substantially made, of good material, and warranted — at the low price of $65. No. 2. is built for drilling all kinds of grain. It will also sow fine manure, broadcast, on crops. Price $55. No. 3, is a plain Wheat Drill ; simple, accurate, substantial. Price $45. None of our machines will clog in the runs ; they cannot do so with the most difficult kind of seed; THE DISTRIBUTING PRINCIPLE BEING ENTIRELY NEW. We are prepared to supply all orders. Those wishing to purchase drills, would do well to see ours before purchasing elsewhere. The sooner the order is given, the more sure you will be of getting your Drill in time. N. B. — Persons wishing to make or sell our Drills, are offered a good chance. A large descriptive bill will soon be issued with cuts. All commu¬ nications or inquiries [post paid,] will receive prompt attention. Address Sherman, Foster & Co., Palmyra, Wayne county, N. Y. Those wishing it, can see the machines at Foster, Jessup & Co’s Machine shop, Palmyra; where they will also find the best Thresher and Separator, Revolving Horse-rake, (spring teeth,) wheel Cultiva¬ tors, and other agricultural implements; warranted superior. Ccdl and see. Mr. SHERMAN is agent for the sale of McCormick’s Virginia Reaper. SHERMAN, FOSTER & CO. Palmyra, June 1, 1850 — 2t. Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. No. 197 Water street , (near Fulton,) New-York. TRIE subscribers would respectfully invite the attention of planters and dealers in Agricultural and Horticul¬ tural Implements, Garden and Field Seeds, &c., &c., to their large and va¬ ried assortment of Garden and Field tools, See., which they are selling at the very lowest rates that they can be procured in the United States. Persons living at a distance can. obtain an ‘‘ illustrated ” Catalogue, containing a list of prices, on application by letter, post-paid . Those ordering ffom us may depend upon their orders being promptly filled. May 1, 1850— tf. JOHN MAYHER & CO., Grain Cradles, 'yU'ITH Dunn’s Scythes, the vv best known. These cra¬ dles are from the most celebrated makers known, and so construct¬ ed that they are readily packed in dozens, and if necessary, box¬ ed up for transportation — 6 dozen can be easily packed in the space usually required for a single cra¬ dle. For dealers, or farmers at a distance, this is found a great con¬ venience, as safety and cheap transportation are secured. They are offered to the trade on as liberal terms as by any other manufacturer or dealer. Albany Agricultural Warehouse of H. L. EMERY, June 1, 1850. 369 Sc 371 Broadway, Albany. Horse Rakes. YX/RLCOX, Downers, and other approved Revolving Horse Rakes, ’ v light, strong and durable. Several hundreds were sold the past season, with fullest satisfaction to the purchasers. Dealers in the article can be supplied on liberal terms. FENCE WIRE. All sizes and qualities, suitable for fences, for sale low. CULTIVATORS, and Double Mould Board Plows, of various sizes, for cultivating and hilling Corn, Potatoes, Sec. Albany Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 369 & 371 Broadway. June 1, 1850. H. L. EMERY. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 255 John A. Pitts, Manufacturer of THRESHING MACHINES and DOUBLE PINION HORSE POWERS , 68 South St. Paul Street , Rochester , N. Y. THE subscriber continues the manufacture of the celebrateed “ Pitt’s Separator.” It is the same machine that has stood, and now stands unrivalled by any machine for Threshing and Cleaning Grain, in existence. It has been exhibited at State and County Agricultural Fairs, in the United States and Canada,— al¬ ways receiving the First Premium. The Horse Power, for strength, ease, durability, and cheapness of repair, is unequalled. The driving wheel is six feet in diame¬ ter, driving two full pinions, each receiving equal power ; 2 bevel wheels, driven by the full pinions, connect with two pinions, on the line shaft; thus it will be seen, this Horse Power is double the strength of any single geared Power. It may be driven with from two to ten horses, depending upon the power required. The Machines have fully sustained all I claim for them; I there¬ fore solicit orders from those who would secure the best Threshing Machine and Horse Power. Please address as above. JOHN A. PITTS. Rochester, May 1, 1850 — St. I. T. (JRANT & CO.’S PATENT FAN MILLS AND CRADLES. We continue to -1- manufacture these celebrated Mills and Cradles. They have been awarded six first premiums at the New- York State Fairs, and at the great American Institute in New York, and several County Fairs, always taking the first premium over all other mills. The manufacturers feel confident, therefore, in offering these mills to the public, that they are the best in use. During the year 1847 they were introduced into England, by Mr. Slocum, of Syracuse. They were very favorably noticed by the English papers; and from a communication of Mr. S.’s, published in the Transactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Society, for 1847, it will be seen that they were tried by several large farmers, and highly approved. One farmer, it is stated, set aside an almost new winnowing machine, for which he paid £18, ($90) and used Grant’s for cleaning a crop of 300 qrs. (2,700 bushels) of wheat, and several hundred bushels of mustard seed. We have lately made some valuable improvements in the article, though the price remains the same as before. Our fans are extensively used and highly approved at the south, for cleaning rice. We are permitted to make the following ex¬ tracts from letters received from Hon. J. R. Poinsett, of South Ca¬ rolina “ The fan you sent last summer, [1848] has’been success¬ fully used to clean dirty rice, and winnow that from the tlu'eshing floor. It answers every purpose.” In relation to another of our fans, he writes, (April 23, ’49.)—“ Both this and the first mill you sent, work very well ; and the last, which is the largest that can be well worked by a man, cleans the dirty rice perfectly, and is altogether the best wind-fan I ever used for that purpose.” The great encouragement we have received from dealers and agriculturists, has induced us to greatly enlarge our business, and we hope by strict attention, to merit a further patronage. Orders will be thankfully received, and receive prompt atten¬ tion. I. T. GRANT & CO. Junction P. O., Rens. Co., 8 miles north of Troy May 1, 1850— tf IOjOQO Acres of Long Island Land for Sale? At Lake Road Station , or Irvington. rPHE undersigned is, and has been for several years, engaged in the 1 improvement and cultivation of the wild lands of Long Island. The fact being now fufly established, beyond any doubt, that the land in the middle parts of the Island, along the borders of the L. I. Railroad, is as good and productive, when cultivated in the same manner, as any other part of Long Island. 10,000 acres are now of¬ fered for sale, in parcels to suit purchasers, fiom 10 acres, to 100, or 1,000, at a very low price, and on favorable terms. This tract is near the geographical centre of the Island, being about equi distant from Long Island Sound, and the Great South Bay, (the Island being about 13 miles wide there,) and 48 miles from New-York. There are many highly cultivated farms in the immediate vicinity, on the north and south side of this land, — having been settled and cultivated more than 150 years. It is well watered, being bounded on the north by the famous Ronkonkama Lake — has also a large and never failing stream running through it. The lake and stream are full of fish — perch in the lake, and trout, in great abundance and of large size, in the stream. The country abounds in game, deer, and wild fowl. The climate is mild and perfectly healthy, the surface is smooth, gently undulating, with an inclination to the south of about 15 feet to the mile — the soil — free from stone, easy and pleasant to cultivate —is a loam, large portions of which may be called a heavy loam, or it is of sufficient tenacity to make sun-burnt brick, right out of the surface — is from 18 inches to 3 and 5 feet deep, and is susceptible of the highest degree of cultivation. The railroad passes through this tract, affording easy and constant communication with the Brooklyn and New-York markets, where the highest price in cash, can always be had for every article that the farmer and gardener can produce. To capitalists, an excellent opportunity is here presented to obtain a large tract of valuable land at a low price, possessing all the advan¬ tages for settlement of a new country .without any of the privations, — but with all the privileges and comforts of an old one. Apply to A. B. Allen, Esq., Editor of the American Agriculturist , 187 Water Street, New-York, or to E. F. PECK, 306 State Street, Brooklyn, L. I. O^Lake Road is an important and central depot on the Railroad — there are large buildings and a settlement there. May 1, 1850—31. Great Sale of Short Horn Cattle. T^HE subscriber will offer for sale, without reserve, at public auc- tion, on Thursday, the 29lh day of August next, at 1 o’clock, P. M., on the farm of J. F. Sheafe, Esq., at New Hamburg, Duchess Co., New York, about 35 head of Short horn cattle, including cows, heifers and calves. This herd was mostly bred by Mr. Sheafe, and I do not hesitate to say, that I think it one of the very best in the United States ; and I have seen and particularly examined nearly all of them. Great at¬ tention was paid in the commencement of this herd, to the milking properties of the animals forming if, and this, together with fine points and good growth and constitution, have been steadily kept in view in its breeding. There is but one cow in the herd which gives less than 20 quarts per day, in the best of the milking season, while one has given over 29 quarts per day, and made 15 pounds 3 ounces of butter per week, and two others have given respectively, 31 and 36 quarts per day. Their color is of the most fashionable and desirable kind — red, red-and- white and a rich strawberry roan — only one white cow in the lot. They are of good size and fine style, and all in calf to the superb imported bull Exeter, who 'wall also be offered for sale at the same time. Pedigree of Exeter. — Exeter is of the Princess tribe of Short horns — was calved in June, 1848, and bred by Mr. John Stephenson, of Wolviston, Durham, England. He was got by Napier, (6,238,) out of Jessamine, by Commodore, (3,452) — Flora, by Belvidere, (1,706) — Jessey, by Belvidere, (1,706) — Cherry by Waterloo, (2,816) &e. See English Herd Book, Yol. V., for full pedigree. Exeter was selected for Mr. Sheafe, by a first rate judge of Short horn stock, and was considered one of the very best bulls in England. Quite a high price was paid for him ; and it is believed that his supe¬ rior, if even his equal, has never before been imported into this coun¬ try. He carries an enormous brisket for his age, and his style, handling, and quality are of the finest kind. His color is mostly a beautiful yellow red, which is a bright red with a fine golden or saffron undertinge, arising from a rich yellow skin. He is the only bull of this peculiarly desirable red , ever imported into America. Calves got by him, out of this herd of cows, will fetch a high price the moment they are dropped. Mr. Stephenson, the breeder of Exeter, now stands at the head of his class in England, and his stock is of the highest repute. It is en tirely of the Princess tribe, and traces its pedigrees, without any al¬ loy or Galloway blood, back to pure Shorthorns, for upwards of tivo hundred years ; a matter of no small consideration to those who wish a superior fresh cross. Catalo gues of the above stock, with pedigrees in full, are now rea¬ dy for distribution. Southdown Sheep. — A choice flock of this superior breed of mut¬ ton sheep, will be sold on the same day as above. Suffolk Swine.— One boar and several breeding sows and pigs, of this fine breed of swine. Working Oxen. — A handsome pair of red working oxen. A. B. ALLEN, 189 Water st., New-York. June 1, 1850 — 3t. Wire for Fences. TRON WIRE FOR FENCING, constantly for sale at New-York A prices. Z. HOSMER, April 1, 1850 — 6t 110 Milk St., Boston. 256 THE CULTIVATOR July. Contents of this Number. On the Management of the Hay Crop, . . . 225 Poultry and Poultry Books, by Observer, . 227 Advantages of Irrigation, by A. B., . 230 On the Acclimation of Tropical Plants, by C. E. G., . 231 Things Necessary to the Successful Pursuit of Agriculture, by 1 0r,Q H. C. W., . ] Neglected Manures, &c., by Professor J. P. Norton, . 234 Notes on Gardens and Nurseries in the Vicinity of Boston, .. 235 On the Management of Orchards. . 236 Profits of Fruit Culture — Notes from “ The Horticulturist,” . . 237 Native Flowers and Layers, by D. T. — Fruits of Central) 239 Illinois, &c . J Trial of Plows at Albany — Mr. Sherwood’s 3d Duke of) 9d1 Cambridge, . . . j Profits of Different Breeds of Sheep, by A Sheep Man, . 242 Geddes’ Harrow — The Table Land of Thibet — A Mechanic’s ) 243 House, by W. L Eaton — Chiccory or Succory, . ) The Best Time for Cutting Timber — Strength of Wire — Good ) 244 and Bad Management, . j Dairying in St. Lawrence County, by G. A. Hanchett — ) Height of Corn, by C. E. G. — Sale of the Bates Short- J 245 horns— Farming in Rhode Island — The Cheese Trade, - ) Water-Lime, &c., by J. A. Cheney — Rotation of Crops — 1 To Plow in Clover, Weeds, &c. — Saving Clover Seed, by| 246 A Subscriber — Harvesting Grain, by L. Durand, . ) To make Preserves and Jellies — Answers to Correspondents, 247 Facts and Opinions on Various Subjects, . 248 Acknowledgments — Monthly Notices, &c., . 249 ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 173— Hay-spreader, . 226 174,175 — Jungle Fowls, . 228 76 — Great Malay Fowl, . . . : . 229 177 — Game Fowl, . 229 178— Portrait of 3d Duke of Cambridge, . 240 179 — Geddes’ Folding Harrow, . . 243 180 — Plan of a Mechanic’s House, . 243 For Sale. TWO Bone Mills, Bone Manure, three Building Sites, one Steam x Bone Mill, capable of grinding from 800 to 1200 bushels per day ; one Horse Power Bone Mill, capable ©f grinding from 150 to 200 bushels per day ; both mills are in complete order. 3 Building Sites — 100 acres, 49£ acres, and 14 acres, from 3 to 5\ miles from Vanderbilt Landing, Staten Island, elevated and having good rural qualities ; ocean views that cannot be surpassed. Apply to ALEX. HORNBY, July 1 — It.* 26th Street, 9th Avenue, New- York. Full Blood Berkshire Pigs. HPHE subscriber offers for sale a fine lot of young Boars and Sows, -1- at prices from $2 to $4. The boar they were raised from took took the first pramium at the Buffalo Fair. R. B. HOWLAND. Union Springs, July 1, 1850 — 2t. Drain Tile Works, 63 Jay Street , North of Salamander Works, Albany. T'HE subscriber is now manufacturing and prepared to fill orders x for Horse Shoe, Sole, Round and Collar Drain Tile, of various sizes, from one to four inches in width and rise. The tile is cut sixteen inches in length, and will be of a superior quality. The price will vary according to the size and shape, from $10 to $16 per thousand. Specimens of the article with the prices will soon be distributed to all the agricultural stores in the State. Presidents of county societies adjoining the river and canals, will please send their address with directions to whom a box containing the different sizes of Tile will be forwarded free of charge. July 1, 1850— tf. A. S. BABCOCK. The Farmers’ Encyclopedia, T>Y C. W. JOHNSON. Adapted to the United States, by G Emerson, Philadelphia, 1850. In one large octavo volume, 1173 pages, containing the latest discoveries and improvements, in Agriculture, with numerous plates of Live Stock, Farming Imple¬ ments, &c. “ We are fully convinced that such an amount of valuable know¬ ledge for farmers can be found in no other work in so cheap and con¬ venient a form. In fact, no farmer who pretends to be well inform¬ ed in his profession should be without this book.” — New Genesee Farmer. ‘•An excellent work, fit to be distributed in premiums by Agricul¬ tural Societies. How much better, and in better taste, than the amount of its cost in money.” — J. S. Skinner. Sold by L. Tucker, Albany; A. Hart, Philadelphia; Derey & Co., Buffalo; W. D. Ticknor & Co., Boston; and the principal booksellers in thff Union. Price $4. (Cost of the imported work in 1 vol. without any plates, $14.) July 1 — tf. THE HORTICULTURIST, AND Journal of Rural Jlrt Rural @atoe. Edited by A. J. Downing, Author of “ Landscape Gardening ,” “ Designs for Cottage Residen¬ ces,” “ Fruits and Fruit Trees of America ,” §c., tfc. Morgan Horse Young Black Hawk. VOUNG Black Hawk will stand at the stable of the subscriber. Terms — $10 the season, $15 to insure. Young Black Hawk is five years old ; his color a beautiful black, and for beauty, speed and action, with age, cannot be beat. Breeders of good horses are invited to call and see him. Owned by FRANKLIN FELTON. Ticonderoga, N. Y., July 1— It.* Nurserymen’s Agency, 187 Water Street, New- York. CPHE business connected with this Agency, having increased be- x yond the expectations of the subscriber, he has taken the above more convenient and eligible store, and aided by experience, has prepared to meet the increasing demand upon his services. He will import the coming season, a full supply of the following Stocks, Seeds, Trees, &c., & c , and solicits all his friends to send their orders before the close of July , to prevent disappointment. He also tenders his services for the purchase or sale of anything in the business, and will give prompt attention to the receiving and for¬ warding any goods consigned to his care. Importations passed atlhe Custom House, the goods properly taken care of, and re-packed when necessary. Imported 1st quality Stocks American Stocks. Quince, Apple, Pear, Pear, Mahaleb Cherry, Plum, Paradise Apple, Cherry. Plum. Imported specimen Fruit Trees, of any kinds required, from the best nurseries. Also, Norway Spruce, Silver Fir, Scotch Fir, European Larch, Juniper, Mountain Ash, English Elm, Wytch Elm, Chinese Arbor Vitse, Siberian Arbor Yitai, Irish Yew, Hollys, Minctta Rose Stocks, Staudard Roses, Prize Gooseberries, And Seeds of any kinds if or¬ dered in good season. Al¬ so for sale. 2,500 Dwarf Cherries, Budded on the Imported Mahaleb Stock. 30,000 2 yr. Osage Plants. Osage, Apple, and Pear seed, Plum, Cherry and Peach pits. Pruniug and Budding Knives, Labels, Flower Pots, Propagating Glasses, Russia Mats, Twine, &c., &c., with any thing required in the business. GEO. G. SHEPPARD, July 1— It 187 Water St., New- York. rFO all persons alive to the improvement of their gardens, orchards 1 or country seats, — to scientific and practical cultivators of the soil, — to nurserymen and commercial gardeners, this Journal, giving the latest discoveries and improvements, experiments and acquisi¬ tions in Horticulture, and those branches of knowledge connected with it, will be found invaluable. Its extended and valuable corres¬ pondence presents the experience of the most intelligent cultivators in America; and the instructive and agreeable articles from the pen of the Editor, make it equally sought after by even the general read¬ er, interested in country life. The “ Foreign Notices ” present a summary from all the leading Horticultural Journals of Europe ; the “Domestic Notices,” and Answers to Correspondents, furnish copious hints to the novice in practical culture ; and the numerous and beautiful Illustrations, — Plans for Cottages, Greenhouses, Ihe Fi¬ gures of New Fruits, Shrubs and Plants, combine to render this one of the cheapest and most valuable works on either side of the Atlan¬ tic. The Fifth Volume of the Horticulturist will be commenced on the 1st of July, 1850. All or either of the back vols. can be sup¬ plied. New subscribers will be furnished with the fiist four vols. for $10. Terms— Three Dollars per year — Two copies for Five Dollars. All payments to be made in advance, and orders to he post paid. All Agents for The Cultivator, and Post Masters general¬ ly, are invited to act as Agents for The Horticulturist. LUTHER TUCKER, Albany, June, 1850. Publisher , Cultivator Office, Albany, N. Y. THE CULTIVATOR Is 'published on the first of each month, at Albany, N. Y., by LUTHER TUCKER, PROPRIETOR. LUTHER TUCKER & SANFORD HOWARD, Editors. $1 per aim. — 7 copies for $5 — 15 for $10. [CP^All subscriptions to commence with the volume, (the Jan. No..) and to be paid in advance. (C7=* All subscriptions, not renewed by payment for the next year, are discontinued at the end of each volume. The back vols. can be furnished to new subscribers— and may be obtained of the following Agents : NEW-YORK — M. H. Newman & Co., 199 Broadway. BOSTON— J. Breck & Co., 52 North Market-st., and E. Wight, 7 Congress-st PHILADELPHIA— G. B. Zieber. Advertisements — The charge for advertisements is $1, for 12 1 lines, for each insertion. No variation made from these *erms. “to improve the soil and the mind.” New Series. ALBANY, AUGUST, 1850. Vol. VII.— No. 8. Improvements on the Farm. The latter part of August and the fore part of September may be considered the most favorable part of the yearfor making improvements on the farm. At this season, the earlier crops have been secured, the cultivation of the later ones has been finish¬ ed, and the farmer is only waiting for their maturi¬ ty. In addition to the comparative leisure which is thus afforded, there are other circumstances which render this a suitable period for such operations. The ground is generally drier than at any other time during the year, which permits the labor of men and teams on places which at other times are inaccessible from wetness. This is particularly fa¬ vorable to the drainage of bogs, and to the exca¬ vation of peat or muck for manure. The growth of bushes and shrubs has also reached that particu¬ lar crisis in which they may be more easily killed by cutting or bruising. One of the first objects to which attention should be directed in the improvement of the farm, is the eradication of bushes and pernicious plants in fields, along lines of fences, roadsides, &c. These are not only great drawbacks on the beauty of the farm, being unsightly to the eye, and conveying an unplea¬ sant idea of careless and slovenly habits ; but they are very detrimental to the pecuniary interest of the farmer. They draw nourishment from the ground which should go to the support of valuable plants, and by propagating themselves, are constantly in¬ creasing and spreading the injury. Thistles, docks, briers and thorns, are often allowed to flourish un¬ molested in the situations mentioned. On the bor¬ ders of fields they occupy the richest of the soil, and annually extend their encroachments. They are not un frequently seen in good lands, that are devoted to various crops, and in pastures are quite common — many farmers being apparently regardless of their presence and effects. The great extent of ground that is occupied by these worthless pests, is a dead loss; but besides this, grass and other crops are robbed of moisture by them during drouth, and at other times are soured and diminished in growth by their shade and roots. It should be an invariable rule with the farmer, to prevent all injurious plants from seeding. This will at all events keep them from spreading — ex¬ cept such as increase by the root. Annual or bien¬ nial thistles are easily destroyed by being cut while in blossom and before any seed is matured; and even Canada thistles may be destroyed by following up this course for several seasons in succession. They should be cut close to the ground , and just at that juncture when they are in fullest bloom. A few will start, which if untouched will produce seed in autumn; but this second crop should be cut without fail, when in the same stage as the first. The rea¬ diest and most effectual mode of destroying Canada thistles, where they occupy ground that will admit of cultivation, is by frequently working the soil with the plow, or some implement that will entire¬ ly prevent the growth of the top. No plant can bear to be deprived of its leaves for a long time, and if thistle patches are worked over so often as to prevent the plant from appearing above ground, they will be mostly killed in one season. Docks and mullens may be pulled up any time be¬ fore they make seed, though it will be most conve¬ nient to pull them after they have shot into stalk. Those which break off may be dug up with a mat¬ tock. If cut off two or three inches below the sur¬ face, they will not start. The eyes or buds from which shoots proceed, are situated near the crown of the plant. If not cut below these, they will grow. The yellow dock is an exceedingly trouble¬ some plant in grain fields and meadows, and should be exterminated as soon as it makes its appearance, as it spreads very rapidly from seed. The burdock only grows in rich soil, but is frequently allowed to monopolize some of the best portions of the farm. When sheep are allowed to run among them in the fall of the year, the burs adhere to the wool, and occasion much injury by matting it. Briars and other bushes should be cut the latter part of August. They have then finished their new growth, and the sap is about to “turn,” as the ex¬ pression is — that is, a new set of buds is to be pre¬ pared for another year, and the new wood is to be ripened and perfected. If cut at this period, but few sprouts are sent up, and those few are easily bruised to death with a stout stick, while tender, or at the time when frost checks their growth. If sheep are kept on the ground, they will, if the feed is ra¬ ther short, crop the sprouts as soon as they appear, and if permitted to keep them down for two sea¬ sons. the roots will be principally killed. It is an advantage to sow on some grass seed — blue-grass, or red-top — as soon as the bushes have been cut and burned. The seed will take root with the first shower, and the growth of the grass will tend greatly to smother down the sprouts of the bushes. As with thistles, it is important that the bushes should be cut close to the ground. The reclamation of waste lands generally, but especially those of a wet and swampy nature, may be prosecuted with advantage at this season. With these, drainage is the first object. The water which appears in the form of springs should be first cut off by deep channels along their sources, and these channels should convey the water to such points as will best insure its discharge from the land. As the water is taken away, the soil will settle, more or less, and this settling will facilitate further operations in several ways. The solidity acquired will admit of taking on teams for getting 258 THE CULTIVATOR. Aug. out stones, stumps and bushes, and all such objects are left by the settling of the earth, mostly on the surface, from which they may be readily removed. The “ swamp holes,” which, like plague spots, disfigure the surface of farms, forming the breeding places of worthless plants and disgusting reptiles, and filling the atmosphere with the seeds of human disease, may often be brought into the most profit¬ able cultivation. They frequently comprise the richest parts of the farm, as is proved by the large crops they produce, when redeemed from the effects of stagnant water and wild plants. They are par¬ ticularly natural to grass, and when properly pre¬ pared by drainage, the wild growth exterminated, and the surface properly smoothed, may be brought into valuable meadows by sowing the grass seed about the first of September. Timothy, and the large red-top are the best grasses for such situa¬ tions; a peck of the seed of the former, with half a bushel to a bushel of the latter, (according to its cleanness,) is the proper quantity for an acre. It may be scratched in with rakes, or by a bush-har¬ row. Peat bogs, drained, may be made to produce good crops of many kinds; but grain crops and grass are very liable to lodge down on peaty soils. This is owing in a great degree to the want of silex (flint) in the soil, and in some degree also to the soil being too loose to give the plants a firm standing on their roots. The application of sand or gravel remedies both defects, and when the mineral substance is well incorporated with the vegetable matter, the straw becomes stiff, and the crops stand and mature well. The quantity of sand which it is expedient to ap¬ ply, varies with the composition of the peat soil, some containing much more mineral earth than oth¬ er deposites. A coating of an inch to two inches in depth, will, however, be found sufficient in most cases. It may be carted on in winter when most farming operations are suspended. Peat to be used in the barn-yard, for mixing with animal manure, should be dug out at this season, and piled on dry land, where it may be obtained as wanted. In this situation, the air and rains gradu¬ ally dissipate the acid which the peat contains when in its natural bed, and which must be dispel¬ led or neutralized before the peat can afford nour¬ ishment to plants. Digging rocks (boulders) from grounds encum¬ bered by them, may now be done advantageously. Stone walls are generally the best and most econo¬ mical fences in such situations. They have the im¬ portant recommendation, that when once made in a proper manner, they are perpetual. A trench, two feet deep, and somewhat wider than the base of the wall, should be dug for the foundation, which should be filled with the smaller stones that are not suita¬ ble for wall. A skillful and practical wall-layer, will know how to select and place the stones so as to make the most substantial and permanent fence. Boulders that are not wanted for walls, may be sunk by digging holes under or beside them, so deep that they may fall below the depth to which the plow reaches. Those who have adopted this mode of disposing of boulders, state that it is much less expensive than to get them out by blasting with powder, employing men and teams to take them away. It is an erroneous idea, though entertained by many farmers, that improvement will not pay. We believe this is in many instances, urged merely as an excuse for carelessness and negligence. It is a safe maxim that, what is worth doing, is worth do¬ ing well. We could refer to hundreds of instances where such improvements as we have spoken of have been made, with a greater profit on the money so expended, than is realized in the ordinary routine of farming. The lands operated on are frequently of little or no value; but by an outlay of fifteen to twenty-five dollars, are made to pay an annual inter¬ est of from fifty to a hundred, and sometimes two hundred dollars an acre. Agriculture of Ohio, Annual Report of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture. — This document comprehends the information brought out by the operations of the Board of Agriculture for the state of Ohio for the year 1849. The introductory remarks by the Pre¬ sident of the Board, M. L. Sullivant, Esq., pre¬ sent a comprehensive view of the general progress of agriculture in the state, accompanied with use¬ ful suggestions in regard to its further advancement. It is stated that agricultural societies have been or¬ ganised in more than fifty counties within the state. Township Farmer’s Clubs, have likewise been formed in several instances, and weekly or monthly meetings are held by the members for the discussion of agricultural subjects. A spirit of improvement is said to be rapidly diffusing itself among the far¬ ming population, the good results of which are be¬ ginning to appear. Crops. — The crops of the past year, except wheat and fruits, are considered good; but the wheat crop, which ordinarily reaches twenty mil¬ lions of bushels in the state, it is stated did not ex¬ ceed one-third that amount. The chief cause of the failure is attributed to the “ red rust,” in con¬ nexion with which the wheat midge( Cecidomyia tri- tici ,) and the u sun-blight” are mentioned as hav¬ ing increased the injury in some instances. From all causes combined, the total loss to the farmers of the state is put down at thirteen millions of bushels, estimated as equivalent to eight millions of dollars. The Mediterranean wheat is mentioned as having escaped the rust, in some parts of the state, better than other varieties — (probably from its earliness) — and that the quality of the grain is improving — the millers purchasing it readily with but little or no discount as to price. Among means for the improvement of wheat cul¬ ture, the use of the subsoil plow is recommended as follows:— “By its use, two very important points may be gained, less liability to winter killing, by allowing the water to settle down into the soil, and pass off, which also gives the roots of the plant more room to range in search of the requisite quan¬ tity of food.” The crop of Indian corn for 1849, is estimated at seventy millions of bushels for the state. The ex¬ pense attending the transportation of this grain from the interior of the state, is so great that but little of it finds a market, except by its conversion into beef and pork. The improved mode of drying Indian corn by steam is alluded to, and the hope ex¬ pressed that the process will soon make the expor¬ tation of steam-dried meal an article of import¬ ance. The rot in 'potatoes is stated to have been less prevalent last year, than for several previous years. Grass is spoken of as “ the third if not the se¬ cond crop in importance ” in the state. It is said — “The profits of the grazing interest have been for several years in advance of the grain growing interest, if we take into consideration the relative amount of labor and capital required to carry on these branches of industry, and the uniformity and 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 259 certainty of the markets for cattle and beef, giving a fair remuneration upon the investment.” Dairy Products. “The manufacture of butter and cheese in the Western Reserve, is spoken of as being practiced with success; and the new plan of making cheese in large establishments, which take the curd from the dairymen in a fresh state, is thought an improvement as regards the profits of all. Raising Mules. — This branch of farming is thought profitable. It is spoken of as follows: — “The raising of mules is becoming an important branch of the stock business, and is decidedly the most profitable of any that the farmer can engage in. They may properly be called a staple stock; for, from an intimate acquaintance with the busi¬ ness, we can state that they afford the most uniform compensation, and they have been less subject to injurious fluctuations, and are fit for earlier sales than any other stock. Their average cost, at six months old, may be put down at twenty dollars per head, and this is a remunerating price to the breed¬ er up to that age; and then with common keep on grain, hay and pasture, (if you have it) for the first winter, and with grain and rough feed through the next winter, entirely dispensing with grain after¬ wards, the grazier may calculate, with certainty, to advance his animals in price at least twenty dol¬ lars a year. Should he feed on grain all the time, it will pay him twenty cents a bushel for the corn in addition, up to the age of two and a-half to three years, at which time they are put to work or sent to market. The stock of mares in our country is well calculated for producing a superior quality of mules ; and with the advantage of a large breed of Jacks, we need not fear competition with any part of the world. These animals are hardy and remarkably healthy, the deaths seldom exceed three per cent.; the care necessarily bestowed upon them is but tri¬ fling. The breaking and handling, or quieting, is of no advantage to the seller, the purchasers making that rather an objection than admitting it to be a benefit. Color and slight blemishes do not materi¬ ally depreciate the price, and the farmer can calcu¬ late, with certainty, upon a market whenever he wishes to sell.” Wool-growing.— There are large portions of Ohio well adapted to sheep husbandry. It is re¬ marked — “ The grassy plains of the central portion, and the broken lands of the eastern and southern borders of our state, embrace a large territory of but little value for ordinary cultivation, but well adapted to the habits and constitutions of the dif¬ ferent breeds of sheep and to the growing of fine wool.” But a great drawback to the successful keeping of sheep is their destruction by dogs, and the Le¬ gislature is appealed to for the adoption of some measure to prevent this evil. It is said — “ The wolf has become extinct, or nearly so, but his place has been supplied by hordes of ravenous dogs, which have committed more injury within the last five years than all the wolves ever congregated within our borders, and this injury, which annually amounts to a heavy tax, our farmers have been obliged to submit to without redress or remuneration. This liability to injury from the depredations of dogs, undoubtedly retards, in a great degree, the improve¬ ment in our breeds of sheep, for but few enterpri¬ sing men will be at the risk, trouble and expense of importing new and improved breeds of these ani¬ mals, when they are thus liable to be torn to pieces and destroyed.” [By the way, did not the Legislature of Ohio, at its last session, pass an act in reference to this mat¬ ter? Eds.] Rearing and fattening hogs— Packing Pork. — This is a great business in the state of Ohio. “ The number of hogs annually fattened, packed and exported from the state, probably exceeds one million. The average price being about two dol¬ lars and a-half per hundred pounds, and the ave¬ rage weight about two hundred pounds, would make the hog crop amount to five millions of dollars. The number of hogs slaughtered and packed in Cin¬ cinnati the present season, as we learn from an ac¬ curate statement made by the Chamber of Com¬ merce in that city, is a little less than four hundred thousand. Within a few years, the business of packing hogs has extended to nearly all the interior towns of the state of any considerable size, and ly¬ ing near the public thoroughfares, and still the num¬ ber slaughtered and packed in Cincinnati has not diminished, but has steadily increased, in conse¬ quence of the supply of hogs driven to the city from Indiana and Kentucky. The breed of hogs throughout the state consists of a compound mix¬ ture; Berkshires, Bedfords, Irish Graziers, and, perhaps, a dozen other varieties, but pure stock of those named are such as to leave but little improve¬ ment desirable, except that they should supply the place, or root out the many specimens of “ woods hog ” and land pike,” that yet remain in many parts of the state.” New Articles of Culture. — Several of these are noticed as worthy of trial; as broom, corn , which has already been introduced in some of the rich vales; and has produced in favorable situations, about one-third of a ton of cleaned brush ready for market, per acre, worth from $33 to $42. Mustard seed has been profitably grown in some sections. Flax and hemp are favorably noticed; the greatest obstacle to their profitable culture being the want of suitable machinery for breaking and cleaning the lint. The planting of trees for the production of timber for fences — such as catalpa, chestnut, black locust, &c. — is recommended, the trees to be set in rows around the outside of fields. The osage orange as a hedge plant is noticed, but its value for a permanent and convenient fence is considered not yet fully ascertained. Implements. — The introduction of a steel mould board plow is recommended, as being better adapt¬ ed for the rich alluvial lands, on account of its scouring more readily, and keeping cleaner than any other. A Scientific Agricultural Survey of the state is advocated, which it is thought should be commenced as soon as practicable. A State Fair, under the supervision of the Board , is to be held at Cincinnati on the 11th, 12th and 13th of September next. Reading Books for Schools. — The Massachu¬ setts Plowman suggests that an “ important im¬ provement in our common schools woulld be to in¬ troduce better matter for reading. Instead of put- ing young scholars to read of the celebrated men of old — warriors mostly, who acquired their renown by shedding human blood — let a part of their read¬ ing lessons consist in compositions relating to Agri¬ culture.” Killing Sorrel. — -According to the Michigan Farmer, plowing sorrel, with a shallow furrow, late in the fall, leaving the roots exposed to the ac¬ tion of the frost through the winter, has been found effectual in destroying that pernicious plant. 260 THE CULTIVATOR. Aug. fCrttns from Prof. Norton- — No. S. On the Nutritive Value of Oat Hay. Analytical Laboratory, Yale College, ) New-Haven , Conn., July , 1850. ) Eds. Cultivator — In the January No. of the Journal of Agriculture, published by the Highland and Ag. Soc. of Scotland, I notice an article u on Oat Hay, and the relative nutritive value of oats cut green and cut fully ripe,” by Dr. A. Voelcker, Prof, of Chemistry in the Royal Ag. College at Cirencester. The subject is one which has long in¬ terested me, and I call attention the more readily to the statements made here, inasmuch as Dr Voelcker is an old friend, in whose results I have much con¬ fidence. We have worked together in the Labora¬ tory of Mulder, where he was first assistant, and I am sure that he will benefit the cause of agricultu¬ ral science, now that his whole energies are devoted to it. The idea of cutting grain while yet quite green, and of making it into hay in the same manner as grass, is not by any means entirely novel. Experiments of an imperfect nature have been made before the pre¬ sent ones, with this same end in view. Some of these have perfectly succeeded, while others have, if not unsuccessful, been at least less striking in their success. We have needed in the occurrence of these unsatisfactory experiments, some general principles upon which to reconcile them if possible, or at least discover the source of error, or by means of which we might more fully attain our object of inquiry. We need also the union of scientific with practical knowledge. Upon this subject, in order to the certain determination of many points, I will copy two or three sentences from Dr. Voeleker’s paper. “On the other hand, I am convinced that practi¬ cal men will remain in the dark on many of the most important points of agriculture so long as they de¬ spise the aid of chemistry, and persist in solving in¬ quiries connected with agriculture by mere blind ex- perimentising ; by experiments I mean made without plan, or anything clearly defined and distinctly un¬ derstood. If those engaged in such random trials would bear in mind that nature does not give a pre¬ cise answer to an indistinct question ; and if they would be candid enough to believe, in all cases in which an experiment has failed to answer their ex¬ pectations, that the experiment itself, or the antici¬ pated result, must be false in principle, and that con¬ sequently the fault is their own, and not on the part of nature — a great deal of good would be effected. Unfortunately, however, most men are as quick in condemning the value of the materials used in a bungling experiment, as they are eager to praise and enthusiastic in recommending every result when the experiment proves favorable to their views; and when such an experimenter has some kind of theo¬ retical notion in his head with which the experiment can be made to tally, the case is still worse. In this way a great deal of harm has been done, and the progress of scientific agriculture retarded in¬ stead of advanced.” There is much of sound practical sense in the above remarks, and every person who has stu¬ died over the numerous unprofitable and weari¬ some discussions, which fill up many of our agricul¬ tural papers, will fully appreciate it. It is for want of knowledge as to what they are about, that the contradictory results of most experimenters are to be ascribed. In the present case, Dr. Voelcker seems to have happily united science with sound practical views, and we consequeutly have intelligible and reliable statements from him. The first point to which attention was directed, regarded the proportion of water contained in the straw and grain of the ripe and unripe oat respec¬ tively; both samples being of the same variety and taken from the same field. As might have been expected, the green oats contained most water; this is shown by the following table: Oats fully ripe. Per centag-e of Water. Proportion of Straw to Grain. Straw. Grain. Dry Straw. Grain. 3S.48 20.65 57.56 46.44 Oats cut green. 53.30 28.66 65.43 34.56 1 have taken the mean of the various results given, as some discrepancy appears in the single determi¬ nations. By this table, several general conclusions are indicated — 1. That the proportion of water in the unripe plant is greatest. 2. That the proportion of the dry straw in the unripe plant is greatest. 3. That when the plant is dry, the grain bears a larger proportion to the straw than would have been imagined; being, even in the green plant, more than one-third of the whole weight, and in the dry plant nearly one half. The next step taken by Dr. Voelcker, was to de¬ termine the nutritive value of his several samples. In this case regard was had only to the amount of nitrogen contained in them, that being considered the most important ingredient, in estimating any particular variety of nutritious food. He calls the body in oats which contains nitrogen, by the gene¬ ral name of protein; this name applying to a class of bodies that contain about as much nitrogen, and that are about as nutritious, as lean meat when it is dry. The proportions, or per centages of protein ob¬ tained by Dr. Voelcker were as follows: I. Oats fully ripe — Mean results. Grain, 15.39 pr et. of protein compounds. Straw, 8.46 “ “ “ “ II. Oats cut Green. Grain, 17.87 pr ct. of protein compounds. Straw, 11.01 “ “ “ “ No. II. was cut when the stalk and leaf were yet quite green, and the grain milky, but fully formed. They were cut at the same time, the green oats having been sown about one month later than the others. The conclusions to be drawn from the above re¬ sults are not only extremely interesting in a scien¬ tific point of view, but are of much practical im. portance. 1. We see in comparing the numbers in the ripe and unripe straw, that the latter contains 3| pr ct. more nitrogen than the former. 2. That the unripe grain also contains more ni¬ trogen ; this may seem a very strange result, but may be explained when we consider the fact, that the unripe oats, although they had not attained their full bulk, had received most of their nitrogenous compounds, and that the after increase while ripen¬ ing, must have consisted mainly in an accumulation of starch, and other non-nitrogenous bodies. In addition to the facts established by these analyses, it is to be borne in mind, that the unripe straw is also much richer in starch, gum, sugar and other compounds of the same nature, all of them both nutritious and easily digestible, but which are for the most part in ripening, gradually converted I into woody fibre. 1850, THE CULTIVATOR, 261 Here too the larger quantity of water, which has been already shown to exist in the unripe straw, is to be brought into account. This water helps to render the food more soluble, and more easily di¬ gestible by the animal. We find then that an equal weight of the unripe straw and grain, contains more nitrogen, more sugar and gum, and also more watery so that while it is more nutritious, it is also at the same time more easily assimilated and digest¬ ed by the animal. This last is a point of more importance than is usually imagined. Of two kinds of food containing equal quantities of nitrogen, one may be vastly superior in its effects when fed, and this simply because it can be readily digested; a large portion of the other may even pass through the body unaltered. Dr. Voelcker gives, in addition to his theoretical results, two letters from farmers who have seen oat hay tried. One of them says, “that when cut fine, oat hay goes one-fourth farther than if the oats and straw had been allowed to ripen.” In many parts of the country, it is very difficult to produce good grass for cutting, but easy to grow quite tolerable oats, at least so far as bulk of straw and appearance of head is concerned. The grain may not fill out well if allowed to stand, but still would serve a good purpose as fodder when cut green and made into hay. There is no loss of the grain by shelling when cut in this way, and the hay would be highly relished by stock. I have no doubt but the same system would do well in the case of rye, or other grains; hay made from them would also be exceedingly nutritive. The facts given in the report of Dr. Voelcker, are quite sufficient to warrant my calling attention to this subject, and recommending experiments in such districts as feel the need of good winter fodder, and this of a variety that can be obtained without great expense. John P. Norton. Action of Soils on Manures. Professor Way, consulting chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society, has lately made known the results of some important, experiments made by him for the purpose bf ascertaining the action of soils on the constituents of manures. Some of these ex¬ periments were repeated before the Council of the Society, and the following is the substance of the account reported in regard to them. On the table were glass filter-jars, containing a red soil from Mr. Pusey’s estate in Berkshire. The soil, as the gentlemen present would see, occupied the jars to the depth of five or six inches. Upon one of these Mr. Way poured water obtained from one of the sewers of London. To another filtering jar he added a quantity of the fetid liquid produced in the steeping of flax. Both of these liquids were turbid, highly colored, and exceedingly offensive to the smell ; but when passed through the soil, they were no longer the same. The resulting liquid had an earthy smell it is true— a smell always accompa¬ nying soils — but was no longer offensive to the nose. Now to what ingredient of the soil was this meta¬ morphosis due? Was it due to the sand acting as a filter? It was easily proved that such was not the cause; and that there might be no doubt on this subject, Mr. Way would pass through a filtering-jar, containing more than nine inches depth of fine white sand, a quantity of cow’s urine taken from a tank in the country. The liquid was so far altered by the filtration, that the turbidity was removed, as it would be by filtration through paper; but the co¬ lor and disgusting smell remained in all their inten¬ sity, Sand, therefore, obviously was not the active ingredient in soils in respect to the power under dis¬ cussion. The same must be said of the different forms of gravel, which were only coarse sand. The other great ingredient of soil was clay, and to this Mr. Way attributed the power in question. As an experiment comparative with the last, he would pass the same tank water through sand, mixed with one-fourth of its weight of white clay in powder, and they would observe the result was very striking. The liquid coming through was clear and free from smell; indeed it was hardly to be distinguished by its external characteristics, from ordinary water. There could be no doubt then, that the property of soils to remove coloring matters, and organic mat¬ ters yielding smell from solution, was due to the clay contained in them. Filtration was only a me¬ thod of exposing the liquid in the most perfect form to the action of the clay, but it was not necessary to the success of the process. In proof of which, Mr. Way stirred up a quantity of soil with putrid human urine, the smell of which was entirely de¬ stroyed by the admixture, and upon the subsidence of the earth, the liquid was left clear and coloi'less. It appeared, therefore, that the clay of soils had the power of separating certain animal and vegetable ingredients from solution; but was this property the only one exhibited? Mr. Way had found that soils' had the power of stopping also, the alkalies, ammo¬ nia, potash, soda, magnesia, &c. If a quantity of ammonia, highly pungent to the smell, was thrown upon a filter of clay or soil, made permeable by sand, the water first coming away was absolutely free from ammonia. Such was the case also with the caustic or carbonated alkalies, potash, or soda. This was a very wonderful property of soils and ap¬ peared to him as an express provision of nature. A power, he remarked, is here found to reside in soils, by virtue of which not only is rain unable to wash out of them those soluble ingredients forming a ne¬ cessary condition of vegetation, but even those com¬ pounds, when introduced artificially by manure, are laid hold of and fixed in the soil, to the absolute preclusion of any loss either by rain or evaporation. But Mr. Way had found that this property of clay did not apply only to the alkalies and their carbon¬ ates, but to all the salts of these bases, with what¬ ever acid they were combined. Here again was a beautiful provision; sulphate of ammonia, when fil¬ tered through a soil, left its ammonia behind, but the sulphuric acid was found in the filtered liquid — not, however, in the free state, but combined with lime; thus sulphate of lime was produced, and brought away in the water. In the same way mu¬ riate of ammonia left its ammonia with the soil, its acid coming through in combination with lime, as muriate of that base. The same was true of all the salts of the different alkalies, so far as he had yet tried them. Thus lime in the economy of nature was destined to one other great office besides those which had already been found for it — it was the means by which the salts ministering to vegetation became localised and distributed through the soil, and retained there until they were required -for ve¬ getation. Quicklime, when dissolved in water, is removed by passing the water through clay or through most soils containing clay; and carbonate of lime in solution is so effectually removed, that hard water may be softened by the same process. With regard to the extent to which these actions were capable of being carried. It was not to be supposed that we could go on filtering indefinitely with the separation of the salts contained in the li- 262 THE CULTIVATOR. Aug. quid. On the contrary, the limit was soon reached ; but although small in per centage quality, the pow¬ er was, in reference to the bulk of the soil, enor¬ mously great. He had found that a pure clay would absorb, perhaps, two-tenths per cent, of its weight of ammonia — that is to say, 1,000 grains would se¬ parate two grains of ammonia ; and from reasons which need not then be noticed, a loam or a well- cultivated clay soil would absorb nearly twice as much. Now every inch in depth of soil over an acre of ground weighed about 100 tons. Conse¬ quently, ten inches of depth of such soil, would weigh 1,000 tons, and would be adequate to com¬ bine with and retain two tons of ammonia, a quan¬ tity which would be furnished by about twelve tons of guano. Now, one-sixtieth of this power would suffice for the preservation of the ammonia of an outside dose of guano; consequently, he was justified in saying that the property was practically of immense activity. Mr. Way stated that he had ascertained the extent of the power in different soils and for the different alkalies. The property was decidedly a chemical one; and although he intend¬ ed only to state the facts, without entering upon their explanation, he might say that he had every reason to believe that he should be able to develop that satisfactorily at the proper time. At a subsequent lecture Prof. Way stated that he was first led into this train of investigation by hav¬ ing been informed by one or two persons that urine, by being passed through certain filtering substan¬ ces, might be entirely deprived of its coloring mat¬ ter and odor. Prof. W. said he was not only deep¬ ly interested in these statements, but totally unable to account on chemical principles for the effects thus simply produced; and of so high a degree of importance did he consider them, as fertile in a se¬ ries of new facts, which would lead not only to new views of chemical combination, under peculiar me¬ chanical conditions, but also to a modification of the theory of the mode by which manure is reserved in the soil until required as food for plants, and to immediate application in practical agriculture, and he lost no time in verifying these results, and en¬ deavoring to account for their occurrence. As he proceeded in this path of inquiry, the new facts, as they rapidly succeeded each other, were such as would have been totally unexpected on the ordinary principles of combination ; and which would eventu¬ ally, he had no doubt, lead to new modes of regard¬ ing chemical action when taking place under cer¬ tain conditions. Prof. W. then proceeded to show experimentally the power of finely divided clay soils to abstract the coloring matter and smell from log¬ wood water, London porter, putrid urine, infusion of flax, and tank water ; and to explain the proba¬ ble manner in which such soils decomposed the salts of ammonia, arresting that alkali and repla¬ cing it by lime; and also by what a beautiful provi¬ sion of nature the substances valuable as food for plants were retained in the soil, while other results of such decomposition were allowed to pass through it, one of those provisions in the operation of natu¬ ral laws, which strikingly arrest the attention ol the most inconsiderate, and mark the beneficence and wisdom of the Creator, of whose work only perfection is the unvarying attribute. The committee have resolved that the following subjects be adopted for investigation during the en¬ suing year: 1. The continuation of the investigation into the absorptive properties of soils, including clays. 2. The nutritive properties of the grasses. 3. The agricultural properties of the chalks and marls. 4. The chemical properties of water, with a view to its effects on irrigation, and on the health of animals. The Life of the Farmer Favoiable to the Pursuit of Knowledge. Eds. Cultivator- — I was highly gratified in read¬ ing the article from your correspondent, Hon. F. Holbrook, on the question “ Should the Farmer be a man of knowledge?” I think he has shown plainly enough, that the farmer should be a man of knowledge, not only as a farmer, but as a rational being, and as a member of society. But notwithstanding the obvious advantages of knowledge to the farmer, there is a prevailing im¬ pression, especially among intelligent young men, that the pursuit of agriculture is unfavorable to the pursuit ol knowledge, and the general cultivation of the mind, — that the life of a farmer is a life of drudgery and toil , without any stimulus or opportu¬ nity for intellectual improvement,-— and that if a farmer is intelligent, he is so in spite of the earthly degrading tendency of his occupation. The cele¬ brated John Foster, of England, in a letter to his mother, speaks of the people in the agricultural parts of the land as “extremely ignorant and dull of apprehension,” and then remarks, “Field occu¬ pations, with their attendant and consequent habits, notoriously tend to stupify the mental faculties;” that is, those who till the soil are, as a matter of fact, not only ignorant, but this occupation has a tendency to stupify the mind, and keep them igno¬ rant! Now, although Foster might have found, in this country, that the farmers are very far from be- ing “ ignorant, and dull of apprehension,” he would have found a great reluctance among young men to engage in agriculture, as though it were in fact degrading and stupifying to the mental facul¬ ties. We maintain just the opposite view, — that the occupation of the farmer is favorable to the pursuit of knowledge, — favorable to intellectual health, ac¬ tivity, and vigor of mind, so that if a young man has a taste for knowledge, he should for this very reason, be a farmer, because he can thus gratify this taste for knowledge better than in any other calling. 1. The life of the farmer is favorable to the pur¬ suit of knowledge, because it is favorable for health. It is admitted that agriculture is a healthy occupa¬ tion-healthy for boys and for men. Many men, of broken down constitutions have renewed their age by leaving the shop or the counting-room, and following the plow. The farmer, who breathes the fresh air, and listens to the songs of birds, and sees so much in nature to interest him, is seldom troubled with hypochondria, dyspepsia, and indigestion, which are as injurious to the pursuit of knowledge as to happiness and health. The man who has been confined in his shop all day, if he has a little lei¬ sure, wishes to go out and breathe the fresh air, as he should do , to recover his elasticity of mind and body. The shoemaker and tailor cannot take up a book with the same zest at noon or at night, as the man who has been breathing the fresh air. Who does not envy the health, strength, and cheer of the wood chopper, the reaper, the mower or the plow¬ man, not only as a means of happiness but as fa¬ vorable to intellectual vigor and the pursuit of knowledge? 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 263 ** Hark ! where the sweeping scythe now slips along, Each sturdy mower, emulous and strong, Whose writhing form meridian heat defies, Bends o’er his work and every sinew tries ; Prostrates the waving treasure at his feet, But spares the rising clover short and sweet. Come health 1 come jollity 1 light-footed, come ; Here hold your revels and make this your home. Each heart awaits and hails you as its own ; Each moistened brow that scorns to wear a frown,” Can there be any doubt that the occupation which gives such health and cheer to the farmer, is favor¬ able to the development of the mind, and the pursuit of knowledge, especially when we consider the in¬ timate connection between health of body and health of mind, and how many minds are necessari¬ ly feeble, stinted, and sickly , because dwelling in a feeble and sickly body? 2. The farmer has leisure for the pursuit of know¬ ledge. Aside from the leisure which winter eve¬ nings, rainy days, and intervals between hurrying seasons of labor afford ; he can, almost every day, snatch a few moments, or an hour for reading, if he has a desire for improvement . If the farmer choo¬ ses to spend his leisure at the stores and taverns, or in idle vacancy, dreaming and dozing away his life, working like his ox, and like his ox only eating and sleeping, he can do so,— but let him not blame his occupation, for if he only has a thirst for knowledge he can gratify it. No laborer has more leisure for improvement than the farmer. And, besides, the leisure of a farmer is worth more to him, in the pursuit of knowledge, than that of other laborers, not only because, from his good health and spirits, he is better prepared to improve this leisure, but because it will furnish him with food for thought, reflection and inquiry, during the day - his work, much of it, being of such a nature as to afford opportunity for digesting what he has read, especially if it relates to agriculture. The reason many farmers are no more intelligent is, not because they have no leisure , but because they do not improve their leisure. The most ignorant farmers are by no means the most industrious. Some of the most industrious, efficient farmers of m}T acquaintance, are the most intelligent also. Nor does their intelligence make them lazy, but rather stimulates them to labor. They take hold of labor, too, with more zeal and inte¬ rest, and feel less tired at the clo§e of the day, than the mere drudge, whose vacant mind is uninterested in what he sees and does. The man who is to work on a compost heap will not do less, but more work, if he spends a few moments in reading an essay or lecture on manures, so that he may labor intelligently . 3. Agricultural pursuits have a healthy influence on the mind, and thus favor the pursuit of knowledge. The farmer is free, on the one hand, from the tor¬ menting excitement, anxiety, and perplexity of the merchant and trader, and on the other hand, from the dullness and monotony of the day laborer, or the mechanic, who does one thing the year round. Too much excitement or too much dullness and uniformi¬ ty are alike unfavorable to mental vigor and im¬ provement. The constant variety of objects which occupy the attention of the farmer, the interest he feels in his crops, and his growing stock, keep the mind active and healthy, contributing not only to his happiness, but to his mental improvement, giv¬ ing the mind an appetite for knowlodge, as weli as the body for food. The influences that surround the farmer are as favorable to health of mind as health of body • hence, if a man has a taste for knowledge, he may choose the life rf a farmer, as being well adapted to gratify this taste. His labor will not unfit the mind for improvement. 4. The occupation of the farmer affords him an opportunity to cultivate an acquaintance with the natural sciences, and is thus favorable to the pur¬ suit of knowledge. The shoemaker, or the black¬ smith may be interested in the study of meteorolo¬ gy, but his daily occupation does not, like that of the farmer, give him an opportunity to observe the weather, the wind, clouds and storms, and their in¬ fluence on vegetable and animal life. The mecha¬ nic must have his shop, and the lawyer his office to make observations on nature, but the farmer must shut his eyes not to make these observations. He need not leave his work to observe the different kinds of rocks and soils he meets with, and the nature of these soils. If he has a taste for natural history, he need not waste an hour or two in the morning, to listen to the sweet music of various birds, and learn their habits, for his daily occupation gives him the best chance in the world to notice the habits of birds, animals and insects. The book of nature is constantly open before him, inviting him to read her laws. The investigation of the laws of nature af¬ fords a pure and exalted source of happiness; but who is so favorably situated to investigate these laws, — -while pursuing his appointed labor — as the farmer? Who can so well learn the laws of vege¬ table life, as he who is constantly experimenting on those laws? Who can so well observe flowers, grasses, plants grains and trees, and their habits, as the farmer, whose business it is to cultivate them, and bring them to perfection? It seems to be a wise provision of our Heavenly Father that the great book of nature, so interesting and full of instruction, should be constantly open to the tillers of the soil , who are the largest part of the human family. Farmers are just beginning to see how interesting this book is, and that they may find both pleasure and profit in reading this book — a pleasure that lightens toil, and dignifies labor, making the occupation of the farmer suitable, not only to a physical, but to an intellectual being. 5. The practical advantage to be derived by the farmer from an acquaintance with science, renders his occupation favorable to the pursuit of know¬ ledge. The natural sciences, Botany, Geology, Chemistry, and many others, are not only interest¬ ing in themselves, but intimately connected with the cultivation of the farm. It is by the aid of these sciences that the great improvements in agriculture have been made the past few years, and that we may expect improvements hereafter. If the farmer will not study science because it is interesting, he must study it because it is useful, — because it is ne¬ cessary to the successful cultivation of his land.. However interesting science may be, the great mass of laborers, having little leisure, and no particular taste for science, do not pursue it. Even profes¬ sional men do not. They have no stimulus to pur¬ sue it, as the farmer has. For the same reason that a lawyer is favorably situated to obtain a knowledge of law, or a clergymen to obtain a knowledge of theology, a farmer is favorably situated to obtain a knowledge of the sciences. As a lawyer who has a case to try on insurance, on assault and battery, or trespass, will take more interest in examining the law on those subjects than a farmer, or a physician ; so will the farmer who is constantly working the- soil, mixing manures, and raising crops, take more interest in essays on these subjects than a lawyer, a shoemaker or a mechanic. The farmer will con¬ sult Johnston and other authors, for the same rea¬ son that a lawyer will consult Blackstone and Kent. A merchant or mechanic may read an analysis of the different kinds of grain, of the different soils and manures, but he has no such motive to remem- 264 Aug. THE CULTIVATOR. ber this analysis, and be interested in it, as the far¬ mer has, who is constantly raising grain, mixing soils and manures. The man who is applying ashes, lime, or plaster of Paris to his soil, will be more interested in an explanation of the mysterious and diversified agency of these substances, and of the adaptation of each to particular crops, than a man who is writing sermons, or pleading law, or making shoes, or selling goods. The farmer, therefore, has extraordinary facili¬ ties and motives to become acquainted with science, for almost every science aids him in his work, gives him skill and power, as well as pleasure and profit. He can read the theory, and then test the theory by his observation and experiments. Science comes not only to please but to profit ; not only to enrich his mind with knowledge but to enrich his farm, — to improve his fruit and stock—to fill his barns and granaries. Formerly, it was thought a farmer had no use for knowledge. Now it is found that no la¬ borer has more use for knowledge. Even the profes¬ sional man has less use for science than the farmer. It is not true, then, that field occupations “ tend to stupify the mind” as Foster remarks. But they have the opposite tendency, to awaken intellect, and stimulate curiosity in the pursuit of knowledge. Nature is constantly before the farmer, proposing problems for him to solve ; questions for him to an¬ swer; tempting and provoking him to read her laws ; by making knowledge contribute to his health, as well as to his happiness. He need not travel out of his way, or leave his work, to find the book of na¬ ture, and observe her lessons and laws. No other laborer has so many facilities, or so many induce¬ ments to pursue knowledge and read nature, as the farmer, who is constantly experimenting upon the laws of nature. 6. I observe in conclusion that the pursuit of agriculture is favorable to the general development and cultivation of the mind. It furnishes a home for the farmer and his family, a pleasant, rural home — one of the most essential means of moral, social, and intellectual improvement. The. farmer and his children are free from many temptations to vice, in¬ temperance, idleness and extravagance, which are the bane of intellectual improvement. His life is adapted to develop self-reliance, energy, manly in¬ dependence, as well as habits of observation, com¬ parison and reasoning. In the rotation of crops, the application of manures, the cultivation of fruit and raising stock, and in planning the work of a farm, as well as in buying and selling, there is abun¬ dant exercise for the judgment of the farmer. The business of the merchant is said to be favorable to developing the judgment, but we submit whether the occupation of the farmer does not afford a more enlarged and healthy sphere for the exercise of the judgment, than that of the merchant or mechanic. I noticed, recently, a paragraph from Elihu Bur- ritt, the import of which was, that the mechanic was more favorably situated than any other class of peo¬ ple, to obtain knowledge and cultivate his mind. But is not the occupation of the farmer quite as fa¬ vorable to health, and elasticity of both mind and body? Does it not afford as much or more leisure for improvement? Does not his occupation, which is a series of experiments on the laws of nature, give him a far better opportunity to observe these laws, and become acquainted with and interested in them, than that of the mechanic? Do not the nu¬ merous successful applications of science to agri¬ culture, afford a greater stimulus to pursue these sciences, as well as a better opportunity for the cul¬ tivation of the mind, and the exercise of the judg¬ ment, than can be found in the more monotonous employment of the mechanic? If the farmer, therefore, remains ignorant and stupid, it cannot be for want of opportunity for im¬ provement. He is a workman, an experimenter in the great Laboratory of Nature, where all he sees and hears invites him to observe, and inquire, and learn ; where he can employ in his daily labor, what¬ ever knowledge he may possess, and find motives to obtain more knowledge. The means of knowledge, too, are within his reach, so that his life need not be a life of drudgery and toil, unless he chooses to make it so. To be sure, the farmer must work7 and work hard, and therefore he needs the stimulus of knowledge; for knowledge will stimulate and encourage him to work, so that he can, not only do more work, but do it also to better advantage- In¬ telligent labor is the most successful labor . Many men who find no stimulus to labor, when it is a mere exercise of physical strength, will labor with zeal and enthusiasm, if the mind is only interested, at it may be in almost all the work of the farmer. The occupation of the farmer, then, should be chosen, not merely as favorable to competence, con¬ tentment, independence, health, morality, and the social virtues, but also as favorable to the pursuit of knowledge and the cultivation of the mind. James Tufts. Wardsboro , Vt., June , 1850. Poultry and Poultry Books. The Poultry Book : a treatise on feeding and general manage¬ ment of fowls; with numerous original descriptions and portraits from life. By John C. Bennett, M. D. The publishers of this work state, that “ to the author, is due the credit of having originated the interest now felt in respect to poultry.” The au¬ thor himself states that he was frequently requested to publish the book, by poultry breeders and fan¬ ciers; and in proof of its important character, he tells us that in preparing it, “all accessible author¬ ities have been consulted,” though he deems it unnecessary to mention the books which have been laid under contribution, as it would only make a “ pedantic display.” In addition to this, we are told there has been “ a vast mass of correspondence” which has brought out much important matter, “ not elsewhere to be found.” He also congratulates himself on one or two other points. “Special at¬ tention,” he says, “has been given to the descrip¬ tion of the varieties of fowls, and it will appear on examination that great labor has been expended on this department; and the author flatters himself that a remarkable degree of accuracy has been attained .” The “original portraits” of fowls which are given in the book, are deemed by the author to possess “ great importance and value,” and he thinks they “ will add to the fame of the eminent artists” by whom they have been executed. Finally, the author prides himself especially on the character of the department of the book relating to the breeding and management of poultry — a department which, we are told, “ is designed to be a vade mecum,” and he complacently concludes, that “ in no other work, can similar information be found.” These are certainly high claims; how well they are supported, we shall see, as we proceed with our examination of the work. The chapter on the “ origin of the Domestic Fowl,” comprising seven pages, is, almost every word, copied from Richardson, with no intimation of credit, except in a few of the latter paragraphs. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 265 The public will judge whether this omission to give the “ requisite credit,” is in accordance with the principles which should govern authors. The primary object of the author seems to have been to multiply varieties or breeds of the domestic fowl, or to describe those already known under such names, and in such terms as would lead to the belief tb at they are rare and desirable. Hence of the Malay tribe of fowls, he has the Chittagong, the Shanghae, the White Shanghae, the Cochin China, the Royal Cochin China. (Burnham’s importation,) Cochin China, (Baylies’ importation,) Great Malay, the Shakebag, Common Malay, the Great Java, and the Guilderland fowl. Persons acquainted with the fowls described under these names, will readily recognize affinities which prove them to belong to the same stock. They are not arranged precisely in the order here given, but are mixed up, in several instances, with other varieties. The Chittagong is represented by cuts which pur¬ port to be portraits of fowls from Mr. Rugg, who it is declared “ is beyond dispute, one of the best fowl breeders in America,” and whose fowls, it is said, “ excite astonishment and admiration, in all fowl fanciers.” A quotation is made from a letter of Mr. Rugg, in which he complains that this breed has heretofore been confounded with the great Ma¬ lay, whereas he thinks they have “ points of differ¬ ence which will be found to be important.” Dr. Bennett attempts to justify this notion by reference to Richardson, whose cuts and description of the Ma¬ lay he copies, giving the customary credit and marks of quotation , but with an interpolation of two words which entirely change the sense and purport of the language. Richardson says of the Malay, — - u This fowl is also frequently called the Chitta¬ gong,”— evidently intending to say, as almost every English writer on poultry has said, that the terms Malay and Chittagong, refer to the same fowl,* and to prevent this being said, Dr. Bennett inserts the words “ but erroneously,” making Richardson say 11 this fowl [the Malay] is frequently, but errone¬ ously, called the Chittagong!” It is proper to notice that there is nothing to show that the words alluded to wrere added, or that they were not in the original. Without stopping to comment on the honesty of this act, I will simply offer one quotation, though many similar passages by various authors might be adduced, to show that the Malay and Chittagong fowl are the same. In the work entitled 11 Farming for Ladies ,” by the “ Author of British Husbandry,” page 75, it is said— “ The Malay or Chittagong, are natives of the isles of Java and Sumatra, from whence they have been introduced into this country [England,] where they are now common, and are the largest known breed of fowls.” Dr. Bennett makes three breeds of Cochin China fowls. The first of which is simply called “Cochin China,” and the cuts accompanying are copied from Richardson, together with that writer’s description of the Queen’s fowls. One would naturally suppose that these were royal fowls, if any could’be called such; yet the next chapter has the caption “ Royal Cochin-China Fowl— Burnham’s importation.” Here we have what are called “ original portraits” of Mr. Burnham’s fowls, and Dr. Bennett triumphantly declares that this representation “ is believed to be the only correct delineation of the species extant,” and he “ flatters” himself that it “ will henceforth be deemed the standard of comparison!” In the same style of vulgar boasting, it is added that “ Mr. Burnham’s importation is the best of the Cochin-China race which have been brought to this country;” and to crown their lofty pretensions, it is stated that Mr. Nolan’s stock, from which Mr. Burnham’s came, “ took the premium at one of the agricultural fairs in England, while standing at the side of Her Majesty’s fowls.” It is not stated that Her Majesty’s fowls were in competition for premi¬ um with Mr. Nolan’s, and yet, notwithtanding the ridiculousness of such an idea, it is obviously intend¬ ed to make the credulous and ignorant believe it, by saying that Mr. Nolan’s fowls were “standing beside” Her Majesty’s. Dr. Bennett pretends to know the precise origin of the Cochin-China fowls, and dogmatically asserts that they “ are derived from a mixture of the Chit¬ tagong's and Shanghaes; yet he says, “ those im¬ ported into England, undoubtedly participate in the blood of. the Wild Indian game.” He thinks this idea is “ corroborated by the fact that English writers pronounce them to be game, when speaking of their habits and prowess;” and he concludes that these “facts” (?) prove “ the Queen’s and Mr. Burnham’s fowls to be different from what are com¬ monly called Cochin-Chinas, which are the mere cross of the Chittagongs and Shanghaes.” [pp. 46, 47.] But the “fact” in regard to the Queen’s fowls be¬ ing “game,” which was supposed to prove them to be “ different from what are commonly called Cochin- Chinas,” turns out, by Dr. Bennett’s own showing, to be no fact at all; for at the conclusion of the chapter, (page 50) he says, “ It may be well to add, that the London Illustrated News has fallen into another serious error in respect to the Royal fowls, in saying that ‘the cock is game, to the last degree, capable of killing the most powerful game cock in a few minutes.’ This is impossible, on account of their size and shape.” Thus what is given as 1 ‘ fact” on page 46, is con¬ demned as “ serious error” on page 50 ! But there are other strange inconsistencies con¬ nected with Dr. B.’s description of the Cochin- China fowl. It will be noticed that he calls them a “ species” and a “ race,” and yet, strangely enough, on the same page he asserts that they are “ derived from a mixture ” of what he calls distinct stocks ! Such palpable contradictions can only be accounted for on the supposition that the author is grossly ignorant of the terms he employs.* The cuts representing what Dr. B. calls the “Common Malay fowl,” are copies of those which Mr. Bement gives for the “Bucks County fowl.” We are told — “the best varieties of this breed in this country, are the Jersey Blues, the Bucks Coun¬ ty and the Boobies.” The Jersey Blues are said to have “all the characteristics of the East India fowls,” but “ have diminished in size by neglect and careless breeding.” Yet notwithstanding this “neglect” and diminution of size, Dr. B. gives the statement of Mr. Rugg, that the “he has known in a single instance, caponised fowls of this variety weigh twenty-five pounds a pair,” and it is added that the farmers of New Jersey “set a value upon the stock equivalent to that which the Dorking bears in England.” Rather singular evidence of “neg¬ lect and careless breeding.” The Bucks County and Booby fowls are summarily disposed of as “unprofitable,” being, “with what * Dr. Prichard, in his “ Natural History of Man,” gives the follow¬ ing definition of species : “ Species are simply tribes of plants of animals, which are ceratinly known or may be inferred on satisfac¬ tory grounds, to have descended from the same stocks, or from parentages precisely similar, and in no way distinguished from each other.” The same author defines varieties as follows : “ Varieties differ from species in this circumstance, that the peculiarities in question are not coeval with the tribe, but sprang up in it since the commencement of its existence, and constitute a deviation from its original character.” 266 THE CULTIVATOR. Aug. are called Malay fowls in the vicinity of New York, degenerate varieties.” But the reader will perhaps be surprised to find that notwithstanding the degen¬ eracy of what are called Malay fowls about New York, Dr. Bennett, in describing the “ Great Java fowl,” refers to specimens in the possession of two persons which he deems “ among the most valuable fowls in the country” — the cock weighing at one year old ten pounds, and the pullet nine pounds and a quarter — which were, he says, “purchased in New York as Malays.” Thus the Malay fowls about New York degenerate into “Grefct Javas”! In regard to the color of these fowls, we are told by Dr. Bennett, in his usual dogmatical style, that “like all other pure Java fowls, they are of a black or dark auburn color!” But who does not know that fowls from Java comprise almost all varieties of color? But as we proceed in the examination of Dr. Bennett’s book, we are more and more impressed with his extraordinary genius. His skill extends even to the restoration of varieties of fowls which liaye been long extinct; such as the Shakebag, and the crested fowl with white plumage on the body, and a large black top-knot. The Shakebag fowl was brought into notice in England about eighty years ago, but according to Martin, Dixon, and all late English writers, has not been seen for many years. But Dr. Bennett has borrowed a couple of figures, which he pretends are original delineations of Shakebag fowls imported by Mr. Tucker of the Tremont House, Boston ! His description of this resuscitated Shakebag, with some of the circumstances connected with it may amuse the reader. He begins by saying — “This fowl has so many points of affinity with the Malay tribe that there can be no impropriety in associating it with them. It is more beautiful than most of the variety — [what 11 variety” — the Malay, which he has just called a 11 tribe ?”] the plumage of the cock being extremely brilliant and gaudy.” He then goes on thus — “The fowls delineated here, were imported by Mr. John L. Tucker, of the Tremont House, Boston, and were drawn from the birds [now] in possession of Mr. James S. Parker, of the Samoset House, Plymouth. A glance at the portraits will show that they are magnificent birds. They are exceedingly rare in this country , this be¬ ing the only importation of which I have kowl- edge.” The description of the plumage, &c., of these pretended Shakebags is added; but before inserting this, it is necessary, in order to render the subject fully intelligible, to introduce some collateral illus¬ trations. It will be shown that the pair of fowls above alluded to, described by Dr. Bennett in his book, pp. 54 to 56, as Shakebags, were described by him in the Boston Cultivator of August — , 1849, as “ Great Malays,” accompanied by a cut of the Ma¬ lay Fowl, copied from Mr. Bement’s work! In the latter article he complains that the Malay fowl in this country, has “ degenerated by ‘close breed¬ ing,’ until a vestige of the pure Malay can scarcely be traced.” (It is rather queer that “close breed¬ ing” should destroy the “purity” of the breed, what¬ ever it§ disadvantages in other respects.) But he continues — “Some of those [Malays] of the purest blood were imported by Mr. Tucker of the Tremont House, Boston, under the name of ‘Dorkings,’ and were presented by him to Mr. Parker, of the Sa¬ moset House, Plymouth.” It will be observed that the “habitations and names” of persons agree with those given by Dr. Bennett when speaking of the Shakebag. The particular description , given in one case as that of the Shakebag, and in the other as that of the Great Malay, will doubtless be read with interest. It is as follows: Dr. Bennett's description of the Dr. Bennett V description of the Shakebag j “ Poultry Book7' page Great Malay , in the Boston CuVti- 56. vator. The plumage of the male is “ The plumage of the male is brilliant in the extreme, being of brilliant in the extreme, being of a bright red and glossy yellow, a bright red and glossy yellow beautifully blended, and shaded beautifully blended, and shaded with black, so as to present a most with black, so as to present a beautiful and captivating appear- most beautiful and captivating ance. The hackles of the rump appearance. The hackles of the are long and drooping, and of a rump are long aid drooping, and golden-reddish color. The comb of a golden reddish color. The and wattles are large and single ; comb and wattles are large and legs large, yellow, and destitute of single ; legs large, yellow, and feathers; tail long and drooping, destitute of feathers; tail long and with rich glossy plumage. The drooping, with rich glossy plu- gait is lively and majestic ; in a mage. ' The gait is lively andr word, it is the handsomest of any majestic ; in a word, it is the of the large breeds, and should be handsomest of any of the large classed with the best varieties, breeds, and should be classed with The hens are of a bright yellow the best varieties. The hens are- and glossy brown, good layers, of a bright yellow awl glossy good nurses, and very domestic, brown, good layers, good nurses. The eggs are rather large, well- and very domestic . The eggs flavored, and of a pale-reddish are rather large, well-flavored, color. Their flesh is very fine, for and of a pale reddish color. Their so large a fowl, flesh is very fine, for so large a fowl.” Of game fowls, Dr. B. claims to have produced a new and superior breed, which he denominates the “ Yankee game fowl.” He gives of this “breed”' what he calls a “portrait taken from life.” He says, “this fowl was originally produced between the Plymouth Rock and Indian Game hen.” As some may inquire — what is the Plymouth Rock fowl? I give Dr. B.’s account of its origin. “The Ply- month Rock fowl is in reality, one half Cochin-Chi¬ na, one-fourth Fawn-colored Dorking, one-eighth Great Malay, and one-eighth Wild Indian ; having five primitive bloods, Shanghae, Malay, Game, Turkish, and Indian.” [page 77.] Will he tell us the proportion of these “ primitive bloods,” and other blood in the “ Yankee Game breed?” But does Dr. Bennett mean that the fowls to which he applies the term “primitive” are really an original, distinct, and pure stock ? This certainly would be a legitimate inference from the term. But if we turn to the chapter on “Breeding Fowls,” page 194, we find it stated, point-blank, that — ■“ All the breeds in this country are crosses produced by accident or design .” A variety of fowls is described by Dr. Bennett, accompanied by a cut, as the “English Raven fowl.” I have never before seen or heard of any variety of fowls under this name. Like the fabulous Shakebags, the white fowl with a black top-knot, and all the new-fangled imaginary varieties, “the pure bloods” we are told “arc very rare.” In regard to the Dorking fowl, Dr. Bennett has formerly talked of there being several breeds; thus in his “Essay on the Domestic Fowl, written exclu¬ sively for the Boston Cultivator” — and which con¬ stituted the chief ground- work of his “Poultry Book,” he spoke of the “Pearl-white Dorking,” the “Fawn colored Dorking/’ ‘ ‘ Dappled Dorking,” &e ; but in his hook, though he gives a cut and description of the “Fawn-colored Dorking,” he comes to the conclusion that “it is really a misno¬ mer,” and that the “white and speckled are the only pure varieties” — all others being “hybirds.” He gives us the authority of L. F. Allen, that the Dork¬ ings have “both double and single combs,” but a few pages further along says for himself, “ it should be remembered that all pure Dorkings have rose combs ” &c. Passing over Dr. B/s description of several vari eties, without stopping to comment on many of his vague and undefineable ideas, we come to the Po- 1350. THE CULTIVATOR. 267 lisli, or Top-Knot fowls, of which we are presented with some striking original illustrations. The skill of the “artist,” prompted by the ingenuity of Dr. Bennett, has brought out a cut of the white fowl with a black top-knot, which, if it ever exist¬ ed, is considered by most late writers as having been long extinct. Dr. B. says — “This variety of Polish fowl is the most pure and unmixed of the three; it is indeed, the uncontaminated descendant of the great fowl of St. Jago. Its color is a brilliant white with a jet black top-knot.” He states that various applications have been made to persons in Germany and Poland to procure speci¬ mens of this breed at any cost, but that the answers were, “they were no longer to be had.” He re¬ marks — “I have never myself seen a specimen of the breed, and have every reason to suppose it to be extinct or nearly so.” And yet, as if to confound his own language, he says in the next paragraph-— “Of this variety there are some beautiful specimens in this country!” Dr. B. speaks of the “Dominique fowl” as a “very perfect breed,” adding that he has “never seen the least variation in their appearance for the last thirty years. * * * Why it is that no perfect bloods should have escaped description by poulter¬ ers, I am unable to divine.” But suppose the question is asked — what consti¬ tutes a Dominique fowl ? It may not be easy to give a definite answer; but it will probably be said that the term Dominique applies to fowls of a par¬ ticular color. It is a fact, however, that the mark¬ ings of plumage which have given rise to the appli¬ cation of this term, are not confined to one breed, but are found among several breeds. They are very frequently seen among the common fowls, usu- ually called “Dunghills,” and have been met with in fowls imported as Dorkings, as well as in the Jersey Blues, &c ; so that Dominiques may be said to occur in many breeds, but of themselves are no breed at all. Dr. B. closes his descriptive list of thirty -three varieties of fowls, with the “African Bantam,” of which he says- — “They are the best of all the Ban¬ tam race, yet I have never seen them described in the books on ornithology.” No! and he never will, till men who know nothing of “ornithology” make “the books!” From the space which this article has already occupied, I am induced to pass without notice, Dr. Bennett’s vagaries in regard to turkies, geese, ducks, &e. , together with those parts of his work relating to the management of poultry, and proceed to an examination of his remarks on “Breeding Fowls,” though I shall not attempt a detailed crit¬ icism of the chapter. Dr. B. observes, in the outset, that in the treat¬ ment of this subject generally, “there is a loose and indefinite use of terms, which serves only to dis¬ tract and confuse the inquirer.” If I am not mis¬ taken, the readers of Dr. Bennett’s book, may with propriety complain of the “loose and indefinite use of terms” — not less in this chapter than in the parts of the work already noticed. For example, he pretends to lay down certain “physiological princi¬ ples,” which, he thinks, if “well understood and faithfully applied, will prove of great value.” The first of these principles is as follows: “ When animals differing in order, genus, and species cohabit, no offspring results.” Now what a strange compounding of terms does this proposition comprise! And the sense is so obscure that it is doubtful what idea it was intended to convey. If the meaning is that animals of different orders are incapable of producing an intermediate offspring, it will be admitted; but of what use are the terms genus and species in this connexion? Animals of different orders, must of course be of different genera and species. The effect of this “loose use of terms” therefore, can only be to “distract and confuse the inquirer.” Again, though the proposition be admitted as correct , so far as it relates to orders, it is incorrect in its relation to genera and species ; for offspring is sometimes produced between animals of different genera, and not unfrequently between those of dif¬ ferent species. Thus Dr. Morton says — -“ Hybrid- ity occurs not only among different species, but among different genera; and the cross-breeds have been prolific in both cases.”* For instance, the Guinea-fowl, which belongs to the genus Numida, and the common fowl, genus Gallus , have been known to breed together. I have myself seen hybirds which were the result of this union; and Dr. Morton mentions two which he had seen, and refers to three others of which he had heard. f Dr. Bennett’s second proposition is, that with “animals of the same order, differing in genus and species, the progeny is sterile in the first genera¬ tion , as with the mule, the mongrel-goose,” 8tc. By “ mule,” it is supposed he means the joint offspring of the horse and ass; but what naturalist regards those animals as “differing in genus?” Or is this only to be received as part of a new clas¬ sification which the learned Doctor intends to in¬ troduce? Again, Dr. Bennett cites the “mongrel goose” (as if there was only one mongrel goose,) as an example of sterility. What is a mongrel? Webster’s definition (which is within reach of all) is “an animal of mixed breed.” But are all geese which are of “mixed breed,” or all “ mongrels” sterile? “Looseness of terms,” indeed! The Canadian wild goose and the common domestic goose, are of distinct species, and their joint offspring are pro¬ perly mules. They do not breed. Dr. Bennett’s third proposition is, that with “an¬ imals of the same order and genus, differing in species or variety, only, the progeny becomes barren, in the second generation , as with the mulattoes.” Well, if the “natives” are not astonished at this, the Doctor may give up! The progeny of animals “ differing in species or variety only , becomes bar¬ ren in the second generation!” What gloomy phi¬ losophy! How soon must vanish from earth those transcendent fowls, the “Yankee Games,” the “Plymouth Rocks,” the “Pride of Indias,” &c., — all crosses of different varieties. Yet Dr. Bennett, in another part of this chapter, tells us — “The best breeding is to cross or mix the races. This process improves the breeds in every respect. The best mixture is the Yankee Game with the Cochin-China fowls. This produces a race [?] of equal proportions of Wild Indian Game, Spanish Game, Chittagong, and Shanghae. Such a mixture gives great size, fine flesh and brilliant plumage; and at the same time the breed, [not “race” as above] will be very prolific /” [p. 202.] Whether Dr. B. regards whites and negroes as of different species, or only different varieties, does not appear, and I have no occasion to enter on the discussion of the question. His conclusion in respect to mulattoes, I leave to the observation of others without comment. Dr. B.’s fourth and last proposition has no special connexion with the main subject, and if it had it is * Sillman’s Journal, vol. Ill, p. 212. t Ibid. p. 204. THE CULTIVATOR. 268 Aua. of a character which would prevent its insertion here. As before remarked, it is impracticable to notice all the strange things in this boasted uvade mecum,” and many are passed over. I shall merely call attention to one or two more passages. Dr. Bennett attempts to show that in certain cases in-and-in breeding may be practiced “with perfect impunity.’7 These cases are where the breed is pure. Thus, he says, — “if the breed is ,pure, as with the rabbit , you can breed close,’7 &c. Are all rabbits of one breed? Or if not, are all rabbits of 'pure breed? Under the head of “Preserving the Distinctive Breeds,” Dr. Bennett presents us with the follow¬ ing paradox: “When a fowl exhibits any special marks indica¬ tive of afl the races or breeds from which the cross originated, it is a sure evidence of extraordinary purity of blood, and of the superior excellence of the race.” [p. 201.] Now, if this “loose and indefinite use of terms,” does not “distract and confuse the inquirer,” it must, at least, excite in his mind both astonishment and disgust! “Special marks indicative of” a mixture of “races or breeds,” are “sure evidence of extraordinary purity of blood!!” If the above paragraph had appeared in the 11 Asylum Journal,” among specimens of the composition of insane per¬ sons, who would have regarded it as out of place? Or who can say that it is appropriate to any other place? The work closes with an appendix, which seems chiefly designed to show that some new light had been obtained in regard to fowls after the matter had been principally prepared. Thus the Chitta- gongs, with a description of which the book is com¬ menced, have became the “ Imperial” Chittagongs in the appendix. The closing paragraph indicates that we have not yet reached the* end of this hum- buggery and imposition. The credulous public is enjoined to hold fast, like the old woman who fired off- the musket containing seven charges, as “there are more to come yet.” “Subsequent editions of this work will be em¬ bellished with portraits from life, by the same dis¬ tinguished artist, F. A. Durivage, Esq., of my Pride of India fowl, from my own stock; my South American Eagle fowl, (a very rare and singular bird,) from the stock of J. Jacob Bower, Esq., of Baltimore, and now in the possession of Mr. Wil¬ liam Nickerson, of Plymouth ; the Java Game Fowl, from the stock of Mr. George C. Pierce, of Dan¬ vers; and numerous other rare and choice breeds, (a full history of sixty different breeds and vari¬ eties being promised by Mr. Bower alone ;) and will contain an additional fund of practical matter from some of the best breeders in this and foreign coun¬ tries, with whom the author is in correspondence.” With this I leave Dr. Bennett’s “Poultry Book,” though not because all its ridiculous absurdities and palpable contradictions have been pointed out. The book abounds with those of similar character. If any apology is necessary for the space I have devo¬ ted to this extraordinary production, it is to be found in the fact, that people who have no opportunity of knowing, beforehand, the character of the work, are induced to purchase it. If my remarks shall tend to prevent the outlay of money for that which is, in many respects, worse than useless, they will, at least, do the public some service. Obser¬ ver. tCr* Beware of little expenses, a small leak will sink a great ship. fiortimltnral Skpartnunt CONDUCTED BY J. 3. THOMAS. French Names of Fruits. The name “ Fondante d,AuiomneTT is pronounced at least one hundred thousand times annually in this country, of which at least ninety thousand are bad French, hybrid French, or awkward anglicisms. Very few of our fruit raisers understand French pronunciation ; and when they meet with foreign names, they encounter them quite as awkwardly as a Moor would manage a printing press, or a Bur- man one of McCormick’s reapers. The evil of these names, it is true, is not very serious, but they are rendered exceedingly inconvenient by their con¬ stant occurrence in use. All, except the few who wish to be modish, desire some way of escaping this continual annoyance. These names should be modified or altered. Some of them, such as Belle Lucrative, Passe Colmar, Fo- relle, Crassane and others, the sound of which is somewhat similar in both tongues, will assume a modified English pronunciation, like Jargonelle and Bonchretien. But there are others, not quite so easily passed, such as Beurre Gris d’Hiver Nou¬ veau, Sucree d’ Hoyerswerda, Helices d’ Hardenpont , and Jalousie d’ Fontenay Vendee. Some of these sorts are likely to become generally cultivated — but the names are really terrific, and cannot possibly be retained. Who shall alter them? No single in¬ dividual should ever think of setting about coining new names for old fruits. But the case is quite different with a large body of intelligent men. Who would be more competent than the American Pomological Congress? Ought not this body to take up the subject, and propose a revised list at their next session? To make this suggestion a lit¬ tle more distinct, let us take up a few names, and propose how they might be altered, or translated in¬ to English, or abridged, leaving for others to amend and enlarge these suggestions: — For Fondante d’Automne, we might say, Autumn Melting . 44 Paradise d’Aut07nne, “ “ Autumn Paradise. 44 Beurre Gris d’Hiver Nouveau , “ Grey Winter Beurre . “ Beurre d’ Aremberg, u 44 Aremberg. 44 Bonchretien Fondante , “ 44 Melting Bonchretien. 44 Buchesse d’Angouleme , 44 44 Angoideme. 44 Beurre Biel, 44 “ Biel. 44 Glout Morceau, 44 44 Morceau. We shall leave the name Louise Bonne of Jersey , for some one of greater ingenuity to re-model. In many instances, the simple translation of the foreign name might be at once adopted, as for Boyenne d’Ete , say Summer Boyenne Rambour d’Ete , 4i Summer Rambo. Muscat Petit , u Little Musk. Rousselet Hatif, 11 Early Rousselet. Franc Real d’Ete, u Summer Franc Real. Bergamotte Suisseu Suriss Bergamot. Pourpree Native, 44 Early Purple. Violette Native, 44 Early Violet. Labels— Timely Hint. “A nurseryman,” says S. W. Cole, “lost $500 by budding from a falsely marked tree before it bore.” Another nurseryman sold several hundred trees of the Black Mazzard for the Napoleon Big- arreau, by a similar mistake in marking one lor the other. Thousands of trees were set out last spring, by purchasers all over the country, and the labels are neglected and are becoming lost. Now a great deal of the present confusion in the nomenclature of fruits originated in this way. Nothing was thought of the names till the trees began to bear. Curiosity was then excited, conjecture was substi- 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 269 tuted for knowledge, and innumerable mistakes were made and multiplied. Where trees have been set out in rows, it is very easy to register the names one by one in each suc¬ cessive row, in a book kept for that purpose, which 1 2 3 4. S 6 7 8 9 o may be referred to at any moment for fifty years to come. This, therefore, is the first thing to be done, and should not be neglected another day by any one who abhors confusion. To indicate the number of each tree, and save the trouble of counting the row, wood labels may be sus¬ pended to a side branch by means of a strong cop¬ per wire, made in large loop so as not soon to cut the bark. The numbers may be cut into the labels with a knife, by following the above marks, last¬ ing a great number of years, or as long as the wood remains. (Fi< a.) When these numbers are cut into the label (Fig. b.) they are read from the suspended end, by which no mistake is made. The name may be written with a pencil on white paint, on the re¬ verse side of this label, and when in the course of years it becomes obliterated, it may be at once re¬ stored by referring to the perma¬ nently cut numbers. A very simple and original label for numbering trees, which will last a life time, is made of large copper wire, with the numbers marked with a three-cornered file, as shown by fig. c. The wire is twisted round a side limb as in Fig. d. These labels are made and mar¬ ked with great ra¬ pidity. Durable labels, containing the full name, are conveni¬ ently made by cutting strips of sheet lead aboutS inches long,3-4ths of an inch wide at one end, and tapering to a point at the other. A hole is punched through at the middle, and the smaller end is brought round the branch, and secured by drawing it through the hole and giving it a twist. Fig. e. f. The letters are to be previously stamped into the lead by printer’s type. Sheet tin may be used instead of lead, using a sharp awl to write the name by cutting through the tin coating, ox¬ idation soon rendering the letters distinct. Early Notices ol the Curculio. The Curculio is a native of the United States, and I believe not known on the Eastern Continent. I have turned to the great “Natural History of New-York,” but find nothing on Entomology, and presume that this important field has not been ex¬ plored under the patronage of the State. How far this destructive insect has been found to the east, west, north, and south,-— would be an interesting inquiry ; and I would feel thankful to any of your correspondents for contributing such information in regard to its limits, as they may happen to possess. In Darlington’s 11 Memorial of John Bartram ,” lately published, I find the following notice from Peter Collinson of London, dated “ March 14, 1736-7,” in which he refers to J. B.’s “very parti¬ cular account how your plums are destroyed by an insect. Pray change the stock, and graft plums and nectarines on peach stocks, which being a vi¬ gorous, free stock, and not liable to these insects, may succeed better. Pray try; I have a great opi¬ nion of its succeeding.” A project evidently so ineffective, led me at first to doubt whether the Curculio was the insect refer¬ red to; but letters of a later date, clearly settle this question. J. Bartram (“April 16, 1746,”) speaks of the sloe, “which we have had in the country these fifty years. I plant them about my hedges, where it grows to a large size. The blossoms are prodi¬ gious full, but never one ripe fruit. They were bit with the insect, as all our stone fruit is, but the peaches ; and some kinds of cherries overgrow them.” It would appear from what follows that the pro¬ posed remedy was not very cordially received by the American Botanist, — for in reply to some remarks wdiich are now probably lost, P. Collinson says, (April 24, 1746,”) “Though thou canst not see, yet I have told thee what inoculating on a peach stock may do. If I am not out in my conjecture — as it is a free stock, and sends up its sap plentifully, it may assist the nec¬ tarine and apricot at a seasonwhen supplies are wan¬ ting. As thou has tried the north side of buildings, and sides of water courses, &c., to no purpose with plums, pray give the other fruits as fair a chance. “To prevent the depredations of the Beetle, I confess, is not so easy as some other bad effects ; yet as we know the duration of this insect is but short, if while he is so noxious, some contrivance could be found out to disturb or destroy him, you then might hope to taste a nectarine, — one of the most delicious fruits in the universe, and much exceeds a peach, in a rich vinous-flavored juice. And an apricot is also one of the fine fruits. Last year, our standards were overloaded, which were allowed to excel the wall fruit. “ Suppose as soon as this beetle is discovered, if the trees -were to be smoked, with burning straw under them, or at some distance, so as to fumigate their branches at a time the beetles are most liable to attack the fruit ; or if the trees were to be squirt¬ ed on by a hand engine, with water in which tobac¬ co leaves were soaked ; either of these two me¬ thods, I should think, if they did not totally pre¬ vent, yet at least would secure so much of these fine fruits as would be worth the labor of people of circumstances, who are curious to taste these deli- delicious fruits in perfection. “ I take it, the reason the plum succeeds so well, is the frequent shaking the trees, by being planted in a frequented place. The beetles are tumbled off, 270 THE CULTIVATOR. or else are disturbed, and frightened from settling on the trees. ” In a paper read before the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, in the summer of 1789, William Bartbam particularly and scientifically described the curculio; and adds “ Many methods have been thought of and practiced to remedy the evil, but none have as yet been attended with success.” “During my travels southward (from Pennsylva¬ nia. to Florida) I had sufficient opportunities to ob¬ serve that the fruit trees on the sea coast and brack¬ ish water, were free from the ravages of this de¬ structive insect ; this suggested to me an idea that the saline vapors were pernicious to them, and hence I imagined that if we were to go to the tri¬ fling expense of showering our choicest fruit trees with a weak solution of common sea salt, once or twice a week, it might answer the same end of pre¬ serving the fruit. But this is only a conjecture, having never made the experiment. ” In 1808, W. Bartram furnished the following: “The spring following, I put the experiment of showering a plum tree on trial, with a weak solution of sea salt dissolved in water ; but being too strong of salt, most of the leaves and fruit fell off in conse¬ quence of it, otherwise the experiment might have produced the desired effect, as what fruit remained were not touched by the insect, though small and disfigured by the strength of the brine; yet a few arrived to their natural size and ripened, so that I am induced to believe that with care in tempering the solution, it will be found to be the best and cheapest remedy against the ravages and increase of those pernicious insects yet discovered. It should be so weak as just to taste of salt.” Dr. Tilton, who wrote about the beginning of this century, says — “ There is no surer protection against the Curculio than a pavement. This how¬ ever is only applicable to a few trees.” It was believed both by William Bartram and Dr. Tilton that the Curculio infested the pear and apple, as well as stone fruit; and that it continued its work through the summer into autumn. It appears how¬ ever that this notion is unfounded. In 1831, the late Judge Darling of New Haven, Ct., stated in the the New-York Farmer, that this insect ceased from its labors early in the 7th month; and that the worm which infests the apple becomes a moth or miller. On reading this statement, I repeated his experi¬ ment without delay, by putting these worms with a part of the apple, among moist earth in a tumbler, and covered it with a piece of window glass. In due time, the perfect insect came forth, very differ¬ ent indeed from the Curculio, and fully confirming Judge Darling’s statement. D. Thomas. Great- field, Cayuga co., 6 mo. 29, 1850. Notes on New Cherries. Boyer’s Early Heart. — This has been suppo¬ sed by some to be identical with the Early White Heart. But from careful and repeated examina¬ tion the present year, there are evidently several points of difference. Boyer’s Early Heart is ear¬ lier, but it may not prove always so; it is larger, superior in flavor, and its stone is smaller. Sweedish. — This variety, from Dr. Kirtland of Cleveland, has fruited for several successive years. It is regarded by F. R. Elliott (in the Proceedings of the Syracuse Fruit Convention,) as identical with the Early White Heart. There is evidently a great similarity in flavor, and the period of ripening is about the same; but the strikingly rugose or wrin¬ kled surface of the Sweedish, distinguishes it from all other sorts of its season. Aug. The Early Purple Guigne, so far, maintains its position as the best of the earliest cherries. It ripens with the May Bigarreau, two weeks earlier than the Black Tartarian. It is about the size of the Black Heart, or one half larger than the May Bigarreau, and is far superior to the latter in flavor. Dr. Kirtland’s New Seedling. — Several of these have borne in Western New-York, and most of them maintain the high character given to them by F. R. Elliott of Cleveland, who introduced them. After another year’s trial, we may safely speak of them more particularly. Red Antwerp Raspberry. This variety of the Raspberry, (the genuine, large fruited,) in common with most other sorts, succeeds to perfection on strong, deep, and rich soils. On light gravelly or sandy soils, we have rarelyobtained good crops. Under the most favorable circumstances, it becomes a profuse bearer. It has been cultivated with great success at Milton, in Ul¬ ster county, N. Y. S. A. Barratt, of that place, made the following state¬ ment before the American Pomological Congress, which was corroborated by others present: — “In productiveness, it Red, Antwerp. was unsurpassed by any. It bore long in succession, and in ordinary seasons could be gathered for five weeks. As a market fruit, it was better than any other variety, bearing carriage very well, and not being exceeded by any in flavor. It sold in New-York for about twenty- two cents a quart, and from three-quarters of an acre he had realised $330, at an average of ten cents per basket. There was a cultivator in his neighborhood who obtained $1500 worth from three acres, and that, in a very unfavorable season of on¬ ly three weeks instead of five. To insure a crop, it required to be protected during the winter by drawing down the ends, and covering them with earth. About three acres would afford as many raspberries as could well be cared for. He had known the ends to live in severe winters. although un¬ covered, but that was in very favorable situations.” Strawberries. In answer to an inquiry, “ Can strawberries be profitably set out after the present period of the year, and what are the best varieties for market as well as home use,” we may briefly state that the spring of the year is decidedly the best time for transplanting, and next, soon after midsummer, or about the time that the second growth commences, when the crop has been gath¬ ered. Strict care must, however, be taken at the latter period, to prevent perishing by drouth. Wa¬ tering, merely, will not answer. The best way is to immerse the roots in thick mud, set them out, water them freely to settle the earth compactly, and then to cover the soil about them two or three inch¬ es thick with old manure. This keeps the soil open and moist. A free watering once or twice after¬ wards upon this manure, as the soil on examination appears to need it, will benefit the plants, and not harden or crack the surface. This method has suc¬ ceeded perfectly in the driest part of midsummer without the loss of a single plant. Strawberries set 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 271 out after the first of autumn, are liable to be thrown out by winter frost. South and west, the best variety perhaps, for market, is the Cincinnati Hudson. It flourishes and bears profusely with very moderate care. In N. England it does not flourish quite so well. Ho- vey’s Seedling makes the finest show after it has been picked, but is not sufficiently productive under ordinary treatment. The sort most generally pre¬ ferred for its delicious quality, and not even except¬ ing Swainstone’s Seedling, is Burr’s New Pine. It is rather large, quite productive, but too delicate in texture to carry to market. The Large Early Scarlet is the best very early sort, and the Dundee a fine late variety. Boston Pine if kept in hills, is large, fine in quality, and very productive. Black Prince is a fine, mild flavored sort, large and tole¬ rably productive. _ _ _ Disagreement of Doctors. There arc some fruits whose qualities meet with almost universal approval, while there are others about which there is a most singular diversity of opinion. One of the most striking instan¬ ces of the latter, is furnished by the dis¬ cussions on the Black Prince strawberry, as reported in the Proceedings of the Second Congress of Fruit Growers: “Mr. Saul propo¬ sed to add to the list of strawberries the Bloch Prince. Black Prince. . He had known it for ten years, and esteemed it the highest flavored of all. It was a very good bearer, remarkably hardy and endured the the winter much better than most other varieties. It had as many desirable qualities as any he knew of. “Mr. Downing had great pleasure in bearing testimony to the good qualities of this strawberry. He preferred its flavor to that of any other variety. It was, as Mr. Saul had said, a hardy and an ex¬ cellent bearer, and the berries were large and hand¬ some. He could safely recommend it. “Mr. Lines had procured it on Mr. Downing’s abundant bearer, with a handsome berry ; but it was the most insipid fruit he ever tasted. He was surprised that so handsome a berry should be so tasteless. The fruit would hardly bear gathering, it melted so easily in the fingers. “Col. Hodge had fruited it for three or four years, Its flavor was not so good and the crop not so abun¬ dant with him as other gentlemen seemed to have found them. “Mr. Hamilton said that with him it was one of the very best, and certainly had the highest flavor of any. “Mr. Manice had it from Mr. Downing, and found it the poorest strawberry he had ever culti¬ vated. “Mr. Miller considered it at the head of all in point of flavor. “Mr. Battey, of Keeseville, N. Y., had been much disappointed in the quality of this fruit. It was worthless, dry and insipid, and with him the plant was a poor bearer. “Mr. S. B. Parsons last year thought it first rate, but this year it was poor with him. “Mr. Barry said it was a beautiful colored ber¬ ry, and one of the highest flavor, but it was a small bearer. For amateurs it was an indispensable va¬ riety, but it would not do as a market fruit. “Mr. C. Downing regarded it as the highest flavored strawberry he ever tasted, and one of the best varieties. He grew it on a light, sandy loam . Mr. Hancock had tried it four or five years, but it had never succeeded with him.” The truth appears to be that this variety is liable to be more affected by soil and treatment than many other sorts; and the flavor, being very mild, and the fruit exceedingly delicate, unless these qualities are well developed, the fruit becomes by a single step, at once insipid. Besides this, many persons greatly prefer a rich acid to a mild delicate fruit, and hence under any circumstances, would not admire the Black Prince. Unfavorable Localities of Fruits. S. W. Cole, of the N. E. Farmer, makes the following objections to a part of the select list of fruits adopted by the American Pomological Con¬ gress, so far as they have been tried in parts of New England. Early Harvest — Slow grower, poor bearer, fruit liable to crack and blast. American Summer Pearmain — Very liable to blast. Early Strawberry— Too small for market— -some¬ times affected with blight. Fall Pippin — Very liable to blast — -far less pro¬ fitable than some others. Fameuse— -Does not succeed well in warm loca¬ tions-— not of high quality — beauty its greatest ex¬ cellence. Winesap — Too small for market — better for cider and cooking than for the table. Lady Apple — Very small, very beautiful, tolera¬ bly good, often imperfect. Wine Apple of Coxe — Tolerably good, but oth¬ ers better for the same season. Vandevere — Hardly known in New-England — be¬ lieved to be liable to blast and bitter rot. Swaar — Fine in New-York, but in N. England light and corky at core. St. Ghislain Pear. The editor of the N. E. Farmer, states that the “finest looking ” fruit he ever saw of this variety, was grown on a stock of English White thorn, and trained on a building. This pear, usually quite small, was thus grown large enough to sell well in market. It is well known to be a sort greatly af¬ fected in size and quality by the^ulture it gets, and this mode of doubling its magnitude is doubtless worthy of trial. Peeling the bark of the Cherry. George Jaques, of Worcester, Mass., in a let¬ ter dated June 10, 1850, gives the following results of experiments on cherry trees. “ Some experiments in peeling the outer bark of the cherry have suc¬ ceeded with me admirably. The change from smooth bark to rough bark, is a crisis in the life of a tree seemingly almost as perilous as that through which some of the animated creation are compelled to pass- — in their change from youth to adult age. This disbarking process suits the wants of the cher¬ ry, and also of the pear, so far as I have extended my experiments; but I am not yet prepared to speak positively, till further experiments are matu¬ red.” 272 THE CULTIVATOR. Aug. NEW RAILROAD HORSE POWER AND FEED MILL. The above cut represents a new Horse Power, re¬ cently brought into notice by Messrs. Emery & Co., of the Albany Agricultural Works. It is on the general plan of the approved endless chain pow¬ ers sold by them for several years past. The prin¬ cipal difference is in the manner of obtaining and applying the power and motion from the revolving platform to the shaft of the driving pulley. This Power, as will be readily seen in the cut, has the revolving plank platform, traversing upon its own friction wheels and iron Railroad Track. At the forward end, this platform is supported by its small shafts upon an iron reel, about sixteen in¬ ches in diameter— the shaft of this reel extending beyond the sides of the frame work sufficiently to receive a strong converge or internal gear, about twenty-four inches in diameter, as seen in the cut. The shaft of the driving pulley, (which pulley is three feet in diameter,) is hung in like manner, with the small gear upon one end, operating inside the converge gear before described, and consequent¬ ly receives an increased motion in the same direction, and. carries the driving pulley on the opposite side of the power for driving the Overshot Thresher, with¬ out crossing of bands or intermediate gearing. The converge wheel is so arranged as to work on either side of the power, as may be desirable. This arrangement entirely removes all liability of breakage and wear of links and pinions (heretofore unavoidable,) as the direct stress upon the links working over small pinions is wholly avoided; and they are acknowledged by those using them to run with lighter friction, which it is said enables the power to be operated at a less elevation than by the former mode. The arrangement for tightening the endless platform by means of a joint bolt eonnect- •ng with the bearings of the reel shaft, is new, and is a very simple and effectual mode of effecting this object, as it may be instantly done by a common wrench without stopping the machine. The plat¬ form is considerably longer than usual, avoiding the liability of large or unsteady horses stepping over or off at either end. The above cut also represents a valuable mill , ca¬ pable of being driven with this power to good ad¬ vantage, for grinding food for stock. A considera¬ ble number have been sold for several years past, and answer a good purpose. They are cheap, cost¬ ing but $35, with one extra set of grinding plates, — (new plates costing $2 per set.) and are capable of grinding 600 to 800 bushels per sett, according to the fineness to which it is ground. These are also made and sold by Emery & Co. * Kendall’s Cheese-Press. Patented, July 15, 1843. The above cut represents an approved cheese press for which the New-York State Ag. Society awarded the first premium in 1848, and is, we learn, generally used in the counties of Herkimer, Oneida, &c., in this state. Its construction is a combina¬ tion of levers working together, and so arranged as to give any desired amount of pressure. A suspend¬ ed weight of twenty pounds, being sufficient to give a pressure of ten tons. They can be had of Eme¬ ry & Co., of the Albany Agricultural Warehouse. Price $15. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 273 SEYMOUR’S GRAIN DRIER. machine is manufactured by P. Seymour, of East Bloomfield. On- county, N. Y. It received a premium at the State Fair at Syra- as the best grain drill capable of depositing fine manures with the seed. It sows wheat, oats, barley, corn, beans, peas, &e., and is also capable of sowing with the seed plaster, lime and ashes. It can be changed in a few minutes from a drill to a broadcast sower. We have heard this machine recommended by per¬ sons who have used it. The price, with nine teeth, is $80; with seven teeth, $70; garden drill $50. For further particulars, see advertisement. The accompanying cuts represent the ap¬ pearance of wheat sown both by the drill and broadcast, at the time of ripening. It will be noticed that the height of that sown broadcast is very uneven, while the upright position of many of the heads, indi¬ cates that they are light, not being well fil¬ led. We have before expressed the opin¬ ion that the introduction of the drill system Wheat sown Broadcast. would be an important desideratum. Wheat sown with a Drill. The above cut represents a labor and time saving implement, used extensively in several states where it has been introduced. It is light, weighing about fifteen pounds. As represented in the engraving, the binder takes the handles and pushes it before him, with the points of the teeth or fingers close upon the ground, and when he has gathered on the fingers a sufficient quantity for binding into a sheaf, he places his foot upon the foot piece, (a.) and by a slight pressure, and by letting go the handles, the fingers and grain are raised above the stubble, when it is readily bound, the binder being required to stoop much less than in the old way of reaching to the ground. When the sheaf is bound and thrown aside, the foot is removed from the foot-piece, ( a .) the teeth drop down, and the handles rise ready for the next operation. The wheels are about eighteen inches high, and it is easily pushed before the bind¬ er. The width between the wheels is sufficient for the longest grain. It is for sale at Emery 8c Co.’s Warehouse. Price from 3 to 4 dollars. Number of Grains in a Bushel of Wheat. — A writer in the North British Agriculturist states that the number of grains in a bushel of wheat weighing 62 lbs. is upwards of 630,000. Sowing Wheat in Drills. — A Scotch farmer estimates the increase of crop from sowing wheat in drills, instead of broad-cast, at an average of one-fourth to one-third. VCr* He who falls in love with himself will find no rivals. 274 THE CULTIVATOR Aug, JTeui-lJork State 2tgrtaxltnral Sodetp. New- York State Fair. The grounds belonging to the Bull’s Head tavern, on the Albany and Troy road, have been selected for the next fair. The necessary fixtures and ar¬ rangements, which are on a convenient and extensive scale, will be completed indue season, and we have every reason to anticipate an exhibition which will in all respects vie with any previously made by the society. It will commence on Tuesday the 3d of September, and close on Friday the 6th. All exhib¬ itors are required to have their articles or animals entered on the Secretary’s books, on or before the first day mentioned, and all articles and animals, except horses, must be brought within the enclosure as early as 12 o’clock on that day. Hay, litter and water for stock will be furnished on the ground without charge. Exhibitors must become members of the society, for which a fee of one dollar will be required. The second day will be devoted to ex¬ aminations by the awarding committees, but the grounds will not be opened, except to members of the society, till the third day, September 5th, at which time tickets admitting one person will be sold at the Treasurer’s office, on the grounds, at 12£ cts. each. Particulars in regard to all the regulations, may be learned from the pamphlets comprising the pre¬ mium list, &c., which may be had gratis on appli¬ cation to the Secretary, B. P. Johnson, Esq. Al¬ bany. Liberal premiums are offered for horses, cat¬ tle and sheep from without the state, and the premiums for agricultural implements, machin¬ ery, experiments, essays, &c., are open to un¬ limited competition. The annual address will be delivered under the Society’s tent on the grounds on Friday afternoon. Evening meetings will be held during the fair, for the discussion of agricultural subjects. At the meeting of the Executive Committee, July 11th, it was on motion of Judge Van Bergen, Resolved, That an invitation be extended to the Members of Congress, to attend the Fair of the Society to beheld in Sept. next. On motion of Mr. Tucker, Resolved, That hereafter, the name of the person entering stock or articles for exhibition, as well as the No. of the entry, be inserted on the cards to be placed upon the animals or articles offered for competition The following correspondence between the Pres¬ ident of the Society, and the late President of the United States, was read. At the time these letters were written, hopes were entertained that our late Chief Magistrate would be present at the coming exhibition; but these hopes have been destroyed by the afflictive dispensation which has clad the nation in mourning. Mount Hope, Albany, May 18, 1850. His Excellency , Z. Taylor, President U. S. Sir — The New-York State Agricultural Society was greatly disappointed that the state of your Ex¬ cellency’s health did not allow you to become its guest at Syracuse last autumn. The Society and Farmers of New-York, however, flattering them¬ selves that their disappointment was attributable only to temporary indisposition, had hoped that the welcome they had prepared for their Chief Ma¬ gistrate was only postponed — not lost. Acting as their organ, as the presiding officer of the State Society, and in accordance with an unani¬ mous vote passed at the last meeting of its Ex. Board, I have now the honor of repeating the invi¬ tation for their show, to be held during the first week in September next. You sir, have taken too deep an interest in the great objects to which the Society is devoted, to make it necessary for me to say more than to assure your Excellency, that no part of this great Republic could give you a more cordial reception, than will await you at this Great Farmer’s Festival. I am, sir, with great respect, &c. E. P. PRENTICE, Pres’t. St. Ag. Soc. Washington, July 5, 1850. E. P. Prentice, Esq. Albany, N. Y.: Sir: — I have duly received your favors of May 18th and June 25th, the former wishing me to at¬ tend the Annual Fair of the N. Y. State Agricultu¬ ral Society in September next, the latter kindly ask¬ ing my company at your house on that occasion. In the extreme uncertainty attending the adjourn¬ ment of Congress, until which event I cannot leave the seat of Government, I find it quite impossible to give any assurances in regard to my presence at the State Fair. I was greatly disappointed when circumstances prevented my attendance at the Fair of last year, and it is my hope this season to have the gratification of witnessing a similar exhibition. Unless prevented by an extraordinary prolongation of the session of Congress, or by other circumstan¬ ces, not now foreseen, I shall certainly comply with the invitation which you have extended me, as President of the Agricultural Society. I fear, however, that I shall be obliged to decline your very kind request, that I should make your house my home during my attendance at the Fair. It will hardly be in my power to accept any private invitations, but should I do so, that of Gov. Fish, which I some time since received, would have the strongest claim upon my attention. With many thanks for your hospitable offer, I remain, very truly, yours. Z. TAYLOR. Subsequently to the receipt of the above letter from Gen. Taylor, the melancholy tidings of his death, have been announced, and in reference to this event, the Executive Committee adopted the following resolutions: Resolved, That we have heard with sincere regret of the decease of his Excellency, Zachary Taylor, President of the United States, and that we partici¬ pate with our fellow citizens in the grief which is felt at the sudden loss of one who was distinguished in the various stations to which he had been called by a firm self-sacrificing devotion to the interests of his country, and whose attachment to the cause of agriculture is so warmly expressed in the foregoing letter, the last we understand, he ever wrote. Resolved, That, on behalf of the society we represent, we tender to his afflicted family, our most heartfelt sympathies at this melancholy be¬ reavement, trusting that He who has afflicted, will sustain and support them under this most severe trial. Resolved, That a copy of the above proceedings, signed by the President and Secretary, be forwarded to the widow and family of President Taylor. Musical Exhibition during the Fair.— -We learn that the Harmonia Society of this city propose to perform, during several days of the State Fair, Haydn’s celebrated ‘ Oratorio of the Seasons.” The best musical talent in the country has already been engaged for the occasion. 1850. 275 THE CULTIVATOR. £l)t .farmer's Notebook. Seed Wheat that will not “ turn to Chess.” Eds. Cultivator— As the time for sowing- wheat is at hand, and perfectly clean seed is admitted by all to be very desirable, I deem it seasonable to state some facts and observations, and on them to predi¬ cate some advice for the attainment of that desid¬ eratum. I must premise, however, that early in life I embraced as a Scriptural truth, the notion that “what a man soweth that shall he also reap.’*' My father was an old-fashioned orthodox farmer, who believed and taught that this parable was based on an ordinance of Heaven, and was a real fact , and literally true with respect to grain, and his works were in accordance with his faith. He therefore took uncommon pains to obtain pure seed. In con¬ sequence, he -was never troubled with chess, while his neighbors who believed that “wheat will turn to chess,” and therefore “it is of no use of being so particular,” about the seed, acted in accordance with their faith, and were, (unavoidably, as they supposed,) much annoyed with chess. In the fall of 1841, I was compelled to plow a field of oat stubble that had been seeded down, but had failed in consequence of severe drouth. I sowed it with rye, except about an acre near the barn, which I concluded to try wheat. I was told a neighbor was threshing all his wheat for seed, on account of its being perfectly clean. Two bushels of it was obtained at a price much above the market, on account of its being, (as he, in all sincerity expressed it,) 11 perfectly clean — nothing but wheat .” On examination, however, smut, cockle, and chess were discovered to such an amount as to warrant an attempt at purification before sow¬ ing. Over five quarts of smut, cockle and chess was first picked and sifted out ; a large wash tub full of strong brine was then made, and the wheat, (about a peck at a time,) stirred in, which brought to the surface the rest of the smut and chess, which were skimmed off- but a few grains of cockle and rye remained inseparable in the wheat. The wheat was then scooped out on a floor to drain off, and about a peck of slacked lime mixed with it, by re¬ peatedly scooping it over, so as to coat the surface of the grains with the lime. I omitted to state that on measuring the wheat after the purifying process, it had lost by that operation, in smut , chess, cockle , shrunk wheat, and other extraneous matters, nearly a peck, or one-eighth, a fair sample, I presume, of most of the “clean wheat” that is sowed and turns to chess. It was sowed on the 8th of September, and with favorable weather attained such a growth that I turned several calves on it to eat it down. An old friend, a farmer of great experience, visited me at the time the calves were on it, and gave a lecture on “wheat turning to chess,” declaring that there was nothing so certain to produce that result, as calves feeding on it ; “never knew it to fail,” and seeing my apparent indifference to his admonitions, he expressed, with much sympathy, his regret for the loss he was sure I would sustain, as the penalty for my rashness in having such a “beautiful piece of wheat all turned into chess.” The wheat wintered well, excepting a patch near the barn, from which the snow had been drifted, and where it had been fed down by the fowls so close that nothing was to be seen of it, but with warm weather, it too became green, but it was doubtful whether it was wheat or grass. When the wheat headed out, it looked so promising that I had the vanity to think of competition at the County Fair. To this end I requested a surveyor, who is also one of our best farmers, to call and measure the ground. He observed the part fed off by the fowls, had not yet headed out, and inquired into the cause, and when told, he too remarked, “it will probably be all chess,” and proposed to leave it out of the measurement on that account. Here was another almost certain cause of transmutation, and more¬ over another — the alternate freezing and thaw-ing during its exposure through the winter and spring. At last the heads appeared, and although thrice doom¬ ed to be chess, it turned out to be all wheat, but too late to mature the grain. The crop was harvested while the grain was soft. The yield was about 28 bushels, weighing 62£ lbs. to the bushel — and took the first premium at the Rensselaer County Fair in 1842. The rye and cockle were pulled before ripen* ing, and it was so free from chess and smut that the whole was sold for seed at 25 cents above the market price— except six bushels which I sowed myself, and the product of which was about 35 bushels to the acre, equally good and clean, and took the sec¬ ond premium in 1843. The whole of this, too, was sold for seed at 18$ cents above the market price, and warranted not to “ turn to chess ” if sown on clean land, and I never heard any complaint of its doing so. Another neighbor who had a naked fallow in 1841, on virgin soil, prepared with uncommon care, having dug out all the stumps at great expense, also sowed 12 bushels of the “perfectly clean, nothing but wheat” seed, without any preparation, and although it grew very stout and ripened well, it was so fowl as to be scarcely merchantable. It is also a fact of very general observation, that in this region wheat grown for a succession of years on the same soil diminishes in product and becomes more foul, or as it is usually expressed, becomes more and more liable to “turn to chess.” The rationale is this; the soil becomes after every wheat crop less genial to the growth of the same grain, and in proportion as it does so, it favours the growth of chess — so that the latter will, in a succession of years, supplant the wheat. From the foregoing facts and observations, the conclusion is, 1st— That what is generally called perfectly clean seed, does, in fact, contain chess and other foul seed. 2nd— That any condition of the soil or season which is unfavorable to the wheat crop, favours the growth and productiveness of chess, and therefore it supplants the wheat. 3d — That in proportion as the soil contains the elements which constitute a “wheat soil,” and it is free from chess and other foul seed, as well as the wheat that is sown, in that same proportion will the crop be free from chess and other foul seeds. 4th- — That perfectly clean seed is a desideratum, to be obtained only by the following method: Glean a wheat field by hand, picking up each ear separately. Thresh the gleanings upon a floor where no other grain is threshed, or still better rub them out by hand ; sow the grain on a clean fallow or clean sod, without manure, unless it be lime or ashes, and the product will be pure wheat. If this process is thought to be “too particular,” the sifting, picking, brining and liming process above described may be substituted with considerable hope of success, if it be faithfully executed. But the gleaning is the most certain ; a man or a boy will easily glean a peck in half a day, which if sown on 276 THE CULTIVATOR. Aug. good wheat soil will produce 5 bushels, which again sown will, two years hence, produce 100 bushels; a quantity sufficient to sow 50 acres; and no farmer having a good wheat soil and 100 bushels perfectly clean wheat, could be in better business than to propagate it exclusively for seed. All that is essential to success, is to sow clean seed on a clean wheat soil. The preparation of the soil is gene¬ rally well understood in the wheat-growing districts of our country, but it may perhaps not be known or not thought to be necessary, that to keep wheat intended for seed free from all foreign admixture, a separate barn and granary should be appropriated exclusively to its reception, in which it should be threshed with the flail and stored till sold. For the encouragement of such an enterprise I will state the results of my experience in dollars and cents. Sifting, picking, brining and liming 2 bush, wheat, £ day at 8s. 50 Salt and lime, say . 10 60 Extra price of 28 bushels wheat, at 2s. per bushel . $7,00 Deduct . 60 6,40 For half a days work merely in the improvement of the quality of the grain, aside from the probable increase in quantity, to say nothing of the premium of $6. But this is not all. From the six bushels of this crop sown in 1842, 92 bushels equally good was produced and sold for seed at an advance of 18f cents per pushel, at wholesale, to a seedsman. Thus 92 bushels at ls6d. per bushel is . . $17,25 No sifting or picking being necessary, but only brining and liming, j day . . . 25 Salt and Lime say . 25 SO Leaving a balance of $16,75, in favor of improved quality to say nothing of increased quantity and premium. I will add that the wheat was the beard¬ ed, red chaff, and that of several kinds that I have grown, I give it the preference. A. D. S. Troy, July 1 6th, 1850. Mr. Sheafe’s Sale of Short-Horns. This will positively take place at New Hamburg, on Thursday, the 29th day of August, as advertised at page 288. The stock will be arranged according to their number in the Catalogue the day before the sale, and on sales day. Thus every one will be able to ex¬ amine them to entire satisfaction. When the sale commences an ample ring will be staked out and roped. Into this circle each animal will be brought when it is put up for sale, and walked around for inspection. As all persons will be kept outside of the ropes, this again will give every one present an opportunity of close examination. If there be any unsoundness or vice in any animal on sales day, the public will be informed of it. It is my intention that every thing be conducted in the most honorable manner ; and in doing this, I am happy to add, I shall only be carrying out the express wishes of the owner of the herd. New Hamburg is on the east side of the Hudson river, eight miles above Newburg, and about the same distance below Poughkeepsie. It can be reached by rail road from opposite the former place, or directly from the latter in fifteen minutes. It is only two to three hours distant from New York by rail road, and four to five hours from Albany by steamboat and rail road. Several trips per day are made to each place, at the low rates of eighty-five cents, to one dollar. Conditions. — In order to save time in bidding, and ensure despatch, the cows and heifers will be put up at a price varying from $25 to $100 each, dependent upon the animal. If bid off at the price named when put up, or any thing above, it will then be the property of the person bidding, otherwise it will be considered still the property of Mr. Sheafe. The bull calves will be put up at $25 each, and Exeter at $300. The sheep and lambs will be put up at $5. $6, and $7 per head, as above. The swine at $5 to $10 per head, ac¬ cording to age. The working oxen at $100. After an animal is bid off, it will then be considered at the risk of the owner ; but it can remain on the farm free of expense, one week. Terms. — For all sums amounting to one hundred dollars and upwards, approved endorsed notes will be taken at six months, or a discount of five per cent, for cash. Catalogues with full description and pedigree of each animal, can be had on application to A. B. Allen, 189 Water street, New York. Repairing Sythe-Snaths. Eds. Cultivator — In preparing for haying I was reminded of what I intended to do some time ago — and if this is published in your August number it may not be too late to benefit some of your numerous subscribers. I refer to repairing sythe-snaths in a way which I have practiced for many years. When the craw-hole (socket to receive the svthe) fails, which is very com¬ mon, I flat the end of the snath about six inches from the end, and get a blacksmith to fit an iron to it about one-eighth of an inch thick, with a hole punched in it suitable for the craw of the sythe, which plate is firmly secured or riveted on, so as not to alter the hanging of the sythe, which makes the snath far more durable than when new. I find on examining my snaths, that I have none but what have been repaired in this way, and that I have saved the expense of buying any for several years. Daniel S. Curtis. Canaan Centre, July 1 1th, 1850. * Mode of Unloading Hay. Eds. Cultivator — I send you an account of the manner in which I unload my hay, thinking that a slight description might be of benefit to some of your numerous readers; as it saves nearly all the expense and fatigue of pitching off in. the usual way, and the apparatus costs only fifteen dollars — a sum which is more than saved in unloading forty tons of hay. The improvement over the old method consists in removing one half of the load at a time, in one entire body, from the wagon to the mow, by means of a windlass; thereby saving all the labor and exertion which is at present spent in separating the forkfulls from the load. On commencing the load a net, or piece of net-work, made of small rope and resem¬ bling in appearance the cording of a bedstead, is spread over the bottom of the wagon, it being of sufficient size to cover it ; the hay is then pitched on above this, until the load is about half on, when an¬ other net, similar to the first, is spread over the top of it, and the load completed. On arriving at the barn, a rope which passes through apully, fastened to the ridge directly over the mow and from thence to the windlass, is hitched by means of a slight tac¬ kle, to the outer edges of the uppermost net, when, by means of the windlass, the man that came to the barn with the load can elevate that half of it above this net over the beam, and drop it into the mow, in the short space of two minutes ; when the remaining half is elevated in the same manner. By lowering the hay down after it has passed over the beam, it 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 277 can be swung to any part of the mow, and there dropped, thus saving entirely the mowing away. The apparatus, windlass, &c., can be removed from one barn to another in a few moments, and thus be made to answer for any number of barns desired. Farmers wishing to build or buy the apparatus, can obtain it, or drawings representing it, by applying to me at Rochester, N. Y. J. A. H. Ellis. Ro¬ chester, May 6th, 1850. Preparing Land for a Crop. A farmer has a field of clayey loam, which requires a weeks work at least to prepare it for corn, oats, or barley. Now how ought he to proceed? It is not uncommon to see such lots turned over, and the furrow-slice left day after day, to dry and bake in the sun, without the least attention till the plowing of the whole field is completed. Weil, what better could he do? Reduce what he has plowed to a fine tilth while it is moist and easily crumbles, —not leaving it to lie one day before he puts on the harrow or the drag-roller. A small share of labor at this time will do twice as much to pulverize the soil, as -when it has hardened like an unburnt brick. What! stop the plow- before finishing the field! Farm¬ ers that drive a-head don’t do so. That is, they drive one day a-head, and leave their work two days behind. But let me ask what is the use of plowing land? The use? why to put the ground in order — you could not expect a crop without it. Neither ought we to expect more than half a crop when it is only half pulverized. If we plow 8 inches deep, and one half of this soil is in hard clods, how much better is it than to plowT 4 inches deep, and have it thoroughly pulverized? How much better is a clod on the field than a stone'l An Old Farmer. Experiments in Dissolving Bones. Eds. Cultivator- — After reading Prof. Norton’s interesting letter on the value of bones as a manure, I procured a load of bones (mostly the skulls of sheep) from a slaughter-house, and commenced the operation as detailed below. Having procured a large flat granite rock, I placed it beside the pile of bones. I crushed 130 lbs. of them writh a sledge hammer, and put them in a large barrel, pounding them down as they were put in. A carboy of sulphuric acid was then ob¬ tained from a druggist in Boston. The bill for the same ran thus: 1 Carboy oil of vitriol, 125 lbs., . $3 75 Carting, . 25 Carboy j . . . . . 1 50 Freight, . 67 $6 17 This acid did not run thick, as Prof. Norton said, but rather thin. It would not burn wood nor char hones, but it would burn straw. This leads me to suspect that it had been diluted with water. I took an old pail which held 10 quarts up to a certain mark. I poured into the pail five qts. of water and an equal quantity of acid, which ought to weigh 20 lbs., if good. Five qts. more of cold water was now added, and in about three hours the liquid was turned into the pail, and then turned on the bones again. This was repeated frequently on the two succeeding days, adding as much more acid and water on each day. I practiced turning off the liquid and pouring it on the bones as a subsitute for stirring, as that was impossible in this case. I cannot see how crushed bones can be stirred and turned over in a barrel or hogshead. I hope some of your correspondents will enlighten us on this point. This experiment com¬ menced on the 16th of May, and I expected to have the bones fit for use by the 21st, but they were not wholly dissolved till the 1st of June, so that I can¬ not use any of them on my corn without it is put on top of the ground. I have just dissolved 90 lbs. more of bones in the same barrel, in about ten days, with about 11 qts. of acid, using boiling water, and proportionally a less quantity than before. The first barrel did not dissolve very rapidly, till the weather grew warm, near the first of June. My object in writing this article, is to elicit re¬ marks from those who have had practical experience in this method of manufacturing manure- I wish to know what to do with these bones? Will it be pro¬ fitable to sow them on the ground this fall, with fall rye, where the ground is to be stocked down? What test have we to ascertain the quality of sul¬ phuric acid? Will dissolved bones pay for this ex¬ pense, in Vermont? I have 2000 lbs. of large bones. Will it be profitable for me to burn them for use? Warren Hutchins. Bethel , Vt., July 1, 1850. Wisconsin as a Farming Section. Eds. Cultivator — Noticing in aback number, a re¬ quest that some one from Wisconsin would give you an article on the usual method of farming in this state, and the best sections of it for that business, I herewith submit a brief account derived from six years residence in the state. First, as regards the best section of the state for farming. This is a hard question t*o decide, where all is good, and where it is claimed that each section is best. But, from a pretty extensive acquaintance with the whole state, I think the counties of Fond du Lac, Winnebago, Marquette, and Dodge, possess greater advantages for successful and profitable farming than any others. These counties are agreeably diversified with prairies, oak openings, and timber land. They are generally well watered with springs, and spring- brooks, while larger streams afford a greater quantity of water-power than is often met with in the west or even at the east. The natural meadows, or low prai¬ ries afford a sufficient quantity of good hay to supply the wants of the inhabitants. The Fox river, and lake Winnebago afford a good natural communication with the east. They have running on them steam and other boats connecting with the boats running to Buffalo. For grazing, the country is admirably adapted: and sweeter or better butter cannot be made in any other part of the United States than is here made. Having formerly lived in Orange County, N. Y., I speak advisedly on this subject. Sheep do well, and from the pure bracing air, can be kept in larger flocks than usual; while from the boundless pasturage that lies common, there is no neces¬ sity for close stocking. In wheat raising, the great staple, the country is not surpassed, perhaps, in the world. Here, fields yield this crop year after year, and with most slovenly cultivation. Secondly, as to the course of cultivation pursued on the prairies and openings. The land is enclosed with a rail, board or ditch fence. It is then broken up with from two to six yoke of cattle. The width of the furrow turned over varies from 12 to 30 inches, and is from 1| to three inches thick. The larger the team is, the more economical, as a heavy team will break so much more with the same force of men, as to more than pay for the difference in the number of oxen. The 278 THE CULTIVATOR. Aug. price of breaking is from $1,75 to $2 an acre. The season for breaking is from the 10th of May till the 10th of July. It is not advisable to break earlier or later than these periods. If it is done, the sod is a very long time in rotting and does not produce so well. Corn is sometimes planted on the sod — planted when the breaking is being done, at the edges of the furrows. No after culture is given until the corn is cut np at harvest. Half a crop is realized in this manner. But the best crop, and the one most generally put upon the sod, is wheat which is sown from the middle of August to the 20th of September — the earlier time being the best. The first crop is always a certain one, both in quality and quantity — averaging 25 bushels to the acre, and sometimes yielding 40 and 45 bushels an acre. The land is generally cross plowed immediately after harvest, and sown again to wheat. This requires one good team and is pretty hard work for it. The suc¬ ceeding plo wings are all easy for one team. A horse team will plow with ease two acres a day, six inches deep, which is the most common depth, though I have found that deeper plowing answers a better purpose. There is no general system of rotation yet adopted, except to take indiscriminately crop aftercrop of grain, and this without any manure or seeding to grass ; and the land is so fertile that it will well reward the farmer for his labor. I do not say this is good husbandry, but it is the most common. We have some better farmers among us, who in¬ stead of burning up their straw to get rid of it, draw it to their cattle-yard, and after it has become rotted by the trampling of the cattle and the soaking of the urine, spread it upon their land. There are many among us who are cultivating the tame grasses clover and timothy, and this is necessary with us, if for no other purpose than to clean our lands which by constant croppings will become foul. To sum up the advantages which this state possesses ; it is of great fertility, easily brought into a state of cultivation, and well adapted to the different branches of agriculture. It is well watered, and well-timbered, while the prairies and openings afford a boundless supply of the best of pasturage, and the low prairies afford quantities of good hay. It possesses great water pow¬ er which is fast becoming improved. It is studded with thriving villages, and is settled with an intelli¬ gent, enterprising people, and lastly, it is healthy— -not being surpassed in this respect by any portion of Amer¬ ica. T. Green. Waupun , Fon du Lac Co. Cutting Wheat Early, Eds. Cultivator — The subject of the early cutting of wheat has received attention for several years ; but I am convinced that it is not understood and practiced to the greatest profit. It has been the common method to put the wheat up in stooks — two rows of bundles, the tops resting against each other. In this way the heads are exposed to the full force of a harvest sun, which soon dries them and the straw, so effectually as to prevent all nutriment passing from the straw to the grain. My method, at beginning of harvest for several years past has been this: We begin our harvest early, bind at first in quite small bundles, stook them by putting eight or nine in a stook, with a larger one for a cap. In this way the grain is secured from being suddenly dried, the nutriment from the straw continues to pass to and nourish the grain, as long or longer than if the wheat were standing, and if well put up it is secure from almost any weather; so that our first cut is fre¬ quently last carted to the barn or stack. I have taken heads from stooks thus put up, which, with the straw were green, and the grains when shelled were dry, fit for grinding, but were plump, thin skimmed, and almost transparent, whilst wheat which stood and ripened in the sun, was thick skinned and looked shrivelled, and this in seasons when no rust or casualty attended the crop. We can begin harvest earlier by this method, and our straw will be more valuable for fodder, as well as the wheat for flour. If the crop cannot be cut till nearly or quite ripe, we can then put it in stouts as the stooking is a trifle, and but a trifle more work to an experienced hand. R. Watkins. Napoleon, Michi¬ gan, Jane 22, 1850. Wire Fence— Red Cedar Hedges, Eds. Cultivator — Some two months ago I wrote you, making inquiries about the expense of wire and wire fence, which you were kind enough to answer. Since that time I have put up about one hundred rods of wire fence, five strands high. I made it af¬ ter the plan of A. B., described in your April No. I set chestnut posts at the ends or corners of the lines, and braced them. Having a lot of chestnut rails on hand I cut them in two, each making two stakes, which I set apart the distance of a rail’s length. I put my bottom wire 12 inches from the ground, and each wire about 9 inches from the one below it, which makes the fence 4 feet high. I used about half No. 10 and half No. 9 wire anneal¬ ed. The fence all set and completed, cost me about 37-§ cts. per rod. Were I to set more, I should use no wire finer than No. 9, of good quality. I feel quite confident in regard to my No. 9 wire, but of the No. 10 I am not so confident. It needs to be proved. After setting it, my men drove some cows against it, but it brought them up, and no damage to the wire. Our mode of straining the wire was as follows: Take a hickory stick, say 2| inches in diameter and two feet long. With an inch and a half auger bore a hole, say two inches from the end; through this put a stick, say two feet long, for a lever. Between this hole and the end of the hickory stick, at right angles with the 1 1 inch hole, put through a large wood screw, to prevent splitting. About 6 inches from the other end, put through a hole | of an inch or less in diameter, and your strainer is done. In¬ sert your wire through the lever and post at each end, fasten it at one end, and draw it as tight as convenient with your hands at the other. Slip the wire through the small hole in the strainer, and turn until you have taken out the kinks and made the wire as tight as you please. I think this strainer preferable to A. B.?s, as it is easily made, and you can strain each wire separate¬ ly as tight as you please, and one strainer answers for all the fence you may ever wish to make. And should a wire ever break, that alone can be mended without interfering with the others. At first, to hold the wires at the ends, we drove in pins, and then brought them half way round the post to the main wire and twisted a few times around this. But should you wish to alter the wire, or should it break, it is not easy to get it out where the pin holds it. There is no need of a pin, as the wire can be brought back and fastened as above mentioned with¬ out, as well as with it; and if you wish to slip it af¬ terwards. you can without trouble. I obtained my wire of Burbank, Chase & Co., in Lowell. They had about 200 lbs. No. 10 on hand, which they sold me at 5 cts. ; they ordered me 109 lbs. No. 9, for which I paid 6^ cts. The No. 10 seemed to be a wire of inferior quality such as I would advise no one to use. Although at first cheap, I think in the end it may 1850. 279 THE CULTIVATOR. prove dear. The No. 9 was soft and strong, and I have no doubt will meet expectation. Instead of the Three-thorned Acacia, as I last wrote you, I have been advised by a gentleman from Long Island to set Red Cedar, by the side of my wire for a hedge. He recommends to set them, say 4 feet apart, and when they get 4 or 5 feet high, cut them half off and bend them down, when the sprouts will grow upwards and downwards and on¬ wards until a complete mat of hedge is formed, so that, to use his own language, Y C. W. JOHNSON. Adapted to the United States, by G. ■*-* Ebierson, Philadelphia, 1S50. In one large octavo volume, 1173 pages, containing the latest discoveries and improvements, in Agriculture, with numerous plates of Live Stock, Farming Imple¬ ments, &c. “ We are fully convinced that such an amount of valuable know¬ ledge for farmers can be found in no other work in so cheap and con¬ venient a form. In fact, no farmer who pretends to be well inform¬ ed in his profession should be without this book.” — New Genesee Farmer. “An excellent work, fit to be distributed in premiums by Agricul¬ tural Societies. How much better, and in better taste, than the amount of its cost in money.” — J. S. Skinner. Sold by L. Tucker, Albany; A. Hart, Philadelphia; Derby Sc Co., Buffalo ; W. D. Ticknor & Co., Boston; and the principal booksellers in the Union. Price $4. (Cost of the imported work in 1 vol. without any plates, $14.) July 1 — tf. Full Blood Berkshire Figs. TTIE subscriber offers for sale a fine lot of young Boars and Sows, at prices from $2 to $4. The boar they were raised from took took the first premium at the Buffalo Fair. ' R. B. HOWLAND. Union Springs, July 1, 1850— 2t. Drain Tile Works, 63 Jay Street, North of Salamander Works , Albany. T’HE subscriber is now manufacturing and prepared to fill orders for Horse Shoe, Sole, Round and Collar Drain Tile, of various sizes, from one to four inches in width and rise. The tile is cut sixteen inches in length, and will be of a superior quality. The price will vary according to the size and shape, from $10 to $16 per thousand. Specimens of the article with the prices will soon be distributed to all the agricultural stores in the State. Presidents of county societies adjoining the river and canals, will please send their address with directions to whom a box containing the different sizes of Tile will be forwarded free of charge. July 1, 1850— tf. _ A. S. BABCOCK. Colman’s European Agriculture. 'C’UROPEAN AGRICULTURE, from personal observation, by * J Henry Colman of Massachusetts. Two large octavo vols. — price, neatly bound, the same as published in Nos., $5. For sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. _ _ Wire for Fences. TRON WIRE FOR FENCING, constantly for sale at New-York prices. Z. HOSMER, April 1, 1850 — 6t. 110 Milk St., Boston. 1850 THE CULTIVATOR 287 Circular. rpnE subscribers are making and vending J. W. SHERMAN’S New Seed Drill and Broadcast Sower, Constructed upon a new principle ; cheaper, simpler, and more du¬ rable and accurate , than any similar machine now in use. We are building three different qualities of these machines. No. 1, is a superior Drill and Broadcast Sower, and will sow fine Ma¬ nure (such as Piaster, Ashes, Guano, &c.,) Broadcast , or in the drill rows, any desirable quantity per acre, at the same time of drilling in the grain. It is well finished, substantially made, ©f good material, and warranted— at the low price of $65. No. 2. is built for drilling all kinds of grain. It will also sow fine manure, broadcast, on crops. Price $55. No. 3, is a plain Wheat Drill; simple, accurate, substantial. Price $45. None of our machines will dog in the runs ; they cannot Jo so with the most difficult kind of seed; THE DISTRIBUTING PRINCIPLE BEING ENTIRELY NEW. We are prepared to supply all orders. Those wishing to purchase drills, would do well to see ours before purchasing elsewhere. The sooner the order is given, the more sure you will be of getting your Drill in time. N. B.— Persons wishing to make or sell our Drills, are offered a good chance. A large descriptive bill will soon be issued with cuts. All commu¬ nications or inquiries [post paid,} will receive prompt attention. Address Sherman, Foster & Co., Palmyra, Wayne comity, N. Y. Those wishing it, can see the machines at Foster, Jessup & Co’s Machine shop, Palmyra; where they will also find the best Thresher and Separator, Revolving Horse-rake, (spring teeth,) wheel Cultiva¬ tors, and other agricultural implements ; warranted superior. Call and see. Mr. SHERMAN is agent for the sale of McCormick’s Virginia Reaper. SHERMAN, FOSTER & CO. Palmyra, June 1, 1850 — 2t. Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. No. 197 Water street , (near Fulton ,) New- York. npilE subscribers would respectfully invite the attention of planters and dealers in Agricultural and Horticul- rural Implements, Garden and Field Seeds, &c., See., to their large and va¬ ried assortment of Garden and Field tools, See., which they are selling at the very lowest rates that they can be procured in the United Slates. Persons living at a distance can obtain an “ illustrated ” Catalogue, containing a list of prices, on application by letter, post-paid . Those ordering from us may depend upon their orders being promptly filled. May 1, 1850— tf. JOHN MAYHER & CO., THE HORTICULTURIST, AND Journal of Rural Jlrt Rural Saotc. Edited by A. J. Downing, Author of “ Landscape Gardening ,55 “ Designs for Cottage Residen¬ ces, ” “ Fruits and Fruit Trees of America fife., fife. npo A A all persons alive to the improvement of their gardens, orchards or country seats,— to scientific and practical cultivators of the soil,- — to nurserymen and commercial gardeners, this Journal, giving the latest discoveries and improvements, experiments and acquisi¬ tions in Horticulture, and those branches of knowledge connected with it, will be found invaluable. Its extended and valuable corres¬ pondence presents the experience of the most intelligent cultivators in America; and the instructive and agreeable articles from the pen of the Editor, make it equally sought after by even the general read¬ er, interested in country life. The “ Foreign Notices ” present a summary from all the leading Horticultural Journals of Europe ; the “Domestic Notices,” and Answers to Correspondents, furnish copious hints to the novice in practical culture ; and the numerous and beautiful Illustrations, — Plans for Cottages, Greenhouses, the Fi¬ gures of New Fruits, Shrubs and Plants, combine to render this one of the cheapest and most valuable works bn either side of the Atlan¬ tic. The Fifth Volume of the Horticulturist will be commenced on the 1st of July, 1850. All or either of the back vols. can be sup¬ plied. New subscribers will be furnished with the fust four vols. for $10. Terms — Three Dollars per year — Two copies for Five Dollars. All payments to be made in advance, and orders to be post paid. (0=" All Agents for The Cultivator, and Post Masters general¬ ly, are invited to act as Agents for The Horticulturist. _ LUTHER TUCKER, Albany , June , 1850. Publisher Cultivator Office, Albany , N. Y. Poultry Books. PJpHE American Poulterer’s Companion, by C. N. Bement — price The American Poultry Yard, by D. J. Browne and Samuel Al¬ len— price $1. The American Fowl Breeder, by an Association of Practical Breeders — price 25 cents. For sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. Importation and Sale of Stock. MV L. G. MORRIS, of Mount Fordham, Westchester County, N. Y., left New-York on the 17th April, for Europe. One of his main objects is to obtain agricultural information generally, and especially to purchase such domestic animals as are calculated to im¬ prove the stock of the United States, He purposes to attend the sale of the Short-horn cattle belonging to the estate of the late Thomas Bates, Esq., of Kirkleavington, Yorkshire ; but will not confine his purchases to that herd. He expects to return to America in Septem¬ ber next, and the second annual sale of cattle from his own herd, will take place in October. Whatever stock he may import, will be at his place at the time of sale. Printed catalogues of the animals to be sold, will be issued in due time. June 1. 1850—41. The Old Gilford Morgan, T’HE highest blooded Morgan Stallion now remaining, will stand the coming season at the stable of Benjamin Gates, in Walpole, N. H. Terms $25. $5 of which to be paid at the time of service, and the remaining $20 if the mare prove in foal. Pasturage furnished on reasonable terms. A. ARNOLD, Walpole, May 1 — 5t.* Agent for the Proprietors. I. T. GRANT & CO.?S PATENT FAN MILLS AND CRADLES. We continue to manufacture these celebrated Mills and Cradles. They have been awarded six first premiums at the New- York State Fairs, and at the great American Institute in New York, and several County Fairs, always taking the first premium over all other mills. The manufacturers feel confident, therefore, in offering these mills to the public, that they are the best in use. During the year 1847 they were introduced into England, by Mr. Slocum, of Syracuse. They were very favorably noticed by the English papers; and from a communication of Mr. S.’s, published in the Transactions of the N. Y. State A g. Society, for 1847, it will be seen that they were tried by several large farmers, and highly approved. One farmer, it is stated, set aside an almost new winnowing machine, for which he paid £18, ($90) and used Grant’s for cleaning a crop of 300 qrs. (2,700 bushels) of wheat, and several hundred bushels of mustard seed. We have lately made some valuable improvements in the article, though the price remains the same as before. Our fans are extensively used and highly approved at the south, for cleaning rice. We are permitted to make the following ex¬ tracts from letters received from Hon. J. R. Poinsett, of South Ca¬ rolina : — “ The fan you sent last summer, [1848] has been success¬ fully used to clean dirty rice, and winnow that from the threshing floor. It answers every purpose.” In relation to another of our fans, he writes, (April 23, ’49.)—“ Both this and the first mill you sent, work very well ; and the last, which is the largest that can be well worked by a man, cleans the dirty rice perfectly, and is altogether the best wind-fan I ever used for that purpose.” Our Cradles have taken the first premiums at two New York State Fairs, and are considered the best in use. The great encouragement we have received from dealers and agriculturists, has induced us to greatly enlarge our business, and we hope by strict attention, to merit a further patronage. Orders will be thankfully received, and receive prompt atten¬ tion. I. T. GRANT & CO. Junction P. O., Rens. Co., 8 miles north of Troy May 1, 1850— tf. 288 THE CULTIVATOR Aug, Contents of this Number. Improvements on the Farm, . The Agriculture of Ohio, . Nutritive Value of Oat-hay, by Prof. Norton, . Action of Soils on Manures, . . . The Life of the Farmer favorable to the Pursuit of Know¬ ledge, by James Tufts, . Poultry and Poultry Books, by Observer, . . . French Names of Fruit — Labels, &c., . Early Notices of the Curculio, by D Thomas,. . Notes on New Cherries — Red Antwerp Raspberry — Straw¬ berries, . Black Prince Strawberry — Unfavorable Localities for Fruits — St. Ghislain Pear — Peeling the Bark of the Cherry, . New Railroad Horse Power and Feed Mill — Kendall’s Cheese Press, . . . . . . . Seymour’s Grain Drill — Grain Binder’s Wheel Rake, Sec., . . New-York Stale Agricultural Society, . Seed Wheat that will not turn to Chess, by A. D. S., . Mr. Sheafe’s Sale of Short-Horns — Repairing Scythe Snaths, by D. S. Curtis — Mode of Unloading Hay, by J. A. H. Ellis, . . . . Preparing Land for a Crop, by An Old Farmer — Experi¬ ments in Dissolving Bones, by Warren Hutchins — Wis¬ consin as a Farming Section, by T. Green,. . Cutting Wheat Early, by R. Watkins-— Wire Fence and Red Cedar Hedges, by Geo. Mansfield,. . . Morgan Horses, by F. A. Wier — Maryland Agriculture — Peat as Manure, . . . Agricultural and Horticultural Fairs — Science as Applicable to Agriculture — Chess will Grow, by H. W. — Leaves as Manure — Waste of Manure, . Acknowledgments — Monthly Notices, Sec., . . . ILLUSTRATIONS. Figs. 180 — 186 — Marks for Fruit Trees, . 269 187— Red Antwerp Raspberry, . — 270 188— Black Prince Strawberry, . . . 271 189 — Horse Power and Feed Mill, . 272 190 — Kendall’s Cheese Press, . 272 191— Seymour’s Grain Drill, . 273 192, 3 — Wheat, sown broadcast and in drills, . 273 194 — Grain Binder’s Wheel Rake, . 273 257 258 260 261 262 264 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 Agricultural and Horticultural Implements, and Field and Garden Seeds. TTPWARDS of one hundred different kinds of Plows, and a corres- ponding variety of all other Implements for the Farmer, Planter and Gardener; embracing the largest and most complete assortment to be found in the United States. Also, P’ield and Garden Seeds, a large and varied assortment. A. B. ALLEN & CO.. August 1, 1850.— If. 189 & 191 Water St., New-York. Alien’s Improved Portable Railroad Horse Power, Thresher and Separator . rPJIE advantages of the above horsepowers are— 1. They occupy x but little more space than a horse. 2. They can be moved by the weight of the horse only, by placing the machine at an angle of 10 or 15 degtees. 3. They are easily transported, simply construct¬ ed, not liable to get out of order, and move with little friction. The Overshot Threshers consist of a small spiked cylinder with a concave top, and possess these advantages. 1. They have a level table for feeding, thus enabling the tenders to stand erect, and control the motion of the horse and machine by means of a brake, by which accidents are avoided. In consequence of the spikes lifting the straw and doing the work on the top, stones, blocks, See. drop at the end of the table, and are not carried between the spikes. 3. The overshot cylinder does not scatter the grain, but throws it within three feet of the machine. 4. This arrangement also admits of at¬ taching a separator , high enough from the floor or ground to al low all the grain to fall through it, while the straw is deposited by itself in the best condition for binding. 5. Neither grain nor straw are bro¬ ken by this machine. 6. The cylinder is long, which admits of fast¬ er and more advantageous feeding; it is smaller and with fewer teeth than ordinary threshers, thus admitting of more rapid motion and faster work with less power; and the diminution of teeth in the cylinder is fully made up by an increased number in the concave top, which is stationary. 7. The separator is a great advantage in dimi¬ nishing the labor of raking out the straw, as it leaves the grain in the best condition for the fanning mill. Three men with a single power , can thresh 100 to 150 bushels of wheat or rye per day; and four men with a double power, twice that quantity. All the above are com¬ pact, and can be carried where wanted, complete, or they may be readily taken apart and packed for distant transportation by wagon or otherwise. Price of single Power, . . . . . ..... $80 “ “ Thresher, . $28' !t Separator and fixtures, . . . $7 Bands for driving, etc., . $5 “ Wood-sawing machine, complete, and in running order, . . . $35 Price of double Power, . . $100 “ with Thresher, Separator, See., . .$145 to $150 All the above are sold singly or together, as desired, and are war¬ ranted to work well and give satisfaction. A. B. ALLEN & CO.. Aug. 1—21. 189 Sc 191 Water Street. New-York. Choice Sheep for Sale. 'TRIE subscriber having determined to quit the farming business, x offers his entire fiocK of Sheep for sale. They have been bred with great care for over 20 years, with a view to make them heavy and fine. They now shear three and a-half pounds per head, and the wool sold last year, at the Kinderhook Depot, for 47 cents per pound. Specimens of them will be at the State Fair. Also, one Imported Ayrshire Cow, with her last two calves, both heifers. DANIEL S. CURTIS. Canaan Center, N. Y., Aug. 1— 2t. Albany Burr Mill Stone Factory. A DAM R. SMITH, (late of Troy,) having located at the Corner of Broadway and Quaekenbush streets, (three blocks above the Delavan House,) Albany, N. Y., invites the attention of Mill¬ wrights and others to the stock on hand, which, with his facilities for manufacturing, must render it advantageous for them to call upon him before purchasing elsewhere. He keeps also, a large supply of Bolting Cloth, Screen Wire, Plaster of Paris, and other articles used in Milling, which will be disposed of on liberal terms. August 1— 3t.* Great Sale of Short Horn Cattle. T^HE subscriber will offer for sale, without reserve, at public auc- A tion, on Thursday, the 29lh day of August next, at 1 o’clock, P M., on the farm of J. F. Sheafe, Esq., at New Hamburg, Duchess Co., New York, about 35 head of Short horn cattle, including cows, heifers and calves. This herd was mostly bred by Mr. Sheafe, and I do not hesitate to say, that I think it one of the very best in the United States ; and I have seen and particularly examined nearly all of them. Great at¬ tention was paid in the commencement of this herd, to the milking properties of the animals forming it •, and this, together with fine points and good growth and constitution, have been steadily kept in view in its breeding. There is but one cow in the herd which gives less than 20 quarts per day, in the best of the milking season, while one has given over 29 quarts per day, and made 15 pounds 3 ounces of butter per week, and two others have given respectively, 31 and 36 quarts per day. Their color is of the most fashionable and desirable kind — red, red-and-white and a rich strawberry roan — only one white cow in the lot. They are of good size and fine style, and all in calf to the superb imported bull Exeter, who will also be offered for sale at the same time. Pedigree of Exeter. — Exeter is of the Princess tribe of Short norns — was calved in June, 1848, and bred by Mr. John Stephenson, of Wolviston, Durham, England. He was got by Napier, (6,238,) out of Jessamine, by Commodore, (3,452) — Flora, by Belvidere, (1.706) — Jessey, by Belvidere, (1,706)— Cherry by Waterloo, (2, 816)' See. See English Herd Book, Vol. V., for full pedigree. Exeter was selected for Mr. Sheafe, by a first rate judge of Shor horn slock, and was considered one of the very best bulls in Englandt Quite a high price was paid for him ; and it is believed that his supe¬ rior, if even his equal, has never before been imported into this coun¬ try. He carries an enormous brisket for his age, and his style, handling, and quality are of the finest kind. His color is mostly a beautiful yellow red, which is a bright red with a fine golden or saffron undertinge, arising from a rich yellow skin. He is the only bull of this peculiarly desirable red , ever imported into America. Calves got by him, out of this herd of cows, will fetch a high price the moment they are dropped. Mr. Stephenson, the breeder of Exeter, now stands at the head of his class in England, and his stock is of the highest repute. It is en¬ tirely of the Princess tribe, and traces its pedigrees, without any al¬ loy or Galloway blood, back to pure Shorthorns, for upwards of tivo hundred years ; a matter of no small consideration to those who wish a superior fresh cross. Catalogues of the above stock, with pedigrees in full, are now rea¬ dy for distribution. Southdoivn Sheep. — A choice flock of this superior breed of mut¬ ton sheep, will be sold on the same day as above. Suffolk Sivine.- — One boar and several breeding sows and pigs, of this fine breed of swine. Working Oxen. — A handsome pair of red working oxen. A. B. ALLEN, 189 Water st., New-York June 1, 1850 — 3t. THE CULTIVATOR Is published on the first of each month, at Albany, N. Y., by LUTHER TUCKER, PROPRIETOR. LUTHER TUCKER & SANFORD HOWARD, Editors. $1 per aim. — 7 copies for $5 — 15 for $10. QCr’All subscriptions to commence with the volume, (the Jan. No..) and to be paid in advance. All subscriptions, not renewed by payment for the next year, are discontinued at the end of each volume. 0s" The back vols. can be furnished to new subscribers — and may be obtained of the following Agents : NEW-YORK— M. H. Newman Sc Co., 199 Broadway. BOSTON — J. Breck Sc Co., 52 North Market-st., and E. Wight, 7 Congress-st PHILADELPHIA— G. B Zieber. Advertisements— The e..arge for advertisements is $1. for 12 lines, for each insertion. No variation made from these terms. “to improve THE SOIL AND THE MIND.” New Series. ALBANY, SEPTEMBER, 1850. Vol. VII.— No. 9. Nutritive Properties of the Apple. That apples are valuable as food for animals, is now generally acknowledged, and their use for this purpose has, within a few years, been greatly ex¬ tended, though it is probable that their relative value compared with other articles is but little understood. Few exact or reliable experiments have been made in feeding apples to animals, and we are not aware that much light has been thrown upon the subject by chemical investigation, till the late analyses of Dr. J. H. Salisbury. The late Payne Wingate, of Hallo well, Maine, made some experiments in feeding pigs with apples compared with potatoes. Both the apples and potatoes were boiled, or rather stewed, separately, and about four quarts of oat and pea meal mixed with each bushel, at the time the cooking was finish¬ ed — the meal being intimately incorporated with the potatoes and apples while they were hot, and the mass left to ferment, slightly, before it was fed to the pigs. Two pigs of the same litter, and as near as prac¬ ticable of the same weight, were taken; one was fed for a week on a given quantity of the cooked potatoes per day, and the other on the same quantity of apples. At the end of each week the pigs were weighed, and the food was reversed — the pig to which potatoes had been given, was fed with apples, and the one which had received apples was fed for the next week on potatoes. This course was continued through several weeks — the food of each pig being changed every week. The result was, that the ap¬ ples proved to be fully equal, or somewhat superior to the potatoes. In this instance the apples were mostly sweet, and they, as well as the potatoes, were nearly in a ripe state. On another occasion, Mr. W. experimented with sweet, compared with sour apples, in various ways. He found that when they were fed raw to swine the sweet apples were preferable — the animals ate them better, as the sour apples seemed to make their teeth sore; — but when both were cooked and mixed with meal in the way above described, there was no difference in the gain produced by an equal quantity of each. It should be stated, however, that all the apples used were of palatable kinds, nearly ripe; and that unripe, and ill-flavored apples are known to be less relished by stock, as well as less nutritive. It is probable, also, that when sour apples are eaten raw, and in considerable quantities, the animal may take into the stomach too large an amount of acid, which may tend to derange the digestive organs. This objection would be chiefly obviated by cooking, and the saccharine fermentation, by which the pulp loses much of its acid and becomes nearly sweet. It does not appear from analysis, that the amount of actual nourishment is much greater in sweet than in sour apples. (See comparison of the analyses of the Roxbury Russet and Tolman Sweeting.) Mr. Wingate practiced fattening swine for several years, on food composed principally of apples. The animals attained good weights, and the pork was solid and of excellent quality. In other instances, we have known apples fed raw to horses, cows, and other stock through the winter, with much advan¬ tage. For using in this way sweet apples would probably be best, and they should be such as will keep till spring. They may be stored in a cellar under the barn, or in the bottom of the hay-mow,- — a proper place having been left for that purpose when the hay was put in. They will be more likely to be injured by heating, than by freezing. They will seldom freeze in such a situation as is mention¬ ed ; and if they should be touched by frost, their nutritive properties will not be much lessened, if they remain in a dark place, and where they will thaw slowly. A peck of apples a day, fed to a cow, has been found to add more than a quart to the daily quantity of milk, besides greatly increasing its richness, as well as improving the condition of the cow. The effect of apples is equally favorable to other stock. Horses fatten on them, and their coats assume a brilliancy which hardly any other food will give them. For all stock they answer a similar purpose as vegetables, in preventing costiveness, which is likely to ensue from the exclusive use of dry food ; and in this way , and by the nutriment they contain, they contribute much to the animal’s thrift. An impression prevails that apples will dry up the milk of a cow. This idea has been imbibed either from the effect produced on a cow by eating a very large quantity of apples at once, by which surfeit and fever were brought on, or from the trial not being properly conducted till the animal had be¬ come habituated to the food. The ill effects attri¬ buted to apples would have occurred with any other rich food, as any kind of grain, potatoes, or other vegetables. A fair average product of an acre of orcharding, in good bearing condition, may be estimated at two hundred to three hundred bushels a year; and at this rate, we doubt whether so great an amount of ani¬ mal nourishment can be obtained from the same ex¬ tent of land, in proportion to the expense, by any other crop. We should not hesitate, therefore, to re¬ commend the cultivation of the apple as food for stock. It will be interesting to compare the result, ob¬ tained by Mr. Wingate in feeding swine with ap¬ ples, with the results of the analyses made by Dr. Salisbury, and in doing this, we shall find a more general correspondence than would, perhaps, have been anticipated. The fat producing properties of THE CULTIVATOR. Sept. 290 the apple, according to the analyses, do not essen¬ tially differ from those of the potato, though the ap¬ ple has the advantage of containing a greater pro¬ portion of nitrogenous matter. Dr. S. gives the inorganic and organic analyses of six different kinds of apples, viz : Tolman Sweet¬ ing, Swaar, Roxbury Russet, R. I. Greening, Kil- ham Hill. We extract the table showing the ■mean of those analyses, as follows : Inorganic or ash analysis. With carbonic Without carbonic acid. acid. 15.210 Silica . 1.362 1.637 Phosphate of Iron . 1.336 1 593 Phosphoric acid . 11.252 13.267 Lime . 3.442 4.199 Magnesia . 1.400 1.669 Potash . 31.810 37.610 Soda . 20.810 24.799 Chlorine . 1.822 2.169 Sulphuric acid . 6 062 7.229 Organic matter thrown down by ni¬ trate of silver . 4.890 5.828 99.390 100.000 Proximate , or organic analysis of the same varie- ties. 1000 parts of 1000 parts of fresh apple. dry apple. Cellular fibre . 190.879 Glutinous matter with a little fat and wax . 1.94 11.463 Dextrine . .. 31.44 186.805 Sugar and extract . . . 83.25 497.627 Malic acid . 19.585 Albumen . . . 13.79 83.720 Casein . 9.921 Dry matter . 1000.000 Water . .. 826.64 Loss . .. 6.10 1000.000 Dr. S. observes, that the analyses were calcula¬ ted both with and without the carbonic acid. It was necessary that they should be calculated with¬ out it, in order to show the real composition of the organic matter of the fruit. ‘‘The carbonic acid is formed during the combustion of the organic mat¬ ter, and hence cannot be regarded as a constituent part of the apple, except in very minute quantity.” An interesting comparison of the properties of a sweet and sour apple, is given in the following table, showing the results of the organic analyses of the Tolman Sweeting and Roxbury Russet : TOLMAN SWEET¬ ING. ROXBURY RUS¬ SET. 1000 parts of freshi | apples. ! 1000 parts! | of dry up- ples. 1000 parts 1 of fresh apples. 1000 parts of dry ap¬ ples. Cellular fibre, . 33.90 190.620 31.20 173.623 Glutinous matter with a little fat and wax, . 3.52 19.793 1.70 9.460 Dextrine, . . . 28.96 162.890 36.22 20L.55S Sugar and Extract, . 99.05 557.178 90.27 502.337 Malic Acid, . . 2.50 14.061 3.23 17.975 Albumen, . 8.97 50.452 15.03 83.639 Casein, . 0.89 5.006 2.05 11.408 Dry Matter, . 177.791000.000 179.70 1000 000 Water, . 81.5 9.0 813.45 Loss, . 7 (11 . 6.85 looo.oo . ! 1000 00 These analyses were made in the months of March and April, and excepting the Tolman Sweeting, which was rather shriveled, the varieties were in good eating condition . Dr. S. observes that besides the substances above mentioned, the apple contains a small quantity of tannic and gallic acids ; the pro¬ portion being greater in the russets than in any other varieties examined, and that to those acids is owing the astringency so striking in some kinds, and which is easily detected by the black color given to a knife or any iron substance when thrust into them. In conclusion he offers the following useful observations : The ripe apple is rich in sugar and a body analo¬ gous to gum, called dextrine , which has the same composition as starch ; but differs from it in being soluble in cold water, and not colored blue with iodine. It derives its name from the action of its solution on polarized light, it causing the plane of polarization to deviate to the right; hence its name — dextrine. Dextrine and gum should not be confounded with each other. They differ very materially in many respects. The former possesses the property of being converted into grape sugar by sulphuric acid and by diastaste, while the latter does not. Dex¬ trine belongs to the class of bodies which are sus¬ ceptible of nourishing the animal body. All the starch taken as food is converted into dextrine be¬ fore it is assimilated by the system. The acids of the stomach possess the property of converting starch into this body. In the fresh apple, 100 lbs. contain about 3.2 lbs. of fibre; 0.2 of a lb. of gluten, fat and wax; 3.1 lbs. of dextrine; 8.3 lbs of sugar and extract; 0.3 of alb. of malic acid ; 1.4 lbs. of albumen; 0.16 of a lb. of casein and 82.66 lbs. of water. In the dry apple, 100 lbs. contain about 19 lbs. of fibre; 1.1 lbs. of gluten, fat and wax; 18.7 lbs. of dextrine; 49.8 lbs. of sugar and extract; 2 lbs. of malic acid; 8.4 lbs. of albumen, and 1 lb. of casein . In the fresh potato, 100 lbs. contain about 9.7 lbs. of starch; 5.8 lbs. of fibre; 0.2 of a lb. of gluten; 0.08 of a lb. of fatty matter; £ of a lb. of albumen; 0.45 of alb. of casein; 1.27 lbs. of dex¬ trine; 2.64 lbs. of sugar and extract, and 79.7 lbs. of water. In the dry potato, 100 lbs. contain about 48.5 lbs. of starch; 29 lbs. of fibre; 1 lb. of gluten; 0.4 of a pound of fatty matter; 1.25 lbs. of albumen; 2.25 lbs. of casein; 6.32 lbs. of dex¬ trine; and 13.2 lbs. ;of sugar and extract. By comparing the composition of the apple with that of the potato, it will be noticed : First, That the former contains, according to the above analy¬ ses, about three per cent more of water than the lat¬ ter. Second, That dextrine and sugar in the apple take the place of starch, dextrine and sugar in the potato. Of the former, 100 lbs. of good fruit con¬ tain of dextrine, sugar and extract 11.4 lbs; the latter has, in the same amount of fresh tubers, 13.61 lbs. starch; dextrine, sugar and extract, 68.5 lbs; in the same quantity of dry potato, there is of starch, dextrine, sugar and extract, 68.02 lbs. The above proximate principles are the main bodies in the ap¬ ple and potato which goto form fat. In the aggre¬ gate amount then of fat producing products, it will be seen that the apple and potato do not material¬ ly differ. It would be natural, however, to infer that 50 lbs. of dextrine and sugar would, if taken into the system, be more likely to make a greater quantity of fat in a given time, or at least to make the same amount in a shorter period, than an equal weight of starch, for this reason , that the two form¬ er bodies, although nearly the same in composition with the latter, yet are physically farther advanced in organization, and hence probably approximate nearer the constitution of fat. If this view be taken, then the apple, if of good quality, may be regarded equally if not more rich in fat producing products than the potato. Thirdly, that the apple is richer in nitrogen compounds than the potato; 100 lbs. of fresh apple contain of albumen 1.38 lbs.; the same 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 291 amount of fresh potato has \ of a lb.; 100 lbs. of dry apple contain 8.37 lbs. of albumen and an equal weight of dry tubers has 1| lbs.; 100 lbs. of fresh fruit contain of casein 0.16 of a lb., and an equal weight of fresh tubers, 0.45 of alb.; 100 lbs. of dry apples have 1 lb. of casein, and the same amount of dry potato contains lbs. Hence it will be ob¬ served that 100 lbs. of fresh apple contain of albu¬ men and casein, 1.54 lbs. ; and the same quantity of fresh potato 0.7 of a lb.; 100 lbs. of dry fruit have of albumen and casein 9.37 lbs., and an equal amount of dry tubers, 3.50 lbs. From the above it will readily be seen that in al¬ bumen the apple is richer than the potato, while in casein the reverse is the case. That the aggregate amount of albumen, casein and gluten in good va¬ rieties of the apple is more than double that of the same bodies in the potato ; hence the former may be regarded richer than the latter in those bodies which strictly goto nourish the system, or in other words, to form muscle, brain, nerve, and in short assist in building up and sustaining the organic part of all the tissues of the animal body. Foreign and Domestic Wool. Eds. Cultivator — This article, on the subject of foreign and domestic wool, may not be without its use, at a time when all engaged in the most promi¬ nent departments of business, appear to be zealously engaged in devising ways and means to advance their own prosperity, and when, also, every journal that meets the eye, with the exception of those devoted il exclusively ’■ to the cause of religion and letters, by its able and studied articles, shows the energy, talent and capital employed to accomplish this worthy end. Certainly it cannot be considered a departure from their excellent example, if the wool grower, aroused by these circumstances to activity and vigilance, presumes to say a word in his own behalf, and to notice some of the obstacles in the way of his prosperity. In 1841-2, I had the honor to address to the public a number of articles on this subject, which, from the importance and novelty of the facts dis¬ closed, found their way into the public journals, and are said to have had something to do with destroying free trade in wool- — practiced by an in¬ genious application of the maximum principle, which in 1841, admitted out of an importation of 15,000,000 pounds of foreign wool, 14,500,000 duty free. This effort will, at least, appear pardonable, if we but for a moment glance at the vast pecuniary importance of the wool growing interest in the United States, in connection with the fact, that fine wool is now imported, subject to, upon an average, a duty of two cents per lb only — which I will here¬ after explain. The manufacturers of Boston and its vicinity, stated, (in their memorial to Congress p.rior to 1843,) the amount invested by wool growers of the U. States, to be $240,000,000, and Ex-Gov. Slade, of Vermont, in Congress in 1842, said the whole amount invested in sheep husbandry in the United States, exceeded $200,000,000. This is more than three times as much as the whole investment in cotton and woolen manufactures. Let us look into details a little, to see where we stand. By the census of 1840, there were about twenty millions of sheep in the United States, (I take it at this for convenience, though the return falls a fraction short.) Now, if we suppose our flocks to have increased 10 per cent per annum, since 1840, the number of sheep in the United States, in 1850, must be 40,000,000 at least, worth $80,000,000, and our last annual clip worth from $30 to 35,000,000, it being from ninety to one hundred million pounds. Three or four sheep will certainly require, for sum¬ mer and winter keep, one acre of land, upon an average — so thirteen million acres of land are re¬ quired for the support of all the flocks in this coun¬ try, and at the moderate estimate of $15 per acre, including buildings, fences and fixtures, worth $195,000,000, saying nothing about labor expended in the care of sheep. We have the aggregate amount now invested in this departmentof industry : In sheep . $80,000,000 “ land . 195,000,000 Total . $275,000,000 Good judges say the lands, &c., should be esti¬ mated as high as $20 per acre, and the sheep higher than I have above estimated them; and 10 cents a head per year, added to the above total amount, for the investment in labor for tending, feeding, shear¬ ing, &c. It should be remembered that a cent a pound on our annual clip of wool, makes the odds to our wool growers of $900,000, and I have no doubt that our own wool is depressed in the market 10 cents per lb., by too free importation of rival wools. Wool growing has been more profitable under the Tariff of 1846 than it would have been, had that of 1842 continued, yet it has not been sufficiently so to prevent farmers in some sections killing off their flocks of fine wooled sheep— in some sections sub¬ stituting the dairy, in others, the long wooled breeds, in the expectation (mutton and lambs being in demand) of finding their reward. This has been occasioned by the immense importa¬ tion of foreign fine wool, principally from South America, east of the Andes, where nature does every thing, and man comparatively nothing, in the pro¬ duction of wool. The whole amount of wool imported in 1844, was 23,800,000 lbs., and in 1845, 28,800,- 000. (I take this as stated in an article in the Jan. No. of the Plough, Loom and Anvil.) A large pro- portion of all this wool comes from Buenos Ayres, or the Argentine Republic, and the adjoining States ; the finest wool-growing region in the world, where flocks of thousands and tens of thousands, belonging in many instances to enterprising foreigners, graze the year round, roaming over vast and almost in¬ terminable plains of the richest pasturage, yet of little value compared with our pasture lands, in a climate the most favorable, where the sheep is less subject to disease than with us, and sustained at an expense of land and labor vastly below that of any portion of the United States. I will here annex a description of such foreign wools as are generally imported into the United States, their cost abroad, and such facts in relation to each as may be important to those interested, making a distinction between the fine and native wools, which supplant our domestic wools in the market, and the coarse hairy wools which do not, but can only be used in connection with our own coarse long wool, or foreign, the hairy being used for filling in the coarsest and cheapest fabrics. The latter, (the hairy wool,) is not so much imported as it would be, because, as it appears from the offi¬ cial reports, it costs as much abroad as the fine and native wools, which rival our own. A dollars worth of fine wool will produce a fabric of about three times the value of that made from a dollars worth of hairy wool, therefore, practically, the duty 292 Sept. THE CULTIVATOR. on the hairy wools, is three times as high as the duty on the fine wools, which rival our own ; three times as much coarse being required to make a square yard of carpets, as of fine to make a square yard of a fine plaid shawl, in the manufacture of which the fine wools of South America, east of the Andes, are used to the exclusion of domestic wool of all grades, sqch as cloths, cassimeres, &c. 1st. Buenos Ayres’ native Mestizo, or grade wools and Merino. These wools bear the general character of the wools east of the Andes. I have fair samples be¬ fore me, which successfully compete with every grade of wool grown in the United States, some of which I send you with this article. The Buenos Ayres wools are generally imported unwashed, very dirty and burry . The fine, wastes from 60 to 70 lbs. to the 100 lbs. in washing and burring, and comes to the cards 15 cents per lb. cheaper than our own wools of the same grade. The expense of burring is about three mills per lb. I have these facts from a most reliable and intel¬ ligent source. From Buenos Ayres, (or the Argen¬ tine Republic,) we imported in 1848, 4,307,428 pounds of wool, which cost there $267,419, or about 6| cents per lb. This was over one-third of our whole importation that year. As long ago as 1835, great efforts were made to improve the native sheep in this region. In 1837-8, 1,100 Merino rams and ewes were imported into Buenos Ayres alone, (say¬ ing nothing of the adjoining States, where similar improvements were in progress,) under the direc¬ tion of enterprising foreigners. The natives, stimulated by their example, and encouraged by resident agents of foreign and domestic manufac¬ turers, commenced the improvements of their flocks by crossing them with the Merino, and have now made such progress in the production of fine wool, as to render it impossible for our wool growers to compete with them, under the present tariff of 30 per cent on their wool, which amounts to two cents per lb., and about 15 per cent on its value here, (all expenses being paid,) compared with that of our own domestic wool. Indeed, one of the largest woolen manufactories in the country, which uses near two million pounds of wool per annum, a few years ago used almost exclu¬ sively domestic Merino and grade wools, now uses as exclusively the fine wools of the eastern part of South America. But a few years ago, this estab¬ lishment alone paid about $300,000 in one year for wool in the western part of Pennsylvania, and now it buys little, if any, domestic wool, but has since bought cargoes of Mestizo wool from this section of South America, and within twelve months, I was informed by one of its agents, that they were not using a pound of domestic wool. By examining, carefully, the official reports of the importations of wool from different countries, the fact will be fully established, that the wools grown in South America, east of the Andes, being all rival wools, cost not more abroad than the coarse hairy wools of Crimea, Smyrna, Syria, Africa, Chili, or Valparaiso. The native wool of Buenos Ayres is much like, in the fibre, our common wool, perhaps not quite so soft; the fibre has a spiral curl about it, which dis¬ tinguishes it from hairy wool ; it takes color well; is generally dirty and burry when imported, wastes from 40 to 50 per cent in washing, and from 10 to 15 per cent in burring. It is used generally for all purposes where our common and coarse wool would be used, and comes to the cards, relatively, as much cheaper as the Mestizo. Our own river washed wool wastes before coming to the cards, about 20 to 25 per cent. Entre Rios, Rio Grande, Monte Video, wools are about the same quality, generally imported burry and washed. They waste in rewashing and burring from 30 to 35 per cent. Cordova wool is grown about 700 miles back from Buenos Ayres, in a mountainous country, and it is free from burrs. It is generally imported unwashed — wastes about 50 per cent in coming to the cards, and is probably the best long wool imported from South America. It is longer in the fibre than my sample of Leicester or Bakewell wool from Ohio ; not so long as my Lincolnshire, or as soft as either, but would be used generally for similar purposes, principally for worsted goods. The Chilian or Valparaiso, is a long, coarse, hairy wool, imported free from burrs and dirty, wastes about 50 per cent before it comes to the cards, and is manufactured into the coarsest and cheapest goods, such as could not be made exclusively out of any grade of our wool, on account of the expense. The coarser part of the fleece, is often from 14 to 18 inches long, and very different, from the wool grown on the opposite side of the Andes, and the vast pampas between them and the Atlantic. The coarser part of the fleece, resembles more the hair on the extremity of cattles’ tails, than any wool grown in the U. S. From the nature of the country and the character of the people, there is little ground to hope that such improvement will ever be made in the flocks as on the east side of the moun¬ tains, where single individuals often own from 40 to 100,000 sheep, roaming the year round over vast and fertile plains, the richest grazing region in the world, with little trouble or expense to their own¬ ers, except to shear and properly crop them. The shearing is often omitted, the wool not being worth the trouble when labor is scarce and high. The Peruvian wool is long, coarse and hairy. It is imported unwashed, and wastes about 50 per cent in coming to the cards. The samples I have are shorter in the staple than the Chilian, free from burrs but dirty. This wool is used for the same purposes as the Chilian. Both the last named wools cost abroad, in 1846, according to official reports, made up from invoices filed at the custom houses under the oaths of the importers, the same as the Buenos Ayres and the adjoining States, from 6 to 7 cts. per lb. The African and Syrian wools have a general re¬ semblance. They have a reddish color, occasioned by the sands of the deserts being blown into them. They are coarse, harsh and hairy — about as long in the staple as our Bakewell, and are brittle. They are used principally for filling to negro cloths and car¬ pets. They are spoken of in price currents, as Syrian, Bengazi, Mogadore and Barbary wool. The Scotch black faced laid wool, is imported in small quantities. An immense quantity of it is grown on the Highlands. The sheep upon which it grows is hardy and thrives where the more delicate races would die, and makes the best of mutton when well fatted. Upon this wool the English carpet manufacturers draw for a large portion of their sup¬ ply at about 7 cents per lb., free of duty, and thus they are enabled to hold in check and defeat the prosperity of our domestic carpet manufacturers. The sheep are not housed on the Highlands, and for protecting them from the effects of the weather and storms, they are covered with a preparation of tar and grease, well rubbed on the fleece. The un¬ laid wool is from the same kind of sheep, on t,he south side of the Highlands. This sheep is housed 1850, THE CULTIVATOR. 293 in cold weather. The laid wastes about 40 and the unlaid about 15 per cent on coming to the cards. The nearer wool approaches hair, if it will take colors, the better it is for carpets, because it is more clastic, retains the dirt less, and sweeps better. The coarse hairy wools of a. brittle staple, are generally used for filling the carpets and negro cloths. With this cheap material for filling, carpet manufacturers could afford to buy our own coarse long wool for warps, but inasmuch as by official re¬ turns, (the importation from Crimea and Buenos Ayres, for example,) this pays three times as much duty as the fine, according to what it will produce in money when manufactured,- the carpet business is retrograde, and the demand for our coarse long wool of strong staple, very much curtailed, for it is a fact worthy of the greatest consideration, that in proportion as the coarse, brittle, hairy wool is im¬ ported for filling, (if foreign long wool is not im¬ ported for warps) a demand is at once created for our domestic long wool. Smyrna, Salonica, and Adrianople wools, are coarse and hairy, rather harsh; staple of medium length. They are imported, washed and unwashed, and waste, in cleaning for the cards, from 40 to 50 per cent, and cost abroad about the same as the best wool east of the mountains in South America. Crimea wool, grown in the south of Russia, and imported limed and unlimed from Crimea and the Black Sea, is free from burs, and wastes from forty to sixty percent. Calcutta wool is much the same thing, both resembling dog’s hair, more than any wool grown in this country. It is used for filling to carpets, See. Cape of Good Hope wool is mostly imported on the skins, called hair skins, which are valuable to, and eagerly sought by morocco dressers. The wool or hair, on nine-tenths of them, is of no value, except to masons. It will not dye or take colors. The native sheep is very large. In taking this general survey of foreign wools, with their bearing upon the sheep husbandry of the United States, the conclusion to which I have ar¬ rived is, that all wools grown in the United States are depressed in the market from six to ten cents per lb., by the present importation of foreign rival wools, principally grown in eastern South America. Considering the fact that a cent a lb. on our annual clip, makes the odds to our wool growers of $900,- 000, this is a matter for grave consideration ; and that if Congress remodels the present tariff, they should put a duty high enough on foreign rival wools to give our domestic wool an equal chance with them in our own markets. The immense amount invested in sheep husbandry, the little attention Congress has ever given to the agriculture of the country, and the little aid they can ever render it, under any tariff, justify the farmer in demanding of Congress, in tones not to be mistaken, substantial relief from this ruinous competition with foreign wool. A duty on any of his products, except wool, (say butter, cheese, beef and pork or grain) is as useless as a duty on ice; but that on wool is a vital matter. Will it be overlooked, if the tariff be re¬ modified? Nous verrons. H. C. Meriam. North Tewksbury , Mass. June 25, 1850. P. S. — Since I wrote the above article, I have received from Washington the report of the com¬ merce and navigation of the U. S. for the last fiscal year, from "which I take the following: The importation of foreign wool, the last fiscal year, amounted to 17,869,022 pounds, and cost abroad, as invoiced, $1 .177,347, that is at an ave¬ rage price of less than 7 cents per lb. Over two- thirds of this whole importation, 12,603,094 lbs. came from Buenos Ayres, invoiced at 769,106 dol¬ lars, that is but a fraction over 6 cents per lb. Sheep Husbandry, Dr. Fitch in his survey of Washington county, N. Y., made under the direction of the State Agri-, cultural Society, furnishes a valuable chapter on the sheep husbandry of that section, from which we take the following, believing that our readers who are engaged in that branch of farming, will be in¬ terested and benefitted by his remarks. Eds. Adaptedness of this county to fine wooled Sheep. — No section of our country can be better adapted for the convenient and profitable keeping of fine wooled sheep than the eastern half of Wash¬ ington county. From the Bald mountain range of hills on the west, to the State line on the east, al¬ most every farm contains a portion of interval or permanent meadow, from which hay for winter con¬ sumption is gathered; and the remainder consists of hilly upland, yielding a short, sweet, nutritious grass for summer pasturage. To the west of this tract, the level lands towards the Hudson river fur¬ nish no such pasturage ; and to the east of it in Ver¬ mont, the lands become more broken and mountain¬ ous, with no intervening valleys supplying the re¬ quisite amount of meadow lands. Most of our hills it is true are susceptible of cul¬ tivation to their summits, and at the present period, would be more profitable if given up to tillage. But although the prices of wool render its production little lucrative, it can here be grown to such advan¬ tage, that these hills now are covered with flocks, and it is probable they will so continue in all com¬ ing time. After various intermediate remarks in regard to the statistics of sheep and wool for the county, Dr. F. observes : This will continue to be a wool-growing distict. — --This section of country, including this county and the adjoining parts of Vermont, is cur¬ rently, and so far as we are able to determine, cor¬ rectly regarded as being by its climate, its inland location, and the inequalities of its surface, more closely assimilated to the kingdom of Saxony than is any other part of the American continent. Its character as a wool-growing district has been amply tested. And all things considered, it must be ad¬ mitted that it has every prospect of remaining con¬ spicuous as it now is for the number and fineness of its flocks. Naturally adapted as it is for the keep¬ ing of fine-wooled sheep, extensively introduced and acclimated among us, as this species of stock now is, and experienced in its management as our popu¬ lation has become, there is every probability that this will continue to be a wool-growing district, second to no other in our land. But of this county it may confidently be affirmed, it will never be occupied exclusively in the produc¬ tion of wool. Agriculture will always form a large part of its business. Susceptible of easy cultiva¬ tion as nearly all the lands of this county are, the relative prices of grain and of wool, will at most times, it is probable, pay better for the production of the former than of the latter. It may hence be expected that so much of his land as the farmer can till within himself, that is, with his own personal labor and that of his household, will always be un¬ der cultivation ; and at the same time, a flock of sheep, requiring as it does, but little time and at¬ tention during the busy period of the year, will oe« 294 THE CULTIVATOR. Sept, cupy that portion of the farm which is least con¬ venient for tillage, and thus add an important item to the proprietor’s income. This is their great re¬ commendation. Without increasing in any sensible degree its expenses, and without interfering with and hindering its other operations, a limited number of sheep can be supported, mainly upon such por¬ tions of the farm as would otherwise be neglected and for the time valueless. And this has saved our flocks from extermination during the low prices of wool for the past few years. Having withstood this disastrous period so well, it may confidently be ex¬ pected that no depression in the wool market can ever occur which will have the effect of expelling them from this district. When the price of wool is low, their numbers will be diminished and more ground devoted to agricultural operations ; and whenever the production of wool is per se profitable, their numbers will be increased, and then also, lands valuable for cultivation will be appropriated to their maintenance. Thus, wool will always be grown here in large quantities, but its amount will be aug¬ mented or diminished according to the condition and prospects of the market. Immediately to the east of us, the condition of things is different. Here is a large tract of hilly and mountainous land, little of which is capable of being profitably cultivated, but which is admirably adapted for the pasturage of sheep. These will here be kept in large numbers, irrespective of the fluctuations of the wool market— it being the only thing to which these extensive mountain ranges can be advantageously devoted. And the flocks there summered, will be brought down for their winter keeping, to the plains of this county, particularly the low lands towards the Hudson. This is the es- tablished management of some flocks at the present time — tracts of land in the town of Fort Edward, and other tracts twenty or thirty miles distant in Vermont, being owned by the same proprietors, the latter their pasture, the former their meadow, their flocks being annually drove in the autumn to the former, and in the spring returned to the latter. To no other business can the mountain ranges of Vermont probably ever be more profitably appro¬ priated, and they will hence settle down into this mode of management to a much greater degree than at present prevails. Hence our anticipations are, that the hilly district forming the eastern part of Washington county, will ever abound in sheep, deriving their summer and winter keeping from the same farm, and that the level lands of the west part of the county will be devoted largely to the growing of hay, for win¬ tering the flocks that will be summered upon the Vermont mountains— thus keeping up the same dis¬ tinction which exists in Spain, a portion of the flocks being Estantes or stationary, and the others transhumantes or migratory. Influence of keeping on the fineness of wool. — On this point it is remarked, that — what the fleece gains in weight by high keeping, it par¬ tially loses in quality. This is the current opinion; though to demonstrate it, requires such a discrimi¬ nation of the nice shades of difference that exist in fineness as no one among us has the requisite faci¬ lities for making. The opinion, however, is so ra¬ tional as scarcely to need the evidence of an actual demonstration. High keeping cannot add to the skin of the sheep an additional number of bulbs or glands for secreting woolly fibres; it can only in¬ crease the activity of those already existing there, thus causing them to elaborate the matter of wool more rapidly ; like a sieve or strainer overloaded with material, a greater quantity and of a grosser quality passes through. Hence, on the best estab¬ lished physiological principles, with the fact ascer¬ tained that high keeping increases the quantity of wool, it will follow that it does so by increasing both the diameter and the length of the fibers, but not the number of them. If high keeping increased only the diameter of the fibers, nothing would be gained by it, as the additional weight would then be wholly at the expense of the fineness. But it adds to their length also, we must believe, in the same ratio that it adds to their diameter. High keeping, therefore, cannot be regarded as either vain or pernicious. The only valid objection to it is on the score of economy. Expense of keeping sheep. — As we have already seen, the annual income from sheep, of the kind of which most of our flocks are composed, has of late years, been less than one dollar and twenty-five cents each. Nay, it is known to be a fact, that many of our common flocks in some of these years, have brought their owners a return of only seventy and eighty cents to each sheep. How this compares with the expense of their keeping, we come next to examine. The current charge for pasturage is from one and a half to two cents per week. The first of these sums is the lowest for which pasturage is ever hired and it is only upon the mountain lands adjoining us in Vermont that it can be obtained for that price. And the time required in driving and occasionally repairing hither to see to the welfare of the flock is more than equivalent to an additional half cent. Sheep are pastured somewhat more than half the year ; say thirty weeks. This at two cents per week amounts to sixty cents. When pasturage is hired by the season, however, as it sometimes can be, the current charge is fifty cents. About the same result will be arrived at in another mode of estimat¬ ing it. Twenty-five acres of good pasture land is re¬ garded as the least that is adequate to sustain a hun¬ dred sheep. Such land is sometimes bought for twenty-five dollars per acre, though it is currently valued at five or ten dollars higher than this. Six hundred and twenty-five dollars may, then, purchase the requisite amount of pasture land for maintain¬ ing one hundred sheep. Thus, without taking into the account the cost of keeping up fences, &c., the mere interest on the value of the land will be forty- three dollars and seventy-five cents, or forty-three and three-fourth cents for each sheep. On the whole, therefore, fifty cents must be regarded as the lowest sum for which a sheep can be kept through the summer. With respect to wintering. Fourteen tons of good hay is the least quantity that any one supposes the strictest care can carry a flock of one hundred sheep through the winter upon, and more than this is usu¬ ally fed. The established price of hay with us, in ordinary seasons, is six dollars per ton. This amounts, therefore, to eighty-four dollars for the flock, or eighty-four cents for each sheep. Such, from all the information I can gather, ap¬ pears to be a fair estimate of the expense of keep¬ ing this species of stock. The estimate is made as low as the facts will warrant. In addition to this we have a number of minor items very variable in amount, according to circumstances, and hence im¬ possible to reckon up with any degree of precision, such as the time spent in foddering and other neces¬ sary attentions, the cost of washing and shearing, the value of salt, tobacco, tar, spirits of turpen¬ tine and other six-penny-etceteras that are yearly required. It is commonly estimated that the in- 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 295 crease of the flock, under ordinary circumstances, more than makes good its own losses and balances these items, thus leaving the sole article of food to be paid for from the wool. The summering then being fifty cents and the wintering eighty-four, un¬ less the sale of the wool amounts to one dollar and thirty-four cents to each sheep, the grower is part¬ ing with it for a less sum than it costs him to pro¬ duce it. Our farmers have been aware, that the prices of wool of late years, have not paid the cost of its pro¬ duction, and that if devoted to dairying or the rais¬ ing of grain, their lands would yield a much greater income, than to be stocked with sheep. But being already skilled in sheep-husbandry, with portions of their farms better adapted for this than any other use, with flocks already on their hands, and all the facilities provided for their management, rather than incur the expense of a change, they have clung to their sheep year after year, with the expectation that a turn in the market would certainly take place, which would render the business more lucrative. A slight revival in the price of wool at this present time, is hailed as the harbinger of better times, and excites strong hopes that a brighter day for their interests is about dawning. Short-horned Cattle. The tribe of cattle called short-horns, has been known in some of the eastern districts of England for many years, but by most British authorities is not regarded as indigenous to the island. It was probably introduced from the continent of Europe. Thus Sir William Jardine, in the Naturalist’ s Li¬ brary, says — “ The short-horned breed were origi¬ nally from a Dutch stock.77 Culley says — “ It is pretty evident that our forefathers have imported these [the short-horns] from the continent: first, because they are still in many places called the Dutch breeds second, because we find these cattle nowhere in this island except along the east coast, facing those parts of the continent where the same kind of cattle are still bred.77 (“ Observations on Live Stock,” written in 1785, p 18.) Youatt, in relation to the original stock of British cattle, ob¬ serves that “ the battle has been stoutly fought be¬ tween the advocates of the middle-horns and the long-horns,77 but that the short-horns can have no claim to be considered aboriginal, being “evidently of foreign extraction.77 ( Treatise on Cattle, p. 9.) Martin says — “ with respect to the short-horned breed, or the Durham and Holderness stock, often called the Duteh or Holstein, we have already ex¬ pressed our opinion that it is not of ancient British origin, but that it is from a race spread over the northwestern portion of the continent, and preva¬ lent in Guilderland, Utrecht, Holland, &c. (“ The Ox,” p. 56. These remarks refer to what are now called the “ old” short-horns, in contradistinction to the im¬ proved variety of that breed — a variety which with¬ in the last forty years has been extensively dissemi¬ nated, and is now well known in this country. The origin of this improved variety, has formerly been the subject of much controversy in England, though for several years it has been but little agitated there. On this side of the water, however, some late attempts have been made to enlighten the pub¬ lic mind on this subject. In the Transactions of the N. Y. Slate Ag. Society for 1849, Mr. Ambrose Stevens gives what he calls a “history77 of certain short-horn cattle. This history is given as his own, no refer¬ ence being made to any authority, except in a brief note, in which we are told where the histories of the Aislabie and other families, (not the history of the cattle,) may be found. Mr. Stevens begins t bus : “ The ancient family of the Aislabies which came into England from Normandy with William the Conqueror, established themselves, prior to 1300, at Aislabie, on the river Tees, in the county of Durham, and the manor, their estate, was called after the family. As early as 1600 the family was known to possess a most extraordinary tribe of cattle.77 He then labors to show that from the cattle pos¬ sessed by this Aislabie family, are descended some of the short-horns now belonging to several indi¬ viduals,* though he does not distinctly assert that any animals now living are wholly of this ancient blood. Admitting the main points of the above quotation, the first inquiry which arises is, where did the cat¬ tle alluded to come from, and of what breed were they? The Aislabie family, it is said, came from Normandy with William the Conqueror, (in the year 1066,) and “ as early as 1600,77 or five hun¬ dred and thirty-four years after they came into England , they possessed an “extraordinary tribe of cattle.77 Did they take this stock of cattle with them from Normandy, or when and where did they obtain it? Were they long-horns, middle-horns, short-horns, or no-horns? On these points Mr. Stevens is silent. The most natural inference from the tenor of the language would be, that they were Norman cattle brought into England by the Ais¬ labies. But as we follow Mr. Stevens’ “ history,” we find that “ the Pennimansof Ormsby, in Yorkshire,” are said to have become possessed of the same stock. Here, then, we have a key by which we may ascertain what this Aislabie stock was. In mentioning “ the Pennimans,” allusion is probably made to Sir James Penniman, who, according to various authorities, was many years ago in posses¬ sion of a valuable stock of cattle. In the pedigrees of some of the first short-horns recorded in the Herd Book, the stock of Sir James Penniman is fre¬ quently spoken of, and it is stated that it was de¬ rived from Sir William St. Quintin, of Scampston. Rev. Henry Berry mentions the same facts, and states that St. Quintin was one of the early im¬ provers of the short-horns. This Penniman stock, therefore, (which by Mr. Stevens’ “ history,” was the same as the Aislabie stock,) was derived from St Quintin, and to show what was St. Quintin’s stock, we will refer to authorities. The late Major Rudd, of Marton-Lodgei near Stockton-on-Tees, writing to the Farmers’ Journal, under date of June 28th, 1821, says: “ The sire of Hubback was descended from the stock of Sir James Penniman, who obtained the breed from Sir Wil¬ liam St. Quintin. I was intimately acquainted with Sir James Penniman’s steward, who has re¬ peatedly assured me that Sir James told him this breed was a cross between the old short-horns and the Alderney [or Normandy.] Sometime ago, I happened to read the New Farmers’ Calendar , fourth edition, published in 1802, in which at page 393, is the following passage:* 1 Yorkshire is famous for the Holderness or short¬ horn cows. This large breed came originally from Holstein and the low countries, and was, until o„ * The game passage occurs in the fifth edition, page 493. — Pm 296 THE CULTIVATOR late years, too coarse and Dutch built ; they have been much improved in symmetry and fineness of bone and flesh, by a judicious cross with the Nor¬ man cattle. For this improvement I understand the country is indebted to the exertions of the late Sir William St. Quintin. They are now very excellent and beautiful stock, and many of them are made fat at three years old.’ " It is proper to remark, in passing, that Major Rudd was for many years one of the most distin¬ guished breeders of improved short-horns in Eng¬ land, having purchased at Charles Colling’s sale, in 1810, the very best, and with the exception of Comet, the highest priced animals of that celebra¬ ted herd, viz: Petrarch, at 365 guineas ; Lily, at 410 ; Countess, at 400 • and Peeress, at 170 guineas. Lawrence, in his Treatise on Cattle, published in 1809, says, at page 57,- — 1 1 The extreme coarseness and size of the Northern short-horns, led to the in¬ troduction of Norman or Alderney bulls, at some period of the eighteenth century, with the precise date of which we are unacquainted. Never was there a more fortunate cross. " But it appears that St. Quintin made other im¬ portations. Rev. Henry Berry, in his pamphlet entitled “ Improved Short Horns and their Preten¬ sions written in 1824, says, at pages 16, 17 — Sir William St. Quintin imported cows and bulls from Holland ; and it may be added that from him Sir James Penniman, who possessed estates in the counties of Durham and Northumberland, and was desirous to extend the breed further north, obtained the cattle necessary for his purpose. From these he presented six cows and a bull to Mr. George Snowden, of Hurworth, his tenant. " It should be remembered that ‘ ‘ Snowden's bull," so called, was the sire of Hubback. The same importation is probably alluded to by Culley in his “ Observations on Live Stock,7’ pub¬ lished in 1785. He says — “ About 70 or 80 years ago, one of the St. Quintin family introduced a bull and some cows from Holstein." The same writer notices other importations, as follows: — “ I remem¬ ber a gentleman of the county of Durham, a Mr. Michael Dobison, who went in the early part of his life into Holland, in order to buy bulls ; and those he brought over, I have been told, did much service in improving the breed; and this Mr. Dobison and his neighbors, even in my day, were noted for hav¬ ing the best breeds of short-horn cattle, and sold their bulls and heifers for very great prices. But afterwards, some other people of less knowledge going over, brought home some bulls that in all probability introduced into that coast the disagree¬ able kind of cattle well known to the breeders upon the river Tees, and called lyery , or double-lyered, that is, black-fleshed, for one of these creatures, notwithstanding it will feed to a vast weight, and though you feed it ever so long, yet will not have one pound of fat about it, neither within nor without." The animals of these various importations were un¬ doubtedly crossed with the stock previously in the coun¬ try, and (with the exception of the last named.) pro¬ bably aided in producing the variety to which the term improved short-horns," has been properly applied. We did not commence this article with a view of giving a full account of the short-horns — improved or unimproved; but there is one important fact to which the testimony here quoted tends, that should be borne in mind, viz: that the improved short-horns are a mixed breed, produced by crossing. Much other evidence of a like nature might be adduced, and even Mr. Stevens’ “history," so far as it means anything, tends to the same end. Sept. Litters from Prof. Norton— -No. 0. On the Importance of Extended Chemical laves* tigations. Analytical Laboratory, Yale College, ) New-Haven , Conn., August 5th, 1859. } Messrs. Editors — It may seem to many that the time has long passed, when it was necessary to write for such a paper as the Cultivator, on such a topic as I have selected for the theme of my present letter. I think, however, that a little reflection will convince any impartial and observing mind that we have as yet only begun to impress the great mass of the farming community, with a due sense of the importance of this subject. It is common to say, that there has been a change within a few years in this respect; that farmers are now rapidly becoming convinced that there is some¬ thing to be learned from scientific investigation: this is all true to a very great extent, and I will even acknowledge that in many districts, direct en¬ couragement to such investigations has been given. Our numerous and flourishing agricultural societies, and ably conducted agricultural journals, are all so many evidences of advance, and of an awakened spirit of inquiry. The farmers that one encounters at the shows of these societies, and those who take these journals, are as a class, ready to admit that there remains much to be done before they can be said to fully un¬ derstand even the practice of their profession ; and also that they are prepared to believe in the possi¬ bility of deriving great advantage from the labors of scientific men. If all these things are so, it may be said, why complain of the farmers? why say that they hold back in the cause of improvement? This objection would have much force, were it not for the fact that after all, the class of which I have spoken, consti¬ tutes but a comparatively small part among the great agricultural population. Even the admirable shows of the State of New-York, fail to collect more than a small proportion of her farmers, al¬ though the actual concourse is immense. How many thousands there are in that State who scarce¬ ly know that such a show is ever held, excepting perhaps when it chances to come into their immedi¬ ate vicinity. Many other States have no State show of any description. In a county with a population of a hundred thousand, it would be considered a successful agricultural show, which should draw together a thousand or two of people; and a gathering of more than two or three hundred of these to hear an address, on some scientific or practical topic, would be thought quite creditable. There are of course exceptions to this state of things, but I now speak of the country in general. These facts no one can controvert ; it seems then, that after all, but a comparatively limited portion of the farmers are aroused, even to the necessity and advantage of these simple steps towards im¬ provement. Again, in going through our villages, how many people do we find, who never read any of the agricultural newspapers or periodicals, and who are ready to declaim against them all as useless How limited is the sale of even the largest and most ably conducted of these periodicals, compared with what it ought to be, if all appreciated its value. But I desire to go a step farther, and to leave out of the question all those who may be considered entirely uninterested and incredulous on the subject of improvement; and to ask, how far can we de¬ pend on those who attend fairs and shows with 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 297 much interest, who read papers and hear addresses, with some degree of attention. Surely here we may look for the fullest approval in every scientific movement, and in any educational movement 5 here at last, in place of ridicule and contempt, we shall find warm encouragement and assistance. How far these anticipations are realized, those wTho have had occasion to present such subjects, can testify. With the farmers constituting a majority in most of our legislatures, projects for educational estab¬ lishments having their interest in view, are suffered to lie neglected, or even despised, year after year, while money is at the same time voted away by thousands through the votes of these same farmers, for comparatively trifling objects with which they have little or nothing to do. This evil is gradually lessening, but yet strong manifestations of it may be seen in almost every capital of state, during each legislative, session . Can any one doubt, that the farmers when once convinced that money can be appropriated with benefit to the cause of agri¬ culture, will hesitate to appropriate it so far as is necessary? Can any one doubt, but that if they were fully and really convinced, they would do it now , freely and not grudgingly? So far is this from true that even in three States where appropriations have been made, it has been amid doubts, fears and opposition. The conclusion forced upon the mind by such rea¬ soning, and such facts, as the foregoing, is, that the majority of the farmers in our States are not yet prepared to advance very rapidly, and are not sufficiently imbued with a spirit of improvement. Many of them are, as I have said, disposed to the vague belief that some improvement is needed, but they are inclined to rest in the expression of this belief. They are not ready to take' active measures to bring this knowledge into practical forms, and within their reach, or to aid in its increase. They shrink from actual innovations, although theoretic¬ ally they may be brought to acknowledge them possibly advisable. In short, what the mass of far¬ mers call a conviction , as to the merits of scientific agriculture, is merely a somewhat favorable pre¬ possession ; if they were really convinced that there was much to be learned from it, they w7ould not be so foolish as to neglect decisive and prompt mea¬ sures for bringing a knowledge of it within their reach. In such a case men of science wrould not be, as it were, compelled to produce the results of their labors and to apply them to practice, in a sort of apologetic way, as if for meddling with what they did not understand; but they wrould be sought after and encouraged, and urged forward in every possible way. It is strange that, after all which has been al¬ ready done, such a spirit does not show itself more strongly; while, too, the advantages from the ap¬ plication of chemistry, or of the other sciences, to practice is so extremely capable of proof. Suppose, for instance, a farmer entering upon a new soil, of which he knows nothing, either in re¬ spect to its composition, or its physical properties. He wishes to grow wheat upon it, that being per¬ haps the best crop he can raise, if it will do well. His only w7ay of decidiug this question is by actual experiment ; for there are some soils that look per¬ fectly well to the eye, and yet will not grow good wheat. If the crop fails, his labor is all lost, and a year of his life has gone also. To this it may be answered, that manure is all that is needed, and that any farmer knows it already, without thanks to the chemist. This is true to a certain extent, but in many cases experience has shown that common manure will not produce good wheat, even when heavily applied to the land. Here then occurs the necessity for chemical analysis; by its means we are enabled to ascertain what are the substances, what are the proportions of the sub¬ stances, that are contained in this grain; so much being done, it then remains to examine the soil also, and to ascertain of what this too is composed. If- there are several substances present in the wheat, which are not present, or only present in small quantity in the soil, the wdiole subject becomes clear at once, and the great principles are establish¬ ed, by means of which such immense advances have been made in modern times; the principles of special manuring, that is, of supplying special de¬ ficiencies by additions of particular substances, which common manures cannot furnish in sufficient quantities. We may also suppose a case, where the farmer cannot obtain enough of common yard manure for the extent of ground which he wishes to crop with wheat. Knowing the composition of the grain, he can look about for something which will answer for its food; though here again he is helpless to a considerable extent without the labors of the chem¬ ist, to tell him w’hether manures or substances that he has never seen before, are really what he w7ants. Can any reasonable man deny that chemistry is val uable in each of these cases; cannot all, on the con¬ trary, see that if the researches of the chemist had been much more extended, had been carried so far as to explain every change which takes place from germination to entire ripeness, and all of the differ¬ ences in the varieties of this grain, that a fund of knowledge would have been collected of the very greatest importance to every practical man. In my next letter I propose to write somewhat more at length relative to the necessity of such ex¬ tended investigations as the one alluded to above, and as to the way in which they can be encouraged. Yours truly, John P. Norton. Of Plows and Plowing. Editors of The Cultivator — In the Cultivator for March last, there are some ideas of mine upon “ Plows and Plowing.” I there mentioned that, with such plows as I had used, I had not been able to turn stubble land in a manner that seemed to me to be the most desirable, nor to plow' so deep a furrow in green-swmrd land as I wished ; that I had stated my difficulties to Messrs. Ruggles, Nourse, Mason & Co., and that they were getting up some new7 patterns of plow's with the intention of obviat¬ ing my difficulties. These gentlemen have now completed three sizes of a new plow7 for green-sw7ard, and tw7o sizes for stubble land, one of the largest of each sizes of w7hich I have tested thoroughly, and I am now happy to be able to say that they meet my wants entirely. The mould board of the stubble plow7 is of a con¬ siderably shorter constructiou, and is .wider at the heel in proportion to its length, than that of any good sod plow ; and this gives it great turning pow er, enabling it to take up its loose furrow-slice, throw it all over to the desired place, completely invert¬ ing as w7ell as pulverising it, and leaving a clean channel behind for the reception of the next furrow. The castings, both of the mould-board and land-side, are considerably higher than is usual in plows, which prevents stones and clods of earth from fall ¬ ing over and down betw7een them, and thus aiding to fill up the furrow channel. The beam, im¬ mediately forw7ard of the standard-bolt of the cast- 298 THE CULTIVATOR Sept. ings, is high and arching, giving a clear space of eighteen inches between the beam and the sole of the castings. When the plow is at work in the furrow, the extra space left between the surface of the ground and the plow-beam, in consequence of the increased height of the latter, effectually prevents the wadding up of stubble, coarse manure, or other impediments, immediately forward of the standard 5 and thus are avoided those vexations so frequently experienced when plows of the common construction are used. In June last, for the express purpose of testing this plow in regard to its ability to keep itself clear from clogging, 1 spread a dressing of the coarsest kind of long manure over an acre of corn-stub¬ ble land, and set the plow at work in fur¬ rows 8 inches deep. The acre was plow¬ ed, and the manure all covered, without once stopping the plow to clear it, and without any effort on my part to prevent its clogging. With this im¬ plement, the plowman may choose any furrow he pleases from five to twelve inches deep. The small size of the stubble plow is intended to meet the wants of those farmers who work their stubble lands with light teams. The largest size is easily drawn in sandy or gravelly loams by a pair of stout horses or oxen, if the furrow is not more than eight inches deep. The green-sward plow is of quite dif¬ ferent construction from that of the stub¬ bie plow. Its point is long, rising very gradually toward the standard, with a share gradually wid¬ ening to its full breadth and cut. — The plow enters the ground in the form, so to speak, of along tapering wedge, lift¬ ing the furrow-slice in a gentle and easy manner, laying it smoothly over into its proper place, with an easy draught by the team, and with little assistance from the plowman. It has also a space of eighteen inches between the beam and the sole of the castings, which prevents all clogging. The roller is attached to the side of the beam, instead of being placed under it, and consequently, it can be made ten to twelve inches in diameter, thus avoiding that con¬ stant groaning and laboring upon the axis which is liable to occur where small rollers are used. The dial-clevis and draft-rod, by which the team is at¬ tached to the plow, is an impro.vem.ent, I think, upon the common clevis. Besides being a stronger and more durable attachment,, it enables one to set his plow with entire accuracy in any desired furrow, from the shallowest and narrowest to the deepest and widest, that it is capable of taking. The largest size of the green-sward plow is in¬ tended for the draught of four cattle. I have used it, and it works well in furrows all the way from six to twelve inches deep, but it delights especially in deep furrows. When set for plowing a foot deep, the most proper width for it to take is sixteen to seventeen inches ; and the width of course lessens with the lessening of the depth. The next size is a three cattle plow, to be used in furrows not ex¬ ceeding nine or ten inches in depth, The smallest size is a two cattle plow, designed for furrows not exceeding seven or eight inches in depth. The height of beam is the same in all the sizes, and the general form and principles of working are the same • the variations being in the amount of work done, and the force of team necessary to do it. The accompanying cuts show the general form of these plows. F Holbrook. Brattleboro\ Ang. 12, I8.1O Drilling Wheat.-— The Michigan Farmer states that the two portions of a wheat field were sown at the same time, one with a drill, and the other broadcast - the drilled portion presented a far more vigorous and luxuriant appearance, and although the wheat had not been cut, the difference was es¬ timated at one-third increase. The broadcast por¬ tion consumed a bushel and a half per acre,- the drilled, but half a bushel. Etherization of Bee.s. — -Prof. Depays, of the veterinary school at Brussels, has successfully ap¬ plied the vapor of ether to bees, in order to deprive them of their honey without taking their lives. The vapor was blown into the hive through a glass tube, and the bees were soon made entirely torpid, in in which condition they remained for some time, but subsequently revived, and were as lively and healthy as ever. Haggles, Nouns, Mason # Co's NeU> Stubble Pima 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 299 This machine, in¬ vented by Mr. Na¬ than Chapin, of Syracuse, is arranged in one compact body upon a sett of com¬ mon wagon wheels, and is drawn from one orchard to another, by a pair of horses or oxen. It operates while standing upon its wheels, and it is said it will make from 32 to 20 barrels of ci¬ der per day, with the help of two men and one horse. They are also made in small form, about the size of a Fanning Mill, and conveyed and operated by hand, in a barn or cellar, at pleasure. fSee advertisement of Mr. Chapin, of Syracuse, the patentee, in an¬ other part of this pa¬ per.] CHAPIN’S PORTABLE CIDER-MILL AND PRESS. Fig. 1. — A view of the couplings when separated and the end of each part turned toward the spectator. BROWN’S COUPLING FOR PIPES AND HOSE. The annexed engraving represents two perspective views of an apparatus for 'c coupling hose and pipes,” for conduct¬ ing fluids, recently invented by A. Heyer Brown of this city, for which he has re¬ ceived letters patent. The obvious ad¬ vantage of this mode of connecting pipes or hose, consists in the celerity withtlf which the operation may be performed by a single motion of the hands, instead of the method at present in use, which requires a number of turns to be given to the coupling boxes, corresponding with the number of threads or turns in the thread of the screw,* and in all ope¬ rations of the kind when the time requir¬ ed to form or sever a connection is of con¬ sequence, as in the case of fire engines, locomo¬ tive tenders, &c., it will readily be perceived that this mode possesses a decided advantage. The patentee has a number of specimens of the article of the size used by the Albany Fire De¬ partment, which he will be pleased to exhibit to such as may call on him for the purpose, at his room No. 17 Commercial Buildings, corner of Broadway and Hudson streets, Albany. The coupling A, consists of a hollow metal fe¬ rule, a, attached to the hose by the method now in use. This ferule is enlarged at its other end to form a cylindrical shaped eup or hollow box, b; the edge of which c, is of sufficient thickness to form a firm bearing against the flat, correspond¬ ing part of the coupling, B. The coupling B is a hollow metal ferule, g, attach¬ ed to the hose, and is of equal bore to the ferule, a. At its extremity it is enlarged to form a flange, h, equal in diameter to the coupling A. The edge of the face of this flange at s, towards A, is turned at right angles to its axis, so as to bear truly against the edge c, when the couplings are united. The Fig. 2, — A view of the same when connected, i in figure B and g in figure A represent, the position of a hexagonal rim, or surface, immediately behind the flanges b and h, designed for the appli¬ cation of wrenches, when necessary to connect the couplings firmly, or to disconnect the same. A drone should be as rare in society as in a hive of bees, and almost deserves to be treated the same. 80C THE CULTIVATOR. Sept. The Potato Disease. Eds. Cultivator — Disease has once more fallen upon the Potato crop. A few words upon its signs and progress may not be uninteresting though they cannot be new, as they will be mainly , though not en¬ tirely , a repetition of the experience of former years. The potato crop in Central New-York, came up late this season in consequence of a cold and wet May. It grew rapidly during the month of June, but was not fully in flower until nearly the middle of July, in consequence of the general lateness- of the season. The first intimations of disease upon it were no¬ ticed after a pretty heavy rain, on the 23d and 24th of June, followed by cool weather on the 25th, on which day I noticed that the small and half formed rosettes of flowers were paralyzed and falling off unopened. The next, and much more severe cheek which this crop received, was from the heavy rains of the 2d, 3d and 5th of July, followed by cool nights on the 5th and 6th, the thermometer sinking on the fol¬ lowing mornings to 50°. There was not, however, in. connection with these cool nights, the same cool¬ ness and chafing wind during the day, that I have noticed, in former years, in connection with the origination of the potato disease. Immediately after these rains, i. e. on the 6th, I observed a most marked pallid look in the potato crop, attended with the withering of the top of the leading shoots, more especially at first a single leaf, and the falling of all the flowers whether expanded or not. Here let it be asked what would be the consequence of any considerable check in the growth of this or any other plant? Would it not probably show itself at the tenderest points, i. e. upon the last formed leaves, and the flowers? Can there be then a more con¬ vincing proof that potato disease, which always commences with this pallid aspect of the foliage, attended with the withered leaf and falling flowers , all in connection with sudden and severe changes of the weather, is legitimately the result of such un¬ steady weather 1 These heavy rains filled the plant with weak juices and saturated and chilled the soil so as to shut out the influence of both sun and air, and thus prevent all healthful elaboration in the plant. Meanwhile chemical tendencies would become more powerful than vital energies in the plant; and the result would naturally be morbid elaboration, and eventual disease, in the foliage in the first instance, and remotely in the tubers. Where this withered leaf is seen, the end of the shoot, in nearly every instance, either dies or hopelessly dwarfs; and its place is taken, if the plant should recover its ener¬ gies, by the development of the bud in the axil of the>next leaf below. After the effect of these rains and chills of the first, week of July passed off, the verdure of the potato crop gradually recovered. Much of the succeeding portions of the month, how¬ ever, was wet and hot ; the atmosphere was like a hot vapor bath, a state of weather undoubtedly un¬ favorable to the health of an enfeebled plant, sueh as I consider the potato now to be. July 16th, two days after a heavy and warm rain, I noticed the first blue edgings on the leaves of the potato seen this season. This is a fearful indica¬ tion, as it almost always spreads rapidly, and is always speedily followed by death to all the leaves so marked. After this there was a slight recovery of the healthful verdure of the crop, which continued un¬ til the 25th, when a slight shower, followed by a chill on the 26th and 27th, reducing the morning temperature down to 52° and 4fl°, and once more brought pallid looks and increased the withered leaves and falling flowers. August opened with a continuance of all the pre¬ ceding morbid indications, especially with a very rapid increase of blue tips upon the upper and outer leaves of the plant, and iron-rust spots upon the lower and inner leaves. Whole fields of early planted potatoes now look as though lately invaded by a scorching flame. During the present week, I and my neighbors have frequently found tubers marked with tender, reddish spots on the cuticle, beneath which the flesh begins to be a little soft. What the result will be, no one can tell. It may be hoped that some very late crops will find cooler and more even weather, and so mature a fair crop of healthful tubers, just as was the case last year j although, as a general rule, it is undoubtedly true that early planted potatoes do best. It is yet too early to know how fatally the tubers of early planted crops of potatoes will be diseased,, but I anticipate painful results. It is a melancholy work to watch the progress of disease on this valuable plant from year to year,, and to feel how imbecile are the most of our efforts to avert it or arrest its progress. In harmony with the suggestions of my published essays on this topic, I am laboring to renovate the potato — first , by successive reproduction from seed* balls, gathered from our strongest existing varieties,, and secondly, by importations from South America, whence I have tubers brought both from Bogota, in New Grenada, and also from Chili . These last I appreciate not as a race of tubers to be made the basis of cultivation, but as a supposed pure and hardy source of new seed balls. Should it be asked how the morbid indications of the present harmonises with those of former years, I answer most exactly. There is one difference in circumstances however. They are more obviously connected with hot and wet weather, and less with that which is cold and windy, than in former years. The relation of disease to different soils, aspects, modes of culture, varieties, &c., I have hardly had time to examine, nor is it quite time to fully know. An argument, derived from the culture of other tropical plants, has been adduced to show that the potato, in common with most other tropicals, suffers from sudden alternations of weather. It is yet too early fully to illustrate this argument from the culture of the present year. It may be observed, however, that tropical plants have grown less vigorously than in some former years, but that, as there has been an absence of severe and sudden chills, so the foliage of these plants has not been diseased as much as in former years. The fruit of these plants also has suffered less than in former years. I now refer especially to cucumbers, melons of all sorts, summer squashes and beans. Tomatoes show a strong tendency to the wet rot. The dry black induration upon this fruit, noticed in former years, in connection with the potato disease, has not yet been seen this year. The time has not yet come for some tropical plants to show all the morbid indications to which they are liable, as their fruits are not yet matured. It has been advised to mow off potato vines, when first struck with disease, in the hope thus of pre¬ venting it’s communication to the tubers. The only case where this would be applicable is that in which the tubers are large enough to be worth saving. In such a case, and where the approach of disease was 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 301 sudden, as in 1846, I certainly would do it. There is, however, usually this practical difficulty about it: the disease is often permitted to make too much progress before it is attempted, and then it can do no good. There is also always a hope that it will be light, and that the vegetation of the potato will, after suffering awhile, recover and mature its tubers in a tolerably healthful condition. In conclusion, so uniform are the morbid indica¬ tions of the potato, taking sorts, soils,, modes of culture, and time of planting, into consideration, and connecting all with changing states of weather, that I have almost ceased to feel any curious interest in them. A melancholy interest all, however, must feel. I have no hope of a permanently better state of things while our old varieties continue to be cultivated. The alternative to which we are fast being driven is, I think, regeneration or ruin. C. E. G. Utica , Aug. 10, 1850. She horticultural department. CONDUCTED BY J. J. THOMAS. Irrigation of Gardens. From repeated experiments, we are induced to draw the conclusion, that next to manure, the great prime mover in successful culture, there is nothing more important to vegetable growth in many cases, than irrigation. Practical gardeners in countries far more moist than our own, regard it as indis¬ pensable, and a large share of their success depends on copious waterings. Some interesting instances which have recently occurred may be worth stating. Two rows of rasp¬ berries stand on ground in every respect alike, ex¬ cept that one receives the drippings from a wood- house, and the other does not. The watered row is fully four times as large in growth as the other. Again,- — the berries on the bushes of the Fastolff and Franconia raspberries were at least twice as large when the soil was kept well moistened, as afterwards when allowed to become dry,- a repeti¬ tion of the watering again doubled their size. Again,— a near neighbor who cultivates strawber¬ ries for market, and who uses a Water-cart for ir¬ rigating the rows, raised at the rate of one hundred and twenty bushels to the acre on common good soil by this means— and he noticed that where the cart was left standing over night so that the water grad¬ ually dripped from it for some hours upon a portion of the plants, the fruit had grown to double the size of the rest, in twenty-four hours. It should be observed that these advantages of a copious supply of water pertain chiefly to small or annual plants. The roots of fruit trees being larg¬ er and deeper, are to be supplied with moisture in a different way; that is, by a deep, rich, mellow soil, kept moist by cultivation, or by covering thick¬ ly with litter. Water applied to the surface, rarely descends so low as the roots, and only hardens the goil to a crust. Striped Bugs. John W. Bailey, an enterprising fruit raiser of Plattsburgh, N. Y., gives the following method in the Horticulturist, which he has found the only one effectual under all circumstances: “Take 4 pieces of boards about 2 feet long and 7 to 10 in width, [we presume he means 7 to 10 inches and not feet, Eds. Cul .,] nail the ends together, and put around the hill vines, and no striped bug will ever be found inside (if not there when the box isput on.) Three or four short boards put around the hill and kept there with wooden pins will answer the purpose equally well. This season the bugs had destroyed more than half my vines before I put my boxes on. I then planted the vacant hills inside the boxes ; not a bug came on the vines after that, until I sup¬ posed the young vines last planted, were strong enough to defy the bug, when I removed the boxes, and they were immediately attacked again, and I was obliged to replace the boxes. I have tried this for several years.” American Bornological Congress. An invitation is given by the officers of this in¬ stitution, which holds its next meeting at Cincin¬ nati, on the 11th, 12th and 13th days of this month to all agricultural, horticultural, pomological, and kindred societies in the United States and Canadas, to send such number of delegates as they may deem expedient. Specimens of fruits are also solicited, “ with lists of the same, and also papers descriptive of their art of cultivation, of diseases and insects injurious to vegetation, of remedies for the same, and whatever will add to the interest and utility of the convention.” Packages of fruit not accompanied by the exhibi¬ tor, to be sent to John F. Dair & Co. Lower Market street, Cincinnatti, O. , very distinctly marked, “ For the Am. Pomological Congress .” Delegates are to forward their certificates to J. B. Russel, corresponding secretary of the Cincin¬ nati Horticultural Society, and to report themselves on the 11th at the Burnet House. The Michigan or Prairie* Bose. (Rosa rubifolium.) None can be better adapted for pillars than the Prairie Rose. It is more hardy than the Ayrshire in some localities, and more vigorous in its growth than the Boursault. Its colors are fine, though there is room for improvement,— for if we could give to its flowers the brightness of Coccinea su¬ perb a, the dark richness of Miralba, or the pure white of Madame Hardy,— their beauty and splen¬ dor would be much increased. It is now scarcely ten years since much was known of its double varieties. It is true that in the spring of 1836, Professor Russel published a notice of a semi-double prairie rose found on an island of the Ohio river; but he had not seen the flower. R. Buist, in his Rose Manual says: u It was in 1837 that we first saw a double variety of this rose, although such had been cultivated in Ohio and Kentucky for many years.” He has not men¬ tioned, however, the name of the variety. In the spring of 1840, James Wilson, in the Al¬ bany Cultivator-, described a double variety “ with flowers similar to the cabbage rose.” This I pre¬ sume was the Queen of the Prairies. In the Rose Manual (1844) six kinds were named, which had been originated by Samuel Feast of Bal- * This rose is not found in the open prairies, but in the oak open¬ ings or barrens where the timber is sparse, and of stunted growth. It is not a trailer like the Ayrshire rose, but shoots directly upward, and sometimes occupies the tops of other shrubs. In 1816 1 saw one a few miles east of Vincennes, Ind., and made the following memo¬ randum at the time: “ Observing a plum tree with large red flowers twelve feet high, I turned from the road to take a fairer view, and with surprise beheld a rose bush resting its vine-like stem on the branches to that height. The blossoms are in clusters, and as the color varies with age, the appearance is beautiful. I have seen this rose almost every day since we crossed the Sciota, and believe it might be trained to the height of twenty feet.53 Travels in the West, page 142. 302 THE CULTIVATOR. Sep?, timore; but the author adds, “ I have now a few hundred plants obtained [by hybridizing] which ex¬ hibit in their growth great diversity of character, but have not yet bloomed.” Within the last year, C. M. Hovey of Boston, told me they had 18 double kinds of this rose; and W. R. Prince, before his departure for California, had spoken to me of 27 double sorts in his nursery. Doubtless we shall soon have many others. As the native land of this rose is also the land of the mounds, it must have grown in ancient times amongst a dense and civilized population. Had they not a taste for flowers? and did it not enter their gardens? Did it spread into double varieties (generally the result of high culture)? It was then as capable of doing so, as it is at this day. Was the period in which that people passed away, so remote from the present, that all their varieties have had lull time to perish, and their seedlings to return to their wild and single state? D. T. Greatfield , 7 mo. 2A _ Belle Magnifique Cherry. We are delighted with this fine large variety. A seedling had sprung up in the garden, into which 1 inserted a bud, and the tree is now six feet high, hung with cherries from the highest point where the branches are old enough, down to within one foot of the ground. It is truly an ornamental plant. While our light-colored cherries were decaying in abundance on the trees, the Belle Magnifique was too small and green to be affected by the wet weather; and now (7 mo. 20,) when nearly all our other (60) kinds are gone, this comes in as a pre¬ lude to the feast of apricots. Though belonging to the class of Duke cherries, it loses most of its acid¬ ity in ripening, and ranges very high on our list of favorites. D. T. The Cherry Bird. 11 For the past three years, I have lost nearly all my cherry crop by the cherry or cedar bird — the present year I should have had at least fifteen bushels of the finest sorts, but have scarcely obtain¬ ed six quarts, on account of their ravages.” B. Ontario Co ., N. Y. Our correspondent is not alone in his disappoint¬ ment from the depredations of the cedar bird. A near neighbor lost forty bushels by estimate in the same way. Two years since, the writer lost a large and valuable crop of very early pears, in three hours time, by the cedar birds which descended in clouds upon them. All the rest of the feathered race do not occasion a fiftieth part of the damage to this crop, caused by the cedar bird alone. We know of but one remedy that has proved effectual, out of some eight or ten that have been proposed. Cultivators will take their choice whether to adopt it or lose their cherries. This is to shoot a few of them. It is remarkable how soon the remainder become alarmed, and disap¬ pear entirely. An old fruit cultivator says that he is never troubled with them after the first week, where this remedy is applied. The present year they commenced in such numbers and with so much boldness, that the man who was gathering the crop, found it impossible to drive them away, even when he had ascended the tree with a ladder. A few hours time spent for two or three successive days, served completely to disperse them, and for weeks afterwards not one was to be seen. In applying this remedy, humanity will dictate that the charge and the aim be so sure as not to wound without kill¬ ing. This is the only species of the feathered race against which we should have any controversy — the crow, the owl, the hawk, and the blackbird, as well as all other birds, we regard as friends, the mischief they commit being so small, or the benefit they oc¬ casion so great, that we should feel bound to protect them. Native Flowers. Lilium canadense, (common meadow lily,) is re¬ markable for two very distinct varieties, besides some of inferior note. The first kind I have only observed on, or below, the Allegany range of moun¬ tains; and this is the variety from which some bot¬ anists have drawn their character of the species. The flowers are bronze-yellow, segments more at¬ tenuate, and but slightly revolute. Dr. Torrey calls it the “ Wild yellow Lily.” The second kind is indigenous in Western New- York, and might properly be termed the Red Mead¬ ow Lily. This is probably v. rubrum of the Ency¬ clopedia of Plants, and perhaps v. coccincum of- Pursh. The flowers more resemble those of Lilium superbum , in color, in the purplish dots on the in¬ side, in the segments which are very revolute, and in number. I once saw twenty-eight growing in a pyramid on one stalk, though a third or a fourth of this number, without culture, is rather unusual. Yet in its leaves and their verticillate arrangement, it fully agrees with the former variety. The characters of those two species, solely con¬ sidered in reference to each other, may be given as follows : Lilium canadense : Leaves, lanceolate; nerves and edges of the leaves, hirsute. Lilium superbum : Leaves, linear lanceolate, scat¬ tered above; nerves and edges of the leaves smooth. Some years ago I introduced the Bronze Meadow Lily into my garden ; but the soil seemed ungenial, as it grew less thriftily than the Red variety; and after a fair trial, I set it in the same border of se¬ lected earth which agrees so well with the Laurel (Kalmia latifolia.) Now, instead of two or three flowers on a stem, it has eight, beautifully arranged on a strong stalk, not less than five feet high. D. T. Greatfield, 7 mo. 15, 1850. To winter Bourbon Roses. The Editor of the Prairie Farmer announces that he has succeeded after several years of trial, in win¬ tering with perfect security the Bourbon and other equally tender roses,* so that not an inch of twig or even of leaf was blackened or injured. It will be recollected that they have very sharp weather at Chicago, where these experiments were tried. The process is this: — “ First, to keep their feet dry; this is essential, for in wet soil, they are sure to be spoiled. The next thing is a proper covering for the tops. The best thing we have ever yet tried is tan bark. Indeed, this leaves nothing to desire. It is one of the best non-conductors extant, and un¬ less soaked in water, will keep sufficiently dry for all needed purposes. 1 1 Let the twigs be bent down in the fall before the ground is much frozen, and fastened, and then cover¬ ed to the depth of six inches; place on the whole a piece of board laid so as to turn off the water, and the plant is safe till spring. Care should then bo exercised in removing the covering, a part being * The Bourbon roses include the Souvenir Malmaison, Princess Clementine, Gloire de Rosamene, &c. 1850, THE CULTIVATOR. 303 taken at a time, and a part being left till the weath¬ er is tolerably well settled.” “ Tea and China roses may also be kept in tan; though a portion of them will fail.” Cutting off the Leaves. Last summer I mentioned the case of a rose shoot which had withered in the hot sunshine, and which was preserved by removing all the leaves. A few weeks ago, a case somewhat similar also occurred. The gardener’s spade had disturbed a layer of the painted damask , and it was much withered before I observed it ; but immediately I cut away all the leaves, and part of the stems, at the same time screening it from the sun. It is now recovering its foliage. The questions may arise, however, would it not have recovered without this excision, and would not the leaves, as soon as they were dead, have ceased to pump out the moisture , and thus by a pro¬ vision of nature, recover without any care of ours? I think not. The leaves would act as long as any moisture was left; and when none was left, the branch or shoot would perish with them. D. T. Greatfield, 6 mo., 20. Virgilia lutea — Yellow Flowering Virgilia. So it is called in the Encyclopedia of Plants, and the flowers are marked as yellow, agreeing with Nuttall in this particular. The only tree of this sort that I have ever seen stands in my garden, with white Jlowers. It has stood there about twen¬ ty years- — 8 inches in diameter, and 18 or 20 feet high, with a fine spreading top. It has never been in full bloom till the present time. The racemes are compound or shouldered like a bunch of grapes, about a foot in length, pendulous; and having a darker foliage than the locust, it is greatly admired. There is a constant buzz from the bees that fre¬ quent it. Although it comes from the south,— Nuttall says hitherto only found in the mountains of Tennessee, — it is perfectly hardy at this place. D. T. 6 mo. 21. Corrections of last Number. In the last number of the Cultivator, on page 268, the printer has erroneously converted Rambour into Rambo, these being names of quite distinct varieties. On page 270, Bowyer's Early Heart is changed to Boyer’s, the former being the correct name. The figure of the wire-loop label, on page 269, should have been drawn so that the notches designating the numbers should be near the twist in the wire, and reading from it, to prevent mistake by reading the wrong way. In the figure imme¬ diately above, the notch designating O, should be deeper or more distinct, so as to be about four times as large as the others. Rose Cuttings. — One of the best methods of securing the success of these, is to stick the cutting about an inch deep into clean river sand — with properly prepared soil about an inch below to receive the roots as soon as they strike’. The clean sand prevents the wood from rotting. A corres¬ pondent of the Horticulturist succeeded with this when every other mode failed, and says he does not lose one in twenty. The little and short sayings of wise and excellent men are of great value, like the dust of gold, or the least sparks of diamonds. SDoimsfa (fronomg, limpes, To Cook the Egg-Plant. This is a delicious and highly nutritious vegetable, which would be more extensively used, if the proper mode of cooking it was understood. The following mode has given satisfaction so far as we have known it tried. Cut the purple egg-plant into slices a third of an inch thick. Put the slices on a plate, one over the other, with a sprinkling of fine salt between each layer, and lay a weight of three or four pounds on the top; leave them in this situation for four or five hours or over night. The salt will form a liquid with the juice of the egg-plant, which will take out the bitter quality. The liquid should be drained off. Fry them brown in lard or butter. The following mode of stewing the egg-plant is given by Miss Beecher: Take the purple kind, stew till soft, take off the skin, mash it with butter and sweet herbs, grate bread over the top, and bake it till brown. Preserving Tomatoes for Table use. Tomatoes may be so prepared as to be kept a long time, and when cooked are almost as good as the fresh fruit. The following is a receipt sent us a few years since by a subscriber in South Carolina. Prepare the tomatoes as for cooking, (without seasoning,) boil them one hour; then put them in small stone jars ; cork and boil the jars for two hours, then take them out and seal them air-tight. When opened, season, &c., and cook for half an hour. Tomato Figs. The small pear-shaped tomatoes, may be preserved as follows. They are very fine and their resem¬ blance to figs is not wholly in name and appearance. A chemist at our elbow, who has analysed both figs and tomatoes, tells us that the composition of the fruits is quite similar. Scald and peal the tomatoes, and then boil them in one-third their weight of sugar, till they are penetrated by it. Then flatten and dry them in the sun, occasionally turning them and sprinkling with sugar. When dry pack them in layers, with sugar sprinkled between. Tomato Ketchup. Pour boiling water on tomatoes, let them stand until you can rub off the skin ; then cover them with salt, let them stand twenty. four hours. Then strain them, and to two quarts put three ounces of cloves, two ounces of pepper and two nutmegs. Boil half an hour, then add a pint of wine. Miss Beecher. To make Cucumber Pickles. Soak the cucumbers three or four days in old, sour cider, or two parts water and one of vinegar; then place them in the pickle-jar ; heat good cider vinegar scalding hot, with an ounce of alum to a gallon of vinegar, with any kind of spices, and in such quan¬ tities as suits the taste; pour it over the cucumbers while boiling hot; cover them tight, set them in a cool place and if the vinegar is right they will keep till June, when the old vinegar should be discarded and new substituted. Pickles made in this way are always crisp ; the alum hardens the skin of the cucum¬ ber, so that it never turns soft. Those made in this waya year ago are in excellent condition now. 1850. _ THE CULTIVATOR. _ 305 A BRACKETTED FARM-HOUSE, OF WOOD. Kural ^Urdjitecture. Downing’s Country Houses. The Architecture of Country Houses : including Designs for Cottages, Farm Houses, and Villas; with remarks on Interiors, Furniture, and the best modes of warming and ventilating ; with 320 illustrations. By A. J. Downing. 8vo. pp. 484. Appleton & Co. The distinction between a civilized and a brutal people, is not only indicated, but, in a great mea¬ sure, caused by the influence of their homes. The domestic habits of all nations may be cited as proof. The rude log hut or the brush-covered hovel on the one hand, and the embellished cottage and farm¬ house on the other, afford a living index, pointing to the character of the people within. We must not however suppose that the ultimatum has been reached by the present architecture of civilized na¬ tions. It most evidently has not. For example, the best portions of our own country afford, we are compelled to say, too many violations of the rules of taste, of adaptedness, and of economy, in the houses of the inhabitants. Take a single defect, out of fifty, in a farm-house. The housewife is compelled to walk three needless yards, fifty times a day, in passing from the kitchen to the living-room. To save these three yards, by improved arrangement, would save thirty miles of walking in th#e year. The book before us is exactly the one now wanted by the country at large. We think it decidedly the most widely useful work yet from the pen of its popu¬ lar author. Every man who lives in a house should examine its contents. No person, possessing the least shade of taste, or love for convenience and economy, can fail at any time to pass an agreeable half hour in turning over its pages. But interest¬ ing as it is to the superficial reader, it will also bear thorough study. It is full of the most valuable sug¬ gestions, no matter into what part the reader may open, which will many times repay all the time spent in its examination. This work consists of four main portions. The first (after the introductory remarks,) is occupied with twelve designs for cottages , with their various minutiae, with prices from $300 to $2,500. The second contains seven designs for farm houses, costing from $1000 to $5000. The third furnishes fourteen designs for villas or country residences , from $2500 to $15000. The fourth comprises a great deal of valuable matter relative to the treatment of interiors, and with the description of furniture, all largely illustrated with engravings. There are, besides, many practical directions relative to economy in erection, materials, construction of chimneys, ventilation, paints and cements, eave gutters, &c., besides a chapter on the tasteful and convenient arrangement of stables. Some may think a few of the designs approach the awkward or grotesque, simply because they have not been accustomed to see houses so construct¬ ed. One object of the author, it must not be for- gotton, was to give a great variety in style, adapt¬ ed to the varying localities of the country, and it is very easy to adopt the more simple and regular forms, by those who prefer them. Others may object to the distinct line drawn between cottages, farm-houses and villas. But this distinction need not exist in fact; a cottage design may be adopted for a small farm-house, and a villa for that of a decidedly wealthy farmer. The man of moderate means may have a strong predilection for literary or scientific studies, and hence a small room as a library and cabinet may be more appro¬ priate than for the larger house of his richer, but less cultivated neighbor. There is no difficulty in varying the designs given to suit circumstan¬ ces. We have noticed perhaps one or two defects. No provision is made in any of the villas, (with one ex¬ ception,) by a nursery or large bed-room on the common floor, for the children, a most important portion of every complete family. There are also too many basement kitchens; a thing which should not occur, it strikes us, where land is less than one thousand dollars per acre— -because it is easier to walk twenty yards on a level, than to ascend three yards in height. But these defects are not difficult of remedy, and are but as a speck on the column, when compared with the great value of the work. Indeed, when viewing the innumerable errors in building, all over the country, we cannot but wish that a hundred thousand copies might be speedily circulated. We give it as our opinion, that, in¬ dependently of the increase in good taste, every person of ordinary sense who may be about to build, may save, as a general average, from fifty to a 306 THE CULTIVATOR. Sept. hundred dollars on every thousand expended, by studying this book. We had marked a number of passages for copying into our columns, but want of space will exclude all but a few*. The following rules to be observed in designing farm-houses , contain much in little. The first four refer to the production of beauty : — ■ 11 That the form of the building should express a local fitness, and an intimate relation with the soil it stands upon — by showing breadth, and extension upon the ground, rather than height. That its proportions should aim at ampleness, solidity, comfort, and a simple domestic feeling, rather than elegance, grace, and polished symmetry. That its details should be simple and bold, and its ornaments, so far as they are used, should rather be rustic, strong, or picturesque, than delicate or highly finished. That in raising the character of the farm-house, the first step above the really useful, is to add the porch, the veranda, and the bay-window, since they are not only significant of real, but of refined utility . So far as the useful is concerned in the farm-house, its principles are better understood, but we shall do no harm in recapitulating the most important : — The farm-house should be built of strong and en¬ during materials, whether of timber or stone, so that it may need repairs very seldom. The pitch of the roof should always be high, not only to keep the chamber-floor cooler, and to shed the snows in a northern climate, but to give suffi¬ cient garret room for storing and drying many of the smaller products of the farm. The living-room of the family should be a large, and usually the largest and most comfortable apart¬ ment ; it should be so placed as to be convenient to the other apartments used in the every-day occupa¬ tions of the family, and its size should never be sacrificed to that of the parlor. Every farm-house should contain a room for milk (even when the dairy is a separate building, as in most American farm-houses,) as well as a room or back building for wood or other fuel. When the means of the farmer allow him to extend his accommodation, they should first be applied to multiplying and rendering as complete as possible, all apartments, on the first floor, calculated in any way to facilitate the domestic labors of the family or farm, before he increases the size or number of his parlors. In addition to the rules laid down in Section II. for the production of fitness and tasteful effect in cottages, we may also add, that though a farm¬ house should always be built of solid materials when economy will permit, yet there is a mental satisfac¬ tion in finding at all times, that it is constructed of materials most abundant on the farm, or at least in the district where the house is placed. Wherever good building materials abound, their use in building the house of the owner of the land, not only enables us to understand that the abundance and cheapness of those materials have made it easy to build a large housQ there, but it also affords us an index of the natural products of the earth, and has therefore a local meaning, much more valuable than any novelty that we may gain by bringing our bricks from Holland, like the original settlers of New- York, or importing portions of a French chateau, like some of our modern architectural virtuosi.” We copy a single design, that of a bracketed farm-house of wood : — “ The proportions of this farm-house are good, the form is a simple and pleasing one, and the impression it produces upon the judgment is that of a roomy, substantial, comfortable, and sensible house. It looks essentially like a country house, and while it has rather more dignity than most farm-houses, there is neither ambition nor ostentation visible in its exterior. On the contrary, the rather low and broad chimney stacks and the truncated gables show that there is a desire to avoid any especial affecta- tion of elegance. It is in short a design which might be built in any part of the Union, and would be recognised as a country house of some importance — while it has no feature out of keeping with the position and life of a farmer in independent circum¬ stances. Accommodation. The exterior of this design is our own, but the arrangement of the first floor we borrow from one of Mr. Loudon’s farm¬ houses. It is spacious and comfortable, with¬ out sacrificing too much to the parlor and living- room. The back door opens, it will be seen, into the scullery — which may be a wash-room or hack kitchen. The passage which runs from the kitchen to the dairy should be lighted by a small sash of ground glass, placed in the partition of the scullery, exactly opposite the back door. In many cases in this country, the dairy room being in a separate building, persons adopting this design would prefer to turn the room devoted to this use, on this floor, into abed-room — making the pantry a milk-room, and diminishing the size of the scullery sufficient to take a pantry out of the space occupied by it. Indeed, the ease with which this kind of paral¬ lelogram plan may be varied to suit different wants will occur to every one of the least ingenuity — and we therefore offer the exterior, as the most needful portion, as a guide to the mode of building to be rooms. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 30? The roof of this dwelling being large and hipped, gives a spacious and convenient garret, which is of great value in any country house, and especially to the farmer. Three good bed-rooms for workmen can be finished off in this attic, or four — if a gable like that in front is formed on the rear roof. The porch, as will be seen by trying the scale, is 9 by 20 feet. A cellar is intended to be built under the whole house — and there should be a back porch, which may be large enough to contain a wood-house (in which this plan is deficient,) or, at least, to com¬ municate with one. Construction. This house may be built, with good effect, either of stone, brick, rough-cast, or wood. We suppose it, in the elevation, for the sake of economy, to be built of wood, in the vertical boarding manner. The first story is eleven feet in the clear, the second story nine feet. The house is to be finished with brown walls for whitewashing, the windows to have rising sashes, and both these and the doors to be finished with plain architraves with simple back mouldings; the doors in the first and second story to have four panels each; the hand-rail and balusters to be of oak or black walnut, and the whole to be executed in a very simple and plain, but substantial manner. Estimate. To build this house here in the manner we have indicated, with planed and matched weather-boarding, and the whole filled-in with brick, would cost about $2000. At Rochester, where lumber may be taken at the average price, it is placed as low as $1477, but this estimate is with¬ out filling-in of any kind, and without outside blinds or shutters.” We close our extracts with a few' scraps, pointing out some errors, often fallen into, though to a less glaring extent than here exhibited : — “ It may appear singular to one not accustomed to dwell on this subject, that it should be necessary to insist on the value of so obvious a truth as that a dwelling-house should look like a dwelling-house. But, strange to say, men who are blinded by fashion or false taste are as likely to commit this violation of Architectural truth as any other. We recall a villa on the banks of the Hudson, built in the form of a Doric temple, all the chimneys of which are studiously collected together in the centre of the roof, and are hidden from even a suspicion of their existence, by a sort of mask that resembles nothing unless it be a classic w’ell-curb set on the top of the house. Now, as chimneys, in a northern climate, are particularly expressive of human habitation and domestic life, any concealment of them is a violation of general truth, and one might wTell be puzzled to know what sort of edifice was intended, in the villa in question. So, too, in the neighborhood of some of our cities, we still occasionally see houses which are pretty close imitations of Greek temples; and which, as they have sometimes as much space devoted to porticoes and colonnades as to rooms, one may wrell be pardoned for doubting exactly for w'hat purpose they wrere designed. Local truth in Architecture is one which can never be neglected without greatly injuring the effect of country-houses. And yet, such is the in¬ fluence of fashion and false taste, and so little do the majority of citizens trouble themselves to think on this subject, that nothing is more common in some parts of the country, than to see the cockney- ism of three story town-houses violating the beauty and simplicity of country life. In our own neighbor¬ hood, there is a brick house standing in the midst of gardens and orchard, which has a front and rear pierced w'ith windows, but only blank wall at the sides; looking, in fact, precisely as if lifted out of a three story row in a well-packed city street, and suddenly dropped in the midst of a green field in the country, full of wonder and contempt, like a true cockney, at the strangeness and dullness of all around it. During a drive on Long Island, last autumn, we saw with pain and mortification, the suburban villa of a wealthy citizen, a narrow, un- mistakable “ six story brick,” which seemed, in its forlornners and utter want of harmony with all about it, as if it had strayed out of town, in a fit of insanity, and had lost the power of getting back again.” A too frequent defect in cottages is strongly shown 11 The cottage is not made to express, as much as possible, the simplicity of cottage life, joined with the greatest comfort, intelligence and taste of w'hich that life is capable, but to imitate as closely as cheap and flimsy materials and a few hundred dollars will permit, the style and elaborate ornament of the villa, with its expenditure of thousands. There are two striking illustrations of this false taste to be found in various parts of the country at the present moment — what may be called the temple cottage and the cocked-hat cottage. The temple cottage is an imitation of the Temples of Theseus or Minerva, in thin pine boards, with a wonderfully fine and classical portico of wooden columns in front. The dimensions of the whole building may be 20 by 30 feet. The grand portico covers, perhaps, a third of the space and the means consumed by the whole dwelling. It is not of the least utility, because it is too high for shade, nor is it in the least satisfactory, for it is entirely destitute of truthfulness — it is only a caricature of a temple — not a beautiful cottage. The cocked-hat cottage is, perhaps, a little better, for it is an imitative exaggeration, not a downright caricature. This species of cottage has grown out of an admiration for the real and intrinsic beauty of the rural-Gothic cottage, of which gables are strong¬ ly characteristic features. But some uneducated builders, imagining that the whole secret of design¬ ing a cottage in the Gothic style, lies in providing gables, have so overdone the matter, that, turn to which side of their houses we will, nothing but gables salute our eyes. A great many gables in the front of a Gothic villa of large size, may have a good effect; but to stick them in the front of a cot¬ tage of 25 feet front, and, not content with this, to repeat them everywhere else upon the roof where a gable can possibly be perched, is only to give the cottage the appearance, as the familiar saying goes, of having been “knocked into a cocked hat.” A journey among the attic sleeping rooms of such a cottage is like that geographical exploration of the peaks of all the highest mountains, made by beginners, in the corner of a map of the world. All ornaments which are not simple, and cannot be executed in a substantial and appropriate manner, should be at once rejected; all flimsy and meagre decorations which have a pasteboard effect, are as unworthy of, and unbecoming for the house of him who understands the true beauty of a cottage life, as glass breastpins or gilt-pewter spoons would be for his personal ornaments or family service of plate. The most worthless of all family treasures are indolent females. If a wife knows nothing of domestic duties, she is not a help-mate, but an incumbrance. 808 THE CULTIVATOR. Sept. ®lje Jarmtf s 5fote-$ook. Notes on Farming in Ohio® Eds. Cultivator — I came into this place two days since, and have taken a little excursion among the farmers in the neighborhood. I had before ex¬ pected to see a great wheat country and large crops, but both far exceeded ray expectations. I called on Judge Kelly at his farm. He has recently sold one-half his land, and now only farms 200 acres — 50 in wheat. I called on Messrs. Ever¬ hart, (five brothers from New York State,) who farm about 400 acres — 160 in wheat. On these two farms are used McCormick’s Reapers. Messrs. Everhart had about seven acres yet to cut, and I went to witness the operation of the Reapers. The wheat being dead ripe, they had for some days only worked at it while the dew was on. The}'' had their own, and the reaper belonging to Judge Kelly, both^ at work with four horses to each — although two horses is ample force — but the leaders keep the tongue of the machine straight on the line of draft, and thus tend to steady the machine. Two men ride on the machine, one to drive, the other to rake off the grain and leave it in heaps ready for the binders. Mr. E. informs me they have, during the present harvest, with one machine, cut from 16 to 18 acres in a day, and by its use have got their crop in good time, which could not have been done if they had depended on hand labor, of which it is im¬ possible to get a supply, even at $1,50 or $2 a day. I could not but admire the perfect manner in which the wheat is cut and laid, — it being all cut very even, and about six inches from the ground. There was but very little that was not cut, and this little had fallen down and laid either on or very near to the ground. I also called on D. Jarvis, Esq., K. Jarvis, Esq., and others, who farm extensively, and all agree in opinion that the present crop of wheat is large — more than an average, and the wheat of superior quality. They think it will weigh 63 to 65 lbs. to the bushel. They generally estimate their crops at 20 to 25 bushels to the acre, — some more. I learn that Mr. Hildebrand, of this neighborhood, has 200 acres of wheat, and that he is quite confident it will average 30 bushels to the acre.* I learn that Mr. Rutter, near Bolivar, 16 miles south of this, had, four years ago, 54^ bushels from one acre — land and grain carefully measured — and that he has this season measured off an acre from the same field, which he thinks will exceed the quantity he then had. The wheat is generally thrashed and cleaned by the use of Pitts’ thrasher and seperator, operated by 6 horses ; and it gets out, ready for market, 300 bushels and upwards, in a day. This is done by men who make it a business, and go from farm to farm, having the assistance of two men at each place, and charge the owTner three cts. per bushel. It is supposed it will be very profitable this season, as the amount of straw will be small in proportion to the wheat. The straw being 4 or 5 inches shorter than it usually is. At the warehouse and manufac¬ tory of C. M. Russell & Go., there have been for the last two or three weeks, eight to fifteen waggons in waiting, besides others coming and going, for * Since writing- the above, I have seen Mr. Hildebrand, who says he has 240 acres in wheat, and estimates the crop at 25 bushels to the acre. One farmer near here had a lot of 12 acres, which he has cleaned, and the yield was 33 bushels to the acre. I hear of others 35 to the acre. these machines. They have already sent off 225 this season , and there are many more, made by Mr. Partridge of this place, and also at Fulton , nine miles north of this place. There are three manu¬ factories in this town, which make and sell annual¬ ly about 1400 plows, and other farm implements and castings to a large amount. It is said that the clay loams yield this season rather the best crop of wheat, in consequence of the severe drouth of May and early part of J une. In wet seasons, the sandy loams do the best. The oat crop looks well. It is now beginning to turn. On the 14th J une, corn had not come up, or if up, a large proportion was not more than 4 inches high. The farmers say that it has since then grown more than corn was ever before known to grow in the same length of time, and is now as forward as it usually is at this time in the season. Much of it is now in the ear and silk, and looks well, everywhere, and bids fair to make a large crop. We have had continued hot weather and moderate rains since the 10th J une. The hay crop will probably be a little below an average. The new meadows came on late and have done well*. The old meadows in some places suffered with the drouth beyond recovery, though they have done better than it was thought they could do. The frequent showers and very warm weather for the last few days have hurt the wheat some ; but I think not to much extent. In this and the adjoin¬ ing counties, there was more ground to wheat this season, than usual ; they will therefore have a much larger amount than was ever before harvested in one season. It is a heavy job for them to cut and secure it — not more than one half has yet been got in. August 1st. We had yesterday a bright good day and considerable wheat was taken in ; but last night we again had a very heavy rain, and to-day the weather is unfavorable. The wheat out will be much injured if the weather does not come good very soon. They are here grinding new wheat. There has been many small parcels got out. I hear of none that weighs less than 63 and most of it 64 or 65 and one lot 67 lbs to the measured bushel. I hear of many crops of 30 bushels and upwards to the acre ; and I am told by gentlemen that are likely to possess correct information, that the amount of ground to wheat this year in several counties around here, (the greatest wheat counties in the state,) is nearly or quite one-fourth more than usual. Culture of Flax.- — The farmers near Cuyahoga Falls, in Summit county, are in the practice of growing flax to considerable extent. When the seed is ripe, they go into the grounds that have been well and smoothly laid down, and cradle the flax. When it is sufficiently dried, they run it through a threshing machine which takes off the seed. The stalks or stems are then carried to a piece of grass - ground and spread out as hay is spread to dry. It there lies till it gets sufficiently rotten. They then get out their horses, colts and light wagons, and the boys drive over it; and it being turned once or twice, the sheaves are broken up and shook out — all of which requires but a few hours work. It is then loaded and carried to the paper mill, and there sold at twelve dollars per ton, which with the seed makes it a profitable crop. J. R. Howard. Massillon, July 24 th, 1850. Crops in Seneca County, N. Y. Eds. Cultivator— Our hay crop is one of the best I have seen, and our wheat crop, I think, will 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 309 be better than last year. There will be some loss by wheat midge, yet I think not more than last year, and on some farms much less. Oats and Barley are a heavy crop — indeed too heavy to be profitable, being beaten down by the heavy rains. Corn was kept back for a long time by cold rains; it now, however, looks well; but much of our stiff soil was plowed when it was too wet to make a good crop. I believe that stiff soils cannot be plowed too dry for corn or any other crop; but more so for corn than any other. A great many cattle were fed last winter in this part of the State-more than ever before; but I am sorry to say a great many did not pay for their keep. Many farmers went into it that never fed before, and bought cattle that were not the right kind to feed, and could not have made them profitable almost any season; but cattle were bought too high last fall, and could not be expected to pay much. I was fortunate in buying two year olds, and by growth and by fat, I got about what might be con¬ sidered reasonable pay for what they consumed, besides a great quantity of manure. In 1840, I thought I had made a great discovery, in that I could winter my sheep better on straw, with from 40 to 50 cents worth of oil meal to each sheep, during the winter; but after following that practice for a number of years, I found that by making my sheep pass a large quantity of the straw through them, I greatly lessened the quantity of barn-yard manure. Still I considered it would be so much richer that it would amount to the same thing in the end; but I found after some years, that my diminished quantity of manure, made a diminish¬ ed quantity of straw to make manure, and for the last three years I have gone back to the old prac¬ tice — that is to let the whole of the straw be trodden under foot by the stock, and by that means I can raise double the quantity of hay per acre that I otherwise could do, and therefore can afford to feed hay; and should my land get too rich for wheat, I must go to feeding straw again. I this year sold 77 fleeces of Merino wool, which, at the price sold for, (38 cts. per lb., cash,) brought one hundred and foity-eight dollars ninety-six cents. Who has a better flock? John Johnston. Rear Geneva , 18 th July, 1850. The Power of Steam. Steam ! — mighty steam ! The term suggests a thousand pleasing and profitable reflections. That marvellous and almost invisible power which brooks no opposition , which never tires — scouring the plains, piercing the hills, threading the valleys, and plow¬ ing the wide ocean, mastering with indignant ease time and space, wind, water and seasons. The varieties of its power may well amaze us— here Tis wielding the ponderous hammer that gives shape to gigantic metallic masses— there it weaves the gossamer web, or twists the slender fibre. It plunges the hardy miner deep into the bowels of the earth, and raises from her lap her mineral and metallic treasures. These glow and flow with liquid meltings at its powerful blast; here Jtis print¬ ing bank notes, there coining golden sovereigns. To-day ’tis preparing food and clothing for the body; to-morrow it feasts the mind, spreading far and wide, in countless numbers, the broad sheets of intelligence. Instruments of death and of preserva¬ tion, alike acknowledge its power. What a com¬ prehensive word is steam ! It means peace, pro¬ gression, civilization, education, abundance and cheapness; it is the death-blow to monopoly and privation. Ignorance and prejudice shrink away at its approach; the iron barrier of separation is broken down by steam. The interposition of time, of distance, or of poverty, no longer wounds the tender affections. It increases alike our political power as a nation, and our morality; for the in¬ crease of physical comfort must, in a Christian community, predispose to moral good. Mechi's Lecture on Steam. The Food of Plants. Plants, even when grown in the same soil, do not draw up a sap exac.tly identical. Saussure has proved in the most positive manner that the roots have the power of selection, though his experiments on the unequal absorption of different salts are not quite satisfactory: for instance, sulphate of copper, though soon causing the death of the plant, is ab¬ sorbed in as large quantities as any of those com¬ pounds which are beneficial to vegetation. Saus¬ sure explains this anomaly by showing that in the ease of sulphate of copper, the roots were decom¬ posed, and consequently except at the commence¬ ment of the experiment, only acted mechanically. It was well ascertained that the substances present in any solution were absorbed in very different pro¬ portions where their substances were not, like the sulphate of copper, positively injurious — for in¬ stance Bidens (bur-marygold ?) and Polygonum (buckwheat?) absorbed the salts in the following proportions: — Bidens. Polygonum. Chloride potassium, . . Chloride sodium,.... . . Nitrate of lime, . . Sulphate of soda,. . . Muriate of ammonia, . Acetate of lime, . . . . . Sulphate of copper, . Gum , ........ . . Sugar, . . . . . Humus ( extrait de terreau) .... 16 .. 14.7 15 .. 13.0 8 .. 4.0 10 .. 14.4 17 .. 12.0 8 .. 8.0 48 .. 47.0 32 .. 9.0 8 .. 29.0 6 .. 5.0 These experiments were repeated with the great¬ est care, and it was proved— 1st, That plants ab¬ sorbed all mineral substances when dissolved in water: 2nd, That they were absorbed in very dif¬ ferent proportions, according to the plant experi¬ mented on; this absorption was also quite irre¬ spective of the fluidity of the solution ; and 3rd, That organic matter, when dissolved in water, is not in that shape absorbed by the roots, but decom¬ posed by their influence, and. then partially ab¬ sorbed. 1, Without entering into the minute details of the experiments, the absorption of the following substances was proved — prussiate of potash, chlo¬ ride of sodium, sulphate of copper, acetate of lead, chloride of barium, ioduret of potassium, and ma¬ ny others. The absorption of nitrate of silver, corrosive sublimate, and gallic acid, did not take place until after the death of that portion of the plant plunged into their solution. 2. When the plants where placed in a solution containing two salts in equal proportions, it was satisfactorily ascertained that they were absorbe/ in different proportions. Even, when the sa?ts were present in different proportions, this elective absorption was not deranged. In a solution con-- taining three times as much common salt /s nitre, a plant of Chenopodium viride (GoosefooO absorb¬ ed much more nitre than common salt; whilst the contrary took place with Solanuyt lycopersicum (Nightshade.) Other plants sele/ted. also common 310 THE CULTIVATOR. Sep?. salt, and the Tamarix choose only sulphate of mag- nesia. 3. It was also ascertained that, when a plant was placed in a solution of fermenting manure, the disagreeable smell, which had been previously emit¬ ted, gradually disappeared* If these experiments have not quite settled the question, they have at least strengthened the opin¬ ion that plants appropriate to themselves soluble substances in very different proportions. Chemical analysis of different plants grown on the same soil, also completely establishes this proposition. With regard to the oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitro¬ gen, chemical analysis has also proved that they are present in plants in proportions varying with the species, but agreeing very closely in the same plant. Analysis has also most clearly established the great diversity of the proportions in which dif¬ ferent plants assimilate the alkalies and earths. For example, some plants will be found to contain common salt in large quantities, whilst wheat grown on the same soil will contain none. Other plants again, as the wall pellitory, the nettle, and borage, will be found to contain nitrates in large quantities, though they may be grown alongside of plants con¬ taining none at all. It seems therefore impossible to avoid the conclusion that plants possess the pro¬ perty of choosing, or at least of retaining, certain substances in preference to others, and, consequent¬ ly, that different plants require different food. But this opinion does not rest on the authority of chemical analysis alone; it is confirmed by the ex¬ perience of agriculturists. For instance, it is known that certain manures seem especially to fa¬ vor the growth of certain plants — as gypsum for clover — that certain plants only thrive on soils where they can obtain an abundant supply of a special ingredient, as the fern and the chestnut, on soils rich in potash, or such as are derived from slate rocks, and those of volcanic origin ; that a mix¬ ed husbandry is the most productive; that a planta¬ tion containing a variety of trees produces more wood than if one species alone had been planted. These multiplied facts prove that it is not a certain quantity of a nutritive principle, but a choice amongst several that is necessary to vegetation. Translated from the French for the Farmers’ Mag. Water for Irrigation. We have frequently heard it said that hard water was preferable to soft for the purpose of irrigation. But from a discussion of the subject at a late meet¬ ing of the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society, it appears that the question is not fully settled. Mr. Pusey said he doubted whether, in the present state of our knowledge, it could be admitted as a general axiom that hard water was good for ir¬ rigation, and soft water, on the contrary prejudicial. In Devonshire, the criterion by which practical workers in water meadows were guided in their judgment of the quality of the water most suitable for their operations, was that of a certain warm, soft, and oily sensation it communicated to the touch, when a portion of it was held and examined in the oalm of the hand ; the absence of such a quality in- dyating, in their opinion, a water unsuitable for ir- n£btion. He knew, as a fact, that when lime exists in any water in such excess as to give it petrifyi,^ properties, such was considered by practical*ien as decidedly unfit for irrigating pur¬ poses. He accordingly much doubted whether hard water was th<» only water fit for irrigation. He thought water Meadows would not be confined to limestone districts; for in those geological districts in the west of England, where irrigation had long been successfully practiced, lime was absent; the water being consequently soft. He considered that water in general became softened by remaining sometime in ponds. In the hilly districts of Devon¬ shire, the water of the small streams running down the declivities, was found to improve its irrigating qualities. Mr. Almack considered snow as the best ex¬ emplification of the beneficial action of water con¬ taining ammonia, and possessing chemical qualities from other impregnation. Mr. Fisher Hobbs said he could fully confirm the views of Mr. Pusey. Prof. Way said, in regard to the questions affect¬ ing the action of water in irrigation, he had only to repeat his diffidence on the subject, although he thought the criterion by which the Devonshire workers of water meadows were guided, might be fallacious. He had himself formed the opinion that the effects resulting from irrigation were due more to the chemical qualities of the water, than to the circumstance of its higher or lower temperature; but he was sensible how ignorant we were on these difficult questions, and he should be most open to conviction, and glad to learn all he could on these interesting subjects. Cultivating Stiff Soil. The importance of pulverization, for stiff soils, can hardly be overrated; yet it is a matter which receives too little attention from farmers in most sections of our country, where this description of soil prevails. Considerable improvement has been made in the implements used in cultivating stiff soils; as regards their pulverization, though the best implements for this purpose are by no means common. Much depends on the plow, as to the effect produced on the soil — some producing much more pulverization than others. The first effort, towards producing this effect, should be to plow the land fine, or in narrow furrows. But in addition to this, some implement is needed which will, under any circumstances, reduce the hard soil to the requisite degree of friability. In England, an implement called the 11 clod crusher” is used for this purpose It consists of series of iron plates, placed round a cylinder, with notches like deep cut saw-teeth at the outer edges. The machine operates like a rol¬ ler, and being drawn over the ground, breaks down and pulverizes the lumps at once. We can see no good reason why such an implement should not have been brought into use in this country. A writer in the Farmers’ Magazine makes some interesting observations in regard to the improve¬ ments which have been made in the cultivation of stiff soils. He says — u We need only reflect a moment on the princi¬ ples which have to guide the strong-land cultivator, in preparing his soil for the seed, and compare the means he had of overcoming his difficulties, say twenty years ago, with what he has now, and we shall see how very different is his position rendered by the application of mechanical science. We speak not of his profit, abstract or comparative; but we cannot help being struck with the vast dif¬ ference in his resources of meeting the difficulties of his position. Once he had to plow with three or four horses, and to cross plow with great labor and difficulty, and then to harrow with an imple- plement which produced scarcely any impression on the stubborn clods — to plow and harrow, and plow and harrow, whenever he could, until perhaps he 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 311 found it necessary to set his work-people, in some seasons, to complete his operations with the mallet and the stone-hammer, to break the unruly clods. He had to pulverize and to clean — the one could not be done without the other, and the former had to be effected somewhat in this manner: First the unctuous clay was cut in long longitudinal parallel pieces by the plow, and left on edge to dry, being divided by a double wedge called a plow. This mass being sufficiently dry to admit the treading of horses’ feet with impunity, is cross-cut into large cubes, and these are subjected to the action of nat¬ ural processes. The sun and air dry out all the moisture, owing to the large surface exposed to their action. The moisture abstracted, the clods begin to crack, and show here and there symptoms of fissures by the evaporation of the moisture, forming receptacles for the next rains, which one by one again swell out the particles, and slowly the whole is broken down into a friable soil.” He observes that the practice now is, to follow the plow as soon as the soil is suitably dried, 11 with the clod crusher, or some similar powerful separator of clods, and by once or twice going over the field, the soil is reduced to as fine a tilth as if it had un¬ dergone a whole summer’s exposure.’ Pipes for Water. Eds. Cultivator — I noticed in the July number of the Cultivator the inquiries of a correspondent, desiring information on the subject of laying water- lime pipe to conduct water for common watering purposes, and asking what were the advantages and disadvantages of this kind of pipe as compared with lead pipe. As it regards the utility of lead pipe, I could say nothing from personal experience, never having used any; but should suppose from observa¬ tion that water-lime pipe was superior to lead for all ordinary purposes, where it is practicable to make it, — having the advantage of cheapness in construction and durability, if nothing else. 1 have had some experience in making water-lime pipes, and can recommend them to any one who wishes to lay them, as being both cheap and durable. I will give my plan for making this kind of pipe, which I think is as good as any, or at least I know of no better. The tools necessary for this purpose are a common brick trowel, a mould, the size you want the bore of the pipe. This should be turned in a lathe perfectly smooth and round, and of equal dia¬ meter at each end. Its length should be about two feet and a half, with a handle turned on one end, smaller than the rest, to draw by. The materials necessary in making the pipe, are good water-lime and coarse sand— the coarser the better, if sifted from the coarser pebbles. Have your drain dug to the required depth with a smooth bottom, and about eighteen inches wide at the bottom so that there may be room to work with ease. In the middle of this drain dig a trench about four inches deep and from three to five inches wide, according to the size of the bore of the pipe, with a rounding bottom, if you choose, to save mortar. The advantage this trench has over the ordinary way of laying the pipe on the level with the bottom of the main drain will be seen at once. By using the trench you save considera¬ ble mortar, and the necessity of waiting for the mor¬ tar to dry before drawing the mould. If it were laid on the level, it would be necessary to wait for it to stiffen before you drew the mould, or it would flatten out. Mix your mortar, one part lime and three parts sand; make it as stiff as you can and have it spread well. When you are ready to lay your pipe, commence by spreading a layer of mortar an inch or an inch and a half thick, in the bottom of the trench. This should be spread only the length of the mould at a time. Lay the mould on this spreading of mortar, and then spread the mortar on the top and sides of the mould; press it down tightly, so as to fit the mould, on all sides; smooth it off with the trowel on top, and lay down another spreading of mortar; then take hold of the handle of the mould and roll it around so as to start it loose, and draw it out to within three inches of the end, — spread on another layer of mortar, and smooth it as before. So keep doing, until you have your pipe the length required. Be careful that you don’t press with your trowel on the pipe above the end of the mould, or it may cause it to cave in, especially if the bore of the pipe be large. Let the pipe remain three or four days, until it gets hard and dry; then cover it up with earth. Be careful and not let any large stones fall on the pipe, — they will be apt to crack it. A pipe properly made in this way, will remain perfect as long as it is kept from the frost. R. A. Hutchin¬ son. Geneva, July 29, 1850. Preserving Corn from Worms. In the spring of 1847, we plowed up one acre in a corner of a six acre meadow, which had been several years in grass, and the whole of which was much infested with cut-worms, and the yellow wire worm. The acre was planted with corn, and totally destroyed by the worms. Late the ensuing fall, the whole field was manured and turned over, smoothly : the spring of 1848 the whole was sown with barley, which was very much injured by the worms — in many places entirely destroyed. In September it was sown with wheat with the same result as with the barley. In the spring of 1850, we manured it well with fresh barn-yard manure, turned under; harrowed and marked 3^ feet apart by 2| and planted corn, four grains in a hill, the first of June. It came up in five to seven days, and is now a very promising piece, as forward as any planted the middle of May. The seed was soaked in a decotion of a pound of tobacco in four gallons of water. There were plenty of worms in the ground, as I found in plant¬ ing and hoeing; but they would not 'touch the tobaoco scented corn, while there was not a single weed to be found; and indeed they did no small benefit in destroying the grass and weeds. The field was kept as clean of everything but corn , as it well could be. At the first hoeing I observed a large mullen plant, the leaves of which were eaten through like a riddle, and upon digging around it I found over twenty cut worms. Noah Agard. Havana, Chemung Co., N. Y. Breeding Animals. The principles of breeding animals have rather been illustrated than discovered by animal physiol¬ ogy— the very principles of that science having been taught before a single scientific axiom had been ap- plied. The watching of physiological tendencies, and availing themselves of these judiciously in practice, was long anterior to scientific research. Emulat¬ ing the skill of the wily progenitor of the Jewish race, and intelligently perceiving what was requir¬ ed, a Gulley and a Bakewell attempted and attain¬ ed the production of sheep, and of cattle, 11 ring- streaked, spotted and speckled,” at pleasure. See- 312 THE CULTIVATOR. Sept. ing the necessity of economising food, they set about producing those animals which came to maturity early, and so produced vastly more food from the same amount of vegetation. Knowing that fat was an element of favor in a northern clime, they en¬ deavored to obtain animals with a tendency to se¬ crete it in large quantities. In order to this, they observed the qualities indicative of those propensi¬ ties; and knowing that it is as true in physiology as in mathematics, that like produces like, they se¬ lected and bred from these until they stamped their qualities permanently and invariably and indelibly on the race. With these they managed to combine symmetry of form. — M. M. M., in Far . Mag. EMERY’S NEW THRESHER AND CLEANER. The annexed cut represents a thresher with an apparatus attached to it for cleaning or win owing tbie grain. Itwasgot up by Messrs. Eme¬ ry and Co., of this city. They have test¬ ed its operation throroughly during and since the late harvest, and we learn that it gives entire satisfaction. It cleans the grain ready for market, without waste, as fast as it is threshed. The cost of the clean¬ ing apparatus is about $30 making the cost of the thresh¬ er and cleaner, $75. Remarks on Wheat Culture. All lands with a subsoil impervious to water, will heave out wheat on the breaking up of winter. It is caused by the surface soil being surcharged with water, which the night frost congeals, forming an infinity of icy pillars raised two or three inches above the surface, with the wheat plants embodied in them, and torn up by the roots; the succeeding day thaws the ice, and leaves the wheaton the sur¬ face to perish. Whenever wheat is much heaved out, it rarely escapes the rust, and the crop is either destroyed or greatly injured. The first object of the agriculturist, in such soils especially, should be to draw off the surplus water. He will so plow the fields in lands, that the last furrow on being opened by the plow, after harrowing, will drain off the water. No water should stand on a wheat-field. The spade and shovel should both be freely used. But after all this is done, he will find it only a par¬ tial preventive. Sub-soil plowing would be highly beneficial in such cases ; as that would give a greater depth for the water to sink from the surface. The sub-soil plow is an important implement of the age. But the most effectual, though it is the most expen¬ sive preventive, is under-draining. All the super¬ abundance of water can be readily discharged by under-drains. Early sowed wheat is less liable to freeze out, than late, but is more subject generally to the at¬ tacks of the fly. The Rochester wheat, called in this county, the white chaff bearded , requires to be sowed early — from the first of September till the 20th. The red chaff may be sowed much later on an inferior soil, and succeed well; but the fly is more destructive to it than any other. The Medi¬ terranean wheat so far as it is known to me resists the fly better, than any other kind, and being about 10 days earlier is not liable to rust; but it is much endangered by late frosts in the spring, and it would be advisable, if it be rank in the early part of March, to feed it off with sheep or calves. I greatly prefer the Rochester wheat to the Mediter¬ ranean, on a wheat soil that is in good order. But it should never be sowed on fields, which heave out wheat much; or, late in the season. It is highly important to sow wheat in good season, that it may have time to take deep root to resist heaving out and I recommend it to be done if your ground should be considerably too wet. The succeeding winter will prevent its baking. « But the same practice would be very deleterious in the spring. — Mr. Pow’s address before the Mahoning county , O . Jig. Society. Viewing Farms. Perhaps the operations of agricultural societies, are in no way productive of more real improvement, than by offering premiums for the best managed farms, especially where the farms are examined by judicious men, appointed for that purpose. J. W. Proctor, Esq., writing for the N. E. Puritan, remarks, that in reviewing the improvements of the county of Essex, Mass., 11 no plan appears to have been so successful as that of viewing farms entire, and requiring a statement of their management and produce for several years in succession. This was first introduced under the direction of the late Col. Pickering, and was the means of eliciting many valuable suggestions. This mode of examining farms entire, combines all the benefits accruing from the exhibition of particular subjects, avoiding most of the objections supposed to be incident to such ex hibitions. Instances have come to our knowledge 1850. THE CULTIVATOR 313 of the application of a large portion of the manure of a farm to a small parcel of land, with a view to ensure an extraordinary crop, which, when grown, would not be worth the value of the manure applied. Accounts of such crops may excite admiration, but they never can be worthy of commendation or premiums. That kind of cultivation which sustains itself and gradually advances the condition of the soil, is the one to be encouraged by our societies.” State Agricultural Society. New- York State Fair. The annual exhibition of this Society is to be held the first week of this month. The following is the order for the week: Monday , Sept. 2. — Entries to be made at the business office on the show grounds at the Bull’s Head, between Albany and Troy, and articles arranged. Tuesday , 3. — 8 lock, implements and articles received at the show grounds from 8 o’clock until 5 P. M. Wednesday, 4th. — The grounds to be open to the Judges, Exhibitors , and Members only, from 9 o’clock until 5 P. M.; admission fee $1. The Judges will be called at the Society’s Tent at 12, and proceed immediately to the discharge of their duties. Thursday , 5ih. — The grounds will be open to the public from 8 o’clock until 5 P. M. Single admissions one shilling — Members’ tickets, $1, which allows the member, his wife and family under 21 years of age, admission during the show. The Judges will deliver their reports to the Secretary at the business office by 12 o’clock this day. Friday , Gth. — Grounds open to the public from 8 o’clock unlil 5 P. M. The address will be delivered on the grounds at 2 o’clock, P. M., by Prof. Amos Dean, of Albany. The awards will be im¬ mediately announced after the address, and premiums paid at the business office as far as practicable, and on Saturday, at the Ag¬ ricultural Rooms in the city. The Rooms of the Executive Committee will be at theDtlevan House, where guests of the Society, and visitors and delegates, are requested to call. At the last meeting of the Executive Committee, the following gentlemen were elected Honorary Members of the Society: Hon Abbott Lawrence, American Minister, London. Col. T. Le Couteur, Bellevue, Jersey, England. Hon. M. P. Wilder, Pres’t Norfolk Ag. Society, Mass. J. S. Skinner, Esq , Editor Plow, Loom, and Anvil, Philadelphia. Edmund Ruffin, Esq , Marlbourn, Virginia. John P. Norton, Prof. Scientific Agriculture, Yale College. 1C75' The following letter has been received by the President of the State Agricultural Society, from Mr. Fillmore, in reference to his attendance at the Fair. We understand that a letter has also been received from Ex-President Van Buren, signifying his intention to be present on that occa¬ sion :■ — Washington. August 9, 1850. E. P. Prentice, Esq. — Sir : — Yours of the 6th instant, inviting me in behalf of the 11 New-York State Agricultural Society” to attend the Annual Fair and Show, to be held near the city of Albany during the first week in September next, was duly received, and I desire to express my grateful ac¬ knowledgments to the Society for their kind invita¬ tion. and also to you for the flattering terms in which you were pleased to convey it. Be assured, that nothing would afford me more pleasure than to be present at the Fair, and witness the fine specimens of the mechanic arts and agricul¬ tural productions which will be there displayed. And if the adjournment of Congress and my official duties here will permit my absence from the city sufficiently long to enable me to attend it, I shall with pleasure avail myself of the invitation which has been so kindly extended to me; but I cannot but apprehend that this gratification may be denied me. Very respectfully and truly, your ob’t serv’t, Millard Fillmore. Answers to €orrcspont>rnts. Seed of the Locust Tree.— L. A. B. The seed of the locust ripens in the fall. It may be sown in October or November, and will come up the following spring. It requires about the same covering as Indian corn. The seed is enveloped in a very thick covering, from Which cause it re¬ quires a long time for the moisture to penetrate so as to produce germination; but if planted in the fall, the action of frost will soften the covering so that it will start well in the spring. If the seed is not planted till spring, it is best to pour scalding water on it, letting the seed lie immersed till the water is nearly cool. It will then come up as soon after planting as beans ordinarily do. We do not know a variety by the name of the “ white locust.” Lice on Fowls. — N. S. K., Chickopee-Falls, Mass. Any kind of oil or grease will kill lice on fowls; but that which is thin, is most readily ap¬ plied, and most readily spreads over the body. Dipping the chicks in tobacco-water will kill the vermin, but is likely to make the fowls sick and drooping for a while. Snuff scattered among the feathers, will thin off' the lice. As preventives, the apartments where fowls are kept, should be as clean as possible. Wood ashes should be provided for the fowls to dust themselves in, and if flour sulphur is mixed with the ashes, it will be usefull. Sulphur scattered in the nests of setting hens will tend to prevent them from getting lousy. “ Snap-Dragon.” — H. W., Sandlake. We are aware that the plant known by this name is rapidly increasing in many sections, and that it is very dif¬ ficult to eradicate; indeed we have as yet heard of no successful mode of assailing it. If any of our correspondents can tell us of an effectual mode of destroying the pest, they will confer a favor. Water Cement.— S. E. J., Middlebury, O. The article most in use here is called the Kingston or Rosendale cement. It is sold by W. R. Bar¬ rett, of this city, at $1,50 per bbl. The manner of making Roman and several other kinds of mineral cements, is described in the Cultivator for 1849 — pp. 239, 240. Name of Plant. — W. L. C., Chambersburgh, Pa. We do not know the name of the plant you send. We shall make further inquiries in regard to it, and will transmit any information we may obtain. Wire for Fences. — M. M., Fort Leavenworth, Mo. The best information we can give you on this subject, you will find in our current volume, pp. 144, 145, 244, 278. Disease in Apple Trees. — J. T. C., Greenville, South Carolina. From the appearance of the leaves you send, we are inclined to think that the malady which has attacked your trees, is similar to that which has appeared in different sections, and com¬ monly called “ fire blight.” It sometimes attacks the quince, thorn, &c., and is especially destructive to the pear. We believe the best remedy is to cut off’ the affected branches, and burn them as soon as they show the disease. Reaping Machines.- — The Prairie Farmer says that the immense amount of machinery introduced into the harvest field at the west, will entirely ob¬ viate all inconvenience from any apprehended scarcity of help — and that probably not less than 3,500 new reaping machines will be put in use in the north-west the present season — equal to the labor of 17,500 men. §14 THE CULTIVATOR. Sept. Motts for ttjr Monti;. Communications have been received, since our last, from G. H. Burgess, S. E. Johnston, M. S. Kellogg, J. R. Howard, A Subscriber, D. T., B. A. Hutchinson, N. Agard, C. E. G. , H. C. W . , Charles Robinson, S. Worden, F. Holbrook. Books, Pamphlets, See., have been received, since our last, as follows:- — The Farmer’s Every-Day Book, or Sketches of Social Life in the Country, with the Popular Elements of Practical and Theoretical Agriculture, and 1200 Laconics and Apothegms — also 500 Re¬ ceipts on Hygein, Domestic and Rural Economy, by Rev. John L. Blake. Auburn: Derby & Miller. From the author. The Illustrated Domestic Bible ; by Rev. In¬ gram Cobbin. Part III. From E. H. Pease 8c Co., Albany. This is a beautifully illustrated and admirably arranged edition of the Bible, with brief notes and reflections for family use. To be com¬ pleted in 25 parts, at 25 cents. Fourth Annual Report of the Mahoning Co., Ohio, Ag. Society. From J. M. Edwards, Esq., Secretary. D. D., Geneva. — Your communication on Graft¬ ing, was omitted till too late for the past season. It is filed for insertion in time for next year. Haydn’s great Oratorio. — "The Seasons.”- — We are pleased to learn that the Harmonia Society of this city, propose to perform, during the evenings of the coming State Fair, the celebrated oratorio of Haydn, entitled “The Seasons.” Nothing could be more appropriate to such a time, when “ — - Nature, ever kind, rewards The pains of virtuous toil,” than this admirable composition, which has long been considered the master-piece of its world-re¬ nowned author. We understand that the officers ot the Harmonia, have made arrangements to bring out this oratorio in its perfection. The Society it¬ self numbers over one hundred members, compris¬ ing the best musical talent, and they have been for several months engaged in preparing for this per¬ formance. They have also engaged for the occasion, thirty picked musicians, mostly from the Philhar¬ monic Society of New York, at the head of which is the eminent composer, Mr. Bristow. Other dis¬ tinguished performers will assist in the different departments • and we have no doubt that the exhibi¬ tion will afford the highest gratification. It is to be repeated during the evenings of the Fair, (3d, 4th, 5th and 6th,) at Dr. Huntington’s Church, Clinton Park. Prices of Jersey Cattle.— The Secretary of the New- York State Ag. Society has received a let¬ ter from Col. Le Couteur, of the island of Jersey, in which it is stated that the cost of a yearling bull of the pure Jersey breed would be from £10 to £12 sterling, <$48 to $58) delivered at Southampton, and that a yearling prize heifer would be furnished at from £10 to £15. Samples of Wool.— We are indebted to H. C. Meriam, Esq. of Tewkesbury, Mass., for vari¬ ous samples of imported wool. They comprise specimens of most of the kinds to which he refers in his communication which we give in this num¬ ber. We have deposited them at the rooms of the State Agricultural Society, where they may be com¬ pared with the different varieties produced in our own country. Hungarian Cattle. — R. L. Colt, Esq., of Paterson, N. J. . has imported a bull and heifer from Hungary. They are said to be of the breed so highly recommended by Mr. Fleischman, in the Patent Office Report for 1847. (See Cultivator 1849, p. 59.) Their color is a light dun. They are said to have cost in Hungary $112, which added to the expenses of importation, made them cost at New York upwards of $400. We hope the enter¬ prising importer will be liberally rewarded by the improvement which these animals will be the means of producing. World’s Exhibition, (London,) 1851. — The local committee for the State of New- York, as ap¬ pointed by Gov. Fish, consists of the following gentlemen : Hon. Luther Bradish, New- York ; E. P. Pren¬ tice, B. P. Johnson, Albany • Hon. Jas. Tallmadge, A. Chandler, Charles Henry Hall, New- York ; A. Yan Bergen, Coxsackie ; Wm. Buel, Rochester. Montgomery County, Pa. — -We learn by a let¬ ter from S. P. Knox, Esq., that there is a very flourishing Ag. Society in this county, consisting of about 200 members, and that they are preparing to hold an exhibition this fall. A large portion of the members, Mr. K. informs us, are subscribers to the Cultivator. “Acclimation of Tropical Plants.” — Dr. Lee, in the Southern Cultivator , complains that some of the remarks on this subject, by our corres¬ pondent “ C. E. G.,” in our July number, are un¬ just. He quotes the following paragraph : “ So low is the state of society in all the States of tropical regions, that the people do not know the capabilities of the soil and climate which they possess, nor the susceptibilities of the improvement inherent in their fruits and vegetables. Hence, with a soil and climate so much inferior, we yet cultivate melons, tomatoes, squashes, &c., in size and flavor decidedly superior to the same fruits cultivated there.” Dr. L. proceeds to comment on the above, by saying that the “ statements in regard to melons, tomatoes and squashes, are not true j and what is said about ‘ the low state of society in all the States of tropical regions’ is not only untrue, but it is a gratuitous detraction. In reference to soil, taken as a whole, the Southern Atlantic and Gulf States have no superiority over the Northern States, out of New England. In point of climate, they are more favored than any equal area in North America, if not in the world.” These remarks of Dr. L. indicate that he had, strangely enough, inbibed the idea that the observations of “ C. E. G.” were in¬ tended to apply to the Southern States of our Union! A simple and self-evident refutation of this unfound¬ ed charge, is the fact that none of our States lie within, or even border on the “ tropical regions,” and consequently could not have been alluded to by “ C. E. G.” The term “States,” as used by him, simply signifies countries. A gentleman who edits two papers at the North, and one at the South, and also fills a clerkship at. Washington— and, especial¬ ly one who seeks to preside over a Bureau at the seat of government, ought to be able to define the extent of the tropical regions. The Ram’s Head in “ The Wool-Grower.” — Mr. Peters states that the vignette at the head of his paper “ is the head of an improved Leicester Ram, and a very good one too.” Pray, how long is it since the improved Leicester sheep have borne horns? Or how does the cut in the Wool-Grower differ from that of a Scotch black-faced ram, which 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 315 forms the frontispiece to the work on sheep by W. C. L. Martin? 1X7“ We understand that L. G. Morris, Esq. has purchased in England, of Jonag, Webb, a lot of South Down sheep, and that he also purchased at the show of the Royal Society at Exeter, several fine Devon cattle, all destined for his farm at Mor- risania, Westchester county, N. Y. K7* We are indebted to B. B. Kirtland Esq., of the Catonment Farm, Greenbush, for beautiful specimens of the Red Astrachan apple and Smith’s Orleans plum. The Yellow- Bird.-— We think our New Hamp¬ shire correspondent is mistaken in regard to the ob¬ ject of the yellow-bird, which he has seen on his fields of winter wheat. We think the bird was seeking the insect called weevil, or wheat midge. It is not singular that the bird should be seen more frequently on bald than on bearded wheat, as it could more readily come at the worm in the former. We have never heard the bird charged with doing injury to wheat, except in districts where the insect prevailed ; yet if its object was to feed on the wheat we cannot see why it should not attack the crops of all sections, and also attack spring wheat as well as winter wheat. But the reason why the bird has been seen on the winter wheat more than on spring wheat, in the New England states, is that the form¬ er has usually been more subject to the midge — the spring wheat coming in after the period of the at¬ tack of the insect had more or less passed. Seed of the Cane. — ( Arundo ragmites ?) — An article has been going the rounds, stating that a remarkable phenomenon had been exhibited the present season by the “ cane-brake” of the south-western States. It was said to have produced seed resembling wheat, and the circumstance was represented as being unaccountable, by any known laws relating to the plant. The seed alluded to was undoubtedly the natural seed of the cane, and that it should resemble wheat need not excite wonder, when it is known that both plants belong to the same natural order— graminacae. The following descrip¬ tion of the cane, from Flint’s Geography and His¬ tory of the Mississippi Valley , will sufficiently ex¬ plain what to some may have appeared a mystery. “ This beautiful vegetable is generally asserted to have a life of five years, at the end of which period, if it has grown undisturbed, it produces an abundant crop of seed, with heads very much like those of broom-corn. The seeds are farinaceous, and said not to be much inferior to wheat, for which the Indians, and occasionally the first settlers, have substituted it. No prospect so impressively shows the exuberant prodigality of nature, as a thick cane- break. Nothing affords such a rich and perennial range for cattle, sheep and horses. The butter that is made from the cane pastures of this region, is of the finest kind. The seed easily vegetates in any rich soil. It rises from the ground like the richest asparagus, with a large succulent stem, and it grows six feet high, before this succulency and tenderness hardens into wood. No other vegetable furnishes a fodder so rich and abundant ; nor, in our view, does any other agricultural project so strongly call for a trial, as the annual sowing of cane in re¬ gions too far north for it to survive the winter. We suppose this would be latitude 39°. ” Great product of Raspberries. — It is stated that Nathaniel Hallock, of Milton, Ulster coun¬ ty, N. Y., has sent to New York, the present sea¬ son, ten thousand baskets of Antwerp Raspberries, each basket holding one pint. He gathered seven thousand baskets from one acre, and three thou¬ sand from a lot of two acres, which had just began to bear. The prices obtained were from eighteen and three-fourths cents to twenty-five cents a bas¬ ket. Cheese Manufacture. — We have given frequent notices of the “ cheese factories” so called in the northern part of Ohio. Mr. Geo. Hezlep, of Gustavus, Trumbull county, is one of the pioneers in this business, and pursues it on a large scale. We understand he is this season using the curd from the milk of one thousand cows. He takes the curd from the doors of the dairymen in the neighborhood, every day, and pays from 3| to 3^ cts. per lb. for it. He makes from 100 to 120 cheeses daily. Mr. H.’s cheese has a high reputation for quality. He has sometimes sent specimens to our State Shows, which have been much commended. We understand that he intends to send his cheese to California, thisyear. Hay Caps. — We have frequently spoken of the advantages of hay caps for protecting hay against rain during the process of curing. E. Emerson states in the Mass. Plowman that he has used them several years, and has found them of much use in case of storms. He has had hay stand, covered by these caps, four or five days, during which there was a heavy rain, and on opening it, found it sweet and not more colored than it would have been from a heavy dew. He estimated that each cock of hay was enough better to pay the cost of the cap. He makes his cap of sheeting, a yard and a quarter or a yard and a half wide, tears it into squares, and with a tape needle puts a loop in each corner, and they are done. He applies these caps as follows : “ Make four sticks about 18 inches long for each cap, let two hands at opposite corners draw the cap down tight over the cock — pass the stick through the loop and up (not down) into the cock of hay, and it will stand both wind and rain a month if you wish.” Proposed School of Agriculture. — We learn from a circular received through Mr. B. H. Street¬ er, of Clyde, N. Y., that Joseph Watson, Esq., President of the Wayne County Agricultural So¬ ciety, offers his farm, for which he has received the first premium of that society, for the purpose of establishing an institution for education . The course of instruction to be pursued, is to “ embrace all the branches of education usually pursued in acade¬ mies and higher seminaries of learning, with Prac¬ tical and Scientific Agriculture and Domestic Econ¬ omy as the leading features of the Institution.” The conditions of Mr. Watson’s proposition are, that there shall be erected on the farm “ suitable buildings and fixtures of the value of $5000, with proper arrangements for the future support of the school, and that the Association shall pay to him or his assigns, during the natural lives of himself and wife, the sum of $300 annually, and after the death of either, the sum of $150, and upon the death of both, the premises to become the property of the Association.” The farm consists of about fifty acres and is esti¬ mated to be worth $100 per acre. It is proposed to raise the sum of $5000 in shares of $100 each. We hope these praiseworthy exertions for the pro¬ motion of sound education, may be successful. The Wheat Midge. — The Rural New-Yorker observes that li there can hardly be a doubt that this destructive plague has overrun Vermont and the eastern part of this State.” The writer ob¬ serves that he had “ indulged the hope that there was some incompatability in our climate and the nature and habits of this great plague, as its prevalence in 316 THE CULTIVATOR Sept, the great wheat growing region of the west would be almost equal to war, pestilence and famine.” He also expresses the hope that it is ” but local and transitory,” in the western part of this state, as he has heard of but one instance of its appear* ance, and has not discovered it in any crops he has examined. This insect was noticed in some of the eastern States, and in Lower Canada, nearly thirty years ago, and for many years its ravages were such that it occasioned almost an entire suspension of wheat culture in those sections. It has been gradually working its way westwardly ; and four or five years since was so numerous in Onondaga and Cayuga counties, as to do much i nj ury to the wheat. It has appeared within a few years in the more western districts of this state and in Ohio, — doing considerhble damage in that state the last season. Its prevalence in the eastern section of the country, has been gradually 'diminishing for several years* and the notice of this fact has encouraged the farmers to revive the culture of wheat, which in most instances has latterly, and especially the present season, been quite successful. JPrias of Agricultural $3roimcts. [Review of the Market for the last month .] Albany, August 19, 1850. We have had another month of dull business, to be followed as is confidently anticipated by all, by an active demand for all kinds of produce from now to the close of the season. FLOUR. There has been a moderate trade and Eastern demand for flour during the month, and prices of all descriptions have ma¬ terially declined. This has been hastened by approach of the pro¬ ceeds of the recent harvest, which in almost every part of the country has been bountiful beyond all former precedent. The sales during the month have been 20,000 brls at. 8B4a4.25 for common State, $4 37§ a4.50 for fresh ground State and mixed to straight Western, $4. 50a $4.62-^ for fancy western, $4.87^ for fresh State from prime Canadian wheat, $4.87£a$5 for new Western, $5.25a5.37£ for old pure Gene¬ see, $5.50 for new do., $5.75a5.87£ for fancy Genesee and $6a6 50 for extra do. Quotations are very irregular and show a decline of 50c to $1.00 on all descriptions, and the tendency is still to a further decline. GRAIN". The receipts of new Genesee wheat have been free and the demand for the East and for New- York, is good; the samples re¬ ceived have been good, and those from Onondaga county from which section of the State but little is ordinarily received, are not only of prime qualities but the crop is reported as very large. Of new Western wheat we have no sales to report. The sales of all des¬ criptions are 29,000 bush, at 80c for red Canadian, 92a95 for old Ohio, 125c for old Mediterranean, 140^aI25c for old Genesee, 106| for new Mediterranean, and 130al26c new Genesee, the last sale having been made at the lower figure. In Rye we have no sales to report. Oats have been in fair demand and the market during the month has gra¬ dually declined ; the sales are 78.000 bush, from store and Canal, clos¬ ing at 40a41c for good lots, 37£a28c for damaged do, and 38c for Canadian. The demand for corn has been very steady and prices have been uniformly maintained; the sales are 150,000 bush, at 59c for damaged round, 6Qa63 for Western mixed and 62a63 for yellow round, closing firm at the inside figures with an upward tendency. FEED. The demand from the East for all descriptions of feed has been good ; the sales have been 80,000 bush, at 10c for Bran, llal.4c for shorts, 14 al6£ for second quality and 90a98 for middlings. SALT. A fair trade demand at lO-Jallc for bags and 100c for brls. WHISKEY. The demand is in excess of the supply, the sales have been 1120 brls at prices ranging from 24|a2 6£c for Ohio and S. P. closing firm at the higher figure. HOPS. We notice light sales of the crop of 1849 at 16c. WOOL. The sales during the month have been about 100, OOOlbs. at 32c for lambs, 35c for mixed and 35|a36c for mixed Oiho and Western New-York. The trade has not opened yet. The receipts by Canal are already 1,300,000 lbs. ahead of last year. PROVISIONS. The trade is exclusively of a retail character and very dull. Quotations are nominal. South Down Sheep. rpiIE subscriber offers for sale, this season, several pure bred South Down Rams, varying in age from lambs to 4 years old. Also several Ewes, from one year to four years old. Tiie Lambs and Yearlings of this flock, are from an imported Ram from the Duke of Richmond’s celebraled flock. Applications for the above Sheep may be addressed to the subscriber in this city. JNO. McD. McINTYRE. Albany, August 12, 1850 — 3t Greenhouse Plants, Vines and Roses. "pARSONS & CO. offer for sale every desirable variety of Green- house Plants, and many valuable novelties recently introduced from Europe. Growers of Grapes are invited to examine their vineries, now in full fruit, from which Aey can furnish good vines, of about forty varieties, at 50 cents for those one year old, 75 “ “ two “ 100 “ “ of extra size. Their stock of saleable Roses includes some thousand on their own roots, of the Remontauts, Bourbon, China, and Garden Roses, in their various sub-classes. Catalogues furnished on application by mail to Flushing, near New York. Sept. 1 — 2t. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, &c. T'HE subscriber cultivates at his Nurseries, and has for sale at his 1 residence, Eustis-street , Roxbury, Mass., all the choice varieties of the Pear, Apple, Plum, Cherry, Peach, and other Fruit Trees, Raspberries, Gooseberries, Currants, Grape Vines, Strawberries, Asparagus Roots, etc., etc., etc. Also several thousand Pear Trees on the Quince — one, two, three, four and five years from the bud. Particular attention paid to the cultivation of the Pear. Persons wishing extra sized trees, or trees on Quince stock in a hearing state, will please call at the Nurseries and make their own selection. 30,000 Buckthorn Plants. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Roses, Herbaceous Plants, Pseonies, &c. The whole for sale at the lowest market price. Catalogues gratis to post-paid applicants. SAMUEL WALKER, Roxbury, Sept. 1 — 3t. Roxbury , Mass. Seneca Lake Highland Nurseries, Catharine , Chemung Co., N. Y. E. C. Frost, Proprietor. T^RUIT TREES of all kinds, ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Grape Vines, Hedge Plants. Box for edging, Strawberries, Dahlias, Green House Plants, &c., &c , in large or small quantities. The Nursery and Standard Trees cover 40 acres. The following varieties of Apples can be furnished : THE WAGENER — For this new variety, the N. Y. State Ag. Society awarded to Charles Lee, Esq., of Yates Co., the place of its origin, tne highest premium in 1847, and again in 1848 — also pro¬ cured a colored plate for a frontispiece to its published Transactions and gave it a full description, in part as follows: “ Texture — Fine grained , crisp and juicy. Flavor — Rich , spr:ghily , vinous, sub- acid and delicious. Season — From October to May , and a prolific bearer. ” By referring to Vol. 7th, page 60th of the Albany Culti¬ vator, it will be seen that I have had the exclusive privilege of Mr. Lee’s trees, and have taken scions from his — the original seedling tree — and also from others worked from it in the neighborhood, so that those ordering will be sure of the genuine variety. Price of this variety, 50 cents each, and Scions furnished only in small quantities. THE HAWLEY or DOUSE. — For flavor, size and productive¬ ness, this is believed to be the best Fall Apple known, either for dessert or market purposes. A description and outline can be seen in the Cultivator of April, 1847, from which we quote — “ Of all the varieties of Apples ivhich have lately been brought to notice , probably none is destined to become more and deservedly popular than the Haio- ley or Douse Also in the Horticulturist of July, 1847, Hovey’s Magazine of Dec. 1847, and the Genesee Farmer of May, 1848. The latter, in describing it, adds — “ The first time we saiv it v:as at the State Fair at Auburn in 1846, when it was exhibtted by E. C. Frost, of Chemung Co., as the Douse. His specimens were mon¬ strous, and we voell remember the commotion it created among the pomologists present , to all of whom it seemed unknown .” Trees 4 years from the graft, 50 cents each. Scions by the doz. or 100. THE WINTER KING, is a very showy and productive apple, eullivated in this and Tompkins Gounty, where it sells one shilling per bushel higher than that fine and well known variety, the Swaar — 25 cts. per tree. TOMPKINS APPLE.— Origin, Tompkins Co. An outline and description is given in the Horticulturist of Feb’y, 1848. Mr. Down¬ ing says— ‘‘ A large , handsome and productive autumn fruit, superior in f avor to the Porter. We commend it with confidence to the notice of amateurs and collectors of good fruit.” Season — October and November — 25 cts each. In addition to the above four new varieties, among other standard sorts, are the following : Early Harvest, Large Sweet Bough, Sum¬ mer Queen, Fall Pippin, Early Joe, Norton’s Melon, Swaar, Baldwin, Northern Spy, Roxbury Russett, Ladies’ Sweeting and Newtown Pippin. Scions. — One or two dozen can be sent by mail with safety to any part of the Union, and larger quantities by public conveyance. Pears and Plums are not affected with the blight. Eastern fruit growers can procure Peach trees here, perfectly free from the Yellows, a disease to us unknown. Trees carefully packed, and sent by public conveyance to any section of the U. States and Canadas. Being on the Chemung Railroad, which connects the New-York and Erie, with the Buffalo and Albany route at Elmira and Geneva, this location for railroad facilities is surpassed by none. Price Catalogues furnished gratis to all post-paid applicants, con¬ taining an engraving and full description of Wagener and Hawley or Douse apples. Sept. 1; 1850 — It. 1850 THE CULTIVATOR 317 To Fruit Growers and Nurserymen. Tj’LLWANGER & BARRY solicit the attention of all Tree -*-J Planters, Nurserymen and Dealers to their present stock, which is much larger and better than they have ever before had the plea sure of offering. It embraces among other things in large qauntities— Standard Fruit Trees, of all sorts. Dwarf and Pyramidal Fruit Trees, for gardens. Gooseberries, Strawberries, Raspberries, Currants, &c., all the newest and best kinds. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, &c., including all new, rare and desirable articles. Buckthorn, Osage Orange and other Hedge Plants. Stocks of all sorts for nurseries. Green House, Border and Bedding Plants. Double Dahlias, &c., in immense quantities. Wholesale prices furnished when desired. A new edition of the general descriptive Catalogue is now ready and will be sent gratis to those who apply post-paid. Mount Hope Garden and Nurseries, Rochester, New York, Sept. 1st, 1850— It. Apple Trees for Orchards. TIT ANY thousand fine Trees, mostly 7 to 8 feet high, propagated in all cases from thoroughly proved or bearing trees , for sale at the nursery of J. J. THOMAS, Macedtn, Wayne Co., N. Y. They embrace the best standard varieties, with nearly all the valuable new sorts ; among them are Early -Harvest, Sine Qua Non, Sweet Bough, Early Joe, Summer Sweet Paradise, Autumn Straw¬ berry, Gravenstein, Dutch Mignonne, Rambo, Fall Pippin, Yellow Bellflower, Rhode Island Greening, Esopus Spilzenburgh, Northern Spy, Swaar, See., See. Price, varying with selections, from sixteen to eighteen dollars per hundred — a first rale selection of summer, autumn, and winter fruit, of fifteen to thirty varieties, if made by the proprietor, furnished at sixteen dollars per hundred, or seventeen if well packed in matted bundles, and delivered at canal or railway. All orders to be ac¬ companied with remittances. - Sept. 1 — 3t. Prince’s Linncean Botanic Gardens and Nurseries , Flushing , N. Y. "YUTM. R. PRINCE & CO., successors of Wm. Prince, and sole ' v proprietors of his great collection, offer the largest and choicest assortment of Fruit and Ornamental Trees and Plants to be found in America, and will transmit Descriptive Catalogues to all post-paid applicants desirous to purchase. The choicest varieties of Fruits, which are scarce elsewhere, are here extensively cultivated, and applicants will not be disappointed. Every desirable fruit enumerated by Downing, Manning, Kenrick, Hovey, and in the Catalogues of Europe, can be supplied. Of the finest varieties of Pears, 50,000 trees can be supplied, of which 15,000 are of bearing age on both the Pear and the Quince. Purchasers are solicited to visit the establishment and judge for themselves, but the same atten¬ tion will be paid to the selection for all distant correspondents. The prices are as low and mostly lower than trees of equal quality can be elsewhere obtained. And above five hundred varieties of Fruit Trees, and a much larger number of Ornamental Trees, can be supplied, that cannot be obtained elsewhere in the Union, except in a few casual instances. Every premium for Roses and Strawberries was awarded to us by the Long Island Horticultural Society. A wholesale Catalogue will be sent to all venders. The transportation expense to the west is now moderate, and the Agent’s Receipt will be sent to each purchaser, which will prevent the possibility of loss. Cash or a reference can be sent with the order, by those who are strangers to us. Sept. 1, 1850— It. Brown’s Patent Coupling for Hose and Pipes. T'HIS valuable invention, (illustrated and described in this num¬ ber °f the Cultivator,) is offered for sale upon reasonable terms, m either Town, County or State rights. For further information address, (post-paid.) A. HEYER BROWN, September 1, 1850— It.* Commercial Buildings, Albany. Prices Reduced. YY’HEELER’ S PATENT Rail Way Chain Horse Powers and ’ v Threshing machines, constantly on hand and for sale by the subscribers. Price of one Horse Power and thresher, . $110 Price of two Horse Power and thresher, . 135 Also Emery & Co’s Latest Improved Powers and threshers and cleaners at Manufacturers prices. JOHN MAYHER & Co. Sept. 1— tf 197 Water St. New- York. Buffalo Nursery and Horticultural Garden. TRIE Proprietor of this old established nursery solicits the attention A of Fruit Growers, Nurserymen and others, to the unusually large stock of FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES, FLOW¬ ERING SHRUBS, &c., now offered for sale. APPLE TREES — The assortment embraces nearly atl of the most choice and truly valuable sorts worthy of a place in the or¬ chard. [A very large number of varieties have been rejected.] PYRAMIDAL DWARF PEAR TREES.— The stock on hand is very fine, of from one to three years growth; trees strong and vigor¬ ous — among them are the following : Bartlet, Louise Bonne d’ Jersey, White Doyenne, Bloodgood, Golden Beurre of Billboa, Buerre de Arembergh, Flemish Beauty, Seclcel, Van Mons’ Leon le Clerc, Passe Colmar, Beurre Diel, Fondante de Automne. Onondaga, Beurre Langelier, Duchess d’Angouleme, Napoleon, Glout Moreeau, See. Also a fine assortment of standard Pear Trees of the most se¬ lect old sorts, together with most of the new varieties. PEACHES.— Some 5,000 trees, of the best market varieties— among them are the following : Early York, Early Tillotson, ''Val¬ ter’s Early, Royal George, George the Fourth, Crawford’s Early, Crawford’s Late Melocoton, Grosse Mignonne, Walter’s Early, Morris Red and White Rareripe, Noblesse, and many other sorts. CHERRIES. — A fine assortment, mostly trained with low heads, some 50 varieties in all — among them are Black Tartarian, Elton, Downton, Coe’s Transparent, Napoleon Bigarreau, Groffan Bigar- reau, Knight’s Early Black, Beauman’s May, Early Purple Guigne, Downer’s Late Red, May Duke, Butler’s Yellow, See. Sec. PLUMS. — A very fair stock of the most choice and valuable APRICOTS. — Dubois’ Early Golden, Moorpark, Breda, Musch Musch, Sec., NECTARINES. — Boston or Perkins’ Seedling, Golden Red, Ro¬ man, &c. ALMONDS. — Ladies’ thin shell, and others. QUINCES. — Large Orange, Portugal, Pear-Shaped. &c. GRAPES. — The best for the Grapery, and also the best for out door culture. GOOSEBERRIES. — White Amber, Mammoth and others. CURRANTS. — Large Red and White Dutch, White Grape, Na¬ ples, Victoria, Knight’s Sweet Red and others. STRAWBERRIES. Some 30 varieties, Burr’s New Pine, Bos¬ ton Pine, Large Early Scarlet, Hovey’s Seedling, and some others are truly fine and prolific. RHUBARB. — Early Tobolsk, Victoria, Wisconsin, Mammoth and others. ORNAMENTAL TREES AND FLOWERING SHRUBS.— A large stock, Mountain Ash, Horse Chestnut, Silver Maples, &c., by the 100 or 1000 at very low prices. EVERGREEN TREES. — A large collection of most beautiful trees, grown in the nursery. By the quantity, at low prices. ROSES. — A very good assortment of Hardy Garden, Hybrid, Perpetual, Bourbon, Noisette, Moss and others. HERBACEOUS PLANTS. — Many choice sorts — some beautiful new Phloxes, Tulips, Hyacinths, Dahlias, Peonies, &c., &c. STOCKS. — Apple, Cherry, Plum and Quince stocks, and Nurse- rj men and others will be supplied with trees of large or small size at reduced prices. [0=* Orders by mail or otherwise will receive prompt attention. Every article carefully labelled, securely packed and forwarded agreeable to order, and with the least possible delay. Descriptive Catalogue (a pamphlet of 60 pages) gratis to all who apply, (postage paid.) B. HODGE. Buffalo, N. Y., Sept. 1st, 1850— It. Chapin’s Portable Cider»Miil and Press. TRIE advantages of this machine have already been realized in this State, and heretofore laid before the public, certified by a large number of reliable sources. It received, at the State Agri¬ cultural Fair at Syracuse in 1849, all the rewards and tokens des¬ tined by the Society for that class of implements, besides the con¬ stant applause of the crowd. Its utility is beyond a question, and can be warranted a source of positive profit to any one having suf- ficint employment for such a machine. It was patented on the 21st of Nov. 1848, and well tried during the same season. It was again tested in the fall of 1849, on seve¬ ral occasions. The small sized mills, which are designed to be conveyed and operated by hand, are capable of making from 3 to 6 barrels of ci¬ der per day. by the help of a man and boy. The large size, which are drawn by a pair of horses, are capable of making from 12 to 20 barrels per day, with the help of' two men and one horse. The price of a large Mill and Press, and the right of a whole town for making, using and vending, does not exceed the cost of one of the ordinary old fashioned mills. As it is a traveling ma¬ chine, no sales will be made without designating its limits by the lines of either states, counties or towns. Applications are solicited immediately, and a crowd of references will be furnished. JACOB M. SWART, of Quaker Street Village, Schenectady Co., N. Y., Agent for Albany, Schoharie and Schenectady counties. They are principally manufactured by the Patentee, NATHAN CHAPIN, Sept. 1, 1850 — It* West end of Warren St., Syracuse, N. Y. Transactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Society. rFR ANSACTIONS of the New -York State Agricultural Society, A from' 1841 to 1849, eight vols., price $8, for sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. 318 THE CULTIVATOR Sept, Agricultural and Horticultural Implements, and Field and Garden Seeds. TTPWARDS of one hundred different kinds of Plows, and a corres- ponding variety of all other Implements for the Farmer, Planter and Gardener ; embracing the largest and most complete assortment to be found in the United States. Also, Field and Garden Seeds, a large and varied assortment. A. B. ALLEN & CO., August 1, 1850.— If. 189 A 191 Water St., New- York. Emery & Co.’s Latest Improved Railroad Horse Power, and Over¬ shot Threshing Machine and Separator. rpHE above cut represents this most useful machine, with the LA- ■*- TEST IMPROVEMENTS, (CT* For which Patent is secured , embracing some of great value and importance — which have sug¬ gested themselves from time to time as the various kinds made and sold by us have become worn, used and failed. The most important of these consists principally in the mode of applying the power and motion from the endless platform to the shaft of the main Driving Pulley, and obtaining the necessary mo¬ tion for the Overshot Threshing Machine, without crossing bands or intermediate gearings, and at the same time dispensing with the small pinions and cogs on the links of the endless platform, — -thereby combining Greater Strength and Durability with lighter friction, without the liability of breakage of links, or the wearing of links and pinions, — (no small item in the expense of repairs in most other kinds of powers in use.) The farmer or me¬ chanic is enabled to perform a greater amount of work, or to ope¬ rate with less power or -elevation, as best suits his wishes. Having been long engaged in the Manufacture, Introduction, Sale, & c,, of the various kinds of Horse Powers, for different purpo¬ ses, and at all times adopted such improvements as from observation and experiment have seemed necessary and desirable, we feel confi¬ dent that in this Power, as now manufactured, all that can be desi¬ rable, is found to a greater extent than any heretofore sold by us, or ■with which we are acquainted, They were introduced to some con¬ siderable extent last season, and wherever used side by side with the most approved Powers of other kinds, have given unqualified satis¬ faction, and been preferred. The Overshot Threshers and Vibrating Separators, with improve¬ ments, have been sold with like success as the Powers. They admit of a level feeding table, thus avoiding accidents, (which often occur with the inclined feeding board,) by preventing hard substances, sticks and stones from getting into the Machine and breaking Spikes, endangering those engaged with them. The Cylinder Shaft, (of Cast Steel,) runs in Bronze Boxes, which are so made of two parts as easily to be adjusted when worn loose, and can with little trouble, always be kept tight. The speed of the Power is such that a larger pulley is used on the Thresher than on most others — driving stronger, with less liability of slipping of Bands, which last are made of Vulcanized India Rubber. The Separator makes a complete se¬ paration of Grain from the Straw, leaving it in the best condition for the Fan Mill ; thus saving the labor of several men, and doing the work better. Fan Mills of various sizes, for Hand, or fitted to be driven by the Power, at same time of threshing. Also, Saw Mills in complete order. The Double Horse Power is capable, with 3 or 4 men, of thresh¬ ing from 125 to 200 bushels of Wheat or Rye, and the Single one from 75 to 100 bushels, or double that quantity of Oats per day. They are warranted to perform as above, or may be returned to us or our Agents, of whom they were purchased within 3 months, and the purchase money refunded. They may be had in Rochester, Buffalo, or any of the principal ports on the lower or upper lakes, by adding transportation. Good agents will attend to the sale of them in those places. The prices will be, for Single Powers, . $85 00 “ Threasher and Separator, . . . 35 00 “ Bands, Wrench, OilCan, extra pieces, 5 00 — $125 00 Best Double Machines. Complete, ($25 more on,) . 150 00 Fan Mills, from . . . $22 to $28 Saw Mill, complete . . $35 Also “ Wheeler’s” Machines, improved this season, Single Setts, complete, . $120 00 Double do. do . 145 00 Terms Cash, or approved Notes or Acceptances, with Interest. To good Agents in new locations liberal terms will be given. For further particulars, see new issue of Catalogue, or apply per¬ sonally or by letter at the Albany Agricultural Works, Warehouse and Seed Store, of EMERY A CO. September 1, 1850. 369 A 371 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. Choice Sheep for Sale. TMIE subscriber having determined to quit the farming business. - offers his entire flocK of Sheep for sale. They have been brea with great care for over 20 years, with a view to make them heavy and fine. They now shear three and a-half pounds per head, and the wool sold last year, at the Kinderhook Depot, for 47 cents per pound. Specimens of them will be at the State Fair. Also, one Imported Ayrshire Cow, with her last two calves, both heifers. DANIEL S. CURTIS. Canaan Center, N. Y., Aug. 1— 2t. Albany Burr Mill Stone Factory. A DAM R. SMITH, (late of Troy,) having located at the Corner of Broadway and Quackenbush streets, (three blocks above the Delavan House,) Albany, N. Y., invites the attention of Mill¬ wrights and others to the stock on hand, which, with his facilities for manufacturing, must render it advantageous for them to call upon him before purchasing elsewhere. He keeps also, a large supply of Bolting Cloth, Screen Wire, Plaster of Paris, and other articles used in Milling, which will be disposed of on liberal terms. August 1 — 3t.* The American Five Stock Insuanc.e Company, At Vincennes , Ind. CJHARTER unlimited. Granted January 2, 1850. O^Capita! ^ $50,000 For the Insurance of HORSES, MULES , PRIZE BULLS, SHEEP AND CATTLE, of every description, against the combined risks of Fire, Water, Accidents and Disease. Losses paid in 30 days after proof of death. Directors. — Joseph G. Bowman, Hiram Decker, M. D., Isaac Mass, George D. Hay, John Wise. Alvin W. Tracy, Hon. Abner T. Ellis, Abm. Smith, Hon. Thomas Bishop. Joseph G. Bowman, President. B. S. Whitney, Secretary. Wm. Burtch, Treasurer. Aug. 1, 1850— lyr. B. P. JOHNSON, Agent, Albany. Farm and Stock for Sale. rPHE subscriber will sell at auction, on the September next, 1 (if not previously disposed of at private sale,) his farm, situated in Westminster, Vt., containing upwards of 200 acres, nearly 100 acres of which is alluvial land of the most productive kind, lying on the bank of the Connecticut river. He will also sell at the same time, the live-stock of said farm,. consisting of about sixty head of superior neat cattle, mostly Devons, thirty South Down sheep, and fifty swine of Suffolk, Middlesex and Essex breeds. Among the Devon cattle, are one very fine bull, two years old, imported from England ; another, seven years old, purchased of Geo. Patterson, Esq., of Maryland ; another, one year old, bred on the farm. Several of the cows are pure Devons of the very best blood and quality, and the whole lot were either selected, or bred by the subscriber with great care. Of the South Down Sheep, six were imported — others were purchased of Hon. Daniel Webster and Col. J. M. Sherwood ; and these, with their descendants, constitute the flock. The older swine were mostly imported, and comprise the best specimens of their respective breeds which could be obtained in England. Their stock has now become well known in this part of the country, and is so much esteemed as to need no praise here. Boston, Mass., August 1— 2t. WILLIAM STICKNEY. Drain Tile Works, 63 Jay Street, North of Salamander Works, Albany. rPHE subscriber is now manufacturing and prepared to fill orders for Horse Shoe, Sole, Round and Collar Drain Tile, of various sizes, from one to four inches in width and rise. The tile is cut sixteen inches in length, and will be of a superior quality. The price will vary according to the size and shape, from $10 to $16 per thousand. Specimens of the article with the prices will soon be distributed to all the agricultural stores in the State. Presidents of county societies adjoining the river and canals, will please send their address with directions to whom a box containing the different sizes of Tile will be forwarded free of charge. July 1, 1850— tf. A. S. BABCOCK. Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. No. 197 Water street , (near Fulton,) New- York. rPHE subscribers would respectfully invite the attention of planters and dealers in Agricultural and Horticul¬ tural Implements, Garden and Field Seeds, Ac., Ac., to their large and va- r ried assortment of Garden and Field tools, Ac., which they are selling at the very lowest rates that they can be procured in the United States. Persons living at a distance can obtain an illustrated ” Catalogue, containing a list of prices, on application by letter, post-paid. Those ordering from us may depend upon their orders being promptly filled. May 1, 1850 — tf. JOHN MAYHER A CO., Poultry Books. 'pHE American Poulterer’s Companion, by C. N. Bement— price The American Poultry Yard, by D. J. Browne and Samuel Al¬ len — price $1. The American Fowl Breeder, by an Association of Practical Breeders — price 25 cents. For sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. 1850 THE CULTIVATOR 319 Hay, Straw, and Corn Stalk Cutters. rPHE Celebrated Patent Adjustable, Spiral Knife Hay Cutter. Premium Straight Knife Hay Cutter. All sizes, for Hand or Horse Power. Warranted. Mediterranean Seed Wheat, of a choice quality and pure. This wheal is coming into very general use, and is much approved of. Also, other varieties of Winter Wheat and Rye. For sale at the Albany Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, 369 & 371 Broadway, Albany. August 1, 1850. EMERY & CO. Wire lor Fences, A LSO Staples ready made, by the pound, at price of wire and 4 cents per hundred staples for making, (machine made.) Our Wire is of the best quality of iron, used by our Telegraph Companies, &c., which needs no annealing whatever, in being worked. It is a fact acknowledged by all wire manufacturers, that the pro¬ cess of annealing iron wire opens its pores to the effect of the at¬ mosphere, lessens its weight 12 to 15 per cent., lessens its tenacity for tension 33 per cent., and destroys its elasticity. Fence makers will find it much cheaper to use tough, bright wire, in all cases, even at one to three cents per pound extra, than the cheaper qualities of iron at their value, which require annealing to be used. Nos. 7, 8 and 9, for 5£ cents ; Nos. 10 arid 11, for 6 cts per lb. August 1, 1850. For sale by EMERY & CO., Albany. Hydraulic Water Rams. 'THIS simple apparatus for elevating water from a spring or brook, has now been very extensively and favorably introduced, and enables the persons having a good spring of water below their buildings, to have a constant, never failing stream of water at any place desired, and so long as water will, of its own gravity, run down hill, so long it may, by this simple machine, be made to run up hill to any desired elevation. Full directions accompany each machine, enabling the purchaser to put them in operation himself, and all are warranted to operate salisfactori'y. Price from $8 to $25. For sale, wholesale and retail, at the Albany Agricultural Warehouse of EMERY & CO, Aug. 1, 1850. 369 & 371 Broadway, Albany, N Y. Colman’s European Agriculture. T^UROPEAN AGRICULTURE, from personal observation, by Henry Colman of Massachusetts. Two large octavo vols. — price, neatly bound, the same as published in Nos., $5. For sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. Wire for Fences. TRON WIRE FOR FENCING, constantly for sale at New- York x prices. Z. HOSMER, April 1, 1850 — 6t. 110 Milk St., Boston. The Farmers’ Encyclopedia, TJY C. W. JOHNSON. Adapted to the United States, by G. Emerson, Philadelphia, 1850. In one large octavo volume, 1173 pages, containing the latest discoveries and improvements, in Agriculture, with numerous plates of Live Stock, I’ arming Imple¬ ments, &c. u We are fully convinced that such an amount of valuable know¬ ledge for farmers can be found in no other work in so cheap and con¬ venient a form. In fact, no farmer who pretends to be well inform¬ ed in his profession should be without this book.” — Neio Genesee Farmer. 4-An excellent work, fit to be distributed in premiums by Agricul¬ tural Societies. Plow much better, and in belter taste, than the amount of its cost in money.” — J. S. Skinner. Sold by L. Tucker, Albany ; A. Hart, Philadelphia ; Derey & Co., Buffalo ; W. D. Ticknor & Co., Boston; and the principal booksellers in the Union. Price $4. (Cost of the imported work in 1 vol. without any plate$, $14.) July l — tf. Importation and Sale of Stock. IVfR. L. G. MORRIS, of Mount Fordham, Westchester County. N. Y., left New-York on the 17th April, for Europe. One or his main objects is to obtain agricultural information generally, and especially to purchase such domestic animals as arc calculated to im¬ prove the stock of the United States, He purposes to attend the sale of the Short-horn cattle belonging to the estate of the late Thomas Bates, Esq., of Kirkleavington, Yorkshire ; but will not confine his purchases to that herd. He expects to return to America in Septem¬ ber next, and the second annual sale of cattle from his o\«i herd, will take place in October. Whatever stock he may import, will be at his place at the time of sale. Printed catalogues of the animals to be sold, will be issued in due time. June 1, 1S50 — 4t. The Old Giftord Morgan, TRIE highest blooded Morgan Stallion now remaining, will A stand the coming season at the stable of Benjamin Gates, in Walpole, N. H. Terms $25. $5 of which to be paid at the time of service, and the remaining $20 if the mare prove in foal. Pasturage furnished on reasonable terms. A. ARNOLD, Walpole, May 1 — 5t.* Agent for the Proprietors. I. T. GRANT & CO.’S PATENT FAN MILLS AND CRADLES. We continue to x manufacture these celebrated Mills and Cradles. They have been awarded six first premiums at the New- York State Fairs, and at the great American Institute in New York, and several County Fairs, always taking the first premium over all other mills. The manufacturers feel confident, therefore, in offering these mills to the public, that they are the best in use. During the year 1S47 they were introduced into England, by Mr. Slocum, of Syracuse. They were very favorably noticed by the English papers; and from a communication of Mr. S.’s, published in the Transactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Society, for 1847, it will be seen that they were tried by several large farmers, and highly approved. One farmer, it is stated, set aside an almost new winnowing machine, for which he paid £18, ($90) and used Grant’s for cleaning a crop of 300 qrs. (2,700 bushels) of wheat, and several hundred bushels of mustard seed. We have lately made some valuable improvements in the article, though the price remains the same as before. Our fans are extensively used and highly approved at the south, for cleaning rice. We are permitted to make the following ex¬ tracts from letters received from Hon. J. R. Poinsett, of South Ca¬ rolina : — “ The fan you sent last summer, [1848] has been success¬ fully used to clean dirty rice, and winnow that from the threshing floor. It answers every purpose.” In relation to another of our fans, he writes, (April 23, ’49.)—“ Both this and the first mill you sent, work very well ; and the last, which is the largest that can be well worked by a man, cleans the dirty rice perfectly, and is altogether the best wind-fan I ever used for that purpose.” The great encouragement we have received from dealers and agjiculturists, has induced us to greatly enlarge our business, and we hope by strict attention, to merit a further patronage. Orders will be thankfully received, and receive prompt atten¬ tion. I. T. GRANT A CO. Junction P. O., Rens. C'o.. 8 miles north of Troy May 1,1850— tf- 320 THE CULTIVATOR, Sept, Contents of this Number. Nutritive Properties of the Apple, . . . . . Foreign and Domestic Wool, by H. C. Meriam, . . Sheep Husbandry of Washing ton county, N. Y., . History of Short Horned Cattle, . . On the Importance of extended Chemical Investigations by Prof. J. P. Norton, . . . . On Plows and Plowing, by F. Holbrook, . . . . . . Chapin’s Portable Cider Mill and Press — Brown’s Coupling for Pipes and Hose, . . . . . The Potatoe Disease, by C. E. G. . . . . . . . Irrigation of Gardens — Striped Bugs — American Pomologieal Congress — The Michigan or Prairie Rose, by D. T., . Belle Magnifique Cherry, and Native Fowers, by D. T. — The Cherry Bird — To Winter Bourbon Roses, . . . . . Cutting off Leaves of Plants and Yirgilialutea, by D. T. — Cor¬ rections of last Number — Rose Cuttings — Domestic Economy, Recipes, Ac., ........... . . . . . . Review of Downing’s Country Houses, . . . Notes on Farming in Ohio, by J. R. Ho ward — Crops in Seneca Co., Ac., by J. Johnston, . . . . The Power of Steam— The Food of Plants, . . . . Water for Irrigation — Cultivating Stiff Soil,. . . . . Pipes for Water, by R. A. Hutchinson — Preserving Corn from Worms, by N. Agabd — Breeding Animals, . . Emery’s New Thresher and Cleaner — Culture of Wheat — Viewing Farms, . . . . . . . New- York State Fair — Answers to Correspondents,. . . Monthly Notices — To Correspondents, &c., . . . . . ILLUSTRATIONS. 289 291 293 295 298 297 299 300 301 302 303 Fruit and Ornamental Trees, at the Nursery of J. J. THOMAS, Macedon, N. Y. ■jyTOST of the Trees are oflarge, handsome, and thrifty growth, and they embrace careful selections of the best sorts of Apples, Peaches, Pears, Cherries, Apricots, Ac., with the smaller fruits. When purchasers desire, selections will be made by the proprietor, so as to afford a regular succession of the best varieties throughout the season ; and all may be relied on as strictly true to their names, the proprietor having for the past fifteen years invariably adhered to the rule of selling none but THOROUGHLY PROVED sorts. A carefully assorted collection of hardy Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Perennial Plants, furnished at moderate prices. Trees for canal and railroad well packed in bundles, enclosed in strong mats, with roots mudded and encased in wet moss, so as to preclude all danger of injury. All communications, post-paid, to be directed Macedon. Wayne Co., N. Y. Sept. 1 — 3t. 305 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 To Nurserymen, Dealers, and others. rFHE subscriber offers for sale at the American Botanic Garden and Nursery , Waterloo, Seneca Co., N. Y., (4£ miles northwest of Waterloo, on the Vienna road) : — 20,000 American Balsam Fir. 10,000 Spruce, Red, White, &c. Also various other Native and Foreign Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants, together with a choice selection of Fruit Trees. Native Trees and Plants to order. Orders promptly executed, and Trees and Plants packed for safe transportation to any part of the United States, Canada and Europe. Sept. 1— 2t. W. S. DELL Fig. 195, 196 — Ruggles, Nourse, Mason & Co.’s New Stubble and Sward Plows, . . . } 197 — Chapin’s Portable Cider Mill and Press, . 299 198 199 — Brown’s Coupling for Pipes and Hose, . 299 200— View of Floral Hall at Syracuse, . . 304 201— A Bracketed Farm House, . . 305 202 203 — -First and Second Floors of same, . . . 306 204 — Emery’s New Thresher and Cleaner, ’. . . 312 Commercial Garden and Nursery of PARSONS A CO., Flushing , near New- York. rpuE proprietors of this establishment offer for sale their usual assortment of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Roses, Ac. Their stock of Apples and Pears is finer than they have before of¬ fered. Also Pears on Quince, of their own growing. The Ornamental department contains the usual well known varie¬ ties, and all the best new Trees and Shurbs, for lawns and arboretums. including the new Pines, Araucaria Imbricata, Cryptomeria Japouica, with Cedar of Lebanon, atone to two dollars each; and Cedrus Deodara, of various sizes, at one dollar per foot. Catalogues furnished gratis on application by mail. Sept. 1 — 2t. Great Sale of Fruits at Auction. The Whole Stock of a Nursery to be Sold at Auction , Sept. 20th, 1850. npHE Proprietors of the LAKE ERIE NURSERY, Cleveland, -1- Ohio, being about to make a change in their business, will sell their entire stock of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, &c. &c., at Public Auction, and without reserve, on the 9th and 10th days of October The collection embraces all the choice leading, and new varieties of Fruits, rare Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Ac., and in extent of variety and correctness to name, is probably surpassed by no Nur¬ sery at the West. The stock of Pears on free stocks, and dwarfed on Quince, is very good, and also Cherries, Apples, Peaches, Plums, Grapes, Quinces, Currants, Raspberries, Ac., See. Among the Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, there are plants from one year’s growth to an extra size, and the stocks of Mountain Ash, Scotch Larch, Deciduous Cypress, Norway and Silver Maples, Eu¬ ropean Lindens, Horse Chestnuts, Kentucky Coffee Trees, Garland Deutzia, Daphne Mezereon, Monthly Chinese Evergreens, and Tree Honeysuckles, &c., See., are especially good. The stock of Evergreens is large, and most of them having been twice transplanted, they are in an excellent condition to be removed. The sale will be made in lots of from 10 to 100 trees or plants in each lot. The correctness of varieties may be relied upon, and purchasers can have the privilege of removing their trees at any time previous to the 20th of May, 1851. The purchaser can dig and remove his trees himself, or the pro¬ prietors will do it for him, charging him the usual price of pack¬ ing, &c. . The terms of sale, unless otherwise agreed upon with individuals Will be as follows — For all sums under Twenty Dollars, cash. Over Twenty and under Fifty, 30 days. Over Fifty and under One Hundred, 4 months. Over One Hundred, six months, approved Notes payable at Bank. Catalogues will be issued about the 15th of August, which we shall take pleasure in forwarding to any persons who may desire. All communications of enquiry, &c., addressed to the subscribers will meet prompt attention. ELLIOTT & CO., Sept. 1— It Lake Erie Nursery, Cleveland, O. Allen’s Improved Portable Railroad Horse Power , Thresher and Separator . f'FHE advantages of the above horse powers are— 1. They occupy ■f but little more space than a horse. 2. They can be moved by the weight of the horse only, by placing the machine at an angle of 10 or 15 degiees. 3. They are easily transported, simply construct¬ ed, not liable to get out of order, and move with little friction. The Overshot Threshers consist of a small spiked cylinder with a concave top, and possess these advantages. 1. They have a level table for feeding, thus enabling the tenders to stand erect, and control the motion of the horse and machine by means of a brake, by which accidents are avoided. In consequence of the spikes lifting the straw and doing the work on the top, stones, blocks, Ac. drop at the end of the table, and are not carried between the spikes. 3. The overshot cylinder does not scatter the grain, but throws it within three feet of the machine. 4. This arrangement also admits of at¬ taching a separator , high enough from the floor or ground to allow all the grain to fall through it, while the straw is deposited by itself in the best condition for binding. 5. Neither grain nor si raw are bro¬ ken by this machine. 6. The cylinder is long, which admits of fast¬ er and more advantageous feeding; it is smaller and with fewer teeth than ordinary threshers, thus admitting of more rapid motion and faster work with less power; and the diminution of teeth in the cylinder is fully made up by an increased number in the concave top, which is stationary. 7. The separator is a great advantage in dimi¬ nishing the labor of raking out the straw, as it leaves the grain in the best condition for the fanning mill. Three men with a single power, can thresh 100 to 150 bushels of wheat or rye per day ; and four men with a double power, twice that quantity. All the above are com¬ pact, and can be carried where wanted, complete, or they may be readily taken apart and packed for distant transportation by wagon or otherwise. Price of single Power, . . . . . . . . . $80 “ “ Thresher, . . . . . $28 “ Separator and fixtures, . . . $7 Bands for driving, etc., . . . . . . . $5 “ Wood-sawing machine, complete, and in running order, . . . . . . . $35 Price of double Power, . . . $100 “ with Thresher, Separator, Ac., ........ $145 to $150 All the above are sold singly or together, as desired, and are war¬ ranted to work well and give satisfaction. A. B. ALLEN A CO., Aug. 1 — 2t. 1S9 A 191 Water Street, New-York. THE CULTIVATOR Is published on the first of each month, at Albany , N. Y., by LUTHER TUCKER, PROPRIETOR. LUTHER TUCKER & SANFORD HOWARD, Editors. $1 per aim.— -7 copies for $5—15 for $10. O^All subscriptions to commence with the volume, (the Jan. No..) and u» be paid in advance. All subscriptions, not renewed by payment for the next year, are discontinued at the end of each volume. O*- The back vols. can be furnished to new subscribers— and may be obtained of the following Agents : NEW-YORK— M. H. Newman A Co., 199 Broadway. BOSTON— J. Breck A Co., 52 North Market-st., and E. VV ight, 7 Congress-st PHILADELPHIA— G. B. Zieber. Advertisements — The charge for advertisements is $1, for 12 lines, for each insertion. No variation made from these terms. “to improve the soil and the mind.” New Series. ALBANY, OCTOBER, 1850. Vol. VII.— No. 10. Fattening Animals. There is a great advantage in commencing the fattening of animals early in the fall. There are many articles on a farm which may be profitably used at this season, but which, from their perishable nature, would be lost, or greatly depreciated in value, by long keeping. Early apples, squashes, pumpkins, unmerchantable potatoes, and unsound corn, should be used first. But besides the advan¬ tage in saving these kinds of food, there is another important argument in favor of early fattening ; the same amount and quality of food will go farther, or will produce a greater amount of meat, in mild ‘weather, than in cold — less food being required to supply the waste of the animal system under a mild temperature, than under a low one. Experiments have established the fact that for swine there is a great advantage in cooking food. This advantage results in two ways; first, from the aid which the cooking process affords to the organs of digestion, by bringing the nutritive properties of the food into a condition in which they maybe more easily assimilated; second, by rendering food more palatable, so that some articles, which would be re¬ jected in a raw state, are, when cooked, eaten with avidity. The actual saving or gain by cooking, depends on many circumstances, and perhaps has never been ascertained with mathematical accuracy. Indian corn may be fed liberally to hogs, in a raw state, before it becomes fully hardened, and they will extract the nutriment from it pretty thoroughly; but after it is seasoned and dried, it cannot be used to advantage (except when fed in very small quantities) without being ground, or softened by soaking or cooking. The grinding is doubtless best; and if swine are to be full-fed. , there would then be considerable saving in cooking the meal, over feeding it raw. Some observing and careful persons have estimated this saving at one-fifth the value of the food, and others at more. The remarks in regard to Indian corn, will apply to other kinds of grain that may be used as food for swine. In fact the general advantages of cooking food for these animals, is admitted by most authori¬ ties. The Book of the Farm observes — “ By direct experiment, it has been ascertained that pigs fatten much better on cooked than on raw food. This being the case, it is only a waste of time and material, as also loss of flesh, to attempt to fatten pigs on raw food of whatever kind; for although some sorts of food fatten better than others in the same state, yet the same sort, when cooked, fattens much faster and better than in a raw state. The question, therefore, simply is-— what is the best sort of food to cook for the purpose of fattening pigs ? Roots and grains of all kinds, when cooked, will fatten pigs. Potatoes, turnips, carrots, parsnips, mangel-wurtzel, as roots; and barley, oats, peas, beans, rice, Indian corn, as grain, will all fatten them when prepared.” Swine are benefitted by being fed with different kinds of food. They, like most animals, when left to themselves, feed on various plants and sub¬ stances. This variety is doubtless promotive of their health and thrift; it excites the appetite, and their food is consumed with less waste. We believe, also, that the quality of pork is improved by a mix¬ ture of food — that swine fed with food composed of vegetables, fruits, and grain or meal, with dairy slops, will make better pork than those which are fed entirely on Indian corn. The cooking of food probably tends further to the improvement of the quality of the pork. Indian corn contains a large proportion of oil, and when swine are fed with a large quantity of this grain in a raw state, it is not improbable that the oil is assimilated in a greater proportion, comparatively, than the other constituents; and this may partly account for the fact that 11 western pork,” which is produced almost entirely from corn, is generally more oily than eastern. The feeding of swine with fermented food has been frequently recommended, and some who have practiced it have spoken favorably of its advantages. We apprehend, however, that erroneous ideas on this point are often entertained — especially in regard to the degree to which fermentation should be car¬ ried in food. Chemistry teaches that fat may be derived from sugar, and hence the presence of sugar in the food of animals, is important. Now the result of the first fermentation of vegetable sub¬ stances— the saccharine— is the production of sugar ; it is obvious, therefore, that the development of this property in the food may tend to the accumulation of fat in the animal. The remarks of Dr. Thomson, in regard to the formation of fat may be properly introduced here. He says— a There is another constituent of the animal body, namely, fat, the production of which deserves notice. It is not an organised tissue, but is formed and collected in the cellular tissue under certain circumstances. These are restand confine¬ ment, — that is, a deficiency of oxygen, and abun¬ dance of food containing a considerable proportion of non-azotised matter, such as starch, sugar, &c. Now the chief source of fat is sugar, the composi¬ tion of which is such that when deprived of oxygen fat remains.” From this reasoning it is evident that the fermenta¬ tive process, in substances designed for food, should not be carried too far; it should not be allowed to run into the acetous stage, as that would convert the sugar into vinegar, a substance which can afford 822 THE CULTIVATOR. Oct, no fat. It is well to prepare the food beforehand, and in such quantities that it may be brought into the proper state at the time it is given to the animals. As to the manner of cooking, and apparatus for the same, perhaps there is nothing preferable to Mott's Portable Furnace, a cut of which is here¬ with given. It will answer either for boiling or steaming. u It is formed of cast iron, and is of it¬ self both stove and boiler. The boiler is shown in the cut as de¬ tached from the stove ; its form is such that the fire passes complete¬ ly round the ket- Mott's Furnace. tie or boiler, the space being some two to three inches between the outside or stove and the boiler. This causes the water to boil very quickly, and with very little fuel, saves all the expense of masonry and brickwork, as a funnel or stove pipe is all that is necessary to give it a draft for all purposes.” As a general rule, we think boiling is quite as convenient and economical as steaming, and where meal is to be mixed with vegetables or fruits, the former is preferable, as the meal can be added when the mass is sufficiently cooked to admit of a ready mixture. The water will be taken up by the meal, which, being thoroughly stirred in, will become cooked with the rest. In moderate weather, the food may be transferred from the boiler to wooden vats, as soon as it is cooked. A considerable quantity may be thus prepared at a time, and it may be allowed to pass into that stage of fermentation which is proper for developing its nutrient properties. Articles which are of the most perishable nature should be used first. Squashes and pumpkins, when well ripened, constitute a nourishing food, for cattle or swine. For the latter, it is best to cook them. They should be boiled in as little water as will answer, and when soft, they should be mashed fine, and about one-fourth of their bulk of meal intimately mixed in. This kind of food, with a little skimmed milk or whey, will fatten swine very fast; and for two months, or from the middle of September to the middle of October, we scarcely know a better article for feeding stock, taking cost of production and value into consideration. It has been before observed that a variety of food is useful for fattening animals ; and in fattening hogs, we prefer mixing the different articles at the time of cooking. The writer has formerly used the fol¬ lowing mixtures with good success: — 1. Two parts potatoes and two parts pumpkins; boil together till they can be easily mashed fine — then add one part meal, stirring and mixing intimately together. 2. Two parts potatoes, and two of ripe palatable apples — either sweet or sour; boil till they can be mashed fine; then add one part meal — (either that from Indian corn, barley, or oats and peas, allow¬ ing the same weights) — mix the whole together while the potatoes and apples are hot. Whatever dairy slops are to be used, may be mixed with the other cooked food when it is taken from the boiler, and the whole may be fed together. The above remarks on feeding with cooked food, refer to swine; for fattening cattle, it is not certain that the use of cooked food would be attended with results sufficiently advantageous to defray the extra expense. Except when fed with whole grain, it is believed that cattle extract the nutriment from their food, more perfectly than swine. We may not be able to assign the direct cause of this, though it re¬ sults, doubtless, from the different organization of the animal. The intestines of the ox tribe, are much longer than those of swine, which probably increases the absorption of nutriment; and the pro¬ cess of rumination may afford still furjher advantages in this respect. There is, however, one kind of cooked food for cattle, which seems to have been used with advantage England. It is commonly known as “ Warnes’ Compound.” It is prepared, with little variation, both for sheep and cattle, as follows : For sheep, a quantity of flax-seed is first reduced by a mill or a machine. Put 168 lbs. of water into an iron boiler, and as soon as it boils, stir in 21 lbs. of lin¬ seed meal; continue to stir it for about five minutes, then let 63 lbs. of crushed barley or Indian corn meal be sprinkled by the hand of one person upon the boiling mucilage, while another rapidly stirs and crams it in. After the whole has been carefully in¬ corporated, which will not occupy more than five or ten minutes, cover it down and throw the furnace-door open. Should there be much fire, put it out. For cattle, the same process is to be observed, but the quantity of water is reduced to about 150 lbs. It is stated, also, that the seed and grain should be more finely reduced for cattle than for sheep, as sheep chew their food better, and more thoroughly digest it. The compound is put while hot into shapes like brick moulds. Several of the boxes are made together, in one frame — the frame being about 28 inches long, and ten wide, with neither top nor bottom. When used, it is placed on a board, which should be a little longer and wider than the frame. The u compound” is pressed into these moulds, and afterwards left to dry. Potatoes, carrots, turnips, or mangel-wurtzel, boil¬ ed and incorporated with the linseed meal, form a compound upon which cattle fatten with great rapidity. The compound is given in small quantities at first. During the first week five to seven pounds per day are allowed to each bullock, and after that time, the quantity may be increased to fourteen, and finally to twenty-five pounds per day. Mr. Colman, who, while in England, saw the “ compound” prepared, and had some opportunity to learn its value, observes — “ I place the fullest confidence in the statements of Mr. Warnes. From my own experience and observation , I am convinced that no more nutritious or fattening food can be given to animals, swine excepted, (as it gives an unpleasant taste to the pork,) than cooked linseed or flax-seed jelly, in certain proportions; and it may be mixed with cut hay, or with various other articles of food, with equal success.” We have known some trials made with flax-seed prepared in a manner similar to the above, in fat¬ tening cattle, and the results have been very favor¬ able. But the article commonly used in stall-feed¬ ing, in this country, is Indian corn meal. In the western states the corn is usually fed with the stalk — being cut up and placed in shocks for that purpose, soon after the grain begins to harden. Raw Indian meal is, however, a very hearty food, and when an animal is fed with a large quantity, day after day, it is very apt to cloy. This is owing in a great degree to its lying in t®o solid a mass in the stomach, and to its not affording sufficient distension to the intestines, to produce a proper action of the ab¬ sorbent vessels. To remedy this, it has been found useful to mix the meal with some light substance, which permits the juices of the stomach to penetrate 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 323 it; and which will at the same time give the re¬ quisite bulk to produce a healthy action of the viscera. This insures the thorough extraction of the nutriment of the food, and the greatest thrift and gain of the animal. The grinding of the cob with the grain answers, in a good degree, the purpose above mentioned. It has been ascertained, also, that the cob of itself is capable of affording considerable nourishment to the animal. Dr. Salisbury in his Prize Essay on Indian Corn , observes “ By rejecting the cobs of 1,000 lbs. of dry ears, about 200 lbs. of organic matter is lost, which consists of 13^ lbs. of sugar and extract, 127£ lbs. of fibre, 45| lbs. of matter separated from fibre by a weak solution of potash, 1^ lbs. of albumen, .288 of a pound of casein, 2.31 ibs. of gum or dextrine, 1.8 lbs. of resin, and 7.4 lbs. of glutinous matter. Hence the cob, although not rich in nutritive matter, can by no means be said to be destitute of those proximate principles which go to support respiration, and sustain animal heat, and those which are capable of being trans¬ formed into nerve, muscle, &c. , and the phosphates which contribute so largely to the formation of bone.” By the mixture of the cob with the meal, there¬ fore, we obtain the two-fold advantage of having the meal more thoroughly digested, and of saving the nutrient qualities of the cob. Mixing meal with cut hay, straw, or chaff answers a good purpose. It is necessary that the fodder should be dampened with water, so that the meal will adhere to it, and it may be easily mixed together with a fork. A full-grown ox will eat from eight to ten quarts of meal per day, which is usually divided into two equal parts, one given in the morning and the other in the evening. If the meal has the cob mix¬ ed with it, or is mixed with cut hay, the quantity may be somewhat increased. The feeder should, however, carefully watch the appetite of each animal, and be sure to give no more than is eaten. The feeding of vegetables to cattle in connection with meal, is beneficial. Potatoes, turneps, beets, or apples, tend to prevent the heating effect of the meal— -they sharpen the appetite, assist digestion, and promote the general health of the animal. It is the opinion of some observing feeders, that half a bushel per day of either of these articles, given in addition to the usual quantity of meal, will increase the gain thirty per cent. To obtain the greatest benefit from the food eaten, the utmost regularity should be observed in feeding. The quantity given at a time should be just what the animal will eat with a good appetite and no more and the meals should be at regular intervals. It is believed that cattle kept constantly in the stall and in a temperature of about 70° F., will fatten faster than those which run in yards with sheds for shelter. At all events, the animals should be kept easy and quiet, as quietude conduces much to the secretion of fat. Apples. — The Berkshire Culturist , in copying our remarks on the “nutritive properties of apples,” observes — “We have taken from the Cultivator an article on the value of apples, which, it appears to us, will be read with much interest at this time. We hold apples in high estimation as food for stock of all kinds. The negro at the South is no surer to fat in the sugar-making season than the farmer’s boy in the season of apples. Of those who talk about half an apple after dinner, we have no¬ thing to say. They know nothing about eating apples. But he who eats them in the good old fashioned way is sure to grow fat, unless his stomach has been vitiated by sickness or change.” &zttm from J3rof. Norton — No. 10. On the Importance of Extended Chemical Investi¬ gations, continued. f Analytical Laboratory, Yale College, ) New-Haven , Conn., August 27th, 1850. J Messrs. Editors — In the latter part of my last letter, I commenced some remarks on the impor¬ tance of extending Chemical Researches, which I now design to explain and illustrate more fully. The examination of wheat was mentioned, and the advantage shown of having numerous analyses made upon different specimens. Let us suppose for a mo¬ ment, in continuation of this reasoning, that but one variety had been examined, and that variety grown upon always the same soil; this wheat would have invariably about the same composition of ash. If there were much soda and very little potash in the soil, it is probable that the proportion of soda in the ash would be largest; perhaps the potash might be but a mere trace. Hence it would be natural to conclude, that manures rich in soda should be em¬ ployed for this crop, in preference to those contain¬ ing chiefly potash. Examinations of other samples from other localities, however, would show in most cases a reversal of this .supposed rule, and a pre¬ ponderance of potash in the ash. This is comparatively but a trifling instance, yet it is sufficient to illustrate my meaning. One or two cases in succession of finding most soda, might seem conclusive evidence, but twenty examinations might prove just the reverse to be true. I heard at the meeting of the Scientific Association, in this place last week, a few words from Prof. A. D. Bache, which occur to me as particularly applica¬ ble here. A discussion had arisen relative to the comparative liability of different trees to be struck by lightning, and had been spun out to a great length, eliciting various contradictory opinions, all founded on actual observation. Prof. Bache then said, that some years ago, being on an exploring and surveying expedition, he spent a long time in the woods, and directed much attention to this point; noting as he passed along, the kind of each tree that had been struck. At the end of two or three days, on looking over his list, he supposed that he had es¬ tablished a law, but at the end of a month, he was perfectly convinced that he knew nothing about it. So the chemist, as he gains experience, often finds himself really in the dark upon points that appeared perfectly clear when he first commenced studying; as our knowledge increases, so does our conscious¬ ness of the comparatively limited sphere of its ex¬ tent. The accumulation of materials already made in the departments of chemistry, and of vegetable physiology, although in themselves great, are, in comparison with what is to be done, almost trifling. Wherever the intelligent, practical man turns his attention, he is met by difficulties for which there are as yet no remedy ; and in all directions his inqui¬ ries are sooner or later brought to an end, by the assurance that such and such points have not yet been investigated. If he thus perceives that there is still so much to be done, how much more must this be apparent to the scientific laborer, who sees in every direction subjects of the most interesting and important character, all seeming to demand his at¬ tention at once, and who throws open, by each new research, fresh fields for exploration. I have made chemistry more particularly the sub. ject of this letter, because it, in my opinion, is de. cidedly the leading feature of scientific agriculture. 324 THE CULTIVATOR. Oct. The other departments of natural history, all to a greater or less extent depend on the illustrations and explanations of chemistry, for their practical appli¬ cations to agriculture. Geology, for instance, is of very great importance j a knowledge of the different rock strata, gives great facilities in improved culti¬ vation, explaining away difficulties, and suggesting economical methods of improvement. But when we come to examine more closely, we find that the aid of chemistry has been called in. It is said; for ex¬ ample, that the soil formed from a particular rock, may be brought into good condition by the use of lime, while that of the rock immediately below or above, is not benefitted at all by its use. How is this information obtained? The answer is, only by the aid of chemical analyses. So also in botany : the knowledge which we desire from a classification of plants, and from studying the nature of their growth, derives its practical value from the calling in of chemistry to analyze the vari¬ ous species, and the various parts, to determine their precise properties. I might go on thus through other branches of science j even meteorology is con¬ nected closely with chemistry, inasmuch as the changes of temperature, dryness or moisture, rain and snow, and even electricity, all influence plants chiefly as they bring about certain chemical changes, which bear more or less directly on their nutrition and growth. Thus the range of the agricultural chemist is al¬ most co-extensive with the whole field of natural science ; his vocation does not alone consist in an¬ alyzing soils, seeds and manures, as most persons seem to suppose he has to study nearly all the phenomena of nature. It is then obvious, that men who are to benefit the practical agriculturist in his methods and his ordi¬ nary pursuits, must not only be industrious and per¬ severing, but highly educated. It seems a very simple thing to say that sulphuric acid is an excel¬ lent manure for some plants, but the labor and the attainment of scientific experience among different classes of crops, necessary to fully establish this fact, may have occupied many months. All purely chem¬ ical investigations are extremely slow in their pro¬ gress. A single thorough analysis, of an ash for instance, cannot be well done in much less than a fortnight ; and then the result obtained ought never to be relied upon absolutely, until fully confirmed by a second analysis. It is true that two analysis may be carried on at once, but even with this ad¬ vantage, he is a most successful analyst who pro¬ duces two or three really first rate, verified ash analyses, in the course of a month. I speak of an¬ alyses in which every constituent is separated. It has seemed to me necessary to explain these matters at some length, in order, if possible, to turn the public mind in the right direction before any large institutions are established, having the im¬ provement of agriculture for their main or sole ob¬ ject. Each State ought to have such an institution, planned and endowed on a liberal scale. I am not to be understood as wishing to interfere with smaller schools ; those can be founded by private enterprise, and have their proper field. A State institution should be of a higher class, just as a college is higher than academies, and one of its leading objects should be to train up well qualified teachers, to fit them thoroughly for taking charge of the lesser semi¬ naries. If the State of New-York were to found to-morrow, an agricultural school in each county, or in every two counties, the men could not be found in the whole United States entirely competent to take charge of them. There are good farmers enongh to undertake the practical departments j but there are very few well instructed scientific men trained in this branch of study, who would be able to satisfy the wants of the farmers. Such men are greatly needed, and the demand is increasing far faster than the supply. All of those who have studied at this laboratory, and who desired employment, found it readily in most cases, sometimes even before their studies were completed. As I hinted before, it is my desire to urge, that in State institutions there should be attention given to the higher departments of scientific investigation. In all of the schemes that have fallen under my no¬ tice, there has been a high place given to a profes¬ sor of chemistry ; in most cases he has been named as the head of the establishment. This professor of chemistry, besides having a general supervision of students, laboratory, farm, business matters, &c, would be called upon to lecture in every part of his own State at least, and to answer numberless in¬ quiries upon every conceivable topic that could be connected, even remotely, with agriculture. How much time would such a person have for pursuing extended and dificult researches? — obvi¬ ously none at all, unless possessed of energy and force of character almost superhuman. I would suggest, therefore, the appointment of a chemist, whose sole business it should be to pursue investi¬ gations calculated directly or indirectly to benefit practice. Get the right man, and let him devote one, two, or more years, to a subject if necessary ; furnish him with every necessary, and pay liberally enough to secure undoubted skill and talent. There are many print works and woolen mills in this coun¬ try, that, pay readily two and three thousand dollars a year to a chemist, who is engaged inventing new processes, analyzing their materials, &c. ,• ought not the farmers of a State, in consideration of the inter¬ ests involved, to afford as fair a remuneration as a single corporation? I propose this addition as one worthy of consideration by all who are interested in the various State movements now commencing. Yours truly, John P. Norton. Report on the Trial of Plows, By the New- York State Agricultural Society at Albany, June, 1850. The Committee on the Trial of Plows, for the New-York State Agricultural Society, report : That in pursuance of the directions of the Society, they assembled in the city of Albany, on Monday the 3d day of June, 1850, and immediately proceeded to perform such preliminary duties as would be neces¬ sary for the success of the ensuing trials. On Tuesday, the 4th, the trial of the Plows commenced, in competition for the following pre¬ miums offered by the Society, viz : Best sod plow for stiff soils, furrow not less than seven inches in depth, nor over ten inches in width, Diploma and. . . . . $15 00 Second best do, . . . . . 10 00 Best sod plow for light soils, furrows not less than 6 inches deep and 12 inches wide, Diploma and . . . 15 00 Second best do, . . . 10 00 Best plow for “fallows” or old land, Diplo¬ ma and . . . . . 10 00 Second do, . . 8 00 Best sub-soil plow, Diploma and . 8 00 Best side-hill plow, Diploma and . 8 00 The first trials were on fallows or old land, on the farm of J. Lansing, at Greenbush. The field se¬ lected was hilly j the soil was a stiff loam, inclining 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 325 to clay, mingled with stones of various sizes. There had been almost continuous rains for three weeks previous, and the ground was, for the most part, thoroughly saturated with water, and the greater portion of it had been recently covered with a coat¬ ing of long manure. In consequence of the inequalities of the surface of the held, there was necessarily a diversity in the various lands and sections,- — some being more stony, wet, or adhesive, than others. This source of fallacy was guarded against by your committee as far as they could, by taking copious notes of the physical condition of the differest lands, and making due al¬ lowances when determining the awards. The vege¬ table matter on the ground was not sufficiently thick to prove any serious impediment to the operation of the implements. After the competitors had drawn for the number of their lots, the following rules for regulating the awards were announced in the hear¬ ing of each competitor; Rules Regulating the Trial. — In deciding the general question — What are the best plows? the committee will be governed by the following princi¬ ples: 1st, the character of the work performed ; 2d, the power required in draught; 3d, quality of mate¬ rials, durability and cost of the implements. For stiff soil, excellence of work shall consist, first, in leaving the furrow slice light and friable; second, in so -disposing the sod and all vegetable matter as to ensure its ready decomposition. For sandy soil, or that which is already too light, the points in regard to work will be, first, thorough¬ ly burying the vegetable matter; and second, leav¬ ing the ground generally level. For fallows, or old land, the principle in refer¬ ence to the quality of the work will be, the thorough pulverization and friability of the soil. In determining the power required in draught, the most perfect instrument will be used, and the trial will be conducted in the most careful and thoro’ manner. The same implement for testing draught, and the same team will be used for all plows in the same class. The plows may be held by the competitors, or persons appointed by them, as may be preferred. The trial being open to competitors from any part of the world, fourteen plows were entered for pre¬ miums. Old Land Trials. — Before commencing the work the committee passed the following resolution, viz: Resolved, That the Plow which effects the most thorough pulverization and inversion of the soil, with a depth of furrow of seven inches, shall be deemed to make the best work. Name of Competitors. Name of Plow. Name of Plowman. Dft. Wt. Plow. Price Plow. A. Fleck Wilkie’s Scotch, M. Hutchinson 487 175 $28.00 French & Smith Michigan Sod&Sub- soil, I. Brydon 406 174 13.C0 Eddy & Co. Washington co. Iron Beam D, S. R. Mott 439 112 10.00 - Randerson Schodac, — — i Randerson 342 109 8.00 Minor & Horton Peekskill No. 21, J. Mooney 363 107 7.50 Starbuck & Co. Trojan No 5, - Smith 379 109 9.00 P. Auld Improved Scotch, T. Williams 373 116 9.50 Prouly & Mears Centre draft No. 51 J. Mooney 383 119 12.00 Bosworth, Rich & Co. Iron Beam D, T. Leonard 425 1021 8.50 — - Finch Empire A 3, M. M. Webster 456 991 10.00 H. L. Emery Albany, H. L. Emery 427 133 10.50 W. .U Chase Amsterdam No. 6, J. Mooney 343 1291 E. .T. Burr all Shell- wheel, E. Smith 350 126 • 11.00 Proutj & Mears Connecticut i Valley, J. Mooney 525 99£ 10.50 The lands were marked out 162 feet long and 23 feet wide. The preceding table exhibits, 1st, the name of the proprietor of the plow ; 2d, the name of the plow , 3d, the name of the plowman; 4th, the draft of the plow; 5th, the weight of the plow; and 6th, the price. While the plows were in action, they were care¬ fully watched by the committee, and every circum¬ stance which they deemed essential was noted. The appearance of the land after plowing, its friability, the comparative time of drying, the amount of vege¬ table matter left uncovered, were then carefully ex¬ amined. The result of their observations is summed up in the following remarks: A. Fleck’s Wilkie’s Scotch Plow. — Performed work in a handsome manner ; the furrows were high set, and their form was well adapted to cover the seed with a friable soil after it had passed under the action of the harrow. The materials of the imple¬ ment were of the best quality, being wholly of iron, and all the portions of it, except those exposed to the abrasion of the furrow-slice, appeared almost indestructible. In our opinion it is liable to the following objections: 1st. Its draft is heavy. 2d. Its weight makes it too laborious for the plowman to handle, particularly where the furrows are short, and the turnings are consequently frequent. 3d. Its price is too great for the means of ordinary farmers. 4th. It requires a more thorough train¬ ing on the part of the plowman than is ordinarily attained by the farmers of this country. 5th. The bottom of the furrow is left uneven, that portion of the bottom contiguous to the land-side, being deep¬ er than the portion nearest the furrow side. It is evident that this cut gives less friable earth adapted to the exigencies of the crop than if it were level at the bottom. French & Smith’s Michigan Sod and Sub-soil. — We shall not notice this plow minutely in this con¬ nexion, reserving our remarks for a subsequent part of this report. Eddy Sc Co.’s Washington Co. Iron beam D. — This is a strong and well made plow; the beam is of wrought iron, and we should suppose from its construction, that it was well adapted for very rough and stony land. Its draft is heavy, and the mould-board presses heavily on the upper and lower edges of the furrow, so as to leave the surface ex¬ posed after plowing, curved, from the effect of the pressure. This peculiar action not only expends power wastefully , but packs the earth which ought to be pulverized. Randerson’s Schodac Plow.— The good quali¬ ties of this plow wrere brought out in the fullest re¬ lief by Mr. Randerson, whose expertness as a plow¬ man was particularly observed. The lightness of draft of this plow is very remarkable; this was seen as distinctly in the action of the team as from the indications of the dynamometer. It also possesses another quality which will recommend it to many farmers; it can be used by an inexpert plowman with better effect than most of the plows exhibited ; it runs easily without turning towards the land or from it, and when once gauged, it keeps the re¬ quired depth with great steadiness. Since good plowmen are procured with so much difficulty in many places, this quality of the plow will prove of great value. With these qualities, it fails in its pulverizing action; the furrow-slice is simply turn¬ ed, with scarcely any comminution of its particles, and it does not bury the grass and other vegetable matters on the surface, with that thoroughness which good husbandry requires. 326 THE CULTIVATOR. Oct. Miner St Horton’s Peckskill Plow , No. 21. — Those of your committee who have watched the operation of plows for several years in succession, which have been exhibited at our annual fairs, are no strangers to the excellence of this implement. It is constructed throughout by a rule, which was ex¬ hibited to some of the members of your committee several years ago. At each successive exhibition, competitors have approximated more and more closely to this plow, and the great excellence of many of the plows manufactured in this State, is due to the skill and ingenuity of Messrs. Miner Sc Horton. No. 21 turns an excellent furrow, sur¬ passes most in pulverization, buries the vegetable matter well, is strong in its construction, durable in its materials, moderate in price, and light in its draft. But in our opinion would be improved, by an apparatus by which the breadth and depth of its furrow could be more readily and accurately ad¬ justed. Starbuck Sc Co.’s Trojan No. 5. — The proprie¬ tors of this plow were unfortunate in drawing their lot, as it was undoubtedly the worst on the ground. It was situated at the base of a side hill, receiving its drainage. At the time of the trial it was very wet, excessively stoney, and covered with a ranker herbage than any other lot on the field. The con¬ fidence of the proprietors in the excellence of the implement was very strikingly exhibited by their submission to its being tested without the slightest remonstrance under circumstances so decidedly un¬ favorable. It is undoubtedly difficult for any judges to make a proper allowance for these inequalities in the physical condition of different lots, and it is possible that injustice may be done in spite of the greatest care and impartiality; but your committee in making their award, endeavored, individually, to be “ fully persuaded in their own minds.” Trojan No. 5 is undoubtedly an exjellent plow, and in its capacity for turning under weeds and stubble, without choking , is probably unsurpassed by any plow at the exhibition. P. Auld’s Improved Scotch Plow, made good work. It seems well adapted to adhesive soils, as from its form and the quality of the metal used, it will scour well. It lacks the apparatus for proper adjustment, which renders it somewhat difficult of management. Prouty St Mears, Centre Draft, No. 5^. — This plow possesses an extraordinary combination of ex¬ cellencies. The point or share presents a gradual, easy rise of the furrow to the mould-board, which is on a gentle spiral curve, in its transverse and diagonal sections, and of such length as to insure a free and easy delivery of the furrow at its after end, and not requiring the foot of the plowman to prevent its falling back from whence it came, and having the cohesion of its particles so far dis¬ turbed as to admit of the genial influences of the sun and rain, those powerful agents of decomposi¬ tion. It is of that peculiar structure which is so well adapted to the form which the under side of the furrow naturally assumes, in the process of be¬ ing inverted, that after a few hours service, not an inch will be found which is not polished by the pas¬ sing furrow. The centre draft principle, seems almost univer¬ sally misapprehended by most farmers and plow makers, although it has been the characteristic fea¬ ture of Messrs. Prouty St Mears’ plows for many years. Most persons suppose that this appellation refers to the draft-rod, which dispenses with the ap¬ plication of the power at the extremity of the beam ; but this is not so. Its takes its name from the ap¬ proximation of the beam to the central section of the implement, most other plows having the beam placed directly over the perpendicular land-side. The land-side makes an acute angle with a perpen¬ dicular, from the sole of the plow, and hence the furrow-slice, instead of being rectangular, is rhom- boidal. The combined action of the coulter and plow, loosens the earth composing the acute angle, so that when the furrow-slice laps on the preceding one, the loose earth falls into the channel made by the lapping of the furrows and completely buries the protruding vegetation. This feature of the plow is looked upon by your committee with great favor, as it is almost impossible for a rectangular furrow-slice to be so laid as to shut in the grass so as to insure its decomposition, and to repress its growth. The inclination of the land-side also brings the standard on which the beam is placed within the body of the plqw, the front edge of which is thrown forwards in a curve under the beam, so as to pre¬ vent the vegetable matters on the surface from lodging on, and choking the plow. The after part of the head of the standard, is extended in such manner as to secure the beam and land-side more perfectly, and being within the body of the plow it admits of the position of the beam being in a line parallel with the land-side, and also causes the line of draft of the latter, and the line of motion of the plow to be parallel one to the other. As the draft rod and other apparatus of adjust¬ ment attached to this plow, are in some respects pe¬ culiar, we subjoin Messrs. Prouty and Mears, de¬ scription thereof. “The draft rod. — The under side of the fore end of the beam of common length, is elevated from two to five inches above the level of the standard at its junction with the beam. At the fore end of the beam is secured a metallic graduating arc, having a slot of about six inches lateral extent, and through which is passed, vertically, an eye-bolt of about ten inches in length — about eight inches forming a male screw, the female consisting of a nut on the under, and a powerful thumb nut, or knob nut, on the up¬ per side of the graduating arc. By means of this arc, nuts and screw, the eye of the bolt may be ele¬ vated or depressed, and also passed to the right or left of the centre, and thus secured in its position — thus adjusting the line of draft with great accuracy. In front of the standard, under the beam, embrac¬ ing its sides and extending up back of the standard- bolt, is a clevis, having its ends secured by a strong bolt through the beam. This clevis has three notches to admit the hook on the end of the draft rod. One central, and one extending out on either side of the beam. The draft rod is a bar of round iron — having at one end an eye to draw by, and at the other is formed a suitable hook or eye by which it is attached to the clevis after having been passed through the eye of the adjusting screw bolt. “ This apparatus, when applied to the Prouty St Mears plow, (the land-side and standard of which are inclined, and the beam on a line parallel with the land-side,) admits of the plow carrying its proper width of furrow when drawn by two or more horses walking in the furrow, when the draft rod is hitched into the right hand notch of the clevis and full to the right in the graduating arc. Hitch cen¬ tral in the clevis, and set. central in the arc and it follows equally well, a yoke of oxen or a pair of horses. Let the rod be hooked into the notch on the left of the beam, and moved to the left of the arc, and it follows the team of three horses abreast as perfectly as before, in each instance holding its 1850. THE CULTIVATOR 327 width and depth of furrow, turning over and com¬ pletely covering the sod and all vegetable matter. To sum up the merits of this plow, it appears to us that it combines in a very remarkable degree the somewhat opposite qualities of ease of draft with pulverizing power,- it buries the vegetable matter very thoroughly; it is made of very excellent mate¬ rials ; it is not expensive ; the workmanship is of the best quality ; it can be easily repaired, and fa¬ cility in its use is easily acquired by the plowman. It is steady and equable in its motion, requiring lit¬ tle labor on the part of the plowman, and is sus¬ ceptible of most accurate adjustment. The com¬ mendation which we have bestowed on the dura¬ bility of the materials, strength of construction, neatness of finish, and general excellence of work¬ manship exhibited in this plow, applies with equal force to all the plows exhibited by the same pro¬ prietors. Bosworth, Rich & Co.’s Iron beam D. — This plow has the merit of being the cheapest of any ex¬ hibited. Its construction gives it some advantages in plowing in stumpy land, and from its facility in turning, it is convenient where the furrows are very short. But your committee are constrained to say that the work performed by this plow, does not meet their approbation, as it requires too much aid from the foot of the plowman to place the furrow- slice in a proper position. It packs and solidifies the furrow-slice in consequence of the pressure of the hinder part of the mould board; the draft is heavy, and its action is vibratory and unsteady. Finch’s Empire A 3. — The same objections ap¬ ply to this plow as to Randerson’s, but it presses the furrow harder and requires more power. H. L. Emery’s Albany Plow, does good work, except that it fails to bury the stubble well. W. U. Chase’s Amsterdam Plow No. 6. — This implement was not properly adjusted for showing its peculiar properties, and therefore your commit¬ tee hazard no remarks on its action. E. J. Burrall’s Shell-wheel Plow. — Much inge¬ nuity is displayed in the construction of this plow, and from inspection, and from theoretical conside¬ rations, we should have been inclined to attribute to it valuable qualities; but it failed to effect a thorough pulverization of the soil, and to cover under the vegetable matter, without assistance from the foot of the plowman. Prouty & Mears’ Connecticut Valley Plow. — We cannot entertain a doubt of the excellence of the execution of this implement in soils adapted to its use; but it was not adapted to the soil where it was tried in our presence. Your committee have thus passed in review all the plows offered for competition in this particular kind of land, and have given their opinions so far as they know their own hearts, with entire impar¬ tiality. They would have praised with far greater pleasure than they have blamed; but their duty to the society, and to the farmers of the State, seemed imperiously to require that they should honestly state the facts as they presented themselves to their view, with their conclusions, without fear, favor or affection. Stiff Soil Trials.— Having thus finished the trial of plows on “ Old Ground,” they proceeded to test those entered for plowing stiff sod. The field selected was of a stiff clay soil, with a smooth and almost level surface, generally free from stones, in a very wet condition from recent rains, and covered with a sod which had been unplowed for many years. The size of furrow-slice prescrib¬ ed by the rules was 7 inches by 10 inches. The lands were 150 feet long by 23 feet wide. Twenty two plows were entered for competition, and the annexed table shows, 1st, the name of the competi¬ tor ; 2d, the name of the plow; 3d, the draft; 4th, -size of furrow; 5th, the price of the plow, and 6th, the weight of the plow. Names of Competitors. Name of Plow. Dft. Size of Furrow. Price of Plow. Wt. of Plow. French & Smith, Michigan sod 1 and sub-soil, 500 8 by 10 $13.00 174 Miner & Horton, No. 21, 425,7 bv 10 7.50 107 French & Smith, Michigan Joint plow, 510,71 by 12 10.00 Eddy & Co., Washington Co. D, 450 7 by 12 10.00 1124 Miner & Horton, No. 22, 550:7 by 12 Prouty & Co., Centre draft, No. 25, 490 7 by 11 11.50 108 H. L. Emery, Albany, 580 7 by 11 10.50 133 Bosworth & Rich, Right and Left, 550 7 by 10 7.00 122 Finch, Empire A 3, 525 7 by 12 8.75 994 Gilbert, New Jersey, 560 7 by 12 6.00 93 Starbuck & Co., Trojan No. 5, 425 7 by 12 9.00 109 Scott, Ohio, 650 Prouty & Co., Centre draft, 5* 470 74 by 114 12 00 119 Prouty & Co., Centre draft, No. 30, 450 7 by 101 10-50 934 Bosworth, Rich & Iron Beam, Co., ED, 380 7 by 10 8.50 1024 W. U. Chase, Amsterdam, No. 2, 500 7 by 11 114 Randerson, Schodac, 390 64 by 104 8.00 109 Starbuck & Co., Iron Beam, 410 7 by 12 8.50 A. Fleck, Wilkie’s Scotch swing, 475 7 by 10 28.00 175 Starbuck & Co., Trojan No. 3, 460 71 by 12 P. Auld, Improved 1 Scotch, 475 7 by 11 9.50 1164 E. J. Burrall, Shell Wheel, 410 7 by 11 11.00 126 French Sc Smith’s Michigan Sod and Sub-soil. — We reserve our remarks on this plow for another place. Minor Sc Horton’s Peekskill Plow No. 21. — This plow does excellent work, though intended for a wider furrow, and working disadvantageous^ in this. It yet made good work, pulverizing the soil in a satisfactory manner. This plow, as well as No. 22, hereinafter mentioned, was held by a per¬ son unaccustomed to the implement, and for that reason all the excellencies of the plows were not developed. It runs with great steadiness, and re¬ quires very little interference on the part of the holder. French 8c Smith’s Michigan Joint Plow. — This implement has merits, but is inferior to the “Sod and Subsoil Plow” of the same proprietors. Eddy 8c Co.’s Washington Co. D. — This plow is not calculated for so deep a furrow as seven inches. When working at this depth, much power is expend¬ ed upon the furrow slice which is hardened and pol¬ ished by the pressure. It cleans out the bottom of the furrow well, and runs very steadily. Miner 8c Horton’s Peekskill No. 22.— This plow does not leave the land as light as No. 21, nor is it as well adapted for the work required by the rules. Prouty 8c Mears’ Centre Draft No. 25. — Leaves the furrow too flat and heavy for stiff soils, but buries the grass satisfactorily. H. L. Emery’s Albany Plow. — The furrows were smoothly cut, but the grass was not well covered, and the soil not sufficiently pulverized. Bosworth, Rich 8c Co.’s Right and Left Hand, Plow.— This plow performed its work admirably, with a single exception of the great power which was required to operate it. It pulverized the soil well, and buried the grass very thoroughly 328 THE CULTIVATOR Oct. Finch's Empire A 3.— -This plow has but little pulverizing action, and leaves the furrow slice heavy ; but runs squarely and steadily. Gilbert’s New Jersey Plow. — Was worked with¬ out a wheel, and was deficient in apparatus for accu¬ rate adjustment, and its furrows were cut unequally as to depth and width. It requires too much power,** when running seven inches deep, to become a favor¬ ite with our farmers. Starbuck & Co.’s Trojan No. 5. — This is a val¬ uable plow, and will undoubtedly be a favorite with many farmers ; it lays its furrows smoothly and evenly, but does not pulverize the soil or bury the grass as well as the standard of good plowing re¬ quires. This plow, like many others which were exhibited, took too wide a furrow in proportion to its depth. We deem the growing tendency amongst plow makers to adapt their implements to a wide furrow-slice, as an evil sign of the times, fraught with the worst results to the cause of agriculture. No fault is attributable to the makers for this ; they only comply with the demands of their customers, but we think it high time that an earnest effort was made to disabuse the minds of Farmers of this error, as it is one which must necessarily diminish the re¬ turns of their labor. Like all the plows made by these gentlemen, it is of easy draft. Messrs. Star- buck’s plows were all held by Mr. Smith, who exhibited admirable skill as a plownan, and brought out their good qualities in- the amplest manner. Scott’s Ohio Plow.— The proprietor of this plow stated that it was not prepared for working, and requested no remarks in regard to it. Proxjty & Mears’ Centre Draft No. 5^. — Made good work, but takes too wide a furrow to do the required work on this soil in the best manner. Prouty & Mears’ Centre Draft No. 30. --The general form of this plow is similar to that of the “5|,” except that it is calculated to do deeper work in proportion to the width, which is a great advan¬ tage for stiff soils. Lightness and friability are the main objects to be attained on such soils. They should be plowed fine and well pulverized, not only for the purpose of making a suitable seed-bed, but in order that the action of the air may develope and render soluble the latent vegetable food which they contain. The operation of this plow was highly satisfactory in these respects. The furrow-slice was cut with great uniformity, (as per table,) and it was left beautifully open and light, while the grass was so completely covered as to prevent its growth. This was particularly observed by the judges, who visited the field five days after the work had been done, (during which interval there had been a fall of rain.) in order to compare the condition of the land plowed by the different implements. The lot plowed by this plow, lay considerably on what had formerly been the track of a road, which made that part of the soil, especially towards the bottom of the furrow, very hard, and increased the draft; yet the implement held its depth well throughout. The attachment of the draft-rod to that part of the beam nearest the centre of the plow’s weight, is thought to have a favorable effect in keeping it to its depth and giving steadiness of motion. Bosworth. Rich & Co.’s Iron Beam E D. — This plow required less power than any other on the ground, but it was deficient in pulverizing action, and covered the grass imperfectly; and the sod re¬ quired the foot of the plowman to assist, in its inver¬ sion. W. U. Chase’s Amsterdam Plow , No. 2. — -A good, substantial, and cheap implement. Sufficient pains had not been taken in its adjustment before trial, and the plowman not being accustomed to its use, all its good qualities were not made apparent. Randerson’s Schodac Plow.' — The remarks on this plow, under “old land” plo wing, will apply in this connection. It is proper to state, also, that it did not, generally, work to the depth required. In this instance, twelve furrows were plowed before the dynamometer was put on, the average depth of which was not over six inches; and when the imple¬ ment was put down to seven inches, for the purpose of testing the draft by the dynamometer, the fur¬ rows plowed showed very conspicuously above the rest of the land. The great difference in the power required to plow six inches, and that required for seven inches, will account, in a considerable degree, for the ease and expedition with which Mr. Rander¬ son’s horses moved. Starbuck & Co.’s Iron Beam. — 'Similar to the “Trojan” No. 5, but does not work quite as evenly and smoothly as that. A. Fleck’s Wilkie’s Scotch Plow. — This plow operated with great regularity, cutting its fur¬ rows seven inches by ten, with uniformity and precision, leaving the edges or corners high, and exposing to the air a large proportion of the slice. At the time of the examination of the field by the committee, the lot plowed with this plow was found to be in a much drier and lighter condition than most of the lots, and at a subsequent examination it was noticed that but little grass had grown between the furrows, — a result which was owing to the fur¬ row-slice having been left in so friable a state that the ridges had crumbled down and closed the inter¬ stices. The bottom of the furrows, though cut more squarely here than on old land, (a different, share having been used) was still liable to the same objection as mentioned in that case. The plowman , Mathew Hutchinson, is a very superior workman, possessing all the qualities which make the true plowman, and we should neglect a most pleasing duty, were we to fail in unanimously awarding him the praise which his work so richly merits. Starbuck’s Trojan, No. 3. -—Makes good work, and buries the vegetable matter better than any other plow by these makers. E. J. Burrall’s Shell Wheel Plow. — Is substanti¬ ally made, but is deficient in pulverization and in bu¬ rying sod. The committee examined the various lands with great care on the completion of the trials. Five days afterwards they examined them again, and three weeks subsequently a part of the commit¬ tee examined the work, and the opinions above given are the result of their combined inspections. Sandy Sod Soils. — Our next trials were in a sandy sod soil, situated on tbe Island, north of the rail road depot. The soil was an alluvial sand, with a very tough sward, which had not been dis¬ turbed for twenty years, and which had been used for pasturage during that period. The lands were of the same length and breadth as those on the “stiff sod” trials. The following table indicates the draft of each plow: Names of Competitors. Name of Plow. Draft. Finch, Small Empire, 490 Miner & Horton, Peekskill, No. 21, 380 Miner & Horton, Peekskill, No. 20, 370 W. U. Chase, Amsterdam, No. 2, 350 French & Smith, Michigan Joint, 440 French & Smith, Michigan sod and sub-soil, 450 Starbuck Sc Co., Iron beam, SCO Wm. TJ. Chase, Amsterdam. No. 6, 395 Bosworth, Rich 8c Co., 1), Trojan, No. 5, Large Empire, 410 Starbuck & Co., 350 Finch, 430 Randerson, Schodac, Albany, 340 H. L. Emery, 420 329 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. Names of Competitors. Name of Plow. j Draft. Bosworth & Rich, Right and Left, 510 Bosworth & Rich, E D, 400 P. Auld, Improved Scotch, 410 Prouty & Mears, Centre draft, No. 25, 400 Prouty & Mears, Centre draft, No. 5£, 425 Wm. U. Chase, Amsterdam, No. 7, 375 A. Fleck, Wilkie’s Scotch, 450 Gilbert, New Jersey, 575 Our remarks on the special qualities of the seve¬ ral plows have been given with so much detail un¬ der the trials on “ old land” and on “ stiff sod,” that we deem it unnecessary to say more in relation to them in the present connexion, except the gene¬ ral remark, that the greatest deficiency noticed in most of the plows which were submitted for this trial, was one which would have entitled them to commendation in stiff and tenacious soils, and that is, they lapped the furrows too much, which in¬ creased the friability of a soil already too loose. They were also deficient in burying the grass. In most of the lands it could be seen protruding through the interstices, and a shower having occur¬ red soon after the trials were finished, it grew in a few days so as to cover the field with a very unde¬ sirable verdure. These defects, however, were admirably obviated by the plows to which the pre¬ miums are awarded. All the plows were gauged to work six inches by twelve. Trial of Side-Hill Plows. — These plows were tried on a steep, side hill in the same field where the trials on “old land” were made. There were three plows entered for the premium, viz: Bosworth, Rich & Co.’s, price $7.00, wt. 123 lbs. Prouty & Mears’,. ...... . 9.00, 11 110 lbs. Eddy & Co.’s,. . . 9.00, “ 111 lbs. They all performed well, and are well worthy of their makers’ reputations, and of the confidence of the public ; but all things considered they esteem the plow of Bosworth, Rich & Co. the best. It is truly an excellent implement, and they recommend it with great confidence to those requiring such an imple¬ ment, as one which will give them entire satisfaction. Trial of Sub-soil Plows. — Three plows were entered for this trial, viz: Prouty & Mears’ B Sub-soil Plow. — Price $10, weight 103 lbs., draft 750; in a very stiff hard-pan , filled with stones; sub-soil depth 1U inches. The draft of this plow in a similar soil, but much more free from stones, was 650 lbs. Prouty & Mears’ C Sub-soil Plow, price $8, weight 89| lbs., draft 650 lbs. ; in a sub-soil similar to that in which B was tried, less stony than the first trial, but much more so than the second one; depth 10| inches. Bosworth, Rich & Co.’s Sub-soil Plow, price $7, draft 650 lbs.; in a sub-soil similar in texture and stones to that in the second trial of Prouty & Mears’ B plow, depth 101 inches, weight 88| lbs. On a second trial, its draft was 700 lbs., with a depth of 10£ inches. The adjustment attached to Prouty & Mears’ C plow, by which the amount of pulverization may be increased or diminished, ac¬ cording to circumstances, gives it a preference over others, and entitles it to a premium. It is proper, however, to add, that the plow exhibited by Bos- worth, Rich & Co. was an excellent implement, and will, in most respects, give good satisfaction to purchasers. Measurments of various Plows. — Notwith¬ standing the acknowledged importance of the plow as bearing on the quantity, quality and cheapness of vegetable, and, to a considerable extent, of animal food, little is yet known with respect to its theory. One obstacle to its investigation has hitherto been the want of reliable data. As one contribution to the removal of this obstacle, we subjoin the follow¬ ing measurements of various plows which have been exhibited at the trials: Michigan Sod and Sub-soil Plow. — We have refrained in the remarks hitherto offered from mak¬ ing any comments on the plow offered by Messrs. French & Smith, and called by them the Michigan 830 THE CULTIVATOR. Oct. Sod and Sub-soil Plow, because in our opinion, it could not be brought into competition with other plows, without great injustice to the proprietors of the latter. In the first place, it is properly a three - horse plow, while all the others are two horse plows. Secondly, its double character distinguishes it from all others. We regard this implement as a most useful pre¬ sent from the mechanic to the farmer, and in our opinion its introduction will effect a great improve¬ ment in the tillage of some kinds of soil. It pul¬ verizes the soil in an excellent manner, which to be fully appreciated, must be seen; and it accomplish¬ es this pulverization with an amount of power which, in reference to the work performed, is cer¬ tainly not large. It buries the sod completely and covers it with a coating of loose earth which makes a seed bed almost as perfectly as a spade. In other plows tried, there was one size of fur¬ row-slice which the plow turned better than any other; if a broader or narrower furrow was taken, the plow would act less perfectly. This was not the case with the “ sod and sub-soil” plow; it seemed to perform equally well whatever was the breadth of the furrow, and this quality we deem a great advantage. We do not wish, however, to be understood as recommending this, as a plow adapt¬ ed to “ all work.” Where, from peculiar circum¬ stances, it is not desirable to plow deeper than six inches, we cannot recommend this implement; its peculiar pulverizing powers are not fully developed with a furrow shallower than seven inches. Its properties may be given in substance as follows: — 1st. It is particularly useful where trench plow¬ ing is required; that is, where it is wished to bring the sub-soil or a portion of it to the surface. This is a useful operation where the sub-soil abounds with vegetable food in a greater proportion than the surface soil; as on alluvial and other very deep soils, where the upper stratum has been exhausted by cultivation. 2d. It is also exceedingly valua¬ ble for ordinary stiff adhesive soils, the greatest de¬ fect of which is their tendency to pack too closely. This defect is in a great degree obviated by the manner in which this plow performs its work. It cuts its furrow-slice in two parts, horizontally, by which operation it makes twice as much division of the soil as is effected by an ordinary plow when go¬ ing at the same depth and width, and from the fact that each part is turned over by itself, it falls light¬ ly, and remains in a pulverized state. In consideration of all the circumstances we recommend that a premium equal to the first, in amount and in honor, be awarded to this plow for “ old land” and “stiff sod”' plowing. In view of the results of the trials instituted by us, and de¬ tailed above, we recommend the following AWARD OF PREMIUMS. To French & Smith, for their Michigan Sod and Sub-soil Plotv > for plowing on “ Old land” and “ Stiff sod” .Diploma and $15.00 OLD LAND. 1st Premium to Prouty & Hears for their Centre Draft No. 5 . . . Diploma and 10 . 00 2d Premium to Miner & Horton, for their PeeksJcill, No. 21, 8.00 STIFF SOD SOIL. 1st Premium to Provty & Hears, for their Centre Draft No. 30, _ •••• . . . Diploma and 15 00 2d Premium, to Miner & Horton, for their PeeksJcill , No. 21, 10 . 00 LIGHT SOD SOIL. 1st Premium, to Prouty & Mears, for their Centre Draft No. 25, . . . . .Diploma and 15 . 00 2d Premium, Wm. U. Chase, for his Amsterdam No. 7,. . . . 10.00 SIDE HILL PLOW. To Bos worth, Rich& Co., for their Side Hill Plow, . Diploma and 8.00 SUB-SOIL PLOW. To Prouty & Mears, for their Sub-Soil Plow C, Diploma and $8 00 The committee, in making the above awards, would not be understood as claiming entire perfec¬ tion for any of the implements; on the contrary they believe there is room for improvement in all ; their decisions are intended to show, that, of the plows which came under their examination, those on which the premiums were bestowed, were the best for the purposes designated. We would ear¬ nestly invite the attention of manufacturers of plows to the necessity of adapting their implements to special purposes. It is a great mistake to suppose that the construction of a plow “ of all work,” as it is called, is possible. The different circumstan¬ ces under which plows must be used, and the differ¬ ent objects to be attained, render a difference of construction absolutely necessary. For instance, clayey and tenacious soils ought to be thoroughly pulverized, and to effect this, they must be plowed with a deep and narrow furrow, and left as light as practicable. Sandy soils, on the other hand, should be merely turned over, to expose a fresh surface to the atmosphere, and to bury the surface vegetable matter, without pulverizing or making the soil more loose — its lightness being already too great to prevent the escape of the aeriform and liquid mat¬ ters which constitute the food of plants. It may be observed, too, that plows of somewhat different construction are required for rough and smooth land — a shorter inplement, especially, being re¬ quired for the former situation, in order to adapt it¬ self to the inequalities of the surface. It is obvi¬ ously impossible that the same plow can fulfill such antagonistic conditions; and it therefore becomes necessary to ascertain what are the best plows- — not for general purposes — but for the various spe¬ cial purposes to which they must be applied. The committee would do injustice to their own feelings -were they to fail to acknowledge their ob¬ ligations to Ezra P. Prentice, Esq., the President of the Society, for his earnest efforts to promote the success of their experiments, by valuable advice and intelligent co-operation. They also desire to express their cordial acknowledgments to B. P. Johnson, Esq., the Secretary of the Society, for his assiduity in anticipating and providing for all their wants during the trials of the plows. Much of the success which has attended their labors, is due to his untiring watchfulness and intelligent zeal. They also desire to express their thanks to all the competitors, without exception, for their kindness, and for the liberal confidence which they displayed towards the committee during the protracted trials of their implements. To H. L. Emery, of Albany, and Wm. U. Chase, of Amsterdam, their thanks are especially due for active and willing assistance ren¬ dered by them on the field. Anthony Van Bergen, 'J John Stanton Gould, | Sanford Howard, } Committee. B. B. Kirtland, | Peter Crispell, Jr. ) Note. — Suggestions by the Committee in regard to points connected with the construction of plows, which require investigation, and also hints in re¬ gard to conducting trials of plows, will be attached to the report in a supplementary form, when it is published in the Transactions. — Eds. Large Field of Wheat.-— We learn that Mr. William Cook, of Lima, harvested this season 466 bushels of fine wheat from ten acres of land. The wheat was of the Soule’s variety and was drilled in with one of Spencer & Co.’s drills. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 331 She ffjortkultixral Department. CONDUCTED BY J. J. THOMAS. Selecting Fruit for a continued Supply. There are two reasons why home-raised fruit is better than that purchased in market. First, fully ripe fruit, plump with melting richness, may be ta¬ ken fresh from the tree for immediate use, instead of being plucked while yet hard for two or three days of carriage and exposure in market. Secondly , where fruit is raised in one’s own garden, the ten- derest and most delicious may be selected ; while that which is to be offered in market is usually of such sorts as have a showy exterior, or yield the largest crops. Everyman, therefore, who possesses a rood of land, should endeavor, as far as possible, to furnish his own table. There can scarcely be conceived a better combination of the elements of comfort, independence and economy, than in a suc¬ cession of the very best home grown fresh fruit for the use of a family for the twelve months of the year. The time for autumn transplanting is now at hand. In selecting the varieties, there are several considera¬ tions to be borne in mind. 1. As a general rule, it is safest to adhere to those sorts which have proved best with the best cultivators in each particular re¬ gion. New and unproved sorts, no matter how high¬ ly they may be recommended, should be introduced sparingly. 2. A supply may be relied on at all times and through all seasons with greater certain- ty, by a rather extensive than meagre list. Some fruits succeed best in one season, and others in other seasons. For example, in one year nearly all the early cherries rotted but the Kentish , which in other years was passed as second rate. We had the pre¬ sent summer three fine sorts of early peaches ripen¬ ing at about the same period, namely, Fay’s Early Ann, the Tillotson and Serrate Early York. The two latter bore but few specimens; the former by a profuse crop supplied the deficiency. One year may be noted for its abundant crop of strawberries, another for its bountiful supply of raspberries, a third for its grapes, and a fourth for its pears. Hence a wide selection, provided the very best are taken, will prove most satisfactory. We have repeatedly given select lists of fruits in former numbers of the Cultivator. It may perhaps bo interesting here to mention only a few of the best or most noted for particular purposes. The season of fruit begins in the northern States by the first of summer, with cherries and strawberries. The earliest stawberries, really worth raising, are Large Early Scarlet, Burr's New Pine, and Boston Pine ; the later sorts are Old Hudson, Hovey’s Seed¬ ling, and Dundee. The earliest cherries are Early Purple Guigne and the Doctor ; the later are Elton , Downton and Downer’s late. Holland Bigarreau and Black Tartarian are fine cherries, and also productive for market. Belle Magnifique and Plum- stone Morello are excellent late cherries. These two sorts coming in thisyear, after the rotting season, were beautiful, sound and perfect. Apricots, ripening by midsummer, immediately follow cherries. Un¬ less they are planted on a soil with a naturally dry or well drained sub-soil, they are liable to perish long before reaching old age. Low heads are thought best, but are not proof against this disaster. The hardiest apricot, not of the highest quality, but well worth raising, and as hardy as a sugar maple, is the Black. Of the others, the Golden or Fishkill and the Breda are the most reliable. The Large Early and the Moorpark are less certain and productive, althougn of fine quality and large size The Primordian plum, a rather tender and slowly growing variety, but profusely productive, ripens with the earliest apricots, and is for this reason very valuable. Early Royal and Imperial Otto¬ man succeed the Primordian, the Green Gage and Lawrence Favorite ; these are followed by Wash¬ ington and Jefferson ; Purple Gouge is rather late, and the Frost Gage quite late, and a profuse bear¬ ing market variety. The Lombard or Bleecker’s Red, and the Imperial Gage are well adapted to light soils. Coe’s Golden Drop is a fine large late sort, not always ripening at the north. The three best very early peaches we have already mentioned. They are followed successively by Cole’s Early Red, Coolidge’s Favorite, Large Early York, George IV, Crawford' s Early, Morris White, Nivette, Oldmixon Free and Crawford’s Late. The best early pear is the Madeleine. Afterwards we have those delicious summer varieties, the Ros- tiezer and Tyson ; then the Barlett and Washing¬ ton. both free growers, and great and early bearers ; these are succeeded by the Seckel, unequalled for high flavor, by Louise Bonne of Jersey , unsurpassed for productiveness, and by the Flemish Beauty for its free growth, large size and fine quality. The White and Gray Doyenne, on soils adapted to them, are scarcely equalled among late autumn pears. Among late autumn and early winter sorts, the Aremberg, Winkfield and Winter Nelis are regard¬ ed generally as the best. The Easter Beurre if fully ripened and well kept, is a very desirable late winter and spring pear. The new variety, the Autumn Paradise, is likely to prove a pear of great value for mid-autumn. Onondaga or Swan’s Orange and Beure Diel, as well as Bartlett, Flemish Beauty and Winkfield, are desirable for market from their size and beauty, to which may be added the Golden Bilboa, although but little above medium in size. It is scarcely necessary to point out those varieties of the apple which will give us fresh fruit through autumn and winter, and till the early summer fruits appear the succeeding year, the best sorts being so well known. Materials for Potting Plants. According to the Gardener’s Chronicle, the best materials for the cultivation of plants ia pots, are the following: — Loam — the best is procured from very old pas¬ tures or commons — the surface to be pared off not more than two inches — to be laid in a heap to de¬ compose for 8 or 10 months. A heavier and a lighter will be found of great convenience, for plants of different habits. Peat — in choosing this, it should be procured from a dry rather than wet locality. If coarse from fern roots, it should decompose in a heap. Peat is of great value in keeping composts open, and assisting drainage. In this country, where it cannot always be easily had, leaf-mould, from the woods, is a good substitute. Manure — stable dung, quite rotted, is perhaps as ' good as any thing. It should never undergo fer¬ mentation. For some kinds of plants, cow-dung three or four years old, will prove very useful. Sand, of a pure white kind, is the most desirable — the nearer it approaches pounded silica, the better. To attempt any thing beyond mediocrity, with¬ out being possessed of the above materials, will be found a waste of labor. These materials should be always kept within reach of the potting bench, in a 832 THE CULTIVATOR. Oct. condition fit for immediate use. It is this foresight that has rendered the course easy to many a success¬ ful aspirant, and the want of it the ruin of half the plants propagated. For plants will not generally thrive in any compost, however carefully attended to, unless some attention is paid to their natural wants and habits. Plants in pots are in an artifi¬ cial position, and require a proportionate amount of care in cultivation.” The Curculio — the opinions of Doctors. Where any evil is extensive, and its remedy diffi¬ cult, we are always sure to have plenty of prescrip¬ tions. Nothing exemplifies this truth more striking¬ ly than the efforts to get rid of the Curculio. We have at least a dozen remedies on record, nearly all of which have proved in a greater or less degree effectual, as for example jarring them down on sheets; paving beneath the trees; syringing the forming fruit with lime wash; pounding the earth beneath the trees and sweeping up the fallen fruit; confining pigs and geese; repelling by fermenting manure and other offensive odors; saturating the ground with salt; squirting over the trees tobacco- water or brine; decoying into wide mouthed vials; throwing them up to the frost, &c. Our object at present, is not to go into a discussion of the merits of the various modes, but to give the opinions of a few men of extensive experience, now that the season for these depredators has past, and before the commencement of another. C. M. Hovey, of Boston, for 15 years past editor of the Magazine of Horticulture, says, 11 It can¬ not be denied, that thus far, of all the plans sug¬ gested for limiting their ravages, not one can claim so much merit as that of shaking them from the trees daily , during the whole period, when they make their attacks upon the fruit. All the bar¬ barous plans for disfiguring a garden, by paving it with bricks or stone, — making it a pig pen or henery — saturating the soil with guano or salt and numberless other modes, too numerous to mention, suggested by those who are novices in horticulture, are of little or no value, compared with that of shaking the trees and catching the ‘ rascals.’ ” F. R. Elliott, secretary of the Ohio fruit con¬ ventions, of the N. American Pomological conven¬ tions, &.c. says, 11 Of the many receipts that have been chronicled as certain cures, none with us other than the mesmeric manipulation of that veteran Pomologist, David Thomas, ‘ stays put,’ that is catching them on a spread sheet. Paving, salt, sulphur, &,c. are of no avail. Last season I paid a penny for every specimen;* this year lean well pay in plums.” A. J. Downing, in his Horticulturist, known as the best magazine on gardening in America, says, (( We still think that pigs and poultry are the cheap¬ est and most serviceable preventives to the Curculio, when the trees can be planted in yards which are thoroughly investigated by them. There are doubt¬ less cases where, from incomplete arrangements, this mode may have failed; but in all instances, where thoroughly carried out and preserved in, it will be found an efficient and cheap mode. Mean¬ while, paving is nicely adapted to the amateur’s garden.” There can scarcely be a question that a combina¬ tion of the preceding remedies, thoroughly applied, would be effectual in all cases. The Transactions of the Essex Agricultural So¬ ciety, Mass., furnish the following from a contribu- * The actual cost i3 not a fifth of this. tor,* which we have found the best mode of pre¬ serving from the curculio new or rare varieties, in small quantities for testing: — “ Last year I made two bags of old thin muslin, and drew them over two limbs about the time the fruit set. Within each of these bags I saved a few beautiful plums, and not a plum did I save on any other part of the tree. Last spring I bought a few yards of bonnet lining, and covered the limbs of several trees, some when the plums had set and others when they were in blossom ; for I found the enemy had made their appearance while the trees were in bloom. Undereach of these, I saved plums, apricots and nectarines, upon limbs of twelve differ¬ ent trees; and these were the only ones I saved. * * One small branch, covered by a bag, measur¬ ing six and a half by nine inches, contained twenty- one beautiful plums, hanging in one solid cluster. Upon another tree, I saved eight Moorpark apricots. I am training apricot trees in the form of a fan, to make them more convenient to be covered with muslin.” Market Gardens and Rail Roads. Rail roads have had a wonderful influence on the production and sale of such articles as are quickly perishable. And on nothing has the influence been greater, perhaps, than on the market gardens about London. Covent Garden market has been famed for its remunerative prices of fine things. Accord¬ ing to the Gardener’s Chronicle, $300 have been ob¬ tained from an acre of cabbages, $500 for an acre of rhubarb, $700 for an acre of asparagus, and of strawberries. Single forced cucumbers have sold for $2, melons for $5, forced strawberries at half a dollar an ounce, and grapes $6 per pound. These prices are high, but the expenses are enormous. Fitch, of Fulham, (who has sold nine cart loads of vegetables in one day by nine o’clock in the morning) has paid out for the use of 100 acres of land, manure and all expenses, nearly twenty thousand dollars a year. But fresh market gardens have sprung up all along the lines of railways, and made a fearful change upon the old gardeners. Land in the country is not a sixth part of the price it is near the city, and rail¬ way conveyance is cheap. Many families in London now receive the produce of their own country gar¬ dens. Railroads and steamboats have effected still another change. French vegetables and fruits are brought into London before the usual time for the English markets, having an earlier climate in their favor. The London gardeners possess a decided advantage in climate over the northern counties, and large quantities are consequently sent north. In short, the old and limited bounds of trade are broken up, and a general distribution both of profits and consumption made throughout the kingdom. A similar result is taking place in this country. If our territory is wider, the greater difference in latitude will give the north the benefit of southern productions all the earlier. The Early Tillotson peach ripens in southern Virginia more than a month sooner than in New-York. A more general cultiva¬ tion of this variety there would supply New-York city with an .abundance of excellent peaches before mid-summer. This peach ripens at Vicksburg and Natchez within a fortnight of the first day of sum¬ mer, and the more central portions of the Union might he supplied much earlier than from their own raising. Increased facilities for transportation, the growth of cities, and a greatly extended culture of *As copied by Hovey’s Mag. 1S5 0. THE CULTIVATOR. 333 early varieties of fruits and vegetables of different kinds, must ultimately render the domestic trade in these aticles of the greatest importance to producer and consumer, and tend to equalize the price of land by giving the gardeners and fruit raisers living 25 or 50 miles from large cities nearly the same advantages as those formerly within close proximity. Lime lor the Curculio. Much attention has been excited the present year by a new remedy for the curculio. It was first tried by Lawrence Young, of Louisville, Ky., and has been repeated by others. It consists simply in cov¬ ering the young fruit, as early as danger is apprehend¬ ed, with a coating of thin lime wash, considerably more diluted than the mixture usually employed in whitewashing. It proves quite effectual ; but it must be repeated after ever sho wer, and even after heavy dews, which wash off the lime. For this reason, it has proved, in the past wet season, more laborious than catching the insects on sheets. A dry season would be more favorable for the remedy with lime. It is applied by means of a large syringe. The Stanwick Nectarine. No new fruit has excited so much attention in England of late years, as this new variety of the nectarine. It was introduced from Syria, and al¬ though it has born fruit on the grounds of a single individual, the Duke of Northumberland, the speci¬ mens disseminated among judges have*received the highest praise for excellence and delicious flavor. It is about the size of the Elruge, but much paler in color. According to Lindley, it is “ exceedingly tender, juicy, rich, and sugary, without the slightest trace of the flavor of Prussic acid.” A great sale of 24 small trees of this variety took place at London, near the close of last spring, the only trees then in market. They were purchased chiefly by some twenty individuals, mostly nursery¬ men, for an aggragate sum of over $800, averaging more than $30 a tree, and some sold for more than $50. Time will determine whether, after a wider and longer cultivation, its high character will be sustained, and whether it will prove of much value in this country. Fine nectarines, it will be remem¬ bered, are quite an uncertain result among us, un¬ less they have received extraordinary attention. Doubtless they who pay a high price for this will en¬ deavor to persuade themselves that it is quite as fine as its merits will warrant. At the same time that enter¬ prise is to be commended, we must not forget that nineteen-twentieths of all newly introduced wonders among fruits, have ultimately sunk greatly in public estimation after rigid trial, or been wholly forgotten. This should render us cautious, but not cause us blind¬ ly to reject every thing without a fair trial. Horticultural Miscellanies. Black Knot on the Plum. — Benjamin Hodge, of Buffalo, N. Y., who has raised and sold trees for the past thirty years, says he has never had this malady among his plum trees till the present sea¬ son. and that in the instances cited, it was intro¬ duced from the East. One case was with two trees which came from Boston ; in another instance, twen¬ ty trees out of some hundreds received from the eas¬ tern part of the State were affected ; and a few trees grown from scions received from Massachusetts were attacked in the same way. The Victoria Regia. — According to Spruce’s Voyage up the Amazon, this remarkable plant, growing in water, has leaves four feet in diameter, which increase to eight feet during the rainy season. It is even asserted that some have attained twelve feet in diameter. So great is their size and so perfect their symmetry, that when turn¬ ed up they suggest some strange fabric of cast iron just taken from the furnace,* its color and the enor¬ mous ribs with which it is strengthened, increasing the similarity. At the exhibition of the London Horticultural Society last summer, a flower with two leaves of this plant were exhibited, the latter measuring e^ah. five feet ten inches in diameter. Early Second Crop of Grapes. — The Garden¬ er’s Chronicle states that at last summer’s exhibi¬ tion of the London Horticultural Society, which closed the 13th of 7 mo. (July,) “ there was a bunch of black Hamburg grapes, 'perfectly colored , from Mr. Wilmot, of Isleworth, which formed part of a crop ripe upon vines that were loaded with ripe fruit last February /” Old Forest Trees. — We once counted the rings of a large tulip tree at the newly cut stump, in Western New- York, which we made out ninety years old at the discovery of America by Columbus. This tree was 124 feet high. The pines at the west on the Pacific coast, which attain such enormous di¬ mensions, have in some instances numbered nine hundred rings. Such a tree, consequently, would have served as a bean-pole in the time of Gengis Khan, and was a tall towering forest tree of two hundred years during the conquest of Tamerlane. Large Orchards. — Dr. Kennicott states in the Horticulturist, that eighteen miles above Peoria, Ill., Isaac Underhill has five hundred acres in or¬ chard. He has in the last two years planted out 12,000 grafted apple trees, and 7,000 peach trees. Pruning. — It is said that the donkey first taught the art of pruning the vine,* man being merely an imitator, on seeing the effect of cropping the points of the young shoots. It is not always the greatest wisdom to originate, but to turn to good account whatever by thoughtful observation comes within our reach. Luck with Trees. — We have noticed that cer¬ tain men always have much finer peaches, and pears, and plums, than most of their neighbors, and are called lucky. Their luck consisted, in the first place, in doing everything well — taking what their neighbors called foolish pains — leaving nothing un¬ finished ; and in the second place, in taking good care of what they had; that is, giving their trees wide, deep and mellow cultivation, applying manure where necessary, and especially the liquid manure from the chamber and wash tub. Great pains taken, whether with fruit trees or with children, scarcely ever fail to produce good results. Stir the Soil. — The greatest horticulturist, al¬ most, of the present day, says, “If I had 1 a calV to preach a sermon on gardening, I should take this for my text: stir the soil.” Hard to suit all. — At the American Congress of Fruit Growers, in 1848, a fruit committee of nine persons prepared a select list of fruits worthy of general cultivation. Although many hundred sorts of the pear have borne fruit in this country, all per¬ haps pronounced “excellent” by the nurserymen who sold them, yet there were only two that the fruit committee could unanimously agree upon to recom¬ mend, namely, the Seckel and Bartlett. Deep Soil and Deep Roots.-— A. J. Downing says, “I have seen the roots of strawberries extend five feet down into a rich deep soil ; and those plants bore a crop of fruit five times, and twice as hand¬ some and good, as the common oroduct of the soil only one foot deep.” 334 THE CULTIVATOR Oct, List of Premiums Awarded at the State Fair at Albany. CATTLE — Short Horns. Bulls— Over three years old— l and 2. No award— 3. J. D Thorpe, Albany, $5. — —Two years old — 1. Sherwood & Stevens, Auburn, <$20— 2. S. P. Chapman, Clockville, $10— 3. Geo. Vail, Troy, $5. — — Yearlings. — 1 and 3. No award — 2. Lorillard Spencer, West¬ chester county, $10. Calves — 1. J. M. Sherwood, $10 — 2. F. M. Rotch, Butternuts, Trans, and $3. - Extra Stock — Certificate to Sherwood & Stevens, for “ 3d Duke of Cambridge,” which received first premium in 1849. Cows — Over three years old — 1. Geo. Vail, $25 — 2. D. D. Camp¬ bell, Schenectady, $15—3. Thomas Hillhouse, Watervliet, $5. - Heifers — Two years old — 1. Ambrose Stevens, New York, $20 — 2 and 3. Geo. Vail, $10 and $5. Yearlings— 1. Geo. Vail, $15— 2. S. P. Chapman, $10—3. F. M. Rotch, $5. - Calves— 1. Geo. Vail, $10—2. J. M. Sherwood, $3 and Trans. — -Extra Stock— Cer¬ tificate to S. P. Chapman, for “ Charlotte,” which received the first premium in 1849. DEVONS. Bulls — Over three years old — 1. R. H. Van Rensselaer, Butternuts, $25—2. John Muir, sen., Hamilton, $15—3. Arden Woodruff, Wyoming, $5. - Two years old — 1. John Freemvre, Schoharie co., $20— 2. No award— 3. H. N. Washbon, Butternuts, $5. - Year¬ lings— 1. H. N. Washbon, $15—2. Leroy Mo wry, Washington co., $10—3. Lewis G. Collins, Dutchess county, $5.— — Calves — 1. Lewis G. Collins, $10—2. H. N. Washbon, $3 and Trans. Cows — Over three years old — 1. H. N. Washbon, $25 — 2. L. G. Collins, $15—3. E. P. Beck, Sheldon, $5. - Heifers— Two years old— 1. E. P. Beck, $20—2. H. N. Washbon, $10—3. M. C. Reming¬ ton, Cayuga county, $5. Yearlings— 1. Leroy Mowry, $15—2. L. G. Collins, $10—3. H. N. Washbon, $5. - Calves— 1 and 2. E. P. Beck, $10 and $3 and Trans. HEREFORDS. Bulls — Over three years old — 1. Wm. A. Keese, Peru, $25 — 2. E. Corning, jr., Albany, $15. - Two years old— None exhibited.- - Yearlings — 1. No award — 2. Wm. A. Keese, $10.- - Calves— 1. E. Corning, jr., $10. Cows — Over three years old— 1 and 2. E. Corning, jr., $25 and $15 — 3. W. A. Keese, $5. - Heifers— Two years old— 1. No award— 2. W. A Keese, $10. — — Calves — 1. No award— 2. W.A. Keese, $3 and Trans. AYRSHIRES. Bulls— Over three years old— 1. E. P. Prentice, Albany, $25—2 and 3. No award. - Two years old, and yearlings— None exhibit¬ ed. - Calves — 1. E. P. Prentice, $10. Cows — Over three years old — 1 and 2. E. P. Prentice, $25 and $15.— — Heifers — Two years old — 1. J. McD. McIntyre, Albany, $20—2. E. P. Prentice, $10 - Calves— 1 and 2. E. P. Prentice, $10 and $3 and Trans. NATIVE AND CROSS-BREEDS. Cows — Over three years old — 1. D. H. Albertson, Lima, $20 — 2. Thomas Bell, Morrissania, $12 — 3. Isaac Sheldon, Sennett, $4. - Heifers — Two years old — 1. Thos. Bell, $15 — 2. Isaac Sheldon, $10—3. Joseph Haswell, $3. - Yearlings— 1. F. B. Leonard, Rens¬ selaer county, $10 — 2. Joseph Haswell, $8 — 3. Thos. Bell, $3. Calves — 1. John Lossing, Albany, $3 — 2. Milton Knickerbacker, Schodac, Trans. - Commended — Three heifers three years old, and one two years old, offered by John Townsend, Albany, one three years old by Thos. Bell, one by Joseph Haswell, and one two years old by J ohn M. Mott, Lansingburgh. WORKING OXEN. Oxen — Over four years old — Best team from any town, W. Stree- ver, Kinderhook, $25— best single yoke, Jas. S. Wadsworth, Gene- seo, $20—2. Elon Sheldon, Sennett, $15—3. John P. Beekman, Kinderhook, $5. - Special awards ‘for single yokes — R. Mesick, Kinderhook, $5— J. B. H. Church, Vernon, $5— Arden Woodruff, $5— J. II. Sherrill, New Hartford, $5— John Brydon, Westmoreland, $5— H. B. Bartlett, Paris, $5— Jos. Haswell, $5. Steers — Three years old — Single yoke — 1. John Muir, sen., $10 — 2. B. H. Streeter, Clyde, $8 — 3. Jas. S. Wadsworth, $3 and Trans. — Special premium to Elon Sheldon, $5. Steers — Two years old — 1. S. A Gilbert, Hamilton, $10 — 2. B. Benedict, Geneseo, $8—3. Jas. H. Sherrill, $3 and Trans. To boys under sixteen , for training steers — 1. John N. Benedict, Alexander, silver medal — 2. Henry Comstock, Clinton, $3 and Trans. - Special awards — To S. A. Gilbert, for training steers, $2 — Jas. S. Wadsworth, for a pair of steers, (unbroken) $5. Steers — One year old — Single yoke — 1. J. H. Sherrill, $8 — 2. S. A. Gilbert, $5 — 3. Jas. D. Van Vechten, Schodac, $3 and Trans. — — Special aivards — Lewis E. Smith, Half-Moon, vol. Trans. To boys under sixteen, for training steers — 1. S. A. Gilbert — 2. J. H. Sherrill, $3 and Trans, MILCH COWS. S- P- Chapman. $20. FAT CATTLE — Stall Fed. Oxen — Best pair over four years old — 1. Edward Munson, Sen¬ nett. (weight 5,267 lbs.,) $25—2. A. Ross, Preston, (weight 4,112£ lbs.,) $15—3. John H. Boyd, (weight 4,017* lbs.,) $10. Single Ox — Over four years old — 1 and 2. Jas. S. Wadsworth, (weights 2,247, and 2,197£ lbs.,) $15 and $10.— Commended — A. Osborn, Watervliet. Cows — Over four years old — 1. J. M. Sherwood, (weight 1,765 lbs.,) $15 — 2. Aaron Taylor, Alden, (weight 1,855 lbs.,) $10. Fat Steers — 1. Elon Sheldon, $10 — 2. Milton Knick»erbacker, $6. FAT CATTLE— Grass Feb. Oxen — Over four years old — 1. Elon Sheldon, $20 — 2. J. H. Sher¬ rill, $12—3. Hiram Sheldon, Sennett, $8. Fat Steers— 1. Jas. S. Wadsworth, $12. Cows— Over four years old — 1. Luke Putnam, Warsaw, $10—2. Geo. Vail, $6 — 3. G. Lee, Cambridge, $4. Heifers— Three years old — 1. Joseph Haswell, $8—2. Elon Shel¬ don, $3. FAT SHEEP. Long-wooled — Over two years old — 1. No award — 2. Richard Gypson, Oneida ccunty, $3.- - Middle Wooled — Over two years old — 1. J. M. Sherwood, $5 — 2. Z. B. Wakeman, Herkimer, $3 — 3. J. McD. McIntyre, Morrell’s “Shepherd.” - Special aivards — For middle-wooled lambs, Richard Gypson, Trans.— for fat sheep, E. R. Dix, Vernon, Trans. FOREIGN STOCK. Short-Horns— Bulls— 1. George Miller, Markham, C. W., $25 and Dip. — Pao'li Lathrop, South Hadley, Mass., $15. - Calves — ■ Geo. Miller, Dip. Cows — 1. No award — 2. Geo. Miller, Canada West, $15. Devons — Bulls — 1. Lemuel Hurlbut, Winchester, Ct., $25 and Dip. — 2. W. R. Sanford, Orwell, Vt., $15 — 3. Wm. L. Cowles, Far¬ mington, Ct., $5. Yearlings — Wm. L. Cowles, $15. Calves — Wm. R. Sandford, $10. Cows— 1. Wm. L. Cowles, $25 and Dip. — 2. Lemuel Hurlbut, $15 — 3. Wm. L. Cowles, $5. - Yearling Heifers — 1. Wm. L. Cowles, $15. - Calves — 1. L. Hurlbut, $10 — 2. Wm. L. Cowles, Trans. Ayrshires — Bulls — 1. R. L. Colt, Patterson, N. J., $25 and Dip.— 2. No award — 3. E. W. Woodford, Avon, Ct., $5 and Trans. Cows— 1. R. L. Colt, $25 and Dip. - Heifers— R. L. Colt, Dip. Alderneys— Bulls— 1. R. L. Colt, $25 and Dip. Cows — 1. R. L. Colt, $25 and Dip. Hungarian Cattle — Bull and Heifer — R. L. Colt, Dip. Short-Horn and Devon Bull — Jonathan Baldwin, Berkshire, Vt., Dip. Working Oxen— Wm. L. Cowles, $20— Lemuel Hurlbut, $15. HORSES. All work — Stallions — Over four years old — 1. I. T. Grant, Schaghticoke, $20—2. John L. Bennett, Montgomery county, $12 — 3. C. Canfield, Poughkeepsie, $8 — 4. Foster Breed, Crown Point, Youatt — Wm. Streever, whose horse has heretofore received a pre¬ mium, Dip. Mares — 1. E. Corning, jr., $20 — 2. G. Van Olinda, Watervliet, $12—3. P. F. Mesick, Columbia county, $8. Draught Horses — Stallions — 1. Joel Young, New Scotland, $20—2. W. A. Keese, $12. — Mares— Wm. Bullock, Bethlehem, $20. Thorough-bred Horses — Stallions — 1. Mortimer De Mott, New York, $20 — 2. O. K. Lapham, Keeseville, $12 - Commend¬ ed— Horse “ Consternation,” owned by J. B. Burnet, Syracuse, which received the first premium in 1849; recommended a special premium, and horse “ Lance,” owned by W. W. Huff, Buffalo, which received the first premium in 1849, recommended a Diploma. HORSES — Three Years Old. Stallions — 1. Philip Hornbeck, Rochester, Ulster county, $15 — 2. A. H. Jaquith, Fonda, $10 — 3. Harvey Kimberly, Columbia county, Youatt — 4 Wiliam Hunter, Watervliet, Trans. Mares — 1. J. D. Kingsland, Clinton county, $15 — 2. Peleg Cross, jr., Columbia county, $10 — 3. John M. Taylor, Otsego county, Youatt— 4. John McCormick, Bethlehem, Trans. Two Year Olds — Stallions — Garret Van Olinda, Watervliet, $10 — 2. John Muir, sen., Hamilton, Youatt — 3. Isaac Brink, Green- bush, Trans. Mares — 1. I. T. Grant, $10 — 2. S. A. Gilbert, Youatt — 3. Daniel J. Day, Granville, Trans. Yearling Colts — 1. Wm. Streever, Kinderhook, $5 — 2. Isaac Hoag, Easton, Youatt — 3 Abraham Oliver, New Scotland, Trans. MATCHED HORSES— For Carriages. 1. J. B Plumb, Albany, $15 and Dip. — 2. W. C. Durant, Albany, $10—3. T. S. Faxton, Utica, $8—4- John B. Borst, Mont’yco., $5. MATCHED HORSES— For Draught. 1. John Butterfield, Utica, $10 — 2. Jagger, Treadwell & Perry, Albany, $8 — 3. - Truax, Albany, $5 — Silver medal recommeud- ed to Reynolds Sc Wort, New York, for a pair of mules. SINGLE HORSES-Geldings. 1. Lewis E. Smith, Mechanicsville, $10 and Dip. — 2. Theodore S. Faxton, $8—3. Nathan Morgan, Victor, $6—4. Silas W. Tobey, Hud¬ son, $4. FOREIGN HORSES. Stallions — Thorough-bred — Thos. Leach, Canada West, $20 and Dip. - All work — 1. Wm. Walker, Hartland, Vt., $20 and Dip. — 2. Amos Bigelow, Bridport, $10. - Draught— 1. Elisha Norton, Chelsea, Vt., $20 and Dip. — 2. David Laurent, Canada, $10. Mares — Wm. L. Cowles, Farmington, Ct., $20 and Dip. Matched Horses — Andrew Holmes, Addison, Vt., $10 — 2. B. B. Foss, Chelsea, Vt., $10 — Certificate to L. D. Harlow, Hartland, Vt,, whose horse “ Grey Hawk” received the first premium in this class in 1849. SHEEP. Long Wooled — Rams — Over two years old — 1. Winant Young- hans, Sandlake, $10 — 2. John A. Rathbun, Otsego co., $8 — 3. John C. Collins, $5. - Under two years old — 1. B. J Hays, Montgomery county, $10 — 2. Richard Gypson, Oneida co., $8 — 3. B. J. Hays, $5. Ewes — Over two years old — 1. John A. Rathbun, $10 — 2. Winant Younghans, $8 — Wm. Rathbun, $5. - Under tivo years old — 1. John A Rathbun, $10 — 2. J. C. Rathbun, $8 — 3. E. Scace, Water¬ vliet, $5. Lambs — Rams — Winant Younghans, $8 — 2. Wm. Rathbun, $3 and Morrell’s “Shepherd.” - Ewes — 1. Winant Younghans, $8 — 2. John A. Rathbun, $3 and Morrell’s “ Sheperd. Middle Wooled — Rams — Over two years old — 1. J. M. Sherwood, $ 10 — 2 and 3. ($13) equally divided between F. M. Rotch and J . McD. McIntyre. Under tvso years old — 1. Z. B. Wakeman, Herkimer, $10. Ewes — Over two years old— 1. J. M. Sherwood, $10 — 2. F. M. 185 0 THE CULTIVATOR 335 Rotch, $8 — 3. Z. B. Wakeman, $5. - - TJndtr two years old — 1. Z. B. Wakeman, $1.0— 2. J. McD. McIntyre, $8. Lames — Rams — 1. Z. B Wakeman, $8 — 2. J. McD. McIntyre, $3 and M.’s Shepherd. - Ewes— 1. Z. B. Wakeman, $8—2. J. McD. McIntyre, $3 and M.’s “ Shepherd.” Merinoes — Rams — Over two years old — 1. N. M. Dart, Harpers- field, $10 — 2. Orrin Lathrop, Darien, $8 — 3. Joseph Haswell, $5. — — Under two years old— 1. L. H. Yates, Darien, $10—2. L. G. Collins, $8 — 3. J. M. Sherwood, $5. Ewes — Over two years old — 1. R. E. Keese, Ausable, $10 — 2. L. H. Yates, $8—3. F. M. Rotch, $5. - Under two years old — 1. L. G. Collins, $10—2. R. E. Keese, $8—3. N. M. Dart, $5. Lambs — Rams — 1. L. G. Collins, $8 — 2. R. E. Keese, $3 and M.’s “ Shepherd.”— Ewes — R. E. Keese, $8 — 2. L. G. Collins, $3 and M.’s “ Shepherd.” Saxons — Rams — Over two years old — 1. S. H. Church, Vernon, $10 — 2. Ransom & Baker, Hoosick, $8 — 3. Joseph Haswell, $5.— — Under two years old — 1. S. H. Church, $10 — 2. Ransom Sc Baker, $5. Ewes — Over two years old — 1- S. H. Church, $10 — 2. Joseph Has¬ well, $8. - Under two years old — 1. S. H. Church, $10—2. Ransom & Baker, $3 — 3. Frederick Phelps, Schodae, $5. Lambs — Rams — 1. Ramsom & Baker, $8 — 2. Joseph Haswell, $3 and M.’s “ Shepherd.”- Ewes— 1. Jos. Haswell, $8— 2. Ransom 9c Baker, $3 and M.’s “ Shepherd.” Sample of Wool — Ten fleces—John P. Beekman, Kinderhook, Silver medal. Shepherd’s Dog— I. J. Campbell, Middlebury, Vt., $5—2. Robt. Middemist, West-Meredith, Morrell’s “ Shepherd.” Native and Grades — Rams — Over two years old — 1. No award — 2. D. S. Curtis, Canaan, $8.- — Under two years old — 1. D. S. Curtis, $10—2. R. C. Derrick, $8. Ewes — Over tvjo years old— 1. D. S. Curtis, $10 — 2. E. R. Dix, Vernon, $8 - Under two years old — 1. No award — 2. D. S. Curtis, $3 and M.’s “ Shepherd.” Lambs— Rams — 1. No award— 2. D. S. Curtis, $3 and M.’s “ Shepherd.” - Ewes — 1- Richard Gypson, $S— 2. D. S. Curtiis, $3 and M.’s “ Shepherd.” FOREIGN SHEEP. Long Wooled — Rams — 1. Wm. Miller, Markham, C. W., $10. - Ewes — Wm. Miller, $10. Middle Wo.oled— Rams— Wm. Miller, $10. - Ewes— Wm. Miller, $10. — v-Lambs — Wm. Miller, $5. Merinos— Ranis— John Campbell, $10. - Eives — Jesse Hinds, Brandon, Vt., $10e - Ram Lambs — Geo. Campbell, Westminster, Vt., $5 - Ewe Lambs — Geo. Campbell, $5. Saxons — Rams — C. B. Smith, Wolcottville, Ct., $10. - Ewes — C. B. Smith, $10. - Ram Lambs — Geo. Campbell, $5. SWINE. Boars — Over one years old — 1. Winant Younghans, $10 — 2. Jas P. Noxon, White Creek, $5. - Over six months and under one year old — 1. Wm. Webb, Darien, $S — 2. Wm. Comstock, Laurens, $3. Sows — Over tvjo years old — 1. Wm. Comstock, 10 — 2. Wm Hurst, Albany, $5. - Over six months and under one year — Wm. Hurst, $8. Pigs — Under ten months old — R. C. Derrick, $10. - Special pre¬ mium to Samuel Morgan, Watervliet, $3. POULTRY. Best Lot— John Chadwick, New Hartford, $10. Dorkings— F. M. Rotch, $3. Polands— M. D. Wands, Lansingburgh, $3. Malays or Chittagongs — E. E. Platt, Albany, $3. Shanghaes— R. L. Colt, Patterson, N. J., $3. Bantams— E. E. Platt, $3. Special Awards— Silver Top-Knots — E. E. Platt, $3. Shanghaes — B. B Birtland, Greenbush, $3. Black Javas— Dudley Walsh, Bethlehem, $3. Chinas, and Cross-Bred Dorkings and Malays— J. M. Lovett, Albany, $3. Currassow— E. E. Platt, $3. Turkies— R. L. Colt, $3. Muscovy Ducks — R. L. Colt, $3. Common Ducks— Wm. Robson, $3. Large Geese— L F. Allen, Buffalo, $3. Wild Geese — Edward Van Alstyne, Greenbush, $3- Bremen Geese— Wm. Robson, $3. China Geese— R. L. Colt, $3. Raebits-’-R. H. Van Rensselaer, $3. Fawns— Aaron Slurges, Hamilton county, $3. PLOWS. Sod Plow for Stiff Soil — 1. Prouty & Mears, Boston, “ Centre Draft No. 30,” $15 and Dip. — 2. Miner & Horton, Peekskill, “ No. 21.” $10. Sod Plow for Light Soil— 1. Prouty & Mears, “Centre Draft No. 25,” $15 and Dip. — 2. W. U Chase, Amsterdam, “ No. 7,” $10. Plow for Fallows, or Old Land— 1. Prouty & Mears, “ Cen¬ tre Draft No. 5£, $10 and Dip. — 2. Miner & Horton, “ Peekskill No. 21,” $8. Sue-soil Plow — Prouty & Mears, $8 and Dip. Side-hill Plow — Bosworlh, Rich & Co., Troy. $8 and Dip. Special Award — Newell French, Rome, “ Michigan Sod and Sub-soil,” $15 and Dip. PLOWING MATCH. 1. S. S Smith, Stillwater, $10 — 2. John Randerson, Schodae, $8 — 3. Newell French, Rome, $5—4. Eddy Sc Co., Union Village, Trans. FARM IMPLEMENTS, No 1. Farm Wagon— Christopher Snyder, West Sandlake, $5. Harrow — J. Sc R. Downer, Castleton, $3. Cultivator for corn — Emery Sc Co. Albany, $3. Fanning Mill— I. T. Grant & Co., Schaghticoke, $5. Corn-stalk Cutter— Reuben Daniels, Woodstock, Vt., $5. Straw Cutter— Wm. Ilovey, Worcester, Mass., $3. Cob-Crusher by horse power — Emery Sc Co., $5. Horse Cart — M. O’Brien, Albany, $3. Ox- Yoke — Emery & Co., $2. Special Awards— “ Oscillating Roller Axle — S.H. Mix, Scho¬ harie, small Silver medal and Dip. — —Road Wagon — Gardner Mix, Schoharie, small Silver medal. - One or two-seated Wagon — Long & Silsby, Albany, Silver medal. - Barouche and Btiggy—Lown Sc Barker, Troy, Silver medal. - Lawrence Coach , Covered Sleigh , Open two-seated Sleigh , and One Horse Sleigh — James Goold & Co., Albany, Silver medal and Dip. - Omnibus — Eaton Sc Gilbert, Troy, small Silver medal. — —Roller — Emery Sc Co., $5.- - Articles for General and Gardening Purposes — Emery Sc Co., Silver medal. FARM IMPLEMENTS, No. 2. Carriage Harness — Lyman J. Lloyd, Albany, Sil. medal. Churn — Emery & Co., “ Thermometer Churn with Compressing Dash,” $2. Cheese Press— Hez. Rogers, Glifton Park, $2. Grain Cradle — Nichols & Baley, Van Buren Centre, $2. Hand Rakes — David Ray, Chatham, $2. Garden Rakes — S. C. Blair, Farmington, Ct., Dip. Hay Forks, Manure Forks, Straw Forks, Grass Scythes, Cradle Scythes, $2 each — D. J. Millard, Paris, Oneida county. Hay Rigging — W. P. Coonradt, Brunswick, $2. Special Awards — Lady’s Saddle — L. J. Lloyd, Dip. - Saddle — E. B. Slason, Albany, Dip,— — Grass Scythes and Snathes — Draper, Brown Sc Chadsey, Troy, $2. - Butter Ladles and Prints — Paul Seeley, Morris, Otsego county, $2. - -Shovels and Spades— Emery Sc Co., $2. - Potato Diggers — H. Partridge & Son, Medford, Mass., $2. - Cast-Steel Hoes — S. P. Reynolds, Unadilla Forks, $2. — — Drawing Knives , worthy particular notice — Emery & Co. FARM IMPLEMENTS, No. 3. Horse Power, on sweep or level principle — Eddy Sc Co., Union Village, for Taplin’s, $5 and Dip. Horse Power, on endless-chain principle — Emery Sc Co., $5 and Dip. Thresher, to be used with horse or steam power — Eddy & Co., $5 and Dip. Seed Planter, for hand or horse power — J. P. Groshon, Yonkers, $3 and Dip. Grain Drill— P. Seymour, East Bloomfield, Dip. Broadcast Sower— P. Seymour, Dip. Cultivator, for wheat — Enoch Sweet, Brockport, Dip. Portable Saw-Mill — Emery Sc Co., Dip. Corn Sheller, for hand power — Emery & Co., Dip. Vegetable Cutter — V. H. Sc N. Hallock, Milton, Dip, Best and most numerous Collection of Implements made in the State— ^mery & Co., $20 and Dip. MACHINERY AND IMPLEMENTS. No. 4. Steam Engine for Agricultural Pup.poses — Hoard Sc Brad¬ ford, Watertown, $25 and Silver medal. Valve for Engine — S. P. Winne, Albany, Silver medal. Rotary Sewing Machine — Lerow Sc Blodgett, N. Y., Sil. medal. Brick-Moulding Machine— Baker Sc Gifford, Troy, Dip. Dairy Steamer — Harvey Bushnel, Utica, Dip. Corn-Stalk and Straw Cutters — E. J. Burrall. Geneva, Ontario county, Silver medal. Knives for Straw Cutters, of different construction — Wm. Hovey, Worcester, Mass., Silver medal. Washing Machines — Van Tuyle Sc Coons, Lansingburgh, for King’s, Dip. Seed Sower, with Plow attached — Sam. Davidson, Greece, Dip. Spring-tooth Harrow, attached to Broadcast Sower — S. S Sage, Windsor, Broome county, Dip- Mowing Machine — G. W. Allen Sc Co., Buffalo, for Ketchum’s, Dip. Winnowing Machine— Albert Bates, Shanesville, Ohio, for Sanders’, Silver medal. Rake for couch, or quack grass roots — S. Cheever, Bemis Heights, small Silver medal. Seed Drill — Wm. H. Carr, Philadelphia, Pa., for Crossdale’s, small Silver medal and Dip. Water Filterer — Gideon Myers, Little Falls, Dip. Dog Power for Churn— Bosworth, Rich Sc Co., Troy, small Silver medal. Apparatus for Connecting Wheel-Hubs — Billings Sc Ambrose, Claremont, N. H., Silver medal. BUTTER. 25 lbs. made in June — 1. D. H. Cary, Albany, $10 — 2. Dow Fonda, Perth, Fulton county, $5 — 3. Joseph Cary, Albany, Trans. 50 lbs. made at any time — 1. Jos. Cary, $15 — 2. Philip Lasher, Saratoga county, $10 — 3. Jonas Lashes, Saratoga county, $5—4. Jas. P. Noxon, White-Creek, Trans. Made by Girls under twenty-one years of age — 1. Catherine Lasher, Saratoga county, Silver Milk-Cup— 2. Henrietta Coons, Brunswick, pair of Silver Butter-Knives — 3. A. E. Hall, New-Lebanon, set Silver Tea-Spoons. Coarse Salt — E. Clarke, Syracuse, Dip. Ground Solar Salt— J. P. Haskell, Syracuse, Dip. CHEESE. 100 lbs. over one year old — D. C. Beard, Buffalo, $10. Less than one year old — 1. Hildreth Sc Brother, Herkimer, $15—2. Sylvester Burchard, Hamilton, Mad. county, $10—3. Fox & Colton, Warsaw, Herk. county, $5. — 4. Robt. Eells, Clinton, Trans. Imitation English Cheese — James Linealie, Princeton, Schen. co., Trans. - Pine- Apple Cheese— John A. Clark, Albany, Trans. SUGAR. 1. I. Burr, Meredith, Del. co., $10—2. S. McGraw, McGrawville, $5—3. H. F. Shepard, Lawrenceville, $3 — 4. E. R. Dix, Vernon, Trans. Commended — Specimen offered by J. Hinds, Brandon, Vt 336 THE CULTIVATOR. Oct. NEW YORK STATE PREMIUM PLOWS. Frouty & Mears’ Centre Draft, No. 51 : Which received the first premium for fallows and old land. Miner & Horton’s Feekskill, No. 21: Which received the second premium for both fallows and stiff soils. French & Smith’s Michigan Sod and Sub-soil: Which received a special premium for fallows and stiff soils. Bosworth, Rich & Co.’s Side-Hill : Which received the first premium for side-hill plowing. O1* Cuts of the other Premium Plows will be given in our next. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR 887 ®lje Jaxnux s Mote^JSook. New- York State Fair at Albany. The Tenth Annual Show and Fair of the New- York State Agricultural Society, was held near this city, according to appointment, during the 3d, 4th, 5th and 6th days of last month. It was another grand gathering of the leading farmers, or perhaps we might with more propriety say, the leading citi¬ zens of the Empire State, with multitudes of our brethren from other States and the adjoining British Provinces. The number of visitors was greater than at any previous exhibition. This is sufficient¬ ly proved by the receipts for admission, which reached $10,465.61. The greatest amount received in any previous year, was $8,144.55, taken at Syra¬ cuse in 1849. A heavy rain occurred on the day and night preceding the opening of the exhibition, and another on Thursday night following, which doubtless prevented the attendance of some who would otherwise have been present. The rains completely saturated the ground with water, which occasioned some inconvenience,- but as an offset to this, they prevented the rising of dust, which, if continued dry weather had prevailed, would have been a great annoyance. Much credit is due the various railroad compa¬ nies in this State, for the facilities they afforded the public in attending the fair. They all gave half- price tickets during the week, and carried stock and articles intended for competition, gratis. This is a liberal plan, which we believe gave entire satis¬ faction, and it has, also, -well rewarded the owners of the roads. We are sorry to say that the direc¬ tors of the road between this city and Boston, but partially adopted this plan. Had they pursued the same course as the New- York roads, the number of visitors from the East would have been greatly in¬ creased, and the road would have made, in the ag¬ gregate, a much greater amount of money. We presume this latter fact will not in future be over¬ looked by men who have the general reputation of shrewdness. Considered in reference to itself, and as a whole, this exhibition may be said to have fully equalled any former one. If, in some of the departments, a deficiency existed, it was amply made up by the fullness and richness of others. The whole number of entries was greater than on any former occasion. The number for horses was 286, cattle 475, sheep 567. The horses and most of the cattle were sta¬ tioned in sheds provided for them. This shelter was necessary to protect them from the hot sun, to ■which they must have been otherwise exposed. But in regard to the appearance of the show, it had an unfavorable effect, as it completely withdrew from observation most of the animals which usually con¬ stitute so prominent and attractive a feature in dis¬ plays of this kind. Ths occasion has been, generally, one of high gratification ,* it has afforded the means of obtaining much valuable information, not attainable in any other way, in regard to the various objects brought together ; and the vast assemblage collected and dispersed without the occurrence of any accident to lessen their enjoyment. The people are beginning to look upon these ex¬ hibitions in their proper light. On the part of com¬ petitors, the principal benefit is not the taking of prises; it is the opportunity of bringing their ani¬ mals or articles prominently to the notice of thou¬ sands of persons to whom they would otherwise never be known. The objects are not only seen, but they are compared, and by comparison, their relative defects or excellencies are made apparent. It is in this way, only, that correct knowledge can be obtained. A farmer, who breeds any kind of live stock, can form no safe opinion of its actual value, without comparing it with other stock of the same breed. So, too, of the mechanic, in reference to his various productions; and in every branch of industry, improvement can only be estimated by comparison. Nor is the advantage of comparison of less con¬ sequence to purchasers than producers. In procur¬ ing ahorse, a cow, a yoke of oxen, or a plow or other implement or article, it is, of course, desired that it should possess the properties which would fit it most perfectly for the purpose to which it is to be applied; and by having side by side the various de¬ scriptions, a discriminating eye is able to select the best, with almost infallible certainty. These advan¬ tages are distinct and independent of the awards of premiums. The people, so far as they have the op¬ portunity of seeing for themselves, generally form their own opinions, and are but little influenced by the decisions of others. Horses. —The display of horses was hardly equal in respect to quality , to the shows of the two pre¬ ceding years; yet there were noble specimens in the different classes. In blood horses there was but lit¬ tle competition. Among those on the ground, we noticed the celebrated “Trustee,” the sire of the famous running mare “Fashion.” Though bearing evident marks of age, he still shows some excellent points. His head and eye have the striking linea¬ ments and expression so justly admired in the Ara¬ bian horse ; his limbs are clean and sinewy ; the fore leg, in particular, is remarkable for the length of arm, and for the width and shortness of the shank, “Leopard,” an imported horse, owned by O. K. Lapham, of Keeseville, is an animal of much nerve and fire; rather tall, and somewhat light in the forehand for hard work and endurance, but not too much so for a racer. “Consternation,” now owned by Mr. Burnet, of Syracuse, has heretofore recieved the first premium in this class, and is a horse of well-deserved reputation. “Young Alexander,” owned by Mr. Ireland, has also received the first premium as a blood-horse, and attracted here, as on former occasions, much attention. In the class of “all work,” we noticed the well- known “Morse’s Grey.” Several of his progeny were also on the ground, which did credit to the sire. The young horses by the celebrated Vermont Black-Hawk, shown by Messrs. Felton, of Ticon- deroga, Breed, of Crown Point, and Bigelow, 0t Bridport, Vt., were animals of fine appearance, and good action. Among “draught horses” was a stallion owned by Joel Young, of New Scotland, got by the imported horse “Sampson,” and another owned by Wm. A. Keese, of Keeseville, by the same sire, both of which were good specimens of this class of horses, as was also a five-year-old mare of the same stock, weigh¬ ing 1400 lbs, exhibited by E. Corning, Jr., of Al¬ bany. There were several pair of handsome matched horses. Those of Mr. Plumb, of this city, and Mr. Faxton, of Utica, were much admired. Among the young horse stock deserving particu¬ lar notice, was a pair of yearling geldings, owned by Wm. B. Seymour, of Clinton, Oneida county. Cattle.— There was a greater number of cattle exhibited, than for several previous years. The fat cattle were not as numerous as at Syracuse, and the 338 THE CULTIVATOR. Oct. Devons were not out in so great numbers. There was more competition in Short-horns, and they were in general of better quality than they have been for several previous years. The most exten¬ sive exhibitors of Short-horns, were Messrs. Vail of Troy, Sherwood of Auburn, Rotch of Butternuts, Hillhouse of Watervliet, and Chapman of Clockville. There were other competitors who showed in less numbers. Col. Sherwood’s “3d Duke of Cambridge,” and several other animals shown by him, imported during the past and present season, are very supe¬ rior specimens of Short-horns. The bulls of Mr. Thorpe of Albany, Mr. Vail of Troy, Mr. Chap¬ man of Clockville, Mr. Lathrop of Massachusetts, Mr. Miller of Canada, were animals of much merit, each of which had their respective advocates. Two young bulls, lately imported, shown by Lorillard Spencer, Esq., of Westchester county, were among the best animals in this class. They were of good size and form, and evidently of thrifty habit.. There were many excellent cows. Among several, it must have been difficult for the committee to apportion the awards. The red cow of Mr. F. M. Rotch, two of Mr. Hillhouse’s cows, Mr. Vail’s “Esterville 2d,” Col. Compbell’s, and one or two of Col. Sherwood’s, were all fine cows. The display of Herefords was smaller than last year — there being but fifteen of this breed on the ground. There were among them some first-rate animals. The four-year-old bull shown by W. A. Keese, of Peru, was in all points a beautiful and good animal. Mr. E. Corning, Jr., of Albany, also exhibited a good bull and several cows, and some young stock. His cow, “Victoria,” will compare favorably with almost any cow we have ever seen, and without intending any invidiousness, we think she was not excelled by any on the ground, in re¬ spect to a combination of useful qualities. Mr. Keese’s “Matilda” is also a very valuable cow. In this class, we missed the usual display by Mr. So- tham, of Black Rock. The Devons were not equal in numbers to the show of last year, but as to quality, were not inferior to any former show. Among the bulls, we noticed “Major,” purchased at the Syracuse fair of Mr. Gapper, of Canada, by R. H. Van Rensselaer, of Butternuts. This animal still maintains the appear¬ ance and qualities for which he has heretofore re¬ ceived much merited commendation. “Bloomfield,” shown by Mr. Hurlbut, Winchester, Ct., is a beau¬ tiful and valuable bull; and the bulls shown by Mr. Sanford, of Orwell, Vt., and Mr. Cowles, of Farm¬ ington, Ct., were fine. Very fine cows and young stock were shown by E. P. Beck, of Sheldon, Wyo¬ ming county, H. N. Washbon, Butternuts, L. C. Collins, of Dutchess county, Mr. Hurlbut and Mr. Cowles, of Connecticut. Mr. Beck’s display was less in extent than usual, from his having lately sold a lot of fine animals to the Governor of Wisconsin. The Ayrshires shown were cheifly from Mr. Pren¬ tice, of Albany, and Mr. R. L. Colt, of Paterson, N. J. Among them were excellent stock for the dairy. A bull of a fine dairy tribe, was shown by Mr. Woodford, of Avon, Ct. Mr. Colt exhibited a heifer and bull lately import¬ ed from Hungary. They are of good size for their age, and their skins possess good handling qual¬ ity. Their form has nothing in particular to com¬ mend, though their limbs are good, and they are said to be fast walkers. Their color is iron-grey, and their general characteristics indicate that they are a very distinct and pure breed. Mr. Colt also exhibited an Alderney or Jersey cow, a most delicately formed and deer-like animal —just such.a cow as with constant care as to sheR ter and feeding, would afford a large amount of cream and butter. The number of cattle shown as “grades,” was much greater than we have seen at any former exhi¬ bition. They were chiefly cows and heifers, and among them were many of excellent quality. De¬ serving special notice, was a cow, four years old, the produce of a “Connecticut cow,” by the import¬ ed short-horn bull “Marius.” She was owned by Thomas Bell, ‘of Morrisania, Westchester county. She appeared to combine, with the most faultless sym¬ metry. nearly every point indicative of perfection in a dairy cow. Several fine heifers of the same stock were shown by Mr. Bell. The cows and heifers of John Townsend, of Albany, and those shown by Isaac Sheldon, of Auburn, were evidently valuable stock. The fat cattle comprised several fine animals. The four-year-olds shown by Mr. Wadsworth, were decidedly the best of their age that we have ever seen. Indeed we heard it remarked by experienced judges, that they exceeded in symmetry and light¬ ness of offal, any cattle which had ever come to their notice. A four-year-old shown by Mr. Sheldon, of Sennett, was of fine form, and with the advantage of another year, will be well developed. A fat Dur¬ ham cow, owned by Ambrose Stevens, of New- York, was remarkable for lightness of offal and weight in the most valuable parts. The working oxen made a good appearance. We saw none of them tried at a load, and cannot say whether or not they were subjected to a trial of this kind. Five yoke of fine cattle were shown by J. S. Wadsworth, and a team of ten yoke, several of which were fine, from Kinderhook, by J. P. Beekman. There were many fine steers, of one, two, and three years old. We noticed, as very superior, both the two-year olds and yearlings shown by S. A. Gilbert, of East Hamilton, and admirably broken and trained by S. A. Gilbert, 2d, a lad fifteen years old. The yearlings were calved the 5th of April, 1849, and weighed at the time of the show, 2200 lbs. They are of almost unexceptionable form.* They were a cross of the Short-Horn and Devon, — the color being that of the latter. A very fine pair of two-year-old steers, a cross of Short-Horn and Devon, were shown by B. Benedict, of Alexander, Genesee county. They were broken and trained, in the most perfect manner, by Jervis P. Benedict, fourteen years old. Sheep. — The show of sheep may be said to have been quite superior. The large Merinos, commonly known as the “ Taintor stock,” were shown by Messrs. Bingham, of Vermont, F. M. Rotch, of But¬ ternuts, and L. C. Collins, of Dutchess county. Other Merinos were shown by Col. Sherwood, H. M. Dart, Harpersfield, R. E. Keese, Ausable, J. Hinds, J. S. Pettibone, John Campbell and George Campbell, all of Vermont. Of Saxons, very superior specimens were shown by C. B. Smith, Woolcottville, Ct., of the stock im¬ ported by Smith & Catlin, from Germany. We have on a former occasion expressed a favorable opinion of these sheep. This opinion is fully sup¬ ported, so” far, and we think will continue to be, by the success of the stock in this country. S. H. Church, of Vernon, showed Saxons from his well known flock. Of Long- Wooled Sheep, the number of really well- bred ones was not large. Mr. Rathbun, of Otsego county, showed some good sheep. But the Leices- * These and the two-year-olds shown by Mr. Gilbert, and the three-year-olds of Mr. Muir, which received the first premium, were sold to Hon. B. V. French, Braintree, Mass. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 339 tersj shown by Messrs. Geo. & Wm. Miller, of Markham, C. W., were the principal attractions in this department. Some of the ewes shown by Wm. Miller, were in form almost perfect models of what a mutton sheep should be; and it is to be hoped that our breeders of this class of sheep, have derived some useful hints from the fine specimens which have been thus brought before them. The South Downs made a very good show. They were chiefly from the flocks of Messrs. Sherwood, Rotch, McIntyre and Wakeman. There were good animals in each of these lots. The fat wethers of Col. Sherwood, and several cross-bred South Down and Cotswold wethers shown by Mr. McIntyre, were capital specimens, and did not fail to attract the attention of those who know good mutton. Swine. -—This department was not well filled. In numbers, it was less extensive than at any former show for several years, and we saw no animals of remarkable appearance. Some good pigs were shown by Wm. Hurst, of this city, and by Winant Younghans, and Wm. Webb, of Darien. Poultry.— -There was a much better display of poultry than at Syracuse, though it was hardly equal to the show at Buffalo. Much of the good ap¬ pearance of this department, was due to R. L. Colt, Esq., of Paterson, N. J., who exhibited specimens of four kinds of geese, and several varie¬ ties of fowls. E. E. Platt, of this city, showed a collection of fowls, embracing several valuable breeds. Mr. P. had also a fine specimen of the cur- rassow. Fine specimens of the Dorkings were shown by F. M. Rotch, Butternuts, and very hand¬ some specimens of the Spangled Hamburgh or Bolton Grey fowl, by John Chadwick, New-Hartford. Some beautiful rabbits, very large, with pendent ears, were shown by R. H. Van Rensselaer, and F. M. Rotch. Dairy Products.— There was a respectable show of these; but we were unable to take particular notes in this department, on account of the derange¬ ment occasioned by the tent in which the articles were placed having been blown down. The show of Farm Implements was large and attractive ; but we think there was less competition, and for this reason less variety, than at Syracuse. Emery & Co., of Albany, filled a building of their own, 100 by 40 feet, besides occupying a much larger area in the open field. In front of their build¬ ing was a fountain, which constantly sported its beau¬ tiful jets of water, and added much to the ornament and interest of the general exhibition. There were other extensive exhibitors of implements, as Messrs. Starbuck & Co., and Bosworth, Rich & Co., Troy, Wheeler & Co. , Albany, and Eddy & Co., Union Village. But we must reserve our notices of particu¬ lar articles in this department till our next number. The 11 Mechanics’ Hall” contained a great number of useful articles, under the head of machine¬ ry, of various kinds, stoves and other contrivances for housewarming and culinary purposes. Consid¬ erable of the machinery was kept in operation, the power being derived from a steam engine put up for the purpose by Messrs. Low &. Co., of Albany. A power printing press was worked during the exhi¬ bition, which explained the art of printing to thou¬ sands, by whom it was before a mystery. The pro¬ cess of printing on stone, (lithography) was also here exemplified. The *£ Manufacturers’ and Domestic Hall,” presented a display which in variety, richness and beauty, exceeded anything of the kind we have be¬ fore seen ; but for want of room, we must defer par¬ ticular notices till a future occasion. The Fruit and Floral Department was well filled. In regard to fruits, we believe the display was, with the exception of peaches, equal to that of any previous year. It was the general expres¬ sion that this department was better filled than at any exhibition since that at Poughkeepsie in 1844. Among the principal exhibitors were Henry Yail, Troy; Elwanger & Barry, Rochester; R. L. Colt, Paterson , N. J. ; Jonathan Baltey, Keeseville ; E. P. Prentice ; Dr. H. Wendell ; Isaac Denniston ; Elisha Dorr; James Wilson ; Dr. March of Albany; L. Menand, Watervliet, and Norman Briggs, Schaghticoke. Among the most attractive objects, was a basket of fruits from Mr. Yail, tastefully orna¬ mented and placed in a conspicuous position, contain¬ ing 34 varieties of apples, 31 of pears. 10 of plums, 8 of peaches, 9 of grapes, and one Christiana melon. Mr. Y. had also a box containing a grape vine, on which were eight well ripened and handsome bunch¬ es of grapes. Tne splendid bunches of black Ham¬ burgh and other foreign grapes from Mr. Colt re¬ ceived much praise. The show of plums from Mr. Denniston and others was very fine. Of Vegetables there was about the usual dis¬ play. C. F. Crossman, Rochester, made a large contribution to this department. Specimens of blood beets showed by him, were unusually fine. The Address by Prof. Amos Dean, was receiv¬ ed with well deserved approbation. His main sub¬ ject was * 1 Agricultural Education, the training up of the young mind with special reference to the pursuits of Agriculture.” This subject was ably and thoroughly discussed, and was shown to lie at the very foundation of improvement in this branch of industry. In our next, we shall endeavor to give a more comprehensive view of Prof. D.’s highly valu¬ able remarks. Several distinguished gentlemen visited the show grounds, among which were Ex-President Van Bu- ren, Gov. Fish, Gen. Wool, Com. Thos. Ap C. Jones, Hon. Mr. Ferguson of Canada, G. P. R. James, Esq., (the celebrated English literary wri¬ ter,) and a grandson of Gen. La Fayette, from France. Delegates were in attendance from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, the Agri¬ cultural Societies of Ohio, New Hampshire, Penn¬ sylvania and various county societies in other states. Steeping Seeds. My father brought me up strong in the faith that it was essential to success in raising Indian corn, that the seed should be steeped before planting. He was an extensive, carefully observant and suc¬ cessful cultivator, and the first person who made use of plaster of Paris as a fertilizer in that part of our country. An anecdote connected with its first use will illustrate its effects, and show his reputa¬ tion as a cultivator as well as the sly humour of one of his parishioners. A neighbor cultivated one of my fa ther’s fields in corn on shares, but declined to put on plaster al¬ though proffered to him without charge. A divis¬ ion of the corn was therefore made in alternate two rows. On his part (that is, on every other two rows,) thus set out to him, my father had a spoon¬ ful of plaster put to the hill. The effect was truly wonderful. A party of gen¬ tlemen in passing, being struck with the luxuriance of the rows thus plastered, inquired of a parishion¬ er the cause of the difference. 11 Oh,” said he, “ there is nothing strange about it ; the large rows belong to our priest, and the small ones to one of his people.” 340 THE CULTIVATOR. Oct. My own practice, like that of my father, as long as I can remember, has been to steep the seed some twelve hours in warm water, and then roll it in plaster. I have, also, for many years, carefully experimented with the various steeps recommended in our horticultural and agricultural publications. This spring I used a solution of carbonate of ammonia and chloride of soda in my garden, and my seeds came up finely; far better than usual, although there has been a very general complaint with us, es¬ pecially in the early part of the season, of seed per¬ ishing in the ground. For my beet seed I used the carbonate of ammo¬ nia with the most gratifying results. Indeed there was not a single plant missing on my two beds. I therefore tried the same upon my second planting of corn. It came up a week or more, before a few hills which I planted dry along side, and for some time continued far in advance. This, I then con¬ sidered, a convincing illustration of the benefits of judicious steeping. After a while, however, I found that which was planted dry becoming more stout and vigorous, and of a deeper green. It gained fast upon the other, and has now far surpassed it in size, strength, and in general vigor. On the 15th of June, I planted a square of my garden for late corn, using dry seed of the shriveled sweet variety. On the morning of the 6th day from planting, it was up two inches, and perfectly even, and on the 10th day, it was eleven inches high. The same rapidity of growth has continued to the present time, notwithstanding the recent dry weath¬ er. To-day, July 13th, just four weeks from plant¬ ing, it is four feet four inches (4 feet 4 inches) high, and of uniform size and strength. (July 18. It is now six feet two inches (6 ft. 2 in.) high, a growth of more than inches per day from the time of planting.) If, therefore, the soil is rich, and in proper tilth, why should it be necessary to steep the seed at all. Plants will not flourish in water or in medicated wa¬ ter merely. They need for their sustenance and growth the peculiar nourishment which is to be ob¬ tained only from the soil. May we not reasonably infer that the moisture contained in the soil when in proper condition possesses some nutritive proper¬ ties which are not to be found in water alone. If so, then the water absorbed by the seed in steeping must be prejudicial, since it takes the place of, and excludes from the seed and the germ, the fertilized moisture of the soil. There is danger, too, of inju¬ ring and enfeebling the germ itself in steeping, all which will be avoided by using dry seed. I am disposed to think that this matter deserves consideration. The principal advantage of steep¬ ing, is to hasten the germination of the seed, and thus to get the plants up as soon as possible. Ear¬ lier planting, however, will, of course, bring the plant out of the ground at the same time, and if the crop proves equally vigorous afterwards, will an¬ swer the same purpose, and probably with less risk. Charles Robinson. New Haven, July 13, 1850. Agricultural Capacities of Wisconsin. Eds. Cultivator — In pursuance to a call in one of your late numbers, asking for information in regard to Wisconsin as a farming section, this is submittted. The country is bounded on the Lake shore by a belt of heavy timber, varying in width from five to forty miles, running its whole length. All of ex¬ treme north-eastern Wisconsin, is covered with tim¬ ber, consisting of pine, oak, bass-wood, hickory and beach; and bordering all the streams, timber grows to a great height and thickness. The balance of the country is generally distinguished by oak openings and prairies. From the center of the State south, prairies prevail, with considerable low wet prairie, and a scarcity of timber. Going from the center of the State north, the country is found higher, drier and more rolling. Here the prairies are smaller, being, generally, from one to ten miles in length by two to five or six in width. Timber is abundant for all the wants of the country; the streams are very numerous, affording an abundance of water power, and in point of health the country is not surpassed by any in the world— the climate is decidedly dry, and is considered good for pulmonary complaints. The Wisconsin river rises in the north-west part of the State, and runs south-west to the Mississippi; the Fox river rises near the same source, (see map,) and runs south and east to Green Bay. Both these rivers are navigable for steamboats, and at the Portage, or Fort Winnebago, approach within % of a mile of each other. The General Government ap¬ propriated 500,000 acres of land to improve these rivers— to cut a canal at the portage, (which is about completed,) and deepen and clear out the channel, &c. This improvement is being prosecuted with great vigor, and will be completed during the ensuing year. Then a southern or eastern market is offered the choice of the farmers of Northern Wis¬ consin. A charter has been obtained for a Railroad from Fond-du-Lac, on Lake Winnebago, to Beloit, in the southern part of the State. The money to build the road will be procured on most favorable terms from England — negotiations to that effect having already taken place. This road will open the center of the State south and north, to the markets of the east. Our school fund will be the best of any State in the Union, estimated at over three millions— com¬ mon schools will be free to all. There is also a university fund, consisting of 500,000 acres of select¬ ed lands. The inhabitants are mostly Yankees, principally from New York, Vermont, Maine and Ohio, and will compare favorably in morals, general intelli¬ gence, and active enterprise, with any people in the world. It will thus be seen that in point of position, Wis consin, having the Mississippi river on its west, Lake Michigan on the east, with the Wisconsin and Fox rivers and Green Bay running through the cen ter of the northern part, is unsurpassed in facilities of getting to market by any of the western States. The Wolf river is a large and deep stream that empties into Fox, near Lake Winnebago. This ri¬ ver is now navigable for steam-boats 150 miles, and penetrates one of the best “pineries” in the world, where now is manufactured, annually, many million feet of lumber. Pine lumber is worth from $6 to $12 per 1000 feet. The soil is excellent, resting on lime-stone; it shows at first a black vegetable mould from 10 to 40 inches thick, next a yellow mould mixed with lime-stone pebbles; then coarser lime¬ stone, gravel and boulders, and then the rock. The soil varies in depth from 8 to 20 or 30 feet. The sun does not shine upon a better or a more beautiful or bountiful country for farmers. Winter and spring wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, buckweat, potatoes, turneps, and vines of all kinds, grow to great luxu riance and profit. I have nowhere seen finer gar¬ den vegetables produced. The prairie land, owing to its fertility, and the ease with which it is subdued, has the most admirers. On a prairie farm, one man 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 341 can till 3 acres as easily and well as the same labor on one acre in New- York. Average crop of wheat is 25 bushels, though 40 is not uncommon' — corn 50, oats 40, rye 30, See. A most profitable business would be dairying-— this having received least atten¬ tion, and butter being worth Is. to Is. 3d. per lb., and cheese 8 to 10 cts. Any amount of good hay, (red top and blue joint) can be had for the cutting. Sheep also are most profitable. It would be impos¬ sible to find finer ranges for sheep than on the Wis¬ consin prairies. Sheep brought from Vermont are found to increase one-third in carcass, while the wool increases equally in weight and quality. Wool can be delivered in Boston for 2 cts. per lb. There being no under-brush or dirt, the” wool is remarka¬ bly clean and straight. Sheep can be kept the year for 20 ets. a head. Fruit, also, would be very pro¬ fitable, having as yet received scarce any attention. All the best portions of the country are now in second hands, although many thousand acres are still subject to entry at government prices — $1.25 per acre. I have given you a rapid sketch of the country, and will feel well repaid if it meets the wishes of your inquirers. I will be hapy to give any further information if addressed, post paid,- and will say, in this connection, that I have the sale of 400 acres of land in this town, 20 miles from Fond-du-lac, where is daily steam communication with Green Bay— 200 acres is prairie, balance timber, oak openings and meadow land, with fine stream of pure water running through it— 100 tons of the best grass can be cut. There is two good houses, barn, stables and out¬ houses, and 200 acres under fence and cultivation. This land was selected seven years ago — price $10 per acre, will be sold whole or in part. Respect¬ fully, &e., C. H. Green. Waupun, Fond-du-lac co., Wis., August 23, 1850. Treatment of Birds. In looking over a bundle of old letters, &c., the other day, I found the following sketch, written about ten years ago, to a correspondent. Of course, it was not intended for publication. At this time, however, when some very ultra notions on the sub¬ ject of birds are taking the rounds of the newspapers, perhaps your readers would be willing to hear some¬ thing on the other side. D. T. 7 mo. 30. I am fond of ornithology, but not of all its sub¬ jects. There are great villains that fly as well as walk. For practical purposes, birds should be di¬ vided into three classes: and we ought to regulate our enmity or favor accordingly. 1. Such as live on the products of our labor, and render no benefits in return. 2. Such as prey on those products in part, and in part on destructive insects, &c. 3. Such as assist us without committing any tres¬ pass. Of the first class, perhaps there are very few, but the cedar bird certainly ranks among them ,* and I should name in the same indictment the larger hawks, and the larger owls. The second is a very large class, and contains the smaller hawks and the smaller owls, both useful to some extent in catching mice, besides the crow which eats grubs. In selecting from this class, such as should be fostered or repelled, however, much dis¬ crimination is necessary. Many birds that are use¬ ful, claim high wages ; and we must judge whether we can afford to employ them, or not. Of this kind are the robbin, the cat-bird, and the woodpecker, who work some and plunder some. My rule is, if but few come, I bear with them ; if many, I thin them — I have no notion of giving the whole crop to pay for destroying a few insects ; and it is but few insects that we care much about, that they do destroy. The worst kinds they generally leave untouched. I know some people say, “you should not kill the birds.” “Doctor,” said a lady in my presence, to an M. D., “I have never thought so well of you since I heard of your throwing stones at the birds that came to eat your cherries.” Yet I am confi¬ dent that lady herself would throw a stone at a hawk that came to eat her chickens, or broomstick a rat from her meal-tub or pantry. “O, that is a different affair!” Is it? Now let us be consistent, and carry out our principles fairly. Rats are useful— they eat worms, and even one another, when they are very hungry ■ and why should they be punished when birds equally predatory are allowed to escape? “Rats are nasty things.” Then they are killed for being nasty! and birds are saved for being pretty! It appears, then, that partiality or prejudice, and not principle, rules. Do as you like, but ascribe the action to its proper motive, and try to be charitable towards others who differ from you. The third, class is worthy of all our care and pro¬ tection. This includes sell our sparrows, all our swallows, all our fly-catchers, (for the king-bird only eats the drones) and many others. In regard to such, I should say most emphatically, “Fowler, spare that bird!” “Ail work and. no play makes Jack a dull boy.” Eds. Cultivator — Perhaps there is more truth in the above line than is generally imagined. I, for one, believe that there is more truth expressed in this simple phrase, than in many a gilded volume, whose decorations poorly compensate the reader for the nonsense found within. Farmers, in New England especially, labor too hard. The sole object, with too many of them, is to get money— to increase their possessions. They seem to think that a man’s happiness depends upon the number of dollars he has — that enjoyment rises or falls in proportion as wealth increases or dimin¬ ishes. Now this is a very common error, and one which -we are all liable to fall into. We naturally suppose that wealth and happiness go hand in hand, but we often find ourselves mistaken. The man who labors constantly — “ From early dawn to gloamin’ grey,” infringes one of the most important laws of hisbeing. He cannot cultivate his mental powers if he would, for the simple reason that excessive labor so weakens the brain that he feels no disposition to study, and would find it impossible were he inclined to do it. We all know that by overloading the stomach with food we are rendered weaker, both physically and men¬ tally. The stomach is then compelled to rob both the muscles and the brain, in order to throw off this excess of food. It is just so with the muscles ; when they are over taxed, the brain and the other organs must suffer in consequence. And upon the same principle the brain, when too severely taxed — which there is little danger of among us at present — it will require more than its share of nervous energy in or¬ der to supply the demand made upon it. In order to follow the laws of Nature — which no one can transgress with impunity — we should never cultivate one set of organs while another lies dor¬ mant. The mind of itself does not form a man, neither does the body, but both combined, when pro 342 THE CULTIVATOR. Oct. perly balanced, form a man perfect in every respect. Farmers often complain that their boys, instead of following in the “good old way,” are glad of a chance to learn a trade, or get behind the counter. Now I do not wonder at this in the least. We ex¬ pect too much of them. They are made to work with no inducement but that of necessity, and then we wonder that they “hate farming!” The less boys are required to work beyond their inclinations, the better. Not that they should lie dormant, but let them have proper inducement, and there will be lit¬ tle danger of laziness. They require those energies for growth, which grown people can expend in labor ; consequently if we require hard labor of them we injure their health, and induce premature decay. Excessive labor, even if it does not break down their constitutions, has a brutalizing effect, as it extin¬ guishes all love of study, and renders them capable only of animal feelings and enjoyments; thus turn¬ ing into a curse, what, properly regulated, is man’s greatest blessing, and most prolific source of enjoy¬ ment. Sylvanus. Mole Trap. In answer to several inquiries for a plan of a mole trap, we give the accompanying cut and description, which was originally furnished for the Horticultur¬ ist. Eds:. This newly invented trap consists of a frame, com¬ posed of two uprights, a a , about 22 inches high, joined by a top board, b— the whole fastened on a foot or base c C c. d is a heavy piece of scantling or block, which by means of grooves is guided along the up¬ rights up and down. In the lower part of the block are inserted a number of sharp steel pins, about se¬ ven inches long in the clear. In the part C, of the foot-board, is attached a small piece of thin board in the manner of a pedal of a piano forte, which, when the trap is set, crosses the passage of the mole. f is a wooden latch, suspended by a wire from the cross-piece of the frame, and terminating with a wire hook, g, at the lower end, somewhat flat¬ tened. In the upper part of the latch is cut a notch or shoulder, ( i ,) as a rest for the pin block when the trap is set. Set the trap lengthwise over the passage draw the block up and fasten it by the wire hook, k. to prevent accident to the trapper; place the apparatus over the passage of the mole in such a manner that when the block falls it will come exactly in the middle of the passage. The ground under the trap in the pas¬ sage should be taken out and the bottom levelled, and the sides padded and made hard. The ground taken out should be freed from obstructions, and placed again loose in the passage; but before this is done, the block should be tried if it operates well, and falls right in the passage. Then hang the hook of the latch into a similar hook, projecting upwards from the pedal, so that they may seperate upon the slightest touch, by the lifting of the ground on either side by the mole, which in an instant brings down the block and pierces the animal through. Drying Fruits. We cannot better comply with several requests for information on the subject of drying fruits, than by the insertion and description of the annexed cuts. The apparatus was made in Germany, and was de¬ signed chiefly for drying prunes, but it will answer equally well, with slight modifications, for drying peaches, or apples. It is described as follows: “ The vault or exterior of the oven, four and a half feet long, is surrounded by a brick wall one foot thick, so that the whole stove, abed , is exactly six feet every way; the front wall, n, being only half a foot in thickness. At the top, the vault is arch¬ ed over with six inches of brick work at the crown of the arch. The flues, i i, are about fourteen inches square. The hurdles or trays, m m, for containing the prunes, rest upon shelves, fixed upon two bearers. It would be better if they rested upon rollers , so as to admit of their being pushed in, and drawn out, with greater ease. These lines of trays are placed at a distance of six inches from the furnace, so as to keep the fruit from too great a heat; they maybe made entirely of wood, but it will be better if the bottoms are of open work, like sieves. Their weight is such that they may be easily managed by a woman ; but in preparing prunes on a large scale, let them be made of greater length and breadth, so as to just come within the strength of a more robust person. “The wooden frame, h h, is that on which the two doors are hung. The door, g, which covers the 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 343 arch, (and which is represented in the cut as open and fastened up,) shuts up the front of the upper part of the oven. In the middle of this upper door or flap, is a round vent hole, for the escape of the moist vapor, k, is an iron damper, or slide, to be placed in the flue at l l, in order to regulate the heat.” Locusts and Grasshoppers. An impression prevails among our people that the Cicada Septendecim, commonly called the “ seven¬ teen years locust,” is the same insect, or a species allied to it, which, under the name of locust, some¬ times commits fearful ravages on the vegetation of some eastern countries. The two insects bear but little resemblance to each other. The Cicada feeds wholly under ground, and on the roots of plants, during the period of sixteen years which it requires to reach its perfect or winged state, and during the latter state it eats nothing — the damage it occa¬ sions, being caused wholly by the perforations of branches of trees, by the female, in preparing re¬ ceptacles for her eggs. The true locust — ( Acrydium ) — on the other hand, is an insect whose whole period of existence is but one season ; it feeds entirely on the leaves and stalks of plants, and its voracity is such that it devours every green thing it can reach. It is what is popu¬ larly called, in this country, a grasshopper, though naturalists, very properly, make a distinction be¬ tween grasshoppers and locusts. The “ red-legged grasshopper,” so called, — the most devastating species, perhaps, belonging to this country, — is con¬ sidered by Dr. Harris as a proper locust, which he calls jicrydium femur-rubrum. It is this species, principally, which has overrun different sections of our country, and caused very great damage by eat¬ ing up the vegetation of all kinds. They prevail most in dry seasons. Heavy rains, or continued wet weather while they are young destroys them in great numbers. We think it probable that it is this species which has been very numerous and has done much injury the present season, in some of the northern counties of Ohio, where a severe drouth prevailed in May and June. A correspondent of the Ohio Cultivator , writing from Erie county, in that State, under date of Aug. 8, says he had never seen grasshoppers (locusts) in anything like such numbers before, as they have appeared this season. “ They covered the fences by the road¬ side— the bushes and small trees were loaded with them, when they went up to roost, so as to bend as with a crop of fruit. I only saved my peach crop in my newly grafted orchard of 500 trees, by driving them off the trees just at evening every night for weeks together, otherwise they would have stripped the leaves all off, and left the fruit bare, as they did in some cases after all our efforts. In many meadows they left scarcely any thing but the bare stalks, and our pastures are gnawed to the ground, notwith¬ standing the abundant rains. Oats and potatoes are also badly injured by them. They have been taking themselves off for a wTeek in large numbers. They fly so as to fill the air like a swarm of bees, for hours together, in the middle of the day, almost invariably taking advantage of a lake breezeto waft them south, and flying at a great height, are not perceivable except by looking towards the sun.” This migratory habit is possessed by several species of locust. We have accounts of their flying in such numbers in oriental countries, as literally to fill the air, and obscure the sun at noon-day. The same propensity has been manifested by the u red- legged” species above mentioned. The late Presi¬ dent Dwight, of Yale College, notices their ap¬ pearance in Massachusetts and parts of Vermont in 1797 and 1798. He observes: “ At times, particularly a little before their dis¬ appearance, they collect in clouds, rise high in the atmosphere, and take extensive flights, of which neither the course nor the direction [?] has hitherto been discovered. I was authentically informed that some persons employed in raising the steeple of the church in Williamstown, were, while standing near the same, covered by them, and saw, at the same time, vast numbers of them flying far above their heads.” Thick and Thin Seeding. The proper quantity of seed, for the various grains, to be sown to the acre, is a subject on which much has been said and written, especially in England, where many experiments in relation to it have been made. The question cannot be fully settled, with¬ out along series of carefully conducted experiments, made and repeated under the same circumstances. The Transactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Society for 1849, contain the results of some trials, by Mr. Adam Clark, of West-Dresden, Yates county, in sowing various quantities of wheat to the acre. The communication of Mr. C. was referred to a commit¬ tee, of which John Delafield, Esq., was chairman, who submitted a report from which we take the fol¬ lowing: The experiments of Mr. Clark show that wheat planted uniformly at distances of 1| inches apart, will require about 224^ lbs. or 3 bushels 44^ lbs. per acre. This weight of wheat consists of about 2,890,320 grains. Mr. Clark planted a portion of ground in this manner, which was harvested at the proper season and thrashed on the 22d of August, and weighed on the 17th December — estimating every ounce to contain 800 grains, as weighed by him. The product of an acre similarly treated pro¬ duces 63,248,000 grains, or 4,160 lbs., which is equal to 69 bushels 10 lbs. of wheat per acre. The second experiment shows that about two bush¬ els of wheat, or 126 lbs., sowed on an acre of ground at the ‘uniform distance of two inches apart, will yield 3,580 lbs. of wheat, or 59 bushels 40 lbs. per acre. In this experiment the number of grains sowed to an acre is about 1,616,000. It has been usually estimated that in broad-cast sowing of wheat under favorable circumstances as to weather and condition of the soil, the average depo¬ sit of seed is 48 grains per square foot; if so, an acre of broad-cast requires 2,090,880 grains; and estimating this quantity at the weight of Mr. Clark’s wheat, it gives 2 bushels and 44 lbs. per acre. It would have been advisable to measure and weigh the seed before planting, as well as after harvest, as season and cultivation may essentially vary the rela¬ tive quantity and quality of the seed and the product. We would have been pleased to know, also, whether every seed planted, arrived at maturity ; if not, what proportion was imperfect or destroyed. It is well known that a large per centage of the wheat sown broad-cast is lost to the farmer. We need therefore very exact observation, to approximate a fair esti¬ mate of comparisons. The following is the substance of Mr. Clark’s state¬ ment : On 23d September, 1848, I prepared four beds of ground to plant with wheat, on a summer fallow that had been twice plowed during the summer. The ground was prepared by finely pulverising it with a hoe and rake, to the depth of eight inches. Four beds were accurately measured, each one- 344 THE CULTIVATOR. Oct. fourth of a rod square, leaving a walk of about 7 inches between them; they were numbered and sub¬ divided as follows: No. 1, in squares inches each way; No. 2, about 2 inches; No. 3, a little short of 3 inches; No. 4, 3^ inches, including the outside lines of each bed. Then with the thumb and finger I carefully dropped a kernel of wheat in the corner of each small square, of No. 1 and 2; then, with a stick prepared for the purpose, I placed each grain l-§ inches below the surface, and then with the head of a rake made the surface entirely smooth. On Monday, 25th, I planted Nos. 3 and 4 in the same manner; they were all planted with the Soule’s va¬ riety of wheat— the seed dry, without any prepara¬ tion. The soil is a clay loam, with a slight inclina¬ tion to the north and north-west, and fully exposed to the winds from those directions. I used no ferti¬ lizers, except a little Gypsum ; on 17th of May . while sowing on the rest of the field, I gave the bed a slight coating at the rate of from 1^ to 2 bushels per acre. Harvested July 25th, 1849, with a hand cradle and bound it in sheaves and carried it into the barn in about two weeks. The parcels carefully shelled and kept separate. On the 22d August, each par¬ cel was weighed separately, by sealed scales, the re¬ sult of which may be found in the annexed table. On the 17th of December, 3 oz. were weighed in sealed scales, and by counting all the grains weighed, I found that there were 800 grains in an ounce. An estimate of the amount of seed planted is made from this data, as well as the average product from each. No. 1. — Number of grains planted 4,488; weight of product in pounds and ounces, 6 lbs. 8 oz; amount of seed sown per acre, 3 bu. 45 lbs.; yield per acre in bushels, 69 bu. 20 lbs. No. 2. — Number of grains planted, 2,525; weight of product in lbs. and oz., 5 lbs. 9-§ oz. ; amount of seed sown per acre, 2 bu. 6 lbs.; yield per acre in bushels, 59 bu. 40 lbs. No. 3. — Number of grains planted 1,206; weight of product in lbs. and oz., 4 lbs. 12 oz.; amount of seed sown per acre, 1 bu; yield per acre in bushels, 50 bu. 40 lbs. No. 4. — Number of grains planted, 870; weight of product in lbs. and oz., 4 lbs. 4 oz. ; amount of seed sown per acre, 43| lbs. ; yield per acre in bush¬ els, 45 bu. 20 lbs. 66 Notes on American Farming.” The March and July numbers of the Scottish Quar¬ terly Journal of Agriculture contain several pages under this head, purporting to have been written by an Englishman who has spent some time in travel¬ ling in this country, and particularly noticing its ag¬ riculture. His remarks, in general, are expressed in a kindly spirit, and we think he intended to give a fair view of our farming, as he saw it; though he has, nevertheless, fallen into occasional errors — the result, perhaps, of limited observation, and the want of practical knowledge, in some instances, of the subjects on which he speaks. We make some ex¬ tracts, both for the purpose of correcting errors, and to show how some of our resources and products, as wrell as some of our customs, strike the mind of a stranger. In regard to the cultivation of fruit in this country, the writer says: “ In scarcely any department of cultivation has there been such a decided improvement as in that of fruit. At present, throughout the whole Union, there is quite an excitement in the object of raising fine fruits. Numerous societies have been formed for the purpose of giving encouragement to cultiva¬ tors, and not a few of the pages of the agricultural papers are devoted to accounts of improvements, and of new fruits raised. It is the general opinion that the time is not far distant when the export of fruit will exceed in amount (that is to say, if there is a demand for it) that of any article of export. “ To judge of the value and importance of this crop to the agriculturists of the States, it must be remembered, that what we have been describing as the flourishing condition of only one State is but the type of others. In the Northern States there are numberless orchards, not only of pear and apple, but of peach and other fruit trees. ‘There are peach orchards in New Jersey and Delaware occupying upwards of a hundred acres each. There is one at Reyboid’s, covering a thousand acres. The crops of this latter orchard are so large as to give constant employment to two steamboats and a schooner in conveying the fruit to market.’ And attached to almost every farm there is a large or small orchard. One of the most striking curiosities of New- York, in the fruit season, is the various steam and sailing boats bringing their freights to the market. Last year we frequently went to the markets, and were abundantly repaid for the trouble. We certainly never expect to scg such a gorgeous display of fruit again. As might be expected from the statements we have given, fruit is everywhere cheap. Peaches, large, luscious, three a-penny of our money; some particularly large, one and two cents, sometimes four cents a-piece— the latter would have been charged a shilling or two here. The crop of apples was last year considered a failure, and yet we have bought three beautiful ones for a cent. No one in this country can have an idea of the amazingly rich flavour of some kinds of American apples. Those so highly prized here, as real Americans, convey no idea of the best quality of fruit to be obtained for a mere trifle in the fruit-growing States.” The writer seems highly pleased with most of our farm implements. He says: “ The agricultural implements in the United States are much lighter in construction than in this country, the plows particularly so. These are well adapted for the peculiarities of the land. It would be impossible to plow land recently cleared, with all the stumps and roots scattered here and there, with the heavy plows of this country. It is astonishing to see how easily the farmer turns aside from the stumps ; and even should he fall foul of one, the plough is so light, that he can fillip it past the obstruction very easily. Old Country farmers are disposed to find fault with them, but they are soon taught to perceive that they are very well adapted to the kind of labour they have to perform. With reference to other implements, the same rule holds. The hay-forks are amazingly light and handy: a young boy can easily use them. Scythes, hatchets, &c., are all made exceedingly light and portable, and in this we think the Yankees show real wisdom. There was no real utility to be gained by having huge heavy instruments to deal with. A farmer who had had, both in this country and in America, much experience as a hard-working man, told us that the result of his experience was, that more work could be done in the same space of time, and with less of fa¬ tigue, with the Yankee tools than with those of this country. The axes used for felling trees are very light: we must confess that, at first sight, we thought that heavier heads would have been better; but a sight of the execution they performed in good hands, on the sturdy sons of the forest, soon showed us our mistake. The ‘horse rake’ is almost univer¬ sally used for gathering the hay off the fields, and forming it into ‘cocks.’ There is scarcely such a thing as reaping corn by hooks, as here performed, 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 345 the common scythe, or more generally the cradle- scythe, being used. It is astonishing how much one man can cut down in a day. There is great rivalry in this point amongst farm-servants.” On the subject offences, the writer complains of our “horrible slovenliness.” He admits, however, that “on all well-conducted farms, the fences, &c., are admirably constructed and arranged ;” but adds, (and we confess there is too much truth in the re¬ mark,) that “this, unfortunately, is the exception, not the rule.” The zig-zag or “worm” fence, com¬ mon in some sections, was regarded as particularly unpleasant to the eye, though the writer admits “it is really very strong, and capable of resisting con¬ siderable opposing force,” and he concludes, that where wood is plentiful, it is not so bad a fence af¬ ter all. He thinks our farmers “are very fond of this fence, ugly and cumbersome as it is,” and says he was informed that this attachment is so strong “with some old people, that when they build wall fences, they build them in and out, in the same zig¬ zag way.” This singular mistake was probably derived from the fact that in some places where only a few stones, and those of not very good quality for making fence, are to be had, it is sometimes prac¬ ticed to lay them up in the way mentioned, for the purpose of forming the under part of the fence, top¬ ping out with rails, to the requisite height. This form gives to the fence much more stability than it could have if laid straight. In regard to animals used in farm labor, he falls into a striking error. He says — “ Oxen are invari¬ ably used for farm purposes , carting of hay, &e. Some of these animals,” he continues, “are really wonderfully well paired. A friend of the writer’s had a pair so beautifully matched, so alike in respect to color, size, and even shape and length of horns, that it was difficult to distinguish between the two. Farm¬ ers vie with one another in raising handsome, well- paired oxen. Much more attention is now paid than formerly, to the raising of stock.” The growth of vegetation, is represented as being wonderfully rapid. “In the Northern States, though the winter can scarcely be said to be broken up till April, barley is generally ready to cut early in June; wheat is ready towards the end of the same month.” This would truly be a rapid growth for barley. It is seldom sown before the first week in May, and not unfrequently as late as the second week, and if it gets ripe even a month later than the time this writer gives, it is thought to grow pretty quick. In regard to Indian corn, he observes — “it is the staple commodity of American farms; it is used in all kinds of ways. One variety (!) is taken in its green state and boiled. Its flavour is remarkably fine, and resembles very much that of green pease!” To the latter expression, we can only say, “there is no accounting for tastes.” He further says in regard to Indian corn— “Some species (?) grow very high; we have seen stalks ten and twelve feet in height.” If he had gone into some of the rich valleys of the west, he might have seen it growing to the height of sixteen to eighteen feet. In relation to the character of farm laborers, and the facilities afforded them for the acquirement of property, the writer remarks: “As a general rule, farm-servants are a very so¬ ber, quiet, industrious class,— rarely spending their time and money in public-houses, or needlessly. A sober and industrious man has a fair chance of saving as much money, in the course of twelve or eighteen months, as may enable him to ‘go West’ and pur¬ chase a small lot of land. ‘The American labourer, if frugal and temperate, may have his own lot} and house, or cottage, and good furniture in it. By the aid of his cow, his garden, female industry, and good management, he may save his wages entire.’ Many eminent professional men and statesmen have had just such a humble beginning; and a great majority of wealthy farmers have begun in a similar position. A great help to parties with small capital is the fa¬ cilities given for the purchasing of land. In very few cases, indeed, is the purchase-money at all de¬ manded. The general way of doing business is pay¬ ing by yearly or half-yearly instalments. Where the purchase-money amounts to four or five thousand dollars, the time may extend over a period of six or seven years. Credit is universally given; farming tools and seeds, &c., can be got on easy terms.” Koyal Agricultural Society. The annual show of this association took place at Exeter, in Devonshire, in July last. In the depart¬ ment of live stock there seems not to have been as extensive a competition as in some former years, but in respect to quality, the animals were deemed generally equal to those of former exhibitions. An English paper observes: “ The horned cattle were, as usual, divided into three grand classes. Short-horns, Herefords, and Devons. Of the general characteristics of the an¬ imals exhibited of the three breeds, we believe we are right in stating that the show of short-horned bulls was indifferent; that of the heifers decidedly good; that of the cows very fair. The turn-out of Herefords of both sexes and all ages was not exten¬ sive, but good. The Devons, however, naturally formed the great attraction of the show, and a finer display of animals of this class was, in the opinion of competent judges, never previously brought to¬ gether.” The Leicester, Cotswold and South Down sheep, appeared in their usual number and excellence. At the dinner of the society, Mr. Lawrence, our minister to London, and Mr. Rives, our minister to Paris, were honored with seats, and both responded to complimentary toasts. The Farmer’s Every-Day Book; Or Sketches of Social Life in the Country ; with the popular elements of Practical and Theoretical Agriculture, and twelve hundred la¬ conics and apothegms relating to ethics, religion, and general lit¬ erature; also five hundred receipts on hygeian, domestic, and rural ecomomy. By Rev. John L. Blake, D. D. Auburn, Der¬ by, Miller & Co. The leading design of this work is to induce farm¬ ers to investigate the general principles of agricul¬ ture, by reading the best books and periodicals on the subject, and ultimately to secure such an educa¬ tion for the rising generation, as will enable them to practice the occupation with the best results. The author endeavors in the outset to overcome the pre¬ judice against “book farming ;” he has, therefore, to use his own language, — “instead of offering the rural community a large volume consisting of the didactics of agriculture, concluded to treat them with the tit¬ bits of domestic economy, with hints on education, with prescriptions for health, and especially with instructions for the better maintaining the social re¬ lations of life.” We think the work is well calcu¬ lated to interest and benefit a large portion of our rural population. The publishers have got it up in handsome style, and its appearance is altogether at¬ tractive. It will be seen that we have given, in another part of this number, an extract from its pages. 846 THE CULTIVATOR. Oct llo its for t[ir Montfr. Communications have come to hand, since our last, from R. H. Drake, Dr. H. S. Chase, Luther Redfield, A Subscriber, J. Briggs, Charles Nut¬ ting, David Hillman & Sons, C. H. Green, T. H. Hyatt, Titrius, W. T. Dennis, D. B. N., D. T. Brown, Chas. Hamilton, J. B. Books, Pamphlets, &c., have been received as follows : Report of the Naval Committee on the establishment of a line of Mail Steamships to the Western Coast of Africa, from Hon. F. P. Stanton, M C. Speech of the Hon. Mr. Bingham, of Michigan, in the House of Representatives, on the bill for the Extension of the Patent to the heirs of Jethro Wood, from the author. Descriptive Catalogue of Trees, Plants, &c., cultivated in the Mount Hope Nurseries of Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., for I850-’51. Catalogue of the Highland Nurseries of A. Saul & Co., Newburgh, N. Y., for 1850-:5I. Report on Trial of Plows. — It will be seen that we have occupied a considerable part of this number with the report on the trial of plows, which took place near this city in June last. This trial created much interest, and much eagerness has been mani¬ fested in regard to the report and awards. Our rea¬ ders will doubtless be gratified with a perusal of the document. Draining Tiles. — Mr. A. S. Babcock, of this city, is now engaged in the manufacture of drain- tiles of various descriptions. He has one of the most approved machines, imported from Scotland, and recommended by Mr. Stephens, author of The Book of the Farm , and has all the apparatus required for producing the best tiles. Our farmers will now have the opportunity of obtaining this important article in any quantities, and we hope the business of drainage will now be commenced in earnest, as we are convinced that no improvement, if judicious¬ ly executed, can yield a better return. The tiles can be shipped to any part of the country. Samples can be seen at this office. Animals from Africa and Spain. — Thos. H. Hyatt, Esq., our late Consul at Tangier, on his return to this country, a few days since, brought with him several animals — all of which are interest¬ ing from their rarity, and some of them are likely to be useful in this country. Among them are a hors of the Barbary stock, an Arabian pony, a wild boar from the Atlas mountains, a beautiful species of Af¬ rican partridge, several rare kinds of doves, and a pair of pigs and some fine fowls from the south of Spain. The horse was left with a gentleman in New York — the other animals, with the exceptioit of the Spanish fowls, were taken by Mr. H. to Rochester. The pony is of elegant form, and is said to be re¬ markable for speed and endurance. The wild boar is young, and does not yet show any of the ferocity for which his race is distinguished. He is a singu¬ lar animal, bearing but a distant resemblance to the domestic pig. His head is rather long, the face straight and narrow, the ears very small and up¬ right, the back arched, the legs long and slender. His coat is more like hair than bristles, and of an iron-grey color. What will be the effect of mingling this blood with the domestic stock, cannot be told at present, but we should suppose the stock of such a cross, would be likely to suit such farmers as wish their hogs to be able to outrun dogs. Sale of Short-horn Cattle.-— The sale of Mr. Sheaff.’s cattle took place at his farm in Dutchess county, on the 29th of August. The sale was well attended, and the animals sold at good prices. Twenty-eight cows brought sums varying from $47,50 to $185 ; calves from $55 to $105,* and the imported bull Exeter $500. The latter was pur¬ chased by L. F. Allen, Esq. , of Buffalo. The sum total brought by the 33 animals in the catalogue, was $4,857. Pears. — We have received from Mr. Colbert Huntington, of Painesvilie, Ohio, a box of pears, supposed to be a new variety. The box did not come to hand till the pears were rotten, so that, un¬ fortunately, we had not the pleasure of tasting them. Sale of Ayrshire Cattle. — The bull and cow which obtained the first prizes in their class, at the late Fair, have been sold by Mr. Prentice to Mr. Tiffany, of Coxsackie. They will furnish a good beginning for a valuable dairy stock. O’- The Ayrshire bull of Mr. Woodford, of Con¬ necticut, it will be seen by an advertisement, is left for sale at the farm of Mr. Prentice, near this city. He is of good blood, and would be a useful animal to take into a dairying district. Sale of Stock. — It will be seen by the advertise¬ ment, that the cattle, sheep and swine, belonging to the estate of the late Wm. Stickney, will be sold at auction, at Westminster, Vt., on the 9th of this month. It will afford an opportunity for the purchase of very fine animals, and probably at rea¬ sonable prices. Large Product of Butter. — S. P. Chap¬ man, Esq., of Clockville, Madison county, N. Y., obtained the premium for the best dairy cow at the late State Fair, for a Short-horn cow, five years old, bred by Geo. Vail, Esq., Troy. It was stated that the milk of this cow, during ten days in June last, yielded 20 lbs. and 4 oz. of butter ; and that her milk during ten days in August, yielded 19 lbs, 14 oz. butter. Mr. Wm. L. Cowles, of Farmington, Ct., exhi bited at the fair a very fine Devon cow, bred by Mr. Patterson, of Maryland. He stated that her milk, during ten days in June last, yielded 16 lbs. 14 oz. of butter. She is of medium size, and of beautiful form. She is not only good for the dairy, but is just such a cow as would be chosen to produce the most valuable working oxen, and such an one as would be likely to produce a healthy, hardy and useful pro¬ geny for any purpose. Honey. — We have received from Mr. Arza Gil¬ more, of Wayne, Maine, a sample of honey, of su¬ perior quality made the present season in his apiary. He has adopted a plan of keeping bees, which in many respects is novel. His bee-house and his spe¬ cimens of honey, each received the first premium at our late State Fair. He supports his bees, chiefly, by an artificial compound, prepared by himself. This renders the keeping of bees practicable in all situations. The compound is not expensive, and the honey made from it is pronounced, by all who have seen it, of the very best quality, and in small boxes and jars, readily sells in Boston and other cities at twenty -.five cents a pound. Mr. G. states that he has taken this season, from nine hives placed in his house last winter, twenty-three hundred pounds of honey. Profitable Sheep.- — In reply to the inquiry of Mr. John Johnston, in our August number, respect¬ ing the returns of flocks of sheep, as compared with his own, we have received the following statement from David Hillman & Sons, of East Avon, N. Y. The whole number of their flock was 349, of which 143 were ewes which raised lambs this season ; 97 were two-year-old ewes and wethers, 196 yearlings, 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 347 and 3 rams. Messrs. H. sheared from all, 1,730 lbs. wool, which sold at home for 39 cts. per pound, or in the aggregate, $674.70. The two-year-olds and yearlings, 203 in number, sheared 5^ lbs. washed wool per head. They were Merinos. Albany and Rensselaer Horticultural So¬ ciety. — The annual exhibition of this society was held at Albany, on the 18th and 19th of September. It was the finest display of fruits and flowers ever made by the society. Apples, pears and peaches, were numerous and fine, and there were several very handsome specimens of grapes, both of exotic and native varieties. The show of plums was not large — there being rather a scarcity of that fruit in this vicinity the present season, and it being, besides, ra¬ ther too late in the season for many of the best kinds. There were many fine peaches, all grown in this neighborhood. The principal exhibitors of fruits were Messrs. Dow, Prentice, Wendell, Wilson, Thorburn & Teller, Aiken, E. H. Pease, E. Cor¬ ning, Jr., Elisha Dorr, Denniston, and J. S. Goold. The show of flowers was very rich. Norman Briggs, of Schaghtieoke, exhibited ninety-five varieties of dahlias, most of them very perfect flowers, forming altogether the most attractive display of this kind we have ever seen. A specimen bloom of the vari¬ ety “Princess Radzville,” shown by James Wilson, was universally admired. There was a large show of roses, verbenas, asters. &c. The collection of roses shown by L. Menand, surpassed any similar display we have seen at this season of the year. The collection of Mr. Wilson was also fine. Very handsome collections of flowers of various kinds, were also shown by Messrs. Dingwall, Quinn, New¬ comb, Corning, Goold, and Pease. There was a large show of vegetables, and they were generally of a very excellent description. A Prize Animal. — The Short-horned bull “'Belle¬ ville,” bred and owned by J. Mason Hopper, Esq., of Stockton-on-Tees, which received the sweepstakes prize of £65, ($325) at the late show of the Highland Agricultural Society, had previously taken the high¬ est prizes in the class of Short-horns, at all the prin¬ cipal shows in the kingdom, viz, the Yorkshire Soci¬ ety, the Royal Society, the Irish Improvement Soci¬ ety, and the Highland Society. He is seven years old. The whole amount he has received in prizes is £160, or about $800. Leap of a Horse. — A Pottsville (Pa.) paper states that a mare, on which a boy twelve years old was riding, became frightened and ran away. In her course, she came to where a bridge across a stream had been removed. Here she paused for a moment, as if hesitating to attempt the leap; but gathering her energies, she bounded across the gulph. Several persons immediately measured the distance, and found it to be twenty-seven feet. Neither the mare or rider were injured. Mill-Tolls in Arkansas. — D. H. Bingham ad¬ vertises in the Little Rock Gazette and Democrat , that persons wishing to have corn ground, can have it done at his mill at any time; that there may be no “misunderstanding,” he gives notice that “the rates of toll charged, are one-third, or twenty-five cents per bushel.” Will Fish revive after having Frozen? — It has often been said that some kinds of fish would revive after they had been frozen entirely through. A correspondent of the Cleveland Visitor, states that a lot of perch were caught in the winter, and thrown on the snow, where they soon froze so solid that in handling them, many had their fins broken off. After remaining frozen several hours, they were put in a tub of wTater, and on examining them after they had been in the water a while, several of them were found as lively and active as any fish could be. Dr. J. P. Kirtland, in the same paper, states that in 1820, he and several other persons caught eight or ten bushels of eels, in a stream in Connecticut. It was in very cold weather, and the eels had been driven from a mill-pond by drawing off the water. He says: — “ The eels were taken home, and during the night were placed in a cold and exposed room, and were literally as stiff and almost as brittle as icicles. The next morning a tub was filled with them, into which was poured a quantity of water drawn from the well, and they were then placed in a warm stove-room for the pur¬ pose of thawing. In the course of an hour or two the family were astonished to find them resuscitated and as active as if just taken during summer. The experiment was tried with a number of tubs full during the day and with similar results.” Sagacity and Strength of the Spider. — The intelligence and power evinced by the spider in securing its prey, has often attracted attention; but we have seldom heard of so remarkable a display of these faculties as we witnessed a short time since. A small-sized spider had made his web on the under side of a table. Early one morning, a cockroach was noticed on the floor, directly under the web, and on approaching to take it away, it was found that the spider had thrown a line round one of its legs, and while the observer was looking at it, the spider came down and lassoed the opposite leg of the cock¬ roach. The spider then went up to his web, but instantly came dowTn and fastened a line to another leg, and continued for several minutes darting down and fastening lines to different parts of the body of his victim. The struggles of the cockroach, (though a „full-grown one,) were unavailing to effect his escape — he could not break his bonds, and his efforts seemed only to entangle him the more. As his struggles became more and more feeble, the spider threw his lines more thickly around him; and when he had become nearly exhausted, the spider proceed¬ ed to raise him from the floor. This he did by rais¬ ing one end at a time. He at first raised the head and forward part of the body, nearly half an inch; then raised the other end ; and so continued to work, till the cockroach was elevated five or six inches from the floor. Thus, ‘ 1 hung in chains,” the victim was left to die. The spider was, as before remark¬ ed, a small one, and could not have been more than a tenth, the weight of his prey. Seedling Apple. — We received some time since, from Charles P. Cowles, Esq., of Syracuse, some specimens of a seedling apple. They appeared to have been picked rather too green to admit of their quality being fully ascertained, as they were very hard when received, and rotted without becoming naturally ripe. We cannot, therefore, judge fairly of its merits. It is a fruit of fair size and form, and handsome appearance. Wool Market— Sept. 23, 1850. The market is firm for all grades— though less active for the fine than for medium and low qualities. The demand for the latter be¬ ing greater than the supply the prices of Foreign have advanced to an unusually high figure. There is no probability that the quantity im¬ ported can be materially increased, and certainly not without fur¬ ther advancing the rates. The recent public sales in London, of Foreign and Colonial wools, show an advance of one penny (2 cts ) per pound, with a very active market. This state of things in both the United States and England, gives the assurance that before the close of the season, the Saxony clips of the U. S. will be wanted at fair prices. We quote, Saxony Fleece, . 44a50c. Full blood Merino, . . . 40«42c. £ to f do . 30a38c. Native to | do . 33a 36c. .348 THE CULTIVATOR. Oct. $Jrtce0 cf Agricultural |3robuct0. [Review of the Market for the last month.] Albany, Sept. 20, 1850. Our market since our last report has been active, though not more so than is general at this season of the year. A good business has been done in the leading articles of produce. FLOUR. — The early part of the month called forth but a light supply of flouf, the demand being confined mainly to the usual city and east¬ ern trade. Within the last week, however, a more active inquiry has sprung up, chiefly from the east, whence buyers have come forward freely and purchases to a fair extent have been made, chiefly stimu¬ lated by reports of the extension of the potato rot in the eastern states. Quotations during the month have fallen off, upon the increasing re¬ ceipts by canal ; at present they are firm, with a tendency on the low grades to advance, while a contrary course is anticipated with the high grades. The sales add up 40,000 brls, at $4a$4.25 for com¬ mon State, $4,25a$4,37A for old Western, which is scarce, Si, 50a SI. 62^ for fresh ground State, $4,62£a$4,75 for new Western, $4’87£a$5 for pure Genesee, $5 for fancy Western, $5,12|-a$5,37£ for fancy Genesee, and $5,50a$6,50 for extra do. Buckwheat is beginning to arrive and sells at $2 per cwt. GRAIN. — The market for grain, especially for Wheat and Barley, has been very active. In Wheat the transactions have reached 108,000 bush., 98,000 of which have been of prime white Genesee, the balance Ohio and Mediterranean ; the sales of Wheat for this market are unprecedented in amount ; the market closed with our last report at 116all7 for prime samples of Genesee, and after falling to 107c, on the 31st ult., has recovered nearly all it had lost, and is firm at 115all5£c for good samples ; the other descriptions sold at 95al00c for Mediterranean, 95a97c for Ohio, and 87-^c for a lot of red Ohio. In canal Rye we have no sales to note ; in the street 75c is paid. In Corn there is less doing, and the transactions are confined entirely to Western mixed ; during a portion of the month the market has been neglected, but within a few days a more active demand has sprung up, caused in part by the condition of the potato crop, and our highest figure in the last report is fully maintained, with a tendency to a further advance; the sales are 89.000 bush., at prices varying from 59 to 63, closing firm at the higher figure. Oats have been dull of sale until within a few days, when a light stock in New York stimulating prices, we have a more active market, with pur¬ chases for future delivery ; the sales are 66,000 bush., at a range of 39 to 4l£c, with sales at 41Jon the spot, and 40a41 for lots to arrive within a few days, and for delivery before the 10th of October. The opening of the Barley season has been more than usually brisk ; the light stock of malt in the hands of brewers has caused a ready sale and active demand for all lots of prime barley offering, and holders have met the demand promptly, the receipts by canal being in ad¬ vance of those of the corresponding period last year, about 300,000 bush. The bulk of the barley coming forward is discolored, and purchases of these descriptions are made at a low figure, or are en¬ tirely neglected. There are various opinions afloat as to the extent of the present barley crop, and as a consequence as to the price the article will command before the close of the canal ; holders, almost without exception, represent the crop much short of last year; some as high as 400,000 bush., and of course look lor high figures all this season ; buyers, on the other hand, hold off and buy only as iheir necessities require, or as the article may suit. All agree that the crop is inferior to that of last year, and that it is not so large. Our sales reported are to the extent of 220,000 bush., of which 136,000 is two-rowed, at quotations ranging from 70 to 80 for both descriptions ; the market for ordinary to good two-rowed may be quoted at70a72c, and for four-rowed at 75a77c ; last sales were made at 7l£ for two- rowed, and 75£a77c for four-rowed, the higher figure for a very bright sample ; in the street 72a75c. FEED.— The sales are about 90,000 hush., at 9al0 for bran, llal4c for shorts, 15al8c for second quality, and SOalOOc for middlings. WHISKEY. — The demand has been good and always in excess of the supply ; the sales are 1300 brls. closing firm at 27 £ for S. P. SALT. — Sales to a fair extent at 10al0£ for bags, and 100c for brls. HOPS. — Some samples of the new crop have been received and show well; the condition of the English crop, upou which £200,000 duty is backed, forbids high prices here. Sales of the crop of 1849 at 15c. SEED. — Flax seed arrives sparingly and sells at 125c. Timothy is firm and in demand at S3, 37£. BROOM CORN.— Sales of Ohio have been made at 8£c. PROVISIONS. — No demand beyond the retail trade. No change in figures. Fruit Trees. THE subscriber offers for sale this fall a good assortment of Apple, Cherry, Apricot, Peach, Plum, (medium size Pear) and Necta¬ rine Trees. Among which are 30,000 fine Apple Trees from 3 to 4 years old and from 7 to 11 feet high ; 2.000 to 5,000 each of Baldwin, Newtown Pippin, Rhode Island Greening, Bellflower, &c. 6,000 Cherry Trees, of 40 of the most choice varieties, many of winch are of extra size. 4,000 Early Golden Apricot trees of all sizes and shapes. 10,000 Isabella and Catawba Grape vines from 2 to 4 years old. 2,000 Orange Quince bushes (fine). 1,000 Fir Trees from l£ to four feet high. The above will be sold as low and on as favorable terms as at any other nursery in this neighborhood. Price catalogues sent to all ap¬ plications. CHARLES DUBOIS. Oct. 1, 1850 — It. Fishkill Landing, N. Y. The N ursery is two miles south of Fishkill ferry. Nursery. THE subscriber offers for sale 5,000 Apple Trees, from 6 to 9 feet high, comprising 100 of the best varieties cultivated, at 17 cents each. 3,000 Peach Trees, from 6 to 9 feet, comprising 50 of the best varieties, at $12.50 per hundred, 17 cts. per single tree. A few Cher¬ ry, Pear and Plum trees ; various kinds of Ornamental trees, from 25 to 33 cents. 1,500 Arbor Vitaes, from 3 to 5 feet, suitable for hedges, $12.50 per hundred. The Nursery is situated within 2 miles of Daysville depot, on the Norwich and Worcester Railroad. Trees will be carefully packed and delivered at the above place free of charge, when orders exceed $5. Persons from abroad ordering trees are assured that their orders will be faithfully executed. SIMON L. COTTON. Pomfret Landing, Conn., Oct. 1, 1850 — It* *. _ _ Samuel Moulson, At the Old Rochester Nursery , North Clinton-street, Rochester , N. Y. Office 36 Front-street , T>EGS to offer the usual assortment of fruit and ornamental trees, shrubs, bulbs and herbaceous plants, among which are — 100,000 of the celebrated Northern Spy Apple tree, root grafted, and sufficiently deeply planted to insure roots from the scions. This tree is remarkably thrifty. Those I offer are fine grown, guarantied true to name, or the puchase money refunded. 6 to 8 feet, 37£ cents each. 5 to 6 feet, 3l£ cents. 4 feet, 25 cents. 40,000 various select sorts of Apple. 30,000 Pear, Peach, Cherry, Apricot, Nectarines, Plums, &c. 5,000 fine 4 year Norway Spruce, grown from seeds once transplanted. Orders solicited, and trees properly packed for any part of the United States or Canada. Cata¬ logues to be had gratis. OFFERED TO THE TRADE, 100,000 one year Pear seedlings; 50.000 two year Apple seed¬ lings ; 10,000 one year Cherry seedlings ; 50,000 one year Norway Spruce, with many other items, a trade list of which will be fur¬ nished early in autumn. _ Oct. 1 — It. Highland Nurseries, Newtourgh, N. Y. [Late A. J. Dmvning fy Co.) 'THE proprietors of this establishment offer for sale, this autumn, the largest stock of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, which they have ever before had the pleasure of offering to their patrons, and the public in general. They would particularly call the attention of dealers and planters on a large scale, to the superior quality of the stock, who will be dealt with on the best and most liberal terms. Their stock of Pear trees is very large, over twenty thousand, and extra in quality, and comprises all the leading standard varieties, as well as all the recent acquisitions of merit. Particular attention paid to the cultivation of the Pear on Quince, Cherry on Mahaleb and Apple on Paradise Stocks for pyramids and dwarfs for garden culture ; and of which there is a choice as¬ sortment of the kinds most suited for those purposes. Apple trees, of large size, in every variety; also Plum, Cherry, Peach, Nectarine, Apricot and Quince trees, of every known variety- worthy of cultivation. Together with a full assortment of Grapevines, native and foreign, Raspberries, Gooseberries, Currants, Strawberries, and esculent roots, such as Asparagus, Rhubarb, Sea Kale, &c., of the most ap¬ proved kinds. Hedge Plants — In large quantities of American Arbor Vitae, Osage Orange, Buckthorn, Three-thorned Acacia, ONE MILL. — For sale, one Bone Mill, for "horse power, com- * plete, capable of grinding from 150 to 200 bushels per day. Also, a Steam-Power Mill, capable of grinding from 800 to 1,200 bushels per day. Engine of 16-Horse Power, with two boilers, of 25-Horse Power, all complete. Apply by letter, or otherwise, to ALEXANDER HORNBY, 26th st., 9th Avenue, New- York. N. B. — The Horse Power will be sold very cheap. Oct. 1— It.* 1850 THE CULTIVATOR 349 Prince’s Linnecen Botanic Gardens and Nurseries , Flushing , N. Y. TITM. R. PRINCE & Co., successors of Wm. Frince, and so2e VV proprietors of his great collection, offer the largest and choicest assortment of Fruit and Ornamental Trees and Plants to be found in America, and will transmit Descriptive Catalogues to all post-paid applicants desirous to purchase. The choicest varieties of Fruits, which are scarce elsewhere, are here extensively cultivated, and ap¬ plicants will not be disappointed. Every desirable fruit enumerated by Downing, Manning, Kenrick, Hovey, and in the Catalogues of Europe, can be supplied. Of the finest varieties of Pears, 50,000 trees can be supplied, of which 15,000 are of bearing age on both the Pear and the Quince. Purchasers are solicited to visit the establish¬ ment and judge for themselves, but the same attention will be paid to the selection for all distant correspondents. The prices are as low and mostly lower than trees of equal quality can be elsewhere ob¬ tained. And above five hundred varieties of Fruit Trees, and a much larger number of Ornamental Trees, can be supplied, that cannot be obtained elsewhere in the Union, except in a few casual instances. Every premium for Roses and Strawberries was awarded to us by the Long Island Horticultural Society. A wholesale Catalogue will be sent to all venders. The transportation expense to the west is now moderate, and the Agent’s Receipt will be sent to each purchaser, which will prevent the possibility of loss. Cash or a reference can be sent with the order, by those who are strangers to us. Oct. 1, 1850 — It. For Sale, a Beautiful Farm, OITUATED | a mile from Greenfield Hill, in the town and county ^ of Fairfield, Conn., 4 miles from Long Island Sound, and 3£ miles from the depot of the N. York & N. Haven Railroad, either at Fair- field or Southport, containing about 100 acres, 70 of which are arable and meadow land, under good state of cultivation, and 30 acres of woodland. The buildings consist of a good 2 story dwelling house, large barn, grainery, and other outbuildings, all in good condition. It is well stocked with fruit trees — is well fenced, and a beautiful stream of water passes 4 rods in the rear of the house. For informa¬ tion as to price, terms of payment, and such further description as may be desired, apply personally, or by letter directed to HENRY SMITH, Greenfield Hill P. O., or (personally) to WM. BANTA, Oct. 1— It*. 106 Canal st., N. Y. Blatchly’s Plows. WE are now manufacturing and offer to the farming public these * ’ celebrated plows. We claim for these plows, that they are of light draft, laying the furrow more closely, covering vegetable matter completely, and from their height of beam, admirably adapted to plowing in clover. From the peculiar shape of the point, work admirably in hard gravelly and stony soils. Any person giving one a fair trial, and dissatisfied with its working, is at liberty to return it, and the money will be cheerfully refunded. One of them was exhi¬ bited at the State Fair, and will be remembered by many readers of the Cultivator. Prices, delivered on Erie Railroad at Great Bend : No. O, 1 horse or corn plow, . $3 50 No. L, 2 “ “ 5 00 “ 2 or 3 horse “ 5 50 Montrose, Pa., Sept. 15, 1850-lt* JOSEPH FULLER & Co. Unrivaled Improvement in Water Wheels for Mill-Owners. T> ECENT improvements in the French Turbine and Scotch Mortar Water Wheels, exceeding all others, even the most perfect Over¬ shot Wheel, by a great percentage, has been patented by Mr. Henry Van Dewater. It has been fully tested, and found far in advance of all other wheels, both in power and economy, or quantity of water required. Its superiority is established in the following points : 1st. It gives greater percentage of the water. 2d. Is not affected by back-water. 3d. Is not obstructed by ice. 4th. Wastes no water. 5th. Is more durable. 6th. Requires less room. 7th. It is less varia¬ ble in its motion when performing more or less labor, with the same supply of water. The quantity of water required under different heads and falls, for six and a half horse power, say from 5 feet to 28 feet fall, first ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in 5-114, 6-88, 7-68, 8-57, 9-48, 10-44, 11-38, 12-31, 13-31, 14-29, 15-26, ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in 16-25, 17-23, 18-21, 19-20, 20-19, 21-18, 22-17, 23-16, 24 15, 25-14, ft in ft in ft in 26-11, 27-10, 28-9. All who may wish to improve their mills or fac¬ tories, by the use of the above wheels, and will send us a statement of head and fall of water, and the amount of horse power required to drive the machinery they use, will receive immediate attention. KT* This wheel is capable of driving, according to the quantity water, and as the head and fall may be in height, from 6 horse-power to 250 horse-power. Mr. Jagger, is a practical and experienced mill- wright, and con¬ siders this the best Water Wheel that has ever been offered to the public. We have a large assortment of Machinery patterns, that have been collecting more than fifty years, and are ready at all times to furnish Castings, fitted or not, at short notice and on fair terms. JAGGER, TREADWELL & PERRY, Eagle Foundry and Machinery Works, Oct. 1 — 6t. No. 110 Beaver street, Albany, N. Y. White Dorkings. T^HE subscriber has on hand a few choice White Dorking fowls which he will sell at fair prices — bred by himself. As far as his knowledge goes, this variety of the Dorkings is more sought after, both in England and in this country, on account of their color. Price, $5 per pair. L. DURAND. Derby, Ct., Oct. 1, 1850— 2t.* _ _ _ Pear Seedlings. ^FHE undersigned offers for sale, 100,000 pear seedlings, from $8.00 to $20.00 per 1,000, and a great variety of dwarf and free stocks for nurseries at low prices — fruit and ornamental; also Deodar Cedars, 1 to 3 ft., $1 to $3 ; Araucaria imbricata, $1 ; Cedar of Lebanon, $1; Thuya filiformis, $1.50; Lonicera Lede- bourii, 50 cents ; Spiraea Reevsii, 50 cents ; - - prunifolia fl. pleno, 50 cents ; Japan Pear, double crimson, 50 cts ; Ribes albidum, 50 cts ; Spiraea Lindleyana, 50 cents. New Lilacs, fine Double Hawthorns, and a full assortment of ornamental plants, of which a priced list will be sent, post paid, to order. APPLES— A few hundred extra Dwarf Pyramidal Apples, of the best sorts, in a bearing state. RHUBARB — Ten thousand Willmott’s Early, aud Myatt’s Victo¬ ria Rhubarb. IVES’ WASHINGTON SEEDLING PLUM— (Originated % J. M. Ives, Esq., of Salem, Mass..) is pronounced by the best judg¬ es equal to any American Plum yet produced. It is of great size and beauty, and of delicious flavor. $2.00 Local Fruits. — The Watson Pear, an excellent early pear, (Au¬ gust 20.) handsome, and of good size, of a peculiar and delicious flavor; an old favorite here, where it has fruited above sixty years. The Horseblock or Manonet, Sassafras or Spur Sweet, Holnes and Hightop Apples, are all excellent fruit, descriptions of which may be found in the leading Horticultural Magazines for the years 1849-50. One of each of the above, $2.00. B. M. WATSON. Old Colony Nurseries, Plymouth, Mass., Oct. 1, 1850 — tf. Emery & Co.’s New- York State Agricultural Society'1 s first premium Railroad Horse Power and Thresher , ( with the latest and important improvements , for which patent is secured.) rpHESE HORSE POWERS were exhibited in operation at the September Fair of the N. Y. S A Society, at Albany, in Com¬ petition with Wheeler’s, (still made and sold by us,) Allen’s, and se¬ veral others, including all of any note now before the public on the endless chain principle, where all were thoroughly examined, as the able report of the committee will testify, when they unanimously agreed to award E. & Co., the first premium for superior mechanical construction, durability, strength and power, (without regard to any former premiums which have heretofore been awarded to some of those in competition.) The demand for the above machines exceeds our most sanguine anticipations. Its superiority over any we have heretofore sold is demonstrated every day by those using them, and the unprecedented demand for the same — and lastly', by the full and able report of the Committee on Farming Machinery at our late State Society’s Fair. The Farming Public are assured that no expense will be spared to make our machines satisfactory in every respect. For further par¬ ticulars, terms, prices, warranty, description, Sec., see Catalogue, furnished gratis on application, by mail or otherwise, to EMERY & Co. Proprietors of the Albany Agricultural Works, Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos. 369 and 371, Broadway, Albany, N. Y. Och 1, 1850. Card. 117HEREAS Messrs. Wheeler, Melick & Co. have recently re- ** moved to this city, and formed a co-partnership for the purpose of manufacturing Horse Powers and Threshers, and leased of the subscriber a portion of his extensive manufactory for said purpose, and occupied the same, have of late pursued a course of advertising by styling themselves the proprietors of the “ Albany Agricultu¬ ral Works,” and “ manufacturers and dealers of Agricultural Im¬ plements generally ,” and otherwise, so as to have left the impression upon the public mind that they have either become the proprietors or manufacturers in connection with our establishment, or have suc¬ ceeded us in the name and business of the same, greatly to our inju¬ ry. This notice is, therefore* to inform our patrons and the public, that our interests are and ever have been distinct and separate. — and further, that their advertisements, bills, cards, &c., with our own, were laid before the Grand Jury of this county, by whom they were indicted; since which an injunction has been granted restraining them from the further use of . the name or other means by which they shall appear in any way connected with, or the proprietors of the said es¬ tablishment. HORACE L. EMERY. Oct. 1, 1850. 350 THE CULTIVATOR. Oct Chinese Chrysanthemums, Flushing, L. I , near New-York. WINTER § Co., proprietors. THE proprietors have still remaining a very considerable stock A and variety of FRUIT and ORNAMENTAL TREES, Shrubs, Vines, Plants, Roses, &c., which they will dispose of for cash, at a reduction of 25 to 50 per cent, and upwards from the usual prices according to kind and quantity. Descriptive Catalogues gratis, on application postpaid. Apple trees. 2 to 4 years old, $6 to $10 per 100. Pear trees, 2 to 4 years old, $25 to $50 per 100. Cherry trees. 2 years old, $12.50 per 100. Orange Quinces, 3£ to 5 feet, $12*50 per 100. Black Hamburgh and other foreign Grape Vines, extra strong plants, $5 per doz. Two-year-old Seedling Plum Stocks, $7 per 1,000. Oct. 1, 1850— It. Plum Stocks Wanted. SEVERAL THOUSAND PLUM STOCKS, suitable for budding ^ next year, wanted immediately. Apply to Oct. 1— It. _ ELISHA DORR, Albany. Bloodgood Nursery, Flushing, L. I., near Nevj York. THE proprietors of this well established Nursery, offer for sale A every variety of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Evergreens, Flowering Shrubs, Grape Vines. Hedge Plants, Raspberries, Straw¬ berries, icc. Our Fruit trees are of superior quality and large groivth, and we are able to furnish them in any quantity, of almost any variety, which is a great inducement to purchasers. Orders sent to us, at Flushing, or 244 Pearl street, New York, (where Catalogues may be obtained gratis,) will receive immediate attention, and the trees packed with great care for transportation. Oct. 1st— It. KING & RIPLEY. THE CULTIVATOR Is published on the first of each month , at Albany , N. Y., by LUTHER TUCKER, PROPRIETOR. LUTHER TUCKER & SANFORD HOWARD, Editors. $1 per aim.— 7 copies for $5—15 for $10. 0s* All subscriptions to commence with the volume, (the Jan. No..) and to be paid in advance. All subscriptions, not renewed by payment for the next year, are discontinued at the end of each volume. [CP* The back vols. can be furnished to new subscribers— and mav be obtained of the following Agents : NEW -Y O K K — M. H. Newman & Co., 199 Broadway. BOSTON — .T. Breck & Co., 52 North Marlcet-st., and E. Wight, 7 Congress-st. PHILADELPHIA— G. B. Zieber. Advertisements— The charge for advertisements is $1, for 12 lines, for each insertion. No variation made from these terms. “to improve the soil and the mind.” New Series. ALBANY, NOVEMBER, 1850. Vol. VII.— No. 11. Agriculture — Its Labors, its Profits, its Pleasures. There are some questions in relation to agriculture that are of vital interest to us as practical farmers. In these days of struggling for wealth and honors, and in these days, too, of striving for making mo¬ ney in the easiest way, questions like the following come to us from many quarters. Is the profit of agriculture at all adequate to its labor? Is not ag¬ riculture a life of incessant toil? Of all trades and occupations, is it not the poorest investment for capital? In a former communication for the Cultivator, I simply glanced at the subject,- I wish now to con¬ sider it a little more in detail. The questions must be met and answered, and they must be answered fair¬ ly, too. It will not do to quote one or two instan¬ ces where men have been particularly favored, and have acquired property by agricultural pursuits. It is with agriculture as a business, a calling, that we have now to do. I say the questions must be an¬ swered, and fairly answered, and the answer to them is a matter of vital interest to us as practical farmers. Many young men are yearly leaving their fathers and going to the large cities to seek employment. Some become clerks in stores, others become cartmen, some become one thing, some another; all however, under the fixed apprehension that anything is better than agriculture, that everything pays a better pro¬ fit. If it can be proved that everything is more pro¬ fitable than agriculture, that it is a calling scarce worth following, and in fact only followed either by rich men for their amusement and pleasure, or by those who have been brought up to the business, and who cannot get out of it — then indeed have we found a mystery. What is it but this — that agricul¬ ture, the most ancient, the most honorable of all oc¬ cupations — the main spring of trade, commerce, and of all other occupations, — the source from which all the other callings derive their support— -that this, I say, is worthless. But if, on the contrary, it can be shown that the complaint is ill founded, something at least for the honor of agriculture will be achieved. I wish, then, in this article, to consider its labors, its profits, its pleasures. First, then. Its Labors. — Mankind are ever prone to find fault with the occupation which they have chosen, or into which circumstance have called them. It is by no means wonderful that some farmers should complain of their lot; if they did not, it would show a superiority in their calling above all others. Who has not heard the doctor complain of the hardship of his lot, the lawyer of his, the merchant of his, and men of all other occupations and trades of theirs. Now it is no doubt true that the labor of the farmer is severe. He must make hay when the sun shines. I He must plow and hoe through the long summer day. His sweaty brow, his sun-burnt cheek, betoken him a man of toil, but his rugged countenance betokens, too, that his toil is healthy. His face bears not the care worn look of the doctor, anxious for the fate of his patients; or the lawyer, studying patiently and laboriously the cause he is about to try; or yet the merchant, plodding over his account-books. The farmer’s toil is hard, but when night comes, he can lie down in calm repose and rest from his labors, while nature is carrying on the process of growth among his crops. The farmer’s toil is hard, but we may hope from present appearances that much of the severe physical labor to which he has been subjected, may be ameliorated by the invention of labor-saving machinery. The Profits of Agriculture. — Is it at all ad¬ equate to its labor? I think it is. I think that all other things being equal, agriculture can be made to pay as good an interest as any other legitimate occupation. It is an axiom of trade and business, that the greater the risk, the greater the profit. Now, agriculture is truly a legitimate business — it is a choice which a man makes from among the va¬ rious branches of social occupations as to which way he will obtain a livelihood. Any man, therefore, who enters into the pursuit of agriculture as a matter of speculation , will be very apt to be disappointed; but if he enter into it and is qualified for his business, I think he cannot fail of making a compensation for his labors. Things, I believe, are more evenly bal¬ anced than men are willing at first sight to admit. Now I do not claim that the profits of the farmer are as large as the profits of the merchant. I do not know whether they ever will be — there are many things in the way which forbid it. In the first place, the risk of the farmer is not by any means as great as the risk of the merchant, and according to the axiom of trade, we have mentioned he cannot look for as large profits. But again, there are facilities connected with the credit system which belong solely to the merchant and trader, which the farmer cannot, with safety, avail himself of. A merchant with a capital of five thousand dollars, often trades to the amount of twenty thousand dollars; sometimes to a much greater amount. Some singular developements of the abuse of the credit system came to light during the panic of 1837, in the city of New-York. Men with little or no capital, failed for immense amounts. Perhaps some one may say, “well, if my capital of $5,000 gives me the opportunity of trading to the amount of $20,000, I am better off in business, and can make more by my business than the farmer can, with the same amount of actual capital which I possess.” I would reply to that — yes: so you can, but if you think it both safe and honest, it is more than I do. You run a great risk and get a good profit ; so long 354 THE CULTIVATOR. Nov. as times are good and business prosperous, you may get along, but let a panic come, and then what? Not only are you almost certain of failing yourself, but in your downfall you make others suffer with you — you are, in fact, living and doing business on other men’s money. It is computed as a moderate calcu¬ lation that 80 to 85 business men out of 100, fail during a period of 25 years. This thing alone, to any man sensitive to debt, would render him cau¬ tious about entering the arena of trade. From the remark above made, I hope no one will think that I oppose a just and lawful use of credit — this is well and good — it is the abuse and notthewse of it, that I would censure. A man may trade and do business to once, twice, and even thrice the amount of his capital, and yet do a safe business, but when he attempts, on a small capital, to do a business unauthorised by that capital, I say then it is not morally honest. Many men make more money than the farmer, but we cannot always measure the amount of actual profit by this alone; for those who make the most, are of necessity obliged to spend the most. Thus the merchant, doing a large business at home and abroad, is of necessity compelled to en¬ tertain largely. His profits are doubtless some¬ times large, but his losses are often heavy, and his expenses great. His style of living, too, must be somewhat in accordance with his business. Let no man say that this matter is optional, that the mer¬ chant need not do it — he must do it. It is to a great extent by his courtesy and hospitality, and magnifi¬ cent entertainments, that he obtains his business. The profits of the farmer may be slow, but they are sure, and we entertain a hope that with more knowledge, they will be more rapid and still remain sure. But before we consent to call the profits of the farmer less than those of many other occupations, let us examine a little further into the matter. Take, for example, the mechanic; do his wages en¬ able him to get rich in a little while? So of the doctor and the lawyer; years of toil and study must first be passed through, before they can arrive at great profit or eminence in their professions. If the young farmer leaves his father’s farm for the sake of the profits attending a clerkship in some large city, we think he will be mistaken, for it is not long ago that meetings were held in the city of New- York, among the clerks, with a view to better their condi¬ tion, and it was stated as a fact, at some of those meetings, that the average wages of clerks was not equal to those of day laborers; and upon these wa¬ ges they were obliged to live and make a respecta¬ ble appearance; and I feel warranted in saying that things are no better now. Here and there a clerk with fine business talents may rise to eminence under favorable circumstances, but as a general thing, the rising of a clerk is like promotion in the army and navy, very slow. The profits of the farmer may appear slow; but look at the facts in many cases ; see how many farm¬ ers are laboring under heavy debt. Small means and a heavy debt, would be a great drawback in any business; but yet the industrious and enterprising farmer is not dismayed at it; through difficulties, through trials he presses onward and in most cases wins the victory. It must be an occupation worth following that can enable a man to do this. But with the farmer, it is not only the actual profit he derives, for if he is a good manager his farm is al¬ ways increasing in value, and this is a continual profit to him. Many instances can be shown in al¬ most all sections of the country, where men who be¬ gan farming with very little means, are now quite comfortably off. If, then, farming has been made a source of profit in days gone by, may we not hope when the light of science shall be brought to aid practical experience, that the profits of the farmer will be increased according to the intelligence and experience which he brings to his vocation. If the farmer would make his calling profitable, he must learn to think — to work with his head as well as with his hands. The same system of farming will not answer for all parts of our widely-extended coun¬ try. In one section it may be most profitable to grow wheat, in another corn, in another to raise stock, in another to keep cows, in another to sell hay and buy manure; in almost all to combine with farming the growing of fruit. About these things and a hundred others, the farmer must use his own judgment, and in each and all, must take care not to be wedded too much to the opinions of his fathers, for since their day, things have changed; railroads, ca¬ nals, steamboats have brought the far off places of the West in close communication with the seaboard , and we, who occupy soils worn by the culture of long years, must redouble our vigilance, if we would com¬ pete favorably with our western friends. Above all things, let us never despair. If we think that other men in other callings are making more money than we are, let us be satisfied with our lot, when we think that our calling is less harrassing, and in gen¬ eral far happier. But we must take care and not be deceived by appearances, for when we examine the matter closely, we will find that gold and silver are not accumulated very fast at the present day, in any ordinary business. I have spoken of the toil and the profits of agri culture. I cannot leave the subject without, for a few moments, turning to its pleasures. My farm¬ er friends, I cannot but feel that few of us esteem our noble calling as we ought. With many it is a life of ceaseless and unending toil, no higher aim or ob¬ ject is seen in it, save to plow, to sow, to reap, to “do business and get gain;” so that the dollar be made, no matter whether the soul is buried beneath the body’s toil or not. Lost in its toil, we think not that it has a pleasure. But let us pause a moment and look around us; there are things that come to us in the way of our business, that to other men, in other occupations, would be looked upon as lux¬ uries. It is in the power of every farmer to have a good garden ; from this garden, during the season of vegetables, his table can be supplied at a trifling expense, with the choicest and freshest of them; so too of fruits, apples, pears, peaches, cherries, plums, and a variety of others, all can appear at his social board. During the summer months, the inhabitants of the city fly to the country for health and fine air, whenever opportunity offers; but the farmer and his family, if health and fine air are to be found in the country of his abode, will be sure to possess them. Contrast the pale and sickly appearance of many children inhabiting our large cities, with, the rug¬ ged and healthy look of our farmers’ boys and girls, and tell us if we have not cause of rejoicing. Need I tell you of the many rides you enjoy through the still, sweet summer morn, which to the mechanic or man of trade, would be so welcome? Need I point to the sweet flowers around your dwellings, grow¬ ing there almost spontaneously, whose perfume greets your senses? Different, ah! different, indeed is your abode amid fruits and flowers, to the abode of him who is hemmed in in the busy mart of trade. There is not a busy time or season but hath its joy for us. From the first note of the peepers in the early spring-time, through the flowery summer, the rich and golden autumn, and the social hearth of winter, each and all in their good time, bring to us 1850 THE CULTIVATOR. 355 cause for rejoicing. What we stand in need of most, are contented hearts and refined minds, to re¬ spond to the soft influences of nature that are ever around us. Let us not be so wrapt up in the toil of our life, as to forget the pleasures in our path. H. C. W. Putnam Valley , N. Y. , August, 1850. Oriental and Ancient Customs of the Moors and Arabs : Their rustic habits of rural life:— their Plows and modes of Til lage^- they are no “ book-farmers”— the patriarchal and nomade customs kept up — the women “ grinding at the mill,” and “ gleaning and thrashing” in the fields— the Arab’s substitute for railroads, &c.— their grain-pits — “plowing with the heifer,” and divers other droll kinds of team — the Arab fond of a roving, pastoral life — con¬ cluding with the “ Wild Arab Song of Freedom.” Tangier, June 20, 1850. L. Tucker, Esq. — Dear Sir: Above I send you a drawing I have made of a Moorish and Arab plow, with a key, descriptive of its various parts, their proportions, &c. Although I have been thus par¬ ticular in my description, I do not suppose that this plow will be very generally adopted as a model by the American farmers. And yet, in a land so abound¬ ing in tall timber an d crooked sticks , such an earth- scrateher may be made very cheap! Should these, or any other motives, induce in any of our Yankee farmers a desire to adopt this very naturally formed implement, they need have no fears of being prose¬ cuted for a breach of patented rights— as I promise to stand between them and all harm, on that score! It is peculiarly, emphatically and appropriately, the “anti-book farmer’s plow.” For those who make and use these plows are inexorably averse to anything like agricultural reading, or knowledge, whether it be imparted in the form of books, period¬ icals, or orally. They read no book but the Koran — and I believe that is not particularly prolific in agricultural knowledge. These people believe that all improvements that have been made since the days of the patriarchs, are shocking innovations. As the primitive fathers “tilled the earth and tended the flocks,” so they have been content to do it, and will be henceforth and forever. All innovations upon those time-honored customs, they regard as but the wicked devices of those who would lead the children of “the faithful” astray from their nomade simplici¬ ty, into the meshes of the bookmen of modern times. As the women in those days were made to “grind at the mill,” and prepare the corn for their lords and masters — so are they now. There is scarcely a Moorish house in this country, or an Arab tent, but contains these symbols of antiquity. And it is but a day or two since, that on taking a ride into the country we saw the Arab women “gleaning in the field, after the reapers,” ala mode Ruth and her antedeluvian sisterhood. “ Lo she (Ruth) glean¬ ed in the field until evening, and beat out that she had gleaned ; and it was about an ephah of bar¬ ley.” So, also, we saw the women “beating out” what had been gathered together. In one place we saw about twenty of these nomade damsels, with merry laugh and lively glee, seated on the ground, with loose bundles of barley before them , each taking a handful at a time in one hand, while with the other, they “beat out” the grain with a rough billet of wood, (or “a staff,” as it used to be called,) about the size of a common pastry-cook’s “roll¬ ing pin.” The process is thus described by Isaiah, ch. 28: “For the fitches are not threshed with a threshing instrument, neither is a cart-wheel turned about upon the cummin; but the fitches are beaten out with a staff, and the cummin with a rod.” | “Rise and thresh, O daughter of Zion,” saith the Prophet Micah. “Rise and thresh, O daughter of the prophet!” exclaims the Moslem task-master to his spouse, on the breaking of morn. This is a fa¬ mous country for threshing. The women thresh the grain, and the men thresh the women ; the Bashaws thresh the men, and the Sultan threshes the Bashaws ; and some of the Europeans threaten to thresh the Sultan. jgbabsha s - O'* o ® » Is l-S < ^ - s a. a 1 ® g —•*2. J1, e o - S.:® I: s- g, cjq ^ <- o p b“^(T5 o S> “ &• » =• o> r r*.&Oa=r,t" m o o o 2 I? (t> g © 3 g- £ fi> £ — • E5 O — o a « * O © « 2 ® o o o cr c § g.5 ffl £ o'*- et- 5 cr 3 52. 1 2 o oa S So 3 B ® 3' £ a. ^2. o 5 s-s. B c g a o 3 TO 2“ o 5 B o « g; Ciq G n an' P o m 05 f" B^ O £* As they “laded their asses with corn” in the time of Pharaoh, so do they now, as we see here, on the return of every market day. No such innovations as canals, or railroads, or wagon roads, or wheel carriages, are ever suffered to exist here. The mere suggestion of such a thing would startle the natives from their dreamy propriety. But as in the days of Joseph “they (his brethren) lifted up their eyes and looked, and behold, a company of Ishmaelites came from Gilead, with their camels, bearing spicery and balm, and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt” —so will you now see these sons of Ishmael, with their camels bearing spicery, and their various pro¬ ducts, going to carry it down to some Egyptian mart, or to the best markets of the Empire. There, too, are the grain-pits of the ancients. There are myriads of these scattered over all the the country, about every town, and secreted among the secret recesses of the mountains. In passing through the soco, or market-place, just outside of 356 THE CULTIVATOR. Nov. this town, you can scarce avoid treading upon these subterranean granaries. In riding out one day, our horse broke through, with one of his hind feet, the covering of one of these pits, and we came very near being in the predicament of poor Joseph, when thrown, by his envious brethren, into a similar pit. They are usually, however, made very secure, and often, in the country, covered over so carefully and privately, and so completely overgrown with grass, as not to be discoverable except by those who have charge of them. This is to prevent surprise or rob¬ bery in times of war, insurrections, See. , and also to keep them out of reach of the Emperor’s clutches, who is not very backward or scrupulous about help¬ ing himself to all the surplus forage he can lay his hands upon. Quantities of grain frequently remain in these pits for years, without sustaining any ma¬ terial injury, although they are generally construct¬ ed by simply digging the pit-holes the required size, (something like the way our cisterns are made,) and lining the sides with cement, leaving a small aper¬ ture at the top, through which the grain may be passed, and into which a man may enter, as occa¬ sion may require. They are made of any required size. The Moorish hoe is a very useful implement, and not quite as uncouth and primitive as the plow. The Moors never use a shovel or spade, nor a wheel¬ barrow. They use the hoe in all kinds of digging. In excavating a well, or loading manure, &c., they hoe the earth or manure into small baskets and car¬ ry it to its place of destination. The hoe resembles somewhat a small, stout spade, in the blade, and has a handle very much like that of a pick-axe. The first I had seen of the Moorish plow, or plow¬ ing, was about the middle of January, 1849, while taking a short ride into the country. The plow was similar to the one shown in the above sketch, and was drawn by a bull and cow yoked together! This, thought I, is “plowing with the heifer” in the most literal manner conceivable. I looked intently in the face of the wild sans culottes of a mountaineer at the tail of the plow, to see if he did not betray some symtoms of compunctious shame at this desecra¬ tion and perversion of feminine rights and privi¬ leges; but he appeared as stoical and unconcerned and self-complacent, as any person could be, who considers himself strictly within the line of proprie¬ ty, and of his duty ; and the only emotion discerna- ble was that evinced by an additional stab at the poor animals, with the long pointed goad which the Arab flourished in his hand, as if in retaliation at my looks of surprise and pity. The apology for a yoke, consists of a long, rough stick of wood , three or four inches in diameter, placed across the necks of the animals, and project¬ ing far enough on either side, to admit of a thong or strap being fastened to it; this strap, at the other end, is hitched to a cross-bar which passes under the cattle, just back of the fore legs, and is connect¬ ed in the centre to the wooden pin (F) at the end of the plow-beam, something upon the plan of a neck- yoke of a pair of horses, when hitched to a wagon . The effect of this constraining harness is, to bring the heads of the animals down so low that their noses nearly touch the ground. If they undertake to raise their heads, they are checked by the cross¬ bar under their bellies. I have seen another kind of yoke, which operates direetly the reverse. It is simply a block of wood passing in front of the horns, (to which it is lashed,) with a thong fastened in the centre, and attached to the end of the plow-beam . This draws the heads of the animals into the air, presenting a very ludicrous appearance. I saw a similar contrivance in Spain . The cattle are some¬ times driven with rope reins, fastened to the outside horn of each animal. Horses are never used for plowing. It is consid¬ ered too degrading an occupation for so noble an animal . But oxen , cows, bulls, mules, donkeys, and camels, are all indiscriminately pressed into the service. Sometimes there may be seen yoked togeth¬ er a donkey with an ox, a bull with a mule, two cows and a camel with a donkey l — all trudging on with as much patient philosophy and indifference as the na¬ tives who drive them. And it is said that the wilder of the natives sometimes harness their wives to the plow. But this I do not credit, although I have seen them employed in almost every degree of me¬ nial drudgery conceivable, from grinding at the mill, and hoeing and delving in the fields, to chopping wood, and carrying it to market on their heads! In plowing, they merely scratch over the ground, leaving a sort of rut scarcely over four or five inches in diameter, looking as though it had been rooted up by the wild boars, and this they have to do in the winter, after the rains have moistened the earth, as it is so hard and baked in the summer, that it would be difficult penetrating it with even a more potent instrument than their wild-boar-nosed plow. Near¬ ly all, in fact of their general tilling, as well as plowing, is done in the winter. From the first of November to the first of June, is the growing sea¬ son for all vegetation. The soil, especially of the vallies and fiat lands, is rich, deep, and remarkably fertile, notwithstand¬ ing it has been worn for ages without manuring. There seems to be no sub-soil, or hard-pan ; but for six or eight feet in depth, the same dark, loamy sand, or rich alluvial, appears to prevail ; and it produces fine crops in spite of the slip-shod treatment which it receives. With an enlightened, efficient mode of tillage, this part of Africa might be made one of the most productive portions of the earth. But the na¬ tives, especially the Arabs, are too fond of a roving pastoral life, ever to settle down to improve the soil in the slow, patient manner that is requisite to suc¬ cess. And there is but little encouragement to pa¬ tient industry, if they were not naturally averse to it ; for were they to build up thriving and profitable plantations, these would, with all their hard-earned profits, be stripped from them by the harsh and grasping hand of despotism, which seizes upon every¬ thing that will minister to its pride and luxury. Hence the sons of the desert and mountains, prefer their wild, roving life — they are the Nimrods — the “ mighty hunters,” who delight in the chase, and are never more at home than when mounted upon their swift barbs, and sweeping over valley and mountain and sandy plain , in all the wild freedom of nature, and making the mountains reverberate with their wild chanting notes, as they sing: P. Norton, J. R. Howard, 0, S. Murray, M. Cooper, A Subscriber, S, N, S., J,, L. Durand, W. A. Ela. Books, Pamphlets, &e., have been received, since our last, as follows-: Lectures on the General Relations which Science bears to Fracti- tical Agriculture, delivered before the New-York State Agricultu¬ ral Society, by James F. W. Johnston, F.R.SS. L. & E., from C. M, Saxton, 123 Fulton street, New-York. The New-Brunswick Almanac, and Register, for the year of our Lord 1850, from Dr. Robb, Fredericton. Journal of tne New-Brunswick Society, for the encouragement of Agriculture, Home Manufactures and Commerce, from Dr. Robb, Fredericton. Transactions of the New-Haven County A g. Society, for 1S49, with an Address by Prof. John P. Norton, from L. Durand, Esq. The Farmer’s Guide to Scientific and Practical Agriculture, Nos. 8, 9, and 10, from Leonard Scott & Co., 79 Fulton street and 54 Gold street. Thor born’s Descriptive Annual Catalogue of Bulbous Flowering Roots, with directions for their Culture and Management, from J. M. Thorburn & Co., 15 John street, New-York. Minority Report on the Reduction of Letter, Periodical, and Pam¬ phlet Postage, from Hon. Charles Durkee, M. C. Catalogue of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Evergreens, Flowering Shrubs and Plants, Roses, &c., cultivated and for sale at the Hopewell Nurseries, near Fredericksburg, Virginia, by Henry R. Roby, from the Proprietor. Wire Fences. — We invite attention to the arti¬ cle. on this subject by Judge Nott. We have vis¬ ited his place, and seen the various kinds of fence described by him. His experiments have been very thorough, and have done much towards show¬ ing what will not , as well as what will answer the purpose. His fence made on the plan of a suspen¬ sion bridge, anchored, or fastened as described, is much the most complete and effectual of any wire- fence we have seen. This mode has also the ad¬ vantage that it may be made across rocks, or bogs, or even sheets of water, without inconvenience, being secured in its position by the weights at the bottom. Seedling Pear. — We have received from Mr. S. Worden, of Minetto, Oswego county, N. Y., spe¬ cimens of a pear called King’s seedling. Mr. W. states that it was raised by Lorenzo King, of New- Haven, Oswego county, the original tree being now about twenty years old. It is described, as a strong, upright grower, yielding large crops every year, and has never been in the least effected by blight. Mr. W.’s description of the fruit, which ,’s as follows, appears to be quite correct: “ Size, medium to large — has been known to weigh 14 ounces,- color, greenish yellow, when ripened on the tree ; flesh, melting, quite juicy, and very sweet, a little gritty at the core; skin, thick; season, the whole of October.” Seed Corn and Seedling Apples. — We have re¬ ceived from Mr. D. A. Buckley, Stone-Hill Farm, Williamstown, Mass., a handsome sample of Dut¬ ton corn raised by him; also two varieties of seed¬ ling apples, one sweet, the other, moderately sour. The former does not appear to possess any very valuable properties; the latter is a fair-sized, and pleasant apple, but not equal to some others ripen¬ ing at the same season. Wild Potatoes. — At the late exhibition of the Westchester county Agricultural Society, Mr. James P. Swain, of Eastchester, exhibited several kinds of potatoes, the original stock of which was procured from a forest in Peru, in 1847. The tubers were at first about the size of peas. They have been planted by Mr. S. three years, and with a manifest improvement in size, each year — several of those now exhibited being of ample size for culi¬ nary use. We were presented with specimens of three kinds — white, pink and blue, and shall have them carefully cultivated next season. We under¬ stood from Mr. Holmes, of Tarry town, that the quality of some of them had been proved, and that they were equal to the best kinds known. They have thus far been entirely healthy, though planted in the same fields with others which have rotted. They are well worthy a fair trial. Splendid Harnesses. — At the late State Fair, Mr. L. J. Lloyd, of this city, exhibited a gold* mounted harness, manufactured by him, which at¬ tracted much attention. All the materials used in its construction — the gold, silver, iron, & c., as well as the leather — were American. At the late Fair at Vergennes, Vt., a beautiful harness was exhib¬ ited, which, (with the exception of the mountings,) was not inferior in materials and workmanship, to any we have ever seen. It was labelled as follows: “From Lambert Maynard. Esq., Boston; a pre¬ sent for the Morgan horse Black-Hawk.” We pre¬ sume it will be preserved as a holliday attire for the noble steed. Apples from Vermont. — Mr. H. C. Hunt, of New-Haven, Vt., has left with us specimens of Jewett’s Best, Burroughs’ Greening, Danvers Win¬ ter-Sweet, Tynmouth Sweet, and several kinds in regard to the proper names of which we are not quite certain. We will speak of the qualities of some of these kinds, with which we are not now ac¬ quainted, when they come into a fit state for eating. Ohio State Fair. — This exhibition took place at Cincinnati, under the supervision of the State Board of Agriculture, on the 3d, 4th, and 5th of October. A very large number of people attended, and the general result, considering that it was the first attempt of the kind in the State, was highly flattering to the friends of agricultural improvement. We have, as yet seen no official account of the exhibition. A correspondent of the National Era. states that — “ The whole receipts amounted to $7,285. The amount of premiums paid was $3,000. The total expenses were something less than $10,000, leaving about $3,000 to be supplied by State appropriations and private contributions.” Premium on Bread. — At the late exhibition of the Middlesex county (Mass.) Agricultural So¬ ciety, a premium was given for the best bread. There were thirty-three competitors. After two hours spent in the examination of the different spe¬ cimens, the premiums (two) were awarded to bread made by Irish girls. Cure for Kidney- Worm in Swine. — A writer in the Ohio Cultivator states, that he cures this disease by giving the animal afflicted with it, one ounce of copperas daily, for six or eight days. He makes a slop of about two quarts of corn meal and dish-water; dissolves the copperas in a cup of warm water, then mixes the whole together, and gives it to the hog. If he does not eat it at first, he shuts him in a pen and gives him nothing else for several days, or until he eats it. He states that this treat¬ ment has cured the disease even when at several months standing. Hay-caps. — E. Emerson, in replying to the re¬ mark made by the editor of the Mass. Plowman , that “ no practical farmer will be very ready to procure hay-caps,” — says “ I am a practical far¬ mer — have used hay-caps for years; they have saved 1850. THE CULTIVATOR 381 me ten times their cost. In practice I find that a eneW of hay may stand out through a storm of a week under a good cap, ana njceiTo »o othPr injury only what it receives from the wet ground. From practice I find that the winds have not blown hard enough for the last four years, when I had hay- capped, to blow over a cock with a cap on it. From practice, I find that the caps may remain on after a rain, just as long as you wish to have them, and not injure the hay. You may just as well say that a man must remove his umbrella after a show- es as his caps. I have never had a cock of hay as much wet, through a cap, as it would be by a heavy dew without a cap.?} School or Applied Chemistry.— -We would in¬ vite particular attention to the advertisement of this School, which is under the charge of Prof. Norton, Yale College. It will be seen that the fourth course of lectures on Scientific Agriculture, will commence in January next, and we trust that many of our young men will embrace the opportunity here offered, of acquiring a knowledge of those sciences and principles on which the art of husbandry rests. Prof. Norton is a sound, practical, and thorough teacher, and one who has been eminently successful in that vocation, as well as in the results of scien¬ tific investigation. The number of students attend¬ ing his lectures, increases with each successive course, and several of those of former classes have obtained desirable situations as instructors in various institutions. Sale of Live-Stock.-— The public sale of live- to our clays, half rotten dung will be most efficacious to soils of a medium texture, and rotten dung to our light ones. Decomposed farm-yard manure is no better adapted for every soil than one man is adap¬ ted for every profession. Jig. Gam r_ Merino Sheep for Sale. ,500 MERINO LAMBS for sale, in lots of 50 or more, at $1,50 per head. 800 good sheep to slaughter. The undersigned will also sell 200 pure bred Merino Ewes, of good age, at from 8 to 10 dollars per head. Cash down, or good credit, one year. g. W. JEWETT. Middlebury, Vt., Oct. 18, 1850.— It.* Cow Milkers. A GENUINE ARTICLE— small, compact, and cheap— may be sent by mail or carried in a Pocket Wallet. Price $2,50. For sale, by EMERY & CO. Nov. 1— It 369 and 371 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. A New Book for the Practical Farmer. T ECTURES on the General Relations which Science bears J-4 to PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE, delivered before the New York State Agricultural Society, by James F. W. Johnston, F. R. S. S. L. and E., Prof, .of Agricultural Chemistry in Durham University, Eng., author of Lectures on “ Agricultural Chemistry,” etc. etc., with notes and additions by an American Farmer. Illus¬ trated by a Portrait of the author— price 75cts in cloth binding, 50cts in paper (mail edition.) C. M. SAXTON, Agricultural Book Publisher, 120 Fulton st., New- York. C. M. Saxton has in press a new edition of Prof. Johnston’s Lec¬ tures on the application of Chemistry and Geology to Agriculture- Price $1,25 colth, mail edition $1. Also Hoare on the cultivation of the Grape vine with full direc¬ tions for its management — Price 50cts cloth, mail edition 37£. Nov. 1— It. stock belonging to the estate of the late William Stickney, took place at Westminster, Vt. , on the 9th of October. The number of people in atten¬ dance was estimated at one thousand, and the ani¬ mals brought satisfactory prices. One Devon heifer, two years old, brought $150, another $160, and sev¬ eral cows upwards of $100 each. The Devon bull imported by Mr. Stickney, brought $270. The Suffolk, Middlesex, and Essex pigs sold well. One Suffolk sow and pigs brought over $100, and one sow alone $80. Agricultural Exhibitions.— -These annual ju¬ bilees of our rural population, have generally been of an unusually interesting character, the present season, and have been attended by large crowds. We have received accounts of many exhibitions, for which we return our thanks, but are obliged, for want of space, to forego detailed notices. Heavy Steers.— -Col. E. Long, of Cambridge, N. Y., informs us that he has a pair of steers, two years old last April, which weighed alive on the 12th of October, 3,420 lbs. They were intended for exhibition at the State Fair, but by an accident were prevented from arriving in time. New Books.— C. M. Saxton, 123 Fulton-street, New-York, has just issued a handsome edition of Prof. Johnston’s Lectures before the N. Y. State Ag. Society, delivered at the Capitol last winter. Mr. S. has also in press a new edition of Prof. J.’s Agricultural Chemistry. Long and Rotten Manures. — Were we not guided by experience, perhaps we should be led to imagine there would not only be a saving of the ammoniacal salts, phosphates, &c. , by applying manure fresh to the soil, but that all soils would be equally benefitted by being thus treated. Not so. The chemical action of the manure will be equally effi¬ cacious on light and heavy soils, but this is more than counteracted by the injurious mechanical action. Whilst unfermented dung will prove most beneficial Sale ol Merino Sheep. T WILL sell at my Farm, on Wednesday, the 20th day of Novem her, at I o’clock, P. M., 40 Merino Rams, and 100 Merino Ewes. These Sheep I have bred from Sheep I purchased of J. N. Blakes- ly, Esq., of Watertown, Conn. A history of his sheep can be found in the Cultivator for 1844, at page 238. At my last shearing I look off 180 fleeces, 100 of them from breed¬ ing Ewes, 60 from shearlings, and the balance from Rams and Wethers. They averaged 4 3-4 lbs. For the quality of the Wool, I give the copy of a letter from H. G. Ellsworth, Esq. Agent of Woolen Manufacturing Co. in this city, to the Editor of the Cultivator. Office of the Auburn Woolen Company, Auburn, N. Y., Oct. 8, 1850. Editor Cultivator, Dear Sir Learning that Col. J. M. Sher¬ wood, of this city, has proposed to sell a portion of his Merino Sheep, I take pleasure in recommending them to the attention of such per¬ sons as may wish to improve their stock of this kind. I have manu¬ factured, in the Mills of this Company, the wool taken from this flock, during the last three years, and find it grades higher and more even , spins better , and is, on the whole , svperior to any lot of Merino wool 1 have met with. H. G. ELLSWORTH, Agent. The Rams will be put up at ten dollars each. The Ewes will be sold in lots of five, and will be pul up at five dollars for each Ewe. If these prices are not offered, they will remain mine. Terms cash at the sale. J. M. SHERWOOD. Auburn, N. Y., October 10th, 1850— It. Isabella Grape Vines, AF proper age for forming vineyards, propagated from and con- D tabling all the good qualities which the most improved cultivation for over twelve years has conferred on the Vineyards at Croton Point, are offered to the public. Those who may purchase will re¬ ceive such instructions as will enable them to cultivate the grape with entire success, (provided their locality is not too far north.) All communications, post paid, addressed to R. T. UNDERHILL, M. D. Grape Depot, 379 Broadway comer of White st., New York, will receive prompt attention. He feels quite confident that he has so far meliorated the character and habits of the grape vines in his vineyards and nurseries by im¬ proved cultivation, pruning, &c., that they will generally ripen well, and produce good fruit when planted in most of the Northern and all the Western, Middle and Southern States. Nov. 1, 1850—21. 382 THE CULTIVATOR. Nov. $500 TO $2000 A YEAR. FIVE HUNDRED AGENTS WANTED In all the States of the Union, Including California, rpo CANVASS for thE FOLLOWING important and valuable works, which are sold by subscription. We have now about two hundred Agents in the field, many of them clearing from two to eight dollarsper day. It will be seen that they are all of a very popular and desirable kind, and calculated to please almost every taste. For further particulars apply (post paid) to the publishers, DERBY A MILLER, Auburn, N. Y. “ HOW A FARMER MAY BECOME RICH.” B lake’s Farmer’s Every Day Book, Or how a Farmer can become rich — being sketches of Life in the Country; with the Popular Elements of practical and Theoreti¬ cal Agriculture, and twelve hundred Laconics and Apothegms re¬ lating to Morals, Regime and general Literature ; also 500 receipts, on health, Cookeiy and domestic economy ; with ten fine illustrations, representing the various scenes attendant upon Fanning, etc., Bv John L. Blake, D. D., author of “ Biographical Dictionary,” “ Family Encyclopedia,” Ac. The publishers respectfully announce that they have undertaicen the publication of this large and beautiful work, with a view to supply a desideratum, that has long been felt — a book for every Farmer's Library — believing that the venerable author has produced a work that will be worth its weight in gold to every Farmer’s family, that thoroughly peruse it. It is proper to stale that Dr. Blake is a practical farmer, and has reclaimed a sterile and worn out piece of land into a valuable and productive farm — which ex¬ perience, with his well known qualifications as an author, peculiarly fit him to prepare a book for farmers. The work contains 654 pages, large octavo, vvith a motto sur¬ rounding each page. It is printed on fine paper, and bound in sub¬ stantial imitation Turkey Morocco, gilt back. Invariable retail price, $3.00. Frost’s Pictorial History of California. The History of the Stale of California, from the earliest period of her conquest by the Spaniards, to her acquisition by the United States ; with an account of the discovery of the immense Gold Mines, and the quantity of Gold already obtained; the enormous increase of population; a description of the Mineral and Agricultural re¬ sources of the country ; with adventures and travels among the mines. Also, advice to Emigrants, as to the most desirable routes thither. To which is added the Constitution of the State of Califor¬ nia, with numerous illustrations, and a Map of California, and the gold mines, in one octavo volume, 500 pages ; bound in same style as Mexican War. Retail price, $2,50. “I am prepared— I have endeavored to do my duty.” The Xiile of Zachary Taylor, Late President of the United States, including the closing scenes of his life and death, by H. Montgomery — embellished with a steel portrait and 15 illustrations, in one elegant octavo vol., 463 pages, well printed on fine paper, and bound in substantial morocco, gilt back. “ The lightnings may flash, the thunders may rattle, He hears not, he heeds not, he’s free from all pain, He sleeps his last sleep, he has fought his last battle, No sound can awake him to glory again.” More than 20,000 copies of the above work have been sold by us, and the demand is unabated. It is allowed by critics, to be the most complete and authentic copy of any of the works purporting to be a Life of the Great Man of the Age. Retail price $2,00. Drain Tile Works, 63 Jay Street, North of Salamander Works, Albany. THE subscriber is now manufacturing and prepared to fill orders for Horse Shoe, Sole, Round and Collar Drain Tile, of various sizes, from one to four inches in width and rise. The tile is cut sixteen inches in length, and will be of a superior quality. The price will vary according to the size and shape, from $10 to $16 per thousand. Specimens of the article with the prices will soon be distributed to all the agricultural stores in the State. Presidents of county societies adjoining the river and canals, will please send their address with directions to whom a box containing the different sizes of Tile will be forwarded free of charge. July 1, 1850— tf. A. S. BABCOCK. Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. No. 197 Water street . (near Fulton,) New- York.. TRIE subscribers would respectfully I invite the attention of planters and dealers in Agricultural and Horticul¬ tural Implements, Garden and Field Seeds, Ac., &.c., to their large and va¬ ried assortment of Garden and Field tools, Ac., which they are selling at the very lowest rales that they can be procured in the United Slates. Persons living at a distance can obtain an “ illustrated” Catalogue, containing a list of prices, on application by letter, post-paid. Those ordering from us may depend upon their orders being promptly filled. May 1, 1850— tf. JOHN MAYIIER & CO., Agricultural and Horticultural Implements, and FioiA a a i dt it meeds. | I PWARDS of one hundred different kinds of Plows, and a corres- ^ ponding variety of all other Implements for the Farmer, Planter and Gardener; embracing the largest and most complete assortment to be found in the United States. Also, Field and Garden Seeds, a large and varied assortment. A. B. ALLEN A CO., August 1, 1850.— tf. 189 A 191 Water St., New- York. White Dorkings. THE subscriber has on hand a few choice White Dorking fowls which he will sell at fair prices— bred by himself. As far as his knowledge goes, this variety of the Dorkings is more sought after, both in England and in this country, on account of their color. Price, $5 per pair. L. DURAND. Derby, Ct., Oct. 1, 1850— 2t.* Fruit and Ornamental Trees. THE subscribers would beg leave to give notice to dealers and A others purchasing Pear frees, that their stock is remarkably well grown this season, and will be very strong and fine for the fall sales, and is as extensive a collection of saleable trees as can be found at any other nursery in the county. The collection grown on quince stock is also very fine. The stock of Apple trees will also be very large this fall, in lots to suit purchasers. PLUMS — A general assortment of most of the leading kinds. CHERRIES, APRICOTS, PEACHES, GRAPE VINES, GOOSEBERRIES, CURRANTS, with other small Fruits, at the lowest market prices. ORNAMENTAL TREES, being also grown extensively, can be furnished by the hundred at very reasonable rates— European Lin¬ den, Mountain Ash, Scotch Elms, English Elms, Horse Chestnuts, with a good collection of ROSES, Ac. Catalogues will be forward¬ ed to alt applicants. WILSON, THORBURN A TELLER, Oct. 1, 1850 — 2t Nurserymen, 492 Broadway, Albauy. Choice Fruit Trees. Rochester Commercial Nursery. Established 1830. THE subscribers offer for sale, this autumn and the coming, one A of the largest stocks of fruit trees in this state; carefully propa¬ gated and grown by ourselves, and warranted correctly named. It has been our constant aim to cultivate none but the good varie¬ ties, leaving to others the long list of useless trash. We sell very much at wholesale, and have furnished as many as 5,000 Apple trees for a single orchard, and 3,000 dwarf Pears. Persons wishing to purchase in large or small quantities, will find it to their interest to communicate with us. BISSELL A HOOKER, Oct. 1 — 2t. Rochester N. Y. Ayrshire Bull for Sale. TRIE two-year-old Ayrshire bull, “ Governor 3d,” out of “Lady Rose,” by “Governor 2d,” both prize animals in Scotland, se¬ lected for and imported by R. S. Griswold, of Hartford, Conn , in 1846. The Bull may be seen at the farm of Mr. PRENTICE, Mount Hope, near Albany Price $100. Oct. 1, 1850. Postponed Sale oi full bred Short-horns and improved Dairy Stock. FA WING to affliction in my family, I have postponed the annual ^ sale which was to take place in October, 1850, until the 28th day of June, 1851. I also decline selling any stock by private sale, so as to offer the public, at auction, all the animals I have to part with, without hav¬ ing any previously selected from the herd, and all animals offered will be sold without reserve. My new importations of Short-horns, Devons, South Down Sheep and Hogs, will arrive during the fall. Timely Catalogues, with full descriptions of each animal, will be published in the principal Agricultural journals. Mount Fordham, Oct. 1st, 1850. L. G. MORRIS. The Farmers’ Encyclopedia, T)Y C. W. JOHNSON. Adapted to the United States, by G. -*-* Emerson, Philadelphia, 1850. In one large octavo volume, 1173 pages, containing the latest discoveries and improvements, in Agriculture, with numerous plates of Live Stock, Farming Imple¬ ments, Ac. “ We are fully convinced that such an amount of valuable know¬ ledge for farmers can be found in no other work in so cheap and con¬ venient a form. In fact, no farmer who pretends to be well inform¬ ed in his profession should be without this book.” — New Genesee Farmer. “An excellent work, fit to be distributed in premiums by Agricul¬ tural Societies. How much better, and in better taste, than the amount of its cost in money.” — J. S. Skinner. Sold by L. Tucker, Albany; A. Hart, Philadelphia; Derey A Co., Buffalo ; W. D. Ticknor A Co., Boston ; and the principal booksellers in the Union. Price $4. (Cost of the imported work in 1 vol. without any plates, $14.) • July 1 — tf. Transactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Society. TRANSACTIONS of the New- York State Agricultural Society, from 1841 to 1849, eight vols., price $8, for sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. 1850 THE CULTIVATOR, 383 A New Hardy Climber. rpHE new and beautiful cliiviohr, rtalestigia pubescens, recently introduced from China, by Mr. Fortune, proves pcrfootiy hardy in New England, having stood in the grounds here the past winter, without the least protection. Trained to a single pillar, say 10 feet in height, it is a very striking and beautiful object from the middle of June till cold weather, during which time it is covered with a profusion of its large double flowers, of a delicate rose color. It is very ornamental planted in patches like the verbenas ; makes an admirable screen, and is very effective in young plantations, belts, or shrubberies, trailing prettily on the surface, and running up among the lower branches of trees in a very picturesque manner. It is, therefore, particularly suited for ornamenting cemeteries and public gardens. Its culture is very simple, and it thrives in any good garden soil. When required in considerable quantities, it is best to start it under glass in February or March, but the tubers may also be planted in the open ground in May. The subscriber will send to order, by mail or express, October 20th, tubers sufficient for 100 plants, at $5.00; 50 plants, $3.00 ; with directions for propagation and culture. Strong plants in pots, in April, $1 per pair. B. M. WATSON. Old Colony Nurseries, Plymouth, Mass., Oct., 1, 1850 — tf Pear Seedlings. TMIE undersigned offers for sale, 100,000 pear seedlings, from -1- $8.00 to $20.00 per 1,000, and a great variety of dwarf and free stocks for nurseries at low prices — fruit and ornamental; also Deodar Cedars, 1 to 3 ft., $1 to $3 ; Araucaria imbricata, $1 . Cedar of Lebanon, $1; Thuya filiformis, $1.50; Lonicera Lede- bourii, 50 cents ; Spiraea Reevsii, 50 cents; — - - prunifolia fl. pleno, 50 cents ; Japan Pear, double crimson, 50 cts ; Ribes albidum, 50 cts ; Spiraea Lindleyana, 50 cents. New Lilacs, fine Double Hawthorns, and a full assortment of ornamental plants, of which a priced list will be sent, post paid, to order. APPLES — A few hundred extra Dwarf Pyramidal Apples, of the best sorts, in a bearing state. RHUBARB — Ten thousand Willmott’s Early, aud Myatt’s Victo¬ ria Rhubarb. IVES’ WASHINGTON SEEDLING PLUM— (Originated by J. M. Ives, Esq., of Salem, Mass..) is pronounced by the best judg¬ es equal to any American Plum yet produced. It is of great size and beauty, and of delicious flavor. $2.00 Local Fruits. — The Watson Pear, an excellent early pear, (Au¬ gust 20,) handsome, and of good size, of a peculiar and delicious flavor; an old favorite here, where it has fruited above sixty years. The Horseblock or Manonet, Sassafras or Spur Sweet, Hollies and Hightop Apples, are all excellent fruit, descriptions of which maybe found in the leading Horticultural Magazines for the years 1849-50. One of each of the above, $2.00. B. M. WATSON. Old Colony Nurseries, Plymouth, Mass., Oct. 1, 1850 — tf. South Down Sheep. T'HE subscriber offers for sale, this season, several purebred South •*- Down Rams, varying in age from lambs to 4 years old. Also several Ewes, from one year to four years old. The Lambs and Yearlings of this flock, are from an imported Ram from the Duke of Richmond’s celebrated flock. Applications for the above Sheep may be addressed to the subscriber in this city. JNO. McD. McINTYRE. Albany, August 12, 1850— 3t. Unrivaled Improvement in Water Wheels for Mill-Owners. "DECENT improvements in the French Turbine and Scotch Mortar -L*' Water Wheels, exceeding all others, even the most perfect Over¬ shot Wheel, by a great percentage, has been patented by Mr. Henry Van Dewater. It has been fully tested, and found far in advance of all other wheels, both in power and economy, or quantity of water required. Its superiority is established in the followingpoints : 1st. It gives greater percentage of the water. 2d. Is not affected by back-water. 3d. Is not obstructed by ice. 4th. Wastes no water. 5th. Is more durable. 6th. Requires less room. 7th. It is less varia¬ ble in its motion when performing more or less labor, with the same supply of water. _ The quantity of water required under different heads and falls, for six and a half horse power, say from 5 feet to 28 feet fall, first ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in 5-114, 6-88, 7-68, 8-57, 9-48, 10-44, 11-38, 12-31, 13-31, 14-29, 15-26, ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in 16-25, 17-23, 18-21, 19-20, 20-19, 21-18, 22-17, 23-16, 24 15, 25-14, ft in ft in ft in 26-11, 27-10, 28-9. All who may wish to improve their mills or fac¬ tories, by the use of the above wheels, and will send us a statement of head and fall of water, and the amount of horse power required to drive the machinery they use, will receive immediate attention. (Cr* This wheel is capable of driving, accord insr to the quantity water, and as the head and fall may be in height, from 6 horse-power to 250 horse-power. Mr. Jagger, is a practical and experienced mill- wright, and con¬ siders this the best Water Wheel that has ever been offered to the public. W e have a large assortment of Machinery patterns, that have been collecting more than fifty years, and are ready at all times to furnish Castings, fitted or not, at short notice and on fair terms. JAGGER, TREADWELL & PERRY, Eagle Foundry and Machinery Works, Oct 1— 6t. No. 110 Beaver street, Albany, N. Y. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Ac. THE subscriber cultivates at his Nurseries, and has for sale at his residence, Eustis-street, Roxbury, Mass., all the choice varieties of me Pear, Apple, Plum, Cherry, Peach, and other Fruit Trees, Raspberries, Gooseberries. Currants, Grape Vines, Strawberries, Asparagus Roots, etc., etc., etc. Also several thousand Pear Trees on the Quince—one, two, three, four and five years from the bud. Particular attention paid to the cultivation of the Pear. Persons wishing extra sized trees, or trees on Quince, stock in a bearing state , will please call at the Nurseries and make their own selection. 30,000 Buckthorn Plants. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Roses, Herbaceous Plants, Paeonies, &c. The whole for sale at the lowest market price. Catalogues gratis to post-paid applicants. SAMUEL WALKER, Roxbury, Sept. 1— 3t. Roxbury, Mass. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, at the Nursery of J. J. THOMAS, Macedon, N. Y. lyrOST of the Trees are of large, handsome, and thrifty growth, and -L,x they embrace careful selections of the best sorts of Apples, Peaches, Pears, Cherries, Apricots, &c., with the smaller fruits. When purchasers desire, selections will be made by the proprietor, so as to afford a regular succession of the best varieties throughout the season ; and all may be relied on as strictly true to their names, the proprietor having for the past fifteen years invariably adhered to the rule of selling none but THOROUGHLY PROVED sorts. A carefully assorted collection of hardy Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Perennial Plants, furnished at moderate prices. Trees for canal and railroad well packed in bundles, enclosed in strong mats, with roots mudded and encased in wet moss, so as to preclude all danger of injury. All communications, post-paid, to be directed Macedon. Wayne Co., N. Y. Sept. 1— 3t. Syracuse Nurseries. Thorp, Smith fy Hanchett, Proprietors , Syracuse, N. Y. T'HESE Nurseries are now most abundantly stocked wiih the vari- ous kinds of fruit trees suitable to this climate, to which the pro¬ prietors feel much satisfaction in calling the attention of cultivators and dealers. The peculiarly favorable season hath given to their trees a vigor of body, a hale outstretching of the limbs, and a beau¬ ty of form, which do render it a grateful entertainment for the eyes to dwell upon them. Trees, superior in those particulars, have rarely been offered to purchasers. Their nurseries embrace all of the most approved varieties, old or new, of the various kinds of FRUIT TREES — From which customers can be supplied in quan¬ tities of from 10, to 10,000, as excellent in quality, and as reasona¬ ble in terms, as can be found at any other like establishment. ORNAMENTAL TREES— Splendid in size and form, of the Horse Chestnut, Mountain Ash, Balsam Fir, Ailanthus, and various others, may' be had, largely or otherwise. BUCKTHORN FOR HEDGES — One and two years old, very stout; Snowballs, Michigan Roses, Grape roots, Quince Trees, Currants, Gooseberries, See., &c.; all, or any of which, will be part¬ ed with at most reasonable prices. Catalogues, as usual, supplied to post-paying applicants. Syracuse, 1st Oct., 1850 — 2t. Apple Trees for Orchards. "|\/TANY thousand fine Trees, mostly 7 to 8 feet high, propagated in i'-L all cases from thoroughly proved or bearing trees , for sale at the nursery of J. J. THOMAS, Macedc n, Wayne Co., N. Y. They embrace the best standard varieties, with nearly all the valuable new sorts ; among them are Early' Harvest, Sine Qua Non, Sweet Bough, Early Joe, Summer Sweet Paradise, Autumn Straw¬ berry, Gravenstein, Dutch Mignonne, Rambo. Fall Pippin, Yellow Bellflower, Rhode Island Greening, Esopus Spitzenburgh, Norlhern Spy, Swaar, See., Sec. Price, varying with selections, from sixteen to eighteen dollars per hundred — a first rate selection of summer, autumn, and winter fruit, of fifteen to thirty varieties, if made by the proprietor, furnished at sixteen dollars per hundred, or seventeen if well packed in matted bundles, an^ delivered at canal or railway. All orders to be ac¬ companied with remittances. Sept. 1 — 3t. The American Five Stock Insurance Company f At Vincennes, Ind. {CHARTER unlimited. Granled January 2, 1850. O^Capital ^ $50,0001^0 For the Insurance of HORSES, MULES, PRIZE BULLS , SHEEP AND CATTLE, of every description, against the combined risks of Fire, Water , Accidents and Disease. Losses paid in 30 days after proof of death. Directors. — Joseph G. Bowman, Hiram Decker, M. D., Isaac Mass, George D. Hay, John Wise. Alvin W. Tracy, Hon. Abner T. Ellis, Abm. Smith, Hon. Thomas Bishop. Joseph G. Bowman, President. B. S. Whitney', Secretary. Wm. Burtch. Treasurer. Aug. 1, 1850— lyr. B. P. JOHNSON, Agent, Albany. Colman’s European Agriculture. DUROPEAN AGRICULTURE, from personal observation, by Henry Colman of Massachusetts. Two large octavo vols.— price, neatly bound, the same as published in Nos., $5. For sale at the office of THE CULTIVATOR. 384 THE CULTIVATOR. Nov. Contents of this Number. Agriculture, its Labors, Profits and Pleasures, by H. C. W 353 Oriental and Ancient Customs of the Moor- «na Arabs, by ) 35g T. H. Hyatt, . ) Means for mental improvement, by Rev. Dr. Blake . 35? Notes on Farming ill Ohio, by John R. Howard, . 358 On the construction of Wire Fences, by B. H. Nott, Esq.,. . 359 On the Rot in Sheep, by Professor Simonds, . 36i Advantages of Autumn Plowing, . 362 Notes of a lour in Central New York, by Prof. J. P. Norton, 363 Improvement of Village Door-yards, . 364 Notice of N. Y. Ag. Transactions,. . . 365 Osage Orange Hedges-Seasonable Hints, . 366 Transplanting trees— Peach trees— Cracking of the Doyenne I 3g7 Pear— Character of the new Currants, . J Premium Plows and notice of Report on, . . . 368 Farming in Indiana by W. T. Dennis,— Minerals in Wash- ) _g9 ington county, N. Y., by Dr. A. Fitch, . ) Duties on wool, by Titrius — Meteorology by D. T. Brown ) 27Q — Stumbling Horses— Destruction of the Wire worm, - ) c Addison county, Vt., Cattle Show, . 371 Small Potatoes for Planting, by O. S. Murray— The Season 1 37„ in New Hampshire, by W. L. Eaton . J The Farm of J. Bennett, by R. H. Drake — Washington Co. ) N. Y., fair, by Farmer . } New Hampshire Slate Agricultural exhibition . 374 Westchester Co. Ag. Fair — Drainage of Soils — Method of) ~7g Skinning Calves, by S. A. Hanchet, . j Poultry Exhibition in Boston — Deferred Notices, . 377 Fair of the American Institute— Exhibition of the Franklin ) Institute, . j Long Island Lands — McCormick’s Reaper — Answers to In- ) g7Q quiries, . * . j Monthly Notices— To Correspondents, &c., . 380 ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 214 — Moorish Plow . - . 355 215, 216 — Village Door Yards, . 365 217, 218, 219 — Premium Plows, . 368 School of Applied Chemistry, Yale College, New Haven. Conn. JOHN P. NORTON, Prof, of Scientific* Agriculture. HENRY WURTZ, First Assistant. QTUDENTS are received in this Laboratory as a special class dis- ^ tinct from the other college departments, and instruction is given in all branches of Chemistry, both organic and inorganic, general and special. Every facility is afforded to those who desire to become proficient in Scientific Agriculture, in the analysis of soils, plants, animal substances, manures, &c. Students taken with special reference to their becoming instructors. A Course of Lectures upon Scientific Agriculture , by Prof. Nor¬ ton, will commence about the middle of January, and continue two and a half months. This course is intended to present a plain and intelligible view of the connections of science with agriculture, which may be understood by any farmer. Mr. Wurtz proposes to lecture on some points of Applied Chemistry during the summer term. The lectures of Prof. Silliman on Geology and Mineralogy, and those of Prof. Olmsted, on Natural Philosophy, Astronomy and Meteorology ; also the college libraries and cabinets, are accessible to the students. For information as to terms, &c., apply to Prof. NORTON, Oct. 9, 1850 — 4t New-Haven. Trees ! Trees ! ! Trees J ! ! FOR SALE, at Mount Ida Nursery, Troy, N. Y., a choice variety of Fruit Trees, comprising Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums and Cherries, of the most approved kinds— the greater part of them worked from bearing trees, and all of them by the subscriber — therefore he can recommend them with confidence. He would also say to those that have not had the experience, that trees brought from the South (if they do live) do not grow as thrifty for a number of years, as those raised in a Northern latitude, which many persons can prove from experience. He also pays particular attention to the transplanting of his trees so as to have them well rooted. Also, a good variety of Shade Trees, consisting of Scotch Elm. Sycamore, Linden, Horse Chestnut, Mountain Ash, Evergreen Privet for Hedges, China and Hardy Roses, &c., &c. Catalogues and other information can be had of the Nurseryman, Nov. 1, 1850— It* _ JOSEPH CALDWELL. Choice Fruit Trees. Valuable Farm for Sale. rTHU subscriber offers for «aio the farm on which he resides situated J- in Wayne county, N. Y., If miles east of the thriving village of Palmyra. The Lyons and Rochester turnpike passes in front of the house, which is a good two storied frame building 35 feet by 25. with cellar below, and kitchen, woodshed, Ac. attached. It is pleasantly situated on the north side of and overlooking the valley of the Erie Canal, surrounded by shrubs and ornamental trees. There is a choice collection of the best varieties of cultivated fruit, consisting of Apple, Peach. Cherry and Plum orchards, also Apricots, Al¬ monds, Nectarines, Filberts, Grapes, &c. The farm contains 100 acres, about 30 of which are between the house and Mud creek well adapted to meadow and pasture. The plough land is a good gravelly loam excellent for wheat, corn, barley, &c, in a high state of cultivation,— of wood there is about 17 acres well timbered. It has about 200 rods of thorn hedge, with abundance of durable fen¬ cing materials. The farm is well located as to markets, mills, schools, situation is healthy, water good and convenient, so arranged as to supply almost every lot. Out-buildings convenient and good. Also for sale three young draught Stallions, 4 years old, sired by his imported draught horse “Samson.” (For description of whose slock, see “ Albany Cultivator” of Sept. 1S49, page 289.) Also a fine large breeding mare, of same stock, with a foal by her side “ by Nottingham’s and Allen’s Samson,” (who took first premium as the best draught horse at the State Fair of 1849.) Also a large power¬ fully built two year old stud colt, from same mare, by the imported draught horse “ Honest Tom.” Inquiry may be made of R. B. Howland, Union Springs, Cayuga county. N. Y., or J. J. Thomas, Macedon, Wayne county, N. Y. For particulars address the sub¬ scriber. JOHN ROBINSON Palmyra, Wayne county, N. Y., 9 month 26, 1850 — It.* $8,000 ACRES LONG ISLAND Land for Sale, At Lake Road. 'THE UNDERSIGNED IS, AND HAS BEEN for several years, engagedin the improvement and cultivation of the wild lands of Long Island. The fact being now fully established, beyond any doubt, that the land in the middle parts of the Island, along the bor¬ ders of the L. I. Railroad, is as good and productive, when cultiva¬ ted in the same manner, as any other part of Long Island. 8,000 acres are now offered for sale, in parcels to suit purchasers, from 10 acres, to 100, or 1,000, at a very low price, and on favorable terms. This tract is near the geographical centre of the Island, being about equi-distant from Long Island Sound, and the Great South Bay, (the Island being about 13 miles wide there,) and 48 miles from New- York. There are many highly cultivated farms in the immediate vicinity, on the North and South side of this land — having been settled and cultivated more than 150 years. It is well watered, being bounded on the north by the famous Ronkonkama Lake — has also a large and never failing stream running through it. The lake and stream are full of fish — perch in the lake, and trout, in great abundance, and of large size, in the stream. The country abounds in game, deer, and wild fowl. The climate is mild and perfectly healthy, the surface is smootn, gently undulating, with an inclination to the South of about 15 feet to the mile — the soil — free from stone, easy and pleasant to cultivate — is a loam, large portions of which may be called a heavy loam, or it is of sufficient tenacity to make sun-burnt brick, right out of the surface — is from 18 inches to 3 and 5 feet deep, and is suscepti¬ ble of the highest degree of cultivation. The railroad passes through this tract, affording easy and constant communication with the Brooklyn and New York markets, where the highest price in cash, can always be had for every article that the farmer and gardener can produce. To capitalists, an excellent opportunity is here presented to obtain a large tract of valuable land at a low price, possessing all the advantages for settlement of a new country, with¬ out any of the privations, but with all the privileges and comforts of an old. Apply to A. B. Allen, Esq., Editor of the American Agriculturist , 187 Water st. ; to Messrs. StarT & Alburtis, Editors of the Farmer and Mechanic, 12*2 Nassau st. ; to Messrs. Dewey & Wood, 82 Nassau-st., New-York, or to E. F. PECK, 306 State st., Brooklyn, L. I. D Lake Road is an important and central depot on the Railroad — there are large buildings and a settlement there. Oct. 1 — 2t. THE CULTIVATOR Is 'published on the first of each month, at Albany, N. Y., by LUTHER TUCKER, PROPRIETOR. LUTHER TUCKER & SANFORD HOWARD, Editors. $1 per aim. — 7 copies ibr $5 — 15 for $10. 'TRIE SUBSCRIBER would announce to the public that his stock of Apple Trees especially, this fall, is unusually large and fine, having a full stock of Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Northern Spy, Swaar, Boston Russet, Ladies Sweet, Yellow Harvest, &c., 6 to 9 feet and handsome, with all the leading as well as new choice and rare varieties, with a general assortment of Plums, Pears, Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, Peaches, Quinces, Gooseberries, Grape vines and Currants, with Red Antwerp, Franconia and Fas- tolff Raspberries at $6 to $8 per 100. Strawberries of the best varieties assorted at $5 per 1000. CHAS. HAMILTON. Cornwall, Oct. 1850— It [O’" All subscriptions to commence with the volume, (the Jan. No .) and to be paid in advance. All subscriptions, not renewed by payment for the next year, are discontinued at the end of each volume. The back vols. can be furnished to new subscribers — and mav be obtained of the following Agents : NEW-YOKK — M. H. Newman A Co., 199 Broadway. BOSTON—.!. Breck & Co., 52 North Market-st., and E. Wight, 7 Congress-st PHILADELPHIA— G. B. Zieber. Advertisements— The charge for advertisements is $1. for 12 lines, for each insertion. No variation made from these terms “to improve the soil, and THE MIND.” New Series. ALBANY, DECEMBER, 1850. Vol. VII.— No. 12. Close of the Volume. The close of the year brings us again to the point at which it becomes necessary, in accordance with our established plan, to commence our subscription list anew. The present number completes the seventh volume of the new series of The Cultiva¬ tor, making the seventeenth from the commence¬ ment. Concerning our past course, we have little to offer,- our work has been long before the public, and has been judged by its merits. We have no desire to appeal from that judgment, but shall labor assiduously, as we have hitherto done, to “improve the soil and the mind.” The past year has brought many circumstances of encouragement, and that upon whose threshold we are about entering, is not without hopeful and cheering prospects. The taste for agricultural improvement is on the increase. The number of farmers who read and study— who en¬ deavor to trace the connection of cause and effect, in the various phenomena which pass under their observation, is being gradually but constantly aug¬ mented. Thirty years ago, there was one, and only one, regularly issued agricultural periodical in the United States ; that was commenced in 1819. Three years later a second was started: it was a subject of doubt, with some, whether the two would be sustained. Now, no less than fifteen are issued monthly, in the States, and one in Canada, besides five weekly papers in which agriculture is the lead¬ ing subject. There are also two or three periodi¬ cals specially devoted to horticulture. These publications wield a great influence. They have awakened a large body of the farmers to the importance of their calling,— -and realizing the great fact that agriculture feeds all and clothes all, they have been led to a just appreciation of their position in the social and political organization of society. They perceive that an art which lies at the founda¬ tion of all other arts, is inferior to none in dignity j and as they investigate its principles, they see that it affords ample scope for philosophic investigation, and the exercise of the powers of the mind. Men of intellect and ability have become convinced that agriculture presents a field worthy of their labors. The erroneous notion formerly entertained by many of our young men, that honors were not to be found in the pursuit of agriculture, has been in a good de¬ gree discarded. Many of the most intelligent class have applied themselves to farming with energy. We are witnessing the ultimate effects of this influ¬ ence on the husbandry of the country. Farm ope¬ rations are carried on with more system, cultivation is practiced on more rational principles and with bet¬ ter and more certain returns. Our object will be, as it has always been, to en¬ courage and carry forward this spirit of improve¬ ment. Our work will contine to be a medium for the dissemination of principles and facts calculated to benefit all who are engaged in rural pursuits. Ib this labor we are happy in being permitted to say that we shall receive the continued aid of Prof Norton, of Yale College, and the Hon. F. Hol brook, of Vermont- — men whose scientific and prac tical knowledge of all that pertains to agriculture, places them in the first rank of writers on that subject. Our terms will be the same as heretofore — Single copy $1 — Seven copies for $5 — Fifteen copies, $10. Present to Subscribers for 1851. — A copy of “ The Pictorial Cultivator Almanac for 1851,” prepared and published expressly as a New-Year’s Present for subscribers to The Cultivator, will be sent to each, with the January number. It is greatly superior to any thing of the kind which has yet appeared in this country, not only in the amount and richness of its engravings, and in its typopraphi cal finish, but it has been the aim to make it emi¬ nently useful, by presenting as large an amount of valuable condensed reading as can be compressed within the allotted space ; and to give nothing in the shape of facts or practical directions, the cor¬ rectness of which has not been thoroughly proved. It is printed on the same size sheet, and intended to form the first thirty-two pages of the volume of The Cultivator for 1851 , with which it should be bound. 0“ For Premiums to Agents, see last page pf this number. 0“ We have not thought it necessary to re-publish our list of Agents,* but we shall be glad to have all who are disposed to aid in promoting the circu¬ lation of The Cultivator, consider themselves as especially appointed Agents to receive subscribers for our next volume, and for any aid they may ren¬ der us, they will receive our hearty thanks. K7“ Prospectuses and sample numbers will be sent, on application, to all who desire them. 386 THE CULTIVATOR. Dec. “ Manure is Money.” There is no maxim in reference to agriculture, the soundness of which is more obvious than this, and none, perhaps, which is more disregarded in prac¬ tice. It is often argued by farmers who are located on new and fertile soils, that there is no necessity for manuring — that the soil is already rich enough, or that the little benefit of manures would not compensate for the labor of applying them. It is not to be denied that there are particular cases to which this reasoning will apply - that is, there are soils which, for a while, contain all or nearly all the elements necessary for the support of crops ; but the inevitable tendency of the growth and remo¬ val of plants, without any return, is the exhaustion of the soil, and this result must sooner or later be made manifest under all circumstances. Besides, the idea of the inexpediency of manuring is, in many instances, carried to a pernicious ex¬ treme. A farmer chances to locate on a soil, which, when first subjected to the plow, yields bountiful re¬ turns; and flattered, or perhaps made indolent and careless, by the easy living he gets, he continues the course with which he began, till utter barrenness is the consequence. The country abounds with exam¬ ples of this system of devastation; it has spread from the Eastern to the Western States, and is still progressing in the same direction. Everywhere its ultimate effects are the same, — the difference on dif¬ ferent soils, beingone of time only. Even in the new State of Ohio, the fertility of which, was, a few years since, vaunted the world over, there are many worn-out acres, which have been sold at low prices by their former owners, who have removed still fur¬ ther west, to run over and lay waste more new land. The same operations are in progress, more or less, in Indiana, Illinois, and other western States. These effects would always be avoided by a pro¬ per course of management. It should be the first endeavor of the farmer to save and apply, to the greatest advantage, those fertilizing substances which he can most readily obtain. The excrement of animals, all animal offal— as entrails, flesh, skin, bones, horns, hoofs, &c., — vegetable matter, in the form of straw, coarse grass, refuse hay, — wood- ashes, &c., should be carefully saved. The waste of these articles, in many parts of the country is really a subject of astonishment. On farms where the soil has already been much exhausted, and is every year growing poorer, it is not uncommon to find much of the manure of the barn-yard and hog¬ pen washed into the highway, or carried off by some neighboring stream. Inattention to the saving of urine, and the waste of that valuable fertilizer, is still more common, and a cause of still greater loss. The means to be adopted by the farmer for saving the manure of his domestic animals, must be some¬ what varied to suit particular circumstances. In the northern part of the country, stock is generally sheltered in winter — horses and cattle being com¬ monly kept at night in stalls. Perhaps there is no plan which better answers the purpose of saving the liquid and solid excrements, than that of a cellar under the barn or stable where the animals are kept. This receives all, and if the bottom of the cellar has been made tight with clay or cement, there can be no waste. The temperature is not high enough to produce rapid fermentation, leaving the manure to gradually decompose, and its gases to combine with the litter, muck, or other absorbent matters, which should always be mixed with it to such an extent as to make it sufficiently dry to be readily loaded and carted. No situation can be more convenient for mixing these substances, or forming any kind of compost, as by keeping the manure level, and spread¬ ing over the materials to be added, at proper inter¬ vals, the whole will become in,: tely combined. It here undergoes no loss by 1 . ~g, but may be used whenever required. In mild weather, cattle are kept more or less in yards and sheds adjoining the barn, and sheep are kept in sheds connected with yards. These sheds and yards should be well coated with muck or litter, before the stock is brought up in the fall. The yards should be in the form of a basin, so tight that no¬ thing will soak through, and muck, potato vines, refuse corn-stalks, and other rubbish should be thrown in to absorb the liquid. The dung of sheep is dry, and from its containing a large proportion of nitrogen, is inclined to heat violently, by which much of its value is dissipated. To prevent this, it would be an advantage to spread a coat of muck, an inch or two thick, through the sheds, once a week, or if litter is more convenient it may be used, and kept sufficiently moist by being watered from a pump or aqueduct, by a spout or hose-pipe. Care should be taken that too much water is not applied — the manure should simply be moistened, — if made wet the sheep will be injured by being kept on it. We saw, lately, on the farm of Mr. Henry Keel¬ er, of South Salem, Westchester county, N. Y., some good arrangements in regard to saving ma¬ nures. His barns and sheds are so placed as to oc¬ cupy three sides of a square, the opening being to the south. The basement of the main barn is used for stabling cattle and horses — the storage of hay, &c., being on the floor above, which is nearly on a level with the ground on one side. The horses are ranged on one side of the barn and the cattle on the other. The animals stand on ground considerably higher than the centre of the area — the centre hav¬ ing been excavated for the purpose of forming a re¬ ceptacle for the manure. Into this, the manure from the cattle and horses is thrown, it being mixed to¬ gether, and also mixed with litter. The urine from both sides is conducted into a tank, from which it is raised by a chain pump and turned over the manure- heap, in such quantities and as often as is necessary to keep it sufficiently moist. From the large quan¬ tity of absorbent matters mixed with the manure, no effluvium or gas is perceived to arise from it. Mr. K. has, however, adopted another plan, which he likes better, and which we think preferable to the above, in another building, where most of his neat cattle are kept. The cattle stand on flag-stones, nicely laid, and which are kept at all times well covered with litter. Under the floor, between this flagging and the outside of the building is a cellar; but the cellar does not extend under where the cat¬ tle stand. The dung and urine all go into this cellar. All the appurtenances in reference to this place are not yet completed. The cellar is to form part of a yard — a firm stone-wall to be made round it. A shed roof is to be attached to the barn, in order to protect the manure from being too much drenched by rains, or dried by the sun and air. An apartment for hogs is made under one end of the building, with an opening connecting with this yard, and here they are to work at composting — The ma¬ nure from the stock, and such other materials as may be gathered for the purpose, being thrown to¬ gether to be mixed by them. Mr. K. has plenty of good water brought in pipes to his stables and yards. This is of great import¬ ance, both as to the saving of manure and the well¬ doing of the animals, yet it is most strangely neglected by many farmers. Where cattle are 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 38/ obliged to go to a pond or stream for water, they do not drink with proper regularity. If the weather is very cold or stormy, they will undergo much thirst before they will expose themselves, and when they do finally commence drinking, they swallow so much that they are chilled through, (the water being frequently but little above the freezing point) and stand for some time shivering from its effects. From the want of water at the proper time, and from the shock occasioned by drinking too much at once, their digestive organs are deranged, and their food fails to supply the proper nourishment. When water is brought to the yards, and the an¬ imals have constant access to it, they drink as they need — usually but a little at a time, and their food being taken as appetite prompts them, and with all the functions in healthy action, they derive from it the greatest possible benefit. The manure is all saved, being left in the stables or yards ; but when animals are forced to leave the yards for water, much of the manure is left near where they drink, and is washed off where it does but little good. Economy of using Animal Manure. — From the value which stable or yard manure has been proved to possess, it was with no little regret that we heard its use discouraged, in strong terms, by Dr. D. P. Gardner, in his late address before the Westchester County Agricultural Society. His ob¬ jections to the use of this article were, chiefly, that it is of little value in proportion to what it is usually estimated at. He referred for particulars to an es¬ say on the ‘‘Doctrine of Special Manures,” written by him, and published in the Transactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Society for 1846. One of the ob¬ jects of this essay, was, to quote the authors lan¬ guage, to “shake the confidence placed in the foul and expensive manure, so long employed. ” This confidence was to be shaken, by showing that the manure was of trifling value. He estimates the ex¬ pense of manuring, with yard manure, an acre of land for Indian corn, in Dutchess county, at $20 — allowing twenty loads of manure, of twenty-five bushels each,- and in view of this expense, he thinks it reasonable that “the greater part of our intelli¬ gent [?] farmers have arrived at the conclusion, that for a man of limited means, the exhaustion of the soil is the most profitable system of farming.” He contends that the principal value of common yard or stable manure, consists in the ashes it is capable of affording on being burned. He informs us that the Hindoo, whom he declares is “the most philosophical and successful agriculturist of the present, or of any age,” burns the dung which our people “so much prize, and he even cares little for the ashes;” that “the Egyptians, the descendants of the Hindoos, and among the best farmers of ancient or modern times, also burn the dung of their domestic animals.” He asserts that “the ashes, and a proper substitute for the nitrogen, will effect the same, or better results on the soil,” than the manure. He therefore asks — “Why do farmers still encounter the heavy charge of a dollar a load for the use of yard manure, when they have better substitutes within their reach, for less than a quarter of that sum?” The value, of the ashes of a load (25 bushels) of manure, he estimates at twelve and a half cents ; the cost of the “proper substitute for the nitrogen” he has not given. It will be seen that the carbon¬ aceous matter of the manure is not estimated as of any value at all! Dr. G. has not told us, precisely, what he would recommend as a substitute for common manure, but he hints that all the necessary information on the subject, may be found in a manuscript prepared by him in reference to a premium offered by the N. Y. Slate Ag. Society, but which “was withdrawn from the action of the committee,” and is still in his pos¬ session. We are therefore without any special data in regard to the comparative expense of the new article; he simply asserts that it would cost less than a fourth as much as yard manure. In regard to the theory of special manures, Dr. Gardner speaks as follows: “If the doctrine be found correct in practice, it will work a great re¬ form in farming, by enabling us not only to manure at a trifling rate as compared with the present ex¬ pensive means, but by making it a possible thing to raise the same crop on a piece of land without rota¬ tion; by removing the necessity of large farms and expensive fixtures for stock; by enlarging crops beyond any point they have hitherto reached, and lastly, by making agriculture much more a science of skill and intellectual expedients than manual la bor.” This language does not differ materially from that used by Liebig in regard to his “patent manure,” or a new system of compounding manures, which was extensively advertised several years since, but which, in regard to its profitable application, has generally failed. By adverting to this, however, we only intend to impress the necessity of caution in the adoption of untried theories. Investigation and ex periment should be encouraged, but all things should be proved, and the good only held fast. Fair of the Maryland State Ag. Society. The third annual exhibition of this society was held on the 23d, 24th and 25th of October, at Balti¬ more, and was a very successful exhibition, being a decided improvement upon that of last year. The entries in most of the classes were much larger than heretofore, and in some departments the articles were superior. The great attraction in the stock department was the splendid herd of Devons, of Mr. Patterson, numbering 24 head. They were in fine condition, and were a sight well worth a trip to Baltimore to behold. The milking qualities of this herd are well known, and several of the cows exhi¬ bited, showed as good milking properties as any ani¬ mals on the ground. The bull exhibited was, I think, imported, and was an exceedingly good one. Two pair of Devon working oxen were the admiration oi all. Mr. P. declined entering his stock for pre¬ miums. There was a very fair show of Short-horns; but not equal in quality to last year. The very fin9 herd of Col. Capron, which was then sold, did not appear upon the ground, and we doubt much whe¬ ther it can be made good in Maryland. There was a large show of Ayrshires, and their crosses-— some of them very fine, but many of medium quality. The Holstein cattle on exhibition, appeared to be good milkers, and are highly esteemed for their ex¬ cellent dairy properties. Col. Calvert, the presi¬ dent of the society, informed us that he prefers them to any other breed, and intends to fill up his dairy with them. He has had several of them for some time past, and is competent to decide on their qual ities from the trial he has given them. One of the most interesting features of the exhibi¬ tion of cattle was a pair of heifer calves, one six weeks and the other seven weeks old, trained by a lad five years of age, a son of Mr. Bailey of Fairfax county, Virginia, formerly of Dutchess county, New York. The little fellow had trained them in about three weeks time. They were so perfectly manage¬ able that when the little yoke was taken off. he cou'd 388 THE CULTIVATOR. Dec. BBg«iBgBaaaaaMa*iaaaaBfflEBaiBBBE«B^ . . . mu make them perform all that he desired, by the mo¬ tion of the whip-placing one on the right side and the other on the left, and then changing them— in short, in or out of the yoke they were so trained as to be an object of universal attention and admira¬ tion. I heard a remark from a group of gentlemen standing by and witnessing the wonderful perform¬ ance of the boy — “This is the way, after all, to bring up boys. This little fellow will make a man that will take care of himself.” There can be no doubt of this, I think. If he lives, Mr. Bailey’s good name will be well honored by his son. The sheep, with the exception of the Long-wools by Mr. Reybold of Delaware, and Col. Ware of Virginia, were not entitled to much notice. Mr. Rey- bold’s New Oxfordshires were the pride of the show. They are exceedingly fine sheep of their class, and cannot, I imagine, be excelled in this country . One of his fat wethers was slaughtered during the Fair, and weighed 206 lbs., very closely dressed. He re¬ ceived for him $100 on a standing offer of tenyears. from Mr. Turner, a Baltimore butcher, and late can¬ didate for mayor of that city. This mutton was pur¬ chased by the proprietor of the Eutaw House, who is a very liberal and enterprizing gentleman, and it will, in due time, grace the table of that famed hotel. About ten years since, Mr. Turner offered to give $100 to any breeder who would produce a fat sheep that would weigh 50 lbs. to the quarter, when dressed. On the arrival of Clayton B. Rey¬ bold, with his sheep, a day or two previous to the Fair, Mr. Turner saw them, and said to him that he was prepared to give the $100 for the fat wether, as he was satisfied he would weigh 200 lbs. The wether was slaughtered and dressed by Mr. Turner, and although in dressing him, the skin was taken off down to the very hoofs, much closer than is usual, the weight of the carcass was 206 lbs. The show of horses was larger than last year, and very fair. The Morgan stallion, Black-Hawk, Jr., (a colt by the Vermont Black-Hawk) owned by Col. Carroll, attracted much notice. His figure and ac¬ tion are very superior, and he will add, I doubt not, much to the character of the horses of the State. There were several other horses that were good, and some very fine colts. The swine were very fair, some exceedingly good ; but not, I think, taken together, equal to last year. The Dutchess county pigs of Mr. Wilkinson, of the Mt. Airy Institute, were very fine. The exhibition of poultry was very extensive, embracing almost all the noted varieties, which have turned the heads of our Boston gentry. Some Capons were of such mammoth size, that they would doubtless command for breeders , (as some of like description have, I un¬ derstand, at the East) $30 or more per pair ! In the implement department the show was of great merit. E. Whitman’s exhibition was one of the largest I have ever seen, and Sinclair Sc Co.’s was nearly equal, and two or three others very fine. In fact nearly, if not quite, one-fourth of the ground was occupied by their implements. Very many of the articles were of the best of our northern manu¬ facture, and I was pleased to learn that many sales of improved implements took place. The plowing match was a very interesting scene : Twenty-three plowmen entered the arena, and thou¬ sands of spectators were in attendance. The ground was not such as to fully exhibit either the skill of the plowmen, or the perfection of the plow — still the work was well done by many of the com¬ petitors. Prouty Sc Mears’ No. 5£, received the award for the best plowing— being one of the plows which received a first premium at the N. Y. trial. On the last day of the exhibition, an address was delivered by Willoughby Newton, of Virginia, a highly intelligent agriculturist. It was every way worthy of the cause and the speaker. P. A. Browne, Esq., of Philadelphia, gave interesting statements of his experiments in relation to wool, which were lis¬ tened to with much attention. The attention shown by the officers of the society to strangers who were present, was what might have been expected from the known hospitality of the gentlemen of Maryland. There were in attendance a large number of gentle¬ men from Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania and New- York. I have omitted to mention the show of hams. Twenty competitors contended for the prize, and the superiority of the hams exhibited, over any in our market, was most apparent, and I hope some means may be adopted to bring up ours to the stand¬ ard of Maryland and Virginia. The show of fruits, vegetables, flowers, fancy articles, &c., was very creditable to the society. On Friday evening an election of officers took place, when Col. Calvert was unanimously re-elect¬ ed president, and consented to serve. He is truly a valuable officer, whose services cannot well be dis¬ pensed with. From the Maryland show I proceeded to Dela¬ ware, and had an opportunity of examining the splendid farms of Maj . Reybold and Sons, and others in that vicinity, among which was that of the Hon. J. M. Clayton, who is now most successfully de¬ voting himself to the management of his farm, and I may, if time allows, give your readers some ac¬ count of Delaware farming, and tell them of forty bushels of wheat to the acre, and of more than 3000 bushels from an 100 acres, raised by one farmer ! B. P. J. Irrigation. During the late exhibition of the Royal Agricultu¬ ral Society, a delegation ofthe officers, members and others, among whom was our countryman, L. G. Morris, Esq., of Westchester county, N. Y., visit¬ ed the farm of Mr. George Turner, near Exeter, for the purpose of examining the Water meadows be¬ longing to that gentleman, and which are noted for their productiveness. Mr. T. explained his man¬ agement to the company, and it was reported some¬ what in detail. We extract the following from the printed account. The remarks are worthy the at¬ tention of our readers: — The process by which boggy, or comparatively useless fields, are converted into verdant and luxu¬ riant meadows, bearing very heavy crops of hay, and also affording admirable pasture, is, first of all, thoroughly to drain the land. The land is then al¬ lowed to remain for two years, to consolidate. If it be a heavy piece of land, it will probably be broken up, and laid down with fresh and well-selected grass seeds. After one year’s grass, if the land be pretty well drained and seeded, in the following or second year from the time it is laid down, the water gutters are cut, and the water let in at the proper season. The proper season is from about Michael¬ mas till Lady-day j but Mr. Turner entirely objects to summer irrigation, as forcing the land too much, and as calculated to give the sheep, who then de¬ pasture upon it, the rot. In the hill-side meadows, the gutters (about two feet broad and three inches deep) conduct the water from a spring on the upper part of the hill-side, in a lateral, but oblique di¬ rection, with a gentle fall across the face of the hill. At the opposite side, but so arranged as to leave a 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 389 considerable interval between each main gutter, it turns, and brings the stream back, at a lower point, across the face of the hill again, and somewhat par* ailel with the first line, but still descending, when it again turns, and so on till it reaches the bottom, when it is applied to the meadows on the flat, if required, and the excess carried away in its proper channel. Across these gutters, at proper intervals, are placed dams, which restrain the current from proceeding till it can surmount the dam, which it is not able to do, till the water attains a sufficient height to compel it to overflow at the lower side of the gutter, throughout its whole length. The water thus streams over in a continuous but gentle sheet all adown the meadow, thoroughly saturating it, and conveying its nourishment and fertilizing power to all the grasses. Where requisite, from obstruc¬ tions arising from inequality of surface, &c., small gutters are cut transversely from the main gutters, to supply those portions of the field which would otherwise be left partially, or entirely, without. This is continued for a fortnight or three weeks, ac¬ cording to circumstances. When the water is turned off, the grass is allowed to grow till about March, when it is depastured generally with ewes and lambs, which, after feeding luxuriously below, are then driven to lie in the upper or unirrigated part, which their droppings and manure render as fertile as the part which is irrigated — one acre thus irrigated be¬ ing deemed sufficient to maintain another adjoining unirrigated acre in the best condition . After a suf¬ ficient interval, the water is again turned on, and so the process is repeated, according to circumstan¬ ces — viz, the quantity and quality of the water, the condition of the land, &c., till the season for irriga¬ tion expires. From the extreme value of the pas¬ ture, and the weight of the hay obtained, it is cal¬ culated that this process, at a very small expense, soon renders the land worth at least double its for¬ mer rental. From the opposite hill-side Mr. Turner pointed the attention of the company to his own fertile mea¬ dow in the bottom, and, a short distance off, to a field similarly situated, in which was growing a scanty crop of mangolds, intermingled with swedes, which had only quite recently come into his possession, and which had been drained in prepara¬ tion for the same process of irrigation. Two years ago a dog could not walk across that field; but in a very short time he expected to make it equal to his best bottom land, which was formerly in a similar condition. The three acres, properly irrigated, which they saw below them, kept the five acres on which they stood, in the way before described. In reply to a series of questions and observations, Mr. Turner said that, practically, he had never found the water diffused by irrigation settle and swamp the land; that in relation to grass seeds, he always made a point of getting the very best; that in Devonshire there existed a great variety of soil in immediate contiguity. He could show them valleys where the land on one side would be worth £2 per acre, while on the other it would hardly be worth more than 2s. an acre. That, according to the rent of the land, he belived no man grew more beef, mut¬ ton, corn, or food than he did. Some persons said, ‘*'Oh, such a man is a good meadow farmer, such a man is a good tillage farmer, such a man is a good breeder,” &c. ; but he did not consider any man a good farmer who was not a good meadow, tillage, and stock farmer combined. It was the adaptation and proper and economical rotation in every depart¬ ment, that made the truly good farmer. (This ob¬ servation gained general concurrence, as did also another, made by Mr. Turner, as follows): “Re¬ member, gentlemen, that the artificial watering of meadows robs no dunghill ; on the contrary, it raises one for the benefit of other lands.” Mr. Mechi and other gentlemen made several ob¬ servations on the use of artificial manures; in reply to which Mr. Turner generally stated that he did not profess to be a scientific chemist, nor any more than a practical man, whose practice he explained to them, and of the results of whose practice their own observation would enable them to judge; and proceeded to urge upon them strongly the advantage of availing themselves, where practicable, of the less costly fertilizing principles of water. The ave¬ rage cost of preparing land for irrigation varied greatly, according to the nature of the land, supply of water, &c., perhaps from £2 to £3 or more, per acre. The subsequent cost of use, &c., was but trifling; not more than 5s. a year per acre. Some difference of opinion was expressed on the part of several visitors, as to the advantage to be gained by denying the land water in the summer, and it was urged by some that the water might with ad¬ vantage be turned on after mowing. Mr. Turner replied that in 99 cases out of 100 summer watering was found, not only to be of no use, but a positive injury ; then (pointing to the wa¬ ter, which having been turned on into the hill side- gutters was diffusing itself over the whole meadow below, making its surface quite plashy) said, he had, in order to give them occular demonstation, turned on the water to the perhaps but slight detriment of the land, but he should be so'rry to repeat the experi¬ ment. He then explained that by summer watering the land became exhausted, being pushed beyond its natural strength. Mr. Turner expressed a general opinion that it was unwise to make such an attempt to thwart na¬ ture. One effect of summer watering would be to rot the sheep that fed on land thus watered. He remembered that many years ago, when he was but a little boy, his father bought many rams from the celebrated Bakewell, of Dishley. Now, Mr. Bake- well had a great objection to others getting hold of his breed, especially in any irregular way, and at certain periods of the year the butchers would come to buy his sheep, intending really to breed from them. In order to prevent this, a short time pre¬ viously to the sale, he would irrigate his meadows from an old mill stream, turning on the sheep, and then say to the disappointed butchers, “Gentlemen, you may try to breed from my sheep if you will, but, I warn you, if you do they will have the rot.” On its being put to Mr. Turner, whether, in very dry summer weather, it might not be desirable to wa¬ ter artificially, he said his experience was against it. They might force grass, but to the average and per¬ manent injury of the land. In relation to those who were inclined to com¬ mence irrigation, he recommended them to have a man who understood the subject, to put their land into proper order. As to the levels, they should be such as to produce a gentle rippling current. To allow the water to stand still would be injurious to the land. In reply to renewed questions, Mr. Turner said, the period of continuous watering, during the irri¬ gation season, must depend chiefly on the condition of the land, and the goodness of the water. If the water were warm and forcing, the period would not be so long. There could be no specific rule ; from one week to one month was, perhaps, the two extremes. In conclusion, he must impress upon them all, as the great value of irrigation, that every acre of land thus 390 THE CULTIVATOR. watered was equal at least to the maintenance of another acre ; and that every thousand acres of land, judiciously irrigated, would give an increased rental of a thousand a year by means of that irrigation. It is estimated that there are half a million of acres irrigated in Devon — which, therefore, represents an increased rental of j£500,000 a year, over what the same land would fetch if it had remained without irrigation. Cetters from |Jrof. Norton — 3XTo. 12. Notes of a Tour in Central New- York. Analytical Laboratory, Yale College, 1 New Haven , Conn ., Nov. 4, 1850. J Messrs. Editors — It may be remembered, that in my last letter, when mentioning the various im¬ provements made by Mr. Jos. Watson of Clyde, I referred to a specimen of marl from his reclaimed swamp, as undergoing analysis in my laboratory ; the analysis has since been completed, and has given me a high idea of the value of the marls in that, section, of which I suppose this to be a fair sample. It contains a remarkably large per centage of car¬ bonate of lime, and also traces of potash, sulphuric and phosphoric acids. These last, although in small quantity, add most materially to its value, and con¬ firm me in the opinion, that these marls are one day destined to be of immense importance in the agricul¬ ture of this region. If the present race of farmers find no use for them, or for the swamps under which they lie, they may rest assured that those who come after them, will not always labor under the same delusion. The exhibition of stock, implements, fruits, &e. at Clyde, was very creditable, and when the hour for the address came, I was greatly surprised, it being a very rainy day, to find the church quite filled by an audience that proved remarkably attentive, and that seemed disposed to consider the subject of the address — a special agricultural education, as one which deserved their most serious consideration. In coming up from the head of Sodus Bay, with Mr. Watson, he directed my attention to the line of the proposed Sodus canal. The excavation has been in a great degree completed, by the ingenious method of damming a stream which runs through a natural hollow in a straight line to the head of the bay, and then allowing the accumulated water to sweep down, bearing of course a large quantity of material torn from the banks with it. By a repeti¬ tion of this process, a large channel has been swept out, so that little remains but to build locks, and shape the banks. This canal will drain quite an extended tract of heavily timbered swamp, which, when dry, will make farms of the very richest de¬ scription. Near Clyde, we called for a few moments on Mr. Mackay, whose nursery and selection of fruit is well worthy of a longer visit than the closing day per¬ mitted us to make; he has a considerable assort¬ ment of the rarer fruits, shrubs, and flowers, and all in a highly thriving condition. From Clyde I went to Palmyra, on the canal, taking the packet by way of variety, in these days of railways and steamboats. I found it even slower than I had expected, and was quite content to stop at Palmyra, after a voyage of about 24 miles. This beautiful village reminded me more in its appearance of Massachusetts or Connecticut, than any place that I saw in New-York. In company Dec. with Mr. Pardee, the active and intelligent secre¬ tary of the society, I made an excursion from Pal¬ myra to the shores of Lake Ontario, at Pultneyville, passing through Marion on our way, and returning through Walworth. This is a superb country, with wonderful natural advantages. The cultivation is in several respects improving; there is a general air of increasing neatness about the fields. Attention seems to be paid to the eradication of weeds, on many farms. The buildings too, bear marks of im¬ provement and thrift. Many of the farms are how¬ ever, evidently running down, and I heard of some that were almost entirely worn out. The new farm houses in all this section, are very generally built of small rubble stone, faced with regular round or oval ones, brought from the shore of the lake where they have been worn smooth by the action of its waves. This style of house seemed to me very appropriate for a farm-house, neat, warm, and solid, with a very comfortable, substantial look. It speaks well for the farmers of this section, that in this drive of about 40 miles, I did not see a single field of corn that was topped; it was all cut close to the ground, and was uncommonly heavy. Mr. Pardee, who has extended opportunities for forming a correct judgment, thinks that the average yield of wheat per acre in this part of the country, has rather increased; though very great numbers farm on an exhausting system, they have learned'to sow deeper, and thus to root the young wheat well so that it is not so liable to winter-kill. This improve¬ ment will not be a lasting one, if the farmers persist in their exhausting system, and will in that case soon cease to produce any such marked effects as it did at first. This county is remarkable for fine fruit, and for the extent to which it is cultivated. In an address delivered to the county society a year since, by Mr. Pardee, he brought forward facts to prove that Wayne county exceeded all others east of it on the line of canal taken together, in the amount of fruit shipped for market, both in a dried and fresh state. I saw many orchards that bore evidence of care and skill in their management, and some of them were very remarkable. There was one large orchard that we visited, some ten or twelve miles from Pal¬ myra, the proprietor of which was absent. His name I have unfortunately forgotten, and I regret this the more, as it was in the most healthy and flourishing state, of any large orchard that I ever en¬ tered. The trees were all young, just coming into bearing; the varieties being Russets, Greenings, Baldwins, and a few other standard kinds. I picked the largest Russett from one of the trees, that I ever saw. The trunks of all these trees had evidently been washed with a weak lye, or some preparation for cleaning the bark, as it was in a wonderfully smooth, silvery, thrifty state; presenting such a sight as, I will venture to say, can scarcely be sur¬ passed in any country. In the town of Walworth, we visited the farm and nursery of Mr. Theron G. Yoemans, and found it well worthy of attention. It is an instance of what enterprise and sagacity, may do with this land. We saw there peaches, plums, pears, apples, and cherries, all from 3 to 5 years old only, but wonderfully large for their age, and bearing most luxuriant crops of superb fruit, unsurpassed in size and quality. Mr. Yeomans commenced with but about 18 acres, on a small scale, as in my opinion every beginner should, and has gradually increased as he has improved, until he now cultivates about 50 acres. The original 15 acres, were first dressed with about 70 loads per acre of muck, and leached 1350. THE CULTIVATOR. 391 ashes, in equal parts. The latter came from an old ashery, where they had lain neglected for years* This accomplished, the next step was to drain the whole tract 5 it lay on a hill side, and was generally considered dry. There was however in reality, a number of springs which made the ground wet and springy in the early part of the season, and in winter, so that the roots of the young trees were liable to be thrown out and lifted. His draining has been done with tiles of the horse shoe and pipe varieties, mostly of the latter, laid at a depth ot three feet. They are made at Waterloo, Seneca county, by the machine imported two or three years since by Mr. Delafield. The 30 or 40 acres which have been added to the original 15, are now under process of drainage. They had heretofore been thought dry, but the drains laid have already run full of water several times, and an improvement in the land is already beginning to show itself most decidedly. Mr. Yoema'ns has laid 14,000 tiles this season, and is still going on. The principal object in the cultivation of this farm is fruit, and carried on in the way that I witnessed, on such a soil, and under the influence of such a climate, it can scarcely fail of success. While Mr. Yoemans has thus commenced a liberal and enlightened system of management, he has not neglected matters of general utility, and the neigh¬ borhood bears ample testimony to his public spirit. Among other things, he has offered a premium of about 50 cts. for each shade tree that may be planted along the road side within the village limits, and shown to be healthy and thriving at the expiration of three years. In consequence of this offer, some 900 trees have already been set out, and will be well cared for during the next two or three years of course; they will then have obtained such a start, as to grow without farther care. It will be an in¬ estimable benefit to the village of Walworth, and one which its inhabitants some thirty or forty years hence, will fully appreciate. Mr. Yoemans will I trust, excuse me for having spoken so much at length of his proceedings, but I think that such examples as his, are just those that practical farmers ought to become acquainted with. The fields in this part of the county look older, and more carefully cared for, than the generality of those in the Eastern section. The country has been long settled in comparison with the east end, and consequently has a less rugged and newly settled appearance. Many of the fields however, seem to be much worn out by a defective system of cropping, and nearly all show need of the various remedies which Mr. Yoemans has so abundantly applied to his land. The cultivation here is as I have said con¬ siderably neater, and the roads cleaner, than in the other end of the county ; the houses are also generally larger, and more substantial. These are however simply the advantages of an older country, and in my opinion they will have to work hard in order to maintain their superiority, as their rivals are push¬ ing on rapidly in this friendly strife. Yours truly, John P. Norton. Kirtland’s New Cherries. — Dr. Kirtland states that out of the new cherries which he has originated, there are some thirty or forty which will range as high as the American Heart. None are as early as the purple Guigne. The Doctor, one of the earli¬ est, he states, comes in with the early White Heart. We have found it a trifle earlier. Protection to Wool-Growers. Editors Cultivator — My article in the Septem¬ ber number of the Cultivator on the subject of Foreign and Domestic wool, was written amid the pressure of other business, in great haste, from a mass of facts on the subject, which in private cor¬ respondence and official documents had been accu¬ mulating on my hands, during the many years I have been connected with the wool question ; and here, permit me to say, a question, whether we regard the immense amount of the investment or the numbers interested, unsurpassed in importance by any single subject that can be presented to the consideration of Congress in the adjustment of a tariff. Whethei such an event is to happen immediately or at a distant day, it is a bad policy, to wait till the horse is stolen before you lock your barn, as was the case in 1842. In that article, (which an able writer in your November number over the assumed name of Titrius a wool grower, has been pleased to notice with great courtesy,) I endeavored to embody a mass of facts which I deemed vitally essential to a fair adjustment of a practical and useful tariff on wool. How ne¬ cessary a knowledge of the most simple facts is, to the majority of politicians and professional men. who compose Congress, is aptly illustrated by the fact, that Congress in ’42 regarded flax-seed and lin¬ seed as two distinct articles, and accordingly in the tariff, made them subject to widely different rates of duty, which ridiculous ignorance, any unlettered farmer could have enlightened. Titrius, notwithstanding his great interest in thr wool question and confessed obligation to me, seize' upon a purely incidental remark on the subject of Scotish Black faced wool, (which is a mere ineiden! with the grower, the mutton being the main object) and ascribes to me the advocacy of a sentiment eon Aiding with the whole tenor of my article which 1 never have and do not advocate, to wit, that of dis¬ criminating duties on wool according to the different fab ricks, into which it may be manufactured. This would be impracticable, if not impossible, as the wool of the same fleece, is often made into fabrieks of very different value with wool of an entirely differ¬ ent character. Had Titrius written over his own name or addressed me a private letter, as many wool growers have done, I have no doubt with his kind feelings, the fervor of his gratitude and deep personal interest in the subject, we might have arrived at a mutual good understanding, without his giving battle to a man of straw, or my .appearing again in print. As I have nothing to do with the duties on fabrieks into which wool may be manufactured further than their manufacture creates a demand for wool, I will now simply say, that Titrius is mistaken five per cent in the duty on the fabrick to which he alludes, and notice more particularly his last paragraph, in relation to the struggle in the passage of the tariff 1842, on the wool clause. With this struggle I was not an entire stranger or a careless and uninterest¬ ed observer. The samples of wool used in both houses of Congress and before the committees, to illustrate the subject were furnished by me, in rela¬ tion to which Ex-Gov. Slade, then in Congress, in his letter to me says, u they ivere used to good ad - vantage ” before the committee of ways and means, who were induced to report an amendment to their bill before the committee of the whole in the house, of five per cent duty on coarse wool costing less than seven cents per lb. &c.” Also the facts quoted in behalf of the wool grower in both houses were credited to the paper I then had the pleasure to edit. This paragraph appears to me to originate in a 392 THE CULTIVATOR. Dec misapprehension of the nature of the struggle in ’42, and calculated to prepare the way for further injustice to the wool grower; in short, to be just such as a defeated advocate of the now exploded maximum principle, would pen in the last resort, to secure the next best object to the advocates of free trade in wool — to wit: a low, indiscriminate duty on wool, so high, as nearly to exclude the coarse hairy wools which we do not growT, yet so low, as to admit the w7hole mass of rival wools, at a cost here which will enable them to control the price of do¬ mestic wool in the home market ; too low for the purposes of revenue, incidental or direct protection, and far below what the farmers of the country have a right to demand in return for the payment of 16-20ths of the millions raised by the tariff to support the government. It is not to be winked out of sight that, 82- lOOths of the whole population of the United States are agriculturists, and that no class consume more dutiable articles, according to their numbers and the amount of their individual business, than they. They are the principal consumers of all the protected products of our manufacturers, yet no class on account of the great superabundance of the pro¬ ducts of our agriculture, receive so litte encourage¬ ment or aid from the tariff. Then let Congress do all it can for them in a tariff in this vital matter of wool, and go even beyond the revenue standard, (even the most scrupulous for justice’s sake, need not hesitate,) they will still labor at the shortest end of the yoke and receive a mere pittance from the general government compared to the aggregate amount of their contributions to its support. Titrius says — it was the attempt to discriminate between the different kinds of wool to be applied to different objects, which produced the greatest mis¬ chief to the wool grower in 1842. Now, I say there was no such attempt or issue in the passage of the tariff of 1842, as Titrius believes, and those who believe it do not and did not understand the game the advocates of free trade in wool were play¬ ing, under the guise of the maximum principle, adopt¬ ed in the tariff of 1832 — which admitted all wool costing abroad eight cents or less per pound, duty free. So little was then known on the subject out of the circle of importers and manufacturers, that it was not even imagined in Congress or out of it, that this tariff would virtually establish free trade in wool, but when I established the fact in 1841, that fourteen and a half millions out of a little rising fif¬ teen million pounds of wool, were imported duty free, supplanting every grade of domestic wool in our own markets, the wool-growers were alarmed, the agri¬ cultural press came to the rescue, a few members of Congress caught the glimmer of the new light, a struggle arose between those who wanted free trade in wool and the wool-growTers. The whole issue was made up on the maximum, which drew no line of discrimination between the kinds of wool and the fabrics into which it might be manufactured , but be¬ tween free trade and protection . So great was the influence of adverse interests, and so small the in¬ formation on the subject in Congress, that all the bills, when presented to Congress, adopted a maxi¬ mum, high enough to establish virtually, free trade in wool. However, the Committee of Ways and Means, at the last moment, imbibed a little light, and' were induced to report an amendment to their Dill, subjecting coarse wool coming under their max- mum to five per cent. duty. The word coarse, which was not in the tariff of 1832, with the provisos in the bill, it was contended by the advocates of free trade in wool, would be an abundant security to the wool-growers, while they contended the word coarse and the proviso, would be inoperative in the con struction of the act, and the sheep husbandry in the United States would progress from bad to worse, under the proposed tariff, all of which has been too sadly realized. Thus the whole struggle in 1842, was for substan¬ tial free trade on the one side, and just and equal protection on the other. The free trade in wool prevailed, losing no ground in the struggle save the trifling amendment of the Ways and Means. Well, the tariff of 1842 went into operation. From the inge¬ nius phraseology of the bill, the word coarse proves to be all a humbug, and without meaning — over 29-30ths of all the wool imported, came in subject to five per cent, duty — about one-eighth as much as the duty on woollens. The importations rose up by 1844 to nearly 25,000,000 pounds, and in 1845, to rising 28,000,000 pounds. Now I would ask what there is in all this that has even the semblance of a discrimination between dif¬ ferent kinds of wool to be applied to different ob¬ jects? Does the issue on the maximum, for its rejec¬ tion, reduction, or the substitution of an ad valo¬ rem duty as high on wool as woollens, establish the fact? No such thing. The whole issue was free trade or not. Certainly the maximum could make no such discrimination, when all the South Ameri¬ can wool could be purchased abroad from one to four cents per pound less than the maximum of seven cents. It is true, that the friends of the wool-grower in Congress, with a faith founded in darkness, thought if they could reduce the maximum, they could sub¬ ject more rival wools to the higher rate of duty es¬ tablished in the bill, but they soon found that they were completely over-reached, and that there was no fact in commerce better established, than that the coarse , hairy wools of Crimea, Odessa, Calcutta, &c., cost the same abroad as the fine and beautiful wools of South America, east of the Andes. This fact was established beyond contradiction, in my last ; having then reliable information that a project for a new tariff had been made at Newport, R. I., by certain eminent politicians, about twelve months previous, designed to be substituted for the present tariff, at the first convenient opportunity, by which free trade in wool was again to be estab¬ lished under the guise of the maximum principle ; I set forth this fact distinctly and beyond doubt, so that all cpuld see that a maximum could have no office in a tariff on wool, save its old office of hum¬ bug, deception and ruin. That I made a discrimination between rival wools which supplant our own, and the coarse hair wools, which do not, is true, in order to show that the max¬ imum cannot be applied to either, as a rule of dis¬ crimination between coarse and fine wools, and also, that unless such a discrimination as this is made in a tariff, it will be found to be impracticable, as it regards both the revenue and incidental or direct protection. Titrius, would not subject fine and coarse woollens to the same rate of duty— -say $2 per yard. This would exclude the coarse fabrics, costing $1.50 and under per yard, (the article most wanted,) and be no restriction on the importation of broad-cloth worth $5 or $10 per yard, and would defeat the pur¬ poses of revenue. This is precisely the case with the present indiscriminate ad valorem of 30 per cent, on all wool. If it is a fact, I believe it does not admit of a doubt, that the coarse hairy Crimea and the Buenos Ayres cost abroad the same, (though the Buenos Ayres will produce three times as much as the Crimea,) then both pay the same amount of duty per pound, which is as absurd as to subject a $10 and 393 1830. THE CULTIVATOR. $2 broad- cloth to the same amount of duty per yard. Now, I would ask Titrius, as a wool-grower, what rate of duty he would put oh the rival wools of Bu¬ enos Ayres, Montevideo, Cordova, &c. , rivaling ev¬ ery grade of wool grown in the United States, and coming to the cards from 12 to 20 cents -per pound cheaper than our domestic wool, and costing about six cents per pound? Why., he would answer me as did a distinguished wool-grower and member of the present Congress— why, sir, 100 per cent, would not be equal in its effects, to the duty on woollens. Now apply this rate of duty, or any just rate of du¬ ty on fine or rival wools, to the coarse hairy wools, and you exclude their importation at once, and de¬ stroy a demand for our long worsted wools manu¬ factured with them in about equal proportions. You defeat all revenue from this class of wools, and dis¬ courage the introduction of the large feng- woo led mutton sheep, very desirable in our more populous States, where mutton as well as wool is an object with the farmer. Now, on the other hand, if you adopt a low, indiscriminate ad valorem duty, so low as to raise revenue from the importation of these coarse hairy wools, you will flood the country with all kinds of wools and rain the majority of the sheep farmers in the United States. This would not be true, did the price of wools abroad generally import¬ ed, correspond to their quality, value and fineness, as imported articles generally do. Hence, in my humble judgment, we are reduced to the necessity of either a general ad valorem duty on all wools, on their home valuation, or two rates of ad valorem duties corresponding to the qualities of the wool and the degree to which they compete with and rival our domestic wools in our own mar¬ ket, or else wool-growing in the United States will continue to be, what wool-growers know it has been, a bad business. I am, with great consideration and respect, your obedient servant, H. C. Meriam. North Tewksbury , Nov. 7th, 1850. «hc ffjorticultural Skpartmcnt CONDUCTED BY J. J. THOMAS, Successful Treatment of Young Trees. We gave, last spring, some account of the suc¬ cessful management of newly transplanted fruit trees, furnished by Jonathan Talcott, of Rome, N. Y. Not one tree in a hundred was lost, and the growth of many of the shoots on the apple trees the first season, was 15 inches to 2 feet. This success was mainly owing to large holes filled with fertile soil ; careful transplanting 5 shortening the shoots at the time on the tops of the trees ; and clean , enriching, and mellow cultivation, and mulching. He has recently furnished the following additional remarks on the treatment of his young orchards: — “ Last spring the ground was plowed and planted to hoed crops, the manure about the trees was spaded in, and they have been hoed twiee. The results have been most promising for a beginner, and encouraging to those in this vicinity who are setting out fruit trees, I find they have grown from one to more than three feet the present season , forming fine heads. When I came to the conclusion to set out an orchard, I made up my mind that I would take care of ray trees, and have endeavored to do so to the best of my knowledge. Thus far the result of the experiment has been satisfactory. “ I have just been scrubbing the trunks with soft soap diluted with water, tying them up for winter, removing the eggs of insects, &c. u About 100 trees set last spring have made an average growth of about 15 inches each. A pan were mulched with oat straw, a part with coarse straw manure, and another portion were mulched at all. The result was most conclusive in favor of the mulching. ” The Best Strawberries. The experiments which have been made in all parts of the country are greatly assisting in the determination of the best sorts for general cultiva¬ tion. The results of different cultivators under the various external circumstances of soil, locality, &c. must always be interesting. Lewis F. Allen, of Black Rock, N. Y. remarks in the Horticulturist, “ In the plantations of an acre or two which I am about making [founded on pre¬ vious trial] my chief stock will be the Large Early Scarlet, Burr’s New Pine ? id -R%\, . ’ Hudson, with a few Hovey’s Seedlings.” T he Large Early Scarlet, he says, is * ‘ the best berry for a crop, probably, taken altogether, that we have.” Twelve square rods, with ordinary care and some drawbacks, gave 260 quarts. Hovey’s Seedling, 1 1 coarse in flavor, *'a tolerable bearer,’ not fit for a crop.” Boston Pine, a good fruit, but stem too short. Burr’s New Pine, ‘•'splendid, early, prolific, highest flavor.” Rival Hudson, u the most prolific — the most beautiful growing berry, on a high stem — fine rich flavor.” Black Prince, u color bad — flavor insipid, or sour.” H. E. Hooker, an extensive and skilful cultivator at Rochester, says, “ The best to my palate, are Burr’s New Pine, Large Early Scarlet and Hudson ; and for a late berry, Crimson Cone ; but tastes dif¬ fer.” Boston Pine is pronounced very productive, but inferior in flavor.* Black Prince, the same. Hovey’s Seedling, large, beautiful, of second quality. Burr’s New Pine, large, beautiful, fine, productive. Large Early Scarlet, very productive, one of the best, good for marketing. Hudson, good flavor, firm, excellent for market. Crimson Cone, beauti¬ ful, fine flavored, late, very vigorous.” At an examination of 37 sorts made at the grounds of L. C. Eaton, of Providence, R. I. by a number of gentlemen, the following were selected as the best, viz: Hovey’s Seedling, General Jaqueminot , Jenny’s Seedling, Burr’s New Pine, Rival Hudson, and Hudson Bay. The New York Hudson Bay, the Cincinnati Hudson, and the Hudson Bay of Rhode Island, were pronounced distinct, the latter being decidedly the best. The General Jaqueminot was regarded as unrivalled,' — large, firm, hardy, vigorous, productive— fruit stalk high and strong. Dr. Kirtland, of Cleveland, Ohio, states that Hovey’s Seedling, Willey , Burr’s old Seedling, and a variety of Hautbois, can be so managed as to give an abundant succession of fruit for five or six weeks. He remarks, “ Experience has satisfied us that four-fifths of the varieties which have been in¬ troduced to public notice, are in nowise superior to a few old favorites, and many are entirely worth¬ less in this vicinity.” G. W. Huntsman, well known as a successful strawberry eulturist of Flushing, L. I. , places Burr’s New Pine at the head of the list, as being 11 decidedly the most desirable strawberry in cultiva¬ tion.” He ranks Hovey’s Seedling next ; then * How tastes differ — a person, accustomed to eating the best strawberries, preferred, this year, the Boston Pine for its excelling flavor, even alongside Burr’s New Pine and Swainstone. 394 _ THE CULTIVATOR. Dec, Boston Pine and Large Early Scarlet ; and the Crimson Cone as a valuable market fruit. Thinning Fruit. The New England Farmer observes in relation to thinning fruit : — “ One peach grower informed us that he had taken off two-thirds of his peaches, and as they increased in size, and appeared too thick on the trees, he said he was sorry that he had not taken off one half of the other third. One man complained to his neighbor, that a certain variety of the peach which his friend had advised him to cultivate, was a poor bearer. ‘ Stop your complaint,’ was the reply, ‘ until you sell your fruit.’ He raised on one tree three dozen of peaches, sold them at two dollars per dozen, and was satisfied/7 This, it is true, was an extreme ease, but the evils of overbearing, contrasted with the benefits of thinning, can only be understood by actual trial. The cultivator may be aware that, by reducing the number, one hundred specimens may fill his basket, where two hundred were required from an overloaded tree, but until he actually tastes and compares the two products he cannot appreciate the incomparably superior quality of the former. Many are deterred from thinning their fruit by the slow and tedious nature of the operation • but a very expeditious way more particularly applicable to the peach, is to shorten in the shoots — cutting- off one half or two thirds of all one season’s growth. Where trees have been neglected for several years, and are beginning to extend their branches into long bare arms, the shortening back should extend to larger portions of the branch, until the tree is brought into a more compact shape. We have on former occasions more particularly pointed out the nature of this mode of treatment, but we wish now to urge the necessity of its timely performance. The earlier in winter it is attended to the less will be the liability of its omission. We have found it to succeed quite as well even if performed by mid¬ autumn as when left till spring. Horticulture at Cincinnati. At the same time that the American Pomological Congress at Cincinnati did not prove to be quite so successful a convention as had been hoped, the ex¬ hibition of fruits, See. by the Horticultural Society of that place, appears to have been of a very im¬ posing character. The following account is furn¬ ished by the Genesee Farmer: The brilliancy of this exhibition took us quite by surprise. We expected something fine — we were aware that the most liberal arrangements had been made, and that there was abundant material in that city and vicinity, for a grand display ; still, as we have already said, it took us completely by surprise, so admirable was it in all its parts. We felt fully compensated for our journey, with the gratification it alone afforded us. We have seen some of the best shows that Philadelphia or Boston has produced ; and although this was defective in the display of pears and foreign grapes, yet, as a whole, consider¬ ing the articles exhibited, the arrangement, &c., we consider Cincinnati up to, if not a little ahead of either; and this is saying a good deal. The show was held in a splendid hall nearly one hundred feet long and fifty feet wide. On either side was a table, the whole length covered with fruits — not little , shabby, half grown specimens one of a kind — but superb dishes of those magnificent golden and crimson fruits of the west — Fall Pippins as large as a man’s head, and peaches that would almost weigh a pound. What a display of fruits !* The “ Queen City” and the “ Mighty West” might well be proud of it. Then, in the center of the room were three tables,, with a walk between each, filled with flowers, flowering plants, and floral designs. The center table was appropriated to the design and taller plants. At the end of this table, just opposite the entrance, was a decorated arch, supported by two columns, mossed and ornamented with flowers, and with nuts of the Buckeye. The words “ Buckeye welcome” were tastefully wrought on the arch, with the nuts, and on the top was the American eagle. This tasteful object was the handi¬ work of the Misses Orange, and sold, we under¬ stood, for the sum of $50, at the close of the exhi¬ bition. There were many other very beautiful de¬ signs, by Mrs. Wm. Heaver and others. At the farther end of the room we noticed a villa residence in miniature, the grounds all laid out and planted with much skill and taste; and, just opposite, a very pretty design of a flower garden, laid out and planted. The two side tables were occupied with smaller plants, dahlias, &c. Messrs. Jackson, Heaver, Sayers, and others, exhibited pot plants, many of which were new and rare, grown in the best manner. Indeed, we think they would do credit even to a Chiswick fete. A better collection of pot plants, and better specimens, have, we are very confident, never been exhibited together before in this country. The liberal management of the Society brought out this grand display, and it was well rewarded. We were glad to see the great hall filled — thronged — evening after evening, and every visitor go away delighted. One thousand dollars were received at the door, and six hundred dollars were received at the sale, making $1,600 receipts. We congratulate the officers and members of this very excellent Society on the success which has crowned their efforts on this occasion. It affords them great encouragement for the future. Fruit Memoranda* Grafting old apple trees. — Some persons, I have noticed, in grafting old trees put in as many scions at one time as they think the tree ought to have. The next year they trim off all the original branches and leave the bare limbs with one year’s growth of the scions at the ends. This causes a rapid growth of the scions, rendering them liable to be broken off by the wind, and as they cannot take up all the nourishment furnished by the roots, shoots start out all over the trees which from their number are very troublesome. Tho7nas’s American Fruit Culturist shows a better way, which is, to begin at the top and graft a third of the tree a year till it is completed. This does not throw all the nourishment of the tree up to the scions at once; and they start better, from not being shaded by the foliage above them, when the top is grafted first. From the same source we learn, that instead of cutting off large branches and grafting them at once, it is better to prune the top in part which will cause an emission of vigorous shoots which may be grafted with ease and success.” I have seen trees that had begun to * Having been unexpectedly prevented from seeing this exhibi¬ tion, the writer has been favored with a glance at some of its speci¬ mens, through the kindness of A. H. Ernst and Dr. S. Mosher, by the present of a fine collection of fruits, some of them quite ex¬ ceeding in size and beauty any to be found even ift the fertile regions of Western New York. Ed. Cult. 1850 THE CULTIVATOR. 395 decay, grafted on the old branches and the failure showed the folly of such work. Pruning grape vines in summer.— It is thought necessary by some, to cut off the ends of the shoots of grape vines in summer, in order to facilitate the growth of the grapes, or that the sun’s rays may fall directly upon them. The following from the Fruit Culturist will set this matter right. “ The summer treatment of grapes consists chiefly in thin¬ ning the shoots where there is danger of the leaves becoming crowded ,• thinning out the bunches ; and, on exotic sorts, thinning out freely the berries. The frequent practice of nipping off the ends of the shoots, just above the bunches, when the grapes are as large as a pea, lessens their subsequent growth. For all fruits grow and ripen best when fed from a good supply of well grown but not crowded leaves, hence the foliage should not be lessened, nor the shoots shortened, until they interfere with each other’s full development.” p. 393. That seedling grape. — In the Cultivator for 1844, page 382, is noticed a seedling grape obtained of G. B. Emerson, Esq. of Boston. It is represent¬ ed as about the size of an ounce bullet, perfectly hardy, the flavor richer than the Isabella, and ripen¬ ing about a month earlier. Such a grape would be very desirable for this climate. Do any of your readers know any thinf* about this grape or where it may be obtained? Another seedling. — A gentleman of this town has a grape vine which sprung from a raisin seed. It is now about five years old, apparently hardy, and, I should think, a slow grower. It has blos¬ somed. but never fruited. It is uncommon to raise vines from foreign seed., in this part of the world, at least, and if the owner of that vine expects it will ever ripen fruit, I u rather guess” he will be mis¬ taken, unless he gives it some kind of protection, — and then he may. W. L. Eaton. Apple Trees from the South* Fruit trees, of most kinds, taken from nurseries along the sea-board and replanted in Vermont, have, in most instances, met with ill success; so much so, that all 11 Southern trees” have been regarded with disfavor. But the fact is now well established, that those trees re-set in these parts, which were propagated in the nurseries on the banks of the Hudson, are hardy, and thrive better than most of the trees from our nurseries. Mr. Henry C. Hunt, of New Haven, has a fine orchard of trees from the Hudson nurseries that are equal in hardihood or thrift to any standard trees that I ever saw in any part of the State of New York, and superior to any that I have seen reared in this State. Most of his standard trees, set last spring, have this season grown two feet from the end bud , and older trees many of them over three feet. In fact, these trees commence bearing four years from the graft, and six from the seed. From one entire lot of 640 southern trees transplanted last spring, not one has died. Mr. Hunt, is now forwarding over two thousand from the Hudson river nurseries on sale. Such choice varieties of beautiful trees as he selects 11 go off like hot cakes.” Borers, Mice and Sheep girdling.— Mr. Hunt’s method of protecting trees from the depredations of field mice and the borer, is worthy of notice. He procures sheet lead, taken from old tea chests, at a nominal price, cuts into strips, and winds around the body of each tree close to the ground. This will last for many a year. It is simple, expe¬ ditious, and sure to keep off the 11 varmints.” A little hillock of dirt is raised around each tree, enough to cover the bottom of the lead. Without protection, the borer is the worst enemy of the insect tribe, to the apple, peach, plum, or quince, that we have to contend with. I have successfully prevented sheep from girdling my trees by the application of their own dung, quite fresh, plastered upon each tree, as high up as they can reach, one boy can pass over several hundred in a day. Wcybridge, Oct. 18, 1850. S. W. Jewett. Expeditious Budding. Messrs. Editors — Under the above head, I see it stated in the Cultivator for June 1850, page 207, that the Messrs. Overmans of Canton, Ill., and another man in western New York, are at least sup¬ posed to be the greatest “ Live Budders” ever seen or heard of, they having set about 1,650 buds each in a day, (though it is not stated how many were employed to tie them in ;) and this in a region where to “ Strip off a bud and fling it at a tree was quite sufficient to have it take.” Although we live in a State where the soil and climate will not produce such a rapid growth as in Illinois, yet we have some trees and some “ Live Budders” here. My oldest son, now in his 21st year, set 2,300 buds, and pre¬ pared his own stocks, on the 22nd of Aug. 1850; and my second son, now in his 17th year, tied them all in ; and unless some two persons can be produced, who can bud and tie in 3,000 in one day, you may at least hear of one live budder who can go over the Messrs. Overmans’. Cornwall , Orange co., N. Y. Chas. Hamilton. Horticultural Items. The Curculio. — S. W. Cole, of the New Eng¬ land Farmer, sa\*s that he lately observed an orchard of plum trees in Brooklyn “ bending beneath their heavy and growing load of fruit,” and on inquiry he found that the trees were jarred morning and evening, the eurculios being allowed to escape, and as was supposed, flew away. Whether his neigh¬ bors suffered any the more for this expulsion , we are not informed; but although this is an easier way than to catch on sheets and kill them, it cannot be so sure, as a living insect may return, but if killed there is no possibility of any further injury on his part. Transplanting Evergreens. — -We have urged the importance of always, where practicable, re¬ moving a large mass of earth on the roots, and where this cannot be done, to keep even the surface of the denuded roots constantly moist till they are again replaced in the earth. This is corroborated by a statement from G. Jacques, who transplanted in the spring fifty two young hemlocks, (a very difficult tree to remove successfully,) on a rainy day, all of which are alive and growing. The Kew Palm House. — This celebrated and magnificent erection, built in 1848, is 362 feet in length and 66 feet high; the whole frame- work and sashes are of east iron, glazed with 45,000 feet of glass. It contains lofty palm trees, huge clusters of golden banannas, cocoa nut trees, and other large tropical productions, while the foliage of cinnamon and camphor scent the atmosphere; “and but for the glass roof that you see, instead of the sky, overhead,” remarks the editor, who visited it, “ you might be lieve yourself in the West Indies.” Dec. 396 THE CULTIVATOR. DESIGN FOB A COUNTRY SCHOOL-HOUSE. Rural 3lrd)itecturr. Country School-House. It is a singular inconsistency, that, notwithstand¬ ing the great value which our people profess to attribute to common schools, the buildings which are devoted to them, frequently evince the utmost neglect. In passing through the country, one can¬ not fail to be struck with many disagreeable exam¬ ples of this kind. Sometimes the school -house is planted within the limits of the highway, and to es¬ cape the charge that it incommodes the public travel it is, perhaps, perched upon some high bank, or precipice, entirely inaccessible to any vehicle. In reaching it, the children realize such a foretaste of the toils incident to climbing the “hill of science, that it is no wonder they become discouraged. In other instances the house is placed in the bleakest situation of the neighborhood, exposed to the most violent winds and storms of winter, and the most intense sunshine of summer ; not a tree breaks the force of the blast, or intercepts the scorching ray. The building itself has not one inviting feature. It stands on four piles oT stones — one at each corner; the underpinning having never been finished, there is a free circulation of air under the floor. It never had any paint; there are no blinds to the windows ; sometimes some calico or paper is hung up as a screen to half the window; but more frequently the only protection of this kind, is some bushes with the leaves on, which the “mistress77 has fastened into the window-frame. If a certain necessary append¬ age to the school-house has ever been erected, its situation and condition are such as to outrage de¬ cency. Half the boards are torn off, it has no door, and is so near the public road that it might well be complained of as a nuisance. Such are too many of our country school-houses. But we are happy to know that a reform has com¬ menced. Public school-houses, tasteful in design, and convenient in arrangement, have been erected in many places, and we hope the improvement will speedily spread over all parts of the country. The design here given was modified by Mr. Dow¬ ning, for the Horticulturist , from an English work on school-houses, by Kendall. It represents a small sohool-house, in a style admirably suited to harmonize with rural scenery. It might be built of wood for $600 to $700. If not exactly copied, the design would afford some excellent hints. The ex¬ terior would have an agreeable effect if adopted for a small country church 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 397 She JFanwf 0 Jfote-33ook. Ice-Houses. In answer to several inquiries, we again insert the accompanying cut of an ice-house above ground. It was originally furnished to the Horticulturist by N. J. Wyeth, a celebrated ice merchant of Cam¬ bridge, Mass., who describes it as follows: An ice-house above ground should be built upon the plan of having a double partition, with the hollow space between filled with some non-conduct¬ ing substance. In the first place, the frame of the sides should be formed of two ranges of upright joists, six by four inches: the lower ends of the joists should be put into the ground without any sill, which is apt to let air pass through. These two ranges of joists should be about two feet and one-half a part at the bottom, and two feet at the top. At the top these joists should be morticed into the cross-beams which are to support the upper floor. The joists in the two ranges should be placed each opposite another. They should then be lined or faced on one side, with rough boarding, which need not be very tight. This boarding should be nailed to those edges of the joists nearest each other, so that one range of joists shall be outside the building, and the other inside the ice-room or vault. Manner of nailing the hoards to the joists. The space between these boardings, or partitions should be filled with wet tan, or sawdust, which¬ ever is cheapest or most easily obtained. The reason for using wet material for filling the space is, that during winter it freezes, and until it is again thawed, little or no ice will melt at the sides of the vault. The bottom of the ice vault should be filled about a foot deep with small blocks of wood; these are levelled and covered with wood shavings, over which a strong plank floor should be laid to receive the ice. Upon the beams above the vault, a pretty tight floor should also be laid, and this floor should be covered several inches deep with dry tan or saw¬ dust. The roof of the ice-house should have con¬ siderable pitch, and the space between the upper floor and the roof should be ventilated by a lattice window at each gable end, or something equivalent, to pass out the warm air which will accumulate beneath the roof. A door must be provided in the side of the vault to fill and discharge it ; but it should always be closed up higher than the ice, and when not in use should be kept closed altogether. Michigan Sod and Sub-soil Plow. It will be recollected that this plow received a special premium, equal to the highest offered, at the trial of plows by the N. Y. State Ag. Society in June last. The figure of the implement, as given in our October number, represents it as first con structed. The accompanying cut shows it with several improvements which have been added. The form of the forward share has been somewhat altered, and a cutter attached to the share, substituted for the former lock-coulter. An improvement has also been made in the attachment of the plow to the beam, and in the gearing belonging to the wheel. Newell French, Rome, N. Y., is the proprietor of the patent for the above plow. Preparations for Winter. Such preparations for winter as have not already been made, should be attended to without delay. Domestic animals should be provided with comforta¬ ble shelter. This is a duty enforced by the obliga¬ tions of humanity, as well as a matter of policy in a pecuniary view. The heat of the animal system must be kept up to about 100° ; the substances which supply this heat are taken as food— they are the fuel, and the colder the atmosphere by which the animal is surrounded, the greater will be the amount of food required to sustain it. Animals should be kept dry, in winter. A cold, drenching rain is more injurious than almost any fair weather to which they are exposed. Moisture is rapidly evaporated, and every particle of water that is thus carried off, takes with it a certain amount of heat. This ex¬ plains why animals are so likely to 11 take cold/7 as the expression is, by exposure to dampness under a low temperature. The heat is absorbed by the vapor, till the cold strikes through the system to the vitals. Farmers that have not already suitable buildings for their stock, may readily make those which will serve for a while. Sheds for sheep may be made of boards, rails, or poles. If the latter are used, they may be thatched with straw, or with hemlock, fir, or cedar boughs; and by making the sides and ends double, with a space of six or eight inches between and filling the space with straw, they will afford good protection. Vegetables which have been stored in cellars THE CULTIVATOR. 393 Dec. should not be kept too much from the air. They are very likely to rot from heating. Windows should be kept open until the vapor is seen to con¬ geal inside the apartment, and even after that, it will be advisable to open them occasionally, in mild weather. If the common English turnip has been grown, it should be pdt where it can be fed out early, as it is of but little value after the first of January. Every farmer should have a hay or straw’-cutter. Clover hay will be consumed with much less waste by being cut-— the stems and leaves are then all eaten together. Cornstalks should also be cut ; cattle eat a greater proportion of them in this form than when given whole, and what they do not eat, is left in a much better condition to go into manure. Cut in small pieces, the spongy pith is exposed, and readily absorbs a large amount ofliquid . If thrown whole into the heap, they do not rot by spring, and are quite a hindrance in loading the manure. If grain or meal is to be fed to stock, it should be mixed with cut hay or straw. It will be better di¬ gested and will go further. Slock should not be pinched the fore part of the winter. If they must be put on short allowance, it had better be done at the last end of winter, as they wTill then have to be kept poor less time. But with the general abundance of forage the present season, there will, with proper economy, be no necessity of any stock suffering for food. Wood and timber should be cut as soon as practi¬ cable. It is inconvenient working in deep snow; neither men or teams can do as much work as when the ground is bare or only covered with snow enough to make good sleighing. When there is a great depth of snow, there is much more waste. The stumps are out higher, and many of the smaller branches are left, which would otherwise be saved. Forests should be cut clean, if it is intended that they shall grow up again. If the whole growth is taken off smoothly, at once, the new crop will start thick and grow evenly. Sleds should be got ready for use at a minute’s warning, for none can tell how soon the snow will fall, and the first that falls of sufficient depth, should be improved. Implements not in use, should be housed. They should not be all tumbled together in a heap, tl as the manner of some is,” but put up in order, each in its place, — so that any one could be reached whenever wanted — even in the dark. Stones for walls may be dug till the ground be¬ comes hard frozen, and if the smaller ones are put in heaps, and the larger ones raised up by “ block¬ ings” so that they will not be fastened to the ground by frost, they may be moved with the first snow, on a “ stone boat” or sled, to where they will be ■wanted. Leaves for litter and manure ma}^ be gathered to good advantage along the borders of woods. The wind often collects them in considerable quantities near fences. Taken while they are dry, they make the best bed for a pig that he can have ; and when so broken up that they are no longer fit for this purpose, they will be the best manure for radishes, early cu¬ cumbers and melons, or potatoes, that can be ap¬ plied. Large Wheat Crop. Eds. Cultivator' — I have noticed several ac¬ counts of large yields of wheat in various places, but I have seen no statement of yields that would compare with a yield from six acres, harvested by Mr. William Hotchkiss, on his farm one mile east of this village. He harvested and thrashed three hundred and eighty -Jive and three-fourth bushels; a yield of sixty-four bushels per acre. The wheat was of the same variety as Mr. Cook’s of Lima, (Soule’s,) and was drilled in with a drill invented and made by Mr. Abbott, of Lockport in this county. Mr. Hotchkiss has taken the premiums at our town and county fairs, and will probably be a com¬ petitor for the State premium. He has affidavits to establish facts as herein stated. I think he would be a successful competitor at the World’s Fair, as I have conversed with several intelligent farmers from Old England, who say, they never heard of such a yield from the same number of acres. A Subscriber. Lewiston , N. Y., Oct. 14th, 1850. American Provisions in England. A considerable trade has been carried on between this country and Great Britain, for several years, in the articles of beef, pork, butter, cheese, &c., and we believe there is but one thing necessary to make this trade more extensive and profitable. The thing needed is an improved quality of the articles. In regard to American cheese, for instance, there would be a very large demand by the English people at fair prices, if the article would bear a comparison with the best of their own manufacture. The same remark will apply to pork, hams and butter. The following extracts from a review of the pro¬ vision trade at Liverpool, for the past season, we take from the Mark-Lane Express: Cheese.— The bulk of the early imports having turned out fine, very good prices were realised, leav¬ ing a fair margin of profit to the merchant ; but later arrivals proving deficient in quality, were very diffi¬ cult of sale at any reasonable figure. The conse¬ quence was that many importers resolved on hold¬ ing, and thus we had an accumulation of stock, all of ordinary or inferior character, and which, from deterioration of quality, had eventually to be forced off at very ruinous rates. Indeed, several parcels were returned to New York, in expectation of find¬ ing a better market there; in which hope, however, the owners were disappointed. At the end of the season a few lots of very inferior old, and some of the earliest new, came forward, and were sold at prices ranging from 5s. to 30s. per cwt. [or about 1 cent to 6-5 cents per pound.] The recent imports of the latter have, we are glad to say, proved of prime quality, and have brought high figures, say 40s. to 44s , and in one case 46s. per cwt. [about 8| to 10 cents per pound;] rates which, we believe, are pretty remunerative to the importer. At pre¬ sent we have a good demand for all such cheese; and although perhaps these prices cannot be counted upon for any length of time, still a really fine article will always command a ready market here at rates corresponding to the value of English ; whilst we believe ordinary and inferior American will, during the present season, be more unsaleable than ever. From all we can learn we conceive the make of English will not reach the large production of last season. The imports of the past year have been about equal to those of the preceding. Hams. — We regret that we cannot report any im¬ provement in the quality of American hams general¬ ly ; the trade during the whole of the season has con¬ sequently been of a very dragging character, and prices have ruled much lower than even last season’s. Until some amendment in the cure can be effected, we cannot expect a different result, and would there¬ fore refrain from recommending their importation. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 399 Renovation of Worn out Lands. H. K. Burguyn Esq., of Jackson, North Carolina, has been very successful in reclaiming the worn out lands of the section where he resides. He has furnished for the agricultural part of the Patent Office report, an account of his mode of improve¬ ment, by which he has doubled the product of Indian corn, and increased the yield of wheat in a still greater proportion. The following are the principal points in his system of culture: — If the “ broom straw,” in which these waste lands always grow up, retains any sap, by which, when turned under, fermentation will ensue, and cause the straw to rot, let the land as it is, be plowed with the largest size plow, drawn by three or four horses, running as deeply as possible— say not less than ten inches — and turning everything under. If the straw has no sap, burn it off, and plow as before. If possible, follow eaeh plow with a subsoil plow, and go 6 or 8 inches deeper. This will make the stiff clay, which almost everywhere underlies our land, more open to the genial influences of the sun and air, and enable it to get rid of the surplus water of winter, and heavy rains in other seasons of the year. About the middle of June, following when the weeds are about half grown, and before they have formed their seeds, sow the land broad cast at the rate of a bushel per acre, of the numerous varieties of peas among us, except the “ black-eyed,” which, having very little vine, affords little shade. In all cases I prefer those which have the most vine, and ripen earliest. When the land has much weeds or grass upon it, turn under the peas with any kind of plow, running not over three inches deep. If the land is bare of weeds. I prefer covering the peas with a large heavy harrow, running both ways — first lengthwise and then across the beds. As it is important to give the peas a start over the weeds and grass, I soak them six hours in water, and rub them in plaster of Paris; and, when they begin to leaf and branch, say, when twelve inches high, I sow plaster at the rate of a bushel per acre. This stimulates their growth, and they overpower the weeds and grass. When about half the peas are ripe— not “ half ripe” — hogs should be turned in to trample and cut up the vines, otherwise it is extremely difficult to turn them under. So soon as this can be done, the hogs should be taken off, for shading the land from the summer’s sun— a most important matter in all improvement— and giving to the thin soil a large mass of vine leaves and other vegetable substances. From experience in the use of both, I think peas but little inferior to clover (to which family, indeed, it belongs,) as a specific manure for wheat. After this mass of vine has been turned under, you have a ” pea ley,” over which sow a bushel and a half of wheat per acre, and six quarts of clover seed. Harrow both in thoroughly, and let the work be finished by the middle of October. The return will, of course, depend somewhat on the quality of the ” old field;” but I venture to affirm, that it will amply repay all labor and outlay, and as¬ tonish by the great result apparently from so trivial a cause. I am familiar with the great increase of crops from the use of lime and clover, and I do not mean to compare the two methods of renovating land as equal; but where lime is not to be had, there is no application that can compare for a moment, on well drained land, (if it need, draining) with plaster, neas and deep tillage. No gold mine is so valuable as a good marl pit. I am, however, confining my¬ self to interior districts, where neither lime nor marl can be had. After the wheat comes off in June following, the clover, if sown early in October, will have grown so as to shade the land pretty well, even on the waste I speak of. It should not be grazed the first year, at all: in the February after, top-dress it with all the manure to be had, not forgetting to apply all the old ashes within reach. This time of the year, ( winter) is best for applying manure in our country, where the hot sun acts so injuriously on a bare sur¬ face. The roots of the young clover being protect¬ ed from the hard frosts and sudden changes, by the manure, it shoots forward with the earliest warmth of spring, and smothers all weeds. When the weeds mature their seeds, they draw upon the fertility of land equal to most crops. Clover gives a crop equal to any other, and is all returned to the land in drop¬ pings of the stock while grazing upon it. As proof of its profit, for three years I have never fed my work¬ ing horses on grain or fodder but once a day, from the middle of May till the clover fails. They are turned on the clover field after the day’s work is over, and taken up in the morning in good condition for service. I have never lost one by this manage¬ ment: in fact they improve from the time they are thus treated, and work better. After the clover has been on the land for two sum¬ mers, during which period it has dropped three crops of leaves and stalks, and thereby greatly improved the land, either turn it under as before, in Septem¬ ber or October, for wheat, or later in the fall for corn the ensuing year. In the former case, you will find your land as thickly set as before with volunteer clover, which ought to remain as a pasture for the summer, after the second crop of wheat comes off. If corn instead of wheat, be grown, sow peas broad cast among the corn at the last plowing, soaking the seed and rolling them in plaster as before. After the corn crop, do not suffer the land to “ lie out.” No error can be more opposed to good farming, than that which assumes that land is improved by 11 lay¬ ing out” and permitting a crop of weeds to mature upon it. If we had duly reflected, this error would long since have been apparent, in the continued quantity, of thousands of acres lying waste around us, not a whit improved by 11 lying out .” After the soil has once been brought up by peas, subsoiling, or deep plowing and clover — all within reach of the farmer even in the interior — it will not again relapse unless the former barbarous and senseless practice of exhaustion and negligence be again adopted. Tf lime can be had, even at a cost of 20 cents a bushel, I would in all cases spread it on the land, after the first crop of peas had been turned under, to the amount of fifteen or twenty bushels per acre. This quantity will greatly benefit the land, and enable the owner shortly to repeat the application of a like quantity. Canada and the United States. Hon. Mr. Fergusson, member of the Canadian Parliament, in his speech at the late meeting of the Canadian Agricultural Association, spoke of the agreeable intercourse he had enjoyed with the people of the state of New-York in the following terms. He said for seven years past he had been in the habit of attending the New-York State Agricultural Fair. He had had the honor of being invited there from year to year, and he would say that if they would only go there with candid feelings and with a desire to im¬ prove, they would see something that would aston- 400 THE CULTIVATOR. Dec. ish them, that would bring them up, as farmers, con¬ siderably in the scale of human nature. (Great applause.) They would see farmers where they ought to be, the leading principal men in the coun¬ try. There was no class of society equal to the farmer, all depended upon the farmers for their sup¬ port — they had not taken that position which they ought to have done, and which they deserve ; but he trusted the natural results of such meetings would make them feel their own importance, as they do on the other side. There he had uniformly met with a great degree of kindness. He could assure their friends from the other side, that there existed the kindliest feelings here towards their neighbours, who go hand and heart with them in the way of improve¬ ment; and he would say if they would continue to send their notions, they would send them their dollars in return, and besides they would give them the warm hand of friendship, — happy to meet as good friends for the interchange of good feelings and with the desire to do each other all the good they could — of course every one minding what was for his own interest. In conclusion, he would take this opportunity of thanking his friends for all the kindness and hospi¬ tality he had met in attending State fairs, and would beg leave to propose — Prosperity to the New Y ork State Society, and all its members.” ( Cheers.) Characteristics of the Season of 1850. Throughout a large portion of the country, the distinguishing feature of the past summer has been the unusual quantity of rain, and the frequent dis¬ plays of lightning. In this respect the season was the opposite of 1849. The theories which some have entertained, as to the effect of rail-roads and elec¬ tric telegraphs, in preventing thunder storms, are, we presume, pretty well shattered by the numerous severe shocks of the last season. The following table shows the quantity of rain which fell at Albany, during each month, from May to September, inclusive, for the present and last year. The average quantity for the whole year is 41 inches: 1849. 1850. Inches. Inches. May, . 5.40 6 01 June, . 4.45 5.72 July, . 0.70 S.57 Aug., .... 4.83 2.50 Sept., . 1.06 6.56 16.44 29.36 April was cold, and May was cold and wet; from which cause, seeding was much delayed. Little was done in May; and from the Potomac and Ohio, to the St. Lawrence and the lakes, a great portion of the Indian corn, oats, barley, and spring wheat, was not deposited in the soil till the first week in June. Seed-time being thus retarded, the growth of all crops was forced into a very small compass. Vege¬ tation in general was, however, uncommonly rapid and luxuriant, when fairly started. We had no drouth in this section, — the grass preserved its fresh¬ est and brightest green from May to November. The foliage of the trees has been of unusual density and richness, and the growth of both forest and fruit trees has been remarkably large. Hay was abundant through the middle, eastern and northern States; but owing to the watery char¬ acter of the grass, and to the unfavorable weather at the time of making, the quality is inferior to an average. In Ohio, Indiana and Michigan , the crop was injured by drouth which oecured in June. The meadows along many of the principal streams in New- York, were overflowed by the great rains of July, and the grass so injured by the deposit of earthy matter, that it was rendered worthless for hay. Wheat, taking the whole country together, gave a bountiful yield. Probably the whole amount of the crop is considerably larger than any before har¬ vested in this country. In Ohio, and the west¬ ern States, generally, it is represented as very fine. The drouth in June checked the growth of straw*., but the grain filled in the best manner. In some neighborhoods of Western New-York, the grain was injured by being sprouted while standing in the shock; but we think the damage from this cause was of less magnitude than wras at first represented. Spring wheat has not, generally, done as wrell as usual, owing, chiefly, to the weather being too wet at the time the grain was forming. The wheat- midge has been less prevalent at the eastward, the past season, than for several previous years. Rye has given, perhaps, an average yield, though it was injured by too much wet, except on the driest soils. Barley, it is said, has not done as well as usual^ either in yield or quality. The central counties of this State constitute the main district for the culti¬ vation of this grain, and for the supply of the large breweries along the Hudson river. Oats, in many places, were much injured by the great storm of the 19th of July. They wrere beaten flat to the ground by the wTind and rain, and in many instances did not sufficiently recover to fill wTell. Comparing the crop of this year, however, wTith that of 1849, for the whole country , we think it probable that the balance would be in favor of the present year. The crop of the former year, it will be re¬ membered, was greatly injured by drouth. Indian Corn has generally done well. As before remarked, it had but a short time to grow — scarce¬ ly more than three months, and the general maturi¬ ty of the crop, before the occurrence of frost, is a striking example of the rapid progress of vegetation under the effect of intense summer heat. The yield is represented as satisfactory, except in some in¬ stances in the most northern portions of the country, the ears have been small in proportion to the stalks. This defect was chiefly confined to wettish soils, or fields where the planting wTas too thick to admit the proper action of the sun. Potatoes have been more affected by rot than in any year since 1845. The crop, except on very wret and heavy soils, flourished well, and in the earlier planted fields, the usual quantity of tubers was formed; but the rot has lessened the value of the crop to the amount of at least fifty p^r cent. Fruits, in this section have hardly given their usual yields. The apple crop is light, over most of the New-England and Northern States. The fruit did not set well. This remark is also applicable to plums, and some other fruits. The cause is sup¬ posed by some to have been the prevalence of wet weather at the time the trees were in blossom. This, it is thought, prevented the proper deposition of the impregnating pollen. Hoes observation sup¬ port this theory? Some kinds of apples, as Spitzen- burgsand Newtown Pippins, are more specked with black, and less fair than usual. Pears have been badly affected by blight. Trees that have hereto¬ fore escaped this scourge have this year been seri¬ ously attacked, and in many instances ruined . The Virgalieu, or White Doyenne, has been cracked and spoiled to a great extent in this vicinity. Peaches were abundant through New Jersey, Delaware, &c., from which they were sent in large quantities, and 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 401 at very low prices, over the northern and eastern sections of the country , and to the Canadas. Plums were not equal to a medium crop. Grapes, except in warm soils and sheltered situations, have failed to ripen well, from want of clear, hot weather towards the close of the season. The weather, during autumn, has been generally mild, with occasional moderate rains. The latter half of September was, for the most part, unseason¬ ably cold, but with only one or two frosts, and even up to the first of November there has been less frost than there often is before the first of October. The ground has been frozen but two or three nights. The leaves have fallen from the trees, from their having died a “natural death'7— they had fulfilled their office, and were no longer needed. The au¬ tumnal hues of our forests have been splendid indeed, and with the rich green of our pastures and mea¬ dows, and the mellow atmosphere of the “Indian summer,” our landscape scenery has possessed high attractions for those who can appreciate the beau¬ ties of nature. Culture of the Onion. Eds. Cultivator — My little girl, who feels a common interest in the cause we are all laboring to promote, has favored me with the annexed copy of a statement by a worthy and intelligent cultivator in this town, which I forward, to be used at your discretion. It shows a net profit of about one dol¬ lar to each square rod cultivated, which is doing quite well for a yankee soil. I saw the crop in the field, and after it was gathered, and have full con¬ fidence in the accuracy of all that is said. If I do not mistake, Mr. B7s manner of prepar¬ ing his land ; of raising hisseed; of pulverizing and applying his manures ; of keeping his ground en¬ tirely free of weeds; of careful attention that every movement shall be made at the best time and in the best manner, affords instructive lessons for the cul¬ tivation of other vegetables as well as onions. I know not whether much attention is given to this crop in your region, but this I have observed for a number of years, no labor upon the soil in this neighborhood is more liberally rewarded, than that which is applied to this culture. The demand seems to increase with the growth, so that notwithstand¬ ing the products have quadrupled, all are readily sold from 35 to 45 cents the bushel, according to quality. Our cultivators of late are very partial to the use of the side hill plow, even upon their plain lands, because it leaves them free of all back furrow r idges, and dead furrow hollows, and as they think, in lighter and better condition. The old notion of plowing shallow and keeping the hard land for the raising of the onion is exploded; it being found that deep plowing is equally serviceable in this, as in most other crops. Particularly do they find that the bulk of the manure applied should be well covered and inter¬ mingled with the earth; and that much stirring of the soil lias a highly favorable influence on the growing crop. But I forbear to multiply my own remarks, my purpose being simply to give you the practical results of the hafd hands themselves. Very respectfully and truly yours, J. W. Proctor. Nov. 8, 1850. Statement of Mr. Buxton. To the Committee on Root Crops:-— I find the piece of land, planted with onions, to which I asked your attention, to contain one hundred and five poles, and to have produced the present season four hun¬ dred and forty-eight bushels of onions fit for the market ; being about three and one-third bushels to the square rod. The onions were not extraordinary large, but were remarkable for uniformity of size, and excellence of quality. They are as handsome as any I ever raised. They are of the species called silver skin. They are thick and plump, which form has been produced by careful attention in selecting such for seed for several years ; I raise my own seed, and am particular to set only such for this purpose as I wish to raise. I find, in this way, that their form can be modified as I wish. The land on which they grew is part of a field of 33 acres, on Collins plains, a light soil free of stone. For the last ten years it has been under good cultivation, and freely manured, — most of the time this parcel has yielded onions. Barn manure, compost, ashes, and musclebed have been the prin¬ cipal applications. Ordinarily when we plant onions we apply 5 or 6 cords of manure, to the acre. In 1849, finding the crop to have failed on this piece, yielding short of 300 bushels to the acre; I thought it needed some other nutriment, and as soon as the crop was gathered I sowed it with oats, using a cultivator to cover them. These grew luxuriantly, and late in the fall, just as the ground was about to freeze, I turned them under, using a side hill plough, running the furrows about eight inches deep. The entire crop was buried by the furrow and so laid until spring. On examining it then I found the oats as sound as when turned in; consequently I could not plow the land. I went over several times with a cultivator, and then applied a moderate dressing of manure from my hog yard to the surface* say about two and a half cords to the lot, and mingled it with the soil as well as I could, taking care to remove all obstruction to the even distribu¬ tion of the seed; and then planted with a machine in the usual way. It came up evenly and grew well through the season, being kept entirely clear of weeds. The appearance of the plants through the season was uncommonly good — manifestly deriving much aid and support from the decaying green crop underneath. This is proved by another piece of onions in the same field, cultivated and manured in the usual way, where the crop was not more than two thirds as large as this. I am the more parti¬ cular in describing this experiment with the oats, because it has succeeded beyond my expectations. I have seen other fields of onions where they grew to a larger size than these, and have no doubt mine would have been larger, if I had put on more manure, but as a whole I have never seen a hand¬ somer yield. They sell at the present time for $1.25 per barrel delivered in Boston. I have so long been accustomed to keep my land clear of weeds, that the labor of taking care of onions is not more than twice as much as is required for indian corn. I had no thought of offering this crop for premium until requested so to do. If this plain statement of facts shall be thought worthy of your notice, I shall feel much gratified. Daniel Buxton. Danvers, Mass., Oct. 21st, 1850. Capons. Professor Dick, a distinguished veterinarian oJ Edinburgh, gives in the North British Agricultur ist, the following directions for caponising fowls: Select a young cock — say from three to six months old, keep him fasting for 24 hours — let an assistant hold him on his back, and then make a transverse incision at the posterior end of the sternum (breast 402 THE CULTIVATOR. Dec bone,) so as to allow the forefinger to be introduced freely into the cavity of. the abdomen; the finger is to be passed first on one side forward, by the side of the spine, and the testicle detached with the nail (which should be allowed to grow long, to facilitate the operation ;) and having got out the one, the other must be removed in the same manner. The wound should then be closed with a suture, and the bird placed in a warm room, and fed on soft food for a lew days. Instead of cutting away the testicle with the nail of the finger it is the practice in sonae countries to introduce a small tube, or reed, with a double thread, forming a noose, which, beingpassed over the testicle, is drawn outwards through the tube, so as to cut off the connection, and the testi¬ cles are thus removed, one after the other. The Chinese adopt this method, and use a reed, and a thread of cane fibre, which, by its firmness, and at the same time elasticity, suits well for getting on the noose. The operation may also be performed by making an incision before the thigh, in the side, in the same manner as in spa}Ting pigs; but it is sometimes difficult to get out both the testicles in this way, and an incision is, therefore, sometimes required to be made in the other side, and the double operation is more likely to destroy the animal. Some make capons by passing the finger along the rectum, and break down the testicles by pressure, but it frequently does not succeed, and even if they are not removed from the abdomen, after the operation has been performed by incision, it sometimes happens that they adhere again, and resume their functions, and the bird is not castrated. Examine the body of a dead cock before operating. Pullets are made by dividing the oviduct, in consequence of which the abdomen gets filled with eggs; an incision is made the same as in making capons; the bird must be killed after a certain period. Knowledge of Geology Important to the Farmer. Eds. Cultivator — In the preliminary treatise on Natural Philosophy, on the objects, advantages, and pleasures of science, published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, there are some ex¬ cellent illustrations given, with one of which we will introduce this communication. The writer says, — “ There is hardly any trade or occupation in which useful lessons may not be learned by studying one science or another. To how many kinds of work¬ men must a knowledge of mechanical philosophy be useful! To how many others does chemistry prove almost necessary! Every one must with a glance perceive that to engineers, watch-makers, instru¬ ment-makers, bleachers, and dyers, those sciences are most useful, if not necessary. But carpenters and masons are surely likely to do their work better for knowing how to measure, which practical mathe¬ matics teaches them, and how to estimate the strength of timber, of walls, and of arches, which they learn from practical mechanics. Nay, the farm servant, or day laborer, whether in his employer’s business, or tending the concerns of his own cottage, must derive great practical benefit for knowing something of the nature of soils and manures, which chemistry teaches, and something of the habits of animals, and the qualities and growth of plants, which he learns from natural history and chemistry together. In truth, though a man be neither mechanic or pea¬ sant, but only one having a pot to boil, he is sure to learn from science, lessons which will enable him to cook his morsel better, save his fuel, and both vary his dish and improve it. Science then makes men more skillful, expert, and useful in the particu¬ lar kinds of work by which they are to earn their bread, and by which they are to make it go far and taste well when earned.” Thus, “ Though nature weigh our talents and dispense To every man his modicum of sense ; Yet much depends, as in the tiller’s toil. On culture, and the sowing of the soil.” — Coioper. New names must be given to new sciences as they are born, and the languages of the Greeks and Ro¬ mans are those most usually drawn upon for this purpose. The science which describes the solid materials of the earth, the order in which they are arranged, and the causes which have affected that arrangement, has been named Geolog}', from the Greek, ge, the earth, and logos, discourse. The knowledge of the relations of this science to the successful cultivation of a country, is at present possessed by few farmers. Some understand its connection with the formation of the soils they cul¬ tivate, but even these are a minority . It may safely be said, that this knowledge is a desideratum, the want of which, together with that of other sciences of a kindred nature, now distinguishes our agricul¬ turists. But it is remarked there are many good farmers who are not Geologists, who perhaps do not form a correct idea of the meaning of the word. They, however, neither understand the principles of their art, nor can they derive any intellectual en¬ joyment from the results of their practice ; such men are 'l born to blush unseen!” We do not mean to undervalue that sure practical guide of the farmer, experience , nor the result of long and frequent at¬ tention to numerous local circumstances; these are wheels within a wheel, yet of no subordinate im¬ portance. Numerous instances might be cited of the benefits conferred by Geology upon agriculture. The in¬ termixture of soils where one kind of earth is either redundant or deficient, is practiced in some places with great advantage. Red sandstone districts are converted into fertile land by intermixing with them the calcareous marl which they frequently contain in detached beds. So with the clay marl generally underlaying pine plains. The green sand marl of New-Jersey is applied to sandy soils with much benefit. “ When we behold,” says Pro. Rogers, in his report to the Legislature of that State, “ a luxuriant harvest, gathered from fields where the soil originally was nothing but sand, and find it all due to the use of a mineral sparsely disseminated in the sandy beach of the ocean, we must look with exulting admiration on the benefits conferred upon vegetation by a few scattered granules of this uni¬ que and peculiar substance. The small amount of green-sand dispersed through the common sand, is able, as we behold, to effect immeasurable benefits in spite of a great predominance of the other mate¬ rial, which we are taught to regard as, by itself, so generally prejudicial to fertility .” We would regard it as a great advance upon the present position of the farming community, if each proprietor was qualified to name the rocks and min¬ erals which are incidentally met with in crossing his fields. What pleasure would be derived by the formation of cabinets of geological specimens found on farms! How many young minds grow up sealed to knowledge, because those around them 1o whom they naturally apply, are sealed likewise! But it is gained by application, we will not say unremitted, but assiduous and continued, until its attainment seats its possessor on a throne. A. K. Albany, Nov. 1850. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 403 New Kind of Manure. Immense numbers of cattle were formerly slaugh¬ tered in South America, chiefly for their hides — the carcasses being left on the plains as food for wolves and vultures. Latterly, however, it has been found that a portion of the flesh and fat may be saved with profit. The process by which this is done is thus described : “The best part of the beef is cut off in long strips, which are dried in the sun ; and the remainder of the flesh and the whole of the bones are put into a large vat, with a double bottom, the upper one of which is perforated with a number of holes. A current of steam is then admitted into the space between the two bot¬ toms, by which means the tallow is gradually melted, runs through the holes, and is collected in a vessel for the purpose 5 the current of steam being kept up as tallow is obtained. The remainder of flesh and bones is then thrown out. and has hitherto been re¬ garded as refuse; but«a considerable quantity of it having accumulated, the proprietors of the works were anxious to find a use for it, and they have ac¬ cordingly commenced exporting it as a manure.” Considerable of this substance has been taken to Scotland. It has been analysed in the laboratory of Prof. Anderson, chemist to the Highland Agri¬ cultural Society, and the results are given as follows: Water, . . . 9.05 Fat, . . . 11.13 Animal matter, . . . 39.52 Phosphate of lime,. . . . 28 74 Carbonate of lime, . . . 3.81 Alkaline salts . . . . . . 0 .57 Sand, . 7 16 100.00 The suDst.ance is described as consisting of pieces of bone, mixed with dry and fibrous flesh. It emit¬ ted a strong odor, though from the dry state of the mass, its decomposition proceeds with great slow¬ ness. Prof. Anderson thinks this manure will be likely to prove of considerable importance. He thinks it comes nearer guano than any other ma¬ nure, though it is not quite equal to the best of that article from Peru. He observes, however, that “ it will, in all probability, prove a slower manure than guano ; and should this be the case, it will pre¬ sent considerable advantages, for there is little doubt that in many instances guano proves too rapid in its action-— not giving sufficient support to the crop the latter part of the season. A Receipt to Preserve Pork. Take 1 lb. of Black pepper, and grind it fine for one barrel, or 200 lbs. of pork, and sprinkle on each layer of pork, until it is quite brown — then put on the salt. It helps to preserve the meat, and adds greatly to the flavor and smell of it. I have prac¬ ticed it for years. Lindley M. Vail. Quaker - town, N. J 10th mo., 22nd, 1850. Cultivation of Cranberries. Edward Thacher, of Yarmouth, (Mass.) fur¬ nishes the officers of the Barnstable County Agricul¬ tural Society an account of his mode of cultivating cranberries. The following is his statement: July 12th, 1845. I purchased for $40, then consid¬ ered more than it was worth, one and a half acres of land — about one half a sandy beach and the re¬ mainder a low peat meadow covered with water. A rim of about six feet in width around the bog and between the water and the beach, had a few cran¬ berry vines on it, which had been closely fed off*. In the spring of 1846, I drained the bog and covered about one-eighth of an acre with sand three inches thick, and set it with cranberry vines in rows two feet apart and hoed them four times in the season of 1846, and once in the spring of 1847. The grass then got advantage of me, and 1 left the vines to work their own way. They have now neatly overcome and worked out the grass and rushes. On the remain¬ der of the bog I strewed vines, and trod them in the mud, by walking over them. These grew with ra¬ pidity without any farther care except flowing in the winter. In the fall of 1848 I gathered from ten rods where no sand had been spread, as many bushels of cranberries, while on the part sanded I had scarcely as many quarts. The latter are now doing better, having got the advantage of the grass, and I think will finally work it out. I have this year, on the quarter of an acre offered for premium, quite a good crop, although the worms destroyed nearly one half. I have picked one square rod of the light colored variety, set in the mud, and it yielded two bushels and twelve quarts, (or at the rate of 380 bushels to the acre.) One square rod of the small dark colored variety on the mud yielded one bushel and two quarts. The large red variety yielded on the mud two bushels to the square rod. The whole quarter is not yet gathered; it will yield about thirty-five bushels, about one half of the vines being set on mud and one half on sand. In selecting soil for cranberries, it is highly ne¬ cessary to select such as will not dry in summer, but much also depends on the selection of the vines, as the Committee will see by the samples here pre¬ sented, all having the same soil and the same treat¬ ment. The samples are not selected, but sent in precisely as they grew. The whole expense on the above bog, up to the present time, does not exceed $40. I have received from the sale of cranberries, up to the fall of 1849, . $320.00 Deduct for picking, one-fourth,... $80.00 All other expenses for setting, in¬ terest, &c., . . . 40.00 - 120.00 Net profit, . . . $200.00 Prize Wheat. — At the late exhibition of the Agricultural Association of Upper Canada, the Canada Company offered a prize ot‘T25for the best 25 bushels of wheat, and £\2 10s for second best lot of the same quantity . David Christie of Dumfries, received the firist prize. The variety was the white blue-stem, which he first obtained at the Nevv-York State Fair at Buffalo in 1848. It is said to have weighed 66 lbs. to the bushel, and to have yielded 36 bushels to the acre. To young Farmers. — One of the most important parts ofayoung agriculturist's professional education, is the characteristics, marks, qualities, and capabili¬ ties of all descriptions of live stock necessary for ag¬ riculture. Some knowledge of sketching or draw¬ ing the live animals would be highly conducive to the pupil ascertaining a proper idea of shape and proportion ; and should there be an intelligent butcher in the neighbourhood, I would recommend him to see as much of his business as he can consistently with his other occupations — to weigh the live ani¬ mal, from its handling, size, and appearance in his mind; attending the slaying of such animal, ex¬ amining its weight when dead, and comparing this with his own opinion of it when alive, would all lead him to form more correct and solid opinions in his future transactions with fat stock. Lecture on Agricultural Education. 404 THE CULTIVATOR. Dec jSToticcs of Publications. PICTORIAL FIELD BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION; or II- lustrations, by Pen and Pencil, of the History, Scenery, Biogra¬ phy, Relics, and Traditions of the War for Independence. By Benson JT. Lossing. With six hundred Engravings on wood, by Lossing & Barritt. chiefly from original sketches, by the author. This is the title of a work now in course of pub¬ lication, by Harper & Brothers, New- York. It is designed to furnish “ a pictorial and descriptive record of a journey recently performed, to all the most important historical localities of the American Revolution.” This design is admirably fulfilled, so far as the work has been completed. It is just what the public needed, and we deem it fortunate that it has been undertaken at this time. Mr. Lossing has saved from oblivion, and preserved in an imper¬ ishable and beautiful form, the image of many an interesting relic, which, after a few more years, it would have been impossible to obtain. Besides his pictorial sketches, which are of the most truthful and natural description, he has collected many inter¬ esting historical incidents from aged patriots, in whose minds the memory of the trying- scenes of the Revolution is still fresh. All the illustrations are accompanied by well-written descriptions and ex¬ planations, which comprise both the historical facts with which they are connected , and t he personal ob¬ servations of the author. Altogether, the work is one which has many attractions, especially to the young, by whom it cannot fail to be read with great avidity. The engravings are of a style not inferior to anything of the kind which has ever appeared, and the whole execution of the work is of the very best character. It. is issued semi-monthly, and will be completed in about twenty-numbers, of forty-eight pages each, octavo; the price only twenty-five cents a number. Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. — This high¬ ly useful work, which was only commenced in June, has already attained an unprecedented circulation — fifty thousand copies being issued. The publish¬ ers say it is their “leading object to present to the public, in handsomer style, and at a cheaper rate, a greater amount of reading matter, combining en¬ tertainment with instruction, than is given in any other periodical in the world.” it is certainly the medium of circulating a very great amount of valu¬ able information. The work is handsomely printed, on good paper, and is issued monthly, at twenty-five cents per number. Harper & Brothers, New- York. Answers to (loriTsponiients. Steel Cultivator Teeth. — D. M., Louisa C. H., Ya. Rogers’ patent steel cultivator teeth are made by various persons. The form of the bottom of the tooth, as now preferred, is triangular. From seven to nine teeth are used for two-horse or field cultivators. The teeth are so long as not be liable to clog. Nathan Ide, Shelby, Orleans county, N. Y., manufactures cultivators for preparing ground for wheat and other grain, which have been much approved. D. Hinkston, Clarkson, Monroe county, and E. R. Dix, Vernon, Oneida county, make good articles of this kind. We have not their prices. For sowing wheat on “ corn ground,” the use of the cultivator is sufficient, without the plow, if the soil is rather loose; but if it is hard, as clayey soil is likely to be, it had better be plowed. The same remark will apply to sowing spring grains on land that was cultivated the previous season. In any case, it will be advisable to work the soil before scattering the seed. The teeth alluded to are made and sold by Gay & Hoskins, Seneca Falls, N. Y. The price is 50 cts each, wholesale, or 62^ cts retail. Folding Sheep in Summer. — D. M. Folding sheep, except in winter, is but little practiced by northern farmers. Sheep would probably be injured by confinement at night, without food, during the extreme heat of summer. At that season, they feed but little during the day, but graze much at night, while the air is cool and the dew is on the grass. They might, probably, be folded on turneps in au¬ tumn, without injury. It is true that folding is ex¬ tensively practiced in England and Scotland, but the weather is there so temperate that the animals can graze in the day time. 3h Its for tlic'Mont!;. To our Agents and Correspondents. To our Agents, — who have heretofore done so much to promote the circulation of our journal , and to whom we tender our grateful acknowledgments, -—we send with this number a Prospectus for our next year’s volume, together with a copy of The Pictorial Almanac, for 1851 , a copy of which is to be sent to all subscribers for next year, and so¬ licit a continuance of their kind offices in behalf of The Cultivator. It will be seen by reference to the last page of this number, that we have renewed our liberal list of Premiums to Agents, for which we trust there will be a spirited competition . We tender our hearty thanks to all those Cor¬ respondents who have contributed so liberally to our pages, the past and previous years. It is to them that The Cultivator is indebted for a large portion of its interest and usefulness; and we should be glad to receive contributions for our pages from a much larger number of its readers than heretofore. We trust our friends will not be backward in this matter. We want the details of practice and ex¬ periments, and facts and suggestions on all subjects in which the farmer is engaged, — everything, in¬ deed, which will enlighten the mind, and increase the profits of the farm. Will not many of those who have been reaping the benefit derived from information received through The Cultivator, now come forward with their quota for the benefit of others? Importation of Cattle into New Brunswick. — Mr. John H. Reid, of Fredericton, N. B., has imported from England a short horn bull and heifer, which we are informed are of the best blood. They were purchased for Mr. R. by H. Strafford, Esq., editor of the Herd Book. The bull, Giovanni, (vol. 9, H. B. 10272,) was bred by Mr. Harvey Combe, Cobham, Surrey. He was calved February 10, 1850. The heifer was bred by Mr. John Bell, Kirkleavington , Yorkshire. She was calved February 13, 1848, and is in calf by Grand Duke, which was 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 405 sold at the sale of the late Mr. Bates’ herd for £215,50. Mr. Reid has also imported some valuable swine ; and with the fine assortment of poultry which he has collected, we presume his place presents many attractions. Communications have come to hand, since our last, from B. P. J., H. C. Meriam, S. W. Jewett, Prof. Norton, A Subscriber, J. W. Proctor, S. B. Buckley, T. S. Gold, John Townley, W. A. Ela, Reviewer, C. H. McCormick, L. M. Vail. Books, Pamphlets, &c., have been received as follows : Pictor-al History of the Revolutson, by B. J. Lossing, parts I to IX, and Harpers’s New Monthly Magazine, for November — from Messrs. Harper & Brothers, New-York. The New Englander, for November— from the publisher, J. B. Carrington, New Haven, Ct. Three Lectures on Hygeine and Hydropathy, by R. S. Houghton, M. D. — from Fowlers & Wells, New- York. The Churches and Sects of the United States, by Rev. P. D. Gorrie — from Lewis Colby, publisher, New-York. V. B. Palmer’s Buisness-men’s Almanac, for 1851 — from the pub¬ lisher. The Agriculturist’s Guide and Almanac, for 1851 — from J. G. Reed, publisher, New-York. The Illustrated Domestic Bible, by the Rev. Ingram Cobbin, parts VIII and IX — from the publisher, Samuel Hueston, New-York. Large Cauliflower. — We have received from Mr. B. B. Kirtland, of the Cantonment Farm, Greenbush, a cauliflower which weighed, closely trimmed, twelv epounds. It was of delicious quality. Mr. K. has been very successful in the culture of this vegetable. His soil is a slaty loam. His method of cultivation is to dig a hole a foot deep, and eighteen inches square; fill it half full with com¬ mon yard manure, unrotted; lay a fresh sod, three inches thick, grass downward, on the manure; fill the hole with soil, and set the plant. The plants are first started in a hot-bed, and set out in May. We have also received from Mr. John S. Goold, of this city, very fine specimens of the Walcheren cauliflower, grown by him. This variety is of superior delicacy and flavor. Fruits from Clinton County, N. Y. — We have received from Jonathan Battey, of Keeseville, specimens of the “Northern Sweet” apple, and also a sweet apple under the name of “Surpasse Tail- man.” The first named was brought to the notice of the Congress of Fruit-growers, last year, and re¬ commended for cultivation. As a sweet apple, we know of none superior to it, in its season — October and November. The “Surpasse Tallman” is a fine and handsome apple, somewhat similar in character to the Tallman Sweeting, but rather richer and sweeter. We do not know for what particular qualities Mr. Battey thinks the Surpasse superior to its predecessor. Mr. B. sent us a specimen of a pear, called “Platt’s Seedling.” We have received no particulars in regard to its origin or qualities. The specimen sent was very fair, and of good size. It was so much over ripe that we could not fairly judge of its qualities. It is sweet, melting and juicy. Sale of the Stickney Stock.— -We noticed, briefly in our last, the sale of the live stock of the late Wm. Stickney, at Westminster, Vt., on the 9th of October. We have since received a detailed account of the sale from W. S. King, Esq. of Manton, R. I., by whom the sale was conducted. From this account it appears that the full blood Devons brought priees averaging as follows: viz., three bulls, $149.33 each; three cows, from three to eleven years old, $109.16 each; one two-year old $160; one yearling $150. Twelve grade cows, three years old and over, brought an average of $58.33 each. Seven grade two-year- old and yearling heifers, $52.85 each. Four grade heifer calves $22.50 each, and four grade bull calves $25 each. One pair four-year-old oxen, $100; one pair three-year-olds $80; two pair two-year-olds an average of $54 each; two pair yearlings an average of $38.50 each. Of the swine, one Suffolk sow, (imported,) six years old, brought $80; another, two and a-half years old, $60; another four years old, $40; an Essex sow, with nine pigs, $129; a Suffolk, with six young pigs, $110 ; two Suffolk sows, ten months old, $42.50 each. Poultry Show at Boston. — The first exhibi¬ tion of the New England Society for the Improve¬ ment of Poultry, was held at the Public Garden in Boston, on the 12th, 13th and 14th of November last. In extent, the display exceeded the expectations of all, and in this respect it was probably unequalled by anything of the kind which was ever before known. The report of the officers will show the details. The whole number of specimens was upwards of twelve thousand. All classes of domestic poultry were re¬ presented, but the Gallus genus comprised much the largest portion of the show. In this department, almost every distinct variety, as well as every possi¬ ble mixture, was brought out— from the pert little Bantam of one pound, to the gigantic Malay of twelve pounds weight. The latter tribe of fowls greatly took the lead as to numbers. The object of most of the breeders of this stock, appeared to be to produce the largest frame; and hence a large pro¬ portion of the fowls exhibited, were of awkward, uncouth form, with enormous bones, and with com¬ paratively small amount of flesh. There were, however, some exceptions to this, indicating that in judicious hands, a valuable variety of fowls may, by long-continued selection , be bred from this large Asiatic stock. In support of this remark, we might refer to the superior specimens offered by Wm. Bent, Cochituate, and the fine white fowls offered by A. A. Andrews, Dedham. Turkies presented but little variety. A singular freak of nature was seen in a male bird of this spe- c-ies, belonging to Dr. H. C. Parker, of Manches¬ ter, N. H. A small bunch of feathers, several inches in length, grew from the back of the head, in the form of a plume. There were three species of phesants — the English, and the golden and silver Chinese. Pigeons of several species, and all the fancy varieties were shown. The web-footed birds comprised all domestic spe¬ cies, including swans, and several species of geese and ducks, not common in a domestic state. Among the rarities in this department, was a pair of Egyp¬ tian geese, ( Chenalopex egyptiacus ,) exhibited by John Giles, of Providence, R. I. We are not aware that this singular species has been before in¬ troduced into this country. Among the ducks, were fine specimens of the Aylesbury, the beautiful Sum¬ mer or Wood duck, the Teal, the Pin-tail, and the Diver. Several very large and interesting collections of birds, comprising many of the most rare kinds, were offered by various individuals; among which we no¬ ticed those of Thos. E. Chickering, Roxbury ; John Giles, Providence, R. I. ; Saml. Jaques, Jr., Somerville; W. W. Chenery, West Cambridge, and others. The exhibition was attended by great crowds of people, during the three days, and every one seemed delighted with the opportunity of seeing and com¬ paring the most interesting and useful species and breeds, belonging to the feathered race. Death of a noted Horse. — We are informed that the well-known horse Gifford Morgan , died at the stable of Benjamin Gates, in Walpole, N. H., on the 30th of October last. If we mistake not, he 406 THE CULTIVATOR. Dec. was twenty-four years old. By reference to. the vertisement of Mr. Blodgett, in this number, it will be seen, that he has some of the progeny of this valuable animal. Large Egg-.— Col. E. Long, of Cambridge, N. Y . , has sent us an egg laid by a full blood game hen, which measures six by eight inches in circumference. It weighed, just four ounces. ANDRE LEROY, Nursery man at Angers , France , A LREA.DY well known in the United States and in Europe, hav- -*1*- ing obtained at the last French National Fair, in Paris, the only Gold Medal awarded, both for his Fruits and Ornamental Trees, begs leave to inform his friends, and the public in general, that he is now ready to execute, with the greatest care and despatch, all the orders that might be sent to him. His Catalogues may be had on applica¬ tion to his agent in New-York, Mr. Edouard Bossange, merchant, who will receive and forward all orders for Mr. LEROY directed to his care, and also pass through the Custom House and forward to their respective destinations, without any trouble to the importers, all trees and plants. ordered. Dec. 1— 3L Agricultural and Horticultural Implements, and Field and Garden Seeds. TTPWARD3 of one hundred different kinds of Plows, and a corres- ponding variely of all other Implements for the Farmer, Planter and Gardener ; embracing the largest and most complete assortment to be found in the United States. Also, Field and Garden Seeds, a large and varied assortment. A. B. ALLEN & CO August 1. 1850.^-tf, 189 & 191 Water St., New-York. rpiIE School of' Applied Chemistry, Yale College, New Haven. Conn. JOHN P. NORTON, Prof, of Scientific Agriculture. HENRY WURTZ, First Assistant. QTUDENTS are received in this Laboratory as a special class dis- _ tinct from the other college departments, and instruction is given in all branches of Chemistry, both organic and inorganic, general and special. Every facility is afforded to those who desire to become proficient in Scientific Agriculture, in the analysis of soils, plants, animal substances, manures, &c. Students taken with special reference to their becoming instructors. A Course of Lectures upon Scientific Agriculture , by Prof. Nor¬ ton, will commence about the middle of January, and continue two and a half months. This course is intended to present a plain and intelligible view of the connections of science with agriculture, which may be understood by any farmer. Mr. YVurtz proposes to lecture on some points of Applied Chemistry during the summer term. The lectures of Prof. Silliman on Geology and Mineralogy, and those of Prof. Olmsted, on Natural Philosophy,- Astronomy and Meteorology; also the college libraries and cabinets, are accessible to the students. For information as to terms, See., apply to Prof. NORTON, Oct. 9, 1850 — 4t New- Haven. A New Hardy Climber, new and beautiful Cltmber, Calestigia pubescens, recently introduced from China, by Mr. Fortune, proves perfectly hardy in New England, having stood in the grounds here the past winter, without the least protection. Trained to a single pillar, say 10 feet in heighl, it is a very striking and beautiful object from the middle of June till cold weather, during which time it is covered with a profusion of its large double flowers, of a delicate rose color. It is very ornamental planted in patches like the verbenas ; makes an admirable screen, and is very effective in young plantations, belts, or shrubberies, trailing prettily on the surface, and running up among the lower branches of trees in a very picturesque manner. It is, therefore, particularly suited for ornamenting cemeteries and public gardens. Its culture is very simple, and it thrives in any' good garden soil. When required in considerable quantities, it is best to start it under glass in February or March, but the tubers may also be planted in the open ground in May. The subscriber will send to order, by mail or express, October 20th, tubers sufficient for 100 plants, at $5.00; 50 plants, $3.00; with directions for propagation and cu'ture. Strong plants in pots, in April, $1 per pair. B. M. WATSON. Old Colony Nurseries, Plymouth, Mass., Oct., 1, 1850 — tf The American Live Stock Insurance Company, At Vincennes , Ind. Cl HARTER unlimited. Granted January 2, 1850. Capital ^ $50,000 !«=0 For the Insurance of HORSES , MULES , PRIZE BULLS , SHEEP AND CATTLE, of every description, against the combined risks of Fire, Water, Accidents and Disease. Losses paid in 30 days after proof of death. Directors. — Joseph G. Bowman, Hiram Decker, M D., Isaac Mass, George D. Hay, John Wise. Alvin W. Tracy, Hon. Abner T. Ellis, Abm. Smith, Hon. Thomas Bishop. Joseph G. Bowman, President. B. S. Whitney, Secretary. Wm. Burlch, Treasurer. Aug. 1, 1850— lyr. B. P. JOHNSON. Acent. Albany. Important to the Farmer , Farrier , and Stage Pro¬ prietor. Geo. W . Merchant’s Celebrated Gargling Oil. Unparalleled in the History of Medicine as the most remarkable Ex¬ ternal Application ever discovered for Horses and Human Flesh ! This Oil has become so celebrated in the treatment of diseases of the horse, and as a consequence the demand becoming great throughout the country — that the cupidity of designing men has in¬ duced them to palm off upon unsuspecting persons, an imitation arti¬ cle for the Genuine Gargling Oil ; designing thus to ride their base mixture into market upon the popularity of the only true article, which now sustains an enviable reputation, which it lias acquired by more than fourteen years’ use in the United States and Canada. It is allowed by furriers and all who have used it, to be decidedly the best application for horses and oilier domestic animals, of any now in use, and may be used as an internal remedy in some cases, with surprising results A faithful trial of this remedy will satisfy any person that the many cures it proposes to perform are neither magnified nor mis¬ represented. The following among many others, in the cure of which this Oil has been completely successful, and in which other pretended reme¬ dies bad entirely failed : — Spavins, Sweeney , Ringbone. Windgalls, Poll Evil , Callous , Crack¬ ed Heels , Calls of all kinds, Fresh ivounds, Sprains, Bruises, Fistu¬ la, Sitfast, Sand Cracks , Strains , Lameness , Foundered Feet , Scratch¬ es or Grease , Mange, Rheumatism , Bites if Animals , External Poi¬ sons, Painful Nervous Affections , Frost Bites , Boils , Corns , Whit¬ lows, Burns and Scalds, Chilblains, Chapped Hands, Cramps , Con¬ traction of the Muscles , Swellings, Weakness of the Joints, Caked Breast, fyc. Remarkable Power which the Gargling Oil pos¬ sesses in reducing Morbid Animal Fungus, or Excrescences. Extract of a letter, dated. Sunbury , Pa., Aug. 2, 1850. Dr. G. W. Merchant — Sir — I must relate a new case in which your Gargling Oil has done great things. I heard a man telling to-day that his little girl had a sore knee that had had a thick scab on for a long time. He had a Doctor attending it, but lie could do nothing with it. What it was I do not know, but the scab was from a half, to one inch thick, and covered the whole knee-pan. He said he had the Gargling Oil in the house, and it struck him that it might cure. He put it on, and in two days half the scab came of. He then applied it the second time, and in a day or two the other half came oft’ and he found a new skin coming on it, with the exception of a few places. He applied it the third time and now she is perfectly well of it. P. B. MASSER. Extract of a letter ordering a new supply of Gargling Oil , dated , North Bergen, N.'Y., Aug. 20, 1850. Dr. G. W. Merchant — Sir — I have sold all but one bottle of the Gargling Oil you sent me. It gives most excellent satisfaction to every one to whom I have sold, whether they use it as a common Liniment in their families or on their horses. Please send me two dozen of each size bottles, as I think I shall sell it in about that proportion. Respectfully, D. F. MERRILL. All orders addressed to the Proprietor will be promptly respond¬ ed to. Get a Pamphlet of the Agent, and see what wonders are accom¬ plished by the use of this medicine. Sold by respectable dealers generally in the United States and Canada.. The following are wholesale and retail agents, viz : — A McClure Sc Co., Albany ; M. Ward Sc Co , and C. Y. Cleckner & Co., New- York ; P. D. Orvis Sc Co., and C. Heimstreet, Troy; L. M. Rexford, Binghamton; R. Steel, Auburn; Wm. P. Mooers, Plattsburgh; Rossman Sc McKinstry, Hudson ; J. W. Williams & Co., and R. Hollister Sc Co.. Buffalo; T. H. Camp, Watertown; Wm. Pitkin, and Post & Willis, Rochester; Lampman & Williams, Syracuse ; Greenmail & Smith Utica; A. D. Platt, Geneva; C. Canfield Sc Son, Oswego; Jenner, Sprague & Co., Ogdensburgh ; G. W. Schuyler, Ithaca. Dec. 1 — It. 1850. THE CULTIVATOR. 407 THE SATURDAY EVENING POST. THE LEADING AND LARGEST WEEKLY IN THE ONION. THE SATURDAY EVENING POST is now, beyond all denial, the leading as well as the largest Weekly Paper in the United States x Its circulation is undeniably greater than that of any other paper, of the same kind in the Union, while its literary contents are allowed, by the best judges, to be unsurpassed. Such tales as “The Deserted Wife,5’ “ Shannondale,” “The Child Stealer,” and “The Two Brides,” have placed “ The Post,” by almost universal admission, a “ head and shoulders” above its cotemporaries. We have now the pleasure of announcing to the American Public, that we have made arrangements with one of the FIRST NOVELISTS IN AMERICA, MRS. EMMA D. E. N. SOUTHWORTH, author of “ Retribution,” “The Deserted Wife,” “ Shannondale,” etc., by which the productions of her gifted pen will be secured hereafter, (with the exception of an occasional story in a Washington pappr) EXCLUSIVELY FOR THE POST. Mrs. Southworlh, as an American Novelist of great power — a rising Star in the West — has been hailed with acclamation by all those who can recognize genius as well in a native as in a foreign author. We design to commence a NEW STORY BY MRS* SOUTHWORTH, about the beginning of the year. How many stories she will be able to furnish during 1851, will depend upon the state of her health, &e We trust, however, Inal we shall be able to lay before our readers, at least THREE of those splendid productions which have made her name already so distinguished. In the intervals of Mrs. Southworth’s Novelets, we design publishing other and shorter Novelets from authors of admitted celebrity. We have two now on hand, which we shall publish as soon as possible : THE IRON HAND, by T. S. Arthdr, Esq, THE TEXAN HUNTRESS, by C. W. Webber, Author of “ Old Hicks, the Guide,” “ The Shot in the Eye,” etc. And mark this ! What the proprietors of the Post promise, they perform — or do better. They do not announce a long list of distin¬ guished contributors, with whom they have made no arrangement, and whose stories never appear. Such a system may delude an intelli¬ gent public one year, but it will not answer a second time. If the public are humbugged once, it is the fault of the humbugger ; if twice, it is their own. In addition to such choice original articles, involving a large outlay of money, the columns of the Post will contain a great amount of Miscellaneous reading — such as the CREAM OF THE FOREIGN PERIODICALS. Witty and Humorous Articles, Selections from the Agricultural Journals, Riddles and Conundrums, etc., etc. REPORTS OF LECTLTRES — during the past year we gave the celebrated Lectures on Shakspeare by Mr. Dana; and the instructive and interesting ones of Dr. Baird upon Europe — Letters from Abroad — General News — Reports of the Markets — a Bank Note and Slock List, etc., etc. One or more PORTRAITS of remarkable persons, or PICTURES OF REMARKABLE PLACES are also weekly given A MORAL PAPER. In conclusion, we may say — that we shall maintain for the Post the character it has acquired of being a strictly moral paper; one that a parent may allow to go freely before his innocent sons and daughters. We need hardly repeat here, that the Post has done more to pre¬ vent the publication and sale of immoral worjks, than any half-a-dozen other papers in the land. A careful guard shall also be kept, as heretofore, over our Advertising Columns, that nothing of an improper character may obtain admittance. In short, whatever is calculated to refine, instruct, amuse, or gratify, shall find its appropriate place in the POST'; and let the reader mark one thing, whatever others may promise, we will not be behind in the performance. A paper that has stood for 29 years, steadily pro¬ gressing all that time, and which has now the largest list of subscribers of any paper of the same class in the United States, is not to be left behind in the race by any rival. i The terms of the POST are Two Dollars if paid in advance, Three Dollars if not paid in advance. For five Dollars one copy is sent three years. We continue the following low terms for Clubs, to be sent, in the city, to one Address, and, in the country, to one post-office. 4 C©FIE§, - ‘ - . $5 00 PEE AMIJM. § 44 (And one to Agent, or getter up of the Club,) O© 44 13 46 (And one to Agent, or getter up of the Club,) ^15 0© 44 2© 44 (And one to Agent, or getter up of the Club,) $2© ©O 44 ONE COPY of the Saturday Evening Post, and ONE of either Graham’s Magazine, Godey’s Lady’s Book, or Sartaiii’s Magazine, for FOUR DOLLARS. . . . _ . The money for Clubs must always he sent in advance. Subscriptions may be sent at our risk. When the sum is large, a draft should be orocured, if possible— the cost of which may be deducted from the amount. Address, altcays post-paid. ©EACOI & PETEE§©I, No. 66 South Third Street , Philadelphia. N. B. — Any person desirous of receiving a copy of the POST as a sample, can be accommodated by notifying the publishers, by letter post-paid. — Dec. 1— It. Pear Seedlings. THE undersigned oilers for sale, 100,000 pear seedlings, from x $8.00 to $20.00 per 1,000, and a great variety of dwarf and free slocks for nurseries at low prices— fruit and ornamental ; also Deodar Cedars, 1 to 3 ft., $1 to $3 ; Araucaria imbricata, $1 , Cedar of Lebanon, $1; Thuya filiformis, $1.50; Lonicera Lede- bourii, 50 cents; SpirceaReevsii, 50 cents; — - - pr unifolia fl. pleno, 50 cents ; Japan Pear, double crimson, 50 cts ; Ribes albidum, 50 cts ; Spiraea Lindleyana, 50 cents. New Lilacs, fine Double Hawthorns, and a full assortment of ornamental plants, of which a priced list will be sent, post paid, to order. APPLES — A few hundred extra Dwarf Pyramidal Apples, of the best sorts, in a bearing state. RHUBARB — Ten thousand Willmott’s Early, aud Myatt’s Victo¬ ria Rhubarb. IVES’ WASHINGTON SEEDLING PLUM— (Originated by J. M. Ives, Esq., of Salem, Mass..) is pronounced by the best judg¬ es equal to any American Plum yet produced. It is of great size and beauty, and of delicious flavor. $2.00 Local Fruits. — The Watson Pear, an excellent early pear, (Au¬ gust 20.) handsome, and of good size, of a peculiar and delicious flavor; an old favorite here, where it has fruited above sixty years. The Horseblock or Manonet, Sassafras or Spur Sweet, Hollies and Hightop Apples, are all excellent fruit, descriptions of which may be found in the leading Horticultural Magazines for the years 1849-50. One of each of the above, $2.00. B. M. WATSON. Old Colony Nurseries, Plymouth, Mass., Oct. 1, 1850— tf. Drain Tile Works, 63 Jay Street , North of Salamander Worts, Albany. THE subscriber is now manufacturing and prepared to fill orders I for Horse Shoe, Sole, Round and Collar Drain Tile, of various sizes, from one to four inches in width and rise. The tile is cut sixteen inches in length, and will be of a superior quality. The price will vary according to the size and shape, from $10 to $16 per thousand. Specimens of ihe article with the prices will soon be distributed to all the agricultural stores in the State. Presidents of county societies adjoining the river and canals, will please send their address with directions to whom a box containing the different sizes of Tile will be forwarded free of charge. July 1, 1850— tf. A. S. BABCOCK. Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. No. 197 Water streets ( near Fulton,) New-York. THE subscribers would respectfully invite the attention of planters and dealers in Agricultural and Horticul¬ tural Implements, Garden and Field Seeds, &c., &c., to their large and va ried assortment of Garden and Field tools, Ac., which they are selling at the very lowest rates that they can be procured in the United Slates. Persons living at a distance can obtain an “ illustrated ” Catalogue, containing a list of prices, on application by letter, post-paid . Those ordering from us may depend upon their orders being promptly filled. May 1, 1850— tf. JOHN MAYIIER & CO , 408 THE CULTIVATOR. Dec. Premiums to Agents of the Cultivator. A S an inducement to greater exertion on- the part of those disposed ■f*- to act as Agents, the following Premiums Will be paid, in Books, or Implements or Seeds, from the Albany Agricultural Warehouse, to those who send us the largest list of subscribers for our next volume: 1. To the one wbe shall send us the largest number of subscribers to The Cultivator for 1851, with the pay in advance, at the club price of sixty-seven cents each, previous to the 20th of March next, the sum of J'lFTY DOLLARS. 2. To the one sending us the next largest number, the sum of FORTY DOLLARS. 3. To the one sending us the next largest number, the sum of THIRTY DOLLARS. 4. For the next largest list, the sum of TWENTY DOLLARS. 5. For the next largest list, TEN DOLLARS. 6. For the Five next largest lists, each FIVE DOLLARS. 7. For the Ten next largest lists, each THREE DOLLARS. 8. A copy of Thomas’ “American Fruit Culturist,” price one dollar — a very valuable work — or any other dollar book — to every Agent who sends us fifteen subscribers and $10, and who does not obtain one of the above prized. LUTHER TUCKER. Albany, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1850. THE HORTICULTURIST AND Journal of Rural 2lrt & Rural Sastc. Edited by A. J. Downing, Aulhor of “ Landscape Gardening ,V “ Designs for Cottage Residen¬ ces f “ Fruits and Fruit Trees of America ,” Sfc., Sfc. rPO all persons alive to the improvement of their gardens, orchards or country seals, — to scientific and practical cultivators of the soil, — to nurserymen and commercial gardeners, this Journal, giving the latest discoveries and improvements, experiments and acquisi¬ tions in Horticulture, and ihose branches of knowledge connected with it, will be found invaluable. Its extended and valuable corres¬ pondence presents the experience of the most intelligent cultivators in America; and the instructive and agreeable articles from the pen of the Editor, make it equally sought after by even the general read¬ er, interested in country life. The “ P’oreign Notices ” present a summary from all the leading Horticultural Journals of Europe ; the “Domestic Notices,” and Answers to Correspondents, furnish copious hints to the’novice in practical culture ; and the numerous and beautiful Illustrations,— Plans for Cottages, Greenhouses, the Fi¬ gures of New Fruits, Shrubs and Plants, combine to render this one of the cheapest and most valuable works on either side of the Atlan¬ tic. A New Volume, (the 6th,) will be commenced with the January number, 1851, when it is proposed lo make some material improve¬ ments in the mechanical appearance of the work ; and no efforts will be spared, by the editor or publisher, to render the work still more worthy of the liberal patronage extended to it. Terms — Three Dollars per year — Two copies for Five Dollars. All payments to be made in advance, and orders to be post paid. All Agents for The Cultivator, and Post Masters general¬ ly, are invited to act as Agents for The Horticulturist. LUTHER TICKER, Albany , Dec., 1850. Publisher , Cultivator Office, Albany , N Y. The Old Gifford Morgan Horse. HUTE death of this noted horse, which took place at the stable of Benjamin Gates, in Walpole, N. II., October 30th, 1850, may be considered a public loss, deeply- affecting the agricultural interests of the country, cutting them off from the purest source of Morgan blood. His stock inherit, in a remarkable degree, the nerve, form, strength and action of the original Morgan Horse. For the pedigree of this horse, I would refer the reader -to articles from the pen of F. A. Wier, Esq., to be found in the Albany Cultivator, for January and September, 1840, pages 19 and 286. I consider myself fortunate, however, in having at this time on hand, five colts of his get. all promising well ; being very fine colts of their several ages, and from mares of high Morgan blood. I have a chestnut colored (free from while) stallion colt, two years old the Sth of June last, dam by the Old Woodbury Morgan; also a chestnut colored filly, white stripe in her face, two years old 17th of August last ; her dam by the Green Mountain Morgan, grandam, Messenger ; also a chestnut colored stallion, one year old last July, no white except about half of one hind foot ; his dam by the old General Hebard Morgan. A colt foaled on the 30lh day of April last, mahogany bay, with a small star in his forehead, a small spot on his upper lip, and one hind foot nearly to the ancle joint white ; his dam, my Green Mounlain mare, mother of the two-year old filly described above ; and lastly, a chestnut filly, with no white upon her, foaled 20th day of June last, from a mare from which has been raised at least two very fast horses. My mare, by Green Mountain, and another one by a colt of the old Woodbury, appear to be nowin foal by old Gifford. Still I have, in common with others, reason to feel deep regret that so valuable a sire has passed beyond our reach. The increasing demand for the Morgan stock of horses, through the length and breadth of the United States and the Canadas, is a re¬ commendation in their favor, much stronger that anything that I or any other individual can say or write in their praise. Waterbury, Vt , Nov. 8th, 1850. C. BLODGETT. Devon Stock for Sale. TWO fine I)evo11 Cows, 3 and 6 years old; also a fine yearline Bull and Heifer. 8 The subscriber offers the above for sale, of pure blood, and bred from the best stock in the country. FRANCIS W. COWLES. Farmington, Conn. Nov. 23d, 1850. Dec 1— 6t. $500 TO $2000 A YEAR. FIVE HUNDRED AGENTS WANTED In all the States of the Union, Including California, ^UO CANVASS FOR THE FOLLOWING important and valuable works, which are sold by subscription, We have now about two hundred Agents in the field, many of them clearing from two to eight dollars per day. It will be seen that they are all of a very popular and desirable kind, and calculated to please almost every taste. For further particulars apply (post paid) to the publishers, DERBY & MILLER, Auburn, N. Y. “ HOW A FARMER MAY BECOME RICH.” Blake’s Farmer’s Every Day Book, Or how a Farmer can become rich — being sketches of Life in the Country^; with the Popular Elements of practical and Theoreti¬ cal Agriculture, and twelve hundred Laconics and Apothegms re¬ lating to Morals, Regime and general Literature ; also 500 receipts, on health. Cookery and domestic economy ; with ten fine illustrations, representing the various scenes attendant upon Farming, etc., Bv John L. Blake, D. D., aulhor of “Biographical Dictionary,” “ Family Encyclopedia,” &e. The publishers respectfully announce that they have undertaken the publication of this large and beautiful work, with a view lo supply a desideratum thaT has long been felt — a book for every Farmer’s Library — believing that the venerable author has produced a work that will be worth its weight in gold to every Farmer’s family, that. thoroughly peruse it. It is proper to state that Dr. Blake is a practical' farmer, and lias reclaimed a sterile and worn out piece of land into a valuable and productive farm — which ex¬ perience, with his well known qualifications as an author, peculiarly fit him to prepare a book for farmers. The work contains 654 pages, large octavo, with a motto sur¬ rounding each page. It is printed on fine paper, and bound in sub¬ stantial imitation Turkey Morocco, gilt back. Invariable retail price, $3.00. Frost’s Pictorial History of California. Th.e History of the State of California, from ihe earliest period of her conquest by the Spaniards, to her acquisition by the United Slates ; with an account of the discovery of the immense Gold Mines, and the quantity of Gold already obtained; the enormous increase of population; a description of the Mineral and Agricultural re¬ sources of the country; with adventures and travels among the mines. Also, advice to Emigrants, as to the most desirable routes thither. To which is added the Constitution of the State of Califor¬ nia, with- numerous illustrations, and a Map of California, and the gold mines, in one octavo volume, 500 pages; bound in same style as Mexican War. Retail price, $2,50. “ I am prepared — I have endeavored to do my duty.” The Uile ot Zachary Taylor, Late President of the United States, including the closing scenes of his life and death, by H. Montgomery — embellished with a steel portrait and 15 illustrations, in one elegant octavo vol., 463 pages, well printed on fine paper, and bound in substantial morocco, gilt back. “ The lightnings may flash, the thunders may rattle, lie hears not, he heeds not, lie’s free from all pain, He sleeps his last sleep, he has fought his last battle, No sound can awake him to glory again.” More than 20,000 copies of the above work have been sold by us, and the demand is unabated. It is allowed by critics, to be the most compleie and authentic copy of any of the works purporting to be a Life of the Great Man of the Age. Retail price $2,00. THE CULTIVATOR Is ’published on the first of each month, at Albany, N. Y., by LUTHER TUCKER, PROPRIETOR. LUTHER TUCKER & SANFORD HOWARD, Editors. $1 per aim.— 7 copies for $5 — 15 for $10. O^All subscriptions to commence with the volume, (the Jan. No .) and to be paid in advance. [CP* All subscriptions, not renewed by payment for the next year, are discontinued at the end of each volume. 0s* The back vols. can be furnished to new subscribers — and may be obtained of the following Agents : NEW-YOKK — M. H. Newman & Co., 199 Broadway. BOSTON— J. Breck Sc Co., 52 North Market-st., and E. Wight, 7 Congress-st. PHILADELPHIA— G. B. Zieber. Advertisements— The charge for advertisements is $1, for 12 lines, for each insertion. No variation made from these terms / - \